•M

•

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THE ROYAL

INSTITUTE

•1

COMMUNICATIONS

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOL. V, 1866-7.

ISSUED IN

QUARTERLY NUMBERS WITH THE PROCEEDINGS.

SALEM:

ESSEX INSTITUTE PKESS.

1868.

F
E7E76

t. 7.

COMMUNICATIONS.

I. THEODORE GILL. Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinni-

pedes. pp. 4-13. [Issued July, 1866.]

II. J. A. ALLEN. Notice of a Foray of a Colony of Formica san-
guinea upon a Colony of a Black species of Formica, for the
purpose of making slaves of the latter, pp. 14-16. [Issued
July, 1866.]

III. A. E. VERRILL. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the

North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C.
Eingold and Captain John Eogers, U. S. N., from 1853 to
1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to the
expedition. With Descriptions of some additional Species
from the West Coast of North America. [Continued from
Vol. IV.] Part III. MADREPORARIA. With two plates, pp.
17-32. [Issued July, 1866.] pp. 33-50. [Issued January,
1867.]

XIII. Part IV. ACTINARLA. With a plate, pp. 315-330. [Issued De-
cember, 1868.]

IV. BURT G. WILDER. Kesearches and Experiments upon Silk

from Spiders, and upon their Keproduction, by Raymond
Maria de Termeger, a Spaniard. Translated from the Ital-
ian. Revised by B. S. Wilder, pp. 51-79. [Issued in January
and June, 1867.]

V. THOMAS MC!LWRAITH. last of Birds observed near Hamilton,

Canada West. pp. 79-96. [Issued June, 1867].

VI. ALPHEXJS HYATT. Observations on Polyzoa. Suborder Phylac-

tolseraata. [Continued from Vol. IV.] pp. 97-112. [Issued
October, 1867.]
VIII. pp, 145-160. [Issued January, 1868.]

X. pp. 193-232. With a plate. [Issued April, 1868.]

VII. HORACE MANN. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, p. 113-144.

[Issued October, 1867.]
IX. pp. 161-176. [Issued January, 1868.] pp. 177-192. [Issued

April, 1868.]

XI. pp. 233-248. [Issued July, 1868.]

XII. ELLIOTT COUES. Catalogue of the Birds of North America
contained in the Museum of the Essex Institute ; with which
is incorporated a List of the Birds of New England. With
brief Critical and Field Notes, pp. 249-272. [Issued July,
1868.] pp. 273-314. [Issued December, 1868.]

PLATES.

Plate 1, accompanying Prof. Verrill's Paper, explanation on page
50, and repeated with some changes on page 330.

Plate 2, accompanying Prof Verrill's Paper, explanation on page 50.

Plate 3, accompanying Prof. Verrill's Paper, explanation on page
330.

Plate 4, (marked and referred to as Plate 15) accompanying Mr.
Hyatt's Paper, explanation on p. 232.

ERRATA.

Page 12, line 19, for groslandicus read Groenlandicus.

Page 115. In describing the fruit of COCCULUS FERRANDIANUS,
its dimensions are given as "about 2' [inches] in diameter." It should
read about 2" [lines] in diameter.

PROCEEDING'S

OF THE

MONDAY, JANUARY 1, 1866. Kcgular Meeting.
Kev. G. D. WILDES in the Chair.

Letters were read from E. Suffert, Havana, Cuba ; Dr. A. S. Packard,
Jr., Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.; E. S. Morse, 1'ortland, Me.; Prof. Theo.
Gill, Smithsonian Institution ; Henry A. Smith, Cleveland, Ohio ; George
R. Bartlett, Providence, R. I. ; Samuel L. Boardman, Augusta, Me. ; Wm.
N. Canby, Wilmington, Del. ; Prof. G. C. Swallow, Columbia, Mo. ; Rev.
A. B. Kendig, Marshalltown, Iowa; Prof. E. D. Cope, Haverford College,
Penn. ; Dr. J. H. Slack, Philadelphia ; W. H. Dull, of the Russian-
American Telegraph Co. ; R. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal. ; Prof.
Theo. Gill, Washington, D. C. ; Rt. Rev. Thomas M. Clark, Providence,
R. I. ; John Russell Bartlett, Providence, R. I. ; Joseph Peabody, Salem ;
American Philosophical Society ; Pennsylvania Historical Society.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Mr. W. P. Upham read a letter from Major Benham of the U. S. Ordi-
nance Department, requesting that an interesting and curious shot found in
the bank on the shore of Winter Island, near Fort Pickering, and presented
to the Institute by Mr. Williams, be deposited in the Museum of the U. S,
Ordinance Department at Washington. Referred to the Board of Directors.

Mr. Putnam exhibited a collection of Fossils, made at Kelly's Island,
Lake Erie, and gave an account of the Island ; alluding to the kind atten-
tion he had received from Geo. C. Huntington, Esq., and other residents t
during his recent visit to the Island.

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Huntington for the kind
attentions and facilities for collecting afforded to the Superintendent during
his visit.

PROCEEDINGS E. I. VOL. V. 1. APRIL, 1866.

MONDAY, JANUARY 15, 1866. Eegular Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

Letters were read from Wm. N- Canby, Wilmington, Del.; George W.
Peck, New York, N. Y. ; Capt. A. Hyatt, Baltimore Md.; Dr. J G. Thom-
as, Riviere-du-Loup-en-bas, C. E. ; E. T. Cresson, Sect, Entomological So-
ciety of Philadelphia ; Prof. E. D. Cope, Philadelphia; A. Holland^ Bos-
ton; G. L. F. Ball, Ran-rely, Me. ; G. W. Pease, Salem ; Rev. E. C. Bolles,
Portland, Me. ; S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me. ; Jeremiah Colburn, Waldo
Higginso'n and Governor Andrew, of Boston.

The Superintendent exhibited a collection of Massachusetts shells
which had been made by Joseph True, of Salem. This collection contains
nearly all the species indigenous to Massachusetts ; and among them several
rare and interesting species are represented by fine specimens. By the kind-
ness of Dr. B. Pickman, this valuable collection has been purchased of Mr.
True, and presented to the Institute.

Mr. E. S. Morse, of Portland, spoke of the value of the collection, and
gave an interesting account of the structure of the Mollusks; the homolo-
gies of the various parts in the several orders ; and the habits of a number of
the more interesting and rarer species represented in the collection.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Alfred Poor, of Salem, and Francis G. Sanborn, of Andovcr, were elect-
ed Resident members.

MOXDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 1866. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the Chair. _

Mr. Putnam was chosen Secretary pro tern.

Letters were read from James W. Averill, Clerk of Engine Co., No. 1 ;
Dr. H. J. Slack, Philadelphia, Pa. ; E. T. Cresson, Sect. Entomological
Society of Philadelphia ; Dr. H. C. Wood, Jr., Acad. Nat. Sciences of Phila-
delphia; Prof. E. D. Cope, Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia ; Prof. Rich-
ard Owen, Bloomington, Ind.; C. H. Jones, Sun Prairie, Dane Co., Wise.;
Elilm Hall, Athens, 111.; Robert Dinwiddie, Cor. Sect. Lyceum Nat. History
of New York ; John Akhurst, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Charles' D. Marshall, Cor.
Sect. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences ; Gco. W. Peck, New York ; C. F. Robin-
son, New York; O. C. Marsh, New Haven, Ct.; Dr. J. G. Thomas, Riviere-
du-Loup-en-bas, Canada; Wm. Wood & Co., New York; J. W. Young,
Cleveland, Ohio; W. E. Endicott, Canton, Mass.; Capt. Alpheus Hyatt,
Baltimore, Md. ; A. D. Brown, Smithsonian Institution; W. H. Niles,
Southampton, Mass.; Henry A. Smith, Cleveland, Ohio; E. E. Barden,
Rockport; J. Colburn, Boston; S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me.; Miss Lucy
Longfellow, Machias, Me.; J. J. Babson, Gloucester, Mass.; James G.
Barnwell, Libr. Cincinnati Mercantile Library Association.

The Superintendent called the attention of the meeting to the large col-
lection of Plants, Shells, and other specimens received from Mr. Elihu Hall,
of Athens, III. With the four hundred species of Plants, donated by Mr.
Hall, were a number of cones of several species of Rocky Mountain Pines

and Spruces, and, as the Institute hal also recently received several photo-
graphs of the " Big trees " of California, Sequoia (jigantea Torrey, as well
as specimens of their cones, leaves, bark and wood he gave an account of
the forest trees of the Rocky Mountain region, especially of the Spruces,
Pines and Redwoods of which specimens were on the table; exhibiting a
number of plates, taken from the several volumes of the Pacific. R. R. Sur-
vey, which illustrated these trees. He also called attention to the important
work which had been done by the Government to advance science, as shown
by the valuable volumes of the Pacific R. R. and the Mexican Boundary
Surveys.

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Hall for his valuable do-
nation.

Donations to the Library ard Museum were announced.

Ex-Governor John A. Andrew, of Boston, was elected a Correspond-
ing member. Rev. James O. Scripture, of Salem, was elected a Resident
member.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1866. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

F. W. Putnam was chosen Secretary pro tern.

Letters were read from* Prof. G. C. Swallow, Columbia, Mo.; F. F.
Hodgman, Littleton, N. H. ; Franklin B. Hough, Lib Albany Institute;
Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution ; Prof G. H. Cook, Rutger's Col-
lege; Prof. S. Tenney, Vassar College; Prof. W. E. A. Aikin, University
of Maryland ; Joseph E. Chase, Holyoke, Mass. ; Hiram A. Cutting, Lu-
nenburgh, Vt. ; Vincent Barnard, Kennett Square, Pa. ; N. S. Shaler, Mu-
seum Comp. Zoology ; E. Steiger, New York ; Samuel G. Drake, Boston,
Mass. ; Wm. J. Beal, Union Springs, N. Y. ; Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Griswold
College; A. L. Babcock, Sherborn, Mass.; N. Vickary, Lynn, Mass.; C.
M. Tracy, Lynn, Mass. ; Henry A. Smith, Salem ; A. G. Browne, Savan-
nah, Ga. ; Desmond Fitz Gerold, Providence, R. I. ; J. Wingate Thornton
Boston, Mass. ; Hon. John A. Andrew, Boston, Mass.

The Secretary read, by title, a communication from Dr. A. S. Packard
Jr., entitled " Descriptions of the Larva, and Notes on the Habits of some spe-
cies of Hi/menoptera, with fynres." Referred to the Publication Committee.

R. S. Rantoul read a communication giving the history of the Seal of
the City of Salem. He also presented, in the name of George Peabody,
Esq., the original design of the City Seal, drawn by Mr. Peabody, and also
the first impression of the seal in wax, taken by the engraver.

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Peabody for his valuable
donation, and Mr. Rantoul's communication was referred to the Committee
on publication.

Rev. G. D. Wildes made a few remarks on the relation of seals to his
tory, and a general discussion followed on the use of the word " Salem," on
the City seal, instead of " Solyma," as given in the design by Mr. Peabody

Mr. Goodell read a communication by M. A. Stickney, entitled " Alma-
nacs and their authors." Referred to the Publication Committee.

4

Remarks, relating to the various kinds of almanacs and their uses,
were made by Messrs. Kantoul, Upham, Wildes and Goodell.

It having been stated that Mr. Lamson, of this city, had kept a record of
the weather for many years, it was voted that the Superintendent be re-
quested to ascertain if Mr Lamson would allow the Institute to publish such
parts of his record as might be of value to meteorological science.

Mr. Wildes presented a request from Mr. Guild for a drawing of the
" First Church," for publication in his work on Koger Williams. Re-
ferred to the Curators of the Historical Department.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

MONDAY, MARCH 5, 1866. Regular Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

Letters were read from Prof. B. F. Mudge, Kansas State Agri. Col-
lege, Manhattan, Kansas ; Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution ; N. S.
Shaler, Museum Comp. Zoology, Cambridge ; Prof. James Bushee, Wor-
cester Society of Natural History ; Hiram A. Cutting, Lunenburgh, Vt. ;
Henry d'Aligny, Houghton, L. S., Mich. ; Edw. S. Morse, Portland, Me. ;
Prof. Wm. E. A. Aikin, Baltimore, Md. ; G. K. Gilbert, Rochester, N. Y. ;
E. Steiger, New York, N. Y. ; Prof. L. Harper, New York, N. Y. ; E. N.
Bartlett, Four Corners, Ohio; S. H. Scudder, Dresden, Saxony; Prof. P.

D. Bradford, Northfield, Vt. ; G. C. Broadhead, Pleasant Hill, Mo. ; C. A.
Schott, Ass't U. S. Coast Survey; John C. Trautvine, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Benj. S. Lyinan, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Hon. Isaac Newton, Commissioner U.
S.' Agricultural Department; W. W. Dcnslow, Inwood, N. Y. ; O. M.
Holmes, Boston ; G. W. Pease & Co., Salem ; Charles Darwin, Bromley,
Eng. ; Horace P. Chandler, Chicago, 111.; J. Wingate Thornton, Boston;

E. E. Barden, Rockport; Henry A. Smith, Cleveland, Ohio; A. Agassiz,
Cambridge; Joel Munsell, Albany, N. Y. ; Rev. T. W. Higginson, Newport,
R. I. , Royal Society, London; S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me.

Mr. Putnam exhibited several specimens of a species of Two-Spined
Stickleback, collected by the late Dr. Richard H. Whcatland at Nahant,
on April 15th, 1859. This species differs from Gasterosteus biaculeatus in
having the sides of the body posterior to the second dorsal spine free of plates
or scales, of which there are from six to eight on the anterior part. The tail
is not carinated as in Gasterosteus biaculeatus, neither has it the fleshy ridge
characteristic of Gasterosteus Cuvieri; but is smooth as in Gasterosteus
quadracus. The size of the fish is a little over one-half that of Gasterosteus
biaculeatus, and its general appearance is short and deep. For this species,
which he thought as yet undescribed, he proposed the name of Gasterosteus
Wheatlandi, in memory of its discoverer, and he would offer a description
and figure of it at a future meeting.

Mr. Putnam also gave an account of the habits of the several species of
Sticklebacks found in our waters, and described the nests of G. biaculeatus
and G. quadracus.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Prof. Benjamin Silliman; Prof. James D. Dana; Prof. W. H. Brewer,
and Prof. George J. Brush, of New Haven, Ct. ; A. E. E. Agassiz, of Cam-
bridge; Prof. Joseph Leidy; Dr. John L. LeConte; Isaac Lea, LL.D., and
T. A. Conrad, of Philadelphia, Pa. ; Protessor Joseph Henry, Sect. Smithso-
nian Institution; Prof. Jared P. Kirtland, of Eockport, Ohio; and Thomas
Bland, Esq., of New York, were elected Corresponding members.

MONDAY, MARCH 19, 1866.
Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

Letters were read from G. C. Broadhcad, Pleasant Hill, Mo.; Maj. Gen.
Alfred Sully, U. S. A., Clinton, Iowa; Dr. A. S. Packard, Boston Society of
Natural History; F. G. Sanhorn, State Cabinet, Boston; John Akhurst,
Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Edward Pickering, Boston ; Prof. John P. Marshall, Tufts'
College ; W. H. Niles, New Haven, Ct. ; Eobert Howell, Nichols, N. Y. ;
Prof. J. W. DawEon, Montreal, Canada ; Dr. N. T. True, Bethel, Me. ; Prof.

B. F. Mudge, Kansas State Agricultural College ; G. K. Gilbert, Eochester,
N. Y. ; Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, New York, N. Y. ; John G. Anthony, Asst.
Museum Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. ; T. A. Cheney. Havana,
N. Y. ; Prof. Charles S. Stone, Cooper Union, New York, N. Y. ; Prof.
Chas. E. Hamlin, Waterville College, Me.; Prof. J. P. Lesley, Univer-
sity of Penn. ; S. Jillson, Feltonville, Mass. ; James M. Shaw, South Water-
ford, Me.; James Lewis, Mohawk, N. Y.; W. M. Hunting, Fail-field, N. Y.;
Henry Englemann, Belleville, 111. ; Chas. D. Marshall, Corresp. Sect. Buffalo
Society Natural Sciences; Dr. E. W. Hubbard, Tottenville, N. Y. ; Abijiih
Bradley, New Haven. Ct.; James P. Kimball. New York, N. Y.; F. E.
Howlund, Irvington, N. Y. ; H. M. Bannister, Evanston. 111. ; J. D. Parker,
Steuben, Me. ; T. A. Conrad, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Col. E. B. Marcy, U. S. A. ;
Prof. Chr. Johnston, University of Md. ; Prof. W. D. Moore, Irwin's Sta-
tion, Pa. ; H. A. Green, Mt. Morris, N. Y. ; Prof. H. A. Ward, Eochester
University, N. Y. ; Prof. H. J. Clark, Cambridge ; Thomas Devine, Ottawa
City, Canada ; John Gebhard, Jr., Schoharie, N. Y. ; Henry Eousseau, Troy,
N. "Y.; U. S. Coast Survey; John G. Hotlgkins, Education Office, Toronto,

C. W. ; Eichard Hamant, Worcester Society of Natural History; Albert!).
Hager, State Geologist of Vt. ; Prof. J. D/Dana, Yale College; Dr. A. M.
Leonard, Lockport, N. Y. ; U. S. Bureau of Navigation ; Dr. B. F. Shu-
mard, St. Louis, Mo.; Prof. E. J. Pickett, Attica, Ind. ; L. B. Case, Eich-
mond, Ind. ; A. Agassiz, Museum Comp. Zoology; Dr. Carl Eominger, Ann
Arbor, Mich.; A.M. Edwards, President Am. Microscopical Society, New
York; U. P. James, Cincinnati, Ohio; E. F. Cox, New Harmony, Ind.;
M. C. Fernald, South Levant, Me.; Dr. J. H. Slack, Philadelphia, Pa. ; J.
W.Foster, Chicago, 111. ; Prof. A. Litton, St. Louis Medical School; Al.
pheus Hyatt, Baltimore, Md. ; Prof. J. M. Snfford, State Geologist of Ten-
nessee, Nashville, Tenn. ; Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution ; H. M-
Eaynor, New York ; Prof. Joseph Henry, Sect. Smithsonian Institution ; Dr.
Charles Tufts, Dover, N. H. ; E. W. Hilgard, State Geologist of Miss., Ox-
ford. Miss.; New York Historical Society; Smithsonian Institution; New
England Historic-Genealogical Society ; Boston Mercantile Library
Association ; The President and Trustees of Bowdoin College ; Iowa State

. Historical Society ; Chicago Historical Society; Jeremiah Colburn, Boston ;
Wm. Graves, Newburyport ; Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

6

Tha SuiJ.irintandent, on announcing the donations to the Museum, called
gpacial attention to the valuable collection of shells presented by the Smithsoni-
an Institution, an 1 to the plaster casts of the head of Gorilla castaniceps Slack,
and of the skull of Choeropsis liberiensis Lsidy, presented by Dr. J. H. Slack,
of Philadelphia. He also gave an account of the structure and habits of a
fish, a species of Malthea, from Cuba, presented by Nathaniel Kinsman. .

Hjnry A. Smith, of Salem ; Gilbert H.vwkes, of Lynn; and Micajah B.
Mansfield, of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

The following persons were elected Corresponding Members : Prof. J.
E. Holbrook, of Charleston, S. C. ; Prof. Christopher Johnston, of Balti-
more, Md. ; Prof. G. C. Swallow, of Columbia, Boone Co., Mo.; Prof. J. D.
Whitney, State Geologist of California; F. B. Meek, of Washington, D. C. ;
Elihu Hall, Athens, 111. ; Bv't Col. Francis N.Clarke, U.S.A.; Dr. A.
Kellogg, of San Francisco, Cal. ; P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, Md. ; and Prof.
H. James Clark, of Cambridge, Mass.

Additions to tfte Museum and Library during January
February and March, 1866.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

BABBIDGE, C. A., Salem. Malformed Egg of Domestic Fowl.

BALL, G. L. F., Rangely, Me. Skeleton of a young Black Bear, Ursws
americanus Pallas from Rangely.

BECKETT, A. II., S.ilem. Teeth of a Skate, from Salem. 12 Oyster
Crabs, Pinnotheres ostreum.

BOARDMAN, G. A., Milltown, Me. Antlers of Woodland Caribou.
Rangifer Caribou, from Canada.

BOLLES, REV. E. C., Portland, Me. 124 specimens, 19 species, Land
and Freshwater Shells, from Maine, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Cuba. 112
specimens, 45 species, Spiders and Insects. 10 specimens, 3 species, Sala-
manders ; Tadpoles of IL/lodes ; young Gasterostei, from vicinity of Portland,
Me.

JiRiGGS, MRS. J. B., Salem. 28 specimens, 23 species, of Shells from
vaiious localities.

CARPENTER, J. C., Salem. Massive Emery, from Chester, Mass.

CHOATE, HON. F. W., Beverly. Large specimen of Porcupine Fish,
Diodon sp. ?, from the South Atlantic 7

CLARKE, N. A., Salem. Antlers of a Moose, Alee americanus Jard.,
from Three Rivers, Canada.

COOKE, CALEB, Salem. Hydroids, from under Beverly Bridge. Bud
of the Banana Tree, Musa sp., from Zanzibar, Africa.

GARDNER, HENRT R., Salem. 2 Beetles from Brazil.

HALL, ELIIIU, Athens, III. A collection of abont 400 species of Rocky
Mountain ami Western Plants. Cones of Pimts ponderosa, P. coatorta, Abies
Menz'u-si and A. Douglas!. Lignite, from Rocky Mountains. Incrustation of
Soda, from the Soda spring near Pike's Peak. A large collection of Land
and Fresh-water Shells, from the Rocky Mountains and Illinois. 5 Field
Mice; 1 Shrew; 12 specimens, 10 species, of Reptiles; 9 specimens, 3 spe-
cies, of Fishes; 12 Astacus ; from Athens, 111.

HASH ELL, CAPT. ELIJAH, Salem. Coral, Orbicella caveniosa, from the
Water Batury of Vera Cruz.

HENFIELD, JOHN, JK,, San Francisco, Cal. By Miss MARTHA H.
CHISHOLM. 4 Photographs of the " Great Trees" of California. Surface
Bark and piece of the Wood of the " Father of the Forest." Section of
Bark from a living tree of the same group.

JONES, C. H., Sun Prairie, Wis. Skull of a full grown Prairie Wolf,
Cam's latmns Say, from Columbia Co., Wis.

KIMBAI.L, Miss SCSAN, Salem. 4 species, 10 specimens, of Shells,
from West Indies.

KINSMAN, NATHANIEL, Salem. Ma't/ica sp. from Harbor of Cienfue-
gos, Cuba.

LE GRAND, CHARLES, Salem. Natica duplicata, from New Bedford.
Large number of specimens of Athcrina notata, from Salem. Bird from Af-
rica. Large Fungus, from Gloucester.

MANNING, JAMES, Salem. 2 Flying Fishes, Exocetus sp., from the
South Atlantic.

OWEN, PROF. RICHARD, Bloomington, Ir.d. ISO specimens, 62 spe-
cies, of Upper and Lower Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Oolitic and
Tertiary Fossils; 22 specimens of Minerals, from various localities.

PICKMAN, BENJAMIN, Salem. The " TRUE Collection" of Massachu-
setts Shells. 3 specimens of Percci, 3 of Lota, 2 of Esox, 1 of Leuciscus, 4 of
[jeucioperca, from Lake Champlain.

WILLIAMS, W. A., Chelsea. Fossil Shell, from Gay Head.

PRESCOTT, JOHN, Grafton, N. H. Log Cock, llylotomus pileatus Baird,
from Grafton.^

Hi LET, DANIEL, Salem. Collection of Shells and Corals, from Zanzi-
bar and Mozambique, Africa.

ROBINSON, JOHN, Salem. A small collection of Nests and Eggs of
Essex Co. Birds. Teeth of a Shark and of a Skate, from Massachusetts
Bay.

SHEPARD, H. F., Salem. Blue Jay, Cyamirus cristatus Sw., and female
of Pine Grosbeak, Pinicola canadensis Cab., from Grafton, N. H.

SKERRY, HENRY F., Salem. 18 specimens, 18 species, Eggs of Essex
Co. Birds.

SLACK, DR. J. H., Philadelphia, Pa. Plaster casts of head of Gorilla
castaniceps Slack, and skull of Chceropsis liberiensis Leidy.

8

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C. A large collection of
Shells from Jamaica, Panama, Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas, California and
Vancouver. Identified by Dr. P. P. Carpenter. Also a set of the duplicate
Shells of Wilkcs' United States Exploring Expedition.

SMITH, J. FORD, Salem. Abnormal Egg of Domestic Fowl.

STEARNS, A. E. R., San Francisco, Cal. An identified collection of
Californian and Mexican Shells.

TKASK, AMOS, South Danvers. Malformed Egg of Domestic Fowl.
Specimen of " Pudding Stone, " from Roxbury.

WILDES, G. D., Salem. Japanese Tobacco.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

BROWNE, ALBERT G., Salem. Iron Cap to Pile, used by the Confed-
erates in the Defence of the Savannah River.

HASKELL, CAPT. ELIJAH, Salem. Mexican gun-lock, (flint). Piece of
the truck of the Flag- Staff of the Water Battery at Vera Cruz.

KIMBALL, JAMES, Salem. 2 Coins.

LEACH, WILLIAM, Salem. Indian Sinker dug up in Turner St., Sa-
lem.

LE GRAND, CHARLES, Salem. Military button.

PEABODY, GEORGE, Salem. The original design, and the first im-
pression in wax of the Seal of the City of Salem.

PERKINS, GEORGE, Salem. $100 00, $20 00 and $2 00 Confederate
bank bills.

RELIANCE ENGINE Co., No. 1, Salem. Bust of Webster.

ROBINSON, JOHN, Salem. Several Historical relics.

ROPES, Miss SDSAN, Salem. Earthen Water Jar; Native Sandals
from Zanzibar. 3 Coins.

SHEPARD, HENRY F., Salem. 2 Wristers, worn by Mrs. Webb, 130
years ago.

WILLIAMS, JAMES S., Salem. Sabre surrendered by the Confederates
at Tallahassee, Florida. A " Bushwhacker's " accoutrements.

TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

BEMIS, M. E., Boston. 7 Pamphlets.

BOARDMAN, SAMUEL L., Augusta, Me. Holmes' Agricultural Ad-
dress, Oct. 20, 1864, 8vo, pamph. Proceedings at Convention of Publish-
ers, &c., of Maine, 1864, 8vo, pamph. Boardman's Agricultural Survey of
Somerset Co., Maine, 8vo, pamph. Boardman on the Agriculture and In-
dustry of Kennebec Co., Me., 8vo, pamph. Maine Farmer for 1862, 3 and
4, 3 vols., folio. Triweekly Journal and Age for 1836, 1 vol., folio, Au-
gusta. Universalist Union, vols. 2, 3 and 4, 3 vols., 4to, New York, 1836-9.

9

Transactions N. Y. Agricultural Society for 1862 and '63, 2 vols., 8vo, Al-
bany. 8th and 9th Annual Report of Sec'y of Me. Board of Agriculture,
2 vols., 8vo, Augusta, 1863 and '4. Drew's Glimpses and Gatherings at
London, and the Great Exhibition of 1851, 1 vol., 12mo, Augusta, 1852.
3d, 5th, 9th, 10th, llth and 12th Annual Rep. of Supt. of Common Schools
of Me., 6 pamphlets, 8vo. Watson's Treatise on Practical Husbandry, 8vo,
pum ph. 22 miscellaneous Pamphlets.

BOSTON, CITY OF. Boston City Documents for 1865, 2 vols, 8vo.

BOWDITCH, HENRY I., Boston. Memorial of N. Bowditch, 1 vol.
4 to, Boston, 1865.

BROAOHEAD, G. C., Pleasant Hill, Mo. Coal Measures in Missouri
by G. C. Broadhead, 8vo, pamph., 1866,

BROOKS, HENRY M. A Journal of the Travels and Sufferings of Dan-
iel Saunders, 16 mo, 1 vol., Salem, 1794. A collection of Handbills, £c., &c,

COLE, MRS. N. D. Boston Daily Traveller for 1865, 2 vols., folio,
Salem Gazette for 1865, 1 vol., folio.

COITPER, WILLIAM, Quebec. Manuscripts relating to the Early History
of Canada, 8vo, pamph., Quebec, 1866.

ELIOT, JOHN F., Boston. 55 Pamphlets. Several old Newspapers.

FOOTB, CALEB. Files of several County Papers for the past three
months.

FOSTER, J. W., Chicago, 111. Geology and Metallurgy of the Iron
Ores of Lake Superior, &c., 8vo, pamph. Report of Oakeland Company,
8vo, pamph., 1865. Report of Peninsular Lead Mining Co., 8vo, pamph.,

1865. Report on the Coal and Salt Lands of Marietta Run, 8vo, pamph.,

1866. Report of New Diggings and Shullsbury Mining Co., 8vo, pamph.,
1864.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., Boston. 140 Pamphlets.

HAMLIN, C. E., Waterville, Me. Catalogue of Birds found in the
vicinity of Waterville, Me., by C. E. Hamlin, 8vo, pamph.

HANAFORD, MRS. P. A., Reading. Abraham Lincoln, his Life and
Public Services, by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1865. Re-
port of School Committee of Reading, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1866. State-
ment of Receipts and Expenditures of Reading, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1866.

HARRIS, NATH'L B. Ross's American-Latin Grammar, 1 vol., 16mo.
Newburyport, 1780.

HILL, THOMAS, President of Harvard College. Annual Report of the
President and Fellows of Harvard College, 1864-5, 8vo, pamph., Cambridge,
1866.

HOLDEN, N. J. Supplement to Ichnology of Massachusetts, by E.
Hitchcock, 1 vol., 4to, Boston, 1865.

HOOPER, HANNAH. Brazer's Sermons, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1849,
" Our Book," 1 vol., 12mo.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX IN8T., VOL. T. 2 MAT, 1866.

10

HUGUET-LATOCR, L. A., Montreal, C. E. Constitution and By-Laws
of the Numismatic Society of Montreal, 16mo, pamph., 1863.

LEA, ISAAC, Philadelphia. Collection of Papers on the Mollusca, by
Isaac Lea, LL.D., 8vo, pamph.

LEWIS, WINSLOW, Boston. Annual Eeport of Mass. Gen. Hospital
for 1865, 8vo, pamph. Valedictory Address to N. E. Hist. Gen. Society,
Feb. 7, 1866, 8vo, pamph.

LORD, N. J. Boston Post, for Oct., Nov. Dec., 1865.

LURING, GEORGE B. Boston Daily Post, 1865.

MDUGE, BENJ. F., Quindaro, Kansas. Six Public Documents of
Kansas.

NEWTON, ISAAC, Commissioner of Agriculture. Eeport on Agricul-
ture for 1862, 1863, 1864, 3 vols., 8vo, Washington. Monthly Report of the
Department of Agriculture for Jan'y and Feb., 1866, 8vo, pamph.

NICHOLS, GEORGE. Files of Christian Enquirer from Jan. 1 to Oct.,
1865.

OWEN, RICHARD, Bloomington, Ind. Hopkins' Discourse on Lincoln,
at Bloomington, Ind., April, 19, 1865, 8vo, pamph. Owen's " The Journey
of Life," an Allegorical Sketch, March 12, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

PAINE, N., Worcester. The Worcester Directory for 1866, 1 vol., 8vo.

PARISH, ARIEL, New Haven, Conn., Annual Report of Board of Edu-
cation, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

PICKMAN, BENJAMIN. The Nation, Jan., Feb. and March, 1866.

PICKMAN, WILLIAM R. Lambert's Sermon at St. John's Church,
Jan. 7, 1866, 8vo, pamph. Bolles' Sermon on 1st Sunday in Advent, 1865,
8vo, pamph.

PUTNAM, GEORGE D. Remarks on Howell's Patent Homogeneous
Steel, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1864.

SHEPARD, HENRY F. 3 Pamphlets.

SIMPSON, JAMES H., Lt. Col. Engineer Corps, U. S. A. Report on
the Pacific Railroad and Branches, &c., Nov. 23, 1765, 8vo, pamph.

SNOW, E. M., Providence, R. I. 12th Report of the Registration of
Births, Marriages and Deaths in Rhode Island, 8vo, pamph., Providence,
1866.

STONB, BENJ. W. The New York Civil List, 1865, 1 vol., 12mo.,
Albany, 1865. Manual for the use of New York Legislature, 1865, 1 vol.
16mo., Albany, 1865. 8th Annual Rep. of Board of Commissioners of the
Central Park, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1865.

STOKE, E. M., Providence, R. I. 24th Annual Rep. of the-Ministry
at Large, Providence, R. I., 8vo, pamph.

SU.MNER, CHARLES, U. S. Senator. Message and Documents Abridged
1864-5, 1 vol., 8vo. Official Army Register for 1864 and '65, 2 pamphs. Re-
port of Commissioner of Agriculture for 1864, 1 vol., 8vo. Report of Com-

11

mittee on the Conduct of the War, 3 vols., 8vo. Agriculture of United
States in 1860, 1 vol., 4to, Pub. Doc. Report of Committee on the attack
on Petersburg, 30 July, 1864, 1 vol., 8vo, Pub. Doc.

TRUBNER & Co., London. Triibner's American and Oriental Litera-
ry Record for Jan., Feb., March, 1866.

TUCKER, JONATHAN. 25 Almanacs of various years.

U. S. CONGRESS LIBRARY. Alphabetical Catalogue of the Library of
Congress, 1 vol., 8vo., Washington, 1864.

UNITED STATES, SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE. Circular No. 6, 1
vol., 4to. Reports on the Extent and Nature of the Materials for a Medical
Surgical History of the Rebellion, 4to, pamph.

WATERS, JOSEPH G. 29th Auditor's Report of Milton, 8vo, pamph.,
Boston, 1866.

WINCHELL, A., Ann Arbor, Mich. 1st Biennial Report on Geol. Sur-
vey of Michigan, 1 vol., 8vo, Lansing, 1861. Report on Museum of Univ.
of Michigan, 8vo, pamph., 1864. Address on the Prairies of Mississippi
Valley, 8vo, pamph. 6 Pamphlets.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Proceedings vol. VI.,
pages 365 to end of vol.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings of Annual Meeting,
Oct. 21, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings No. 74.
BOSTON ATHENAEUM. Reports at the Annual Meeting, Jan. 8, 1866,
8vo, pamph. List of Books added from Dec. 1, 1864, to Dec. 15, 1865, 8vo,
pamph.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. 13th Annual Report of the Trustees
1865, 8vo, pamph.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings vol. 4, pages
49-144.

CANADIAN INSTITUTE. The Canadian Journal, Nov., 1865, and Jan.,
1866.

CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Act of Incorporation, Constitu-
tion, &c., 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1865. Proceedings vol. 1, pages 1-16.

- CINCINNATI MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 31st Annual Re-
port for 1865, 8vo, pamph.

EDITORS. American Journal of Science for Jan. and Mch, 1866.
American Mining Index for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.
Beadle's Monthly for Jan., Feb., Mch., April, 1866,
Essex Banner for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.
Florida Union for Jan., 1866.

Gardener's Monthly for Dec., 1865, Jan., Feb., Mch., 1865.
Gloucester Telegraph for Mch., 1866.

12

Haverhill Gazette for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.

Historical Magazine for Dec., 1865, Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.

Lawrence American for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.

Lynn Reporter for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.

Maine Farmer for Jan., Feb., 1866.

North American Review for Jan., 1866.

Salem Observer for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.

South Danvers Wizard for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.

Yonker's Gazette for Jan., Feb., Mch., 1866.
IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annals, Jan., 1866.
MONTREAL SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. The Canadian Natu-
ralist and Geologist for Dec., 1865.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT CAMBRIDGE. Bulletin,
pp. 1 to 70. Illustrated Catalogue, No. II., 8vo, pamph., Cambridge, 1865.

NEW BRUNSWICK NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Bailey's Observa-
tions on the Geology of Southern New Brunswick, 8vo, pamph.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. The N. E. Hist.
Gen. Register for Jan. and April, 1866.

PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. History of Nazareth Hall,
12mo., 1 vol., Phil., 1855. Eddy's History of 60th Reg. of N. Y. Vols., 1
vol., 12mo, Philad., 1864. Henry's Sketches of Moravian Life and Charac-
ter, 1 vol., 12mo, Philad., 1859. Rondthaler's Life of John Heckewelder, 1
vol., 12mo, Philad., 1847. Garrard's Chambersburg, 1 vol., 8vo, Philad.,
1856. Moravians in New York and Conn., 1 vol., 8vo, New York, 1860.
Memoirs of Hist. Society of Penn., reprint of vol. 1, vol. 3, pt. 2, vol. 4,
pt. 1. Pennsylvania Common Schools, Annual Reports, 1859, 1861, 1863.
Philadelphia Public Schools, Annual Reports for 1849 and 1860. Philadel-
phia Board of Trade, 6th, 27th and 28th Annual Reports. Minutes of the
Quarantine Convention, May, 1857. Report on Taxation, 8vo, pamph.,
Philad., 1865. Bulletin of Hist. Soc'y of Penn., 10 numbers, also several
Pamphlets.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for
Nov. and Dec., 1865.

PHILADELPHIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The Practical Entomolo-
gist, Vol. 1, Nos. 4 and 5.

PHILADELPHIA MERCANTILE LIBRARY COMPANY. 43d Annual Re-
port, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1866.

SAN FRANCISCO MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 13th Annual
Report, 8vo, pamph., San Francisco, 1866.

YALE COLLEGE LIBRARY. The Commemorative Celebration held at
Yale College, July 26, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

13

MONDAY, APBIL 2, 1866. Regular Meeting.
JAKES KIMBALL, ESQ., in the Chair.

Letters were announced from Prof. Henry How, King's College, Wind-
sor, N. S.; W. S. West, Salem; Prof. Robert Bell, Kingston, C. W. ; Prof.
Jos. Moore, Richmond, Ind. ; Mrs. 0. Marcy, Evanston, HI. ; B. P. Mann,
Cambridge ; G. K. Gilbert, Rochester, N. Y. ; Rev. Samuel Lockwood,
Keyport, N. J. ; Prof. J. H. Salisbury, Cleveland, Ohio ; I. A. Lapham,
LL. D., Milwaukee, Wis. ; S. B. McMillan, East Fairfield, Ohio ; C. D.
Marshall, Corresp. Sect. Buffalo, Soc. Nat. Sciences; Dr. Wm. Sharswood,
Philadelphia, Pa. ; Dr. James Knapp, Louisville, Ky. ; Dr. Theodatus Gar-
lick, Cleveland, Ohio; Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution; P. R.
Uhler, Cambridge; Prof. Robert Peter, Lexington, Ky. ; Prof. Theo. Par-
vin, Iowa State University; O. C. Marsh, New Haven, Ct. ; Dr. Edward
Ravenel, Charleston, S. C. ; George W. Holden, Dayton, Ohio ; Dr. A. S.
Packard, Boston Soc. Nat. History ; Rev. J. A. Swan, Kennebunk, Me. ;
Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College ; Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D. C. ; Prof. F. S. Holmes, College of Charleston, S. C. ; Prof. S. Ten-
ney, Vassar College, N. Y. ; Christopher Johnson, Baltimore, Md. ; Geo. Pea-
body Russell, Haverhill ; R. Damon, Weymouth, Eng. ; A. C. Chandler, New
Gloucester, Me. ; Thomas Bland, New York ; Iowa State Historical Socie-
ty ; Newburyport Public Library ; New York Lyceum of Natural History ;
Dr. S. A. Green, Boston ; Minnesota Historical Society ; A. Agassiz, Cam-
bridge; Isaac Lea, LL. D., Philadelphia; Prof. Geo. J. Brush, New Haven,
Conn ; E. F. Beadle, New York ; L. A. Swasey, Salem ; Prof. W. H. Brew-
er, Yale College ; Thomas H. Webb, Boston ; Boston Public Library.

James Kimball read a communication relating to the witchcraft papers
in the Salem Court House, Boston and other places; copies of many of
which have been made by order of the County Commissioners of Essex Co.,
and are now deposited in the Salem Court House, forming a valuable addi-
tion to the records of those trials.

Mr. Kimball also read the petition of George Herrick, of Salem, for
services relative to witchcraft as Marshall and Deputy Sheriff of Essex
County; also the Inventory of the Estate of Philip English, which was
confiscated at the time of his prosecution for witchcraft.

The propriety of printing all papers that can be obtained relating to the
Witchcraft trials in this County was discussed, and a motion was adopted
appointing a Committee of three to take the subject into consideration and
report at a future meeting. Messrs. H. M. Brooks, W. P. Upham and
James Kimball were chosen as the Committee.

Francis G. Sanborn, of Andover, gave an account of the method of
communicating ideas among insects by means of their antennae. He stated
that while collecting in Norfolk County early in the spring of 1865, his at-
tention was called to an irregular black mass about the size of one's doubled
fists, apparently resting on the top of the spires of grass, then about four
inches high, in a pasture. On approaching, it was found to consist of small
black ants clinging to each other, and supporting the mass by their united
strength, so that it rested on the ground only at its centre. On separating
them gently with the fingers, an oval cluster of eggs was revealed, which

. 14

they were holding some three-quarters of a» inch from the ground, appa-
rently for the purpose of drying, as the weather had been wet for several
days, and the morning was dark and lowery, the sun appearing only at long
intervals, with a strong wind blowing. On removing the hands, the ants
again closed over the cluster of eggs (which was about the size of the last
joint of the thumb) and the continual changing of their places by the little
creatures gave the mass an appearance of ebullition. I dropped upon the cen-
tre of this mass a large species of ant, of a light yellow color, belonging to a
different t/enus, which I had taken from beneath a stone near the spot. It
was pounced upon in an instant by some dozen or more of the black species,
but made no resistance, simply folding its feet and waving its antennae slowly
in a manner which it required no stretch of the imagination to interpret as
deprecatory, as who should say, " 1 humbly beg pardon for intruding ; 'twas
no fault of mine ; accident, or a stronger will than mine placed me here, and
if you will allow me to depart, I will gladly do so, and trouble you no more.''
As if in answer to this or a kindred appeal, it was released, and passed out
over the bodies of the blacks until it reached a large stone just touching the
mass on which were a few scattered blacks, like an outpost of the main body.
Here it was again seized and somewhat roughly handled by four or five of
these sentinels, but a repetition of its passive protest secured once more its
freedom, and it disappeared from sight in the grass. Another insect, the
Simulium molestum, or " Black-fly " of our northern forests, happening to
alight upon my hand, was then dropped among them. He was seized upon
and torn limb from limb in a few seconds, his mangled remains filtering
down through the mass to the earth. Again and again the experiment was
tried with the yellow species of ant, and invariably with the same result ;
thev were always allowed to pass away without injury, upon examination,
although as quickly seized at first as the unfortunate " Black-fly." A spi-
der, two gnats, and a small plant-bug were then successively dropped into
the seething mass, and as thoroughly dismembered and demolished as the
first victim. These experiments occupied nearly two hours, during which
my eyes were so close to the theatre of action that scarcely a motion of the
prisoners or their assailants escaped me, and I was fully convinced that the
language of the antennae, while it may be understood among allied species
and genera, has its limits, and that insects of different orders bear some such
relations to each other as do human beings of different nationalities.

Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, gave the following account of the
Cramp fish, Torpedo occidenfalis Storer.

This very remarkable fish was quite plenty at Provincetown, Cape Cod,
some fifty years ago. From the 20th of September, and during October, No-
vember, and early December, they would run on shore during the night and
would be left dry on the sandy beach by the receding tide. They were not
seen at any other time of the year, and probably remain in deep water during
the rest of the year. I have not known of their having been seen south of Gay
Head, Martha's Vineyard, or north of Minot's Ledge (Cohasset). I know of

15

no other fish that seems to be confined within such narrow limits. It is prob-
able that they are along our outer fishing grounds and are not seen by the
fishermen, as they seldom bite at the hook. I have seen but one specimen ta-
ken with a hook, and have heard of only three others, during the past fifty years,
having been taken in that way. They belong to the same great group of fishes
which includes the Rays and Skates, and, like most of the group, the Tor-
pedoes swim near the bottom and consequently would not be seen. When I
was a boy, fifty years since, and for many years after, Torpedoes were very
common along our shores ; and during Autumn I visited the beach daily on
Long Point (Provincetown) for the purpose of obtaining their livers, which
yielded a large quantity of excellent oil, that was used for burning and which
gave a better light than any other that I have seen, refined sperm oil not ex-
cepted. I have heard it said that the oil was an excellent remedy for cases
of cramp by bathing the part affected. I have never had any experience in
its use for that purpose, and, consequently, can say nothing of its medicinal
properties. This fish varies from twenty to two hundred pounds in weight
as they come from the water, the smallest yielding about one pint of oil, and
the largest some three gallons. The shape of the liver is unlike that in any
other fish. It is formed in two parts, equal in size and shape, located on
each side. Torpedoes possess strong electric powers. I have received very
severe shocks from them many times, and even after they had been out of wa-
ter for some six hours, on touching them with the finger, I have been so
shocked as to be thrown down upon the ground, or in the water. I have seen
them passing along near the shore during the day and have thrown a harpoon
into them and hauled them on shore. On taking hold of the harpoon, some
six feet from the fish, my hand would soon become numb, and the fingers
would incline to straighten so much as to make it difficult to grasp the pole
of the harpoon. During the past twenty years these fishes have almost dis-
appeared ; some three or four specimens only having been found, each Au-
tumn, for several years past ; and I have found it difficult to procure more
than one or two specimens, each year, when I needed them. Some forty or
fifty years since they might have been obtained by hundreds.

Mr. Putnam followed Capt. Atwood and gave a brief account of the
anatomy of the Torpedo, pointing out the position and structure of the elec-
tric battery.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Nathan Mortimer Hawkes, of Lynn, and Nathaniel B. Harris, of Salem,
were elected Resident Members.

MONDAY, APRIL 16, 1866. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODBLL in the Chair.

Letters were read from Prof. A. B. Verrill, Yale College; Rev. A. B.
Kendig, Marshalltown, Iowa; E. Hall, Athens, 111.; Dr. E. W. Hubbard,
Tottenville, Staten Island; Rev. E, C. Bolles, Portland, Me.; G. K. Gilbert,

16

Rochester, N. Y.; E. S. Morse, Portland, Me.; Alpheus Hyatt, Baltimore,
Md.; Dr. G. A. Lathrop, Petrolia, C. W.; Henry D. Aligny, Agent St. Mary's
Canal, Michigan Co., Houghton, L. S.; Dr. A. S. Packard, Boston Soc.
Nat History; Bv't. Lieut. Col. H. E. Maynadier, U. S. A., Fort Laramie,
Dacotah T.; Dr. Wm. Wood, East Windsor Hill, Ct.; Prof. Theo. Gill,
Smithsonian Institution; T. A. Conrad, Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. S. F. Baird,
Smithsonian Institution; Chas. D. Marshall, Cor. Sect. Buffalo Soc. Nat.
Sciences; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; Rev. Thos. Morong, Gloucester, Mass.; Royal
Society, London; J. E. Hilgard, Asst. U. S. Coast Survey; Dr. M. M. Bagg,
Uitca, N. Y.; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Reading; Henry A. Smith, Cleveland,
Ohio; Aadrew Lackey, Marblehead; Trustees of Salem Athenaeum; C. C.
Jewett, Boston Public Library; Maine Historical Society; F. B. Meek, Spring,
field, III.; Prof. G. C. Swallow, Columbia, Mo.; Prof. Henry James Clark-
Cambridge, Mass.

The Secretary made the following statement.

In the month of August, 1859, the Institute received a communication,
from the "Exploring Circle" of Lynn, calling attentioa to the discovery by
them, of a very remarkable erratic rock in Lynn Woods, the peculiar charac-
ter and position of which rendered it exceedingly interesting to science, while
it was very liable to injury from mischievous hands. The cooperation of the
Institute was therefore solicited in the effort to give some adequate protection
to a work of nature so full of curious interest. A committee of consultation
was accordingly appointed; but various circumstances conspired to hinder
the accomplishment of any thing for a long time. Recently, however,
the subject appearing to deserve a full examination, arrangements with the
Exploring Circle were entered into anew, and on Saturday, April 7th, Messrs.
H. Wheatland, F. W. Putnam, Caleb Cook and Benjamin Pickman, met by
appointment, Messrs. J. M. Rowell, C. M. Tracy and J. C. Moulton, com-
mittee of the Circle, and proceeded to examine the rock in question,
It was found to be, indeed, an object of great singularity, and eminently
worthy to enjoy the lively attention of those pursuing geological study, par-
ticularly that of the drift period, whose relics and monuments lie so thickly
scattered around us. Among the multitude of bowlders and erratics of all
kinds and dimensions that spread over our hills and valleys, including the
remarkable "Ship Rock," now the property of the Institute, we have never
examined one that presented such curious and striking features as this ; and
it is highly advisable that all proper action should be taken by this Society at
once, to secure "Phaeton Rock," as it has been named, for the property of
the Essex Institute, and thus prevent its destruction, either by the hand of
wantonness, or the more innocent, but equally injurious work of the quar-
ryman. A paper upon the subject has been received by the Institute from
C. M. Tracy.

Mr. Tracy's paper was read and referred for publication.

After some remarks by Mr. Putnam on the subject of bowlders and the
drift, the matter was referred to a committee, consisting of Messrs. C. M.
Tracy, Benjamin Pickman and Henry Wheatland, to take such action on be-
half of the Institute, as they may deem advisable.

COMMUNICATIONS

1866-7.

Communications on Historical subjects are printed in the
"HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE."

I. Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes.
BY THEODORE GILL.

(Communicated October 16, 1865.)

The Seals of America have been hitherto little known,
and in the general works on the mammals of the northern
continent, they, like the bats and cetaceans, have been
omitted.

With a view to the elucidation of the species, and at
the suggestion of Professor Baird, I have been induced to
undertake the examination of the collection of specimens
in skin, and the skulls and skeletons possessed by the
Smithsonian Institution and the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia. To Mr. F. W. Putnam, Superin-
tendent of the Museum of the Essex Institute, and Professor
Wyman, I am much indebted for the kindness manifested in
transmitting to me the specimens they possessed, and the
opportunity thus afforded for comparison and study of
more extensive material. The results of the examination
of these specimens are now given, in so far as the classifi-
cation and relations of the primary groups and genera are
concerned, while I am obliged to defer until a more conven-
ient season the more elaborate exposition of the views I
have been compelled to embrace, as well as the discussion
of the limits and nomenclature of the species.

Passing over the changes which the seal exhibits in its
progress to adolescence, I would advert to the peculiarities
in the geographical distribution of the several groups in
connection with their systematic relations.

The three primary groups which may be elevated to
the rank of1 families, in the first place, are very differently
distributed.

4 GILL, PRODROME OF A

The PHOCID.E are cosmopolitan, and representatives are
found in the tropical seas, as well as in the waters of the
extremest north and south, the Indian Ocean being the
only large body of water in which no species are found.
While such, however, is the expression of the general dis-
tribution of the family, its minor groups are much more
narrowly restricted, The three subfamilies, into which the
family is divided, are each distinguished by peculiarities
in limitation. The PHOCIKLE are almost confined to the
polar and northern temperate seas, representatives of a
single genus extending southwards to or beyond the tropic
of Cancer,* while the STENORHYNCHIN.E, after the exclusion
of Monackus, whose affinities are essentially with the Pho-
cinaB, are confined as strictly to the opposite hemisphere.
The CYSTOPHORIISLE, on the other hand, are represented at
both extremes ; the species of one genus, Cysfophora, inhabit-
ing the Arctic seas, whence it descends into the more
northern temperate Atlantic on both sides ; while Macro-
rhinus is represented by a species found in the Antarctic
seas, whence it advances to the Patagonian shores and the
Pacific coast of temperate South America, the southern
Australian seas and the Cape of Good Hope, and on the
other side of the Equator, but still in the Pacific ocean,
is replaced by a species peculiar to the warmer waters that
bound the North American continent on the west. The
exact limits of these species require, however, yet to be as-
certained. The EOSMARID^E are entirely confined to the
northern Polar seas. The OTARIIDYE have their metropolis
in the Pacific ocean, and are represented by species along

* The " Halichcerus antarclicus" of Peate, very erroneously identified
with Lobodon carcinophoga by Dr. J. E. Gray, is a typical species of Phoca,
but appears to be identical with a species occurring along the California
and Oregonian coasts, and, consequently there must be some error as to
its assigned habitat in the antarctic seas. I am happy to add that Mr. Peale
himself now doubts the correctness of the labels on the faith of which he
gave its habitat, and as a change of name is desirable, I would propose that
of P. Pealii.

The relations of the Jamaican seal, rejoicing in the two names, Phoca

tropicalis Gray and -1 ! Wilkianus Gosse (1851), are very uncertain.

Mr. Gosse obtained a single skin. The exact origin of the Cystophora anttl-
larum was not mentioned in the original description, and ts West Indian
habitat requires confirmation.

MONOGRAPH OF THE PINNIPEDES. 7>

the entire western coast of America, except the tropical
regions, while on the eastern they ascend towards Brazil.
They are likewise abundant along the Australian coasts.

In conclusion, it may be added, as Peron and Dr. Gray
have before insisted, that the species of the entire group
are restricted within as distinct geographical limits as are
any other mammals, and as are especially the marine fishes.

Without further preface, I submit the following classifi-
cation to the judgement of naturalists :

FAMILY I. PHOCID^E Brookes, Gervais.

SUBFAMILY I. PHOCINJE (Gray), Gill.

GENUS 1. PHOCA Linnaeus.

SYN. Cattocephalus F. Cuvier, 1824, Gray, 1844.
Halicyon Gray, 1864.

Type. PHOCA VITULINA Linnaeus.*

GENUS 2. PAGOMYS Gray, 1864.

Type. PHOCA F<ETIDA Miiller.

GENUS 3. PAGOPHILUS Gray, 1844.

Type. PHOCA GRCENLANDICA Miiller.

GENUS 4. ERIGNATHUS Gill, 1865.

SYN. Phoca Gray, 1844.
Type. PHOCA BARBATA Fabricius.

GENUS 5. HALICHCERUS Nilsson, 1820.

Type. PHOCA GRYPUS Fabricius.

* In the Syst. Nat. 10th ed., 1758, the first in which the binomial sys-
tem was introduced, four species were included by Linnaeus in the genus
PHOCA; 1, P. wra'na,=ARCTOCEPHAi,us TIRSINUS; 2, P. leonina,=MAC-
KORHINUS LEONINUS ; 3, P. ros»iarws,=RosMARus OBESUS; 4, P. vitulina.
The name PHOCA must be retained for one of these, and as the third, second
and first species were successively elevated to the rank of generic types, and
the genus was thus by elimination restricted to the fourth species, for that
and its allies, the generic name must necessarily be reserved.

6 GILL, PRODROME OF A

GENUS 6. MONACHUS Fleming, 1822, Gray, 1850.
SYN. Pelagios F. Cuvier, 1824, Gray, 1844.

Heliophoca Gray, 1854.
Type. PHOCA MONACHUS Hermann.

SUBFAMILY II. CYSTOFHORIN.ZE Gray. ,

GENUS 7. CYSTOPHORA (Nilsson, 1 820), Gray, 1 844.

SYN. Stemmatopus F. Cuvier, 1824.

Type. PHOCA CBISTATA Erxleben.

GENUS 8. MACRORHINUS F. Cuvier, 1824.
SYN. Mirounga Gray, 1827.

Macrorhyna Gray, 1827.
Morunga Gray, 1844.
Type. PHOCA LEONINA Linnaeus, 1758.

SUBFAMILY III. STENORHYNCHINJE (Gray), Gill.
GBNUS 9. LOBODON Gray, 1844.

Type. PHOCA CARCINOPHAGA Hombron and Jacquinot.*

GENUS 10. STENORHYNCHUS F. Cuvier, 1824.

Type. PHOCA LEPTONYX Blainvffle.

GENUS 11. LEPTONYX Gray, 1836.

Type. STENORHYNCHUS WEDDELHI Lesson.

GENUS 12. OMMATOPHOCA Gray, 1844.

Type. OMMATOPHOCA KOSSII Gray.

* The Halichcerus antarcticus Peale, referred by subsequent authors to
Lobodon carcinophaga, has no affinity with it. The species is a typical Phoca,
closely allied to P. vitulina, and was correctly described by Mr. Peale. The
type specimens of skins and skull are in the Smithsonian Museum.

MONOGRAPH OP THE PINNIPEDES. 7

FAMILY II. OTAKHD.ZE Brookes, Gervais.

GENUS 1. OTABIA Peron, 1816.
SYN. Platyrhynchus F. Cuvier, 1824.

Otoes Fischer.

Platyrhinus Lesson.

Otiphoca Blainville.
Type. PHOOA JUBATA Schreber*

GENUS 2. ABCTOCEPHALUS F. Cuvier,* 1824.

SYN. Callorhinus Gray, 1864.

Type. PHOCA URSINA Linnaeus.

GENUS 3. EUMETOPIAS Gill, 1865.

Type. O T A R i A CALIFORNIANA Lesson., = ARCTOCEPHALUS

MONT ER IE N SIS Gray A

GENUS 4. ZALOPHUS Gill, 1865.

Type. OTAKIA GILLIES PII Macbain.

GENUS 5. HALABCTUS Gill, 1865.

Type. ARCTOCEPHALUS DELALANDII Gray.

FAMILY HI. ROSMAREOaS GUI.

SYN. Trichechidce Brookes, Gervais.

GENUS 1. ROSMABUS Scopoli, 1777.

SYN. Odobeenus (Brisson), Illiger.

Trichechus Auct. recent. J
Type. TRICHECHUS ROSMARUS Linnceus.

* ARCTOCEPHALUS F. Cuv. was especially established for a species con-
sidered identical with Pkoca ursina Linn, and as no other species was men-
tioned, and, as the identification appears correct, the name must be retained
for that species.

tls not A. monteriensis Gray identical with Otaria Stdleri Mull. Arc. far
Nat. 1841,1. 330?

J TRICHECHUS was originally based solely on the Manati (T. Manatus)
by Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10 ed. 1758, 1. 34. It must therefore be retained for
that animal.

8 GILL, PRODEOME OP A

These families, subfamilies and genera may be dis-
tinguished as follows :

PHOCID^l.

The Phocidse are the most elongated in form, and have
the external ears obsolescent. The skull has the postorbi-
tal processes null or obsolete ; " no alisphenoid canal ; the
mastoid processes swollen and seeming to form part of the
auditory bulla."* Incisors \ ; |; ~. Canine teeth nor-
mally developed. Molars f | f j rarely f | | (in Ommato-
phoca). Anterior and posterior feet provided with claws ; the
anterior legs smaller than the posterior, with the digits of
the feet successively abbreviated; the posterior flippers
emarginated ; , the third and fourth digits being shortest.
Scapula in the Phocinae expanded upward and backward
toward the postero-superior angle, the surface behind the
spine being enlarged.

In the family, thus limited, three subordinate types are
embraced, which may be distinguished as subfamilies. These
are especially differentiated by modifications of the skull
and feet. In the discrimination of the genera, many char-
acters have been omitted, as unadvisable to introduce in a
mere synopsis. Most of the characters selected for the
distinction of the subfamilies have been hitherto overlooked.
Their universality and their coincidence have been verified
by reference to all the known types, t

PHOCIN^I (Gray.)

Maxillar zygomatic process with the posterior surface
subvertical, or very oblique. Malar oblong-rhomboid,
emarginated above and below. Intermaxillaries narrow,
prolonged, and wedged behind between the supramaxillaries
and nasals. Nasal bones narrow, diminishing in width
backwards. Incisors f ; exceptionally ~ .

* TURNER. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1848, p. 88. The constancy of
the characters used by Turner has been verified by myself, by reference to
all the types.

t The genera Monachus, Lobodon, Leptonyx and Ommatophoca are au-
topically unknown to me, but the published illustrations demonstrate the
applicability of the characters in question.

MONOGRAPH OP THE PINNIPEDES. 9

Synopsis of genera.

*Incisors j; curved, conic, small. Bony palate produced forward between
lateral extensions of the maxillaries, quite or nearly to aline with the poste-
rior molars.

t Skull declining at nasal region ; anterior nares moderate ; molars, ex-
cept first, with two roots.

J Maxillar zygomatic processes arising from edge of jaw, with the sur-
face very oblique and the suborbital foramen inferior. Jaws rectilinear.

a. Lower jaw with its branches flattened within. Teeth complex.

PHOCA.

6. Lower jaw with its branches inflected inwards. Teeth simple.

1 . Palate emarginated behind ; very deeply incised at the septum
narium. PAGOMYS.

2. Palate entire and transverse behind ; septum narium entire and
continued to the posterior edge of palate. PAGOPHILUS.

Jt Maxillar zygomatic process high up, with the surface little oblique,
and the suborbital foramen anterior. Jaws curved outward. Palate very
broad, emarginated. Base of skull with posterior lateral vacuities obsoles-
cent. EBIGNATHUS.

ft Skull increasing in height forward. Anterior nares very large ; mo-
lars single rooted. HALICHCERUS.*

## Incisors j; enlarged, transversely notched behind their edges. Bony
palate emarginated behind and with a notch at suture ; the bones not pro-
duced as far forward as the inner margin of orbit. MoNACHirs.f

CYSTOPHORIN-SI Gray.

Maxillar zygomatic process with the posterior surface
subvertical, on very oblique. Malar bone elongate-rhom-
boid, emarginated above and below. Intermaxillaries
terminating far from nasals. Nasal bones narrow and rath-
er short. Incisors \ .

Synopsis of genera.

* Bony palate nearly square, subtruncated behind. Adult males with
a large dilatable compressed hood extending from the nose to occiput.

CYSTOPHORA.

** Bony palate very short, emarginated by a deep sinus behind. Adult
males with an extensible tubular proboscis. MACBORHINUS.

*The affinity of Haliehcerus to Rosmarus (Trichechvs Auct.) is not evident.
iMonachus, approximated by all preceding naturalists to the Stenorhynchi, appears
to te far more nearly related to the P/iocce.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX IN8T., VOL. V. 2. MABCH, 1866.

10 GILL, PRODKOME OF A

STENORHYNCHIN^l (Gray.)
Maxillar zygoinatic process with its lower and poste-
rior surface extended horizontally backwards, and its angle
continued far behind along the inner side of the malar.
Malar elongated, bow-shaped, and curved upward in front.
Intermaxillaries narrow, not continued backward between
nasals and supramaxillaries. Nasal cavity expanded, with
the nasal bones widest toward the middle, and very long.
Incisors \.

Synopsis of Genera.

1. Molars | ; deeply lobed. Snout much longer than orbits, which are
moderate.

* Molars (except first) unequally lobed, with a large recurved lobe ;
a small one in front, and two or three behind. Occipital condyles widely
diverging upward. LOBODOK.

## Molars trilobed. Occipital condyles nearly parallel.

STENORHTNCHUS.

2. Molars 5-; "with a small conical tubercle on the hinder edge, and a
sharp edged ridge round the inner side of the base." Snout shorter than
the orbits, which are rather large. LEPTONYI

3. Molars ^; "compressed, with a central incurved lobe, and a small
lobe on each side of it." Snout shorter than the orbits, which are very
large. OMMATOPHOCA.

OTARIID-EJ.

The Otariidse are less attenuated than the Phocidas
and have distinct external ears. The skull has " a post-
orbital process; an alisphenoid canal; mastoid process
strong and salient, standing aloof from the auditory bulla "
(Turner). Incisors £-. Canines normally developed. Mo-
lars III or | | | . Anterior legs about as large as the
posterior, their toes decreasing in a curved line, and with-
out claws ; posterior feet, with the digits nearly cotermi-
nal, with long, membranacous longuiform flaps extending be-
yond their tips, and with the three median toes only clawed.
Scapula curved backward to the upper angle, but with its
spine or crest near the posterior margin.*

* It may also be remarked that the nasals are as wide behind as in
front, extending toward their externo-posterior angles, and receive between
their produced portions a triangular extension of the frontal bones.

MONOGRAPH OP THE PINNIPED ES. 11

This family, especially developed in the Pacific, is rep-
resented by several genera, which may be distinguished as
follows: —

I. Palatal surface of maxillaries extending behind the teeth, and with
its posterior processes very long. Bony palate extending nearly to the
pterygoid processes and truncated or convex behind. OTAKIA.*

II. Palatal surface of maxillaries at middle not extending beyond the
grinders, and with moderate lateral extensions. Bony palate very deeply
emarginated. .

a. Face high, boldly decurved and shorter than orbit. Molars ~;
approximated, compressed, conic.

AllCTOCEPHALTJS.t

b. Face produced, longer thafi orbit.

1. Molars j; last upper far behind the inner margin of orbit.
Posterior nares very -high and narrow. Bony palate with a very narrow
emargination, notched at suture. Forehead very thick and tumid, with a
triangular flattened area. Postorbital processes quadrate. EUMETOPIAS.

2. Molars j; approximated ; last under zygomatic process ; poste-
rior nares wider than high behind. Bony palate with a continuous concave
emargination behind. Forehead, depressed, with triangular postorbital
processes. Occipital crest very high. ZALOPHUS.

3. Molars j- ; lower more or less trilobate ; last upper behind in-
ner margin of zygoinatic process. HALAKCTUS.

ROSMARID.3E.

The Walrusses have a very robust body, and no external
ears. The skull provided with " no postorbital processes ;
a distinct alisphenoid canal ; mastoid process strong and
salient ; its surface continuous with the auditory bulla "
(Turner). Incisors deciduous; the external on each side
being alone retained in the gums. Canines extraordinarily

* Otaria is said by Dr. Gray, in his last enumeration of the family, to have " the
falate very concave, decvrved deeper with age, #e," I cannot understand such a state-
ment with regard to the bony palate ot Otaria leonina, and consequently describe
the appearance of the bones as they appear to me.

t As I have known it to be suggested that the A. monteriensis and A. Gillitspii
may be identical, it may be proper to state that the first is not found in the .South,
where the other species dwell, although the second may inhabit the same regions in
the North. The differences between the three species are so great, that it may be al-
most a matter of surprise that they should not have been generically separated be-
fore. I have examined the complete skeleton and three skulls of adults of A.
monteriensis ; the skull of a very old male of A. Gilliespii ; and skulls of five young
specimens of A~ ursinus, besides part of the skeleton.

12 GILL, PRODEOME OP A

developed as tusks. Molars in young f ; the fifth and
fourth caducous. Anterior feet about as large as posterior,
with the toes decreasing in a curved line, destitute of
claws ; the posterior feet with the five digits, scarcely in-
creasing toward inner, all provided with claws. Scapula
with the hinder margin nearly straight, and the spine a
short distance from, and somewhat parallel with it.

* One genus. ROSMAKUS.

APPENDIX.

For the benefit of American naturalists, a list of the
species of Seals inhabiting both coasts of North America,
is here given. I may add that I have seen more or less
numerous specimens of every species enumerated.

Pinnipedes of Eastern North America.
PHOCIDJ3.

PHOCIN^J.

1. Phoca vitulina Linnaeus. Greenland to New York.

2. Pagomys fcetidus Gray. Greenland to Labrador.*

3. Pagophilus grcelandicus Gray. Greenland to

Gulf of St. Lawrence.

4. Erignathus barbatus Gill. Greenland to Gulf of

St. Lawrence.

5. Halichosrus grypus Nilsson.f Sable Island.

* The Phoca fcetida and P. hispida appear to simply represent condi-
tions of a single species exhibiting a remarkable variation in dentition.
An examination of numerous specimens, differing in the number of the
cusps, forbids my considering such variations as constant and indicative of
specific value. They surely cannot be generically separated as Dr. Gray has
done.

t The American form of Halichcerua differs somewhat from any of the
three forms signalized by Hornschuch, but the names of that gentleman
have not been regarded by others as the expression of valid species, and do
not really appear to merit recognition. I have therefore, provisionally at
least, identified the American type with the European, combining all the
known forms of the genus under one specific name.

MONOGRAPH OP THE PINNIPEDES. 13

CYSTOPHORIN^].

6. Cystophora cr is tat a Nilsson. Greenland to

New York.

ROSMARID^E.

7. Rosmarus obesus Gill ex Illiger. Greenland to Lab-

rador; formerly to Nova Scotia.

Pinnipedes of California, Oregon, fyc.
PHOCID^E.

PHOCINJB.

1. Phoca Richardi Gill ex Gray. British Columbia,

(southwards, to California?)

2. Phoca Pealii Gill. California and Oregon.

CYSTOPHORIN.E.

3. Macrorhinus angustirostris Gill.* California.

OTARIIDJ3.

4. Arctocephalus ursinus F. Cuvier. Behring's Straits

to Washington Territory.

5. Eumetopias californianus Gill.f California,

6. Zalophus Giliiespii Gill ex Macbain. South

California.

ROSMARID^E.

7. Rosmarus obesus Gill ex Illiger. Arctic Seas.

* Macrorhinus augustirostris is distinguished bjr its narrow snout, and
the form of the palatine bones, &c. It will be described in the Proc. Chicago
Acad. Nat. Sc.

t The Eumetopias californianus is identical with the Otaria nwnteriensis of
Gray, and possibly also with Otaria Stetteri Muller.

14 ALLEN, FORAY OF ANTS.

II. Notice of a Foray of a Colony of Formica sanguinea
Litr. upon a . Colony of a black species of Formica, for
the purpose of making slaves of the latter.

BY J. A. ALLEN.

(Communicated February 20, 1865.)

Conflicts between colonies of Ants have been repeat-
edly witnessed, in various countries and by different obser-
vers, and the fast that soma spaces attack other species for
the purpose of capturing and making slaves of them, or of
their young, has been ascertained beyond question; ac-
counts of which may be found in most general entomologi-
cal works that treat upon the habits of insects. Such in-
stances, however, are rarely observed, and, as the writer
knows of no published account of any having been witnessed
in this country, he is induced to give a short account of a
case of this character that came under his notice the past
season at Springfield, Mass.

On the 30th of July, about eight in the morning,
while walking near the edge of a thicket, in an old
pasture; my attention was attracted by a procession of ants,
considered by Mr. Uhler to be the Formica sanguinea
Latr.,* passing to and fro in the grass. Stooping to exam-
ine them more closely, I noticed that all those going in one
direction were carrying in their mandibles larvae and fully
grown ants of another species. Following the train to its
end in one direction, and then in the other, I had no diffi-
culty in finding where the captives were deposited and
whence they were obtained. The formicaries of the two
colonies I found to be fully fifty yards apart. After watch-
ing them carefully for a time I left them, and returned in
half an hour with means for collecting ; when I found them
still as busily employed as at first. I then secured many
specimens of both captors and captives ; a part of the latter
were young, but able to run about, and quite dusky in color,

* I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. P. K. Uhler, of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, to whom I referred the specimens, for the identifica-
tion of this species, which appears to be widely distributed in bath Europe
and North America.

ALLEN, FORAY OF ANTS. 15

while others were still white, having just left the pupa case.*
My operations produced great agitation in the ranks of the
plundering species, information of the disturbance spreading
so rapidly, that, in a few seconds, scores had come together,
where there were but three or four before, exceedingly irri-
tated and eager to fasten on my forceps and hands. I col-
lected at different points along the train, with invariably the
same behaviour on the part of the ants, they immediately
gathering about me, coming from both directions. I noticed
that, within a few minutes after I first molested them, the
procession began to diminish in that portion towards the
plundered ant hill, and ten minutes after only a few of the
F. sangidnea could be seen, and these were near their own
galleries, each returning with its captive. Whether they had
finished their labor for the morning, or suspended it on ac-
count of being molested, I could not fully ascertain, though
it was probably the former. An examination of the plun-
dered mound, made a few hours after, when perfect quiet had
returned, showed that it had not been fully exhausted of its
inhabitants ; a few of the old ants remained, as well as an
abundance of their helpless young. A few of the F. san-
guinea were also there, apparently left as a garrison. On
disturbing the colony of F. sangidnea both species came out,
but the captives were much less in number and did not
manifest the rage exhibited by the proprietors. Examining
the formicaries of both species two days later, the plun-
dered one was found entirely empty, all of both adults and
young having been removed, while the other was well
stocked with both species, the slaves, however, being much
less in number than the F. sanguined, and much less earnest
in resisting my attack.

The species, upon which the foray of Fo?mica sanguined
in this instance was made, was an ant entirely black in
color, rather larger in size than the F. sanguinea, but evi-
dently a weaker species, having a smaller head, slenderer
antennae, legs and thorax, but a larger abdomen. It is
possibly a species common to both Europe and North Amer-
ica, though it may prove to be undescribed. The young,

* A few of these specimens have been communicated to the Essex In-
stitute, and the remainder to the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

16 ALLEN, FORAY OF ANTS.

as already stated, were in various stages of maturity ; some
of the more advanced that I kept alive became completely
black during the day, and thus not to be distinguished from
the adult.

F. sanguined, as I observed in several cases, seized its
victim by the mandibles ; and weeks after, in looking over
the collection I had kept in alcohol, I found several pairs
with the mandibles still locked. Mr. F. Smith, in his cata-
logue of the Hymenoptera of the British Museum, part VI,
(Forinicidae) p. 4, says: "This is the only species of the
genus Formica which plunders the nests of other species of
their young brood in the pupa state, which they bring up as
slaves to their own community. The species is not uncom-
mon in Hampshire (England), where it attacks the nests
of F. fusca and F. cunicularia ; in its nests have also been
observed numerous individuals of the yellow ant, F. flava j
it does not raise nests similar to the wood-ant, but belongs
to the division of mining ants." In the case of the present
colony, its galleries were completely subterranean; there
were no surface indications of the existence of the formi-
cary. The site of the colony of the black species was indi-
cated by a slight mound of earth. The well known slave-
making ant, whose interesting habits have been so minutely
described by Huber, is the Polyergus rufescens Latr., found in
Central Europe.

There had evidently occurred a battle between the two
colonies of ants under consideration, as I noticed that some
of the F. sanguined first examined were carrying mutilated
individuals of their own species. The conflict was proba-
bly a short one, F. sanguinea so much outnumbering the
other species. The latter appeared, when I saw them, to
have resigned themselves to their fate, offering not the least
resistance ; and when liberated from the firm grasp of their
captors, they only very spiritlessly sought at once to hide
under the first fragment of grass or other thing that would
conceal them, under which they quietly remained. The
number of F. sanguinea engaged in the foray I estimated at
nearly two thousand, there being in the procession as many
as eight or nine hundred at once, while at the same time
there were probably as many or more in the two formicaries.

VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OP POLYPS AND CORALS. 17

HI. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North Pa-
cific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ring-
gold and Captain John Rodgers, U. S. N., from 1853
to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to
the Expedition. With Descriptions of some additional Spe-
cies from the West Coast of North America.

BY A- E. VERRILL.

PART in. MADREPORARIA. With two Plates.
[Communicated February 29, 1865.]

In a natural arrangement of Polyps, as stated in
Part I. of this series, the order ACTINARIA should follow the
ALCYONARIA, they standing next to them in grade, as is
shown by many features of their structure. Thus the Ac-
tinidae have a highly specialized muscular basal region, which
is used in locomotion in various forms ; they have a more
highly developed tentacular system than the Madreporaria,
these organs often being variously branched or lobedj and
frequently there are various other ambulacral organs, either
within the tentacles, around the mouth, or on the sides be-
low the tentacles, such as lobed or foliaceous appendages
for respiration or adhesion, colored spherules, perhaps organs
of visual sense, suckers, cinclidae, pores, tubercles, &c.,
nearly all of which are wanting in the present order. The
walls also are highly muscular throughout, while in MADRE-
PORARIA the lower portion becomes solidified by calcareous
deposits and serves merely for attachment or protection.

Again, if we take into consideration the number or
repetition of the lateral homologous elements or spheromeres
around the longitudinal axis, or rather on the two sides of a
median plane, we find that in each order there are genera
having a definite and small number, which in Madrepora is
twelve, as in Peachia and other Actinia, while other gen-
era in each have a large number, increasing indefinitely (as
Fungia in MADREPORARIA, Metridium, &c. in ACTINARIA).
While, therefore, this character can be used only to indicate
grade within each order, it is nevertheless true that the AC-
TINARIA present some genera in which the number is six, the

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 3. MAT 12, 1866.

18 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

smallest consistent with their structure (Antipathes, &c.)
and several others in which it is constantly twelve, but the
smallest number of tentacles observed in any well formed
individual of MADREPORARIA is twelve, as in Porites, Madre-
pora, &c.

The bilateral arrangement of parts is very well brought
out in each order, but, perhaps, as strongly as in any in
some ACTINIAE in which the mouth is oblong and furnished
with peculiar tubercles in pairs on the sides, but differing
entirely at its opposite ends (Peachia, Siphonactinia, <fcc.).
In other cases one of the tentacles in the median plane is
much longer or differs in color and structure from the rest.

The character of being simple or compound, which has
been referred to by some authors as indicating grade, seems
to be of little or no importance. In each of the two orders
under consideration, both simple and compound species
occur, and sometimes within the same natural family,
while many that are simple when fully grown, doubtless in-
crease while young by fissiparity or gemmation. There
seems at least to be no reason to suppose that a compound
attached Madrepora is so highly organized as the freely
moving Actinia, which has a far more highly complicated
structure and more diversified functions.

In the present article, however, it has been found more
convenient, on account of the arrangement of the plates, to
take up the Actinaria after the Madreporaria.

OEDEE, MADEEPOEAEIA Edw. and Haime, restricted.

This division I have raised to the rank of an order, thus
making it parallel with ALCYONARIA, long since separated
by Milne Edwards, Blainville, and others, as well as with
ACTINARIA, which has hitherto been united with it, either as
a suborder, or more intimately combined, so that sometimes,
even in recent works, families of the two groups are placed,
in close proximity within the same tribe.

The group itself, however, has been recognized as a natu-
ral one by several authors, and the same limits have been
assigned to it as I have given, with the exception of some

POLYPS AND CORALS. 19

genera more recently referred to other classes, and espe-
cially the Tabulate corals, which were included by Milne
Edwards and Haime, but which, according to the observa-
tions of Prof. Agassiz, who has seen the Polyps of Mille-
pora\ belong among the HYDEOIDEA. This genus, however,
was not united with the group of Zoanthaires by Blainville,
but with the Bryozoa or Polypoid Mollusks.

Exclusive of the exceptional genera, this order corres-
ponds to the great genus Madrepom of Linnaeus, Pallas, El-
lis, Esper and other writers of the last century ; to the sec-
tion Polypiers lamelliferes of Lamarck2 and Lamoroux3;
to the group of Zoahthaires pierreux of Blainville4; to part
of the suborder Actinaria of Dana5, Agassiz6 and others;
and to the third suborder of Zoanthairia, named MADEEPO-
EARIA, in the works of Milne Edwards and Haime7. The
latter arrangement I have adopted in a former paper8.

This order has been sufficiently characterized for my
present purpose in the Synopsis of the Classification9, as
well as its subdivisions and principal families.

SUBOKDEB, MADKEPORACEA Dana, pars.
FAMILY, MADREPORID^E Dana.

MADREPORA TUEGIDA Verrill, nov. sp.

The corallum consists of a cluster of thick, irregular
branches arising from a large massive base. The branches
are short and turgid, rounded and elevated at the ends, or

1 Contributions to the Nat. Hist. U. S., Vol. III., page 61.
2Histoire des Animaux sans vertebres, t. II., 1816.

3 Exposition methodique, 1821.

4 Dictionnaire des Sci. naturelles, 1830, and Manual d' actinol., 1834.

5 Zoophytes of the U. S. Expl. Exp., 1846.

6 Contributions to the Natural Hist, of the U. S. Vol. I, p. 151, 1857,
Vol. III., p. 60, 1860. The Group Actinaria of Dana is here considered an
order parallel with Alcyonaria.

7Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires, Vol. n, p. 4, 1857.

8 Revision of the Polyps of the East Coast, U. S. in Moiuoires Boston
Soc. Natural History, Vol. I, page 14, 1864.

9 These Proceedings, Vol. IV, p. 145, 1865.

20 VEBBILL, SYNOPSIS OF

often dividing into a cluster of short, obtuse branchlets. Lat-
eral corallites, irregular in size and position, swollen below,
smaller at the ends, appressed, turned in various directions,
the summits often incurved; cells opening inward, small,
usually showing six nearly equal septa. Terminal corallites
not much exceeding some of the lateral ones in size, thick,
obtuse, but little prominent; cells showing twelve septa,
those of the second cycle much narrower than the rest.
Surface of the ccenenchyma and exterior of the corallites
loosely porous, covered by crowded lacerately divided gran-
ules or small spines, with numerous openings between them.
Costae scarcely apparent.

Color of unbleached coral, light brownish yellow.

Height of the only specimen collected 6 inches ; length
of branches 3 ; thickness about .25.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

MADBEPOBA HEBES Dana.

Specimens of a Madrepora, the locality of which is not
certainly known, but supposed to have been collected
at the Loo Choo Islands or Tahiti, are in the collection.
These I am not able to distinguish from Madrepora hebes
Dana, by comparison with his typical specimens from Tahiti.

MADBEPOBA NOBILIS Dana.

Fragments in alcohol.

Gaspar Straits. Capt. Stevens.

MADBEPOBA TEBES Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum arborescently branched. The branches long,
round, slightly tapering, spreading at an angle of about 50° ;
branchlets slender, rapidly tapering, rounded at the end.
Apical corallites small, scarcely prominent, with six septa
well marked, and six rudimentary ones between. Lateral
cells small, not crowded, arranged evenly on all sides ; those
towards the ends of the branches opening upward, and pro-

POLYPS AND CORALS. 21

vided with a small ligulate border on the lower side ; those
on the larger branches opening outward, wholly immersed ;
the margins even with the surface of the branches. Coenen-
chyma strongly vermiculate and sharply scabrous. Branch-
es 6 or 8 inches long ; .5 of inch in diameter ; cells about
.04.

Ousima. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species is allied to M. stigmatana M. Edwards and
Haime, and M. virgata Dana. The latter differs in having
smaller and more crowded cells, which are throughout
tubular and slightly prominent. The former differs in its
mode of growth and the form of the corallites.

MADREPOEA ARBUSCULA ( ?) Dana.

A fragment of a Madrepora closely allied to this species
is in the collection, in alcohol. It is the summit of a round
and rather slender branch, covered with prominent, tubular
corallites, varying considerably in size, crowded and directed
upward. The terminal ones are about twice as large as the
lateral ones.

Kagosima Bay, Japan. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

MADREPORA TUMIDA Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum corymbose, the branches coalescing into a
broad, massive base, supported by a thick peduncle, the up-
per surface flattened. Towards the margin the branches
spread horizontally, and gradually become loosely coalescent
and free; from the whole upper surface arise numerous
nearly upright branchlets, which are rather stout, about two
inches high, tapering rapidly, and mostly dividing into sev-
eral small secondary branchlets. Lateral corallites large,
thick and turgid, somewhat appressed, the cells large, open-
ing upwards, conspicuously stellate with twelve septa, of
which the secondary ones are much the narrowest ; two of
the primary ones, corresponding to the inner and outer sides
of the cells, are broader than the rest, and reach nearly to
the centre of the cells. Terminal corallites somewhat
larger than the lateral, exsert, the margin thick, very porous;

22 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OP

cells with- twelve septa, the six primary ones equal, the sec-
ondary well developed, about half as broad as the primary
ones. The cells at the bases of the branches are wholly
immersed, but have twelve conspicuous septa ; on the lower
surface there are very few cells ; these are very small, and
wholly immersed. Surface of the coenenchyma openly re-
ticulate and porous, with spinose granules ; exterior of cor-
allites densely covered with small, lacerate spines.

Breadth of largest specimen 18 inches; height from
base 5.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species is allied to M. plantaginea Lamarck. The
latter has, however, shorter and more crowded corallites,
with the exterior distinctly striated, and they are scarcely
tumid at the base. The terminal ones are also much larger
and thicker, giving an obtuse appearance to the branches.

MADREPORA PROLIXA Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum diffusely branched, consisting of several di-
verging branches, which are divided into very numerous
branchlets, forming densely branched clumps. Branchlets
very proliferous, some of them consisting of several long,
slender, often curved corallites, others are slender and elon-
gated ; terminal one surrounded below by several appressed
tubular corallites, thus forming a slender, irregular branch.
Corallites all slender, tubular, and much elongated, the ter-
minal ones particularly so, often half an inch or more.
Cells small, terminal, with six distinct septa. Surface of
the coenenchyma and exterior of the corallites evenly and
crowdedly covered by delicate granulations, without distinct
striations, but showing irregular pores in some places.

Height 6 inches ; cells .02 of an ineh in diameter.

Ousima. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species closely resembles M.longicyathus Edw.and H.
A typical specimen of the latter, sent by M. Edwards to the
Museum of Comp. Zoology, with which I have had an opportu-
nity of comparing this, differs in the structure of the ccenen-
chyma, which is penetrated by numerous linear pores, giving

POLYPS AND CORALS. 23

it a vermicillated appearance, while it is covered with more
scattered and pointed granulations, and the exterior of the
corallites presents distinct sulcations, or rather linear series
of granulations. The cells also are nearly twice as large
and the texture of the coral much firmer than in the pres-
ent species.

MADREPOBA PUMILA Yerrill, nov. sp.

Corallum low and spreading horizontally near the bot-
tom, the branches spreading from one side of the coral.
These are openly reticulated and occasionally coalescent,
crooked, and irregular, flattened from above, giving off from
the sides and upper surface short, irregular, scattered
branchlets, many of them consisting only of a terminal cell,
with one or two small lateral ones ; others are slender and
angular, an inch or more long, with a few distantly scattered
and rather large lateral cells. Terminal corallites, some-
what exsert, thick, sub-conical, being thickened below. Cells
with six septa and a thick margin. Lateral corallites few,
tuberculiform, thickened at base with a simple tubular lip ;
cells but little smaller than the terminal ones, with six sep-
ta distinct. On the lower side of the coral there are neither
cells nor branchlets, Ccenenchyma very porous and open,
spongiform, scabrous, without distinct striations even on the
corallites.

Breadth of coral 5 inches ; height 1.5 j diameter of
larger branches .28; of cells .05.

Bonin Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

MADREPORA GLOBICEPS ( ?) Dana.

A fragment from Groper Shoal, Coral Sea, south-east
of Australia.

MADREPORA TUBICINARIA (?) Dana.

A Madrepora much broken, agreeing in many respects
with this species, consists of a cluster of long and much
subdivided branches arising from a thick massive base, form-

24 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

ing a convex caespitose clump. The corallites are large,
open, tubular, with the cells not appressed, opening up-
ward, with the exterior evenly costate. The terminal coral-
lites are but little larger than the lateral, somewhat exsert.
The cells are all deep, with the star in most of them indis-
tinct.

Tahiti. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

MADREPORA STRIATA Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum subarborescent ; closely branched and much
subdivided above, covered on all sides with crowded lateral
branchlets. which are much smaller on one side of the trunk,
indicating that the coral grew in an oblique or horizontal
position. The branchlets on the lower side are numerous,
about half an inch long, abruptly spreading, and consist of a
cluster of several elongated, leading corallites, with a few
smaller lateral ones. On the upper side, and towards the
end, the branchlets become from one to two inches long, slen-
der and much subdivided, the subdivisions always spreading at
a large angle like the branchlets themselves. On all sides
of the trunk and large branches immersed cells occur, of
rather large size.

Terminal corallites elongated, tubular, considerably ex-
sert, the exterior neatly costate, with pores between the
ribs ; walls but little thickened ; cells but little larger than
the lateral ones, deep, with twelve narrow septa. Lateral
corallites large, open, tubuliform or somewhat cochleari-
form, opening upward, not crowded nor appressed, the ex-
terior costate ; the costse with minute, short spines. Cells
large, with a well marked star of six septa, and often with
minute ones of the second cycle between ; two of the princi-
pal septa meet at the middle. Coenenchyma very firm, with
scattered, irregular pores, the surface minutely spiuulous.

Height of the largest specimen 13 inches ; diameter of
trunk at base 1.5 ; diameter of lateral cells .08.

? Ousima, Japan. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species branches somewhat like M. carduus and M.
rosaria Dana, but the corallites are entirely different in
form.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 25

FAMILY, POBITID^J Dana.

PORITES TENUIS Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum glomerate; globose, attached by a narrow
base ; surface irregular and uneven. Cells very small and
shallow, crowded, polygonal. Walls thin and very porous.
Septa twelve, imperfect, open trabicular. Pali five or six,
well developed. Columella very small, tubercular.

Diameter of the largest specimen collected 2.5 inches ;
of cells .05.

Loo Choo Islands ? Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

PORITES sp.

A small specimen of a glomerate species, too young for
specific description, is in the collection.

The cells are polygonal, rather deep, with twelve well
developed septa and six strong pali forming a circle around
the deep, open, central space in which there is no columella
visible. Walls well developed, angular, acute.

Diameter of the cells .06.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

The well developed walls and pali, and the absence of
columella cause this species to approach closely to Rhoda-
raa, to which it may hereafter be necessary to refer it
when more complete specimens are obtained. It has, how-
ever, but two cycles of septa instead of three found in the
typical species of that genus.

MONTIPORA FOLIOSA ? Edw. and Haime.

A frond-like branch about seven inches high and having
a width near the top, where it is thin and has the sides curved
inward, of about four inches. The basal portion is a stout
stalk, convex externally and concave within, dead below, and
curving outwardly so that the flat part of the frond has an
oblique position. The upper or inner surface is densely cov-
ered by rather large, angular, very irregular and unequal
prominences, which often unite into longitudinal crests of

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 4. MAT 30, 1866.

26 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OP

some length, but very irregular in form. The cells are very
small and inconspicuous among the tubercles. On the exte-
rior the surface is but little tubercular and the cells are
larger, more regular and somewhat prominent with twelve
septa, of which six are very small.

Gaspar Straits. Capt.. John Rodgers.

MONTIPORA PORITIFORMIS Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum branched, forming clumps of round, crooked,
proliferous branches often digitate at the ends. Surface
without prominences, even, very porous. Cells regularly
and rather closely arranged, small, even with the surface,
or, occasionally, surrounded by a slight elevation, having six
well developed and nearly equal septa, with sometimes oth-
er rudimentary ones between. Coenenohyma finely echinula-
ted with crowded, lacerate granules.

Height five inches ; diameter of branches .35 ; of cells .03.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species is allied to M. tortuosa and M. digitata, but
has larger and more crowded cells than either, with coarser
and more irregular branches, and the ccenenchyma is more
loose and porous.

These three species would appear worthy of being sep-
arated generically from the typical, tuberculated species were
it not for the fact that even those often present, at the base
and on foliaceous expansions, cells which are not accompanied
by any tubercles or other prominences.

MONTIPORA RIGIDA Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum branched, the branches strongly compressed,
thin at the summits, forming flattened clusters of branchlets
coalescent below. Cells small, situated at the bottom of
larger cell-like depressions formed by thin, angular elevations
of the coenenchyma between and around all the calicles, giv-
ing the surface the appearance of some madrepores with
short open corallites. The septa are imperfectly developed,
six in number, trabicular and spinose, coenenchyma firmer

POLYPS AND CORALS. 27

than usual for the genus, uneven, strongly echinulated, pierced
by numerous rounded pores.

Height of fragments three inches ; branches near the end
half an inch broad and less than a quarter of an inch thick ;
diameter of cells about .03 of an inch. Color dull yellowish
brown.

Bonin Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

PSAMMOCORA PARVISTELLA Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum consisting of clusters of short, irregular, com-
pressed, clavate branches, somewhat coalescent, and mostly
having obtuse crest-like projections near the ends. Cells
very small, shallow, with often a minute tubercle at the bot-
tom. Septa six, thick, triangular, lacerately granulous, sep-
arated externally only by six very narrow spaces, which
gradually are confounded with the porous tissue of the coe-
nenchyma, there being no apparent walls to the cells. The
surface between the cells, which are distantly scattered, is
evenly and densely covered by minute lacerate granulations
or papillae, with reticulated narrow spaces between. Color
of dry coral light yellowish brown.

Height 2 inches ; length of branchlets .5 ; diameter of
cells about .01 ; distance between them .04.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

FAMILY, GEMMIPORIDJE.

TURBINARIA SINENSIS Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum crateriform, growing to a large size, thick and
firm, attached by a short, thick peduncle. Corallites mod-
erately large, rather crowded, arranged somewhat in trans-
verse or concentric series, standing, except near the edge, al-
most perpendicularly to the surface, projecting but little a-
bove the surface of the coenenchyma, somewhat swollen at
base. Cells very deep with the columella very much reduced,
septa subequal, narrow, in three cycles, some of the third
wanting, except in a few larger cells where some of the fourth
appear. Coenenchyma between the cells loosely porous and

28 VERBILL, SYNOPSIS OP

spongy. Surface beneath, even, uniformly covered with loose
irregular papillae, with large, irregular pores between, pro-
ducing a spongy appearance.

Height of a large specimen 10 inches; width 14; thick-
ness 1 inch from edge .3 ; diameter of medium sized cells .09.
This is a much thicker and firmer species than T. cinerascens
which it resembles. It has deeper, more crowded, and less
prominent cells, which are placed less obliquely. The lower
surface does not present undulations corresponding to the
corallites near the edge, due to the thinness of the coral.

TUBBINARIA Sp.

A fragment, too imperfect for identification, of an en-
crusting species. Corallites tumid at the base about a line
in diameter and elevated nearly as much above the ccenen-
chyma, which is strongly granulated.

Coral Sea. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

FAMILY, EUPSAMMID^: Edw. and Haime.

•BALANOPHYLLIA CAPENSIS Verrill, these Proceedings
Vol. IV, p. 149.

Plate 1, figure 1 ; Plate 2, figure 1, 1*.

Corallum turbinated, enlarging gradually from near the
base which is broadly attached. Epitheca well developed
rising to within about an eighth of an inch of the summit ;
above this the wall is very porous and openly granular with
deep intercostal furrows. Calicle deep, broadly oval, the
depth more than half the greater diameter. Septa in four
cycles, the primaries and secondaries considerably exsert,
within nearly vertical, with entire inner edges, somewhat
falcate and narrowed near the top, where they become gran-
ulated, porous and finely toothed, those of the third cycle
very narrow and small ; those of the fourth cycle well de-
veloped, very thin and porous with jagged edges, the two in
each half system meeting each other near the columella, to
which they extend. Columella formed by a group of styli-
form processes.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 29

Color of living polyp bright vermilion. Tentacles twen-
ty, short and blunt, those of the first cycle longest. Mouth
oblong.

Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope, in 15 to 20 fathoms,
rocky bottom. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

EUPSAMMIA STIMPSONIANA Verrill, these Proceedings,
Vol. IV, page 150, 1865.

Plate 2, figure* 3, 31

Coral elongated, slightly compressed, obconical, the base
in the younger specimen having been adherent, in the larger
one smoothly rounded. Walls closely costate to the base,
the costae slightly wavy, minutely scabrous. Cup in the
larger specimen regularly oval, narrow and deep. Columella
well developed, salient in the form of a flattened tubercle,
septa in four cycles with a few rudimentary ones of the fifth,
those of the first two cycles broad, evenly arched to the sum-
mit, a little exsert, the edges entire. In the younger speci-
men the cell is nearly circular and the septa of the fourth
cycle are rudimentary.

Length of larger specimen 1.25 inch; cell .62 by .48;
depth .36 ; young, length .75 ; diameter of cell .27.

North China Sea, 25 fathoms, shelly sand. Dr. Wm.
Stimpson.

DENDROPHYLLIA GRACILIS Edw. and Haime.

Plate 1, figure 2 ; Plate 2, figures 2, 2*

A fine series of this elegant species is in the collection.
The columella is usually more prominent than indicated by
Edwards and Haime, and the manner of budding is quite
variable. The first and second cycles of tentacles are larg-
er than the rest, mouth oval with well marked lateral folds.

Color bright salmon, tentacles almost white, mouth white,
disk radiated with salmon color.

Near Hong Kong, in 25 fathoms, gravel, and in several
other localities at various depths in muddy gravel. Dr.
Wm. Stimpson.

30 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

DENDROPHYLLIA CECILLIANA Edw. and Haime.
Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wrn. Stirapson.

PACHYSAMMIA, nov. gen.

Coralluui massive and incrusting, consisting of several
corallites united together near their summits by a massive
eoenenchyma, budding lateral, irregular, surface of the coen-
enchyma with waving ribs as in Dendrophyllia. Four com-
plete cycles of septa. Columella not salient, rudimentary
or trabicular.

This genus approaches Stereopsammia but has a solid coen-
enchyma. It differs from Dendrophyllia in not having a
distinct columella.

PACHYSAMMIA VALIDA Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum broadly adherent at base, consisting of several
corallites united together at their bases by the thickened
coenenchyma, their summits free to a considerable extent.
The surface is strongly ribbed by coarse, granulous, waving
costae united together frequently by trabiculse, leaving irreg-
ular spaces between. Cells large, deep, oblong-oval with
thin porous walls. Oolumella little developed, loose trabic-
ular ; septa in five cycles, those of the two first subequal,
rather broad, thick, the edges entire, and sides strongly gran-
ulated, not exsert ; those of the third and fourth much narrow-
er ; those of the fifth more developed than the fourth, uni-
ted together in pairs and to the inner edges of those of the
preceding cycle before reaching the columella, with which
their inner edges are confounded.

Height of the only specimen .75 ; greatest diameter of
cell .48 j width .3.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

CCENOPSAMMIA MANNi Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum encrusting rocks, forming clusters of crowded
cups, about an inch high, some of the corallites are laterally
united even to the top, others are separated about an eighth

POLYPS AND CORALS. 31

of an inch and rise nearly a quarter of an inch above the
coenenchyma. The exterior of the corallites is obscurely
and closely costate, and covered closely with rough granula-
tions. Septa in four cycles, the last imperfectly developed.
Primaries much thicker than the others, very narrow at the
top and not projecting above the wall, which is much thick-
ened, on their inner edges slightly concave, and increasing
somewhat in width toward the bottom of the cell, where they
join the columella. The secondaries are still narrower and
thinner, but also join the columella. Those of the third or-
der are extremely narrow and often do not reach the mar-
,gin of the wall, and do not join the columella. Those of
the fourth order are merely slightly raised costaB, very thin
and uneven. Columella well developed, spongy, nearly half
as broad as the cell.

Cells slightly oval, the larger ones about .35 of an inch
in diameter, and nearly the same in depth.

Color of living polyps vermillion red.

Sandwich Islands, at low water mark. Horace Mann.

It is with pleasure that I name this species in honor of
its discoverer, Mr. Horace Mann, a young man of unusual
ability and industry, who made many important botanical
discoveries, during his explorations in the Sandwich Islands.

SUBORDER, ASTR51AOEA,
FAMILY, LITHOPHYLLID^.

MUSSA GEANDIS Edw. and Haime. ( ? )

A worn specimen allied to this species. It has, however,
some of the polyps united into series of three or four and oth-
ers simple but deformed, these are 1.25 inches or more in
diameter. Columella well developed spongy. Walls spar-
ingly spinose.

Coral Sea, East of Australia. Dr, Wm. Stimpson.

32 VBBBILL, SYNOPSIS OP

FAMILY, ALEANDBINID^E.

GONIASTBEA ASPEBA Verrill, nov. sp.

Corallum evenly convex, or hemispherical, adherent at
the centre below, with a well developed epitheca which is
marked by uneven, concentric ridges. Cells deep, polygonal,
pretty regular, separated by very thin walls. Septa with
prominent and strong, but narrow, pali at base, above narrow
and thin, a little exsert, acute at summit, the edges divided
into slender and very acute teeth which are directed upward.
Columella rudimentary, trabicular. •

Diameter of the cells .30 ; depth .20 of an inch.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

COSLOBIA SINENSIS Edw. and Haime.
Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

CCELASTBEA, nov. gen.

Corallum massive, cellular, fasciculate, formed by pris-
matic coralites intimately united by their walls which are
thin and simple. The exterior of the corallum is destitute
of an epitheca, lobed and distinctly costate like that of Met-
astrea. The cells are polygonal, often closed below by the
dissepiments, which, occuring at the same level, unite from
all sides forming thus transverse septa. In a transverse sec-
tion traces of a very rudimentary and loose columella are
seen in some cells. Septa in three or four cycles, unequal,
the inner edges prolonged into strong paliform teeth.

The polyps increase by fissiparity, and near the margin
by disk-budding. This genus appears to bear the same re-
lation to Ganiastrea that Metastrea does to Prionastrea, dif-
fering from it in the absence of epitheca and the lobed and
striated exterior, thinness of the walls, and rudimentary
columella. From Metastrea it differs in the last character,
and in its mode of increase as well as in the coincidence of
the dissepiments and the strong pali.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 33

CCELASTREA TENUis Verrill, nov.

Corallum somewhat columnar or turbinate, flat at top,
attached by a narrow base ; the sides are marked by lobes
corresponding to the marginal corallites, and striated even
to the base ; the ribs a little prominent, finely echinate near
the cells. Cells unequal, irregularly polygonal, mostly
closed by a complete floor below. Walls very thin, forming
a zigzag line between the septa. Septa very narrow, thin,
finely serrate, the inner edges perpendicular, little exsert,
not crowded, in four cycles, the last often incomplete. Pali
prominent, wide, and thicker than the septa, situated before
all the cycles except the last. Columella not apparent ex-
cept in a section, where it appears very rudimentary. Dis-
sepiments horizontal, about a tenth of an inch apart, mostly
coincident, so as to form complete transverse floors.

Height 2 inches ; diameter 3 ; the average width of
cells .2.

Sandwich Islands ? Prof. J. D. Dana. U. S. Expl. Exp.

ASTREA (FAVIA) HOMBRONI Edw. and Haime. ( ?)

Corallum incrusting at base ; the surface, where free,
naked and striated, rising at center into a convex, lobed
mass. At the margin and about the base the cells are
oval or circular, and separated by a space equal to their
own diameter, while at the top they become crowded,
polygonal, and intimately united by thin walls. Cells of
medium size, rather deeper than wide, with about 18 septa
in three cycles, the last incomplete in part of the systems.
Septa narrow, considerably exsert, acute at summit, toothed
with small sharp spines, a little thickened at the walls, not
crowded. Paliform teeth, prominent, slender, placed before
the two first cycles. Columella well developed, spongy.
Costae, where the cells are separated, thick and prominent,
scabrous. Exotheca compact.

Height of coral 4 inches ; diameter about the same ;
width of cells .12.

Sandwich Islands ( ?) Prof. J. D. Dana.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST. VOI,. V. 5. JUNK 29, 1866.

34 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

In " box 820," with Montipora capitata, Porites lobata,
Coelastrea tennis, Favia rudis, PociUopora. (Coll. Smithso-
nian Institution).

ASTREA (FAVIA) RUDIS Verrill, nov.

Corallum massive, convex or hemispherical, cellular.
Corallites a little prominent, oval or oblong, unequal, rather
close together at the margin, crowded at the center, with
concave interstices striated by the thin, salient costae. Cells
deep, conical, with three cycles of septa, which are narrow,
thin within but strongly thickened near the walls, considera-
bly exsert. the upper part divided into strong spinose teeth,
the inner edges with more slender sharp ones; paliform
teeth little marked. Columella fine, spongy.

Diameter of coral five inches; of largest cells .38;
depth about as much.

Sandwich Islands ( ? ) Prof. J. D. Dana.

ASTREA (FAVIA) ORDINATA Verrill, nov.

Corallum evenly convex, or hemispherical, incrusting be-
low. Corallites projecting considerably above the surface,
scarcely crowded ; the interstices concave, evenly ribbed by
the prominent, denticulate costae. Cells large, open and
deep, subcircular or oval, pretty regular. Septa in three
complete cycles, with some members of the fourth, amount-
ing usually to from 30 to 36, all of them nearly equal and
remarkably even in their appearance, narrow within the
cells, with strong paliform lobes at the base, but broader
and regularly rounded at the top, appearing slightly revo-
lute, moderately thick, evenly serrate, with small teeth.
Columella little developed.

Diameter of a small specimen 2.25 inches; thickness
at centre .75; length of cell .38; width .26; depth .24.

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species is closely allied to A. speciosa Dana, from
Singapore, but differs in several important particulars from
the original specimens of that species.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 35

PBIONASTREA CHINENSIS Verrill, nov.

Corallum broad, explanate, somewhat convex above and
with irregular protuberances ; below incrusting at the cen-
ter, at the edges unattached and covered by a complete epi-
theca strongly marked with concentric lines of growth, and
extending to the edges. Thickness of coral about half an
inch, becoming as thin as .08 near the margin. Cells about
.35 of an inch in diameter, rather shallow, less deep than
wide, center depressed much the lowest, and having a papil-
lose columella composed of from six to twenty slender
teeth-like processes ; paliform teeth well marked, making a
prominent circle around the central space, rather stout and
lacerate at the ends. Septa about 32 or 34 in number, sub-
equal, except some small ones of the last cycle, not crowded,
narrowed within and deeply serrate with numerous spine-
like teeth, which are themselves often lacerate, or divided
at the ends into several slender, sharp teeth. Paliform teeth
much larger and stronger than the rest. Walls for the
most part thick and rounded ; on the protuberances often
simple, thin and compact.

Color of the unbleached coral deep yellowish-brown.

Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

PLESIASTREA INDURATA Verrill, nov,
Plate 2, figure 7.

Corallum broadly incrusting, convex above. Corallites
oblong, oval and irregular in form and size, scarcely promi-
nent above the general surface, rather crowded. Cells deep
and narrow. Columella loose, spongy. Paliform lobes,
slender and prominent, but scarcely visible except in a ver-
tical section. Septa in four complete cycles, perpendicular
within, broad and rounded at the summit, evenly and finely,
denticulate, thick and closely crowded, scarcely exsert, those
of the last two cycles much narrower than the others. Cos-
tae prominent, very thick, those of adjoining corallites often
coalescing. Interstitial spaces nearly flat. The buds ap-
pear irregularly between the cells.

36 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OP

Breadth of the largest specimen 3 in. ; thickness .50 ;
Average length of cells .25 ; depth about as much.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

In a vertical section the walls appear very compact and
solid, and those of adjacent cells are so closely united as to
leave only a few small, irregular cells between ; the endo-
thecal plates are very thin, strongly inclined downward
and inward, distant about .03 of an inch, but somewhat
irregular; the sides of the septa are strongly granulated;
columella firm, but coarsely trabicular.

Some of the cells seem to produce submarginal buds
thus approaching Baryastrea. In general appearance this
species resembles Dichoccenia, but the character of its den-
ticulate septa forbids its being placed there.

PLESIASTREA URVILLEI Edw. and Haime.

A fragment, apparently of this species, is preserved in
alcohol. In some of the cells there are four full cycles of
septa, but in most of them there are but three cycles with
a few of the fourth slightly developed ; some cells seem to
have divided by fissiparity as in Favia. The polyps, as con-
tracted, show a broad oval mouth within the circle of prom-
inent pali ; and the tentacles, contracted to mere tubercles,
are outside of "the pali. Over the surface of the coral the
membrane is very thin. In a section the ovaries are seen
to fill the spaces between the septa, down to the first trans-
verse dissepiments.

Port Jackson, Australia. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

LEPTASTREA STELLULATA Verrill, nov.

Corallum convex, incrusting, with irregular prominences,
lower surface, where free, covered with a thin epitheca.
Cells large, often .25 inch, with many small ones between
them, which are usually considerably exsert, and arise by
lateral or marginal budding. Septa in four cycles, broad,
with truncate, nearly entire summits, but finely denticulate
below. The six primary septa are the largest, and thick-

POLYPS AND CORALS. 37

ened towards the centre of the cell. The others coalesce
at their inner edges. Costse much thickened, but scarcely
prominent above the surface of the interstitial spaces. Tex-
ture very compact.

Sandwich Islands. Yale College Museum.

CYPHASTREA OCELUNA Edw. and Haime.

Astrea ocellina Dana, Zooph.

This species belongs truly to Cyphastrea, where Edwards
and Haiuie have placed it with doubt.

Sandwich Islands. Yale College Museum.

ALLOPORA CALIFORNICA Verrill, nov.

Corallum encrusting at base, rising into thick, irregularly
lobed or palmate branches, three inches or more high, some
of which are two inches broad, and nearly half an inch
thick ; others nearly round and rapidly tapering, of about
the same thickness as the others. Many of the branches
have annelid tubes in the center, and appear to be due to
the encrusting habit of the coral, which covers the tubes
with a thickness of from an eighth to a fourth of an inch,
and in this way may rise into false branches. Some of the
branches subdivide into two or three parts near the end,
which spread nearly at right angles. Cells very small, .02
inch, quite regularly scattered over the whole surface ; dis-
tance between them equal to two or three times their diame-
ter, or from .04 to .07 of an inch. Intercellular tissue com-
pact, with a minutely granular surface, appearing smooth to
the unaided eye, but having a few minute pappilae between
the cells. In a longitudinal section the cells are seen to be
filled up below, and between them there are irregularly
scattered, minute, rounded cavities, caused by the superficial
papillae or vesicles. Septa represented commonly by six
thick triangular processes which converge toward the cen-
ter of the cells, leaving only narrow, radiating spaces be-
tween them ; in other cells the number varies from five to
eight. The septa project slightly above the common sur-
face, and do not reach more than half way to the center of

38 VERBILL, SYNOPSIS OP

the cell, which is open and deep, having a minute conical
columella at the bottom, usually visible only in a section.

Color light minium red.

California, in deep water. Mr. Rich. Collection Yale
College Museum.

This is an interesting representative of a genus, hitherto
but little known ; the original species described by Ehren-
berg (Allopora Oculina) being represented only by a single
specimen from an unknown locality.

The genus is quite distinct from Stylaster and Disticho-
pnra,* to both of which it is nearly allied. From the for-
mer it differs in the scattered arrangement of the cells and
the small number of septa, as well as in mode of growth
and other characters.

CYCLOPORA genus nov.

Corallum branching in a plane. Cells open and deep,
arranged in series on the sides of the branches, with two
cycles of septa more or less complete, without an apparent
columella. Septa united together by their inner edges, so
as to form a ring surrounding the central space and cutting
off the interseptal chambers.

This genus is intermediate between Stylaster and Distich-
opora in the structure of its septal system, but has more
open cells then either.

Type Cyclopora bella Verrill. Aliopora bella Dana,
Zooph. page 696. Plate 60, fig. 6.

FAMILY, EUSMILLID^E.
EUPHYLLIA UNDULATA Verrill, nov.

Corallum forming open clumps, of rather long, angular,
irregular, often bent and compressed branches, the corallites
dividing rapidly and generally completely, and diverging at
a large angle. Exterior irregularly costate to near the base,
the costae very unequal and little prominent except near the

#For comparison of Stylaster and Distichopora see Bulletin Mus. Comp.
Zoology, No. 3, by A. E. Verrill, page 46. Cambridge, 1864.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 39

edge of the cells where the principal ones are thin and
somewhat salient, forming at intervals short crests. The
branches and corallites are surrounded by transverse ridges
or wrinkles at irregular intervals. These are unequal in
size and not very prominent, giving an undulated appearance
to the surface. In the axils between adjacent corallites the
edges of the brandies are strongly compressed, thin and
often acute.

The cells are irregular and contorted, mostly simple,
with a narrow and deep central space. Septa in five cycles
very unequal, thin, not crowded, the primary ones nearly
meeting at the centre, the inner edges nearly perpendicular,
summits obtusely rounded, scarcely exsert. Walls very thin
and compact.

Height six inches ; diameter of cells .5 to .75.

Bonin Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This is nearest to E. striata E. and H. It has larg-
er and less open cells, and less regular costal striations. It
also branches in a different manner.

GrALAXEA FASCICULARIS Oken ( ?)

A Galaxea closely allied to or identical with this species,
occurs in the collection, represented by only one specimen.
Although differing in some points from the present species,
under which Edwards and Haime unite several species, con-
sidered distinct by others, I do not deem it justifiable to
separate it without more specimens, for the species of this
genus are quite variable, and the differences are not well
marked, in the dry corals, at least.

The corallites are united to within half an inch or less
of their summits by a rather loose peritheca, having numer-
ous dense layers at intervals of about one fourth of an inch.
The mass is somewhat convex above, and about two inches
thick. The Corallites are mostly cylindrical above the pe-
ritheca, except the young ones which are turbinate, many
are compressed or somewhat irregular where crowded. The
wall is nearly smooth, with costse prominent and crest-like
close to the summit, but indicated below by mere striae, sep-
ta very prominent in three cycles, those of the two first

40 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OP

nearly equal, the rest quite small, not projecting to one
fourth the height of the others. The large ones are narrow,
thickened, especially in the middle, concave on their inner
edges, obliquely truncate at top where they are slightly, and
irregularly denticulate. The outer edge is mostly nearly
straight and finely denticulate. Cells deep and without a
columella.

Diameter of the largest cells .2 of an inch. Color of
coral light yellowish brown.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

FAMILY, TURBINOLID^E Edw. and Haime.
PARACYATHUS PORCELLANA Verrill, nov.

Corallum low, smallest below the middle, slightly enlarg-
ing towards the top ; base broadly attached j calicle broad,
oval, deep, the edges most elevated in the transverse diam-
eter. Septa in four cycles with some belonging to the fifth
in part of the systems, the primaries considerably exsert,
with the other successively less so, all of them having the
sides strongly granulated ; inner edges of the principal ones
abruptly descending from the rounded ends. Columella
loosely papillose, formed by a few prominent, slender, styli-
form teeth ; pali numerous, the inner ones similar in appear-
ance to the columella, but all appearing as slender teeth
along the edges of the septa ; costae nearly equal, broad and
but little prominent ; the grooves between them fine but well
marked. External surface minutely granulated.

Dredged at Hong Kong, China, attached to shells. Dr.
Wm. Stimpson.

PARACYATHUS EBONENSIS Verrill, nov.

Corallum broadly adherent with the base wider than the
cup, which is subcircular with a slight tendency to an hexag-
onal outline, moderately deep with a narrow central area.
Wall thin at summit, evenly costate, the costae low and thick-
ened, surface finely granulated ; towards the base there is a
thin epitheca, which rises within a tenth of an inch of the

POLYPS AND CORALS. 41

summit, and in young specimens reaches the margin. Septa
in four cycles not crowded, diminishing in width and thick-
ness according to their orders, projecting somewhat above
the walls, broadly rounded at top and nearly perpendicular
within, the primaries reaching about half way to the center ;
the secondaries little narrower, the surface of all strongly
granulated. In front of all the septa, except those of the
fourth cycle, there are prominent, thin, rather broad, and
usually undulated, paliform lobes. Columella small, sunken,
composed of about twenty papillae.

Height of largest specimen .2 inches; diameter of
cup .18; depth .1.

Ebon Island, on Stylaster elegans nob. H. Mann.

Young specimens .15 inch in diameter have a complete
epitheca, septa not projecting, toothed and not rounded at
summit, pali more slender, and columella relatively more
developed.

HETEROCYATHUS ALTERNATA Verrill, these Proceedings,
vol. iv, page 149, April, 1865.

Plate 2, figures 6 and 6 «.

Base attached to a small univalve shell, which it entirely
covers and nearly conceals, forming thus a broad, flattened
base more than half the diameter of the disk; above the
basal region, which is covered with small granules and
scarcely costate, there is a slight constriction, beyond which
the walls spread obliquely outward to the edge of the disk ;
this part of the wall is strongly costate, the costse being
alternately very unequal, much thickened and strongly gran-
ulated. Septa in four cycles ; those of the first broad and
considerably exsert, with the upper edges evenly rounded
and entire, inner border perpendicular, sides strongly gran-
ulated ; those of the second cycle are nearly as broad and
similar in form ; those of the third and fourth cycles succes-
sively narrower. Paliform teeth exsert before all the cy-
cles except the last, but are largest before those of the sec-
ond. Columella very little developed, papillose, scarcely

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 6. JULY 2, 1866.

42 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

prominent above the surface of the broad, shallow, central
fossette. Diameter .35 of an inch ; height .20.
Gaspar Straits. Capt. John Rodgers.

FLABELLUM, sp.
Plate 2, figure 5.

A single specimen imperfectly preserved, about half an
inch high, and about the same in breadth, attached by a
large pedicle with a slightly prolonged spinous process at
each edge, close to the base. Outline of calicle ellipsoidal,
the edges depressed in the line of the longest axis a very
little, deep at the center. Relation of the axes as 1 to 2£.
Exterior with wrinkles or undulations running around it
horizontally.

Locality unknown. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

SUBORDER, FUNaACEA,
FAMILY, FUNGIBLE.

FUNGIA PAPILLOSA Verrill, nov.

Corallum nearly circular, a little broader in the direc-
tion of the mouth than across it; elevated at the center,
rather thick and massive, the edges evenly rounded, betow
nearly flat, densely covered by sharp, moderately elongated,
conical spines, which are nearly uniform in size, except at
the center, where they are somewhat smaller, but still
crowded. Central fosse short, narrow, very deep. Colum-
ella rudimentary. Septa thick, sharp-edged, nearly uni-
form in width, closely crowded, perpendicular at the inner
edge, rounded at summit, beyond which they are finely and
sharply serrate ; smaller ones with well marked tentacular
teeth. Costae crowded, subequal, densely papillose with
conical spines.

Greater diameter 5.25 inches; lesser .5; thickness at
middle 1.5.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 43

This is a well marked species, somewhat allied to F. den-
tata Dana, but quite different in the closely papillose charac-
ter of the lower surface, and the thick, crowded and very
finely serrate septa.

FUNGIA LACERA Verrill.

F. echinata (pars) Dana, Zoophytes.

Fosette small; columella fine trabicular; principal sep-
ta rising perpendicularly ; these are but little rounded above,
and are lacerately divided into long, sharp, spine-like teeth,
nearly from the inner edge. The septa are crowded, all
except those of the last cycle, subequal in height, rather
thick, strongly granulated on the sides, toothed in a similar
manner. The later ones have a well marked tentacular
lobe, which rises abruptly, inclining outward at an angle of
45°. The lower surface is strongly costate, with deep
grooves and openings between the costae, which are sub-
equal, and, except those of the last two cycles, covered with
long, sharp and acute spines, even to the center.

Diameter 6 inches, thickness 1.25.

Fejee Islands. J.D.Dana. U. S. Expl.j^xp.

Differs, from F. Dance in the less unequal septa, which
are thicker, far more crowded, much more strongly toothed,
and less rounded and more perpendicular at the inner edge.
The tentacular tooth is more strongly marked. The lower
surface is more numerously and strongly costate and spi-
nose, and the costae are less unequal. Some of these dif-
ferences were mentioned by Prof. Dana. A comparison of
his original specimens with a large number of F. Dance (F.
echinata Dana) from Singapore has caused me to consider
the two forms distinct.

FUNGIA, sp.

Two specimens of a Fungia, too young for identification,
have a remarkably compact wall, closely costate, except
near the center. The form is broad, turbinate, the margin
of the wall inclining upward and producing a broad cup,
shaped coral, the largest two and a half inches across the

44 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OP

longer diameter, and having a basal attachment a qiiarter
of an inch across. The upper surface is irregularly oval ;
central fosette oblong, very deep ; septa thick, finely toothed,
Locality doubtful. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

CTENACTIS (Agassiz, MS.) Verrill, Bulletin Museum
of Comparative Zoology.

A very young specimen of an undetermined species,
about one and a half inches in diameter, attached below for
about a quarter of an inch, with a very thin, compact wall,
spreading horizontally, with thin, rather distant and finely
dentate costae. Upper surface broad oval. Septa very
thin, the six primaries prominent, inner edge perpendicular,
and, like all the rest, with long, irregular, often lacerate
teeth, the one nearest the inner edge broader and paliform.
In the lateral systems there are but five cycles of septa,
the fifth rudimentary, but in those of the ends there are
representatives of seven cycles.

Japan. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

FAMILY, LOPHOSERID^E Edw. and Haime, emend.

«

PAVONIA FOLIOSA Verrill, nov.

A species growing in clumps of thin, contorted, crispate
plates, which are loosely coalescent throughout ; surfaces of
the plates carinated or cristate near the edges, which are
thin and acute. Cells small, shallow and open, not crowd-
ed, .2 to .3 of an inch distant. Septa in two cycles, with
members of a third cycle in some systems; larger septa
about ten, narrow, thin, with the sides strongly granulated,
alternating with these are other very delicate ones. Colu-
mella rudimentary.

Color of unbleached corals light yellowish brown ; height
four inches; average thickness of plates .1.

Ousima or Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species is allied to P. frondifera from Singapore,
but is more delicate, with thinner and smaller plates, and
with much smaller, more shallow and open, and less crowded
cells.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 45

PAVONIA COMPLANATA Verrill, nov.

The single specimen of this species consists of a broad
plate a quarter of an inch thick, attached at one side, with
cells on both surfaces. From the upper side arise in oblique
and irregular positions several broad, rounded plates, with
sharp edges and nearly even surfaces, without carinations or
crests. The plates are two or three inches broad, thick
below, often curved and somewhat coalescent. Cells mod-
erately large, deep, not crowded, from .1 to .2 of an inch
distant. Principal septa about twelve, evenly rounded,
thickened within the cells, narrow and thin between them,
appearing distant, owing to the delicacy of the smaller sep-
ta which alternate with them. Columella a small, solid
tubercle.

Color deep yellowish brown.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

Resembles P. loculata* most, but besides its different
mode of growth, it has much more open and less crowded
cells, with larger columella and narrower septa, which are
much thinner, more unequal, and less conspicuous between
the cells. The texture of the coral is also more dense.

PACHYSERIS MONTICULOSA Verrill.

Agaricia rugosa Dana (non Lamarck).

This species is about .7 of an inch thick below, and about
.4 in the middle. The ridges are very irregular in width and
height, rising at irregular intervals into conical and oval prom-
inences, often .25 of an inch or more high. The ridges are
invariably rounded and obtuse, even where they rise into
crests, differing widely in this respect from those of P. ru-
gosa, which M. Edwards describes as acute. The septo-cos-
tal plates are alternately unequal, slightly crispate at the
middle of the ridges, strongly granulated on the sides. The
striae of the lower surface are prominent, moderately close,
scabrous.

*The gemis Pavonia was established by Lamarck in 1801, and conse-
quently precedes its use in Entomology in 1816, on account of which Ed-
wards and Haime rejected it.

46 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

Pejee Islands. Prof. J. D. Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp.
Coll. Smithsonian Institution.

STEPHANOSERIS LAMELLOSA Verrill, nov.
Plate 2, figures 4 and 4a.

Corallum low, subcylindrical, with a very broad incrust-
ing base, which is attached to, and entirely surrounds small
univalve shells, with the exception of the opening. The in-
crusting matter on remote parts of the shell often consists
of small conical granulations much crowded and arranged
in rows, near the walls these pass into costae, which are very
thick, prominent and granulated at the base, thinner above,
those of three first cycles much the strongest and thickest,
subequal ; those of the fourth, which alternate with them,
distinct and prominent, but thin, spongy and lacerately
toothed, disappearing much sooner towards the base than
the others. Wall rudimentary, represented near the mar-
gin only by trabicular processes.

Septa in four cycles, thin, strongly granulated, the prima-
ries much the broadest, and most exsert, with subentire,
rounded tops, and vertical inner edges ; those of the other
cycles, thinner and very narrow, exsert, with the edges lac-
erate, those of the fourth cycle broader than those of the
third; occasionally in large specimens some rudimentary
septa of the fifth cycle appears. Columella well developed,
papillose, not distinguishable from the innermost pali, several
of which rise as slender, styliform, toothed processes from
the base of each septum, those from the primaries the larg-
est.

Height .1 to .2 of an inch ; diameter of cup .2 to .25.

Loo Choo Islands in 8 fathoms, sand. Dr. Wm. Stimp-
son.

In very young specimens the base spreads but very little
on the shell, which is quite naked beyond the termination of
the costae. The wall is entirely rudimentary, causing the
costae to appear very prominent ; the septa project but little
above the columella, and the surface of the coral is nearly
flat on account of the absence of a wall to the cup. The

POLYPS AND CORALS. 47

septa and columella .are comparatively well developed, and
constitute the entire structure of the coral.

STEPHANOSEBIS JAPONICA Verrill, nov.

Corallum low, covering small, univalve shells, like the
other species of the genus, somewhat wider at the summit
than at the base, with a broad, oval, nearly circular cup.
Costas 48 in number, alternately larger and smaller ; those
of the first three cycles quite prominent, thickened towards
the base, evenly dentate, or strongly granulate along their
whole length; the granules or teeth often in two or three
rows towards the base, where the costae are thickened.
The costae of the fourth cycle are much less developed, lit-
tle prominent, with the edges covered by strong, sharp
granulations. Away from the base of the coral the shell is
covered with rows of sharp, conical granulations which be-
come scattered towards its tip and beneath. In one speci-
men a young coral rises from this granulated extension of
the base, near the point of the shell, apparently by budding.
Septa in four cycles, those of the third least developed;
those of the first and second cycles very prominent, with
rounded summits, and inner edges perpendicular, finely den-
ticulate at the top, but having several strong paliform teeth
at the inner base ; the septa of the fourth cycle are united
in pairs to the primaries and secondaries, at their outer
edges, and rise nearly as high, though much narrower and
thinner, and thus are formed prominent clusters of three
septa, alternating with single septa of the third cycle, which
are narrow and little prominent. Collumella less devel-
oped than in the preceding species, of a fine spongy texture,
occupying about a fourth of the width of the cup. Diame-
ter of the largest specimen .25 of an inch ; height above the
shell .15; depth of cup .08; projection of primaries .05.

Kagosima, Japan, in 20 fathoms. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

This species resembles S. lamellosa in form, but may
readily be distinguished by the more strongly toothed and
rougher costae, those of the fourth cycle not being so thin
and prominent ; the principal septa more prominent and
wider ; the columella much finer, less developed, and^scarcely

48 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

papillose ; the pali less prominent ; the cup deeper, etc-
A specimen preserved in alcohol shows a distinct, transpa-
rent membrane over the whole wall, and covering with a
somewhat inflated fold each of the costas which are visible
through it. At the edge of the cup the wall membrane
presents a distinct angle, where it joins the disk. The
mouth is a large oval opening, with an apparently simple
margin. The tentacles are not apparent.

All the specimens that I have seen of the three species
here described are on small univalve shells, which are occu-
pied by Sipunculus or some similar worm, which maintains
only a small round hole at the mouth of the shell ; all other
parts, except occasionally the tip of -the spire, being covered
by the coral. But young specimens do not spread on the
shell beyond the basal attachment, and the shell is inhabited
by the same worm, with a similar hole ; the remaining por-
tion of the mouth of the shell being closed by particles of
agglutinated sand, &c., thus proving that the corals grow
gradually over this portion, like the surface of the shell it-
self.

STEPHANOSERIS SULCATA Verrill, nov.

This species differs from the others in having thin and
very prominent costa3; which are dentate along the edges
and scarcely granulated ; those corresponding to the last
cycle being represented only by rows of sharp teeth. The
principal costa3 are separated by rather broad, concave sul-
cations. The wall is well developed, thin and compact.
The septa are less crowded than in the other species, and
have their sides not so strongly granulated. Their summits
are too much broken in the single specimen observed for accu-
rate description.

Height .2 of an inch; diameter .25.

Ceylon. Yale College Museum.

DIASERIS PULCHELLA Verrill, nov.
Plate 1, figure 3.

Corallum subcircular, showing usually from two to five
lobes, but sometimes nearly entire. The lobes are more or

POLYPS AND CORALS. 49

less distinct, very jrregular in form and mode of union. A
young specimen about a quarter of an inch broad shows indi-
cations of having been attached at the center below by a pe-
duncle originating from the inner angle of the larger of its two
lobes. Lower surface slightly concave, evenly costate with
delicate, elevated, nearly equal costae, which are sharply
granulated near the center and finely dentate towards the
margin. The latest cycles of septa reach only part way to
the center. The outer edges of the septa are thin and even-
ly rounded and the upper surface of the coral is convex ;
central fosette deep, slightly oval, rather large. Septa appar-
ently in five cycles, with some members of a sixth in some
specimens, closely crowded, very unequal. Those of the
two first cycles subequal, more prominent than the rest, es-
pecially towards the center, where they become also con-
siderably thickened; inner edges perpendicular; summits
rounded ; edges like those of all the septa, deeply incised,
and lacerate-toothed, the teeth mostly branched; surfaces
strongly granulated. The -septa of the third cycle termi-
nate inwardly before those of the fourth, which unite in pairs
and extend to the fossette. those of the fifth cycle usually
joining them, near the middle. The inner portion of the
third and fourth cycles are thickened and in life surmounted
by conical tentacles, which are more removed from the cen-
ter as they are younger ; latest septa very thin. Columella
little developed, papillose; a vertical section shows the
wall to be very thin and imperfectly developed ; the septa
deeply lacerate at the edges and perforated by many irreg-
ular openings, the teeth originating from their inner bases
simulating pali ; their sides granulated with points arranged
in rows which curve outward and upward from the lower side.

Diameter of largest specimen 1 inch ; height of a speci-
men .5 of an inch in diameter, .12.

Color of living polyp "mottled greenish gray above, ten-
tacles, one to each ray, bright green."

Foukow Bay, Island of Ousima, in 20 fathoms on a hard
sandy bottom ; several specimens. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 7. JULY 25, 1866.

50 VEEEILL, SYNOPSIS OF POLYPS AND COEALS.

OIF

PLATE 1.

Figure 1, BALANOPHILUA CAPENSIS Verrill, living polyp, somewhat
enlarged.

Figure 2, DENDROPHYLLIA GRACILIS Edwards and Haime, living
polyp, natural size.

Figure 3, DIASERIS PULCHELLA Verrill, living polyp, somewhat en-
larged.

Figure 4, DYSACTIS MINUTA Verrill, living polyp, natural size. Color
brownish, body white. Bonin Island.

Figure 5, SAGARTA RADIATA Verrill, living polyp, natural size, in con-
traction ; 5 a, disk and tentacles ; 5 b, a tentacle enlarged. Column with
longitudinal bands of brown and white. Kagosima Bay, Japan.

Figure 6, TEALIA COCCINEA Verrill, arrangement of the tentacles and
mouth. Column cylindrical, longer than broad, bright red. Kagosima Bay,
Japan.

Figure 7, CERIANTHUS STIMPSONI Verrill, profile view, natural size ;
the tentacles on one side omitted for greater distinctness ; 7 a, arrangement
of inner tentacles. Bonin Islands, 10 fathoms, in coral mud.

Figure 8, MELACTIS ANNBLATA Verrill, natural size, in full expansion ;
8 a, disk and tentacles enlarged. Column light reddish purple, with a scar-
let ring surrounding it below the base of the tentacles, disk and tentacles,
pink. Cape of Good Hope.

The preceding figures were all drawn from living specimens, by Dr.
Wm. Stimpson.

PLATE 2.

Figure 1, BALANOPHYLLIA CAPENSIS Verrill, natural size; 1 a, view of
cup from above, enlarged.

Figure 2, DENDROPHYLLIA GRACILIS Edwards and Haime, natural size;
2 a, cup enlarged.

Figure 3, EUPSAMMIA STIMPSONIANA Verrill, natural size; 3 a, cup
natural size.

Figure 4, STEPHANOSERIS LAMELLOSA Verrill, natural size. ( In this
figure the artist has represented the septa as too uniform in size and promi-
nence, owing to the summits of some of the principal ones being broken.^)
4 a, cup much enlarged.

Figure 5, FLABELLUM, natural size.

Figure 6, HETEROCYATHUS ALTERNATA Verrill, natural size, view from
below ; 6 a, upper surface enlarged.

Figure 7, PLESIASTREA INDUKATA Verrill, portion of a specimen, nat-
ural size.

Proceedings Essex Institute, Vol. V.

Plate I

5 a

From nature, by W. Stimpson.

On wood, by E. 8. Morse.

Printed by A. Holland, Boston.

WILDER, TEEMEYER'S RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 51

IV. Researches and experiments upon Silk from Spiders, and
upon their Reproduction, by Raymond Maria de Termeyer, a
Spaniard. Translated from the Italian.

REVISED BY B U E T G. WILDER.

[Communicated July 6, 1866. J

REVISER'S PREFACE.

This little work bears no date, but appears to have been
published at Milan between the years 1810 and 1820. The
only copy which I have seen or heard of was, according to
the letter of presentation, given to Baron de Walckenaer by
Mons. de Beam in 1833, and, at the sale of the Baron's
library was purchased by Dr. Cogswell for the Astor Li-
brary, New York;

Here it seems to have remained unnoticed until, in the
Spring of 1866, one acquainted with my investigations upon
the NEPHILA PLUMIPES or Silk Spider of South Carolina,
was attracted by its title and informed me of its character.
Through the kindness of Dr. Cogswell I was enabled to
have made a copy of the original Italian, and, in April, the
following translation, which has been carefully revised.

At the end of the work are two plates, the second of
which portrays the spiders and their organs as described in
the text, but now possesses little or no scientific value, and
is not reproduced in this translation. The first, however,
is exceedingly interesting as being the representation of a
process of obtaining silk from spiders, differing only in de-
tails from that employed by me at various times and with
various modifications since the 19th of August, 1863.
(Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Oct. 4th, 1865, and the
Atlantic Monthly for August, 1866.) A process which,
original with me at the time, proved also new not only to
all scientific and practical men, to whom it was shown, but
even to the experts at the Patent Office in Washington, so
that a Patent was readily granted for the idea or process
of obtaining silk directly from Living spiders or oth&r insects, by

52 WILDER, TERMEYEB'S

a reeling or circular motion applied to the insects themselves.
This instrument is, of course, invalidated by the contents of
this book, but it is not a little remarkable that an idea so
novel, yet so simple, and one would think, so readily sug-
gested by what we may see on any summer's day, should
have been conceived and carried out a hundred years ago,
and yet that there should be no reference to its nature,
scarcely an allusion to its author, and, so far as I can ascer-
tain, no knowledge of its having been published, up to the
present time after I have been for three years engaged in
carrying out the same idea.

The coincidence holds still further with the experiments,
and anticipations ; but here, I trust, all likeness will cease,
and that, so far from dragging out a.precarious existence for
forty years and then dying of neglect as it did in the Old
World, this idea shall, after its present resurrection in a
freer atmosphere, live to be what sober, cautious men already
expect of it, — a means of luxury, of comfort and of nation-
al wealth.

AUTOGRAPH LETTER OF PRESENTATION.

[Translated from the French.]

As one cannot forget the pleasure one has felt iii mak-
ing the acquaintance of M. le Baron de Walckenaer,. no
more can one forget the engagements one has made with
him. I fulfil that which I made, in sending to him this lit-
tle work upon his protegees, the spiders. They will be to
him a celebrity, and I know well that the world will envy
them the honor of having such an historian.

I pray Mons. le Baron de Walckenaer to deign to ac-
cept the assurance of my high consideration.

LeftlJ (Lecomte?) de Beam.

At the chateau de la Rochebeaucourt, the 15th day of October, 1833. Near
Mareuil, Dordogne.

To Monsieur le Baron de Walckenaer.

KESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 53

PART FIRST.

SPIDEKS' SILK.

In the years 1777 and 1778 I published1 two
memoirs upon the silk of spiders, setting forth briefly the
experiments made by me, both in America, where I passed
many years of my youth, and in Italy, where I afterward
lived, as to what profit can be derived from these insects
which we consider disgusting and even venomous ; propaga-
ting them by the easy method which I taught, and drawing
from their multiplied cocoons, either by spinning or by card-
ing them, and even from their living bodies, the finest silk, shin-
ing and abundant. I know that it now appears and will,
perhaps, still appear a paradox to say that greater profit
can be drawn from* spicier s than from silk- worms; but who-
ever has read my above mentioned memoirs, and shall also
read this, will be persuaded of it, and if he wishes to make
a trial of it, using the care and methods prescribed by me,
he will be convinced by the fact.

And, first of all, I see the necessity of refuting
the general opinion based chiefly upon the authority
of Reaumur, who, having made researches upon this very
subject, while he admits that from the cocoons of the spider
a considerable product may be obtained in silk both fine
and coarse, finds so much difficulty and so many obstacles
that he considers as futile the attempt to make use of
it.a The authority of the French entomoloeist is cer-
tainly of great weight and I, as well as others, have always
admired his sagacity and diligence in studying the nature
and habits of insects, and the good or harm which they do
or of which they are capable ; but 1 shall not, I hope, be
considered at fault if. having, by researches and experi-

1 . Selection of interesting pamphlets, Vol. iii, page 288, and selected
pamphlets, Vol. i, page 49.

a. Ke'aumur's report upon this subject may be found in the MEMOIRS
OF THE FIIENCH ACADEMY for 1710, and a synopsis of his conclusions and
those of Le Bon is contained in the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, article
AracJniith, and in LAKDNEK'S CABINET CYCLOPEDIA OF USEFUL ARTS.
Silk manufacture. Both of them erred, through zeal, in their calculations, ro
that neither is reliable, far less so certainly than our author. [REVISER.]

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 8. JULY 25, 1866.

54 WILDER, TERMEYER'S

ments similar to his, arrived at opposite results, I shall un-
dertake in the first place to enquire what weight or founda-
tion the difficulties which he proposes, may have ; then I
shall add my own observations upon the natural history
and especially upon the propagation of spiders which I be-
lieve to be new and important, and, above all, tending to
prove that they may be cultivated so as to derive advantage
from their silk.

The obstacles which Reaumur considers strongest and,
in his opinion, insuperable are : 1st. The difficulty of
obtaining such a number of spiders as shall give a product
sufficiently great to compensate for the labor and equal
that which, with less inconvenience, may be obtained from
the silk- worm. 2d. The extent of -space which a colony of
spiders requires, both from the length of their threads and
the webs and from their ferocity which leads them, when
they find themselves near and especially when incommoded,
to devour each other, whereas for the silk-worms only so
much space is required as is occupied by their bodies with
a little additional space for the construction of their co-
coons. 3d. The necessity of feeding spiders greedy and
thirsting for the blood of living creatures, and the extreme
difficulty of obtaining this ; while silk-worms are easily fed
with leaves and in some places are allowed to live upon the
trees with no other care than that of gathering their co-
coons. 4th. The small quantity of silk which is obtained
from the spiders in comparison with the products of the
worms. 5th. The quality of spiders' silk, far inferior in
brilliancy and consistence to that of the worm.

"Wishing then to show how profitable the culture of spi-
ders for the production of silk may become — more profitable
even than the culture of silk worms — I have only to prove
the invalidity of the objections here stated.

I.

FACILITY OF MAKING AN ABUNDANT COLLECTION OF A GIVEN SPECIES

OF SPIDER.

Reaumur himself admits that whereas spiders can be
sought in all the corners of uninhabited houses, among
ruins, under floors, upon the trunks of trees and espec-

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 55

ially among their branches, a numerous colony can be
easily and quickly formed. But, these being spiders of
various kinds, besides the difficulty of affording them subsis-
tence, since each species provides for itself in a peculiar
manner, there would result from all those together a silk
scant in quantity, uneven, and unfit for use in the arts. It
is true that in the course of his researches he found it ne-
cessary to separate the species in order to recognize the
product of each and to decide which was the best suited for
rearing, but he did not examine the matter with the sagac-
ity which we had a right to expect from the father of ento-
mology ; since he did not conclusively determine what spe-
cies of spider is most industrious and therefore preferable.
He says, indeed, that the fourth species is, for cultivation as
well as for productiveness, the most desirable. But how
does he determine the species ? He says it is that which
ordinarily stands perpendicular to the horizon, and to
which Homberg gives the name of garden spider, although it
is commonly found in the woods and among bushes, and he
adds that it contains a great number of secondary species
varying in size, in figure and in color ; he says that all these
spiders spin threads useful in some manufactures but that
some give silk so weak as not to be serviceable for solid
work.

Any one can see how obscure and indefinite is this style
of description of Reaumur's, which seems to confound spe
cies (genera?) with varieties (species?) and to deduce spe-
cific differences from variations in size and color ; character-
istics which may depend upon age, food, <fec.

Afterward, without sufficient ground, he asserts that
the spiders live in continual war among themselves, and de-
stroy each other ; whence it would be difficult, if not impos-
sible to multiply them enough to obtain any considerable
product. We. not knowing whether the spiders which had
the credit of this were of the same or different species,
could not determine if their voracity and cruelty are mani-
fested among individuals of the same or among those of dif-
ferent species, and I should add that this voracity, not nat-
ural to the spider, may, however, be occasioned by the nar-
rowness of their prison and by hunger.

56 WILDER, TERMEYEB'S

I have elsewhere indicated the method of the trial by
me of obtaining a great abundance of spiders in a very
short time. We shall see that the female of the spider
called by Linnaeus diadema, very common with us, makes
five or six cocoons every year, the first of which contains
eight hundred eggs, and the last about four hundred. Now,
taking the average, we may calculate that each spider will
produce annually about four thousand little spiders, and
from twelve h»»difid spiders we should have about fifty-
thousand eggs. It is an easy matter to obtain twelve spi-
ders of one kind and to have a much greater number of
them if attention is given to the place where a certain spe-
cies is wont to establish itself, so that always such a place
may be selected for it as is believed to be the best adapted
to its preservation and subsistence. Thus the domestic
spider is always in the corners of walls, the diadema un-
der balconies, the angulata among bushes, etc. Since
Reaumur collected, as he said, spiders of various species
and the small mingled with the large, it is no wonder that
the former became food for the latter especially if hunger
impelled them to it.

I am accustomed, on finding the cocoons of a spider
known to me, which I wish to select, to take them, to cut
them across superficially in order to ascertain the quantity
of eggs ; and to replace the latter upon cotton in a box
well protected from dust and insects. There, in due time,
I see them come forth, and place them where I wish to feed
them. Every one can see how easy and how abundant,
with this method of mine, the increase of the spiders may
become

II.

FACILITY OF REARING SPIDERS.

Reaumur found that his spiders perished in a short time,
being, as he said, destroyed by one another. It is very
probable to suspect that they rather perished of hunger, not
having, in the boxes where he placed them, means of pro-
curing suitable food ; or that the weaker were devoured by
the stronger because he had mingled different species. But
I must acknowledge, because experience has taught me, that

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 57

spiders of the same species accustomed to each other's so-
ciety mutually destroy each other whenever they extend
their webs and threads into places where they may encoun-
ter them. All then (in the adult state ?) wish to be alono
and will not endure a neighbor who may interfere with
their plans.1'

In order to obviate this inconvenience I made cases so
that each spider could occupy his own little house and
not extend his dominion beyond it. In this way, in
one year I took from 2146 spiders, at one time, 1714 co-
coons and at another time I collected 2134.° Reaumur,
never made, so great a collection. I know well that the
expense of these cases will be considerable when the culti-
vation of spiders is undertaken very extensively ; I have,
however, a more simple and advantageous method.

In August and September I go in search of the mother
spiders in the places which I consider most suitable, and it
is not a difficult matter to find in houses and about hedges
many hundreds of them. In fact, I did find them, and shut
each one in a box of pasteboard or paper, covering it on
two sides with a veil or with perforated card, putting into
all but a few of the boxes two or three living flies. In due
time I found in each paper box a cocoon. I had also been
able to make use of such simple boxes as President Le
Bon made. Having completed the collection I set the spi-
ders at liberty in the places where I had taken them.2

b. Probably all young spiders are gregarious for a certain time after
they leave the eggs, and one large South American species is said to con-
tinue so during life. That this is not impossible is shown by the certain ex-
istence of a gregarious spider Neriene errans in England. ANNALS OP
NAT. HIST., 3D SERIES, VOL. vi, 1860. [REVISER.]

c. He does not distinctly say that these latter were produced by the
same individual spiders as the former. [REVISER.]

2. When I was in America, travelling over the great Ciaco, I collected
thus 2484 very large spiders, which, being then placed upon a double row of
pomegranate trees, gave me 2013 great cocoons of the best yellow silk. I took
out the eggs from the cocoons, which (calculating six cocoons for each spider,
and between 600 and 1000 little spiders for each cocoon) exceeding 9 000000

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 9. JULY 31, 1866.

58 WILDER, TERMEYER'S

It is true, however, that by this means one will never
make so extensive a collection of cocoons, as by preserving
the eggs and rearing in cases the little spiders which come
from them. Spiders could be kept in houses, were it not for
two circumstances, — the opinion that they are noxious or
venomous (which is not true),*1 and cleanliness, which, per-
haps, is not always well considered ; because, if on the one
hand, the cobwebs disfigure the walls and furniture, on the
other, they rid us of an infinite number of disagreeable, nox-
ious and disgusting insects, and that this may not seem a
paradox, let us consider the innumerable flies of many kinds,
of mosquitoes and of other insects which fly about us, of
bugs and fleas that are taken by the spider ophilionoide,
which extends its horizontal net near the level of the earth,
and under tables and beds. Thus in spiders' nets are left
hanging the flies, which, not content with eating or defiling
food destined for man, make it a feeding-place for their
worms ; and even more useful are spiders in collecting the
butterflies and moths, the dermestes, acari, etc. I do not
mean by this, that we are to allow spiders to encumber our
rooms and our beds. I merely declare that the cruel war
we are accustomed to wage against them is not a profitable
thing. Spiders ought at least to be found useful in stables,
where they devour both the common fly and the gad-fly, so
troublesome to horses and cattle, and also in wine-presses,
where so many insects are flying about while the must is
forming.

Although, for the aforesaid reason of cleanliness, spi-
ders may not be desirable inmates of houses, no one will
object to their' being nourished upon the trees, in gardens
and fields ; but since birds and reptiles, and also other insects
make them their prey, if you wish to rear them in great
numbers, it will be necessary to protect them, at least, at
first, since at the time of hatching, their foes make great
havoc among them.

in number, would have given me as many little spiders the next year. But
an unexpected command and an irresistible power called me away from that
country. What a pity, and what a loss !

d. It probably is not true to the same extent with all spiders. [RE-
VISER.]

RESEAECHES UPON SPIDERS. 59

III.

BASE WITH WHICH SPIDERS MAT BE FED.

With Reaumur, a great and insuperable difficulty, is
that of feeding with flies such a number of spiders as might
yield a profitable result, "all the flies in the kingdom" he
says, "would not suffice to feed spiders in such a number
that any profit can be derived from them." But, in the first
place, I find that he himself ascertained that flies were not
the only food for spiders, having nourished them with bits
of earth-worms cast upon their webs, and with pieces of the
tender quills of 'doves and chickens, which they sucked with
avidity.

In the second place, I observe that feeding the spiders
upon flies is not a difficult matter, since they collect in great
numbers when honey or any other food of that kind is placed
near the abodes of the spiders, either in a room or 1 out of
doors. I prefer the method of collecting the spiders in the
field and bringing them into a very light room, where, at a
height above a man's head, are placed some canes, to which
they may attach their webs. The lightness and good expo-
sure of the room enable them to catch their food by day,
and in the night they employ themselves chiefly in spinning
their webs, or in forming their cocoons. I think it advisa-
ble too, after a considerable number of flies have entered, to
prevent with a thin, cheap veil, the ingress of birds and in-
sects hostile to the spiders.

In order that the flies may collect, I have found use-
ful, after repeated experiments, the method proposed twenty-
five years ago, namely, to put small bits of putrifying meat,
upon a little stand supported by a stick nailed into a box,
filled with pulverized earth. The female flies deposit upon
the flesh, eggs, which soon become larvae or maggots, which,
when they have reached a proper size, throw themselves or
fall into the earth, are changed to pupae and finally become
flies. If the odor of the putrid meat is objected to in the
room where the spiders are, it may be kept in some more
convenient place, where the flies can deposit their eggs, and,
when the worms have fallen into the earth, the box contain-
ing them may be put in the spiders room until the flies have

60 WILDER, TERMEYER'S

come out. This is something of a contrivance, it is true,
but yet so simple, that multiplying the flies gives little trou-
ble.6 In this way, their food being abundant, the spiders
are able to remain always in the same place, without being
carried to the spot where they were taken, because they
feed themselves, and render themselves able to produce new
cocoons.

By this means, too, we are enabled to keep the spiders
during the winter, the room being warmed, so that they shall
not perish. But spiders, like the majority of insects, pass
the winter in a dormant state, and therefore without need of
food And it is here to be remarked, that spiders, more
perhaps than any other insects, can endure long abstinence
from food, as has been noticed by all observers of their
habits, and especially by Redi.3 It is true that these
cocoons are then smaller, and the eggs in them less numer-
ous, but yet the spiders will live, work and multiply without
food.

If they are reared, not in the house, but in the fields
or in gardens, with the care above mentioned, it is well to
consider two things. 1st. Their number will be dimin-
ished on account of their many enemies, but whenever man
does not make war upon them, this dimunition will be in
great part compensated by their multiplication. 2nd.
The first year they will give few cocoons but after-
ward they will give them abundantly. I ought to add that
it will not be so easy to collect their cocoons as in a room,
but it must also be remembered, that the product by the for-
mer method costs only the labor of collecting, and this is
not a very difficult matter, since they are generally to be
found under planks and tiles, if there are any in the vicinity,
and always in places where they are nearly concealed from
their enemies, and not exposed to the sun or rain.

e. Perhaps some of the new fly-catching machines may be found useful.
[REVISES.]

3. Experiments at the Institute, Vol. i, page 81.

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 61

IV.

QUANTITY OF SILK PRODUCED FROM SPIDERS.

Reaumur, intent on showing that no commercial advan-
tage can be drawn from the silk of the spiders, endeavors
to prove that but a very small quantity can be collected ;
and, in the first place, he makes a comparison between the
cocoons of the common silk- worm, and those of spiders ;
and finds, that one of the first weighs about four grains,
whereas the cocoon of even a large spider weighs hardly
one grain ; and this being also, for the most part, mixed with
dust and with the shells of the eggs, it follows that the silk
of a spider's cocoon, will be hardly one twelfth of the cocoon
of the silk-worm. It may be added, he says, that all the
silk-worms produce cocoons, while among spiders it is
only the females that make them. He concludes, therefore,
that 55296 of the largest spiders are necessary to produce
a pound (16 oz.) of silk; while .2304 cocoons of the silk-
worm are sufficient for the same result, and thence he argued
that rearing them is not promising and can not be made
profitable.

But in this calculation of Reaumur's there are many
data to rectify. 1st. There are very few cocoons of the
silk-worm which weigh four grains ; generally, unless they
are made to work inclosed in paper boxes, they do not weigh
more than three grains, and De Pluche found that they did
not exceed two and a half grains. 2nd. He attributes to
the spiders, as to the silk-worms, only one cocoon a year,
and we have observed and shall see in what follows, that
sometimes they produce even six. 3rd. He says that the
cocoon of a spider, even of the largest kind, hardly weighs
a grain, whereas I have found a much greater weight, I am
certain that two cocoons of an A merican spider, the species
of which I have not yet determined, weighed as much as one
of the silk-worm's before being cleansed ; and after being
cleansed, they had lost less than half their weight. In
America, moreover, I found some cocoons of those very large
spiders, called by Linnaeus Aranea avicularis because they
carry away even humming birds from their nests, which
weighed as much as six cocoons of the silk- worm when they

62 WILDER, TEBMEYEB'S

were unwashed and as much as three or four after having
been washed.4

4. As this spider is little known, it will not, I flatter myself, be displeas-
ing to the reader, that I should give him an exact idea of it. It is indigenous
to almost all South America ; where it is called Abamdui, or Nbamdu-guazu,
that is the great spider. In fact from its size it may be called the atlas of spi-
ders. Its color is in some gray, and in others dark and black, which colors are
probably indications either of age or of sex. Linnaeus found in two of them
which he had before him great difference in the size of the thorax, which in one
was double that of the other ; but he did not find in their palpi indications of a
difference of sex. They are all hairy and bristly. The under part of the
head, the palpi, and the tarsi of the legs are of a reddish color. They have
at the mouth, two very strong nippers or jaws, curved, black, and of a horny
substance. They are furnished with eight eyes, smooth and raised from the
head. The thorax is round, blackish before, more convex and margined on
the upper part, while in the midst is a disk of long hairs, gathered into little
bandies. Less convex is that part behind, in which is seen a deep transverse
fissure separating the long hairs ; the abdomen is also hairy and at its extrem-
ity are two long appendages. These spiders are two inches and one fifth in
length and the thorax is an inch in diameter. They have eight hairy legs,
terminating in fleshy pads. I do not know whether this spider belongs to
the hunting or to the working spiders, that is whether or not it makes its
web in order to take insects, sines I always observed it wandering over
the ground or upon the trunks of trees or concealed in the earth. If it does
not find insects enough for its food, it boldly attacks humming-birds, small
birds a little larger than itself, while they are upon the eggs or upon the young
birds in the nests, and if it cannot have the parent birds, it feeds upon the
young and upon the eggs. This great spider produces cocoons proportioned
to its size, containing thousands of eggs, and places them in the fissures on
the trunks of trees. The cocoon is three inches long and one inch and a
quarter of a line broad. This extraordinary size of the cocoon has made
the inhabitants, who do not observe carefully, imagine that this spider would
take the cocoon of the bombice moth del Guyavo (Janus Linn.) and hav-
ing destroyed or eaten the chrysalis would place her own eggs there, and
then artificially close the hole by which she had penetrated it. The cele-
brated Mademoiselle Merian lent credence to this common opinion, but she
did not examine the matter, or she would have seen that there were not within
any remnants of worm or of chrysalis nor any indications of a hole by
which the spider might have penetrated, neither any difference in the silk of
which it is composed, a difference inevitable if the spider had supplied with
her own that which she had destroyed in opening for herself a wide way into
the cocoon of the moth. After Mademoiselle Merian, it did not occur to any
other naturalist to doubt that this cocoon was the property of the spider, like

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 63

But without seeking the American spiders, we have,
and I have myself found in this country, the spiders which
Pallas calls Aranea speciosa, and which Razomorsky calls
Aranea jndchra, which make such cocoons that three alone
not cleansed, and five free from all impurities, weigh as much
as one cocoon of the common silk-worm. I will also add,
that having, during this year, verified my observations on the
cocoons of the diadema spiders, I have found constantly that
vsix of these, and not twelve as Reaumur would have it, are
equivalent to one cocoon of the silk-worm.

But even less than six are sufficient. I have observed
that if I take the cocoon from the spider, when it is hardly
formed, and take the eggs from it, the cocoon, which I call
then the virgin cocoon, remains very clean, and since it
loses nothing, it is so heavy that only four are equivalent to
one cocoon of the silk-worm. In this way, in order to pro-
duce a pound of silk> there will not be required, as Reaumur
says, more than 55296 cocoons of the spider, but 13825 will
suffice. In order to show the advantage which the silk-worm
has over the spider, Reaumur observes that among spiders
the females alone make the cocoon, whereas, among silk-
worms, the males produce as many as the females; whence,
considering the number of individuals of the two sexes to
be equal, he supposes that double the number of spiders is
required for an equal number of cocoons. But beside that
his supposition is not true, as we shall see, he does not ob-
serve that the silk-worms give but one cocoon a year ; whereas
the female spiders give even six as already stated. Reau-
mur was ignorant of that, although Lister' had previously

all the others which contain the eggs of spiders. We ought not to wonder,
says Lyoniiet, speaking of other mistakes taken from Mademoiselle Merian,
that in this a lady may be deceived who is more intent on drawing well, than
on studying insects. Besides, in a foreign country, it is natural to believe
the natives in regard to common objects. I even put faith in the Indians,
who gave me to understand that the wood of their arrows was very hard,
because, putting it in the fire, it could be drawn out and, being compressed,
lengthened, acquiring thus compactness and strength. I published that in
good faith (Opusc. Sulti. pag. 377, nota) but being informed of my error by
my colleague, who has studied the arts of the Indians more than I, I volun-
tarily confess and retract it.

64 WILDER, TERMEYER'S

written that they made two or more. But no one, so far as
I know, before me, followed up this matter, so as to deter-
mine how many cocoons a spider produces in one year : and
I can assert from the observations of many years, that a
female spider well fed produces annually six cocoons-, which
I have specially noted hi the diadema spider, most frequently
the subject of my researches.

It is true, that the six cocoons do not always contain
an equal number of eggs, but the last five may be at least
calculated to equal in this respect three of the first ; we
should have then the same proportion for the silk, and we
should suppose that a spider would produce only four cocoons
equal to the first. With these data are diminished three
quarters the number of spiders which Reaumur requires to
produce a pound of silk.

Another consideration tending to diminish the number
of spider's cocoons required by Reaumur to equal the co-
coon of the silk-worm, we may find in his wish to calculate
this as weighing four grains, while it hardly ever weighs as
much. De Pluche0 attributes to it only a weight of two
and one half grains, and Lyonnet7 calls it three grains which
is correct when the uncleansed cocoon is taken. But if it
is cleansed from dust and from the remains' of worms and
chrysalids, as Reaumur wishes the cocoon of the spider to be
cleansed, then we can only give it the weight which De
Pluche assigns it and which I found always the same, after
having drawn out the silk in the kettle, that is, after hav-
ing separated it from the gum which is not silk.

V.

VALUE OF THE SILK OP SPIDERS.

Lastly Reaumur considers the culture of spiders un-
profitable, because their silk is, in his opinion, of no value
or use. He distinguishes the silk with which spiders make
their cocoons and maintains that the first is eighteen times
more delicate than the second ; in which he makes a mis-

5. Concerning spiders in general. Chap, i, page 3.

6. Spectacle de la nature. Tom. i, entr. 3.

7. Th&l. des Insectes. Tom. ii, part ii, Chap. i.

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 65

take, both being of the same quality, and the difference con-
sisting in the threads of the second being more multiplied.
But, however this may be, it is of little importance, as I do
not purpose to draw any profit from the webs of the spi-
ders.8 The silk of the spider's cocoon is, according to Reau-
mur, five times more delicate, and therefore more weak than
that of the silk-worm, which he ascertained by experiment;
since while a thread of silk from the last sustained 180
grains, a thread from the first sustained only 36. He in-
ferred from that another defect, that is, the necessity of
combining many threads, in order that they may have any
strength whatever, which ought to and does injure their
brilliancy, which is still impaired by the impossibility of
spinning, and the necessity of carding the cocoons, reducing
the threads not to silk, but to floss, or to coarse sewing silk.

But are these defects revealed by Reaumer in the silk
of the spider really such ? Are they truly defects ? The
fineness of the thread will not certainly be considered a
defect, since otherwise we ought to prefer to the cocoon of
the common silk-worm, that is the moth of the mulberry
tree (Phcdaena Mori L.), that of the Phalfena pavonia, which
has many threads, larger and of more consistency; a state-
ment which no intelligent judge of silk will make. The
delicacy of the thread of the spider's silk should not there-
fore be considered a defect ; and if, on account of this deli-
cacy, the thread is weak, as it must be, we have only to
combine more threads in order to obtain the necessary firm-
ness. Are not the very threads of the silk-worm's cocoon
combined in order to produce a thread strong enough for
manufacturers ?

I agree with Reaumer that by reducing the cocoons of
the spider to the state of ferret (coarse sewing silk ?), and
spinning them then with the distaff, they lost their native
brilliancy; but here it is proper to note two things: —

8. I speak of the European since the great spiders of which I have
spoken make webs so strong that their threads sometimes incommode those
who walk in the roads occupied by them, and more than once they have
made me fall before the thread has broken. The same spider has been ob-
served in Mexico (see Blosin Busch) where there are also spiders which
make webs of many colored threads.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 10. JULY 31, 1866.

66 WILDER, TERMEYER'S

1st. The thread of the spider's cocoon carded, ought not to
be compared with the thread of the silk-worm's cocoon treat-
ed with warm water, but with that which is made of floss.
2d. The thread of the spider can be wound also in its
natural state, and it becomes then much more brilliant than
a thread of any cocoon whatever. It cannot be unwound
by placing it in water, since it does not float, and having no
gum to be dissolved (except on the side by which it was
attached to the ceiling) the thread cannot be unwound lit-
tle by little. I can speak of having learned so much by
myself in drawing the thread from a cocoon, but I could
never draw it longer than a foot, chiefly because at the point
where the cocoon was gummed by the spider, in order to
attach it, it always broke. I succeeded once with infinite
patience in dissolving that gum, and in taking the eggs from
the cocoon without breaking the threads ; but being obliged
at that time, in 1796, by the siege of the fortress near my
house, to abandon it, these researches being interrupted I
never more resumed them.

But I made at that time another observation, which
guided me to a more fortunate experiment. I saw that
when the spider diadema took an insect, it drew out from
the spinner placed at the extremity of the abdomen, some
large threads, and enveloped it in a brilliant white web
formed at the instant, and so strong that the insect, although
sometimes it was a black beetle or a grasshopper, lost all
motion. From this I argued that if I could have drawn
similar threads, I should have had a strong and beautiful silk.
I succeeded in fact, holding the spider by the corslet and
touching the spinner, in drawing the silk j but I saw that
by contracting the spinner, and yet more, by grappling with
the long legs behind, he soon cut the thread. I could hard-
ly remedy the contraction of the spinner, but I found a
remedy for the second inconvenience, by placing the spider
so that it could not touch the extremity of the abdomen
(See fig. 3, Plate 1). This is the little contrivance which
I devised. In a piece of cork (a) I made a small cavity,
and a hollow place of nearly equal size in a sheet of tinned
iron (b), about an inch wide, to which were soldered two
iron pins or wires (c-c) which were introduced into the cork.

EESEAECHES UPON SPIDERS.

67

Upon this the spider was placed so that the sheet of iron
falling between the corslet and the abdomen, held him se-
cure in that place, so that he could not extend his legs be-
hind, as is seen in fig. 4.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

PLATE 1. [REDUCED.]

I have also found a method by which I can easily
take the silk or allow it to be drawn from the spinner. I
present a fly to him ; he takes it quickly with the palpi and
turns it over as if he would envelope it. I raise the abdo-
men, and at the first touch he opens the spinner (d) and
permits an abundance of silk to pass out. I then attach
the end of silk to a little reel four and a half inches in di-
ameter, with cylindrical arms of glass which I slowly turn
and wind the silk of the spider like that of the cocoon. If,
by the caprice of the spider, or for any other reason, the
thread is broken, I again attach it as is done with the silk
of the silk-worm drawn from the cocoon immersed in warm
water. I have wound upon the same small reel a band of
spider's silk, and a similar band of the silk of the silk-
worm. The comparison shows evidently how much more
brilliant and beautiful the first is than the second ; so bright
that it appears more like a polished metal or mirror than

68 WILDER, TERMEYER'S

like silk. But it will be said that such silk cannot be ta-
ken from the reel and brought into threads, and that is
true, but let it not be said to me that it is of no use. I
caused it to be spun with the distaff, and I had a very fine
and brilliant thread, which had beside such elasticity as to
stretch considerably without being broken, and to return
again to its first dimensions, which will be very useful when
there shall be a sufficient quantity to weave or of which to
make a netted or knitted fabric.

I am also of the opinion that with a simple contrivance
having a few of the arrangements described for holding the
spider, it would be possible to draw the silk from all the
spiders at once, and to do it so that the threads uniting
would twist to form a single thread, as is done with the
threads of the cocoon ; whence both from its consistence
and size it could be easily wound from the reel and worked/

Notwithstanding what I have just said to prove the
profit which can be drawn from spiders, or rather to cancel
in the mind of him who has read Reaumur, what he says to
the contrary, let no one imagine that I expect to induce men
to undertake the rearing of spiders instead of silk-worms.
It is enough if the readers of this are persuaded that here
is a branch of industry and commerce little attempted as
yet, and little known, from which those will be able to profit
who have industry, energy and determination. But who-
ever undertakes it must be prepared first of all to be re-
gardless of ridicule.

The silk of spiders has another advantage over that of
the worms, viz. that it is often naturally tinted with beauti-
ful colors. Lesser9 thinks that these colors are volunta-
rily given by the spiders, and Lyonnet believes they are the
result of accident. I think the spiders have different repos-

f. This very thing was done by me with several spiders during the Fall
of*1864 and the Summer of 1865. Termeyer's apparatus for securing the
spider may be improved upon in several ways ; as, for instance, by holding
the insect upon its back so as to expose the spinners, and by adapting the
notch which holds it to the shape of the insect so that it shall suffer no injury
during the operation. [KEVISER.]

9. Loc. cit.

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 69

itories for silk of different colors and adopt now one and
now another, not interlacing the colors by design, but accord-
ing tp need and circumstances. Others have observed that
the silk of which they weave their circular webs, is of dif-
ferent kinds, the radii, stretching from the centre to the cir-
cumference, differing from the threads which form the con-
centric circles ; the second are viscous, but not the first. It
is also known to entomologists that the spider has six spin-
ners or mammulae, as we will call them, whence the silk issues.
Why may we not believe that from each comes a silk, differ-
ent either in color or in some other property ?g

Another quality of spider's silk is the unchangeableness
of the original color ; the weight also is unalterable ; that is
it did not diminish by any washing or any application of
soap to which it was subjected, of which I have assured
myself by various experiments made upon different speci-
mens of my silk, and especially upon a pair of stockings
made of spider's silk and designed for his Majesty Charles
III, my beneficent sovereign of glorious memory.10

Beside the original color, the silk of spiders may be
dyed with whatever color one wishes to give it, excepting
that not having usually a white color in the beginning, like
the washed silk, the dyes show less clearly.

I foresee that more than one will say if the silk of
your spiders is so adapted to manufactures, if it is so abun-

g. A valuable suggestion which has been anticipated however, with
regard to the Nephila plumipes. [REVISER.]

10. The silk obtained by carding the cocoons of the diadema spider
was spun in my house by Lucrezia Rasponi, who then made of it a pair of
stockings of proper size. Having intended them for the King, my Lord, of
whom I considered them not unworthy, not so much on account of their
value as on account of the novelty of the thing, I sent them to Sig. Car.
d'Azan, his Minister, who deigned to assure me that he had sent them to
Sig. Conti di Florida Blanca, then Prime Minister of the King, together
with my -letter. I cannot understand from what unfortunate combination of
circumstances I have never been able to discover if they were truly pre-
sented to the King in my name. I know that I was very sensible to the loss
of the fruit of so much long-continued investigation and hard work. My
many friends who saw them admired their fineness and consistence. They
weighed two ounces and a quarter.

70 WILDER, TERMEYER'S

dant or may become so by the facility of obtaining and rear-
ing them, by collecting it from the cocoons, and by drawing
the threads from the spider, why, since you have now .been
occupied with this subject for forty years, have you not
made stuffs and netted goods and other fabrics in great
abundance, whence some profit might have accrued, and the
incredulous have been convinced by results, so much more
successful arguments than reasoning ? I should be quite in
the wrong to disdain any inquiry so put ; but I reply that
where the reasoning is sound and based upon unquestion-
able experiments, even though it may not be confirmed by
experience, it should not therefore fail to convince. 1 reply
in the second place, that I have in fact collected, I will not
say a great deal of the spider's silk, but a quantity sufficient
to make several purses, which I gave to my friends, and the
abovementioned stockings; and I had already in 1796 pre-
pared twenty-two ounces of such silk, taken from virgin
cocoons, hardly completed by the diadema spider, and there-
fore very clean ; but, in the hasty removal of my goods on
account of the siege of the fortress, it was lost or sto-
len. I will reply thirdly, that what I have not done was
done by President Le Bon in the last century, when he col-
lected spider's silk in quantity sufficient to form a suit of
clothes, which he presented to Ludovic XIV, of which we
have Lesser11 to witness, and the renowned Latin poet, Va-
niere,12 who relates it both in prose and verse in a little work
dedicated to Le Bon himself; it cannot be supposed that he
was deceived, or wished to deceive others, when, speaking
of the spider, he sung, —

" Illins, inspreto serum jam munere, Reges
Stamine membra tegunt."

Let us conclude. The difficulties proposed by the cel-
ebrated Reaumur, in the way of a profitable culture of spiders
for the purpose of obtaining silk from them, are either sur-
mountable or unreal. They can be obtained in great num-
bers, are easily collected, multiplied and fed, producing
many cocoons, and giving much silk, and this is strong, beau-

11. Vol. II, Book 2, Chap. 1.

12. Eclogue to the illustrious Le Bon. Tolos. 1724.

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 71

tiful and well adapted to manufactures. It remains now for
me to speak of their propagation, and while the statements
I shall make will interest the naturalist, they will confirm
my preceding assertions.

PART SECOND.

GENERATION OP SPIDERS.

I have already observed that Reaumur, in his calculation
supposes as many of the individual spiders to be masculine
as feminine. Is this true ? So Aristotle and Pliny wrote,
not admitting in their polygamy but one sort of conjugal so-
ciety.11 President Le Bon7 who was one of the first to ex-
amine them in this respect, inclines to think them androgy-
nous and hermaphroditic, and it would be said, that Reau-
mur himself had some suspicion of that. It is certain that
it may be perceived from his writings, that he has not well
described the sexual parts, and he is, notwithstanding, sure
of the manner of their copulation.

Naturalists, following in the footsteps of Aristotle
and Pliny, always speak of the ferocity of spiders, owing to
which they devour, not only their companions and brothers,
but even their parents, and there are few who refrain from
eating their lovers and their mates. I was, in my first in-
vestigations and observations, so unfortunate, that, not hav-
ing ever seen them couple, I supposed them hermaphrodites
and able to give fertile eggs without union. But time, pa-
tience, constancy and I may even say persistence, have
enabled me to see and recognize what no one had seen be-
fore. The following is the result of my observations on the
sex of spiders.

The diadema spider was that which I examined spe-
cially in order to understand the generation and thence the
sexual organs. For greater clearness, I give here a figure
(Plate 2, fig. I.1) representing the female of this spider of

h. An obscure passage : " non ammettendo in loro poligamia, ma ema
specie di societa conjugale." [REVISER.]

i. It was not thought worth while to reproduce this second plate in the
present translation. [REVISER.]

72 WILDER, TEBMEYEB'S

the natural size. The cross, more or less ornamented, which
it has upon the abdomen He its principal distinction. What
patience was required to tind the male of this spider ! He
never appears in the centre of the beautiful webs, and even
when I saw him he was, as to the abdomen and palpi so dif-
ferent from the female, which in other respects he resem-
bled, that I should not have supposed him of the same spe-
cies. He never spins webs, except in the time of his amours
or rather before uniting, that is to say, at puberty, but it is
then in an angle of an old web of a female which he repairs
somewhat ; 'and I have only seen him walking about in the
months of his amours which are September and October.
I have seen him but once in July.

He approaches little by little, and with much caution,
doubtful .of the reception with which he is to meet in the
web of the female, who occupies its centre intent only on
her prey. He commences by touching with one leg a thread
of the web; the female approaches him; he flies, allowing
himself to hang, then he rises, winding up the thread, when
he; is. assured, by I know not what movement, that he will
not be ill received; then he approaches her, and with one of
the palpi touches her stomach quickly many times. Then he
retires,^ then returns, repeats the same act and departs, if
he succeeds in leaving. I say if he succeeds, because I wish to
relate what came under my observation in 1798, and which,
while it unveiled to me all the mystery of the generation of
spiders, presented to me also an argument, if not of the
innate cruelty of the female spider, at least of its insensi-
bility and ingratitude. I had put a male and a female of
the diadema spider together into a box like a drum, closed
with a veil at both ends. The male began by making various
movements, as if to draw the attention of the female, who
pretended not to perceive him, but only from time to
time touched some thread of the web. He boldly ap-
proached her, directing one of his palpi to her abdomen,
and she extending this toward the palp.k Here is the

k. Also obscure : " Ardito il maschio a lei s'avvacino indirizzando al di
lei addome uno de' palpi e stendendo (stendenda?) essa verso quello 1'estre-
mita dell' addome." On another page a part of this passage is thns given :
" e voltando essa verso quel palpo la parte postica dello stesso addome." [RE-
VISES.]

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 73

sexual organ; and I saw, being conveniently situated
for observing, the palp, from which a horny white body
of changing figure was drawn out, penetrate many times ;
and I saw also, the spider use alternately, now one and now
another of the palpi. But I saw also with surprise and in-
dignation that, the work hardly finished, the male not being
able to fly on account of the confinement, the female envel-
oped him in her threads and, having thus deprived him of every
means of defence, devoured him. Perhaps overpowering
hunger compelled her to it, but the act was very ferocious.13
Whatever were the results, this observation gave me an op-
portunity of seeing the sexual organs of both spiders. The
generating palp of the male appears through the microscope
as in fig. 2 at a and at b. The (anterior ?) extremity of
the abdomen of the female is drawn in two aspects in fig.
3, the upper side at a and the under side at b in the form of
an elongated tube, a form which I have observed in some
flies and in a few other insects, which, while it aids to a more
sure fertilization, serves also for conveniently placing the

eggs.

Sexual organs, not precisely similar, but analogous to
these described, I have observed in other species of spiders,
which I will here describe briefly, as I have many times ob-
served them, giving also exact drawings from life. Fig. 4
represents the marmorata spider (Aranea marmorea L.j, as
useful as the diadema spider, whose habits it shares to some
extent. The cocoon is whitish and is found under planks
and in garden vases. The feminine part is represented by
fig. 5, and the male by fig 6, where it is shown drawn out
by pressure : a is the sheath which encloses and protects it ;
from the opening b issues a tuft of hair, the use of which
I know not, and many hairs are seen around the sexual
parts of both. Figures 7 and 8 represent the back and
abdomen of a pretty female spider (Aranea speciosa di Pallas)
which frequents hedges. It spins a web near the ground,

13. But I ought to say that I have not found other spiders so ferocious.
The Aranea cucurbitina remained with his companion in a little box the en-
tire season, and if I gave them a fly, instead of quarrelling over it, they ate
it together peaceably.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOJ/. V. 11. JUI/T 31, 1866.

74 WILDER, TEBMEYER'S

which, beside being circular, has in its midst a zigzag band,
which traverses it from top to bottom. This spider is a
little larger than the diadema. The abdomen of the female
is of a very brilliant yellow, contracted near the corslet
where there is a little of a silver color, and it has about ten
black bands somewhat slashed. Fig. 9 represents the male
of the same species, much smaller than the female. Its color
is the same, but the marks caused by the folding of the skin
of the abdomen, are more confused. The palpi are larger,
and terminated by a somewhat oval protuberance. Fig. 10
represents the palpi closed ; fig 1 1 shows all the internal pro-
vision for extending itself out with compression. In fig. 12
is seen the sexual part of the female, superior at a, inferior,
that is toward the abdomen, at 6. Being compressed, it
appears to extend itself out, divided into two lobes (fig. 13,
a and b), but in a side view it has the figure 66, and is seen
tulla uncinata (held grappled). The structure of the
cocoon of this spider is also to be seen represented in
fig. 14. Villiers,14 1 know not why, represents the spider,
under the name of Aranea formosa, much smaller than the
cocoon, but I have represented both of their true dimen-
sions. It (the cocoon) is found covered with a gum easily
soluble in warm water, but insoluble in cold. The floss,
which projects upon the upper part, serves to attach it to
the bodies under which the spider conceals it. In fig. 15
is seen the same cocoon split open, and it is to be observed
that the receptacle for the eggs is in the middle, surrounded
by yellowish silk, and in the centre, of the color of coffee,
protected on all sides from destructive insects and from
water.

The female of the zucca spider (Aranea cucurbilina L.)
is represented in fig. 16, and in fig. 17 the male. In fig. 18
is seen one of its palpi, closed at a, and on the side at 6,
looking toward the concave part at c, elongated, and at d
entirely stretched out during compression. Fig. 19 shows
the sexual part of the female. This spider forms small and
yellowish cocoons.

14. Entomology. Vol. iv.

EESEAECHE8 UPON SPIDERS. 75

Fig. 20 represents the female of the coronata spider
(Aranea corollcuta ii.J and fig. 21 its sexual part. I have not
yet seen its cocoons.

Fig. 22 is the male of the conica spider (Aranea conica
L). One of its palpi compressed, and thus showing how
much it internally contains, is seen in fig. 23. Fig. 24 shows
the generating organs of the female, of a singular structure.
Fig. 25 represents the same organs in the female of the do-
mestic spider (Aranea domestica LJ I gave in 178815 a
figure of the palp of the male, although I was not then sure
that this was its instrument of generation. Little advan-
tage can be drawn from winding the silk of its cocoons,
but it is excellent for staunching blood from wounds.

We may collect from the preceding observations upon
the generation of spiders, that the males are few in com-
parison with the females. The males may, moreover, be
distinguished from the females by superficial observers by a
mere inspection of the palpi, which are small in the latter
and large in the former. Let all the spiders be examined
which may fall under the eye, and none excepting females
will be found until July. If the males are many and
equal the females in number, where are they ? how do they
feed themselves ? At the time of their amours, there are
very few, or at least very few are seen, and if there were
many of them they would be seen to run in crowds where
love, pleasure and the necessity of reproducing draw them.

How then, it will be said, are so few males sufficient
to fertilize so many females, especially since they require a
long and perilous ceremonial before coming to the fertilizing
act ? Every one knows that this is not new in nature ; but,
to get fid of every improbability, I will bring forth two ob-
servations made and many times repeated by me.

The first is that not all the cocoons contain fertile eggs,
since, in fact, I had a few from which the little spiders never
came out ; a proof that the female spider had laid the eggs
without coupling, as many insects, reptiles, and even birds do.

Secondly, I have observed that the eggs of spiders are
sometimes found fertile without any previous conjunction.

15. Opuscoli scelti. VoL I, page 49.

,76 WILDER, TERMEYEB'S

liknow 'that this is not the common course of nature, but
I know also that the phenomenon is not altogether new.
Why may it not occur in regard to the eggs of spiders ?
The fact -is certain, many times verified by me, and I will
"report here a single observation, well circumstantiated. In
J. 791, at the time of their amours, I went in search of female
.spiders, and I found fourteen of them, together with the male,
•and H was witness of their conjunction. I collected them
separately in the usual boxes, where they all gave me, some
-one, some (two cocoons. In the spring, the little spiders
-came tout from .the cocoons, and from their littleness escaped
through the net-work by which the box was closed on two
sides. JFour of the mother-spiders perished during the win-
teirand ten remained, more than enough for my object. These
were abundantly fed on flies which they devoured greedily.16
In the early part of May, 1792, they began one after anoth-
er, to form cocoons. In the middle of the month, the
eoeoon, white before, became blackish^ a sign that the little
; spiders were hatched, nor did they delay coming out from
;the tcocoon . 'and from the box in which the mother remained.
On the first of June and thereabout the mothers produced
/a second cocoon, -nearly equal to the first, and from this also,
'the little spiders went out, well formed and lively, without
having followed upon any coupling. The mothers made the
third cocoon between the first and the sixth of July, and the
little spiders were hatctied in the same manner and ran away.
'The; same thing occurred with a fourth cocoon, made between
Jthe i!7th and 24th of August, and also with a fifth formed
^between the 30th of the same month and the sixth of Sep-

16. 3'*&y " devoured" because the spider does not content himself with
suckinj, the fluids of his prey, but he tears it, swallows the flesh, rejecting
with excrements the parts difficult of digestion, which are the wings, claws,
&c. Lister jobservedthis in one spider, and I have observed it in very many j
having also assured myself of it by soaking in warm white wine the dead
'bodies of insects offered for the spider's meal. I saw that among the mem-
'bers •which recovered their natural dimensions many pieces were missing.1

-1. This was At the best negative proof, and it seems very doubtful
whether spiders really swallow anything but fluids, though they crush and
comminute the hard parts to obtain their soft contents. [REVISER.]

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 77

tember, and a sixth between the end of September and the
middle of October. The only difference between the broods
was that the last had less silk and fewer eggs than the first.
It follows from all this, that the spiders produce many co-
coons in a year, generally six ; that females are able to pro-
duce fertile eggs without being every time fecundated, and
that consequently the number of males may be, as in fact it
is, much less than the number of females.

The discovery that the act of coupling, fecundated
through six generations of eggs, the following year, appeared
to me, and indeed was, a very important thing. I wished
to learn if it was altogether new, and among the many en-
tomologists that I have read, I have never seen any mention
made of it excepting by Martin Lister, who did not, how-
ever, determine either the time or the number of fruitful
cocoons formed without coupling. No other writer has a
word on the subject.

In order still further to assure myself, and at the same
time to see if the fertilization could be protracted beyond
the year, I wished to preserve the same spiders in the whi-
ter, but three of them perished. Of the seven remaining,
I gave one to P. Carlo Giuseppe Cainpi Somaseo, an accom-
plished and very accurate naturalist.17 He kept it so well
that between the months of May and June it produced a
cocoon twice, from which little spiders were hatched. The
spiders in my possession were also found to remain fertile,
and those which lived till October remained fertile even to
the sixth cocoon. Three had perished in the summer, some
after the third, and some after the fifth. The four remain-
ing died in the winter. In this way spiders fertilized three
years before gave as many as eighteen cocoons without any
preceding coupling. I do not know through how many
years the fertilization may be extended ; but it is not im-

17. To him is due the first thought of the Scelta d'Opuscoli interessanti
(collection of interesting pamphlets), commenced in 1775. His poor health
did not permit him to cooperate in this work after 1777. But he did not,
for this reason, neglect to occupy himself with useful researches. He died
in 1799 at the age of 66.— Editor.

m. It is not stated who this editor was. (REVISER.)

78 WILDER, TERMEYER'S

probable that one conjunction alone may suffice for their
whole life, which is usually from four to five years.

Where they pass the winter is not yet well deter-
mined. Some diadema spiders I have found enveloped by
their threads with dried leaves ; others at the top of cellars
or attics, and some domestic spiders in coverings of old
webs, but these are very few in comparison with those
which we see reappear in the Spring.

It follows from all this that there are few male spiders
in comparison with the females, and that few in fact are
needed, one conjunction alone being sufficient for many
years, and perhaps for the whole life of the female.

It will not be out of place to observe here that al-
though a few species of spiders always carry with them the
sack of eggs generated by them, until the spiders appear,
yet in general they are contented with suspending it in a
place protected from the sun and from water, and as far as
possible from enemies, and although some remain for hours
and others for entire days upon the fresh cocoon, full and
perfect, yet it should not be said that they hatch the eggs
as birds generally do.

There is not, as far as I know, any other insect which
forms a silky cocoon, in which to deposit its eggs, like the
spider, if we except that great black beetle (Scarabseus)
which is found in the water, and is thence called Idrofilo
(lover of water), (Datyscus piceus Lin). It makes a cocoon
of fine white silk, smooth below with a protuberance above,
and this is seen floating full of eggs upon stagnant or slowly
running water. The little beetles, when they have come
out from the eggs, open for themselves a door in the upper
part, hop out, and are soon briskly swimming about in the
water, their native element.

NOTE. On page 74, speaking of the Aranea formosa, for the sake of brev-
ity its cocoon is not described with all precision ; beside what is noted, it is
remarkable that among the fine silk which fills the cavity of the cocoon,
there is in the interior a mass of pyramidal silk. The top is of a fine coffee
color, and the base is of more compact silk in a semicircular form. If this
is drawn out gently with the fingers, a little plate (patina) of gummed silk is

RESEARCHES UPON SPIDERS. 79

seen united to the threads of the base, which is the covering of a silky tuft,
to which it fits perfectly, and in which is the future family, that is, the eggs
and then the little spiders, which know how to go out at the proper time
without disordering the internal architecture. The rest of the silk which
does not serve to form the pyramid is yellowish and can be used with ad-
Tantage.

NOTE TO REVISER'S PREFACE. This work was purchased for the As-
tor Library in April, 1853, by Dr. J. G. Cogswell, who was then Librarian.

I desire here to express my sense of very great obligation to Dr. Cogs-
well and also to Frank Schroeder, Esq., the present Librarian, for the un-
usual facilities and the ready assistance afforded me in preparing the copy
and this translation.

Dr. Cogswell remembered the title and contents of the work as soon as
it was mentioned to him, and we must attribute its having remained so long
unnoticed by others, partly to its small size in comparison to the large number
of other works on Arachnidse which the Astor Library contains, and to
its being in a language with which comparatively few are familiar, but chiefly
to the lack of interest in the subject of spiders' silk. B. G. W.

V. List of Birds observed near Hamilton, Canada West.

BY T. MdLWRAITH.
[Communicated Aug. 2, 1866.*]

The following list has been prepared chiefly from obser-
vations made by the writer during occasional excursions ex-
tending over a period of ten years. Those acquainted with
the subject will understand that under these circumstances
it is not likely to be complete, as from the real scarcity of
many species and the short stay made by others while on
their migratory course, it is not probable that all the species
of birds which visit this locality have been observed by one
individual during the time mentioned. As the number of
collectors increase, and greater interest is taken in the sub-
ject, there is no doubt but many species, which have
hitherto escaped observation, will be added to the list.

* This paper was received in June, 1865, bat has been unavoidably de-
layed.— EDITOR.

80 McILWRAITH,

Hamilton is too far inland to be visited by many of the
shore birds. Burlington Bay, however, with its sandy beach
and marshy inlets, affords a fair field for the collection of
such birds as frequent those situations. Ducks are also well
represented, though, on account of the increase in navigation
of late years, they are more disturbed and are not so nu-
merous as formerly.

Care has been taken not to include in the list any spe-
cies about the occurrence of which there is the least doubt.

1. Cathartes aura ILL. Turkey Buzzard.

The Turkey Buzzard is seldom seen near Hamilton.
At the extensive flats near Chatham and along the shore of
Lake St. Clair it is a regular summer visitant. In that dis-
trict herds of cattle graze at large and putrid carcases are
not unfrequent, which may account for the partiality of the
Buzzard.

2. Falco ana-turn BONAP. Duck Hawk.

Rare near Hamilton, more common at Baptiste Creek,
Long Point, and other shooting stations, where it is observed
to prey chiefly on that class of birds embraced under the
general name of mud-hen. As it is rarely seen except in
the fall, it is probable that the young are reared beyond
hunting distance of any of those places.

3. Falco (Hypotriorchis) columbarius LINN. Pigeon
Hawk.

More plentiful than the preceding species. Frequents sim-
ilar situations and preys largely on Black-birds.

4. Falco (Tinnunculus) sparveriiis LINN. Sparrow
Hawk.

Common summer resident. Frequents dry sandy districts.
Breeds in holes vacated by Woodpeckers.

5. Astur atricapttliis BONAP. Gos Hawk.
Rather rare ; those procured being mostly in immature

plumage.

6. Accipiter Cooperii BONAP. Cooper's Hawk.
Not very plentiful. Varies much in size and plumage,

with sex and age.

7. Accipiter fuscus BONAP. Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Seen in Spring and Fall. Not observed to breed.

BIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W. 81

8. Buteo Bairdii HOY. Baird's Buzzard.

A specimen of this fine bird was shot, in 1860, while in
the act of pouncing on a tame pigeon in the streets of
Oshawa. This is the only instance I have heard of its oc-
currence in Canada.

9. Buteo borealis VIEILL. Red-tailed Hawk.
Breeds here, but is not plentiful.

10. Buteo lineatus JARDINE. Red-shouldered Hawk.
Numerous in the fall. A few pairs breed in this vicinity.

11. Buteo elegans CASSIN?

If Mr. Cassin is warranted in separating the present
from the preceding species, I may notice its occurrence in
Canada, as I have a fine specimen, in adult plumage, which
was shot at Baptiste Creek a few years since. It differs
from B. lineatus in being much darker in colour ; this,
however, in a class of birds greatly given to variation in
plumage, does not appear to me to be sufficient to warrant
specific distinction.

12. Buteo pennsylvanicus BOXAP. Broad-winged
Hawk.

I have noted extensive migrations of this Hawk in
March of different years, as many as twenty or thirty being
in view at one time ; they passed along at a considerable
height, moving in circles toward the North West. Those
met with in the woods appeared to be stragglers from the
main body.

13. Archibuieo lac/opus GRAY. Rough-legged Hawk.
Quite common in autumn, when it is observed sailing

over the marshes.

14. Archibuteo Sancti-Johannis Q\IA.\ . Black Hawk.
Rare ; similar in habits to the preceding.

15. Circus hudsonius VIEILL. Marsh Harrier.
Very rare in adult plumage ; immature specimens abun-
dant.

16. Aquila canadensis CASSIN. Golden Eagle.

A few specimens of this fine bird have been obtained by
Mr. •Passmore in the neighborhood of Toronto. Its home,
however, is in the mountainous regions of Canada East,
and its visits here are few and uncertain.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTJTUTE, VOL. V. 12. NOV. 18, 1SGG.

82 MC ILWRAITHr

17. Halimtus leucocephalus SAVIGNY. Bald Eagle,
Not very rare, a few immature specimens being procured

every fall ; the adult more rarely,*

18. Pandion carolinensis BONAP. Fish Hawk.
Seen in spring and fall ; not observed to breed here.

19. Bubo virginianus BONAP. Great-horned Owl.
Resident ; not very common.

20. Scops asio BONAP. Mottled Owl.
Not common.

21. Otus Wilsonianus LESSON. Long-eared Owl.
Not common.

22. Brachyotus Cassinii BREWER. Short-eared Owl.
More common than either of the three preceding Owls.

23. Syrnium cinereum AUD. Great Gray Owl.
Rather rare. Found only in winter.

24. Syrnium nebulosum GRAY. Barred Owl.
Rather common. Resident.

25. Nyctale Richardsoni BONAP. Sparrow Owl.
Rare winter visitant.

26. Nyctale albifrons CASSIN. Kirtland's Owl.
Several specimens of this rare little Owl have been

found in Canada within the past few years, one of which
is now in my possession. They were obtained in the fall.
It may be a rare resident species.

27. Nyctale acadica BONAP. Saw- whet Owl.
Not common.

28. Nyctea nivea GRAY. Snowy Owl.

Winter visitant. Abundant in some seasons, rare in
others.

29. Surnia ulula BONAP. Hawk Owl.

Rare winter visitant. [Cuckoo.

30. Coccygus . americanus BONAP. ' Yellow-billed
Have only seen one specimen of this bird in Canada.

*A few years since, a youth who was concealed among the rushes
ofone of the inlets of the bay, watching for ducks, shot a specimen of
the Bald Eagle as it sailed over him ; on taking it up he found an unusual
appendage dangling from the neck, which, on examination, proved to be
the bleached skull of a weasel; the teeth had a firm hold of the skin of
the Eagle's neck, about four inches below the bill, and had evidently
hung there for some time, as the skin about the wound was discol-
oured, and the feathers much confused and broken.

BIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W, 83

31. Coccygus erythrcphthatpW8~BQHAP. Black-billed
Common summer resident. [Cuckoo.

32. Picus vittosus LINN. Hairy Wpodpecker.
Not uncommon. Resident.

33. Picus pubescens LINN. Downy Woodpecker.
Not uncommon. Resident.

34. Picoides arcticus GRAY. Black-backed Three-
toed Woodpecker.

Rare winter visitant; appears with the first snow.

35. Sphyropicus varius BAIRD. Yellow-bellied
Rather common. A few breed. [Woodpecker.

36. Hylotomus pileatus BAIRD. Log Cock.
Rare resident. Found only among heavy timber".

37. Centurus carolinus BONAP. Red-bellied Wood-
pecker.

On the 3d of May last I shot three specimens of this
bird near Chatham ; farther east it is quite rare.

38. Melanerpes eryihrocephalus Sw. Red-headed
Woodpecker.

Summer resident. Quite common. Arrives May 1st- 7th.

39. Colaptes auratus Sw. High Holder. [April.
Summer resident. Quite common. Arrives middle of

40. Trochilus colubrisljiNN. Ruby-throated Hum-
ming Bird.

Summer resident. Plentiful. Arrives first week in May.

41. Chcetura pelasgia STEPH. Chimney Swallow.
Abundant summer resident. Arrives first week in May.

42. Antrostomus vociferus BONAP. Whip-poor-Will.
Common summer resident. Arrives first week in May.

43. Chordeiles popetue BAIRD. Night Hawk.
Abundant summer resident. Arrives first week in May.

Departs 10th September.

44. Oeryle alcyon BOIE. King Fisher.
Common summer resident. Arrives April loth.

45. Tyrannus carolinensis BAIRD. King Bird.
• Common summer resident. Arrives May 10th.

46. Myiarchus crinitus CAB. Great-crested Fly-
catcher.

Common summer resident, arriving about the 10th of

84 MC ILWRAITH,

May, after which time its harsh cry is heard in all parts of
the woods.

47. Sayornisfuscus BAIRD. Pewee.
Common summer resident. Arrives 15th of April.

48. • Contopus borealis BAIRD. Olive-sided Fly-
catcher.

I have sought in vain for this bird in such places as it
might be expected. Two specimens procured near Toronto
are all I know of occurring in Canada West.

49. Contopus virens CAB. Wood Pewee.
Common summer resident. Arrives 15th of May.

50. Einpido n ,ax Traillii BAIRD. TrailFs Flycatcher.
Rare summer visitant.

51. Empidonax minimus BAIRD. Least Flycatcher.
Abundant summer resident. Arrives lirst week in May.

52. Empidonax acadicus BAIRD. Sniall Green-
crested Flycatcher.

Rare summer resident.

53. Empidonax flaviventrisl&AUU). Yellow-bellied
Flycatcher.

Rare ; probably summer resident. Found May 15th.

54. Turdus mustelinus GM. Wood Thrush.
Common summer resident. Arrives May 10th.

55. Turdus Pallasii CAB. Hermit Thrush.
\risits us in spring and fall ; arriving in spring about the

middle of April "and disappearing about May 7th.

56. Turdus fuscescens STEPHENS. Wilson's Thrush.
Common. Arrives as the preceding species leaves,

and remains during summer.

57. Turdus Swainsonii CAB. Olive-backed Tliriish.
Rather rare in spring and fall ; not seen in summer.

58. Turdus migratorius LINN. Robin.
Common summer resident. A few stragglers in March.

59. Sialia sialis BAIRD. Blue Bird.

Common summer resident. Arrives in March, late or
early according to weather.

60 . Regulus calendulus LIGHT . Ruby-crowned Wren .
Common in spring and fall. Not observed either in

summer or winter. Arrives about April 15th.

BIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W. 85

61. Regulus satrapus LIGHT. Golden-crested Wren.
Common in spring and fall. I once saw a pair early in

March while deep snow covered the ground ; they may
have spent the winter near where they then were, but
such cases are not common. Arrives about April 15th.

62. Anthus ludovicianus LIGHT. Tit Lark.
Common in spring and fall. [Creeper.

63. MniotiUa varia VIEILL. Black and White
Common in spring and fall. Arrives May 1st.

64. Parula americana BONAP. Blue Yellow-backed
Warbler.

Common in spring and fall. Arrives first week in May.

65. Geothlypis trichas CAB. Maryland Yellow-
throat.

Abundant in cranberry swamps, not in marshes or woods.
Summer resident. Arrives May 10th. [Warbler.

66. Geothlypis Philadelphia BAIRD. Mourning
Very rare. Only one specimen procured, May 20th.

67. Helminthophaga chrysoptera BAIRD. Golden-
winged Warbler.

Very rare. Two specimens procured May 19th.

68. Helminthophaga rujicapilla BAIRD. Nashville
Warbler.

Common summer resident. Arrives first week in May.

69. Seiurus aurocapillus Sw. Golden-crowned
Thrush.

Common summer resident. Arrives 2d week in May.

70. Seiurus novceboracensis NUTT. Water Thrush.
Common summer resident. Arrives 2d week in May .

71. Dendroeca virens BAIRD. Black-throated Green
Warbler.

Common in spring and fall. Arrives 2d week in May.

72. Dendroeca canadensis BAIRD. Black-throated
Blue Warbler.

Common in spring and fall. Arrives May 15th.

73. Dendroeca coronata GRAY. Yellow Rump.
Abundant in spring and fall. Arrives April 20th.

74. Dendroeca Blackburnim BAIRD. Blackburnian
Warbler.

Common in spring ancLfall. Arrives May 10th.

86

75. Dendroeca castanea BAIRD. Bay-breasted
Warbler.

Rather rare; observed in spring only. May 20th. [bier.

76. Dendroeca pinus BAIRD. Pine-creeping War-
Common in spring and fall. Arrives April 15th.

77. Dendroeca pennsylvanica BAIRD. Chestnut-
sided Warbler.

Common summer resident. Arrives 2d week in May.

78. Dendroeca coerulea BAIRD. Blue Warbler.
Common every spring. A few may breed. Have ob-
served it in June. Arrives second week in May.

79. Dendroeca striata BAIRD. Black-poll Warbler.
Not very common. Observed May 20th.

80. Dendroeca cestiva BAIRD. Yellow Warbler.
Abundant summer resident. Arrives first week in May.

81. Dendroeca maculosa BAIRD. Black and Yellow
Rather common. Arrives May 15th. [Warbler.

82. Dendroeca tigrina BAIRD Cape May Warbler.
Rare. Two specimens procured May 10th and 20th.

83. Dendroeca palmarum BAIRD. Yellow Red-poll.
Rather rare in spring and fall. Observed May 10th.

84. Myiodioctes pusillus BONAP. Green Black-
capped Flycatcher.

Very rare. Two specimens procured May 28th.

85. Myiodioctes canadensis ATJD. Canada Fly-
catcher.

Summer resident. Not very common. Arrives sec-
ond week in May.

86. Setophaga ruticilla Sw. Redstart.
Summer resident. Common. Arrives 2d week in May.

87. Pyranga rubra VIEILL. Scarlet Tanager.
Summer resident. Common. Arrives 2d week in May.

88. Hirundo horreorum BARTON. Barn Swallow.
Abundant summer resident. Arrives early in May.

89. Hirundo lunifrons SAY. Cliff Swallow.
About as common as No. 88. Arrives 1st week in May.

90. Hirundo bicolor VIEILL. Window Swallow.
Not so numerous as either of the preceding Swallows.

91. Cotyle riparia BOIE. Bank Swallow.
Very abundant.

BIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W. 87

92. Progne purpurea BOIE. Purple Martin.
Common summer resident. Arrives May 10th.

93. Ampelis garrulus LINN. Wax Wing.
Winter visitant ; sometimes appearing in vast flocks

and not seen again for several years.

94. Ampelis cedrorum BAIRD. Cedar Bird.
Common in spring, summer, and, occasionally, in the

depth of winter. [Shrike.

95. Collyrio borealis BAIKD. Great Northern
Regular winter visitant. Not plentiful. [Shrike.

96. Collyrio excubitoroides BAIRD. White-rumped
Summer resident. Not very rare. This species, more

common in the autumn, has not been observed here till
within the last five or six years. It frequents sandy fields,
often taking up its position on a fence post and occasion-
ally dropping down on an unsuspecting cricket. In July
last, I saw a pair leading out their young to a hay field for
what was probably their first hunt. In general appear-
ance it resembles C. borealis but is much smaller, the col-
ours clearer, and is somewhat different in the markings
when compared. Arrives April 10th.

97. Vireo olivaceus VIEILL. Red-eyed Vireo.
Summer resident. Abundant everywhere in the woods.

Arrives first week in May.

98. Vireo gilvus BONAP. Warbling Vireo.

Not found in the woods ; frequents gardens and shade
trees in the city. [catcher.

99. Vireo solitaries VIEILL. Blue-headed Fly-
Rare. Observed only in spring. May 10th.

100. Vireo flavifrons VIEILL. Yellow-throated Vireo.
Common summer resident. Arrives 2d week in May.

101. Mimus carolinensis GRAY. Cat Bird.
Common summer resident. Arrives first week in May.

102. Harporhynchus rufus CAB. Brown Thrush.
Common summer resident. Arrives first week in May.

103. Cistothorus palystris CAB. Marsh Wren.
Abundant in all our marshes during summer. (Short

billed species not observed.)

88 MC ILWRAITH,

104. Troglodytes cedon VIEILL. House Wren.
Common summer resident.

105. Troglodytes hyemalis VIETLL. Winter Wren.
Common in spring and fall.

106. Certhia americanaRcwAP. Brown Tree Creeper.
Common resident.

107. Sitta carolinensis GM. White-bellied Nuthatch .
Common resident.

108. Sitta canadensis LINN. Red-bellied Nuthatch.
Common winter resident.

109. Parus atricapillus LINN. Chickadee.
Common resident.

110. Eremophila cornuta BOIE. Sky Lark.
Frequent in spring and fall. A few pairs breed.

111. Hesperiphona vespertina BONAP. Evening
Grosbeak.

A fewyears ago, T. I. Cottle, Esq., of Woodstock, shot
several specimens of this bird in his orchard, in the month
of May. They were quite numerous and remained about
the place for a day or two. I have heard of their being
observed near Hamilton but have not met with them.

112. Pinicola canadensis CAB. Pine Grosbeak.
An occasional winter resident. Numerous in some years

and none at all in others.

113. Carpodacus purpureus GRAY. Purple Finch.
A few resident, the main body being spring and autumn

visitants.

114. Chrysomitris tristis BONAP. Yellow Bird.
Common resident.

115. Chrysomitris pinus BONAP. Pine Linnet.
Winter visitant. Not very numerous.

116. Curvirostra americana WILSON. Red Crossbill.
Winter visitant in small flocks. [Crossbill.

117. Ourvirosfra leucoptera WILSON. White-winged
Rare winter visitant. Never numerous.

118. ^/Egiothus linaria CAB. Lesser Red-pole Linnet.
Extremely abundant in some winters, rare in others.

119. Plectrophams nivalis MEYER. Snow Bunting.
Regular winter resident.

BIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W. 89

120. Plectrophanes lapponicus SELBY. Lapland
Longspur.

Frequently found in autumn in company with the Shore
Lark ; all those observed at that season are in winter
dress, and in general appearance resemble the common
Grass Finch. In May last, Mr. Passmore, of Toronto,
obtained a tine male specimen in summer plumage.

121. Pawet'culus savanna BONAP. Savannah Spar-
row."

Summer resident. Frequents moist fields. Not very
numerous. Arrives first week in May.

122. Pooecetes aramineas BAIKD. Grass Finch.
Abundant summer resident. Breeds in the fields every-
where. Arrives first week in April. [Sparrow.

123. Uoturniculus passennus BONAP. Yellow-winged
Hare summer visitant. Only one specimen found.

124. Chondettes grammacux BONAP. Lark Finch.
A pair of these birds were observed in May, 1802.

The male was obtained. [Sparrow.

125. Zonotrichia leu-uophrys Sw. White-crowned
Spring and autumn visitant. Not very rare.

l&i. Zonotrichia albicoflix BONAP. White-throated
Sparrow.

Spring and autumn visitant. More plentiful than the
preceding. Arrives April 25th.

127. Junto hyemdlis SCLATEK. Snow Bird.
Resident. Most numerous in spring and fall. A few

pairs breed.

128. Spizella monticola BAIKD. Tree Sparrow.
Common winter resident. Not known to breed.

129. Spizella pusilla BONAP. Field Sparrow.
Summer resident. Not numerous. Arrives April lOlh.

130. Spizella social-is BONAP. Chipping Sparrow.
Summer resident. Abundant in the fields and city.

131. Melospiza melodia BAIKD. Song Sparrow.
Common summer resident. Arrives March 12th.

132. Melonpiza . palustris BAIKD. Swamp Sparrow.
Common summer resident. BiTeds in marshy situa-
tions.

COMMUNICATIONS KS8KX INSTITl'TK, VOL. V. 13. NOV. 18, ISOC.

90 MC ILWKAITH,

133. Passertlla iliaca Sw. Fox-coloured Sparrow,
Rare in spring and fall. [beak.

134. Guiraca ludoviciana Sw. Rose-breasted Gros-
Summer resident. Generally distributed in open

woods. Arrives second week in May.

135. Cyanospiza cyanea BAIRD. Indigo Bird.
Common summer resident.. Arrives 2d week in May.

136. Pipilo erytlirophthalmusNiEiisL. Ground Robin.
Common summer resident. Arrives first week in May.

137. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Sw. Bobolink.
Common summer resident. Arrives 2d week in May.

138. Molothrus pecoris Sw. Cow Bunting.
Abundant resident, a few males frequently remaining

during winter, roosting above the cattle in cow houses.

139. Agelaius pJioeniceus VIEILL. Red-winged
Blackbird.

Abundant summer resident. Arrives April 10th.

140. Sturnella magna Sw. Meadow Lark.
Common ; resident, a few remaining during winter in

sheltered situations.

141. Icterus spurius BON AP. Orchard Oriole.
Although this species is quite common in New York

and Pennsylvania, I am only aware of one specimen being
found in Canada ; the Lakes apparently forming a barrier
to its progress northward.

142. Icterus baltimorus DAUD. Baltimore Oriole.
Common summer resident. Arrives 2d week in May.

143. ScolecopJiay us ferruyineus Sw. Rusty Grakle.
- Spring and autumn visitant.

144. Quiscalus versicolor VIEILL. CrowT Blackbird.
Common summer resident.

145. Corvus carnivorus BAKTKAM. Raven.
Frequents the Chatham flats : saw several there in the

spring of 1865. One shot near Hamilton in the fall of 1863.

146. Corvus americanus AUD. Common Crow.
Abundant resident.

147. Qyanura cristata Sw. Blue Jay.
Common resident.

BIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W. 91

148. Perisoreus canadensis BONAP. Canada Jay.

I have never heard of the Canada Jay being found west
of Lake Simcoe. It has been met with near Oshawa.

149. Ectopistes migratorius Sw. Wild Pigeon.
Has not been numerous for the last five or six years. A

few scattered flocks seen every spring.

150. Zencedura carolinensis BONAP. Wild Dove.
Not very common. A few pairs breed. Has been found

at Salt Springs in winter.

151. Meleagris gallopavo LINN. Wild Turkey.
Common along the western frontier.

152. Tetrao canadensis LINN. Spruce Partridge.
The habitat of this species is the dense spruce forests

to the north and east of us. I have seen it exposed in the
market with the Ruffed Grouse, but its occurrence so far
south is by no means common.

153. Cupidonia cupido BAIRD. Prairie Hen.

'I can mention this species only as an occasional visitor
on the western frontier, a few individuals being occasion-
ally observed along the banks of the St. Clair river but
not farther east that I have heard of.

154. Bonasa umbellus STEPH. Ruffed Grouse.
Common resident.

155. Ortyx virginianus BONAP. Quail.
Common resident.

156. G-rus canadensis TEMM. Sand-hill Crane.
Summer resident along the shores of Lake St. Clair. /

Stragglers occasionally seen further east.

157. Herodias egretta GRAY. White Heron.

Has been taken at Long Point, Sarnia, and seen near
Hamilton. Rare.

158. Ardea herodias LINN. Great Blue Heron.
Common summer visitant. Very seldom found in full

adult plumage.

159. Ardetta exilis GRAY. Least Bittern.
Common summer resident.

160. Botaurus lentiginosus STEPH. Bittern.
Abundant summer resident.

.161. Butorides virescens BONAP. Green Heron.
Very rare. Only one specimen procured.

92 MC ILWKAITH,

162. Nycliardea Gfardeni BAIRI>. Night Heron.
Common in certain localities ; not generally distributed.

163. Ibis Oi-dii BONAI». Glossy Ibis.
A pair shot near Hamilton in May, 1857.

164. Charadrius virginkux BOKCK. Golden Plover.
Spring and autumn visitant, in small flocks.

165. ^Egi-zlitis vociferus CASSIN. Kildeer Plover.
Summsr resident. Not numerous.

166. ^Eyialitis melodus CAB. Piping Plover.
Rather rare. Several specimens procured near Toronto

by Mr Passmore. [Plover.

167. . ^Syialitis semipalmatus CAB. Semipalmated
Spring and autumn visitant. Common.

168. Squatarola helvetica Cuv. Black-bellied Plover.
Spring and autumn visitant. Not numerous.

169. Strepsilas interpret ILLIG. Turnstone.
Common in spring and fall for a short time.

170. JRejurvirostra americanaGrM. American A voset .
Three specimens procured by Mr. Passmore, near To-
ronto, in 1864. It has also been found at Rondeau, on the
shore of Lake Erie. [Phalarope.

171. Phalaropus hyperboreus TEMM. Northern
Rather rare ; occasional in the fall.

172. Philohela minor GRAY. American Woodcock.
Common summer resident.

173. Gallinago Wilsonii TEMM. English Snipe.
Abundant in spring and fall. [Snipe.

174. Macrorhamphus yriseus LEACH. Red-breasted
Rather rare ; occasional in spring.

175. Tringa canutus LINN. Robin Snipe.
Occasional in spring. [piper.

176. Pelidna americana COUES. Red-backed Sand-
This is the Black-heart Plover of sportsmen. It arrives

from the south regularly about the Queeirs birth-day (May
24th), and sometimes in such numbers as to afford good
sport on that holiday. I have known seventy-six knocked
over with two barrels, they were ranged on a partially sub-
merged log near the water edge, and at such an angle with
the position of the gunner that scarcely a bird escaped.

1IIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W. 93

177. Actodromas maculata CASSIN. Jack Snipe.
Common in spring and fall.

178.- Actodromas minutilla COUES. Least Sandpiper.
Abundant in spring and fall.

179. Calidns arenaria ILLIGEK. Sanderling.
Common in spring and fall. [piper.

180. Ereune'es pusillus COUES. Semipalmated Sand-
Abundant in spring and fall.

181. Gambetta melanoleuca BONAP. Tell Tale.
Occasional in spring and fall.

182. Gambetta flavipes BONAP. Yellow Legs.
^Common in spring and fall. [piper.

183. Tringoides macularius GRAY. Spotted Sand-
Summer resident. Abundant.

184. Actiturus Bartramius BONAP. Field Plover.
With us the Field Plover is by no means common ; the

few I have observed, seemed to frequent open downs or
.sheep walks.

185. Limosa fedoa ORD. Marbled Godwit.
Not very rare in spring and fall.

18j5. Limosa hudsonica Sw. Hudsonian Godwit.
More frequent than the preceding. [Curlew.

187. Numenius longirostris WILSON. Long-billed
Rare visitant in spring and fall. [Curlew.

188. Numenius hudsonic/us LATHAM. Hudsonian
More common than the preceding; spring and fall.

189. Rallus crepitans GM. Clapper Rail.
Occasionally found near Hamilton ; more common at

Baptiste Creek, where it breeds.

190. Rallus virginianus LINN. Virginia Rail.
Common summer resident.

191. Porzana Carolina VIEILL. Common Rail.
Abundant summer resident.

192. Fulica americana GMELIN. Coot.

Breeds by thousands along the marshy shores of Lake
St. Clair ; not uncommon in other parts of Canada. Have
killed ten with one barrel in Burlington Bay.

193. Gallinula galeata BONAP. Florida Gallimile.
Common, but not so abundant as the preceding : fre-

uents similar situations.

94 MC ILTVVRAITH,

194. Cygnus americanus SHAKP. American Swan.
Spring and fall visitant.

195. Anser hyperboreus PALLAS. • Snow Goose.

Of frequent occurrence ; mostly in the blue state of
plumage.

196. Anser frontalis KAIRD. Brown-fronted Goose.
I have a specimen of this goose which was killed on the

St. Clair flats during the last week of October, 1866. It
has been observed in former seasons but only in small
numbers.

197. Bernicla canadensis BOIE. Canada Goose. .
Large migratory flocks pass over in spring and fall;

occasionally a few alight on our Bay and frequently pay
the usual penalty for so doing.

198. Bernicla brenta STEPH. Brant.

The Brant Goose is frequently killed in spring and fall
at Baptiste creek at which point the line of their migratory
course seems to be Northeast and Southwest.

199. Anas boschas LINN. Mallard.
Breeds abundantly in our western marshes.

200. Anas obscura GM. Black Duck.
Common at all the shooting stations.

201. Dafila acuta JENYNS. Pin Tail.
Rather common.

202. Nettion carolinensis^AiKD. Green-winged Teal .
Large flocks visit our Bay in spring and fall.

203. Querquedula discors STEPH. Blue-winged Teal.
Breeds in western marshes. Abundant.

204. Spatula clypeata BOIE. Shoveller.
Breeds in western marshes. Common.

205. Ohaulelasmus streperus GRAY. Gadwall.
Rather rare. [geon-

206. Mareca amencana STEPHENS. American Wid-
Common.

207. Aix sponsa BOIE. Summer Duck.
Abundant. Breeds all over the country. Most plenti-
ful in the west.

208. Fulix marila BAIRD. Broad Bill.
Common.

BIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W. 95

209. Fulix affinia BAIRD. Blue Bill.
Extremely abundant in the spring and fall.

210. Fulix collaris BAIRU. Ring-necked Duck.
Rather common.

211. Aythya americana BONAP. Red Head.
Abundant in spring and fall.

212. Aythya vallisneria BONAP. Canvass Back.
Stragglers found in company with preceding species.

213. Bacephala americana BAIHD. Golden Eye.
Common winter resident.

214. Bticephala albeola BAIRD.' Butter Ball.
Common in spring and fall.

215. Harelda glacialis LEACH. Long-tailed Duck.
Common winter resident.

216. Melanetta velvetina BAIRD. Velvet Duck.
Abundant in our bay for a few days during May. •

217. Pelionetta perspicillata KAUP. Surf Duck.
Rather rare. Occasionally found in company with the

preceding.

218. Somateria mollissima LEACH. Eider Duck.
The young are frequently obtained late in the fall. Adult

not observed.

219. Erismatura ' rubida BONAP. Ruddy Duck.
Rather common in spring and fall.

220. Mergus americanus CASSIN. Goosander.
Not very rare.

221. Mergus serrator LINN. Red-breasted Merganser.
Not very rare. [ganser.

222. Lophodytes cucullatus REICH. Hooded Mer-
More plentiful than either of the two preceding species.

223. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus GM. American
Pelican.

Two individuals were shot in our bay in May, 1864.

224. Sula bassana BRISS. Solan Goose.

Has been found in the bay, much exhausted, after strong
easterly winds.

225. Graculus carbo GRAY. Common Cormorant.
Accidental in spring and fall.

226. Graculus floridanus BONAP. Florida Cormorant.
This species was first observed in our bay in the spring

96 MC ILWHAITH, BIRDS OF HAMILTON, C. W.

of 1864, and a second specimen was killed in May of 1865.
The first obtained I imagined to be a small specimen of
G. carbo, the other, however, also agrees with the measure-
ments given of G. floridanus.

227. tftercorarius pomarinus TEMM. PomarineSkua.
Common during winter around the Bay Shore.

228 . Larus marinus LINN. Great black-backed Gull .
Common in winter. Follows the fishing boats but always

at a safe distance.

229. Laras Smithsonianm COUES. Herring Gull.
Common in winter.

230. Ghroecocephidus Franklinii BRUNN. Franklin's
Rosy Gull.

An individual of this species was killed on the Bay in
October 1865. [Gull.

231. Ghroecocephalus Philadelphia LAWK. Bonaparte's
Rather common in spring and fall.

232. Thalasseus caxpius PALLAS. Caspean Tern.
Var. impemtor COUES.

A few seen in spring and fall.

233. Sterna hirundo LINN. Wilson's Tern.
Abundant in spring and fall.

234. Hydrochelidon fissipes GRAY . Short-tailed Tern.
Breeds in western marshes. Abundant.

235. Golymbas torquatuH BRUNN. Loon.
Common. [Diver.

236. Golymbus septentrionalis LINN. Red-throated
Abundant in spring in immature plumage ; the adult

very rare.

237. Podiceps Holbolli REINH. Red-necked Grebe.
Spring and summer visitant.

238. Podiceps cornutus LATHAM. Horned Grebe.
Common. A few breed.

239. Podylimbus podiceps LAWR. Dab Chick.
Rather rare.

240. Uria grylle LATHAM. Guillemot.

Has been taken in our bay after strong easterly storms.

241. Uria lomvia BRUNN. Foolish Guillemot.
Found under circumstances similar to the preceding.

HYATT, OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 97

VI. Observations on Poly zoa. Suborder PhylactolcKmata.

BY ALPHEUS HYATT.
[Continued from Vol. IV, page 228.]

MUSCULAR SYSTEM.

The specialized muscles are arranged in two ways, as
circular bands, or longitudinal bundles. The Sphincter,
and a new set which I have called the Brachial Contractors,
are in the first series.

The sphincter is very broad in Fredericella and in some
species of Plumatella, forming a cup shaped cavity by its
contraction when the orifice is closed over the retracted
polypide (PI. 7, fig. 6, L, PI. 8, figs. 2, 4, L) . In Pectin-
atella and Cristatella the breadth of this muscle is much
reduced, and the aperture is closed by the contraction of the
edge of the orifice, no cup shaped cavity being formed (PL
9, tigs. 12, 13, PI. 13, figs. 5, 6, A"").

The brachial contractors are a set of small muscles,
ranged on both sides of the interior of the lophophore im-
mediately below the junction of the bases of the tentacles
(PI. 12, fig. 2, L'), and thence they descend on the
sides, like the supporting knees of a snip's deck, passing
between the bases of the outer and inner tentacular bands.
They act directly upon the floors of the arms, which arc
more or less drawn up into folds by them, and, when the
ends of the arms are depressed, these folds become well
marked, dividing the cavities by series of ridges rising
nearly up to the lophophore.

The second series comprises all the larger muscles of
the body.

The three sets of retractors, previously described,* are
theinstruments by which the principal movements of the
polypide are accomplished. These are distinguishable at an
early age in the young, and have at all times the local dis-
tribution of the posterior attachments which led me to
divide them into three sets. Three anterior attachments
on either side are sometimes visible when the polypide is

*In general terms on p. 206.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 14. NOV. 20, 1866. *

98 HYATT,

entirely retracted, but their distinctness is produced wholly
by the extreme tension of the fibres. Under ordinary cir-
cumstances, the anterior attachments are not separable
from each other and often single bundles seem to have dis-
tinct anterior bases. This is especially the case with the
anterior branch of the gastric retractors in Pectinatella
(PL 9, tig. 13, PL 10, fig. 1, M.) because of the great size
and peculiar deflection of the alimentary canal from the di-
rect line of action of the retractors.

Although this differentiation of the anterior branch of
the gastric retractors may be occasionally seen in Fred-
ericella, Plumatella and Cristatella it is not habitual, since
the stomachs of the polypides in these genera, usually lie
in the same, or nearly in the same plane with the retrac-
tors. When, however, complete iuvagination takes place
and the stomach of the polypide shoots past the bases of
the retractors, the anterior branch separates from the
other retractors and assumes precisely the same aspect in
these genera that it habitually has in Pectinatella.

The freedom of motion manifested by every minute
bundle of fibres is the one great peculiarity of the larger
bands. Each bundle has the faculty of acting separately
in the gastric retractors, and though this independence is
less noticeable in the other retractors, because of the clos-
er association of the bundles, it is still appreciable.

In Plumatella diffusa a very singular conjunction of
the retractors sometimes takes place. They are brought
together on the abdominal side of the stomach, and held
there as if bound by a narrow muscular band. The poly-
pide when this conjunction occurs, is bent over towards the
abdominal side, and the stomach displaced by the com-
bined muscles.

Dumortier and Van Beneden* recognized the existence
of isolated fibres attached to the endocyst at the base of
the arms, and Prof. Allmanf showed them to be of equal
size and value with the internal branches (cesophagal re-

* DUMORTIER and VAN BENEDKN. Op. cit. t. 16, p. 86.
f ALLMAN. Op. cit.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA, 99

tractors) of the great retractors, although neither saw fit-
to give them different names.

The gastric retractors keep the stomach in its proper
position in the axis of the tube (PL 7, fig. 4, PL 8. fig. 2,
PL 9, figs. 12, 13, PL 14, tig. 1, M). While the polypido
is evaginated these muscles move the digestive organs to
correspond with the different positions of the lophophore,
always maintaining them in the most favorable posture
for the performance of their functions, and guarding against
any abrupt curvatures that might otherwise occur during
the movements of the polypide. It must be held in mind,
also, that they are absolutely necessary in the majority of
the Phylactoltemata which grow inverted upon the lower
surfaces of logs, or other submerged objects. There is
no provision whatever in the muscular organization of the
alimentary canal enabling it to hold an upright position fa-
vorable for the performance of the peristaltic functions.
The gastric retractors supply this deficiency, and, also,
prevent the stomach when loaded with food, from bearing
its whole weight upon the oesophagus and intestine.
They, also, send off a few branches to the intestine,
but these are rarely seen ; and, although probably pres-
ent in all the genera, I have observed them only in Fred-
ericella and Cristatella (PL 7, fig. 4, PL 14, fig. 1).

The part played by the gastric retractors in disposing
of the alimentary canal, varies in the different genera.
In Fredericella, where the end of the stomach seldom
passes the anterior terminations of these muscles, they
continue the act of retraction ; but, in Plumatella, they
frequently relax again after the stomach reaches their bases,
in order that it may pass still further into the ccenoeciurn.
In Pectinatella, on the contrary, they do not relax when the
invagination becomes more complete, but bind the end of
the stomach down between the bases of the retractors. In
Cristatella they relax again, as in Fredericella and Plu-
matella, permitting the stomach to pass in a dorsal direc-
tion some distance beyond their bases.

The lowest bundles, attached near the origin of the
funiculus, were mistaken by Hancock, for reproductive or-

100 HYATT,

gans ; but they are undoubtedly muscular, as is shown in
the figures referred to above. I found them, in all species
attached to the stomach above the origin of the fuuiculus,
and in every respect comparable with the other branches
of the gastric retractors.

The oesophagal retractors, as regards their posterior
fibres, can hardly be separated from the gastric retractors
(PL 7, fig. 4, PL 8, fig. 2, PL 9, fig. 12, PL 10, fig. 1,
PL 12, fig, 1, PL 14, fig. 1, M') . These filaments attached
to the oesophagus, are, however, densely arranged-, and
whenever the three large muscles can be distinctly seen,
as in the younger stages of growth, or in a retracted adult
polypide, they invariably form part of the oasophagal
retractors. They perform for the cesophagal canal the
same office that the gastric retractors effect for the stomach ;
they hold that organ upright and unbent in its proper
place. The mode in which they act is especially remark-
able in Pectinatella, where they keep the posterior portion
of the oesophagus from being suddenly deflected during
the process of invagination, and thus protect the delicate
membranes immediately around the mouth and nerve-
mass from tbe strain to which they would otherwise be
subjected (PL 9, fig. 13).

The filaments going to the lophophore diverge in fan-
shaped attachments, reaching abdominally more than half
way round the oesophagus, and extending more or less
dorsally according- to the generic rank of the individual,
and the greater or less degree of evagination displayed by
the evaginable tube.

The brachial retractors do not distribute any filaments
to the alimentary canal in their passage from the ccenoeci-
um to the brachial collar of the polypide (PL 7, fig. 4, PL
8, fig. 2, PL 9, figs. 12, 13, PL 10, fig. 1, PL 12, fig. 1,
PL 14, fig. 1, M") differing from both of the other pairs
by having all the fibres attached to the endocyst in a uni-
form manner.

Besides being more especially concerned in producing
the invagination of the polypide than any other muscles,
these retractors determine the motions of the crest. They

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 101

may incline the polypide to the right or left, by reciprocal
contraction and expansion on the opposite sides of the
body, or sway it towards the abdominal or dorsal sides.

In Fredericella, and the Plumatellidse it is necessary
for both the cesophagal and brachial retractors to act recip-
rocally in order to bring about the dorsal or abdominal flex-
ures of the polypide ; but in Pectinatella and Cristatella
the brachial retractors are probably sufficient by themselves.
The diifusion of the filaments of the brachial retractors is
so great in these genera, that those on the abdominal or
dorsal sides would have sufficient leverage and be fully
competent to bend the polypide either forwards or back-
wards.

The muscles of the invagiuated fold are in two sets.
These have been previously described by Prof. Allman
under the names of Posterior and Anterior Parieto-vaginal
muscles ; but, since I differ from him in the location of the
poles of the body, I have thought it advisable to alter these
names in order to avoid confusion. The first set or Ante-
rior Retentors, equivalent to the posterior parieto-vaginals
of Allman, consists of a single annular row attached to the
lower edo;e of the invaginated fold (PI. 7, figs. 4, 5, PL
8, figs. 2, 5, PL 9, fig. 12, PL 10, fig. 1, PL 13, fig. 5,
PL 14, fig. 1, N).

The second set, or Posterior Retentors, equivalent to
the anterior parieto-vaginal muscles of Allman, consists of
smaller muscles attached to the side of the invaginated fold
(PL 7, fig. 4, PL 8, figs. 2, 5, Ph. 10, 12, fig. 1, N').

The latter are not, as has been hitherto supposed, irreg-
ularly disposed, but are arranged in rows, the bundles being
placed alternately in each row. They assist the anterior
retentors to retain the invaginated fold, and sustain the
tentacular sheath in the centre of the ccenoecium, when the
polypide is retracted. Deep external furrows are often
caused in the coeno3cium by these posterior retractors,
while the polypide is fully expanded (PL 8, fig. 5, N').
Similar folds were, also, noticed in the polypidal en-
docyst of Pectinatella occasioned by a few fibres, prob-
ably abnormal, which connected the oesophagus and oppo-

102 HYATT,

site wall (PI. 11, fig. 1, R). These were few in number,
and were seen only in one specimen on the abdominal side.

There is a highly interesting series of muscles described
by Dumortier and Van Beneden in the co?noecium of Fred-
ericella, called by them " Short Retractors," which resemble
these. They are attached to the alimentary canal, and
bear about the same relation to the stomach that the abnor-
mal fibres of Pectinatella do to the resophagus (PI. 11,
fig. 1 , R) . These reticulating fibres dispersed throughout
the interior bear a certain likeness to the network of mus-
cles in the coenoecium of Cristatella. They differ materi-
ally, however, in having the posterior extremities attached
to the alimentary canal instead of to the upper walls of the
co3iio?cium.

In the lophophore there is a pair of large muscles,
one in each arm, which jL have called the Lophophoric
Flexors (PL 13, fig. 13, M). They arise from the oral
region, and proceed on either side to the extremities of the
arms, buried in the substance of the lophophore, and bor-
dered on their outer sides by the nerves. They elevate
the tips of the arms, or bend them in an anterior direc-
tion.

The agency of a pair opposing the lophophoric flex-
ors is recognizable every time the tips of the arms are bent
anteriorly, but no bands of fibres were observed in the floor
of the arms, which could have caused these movements.
The lophophoric flexors have been described and figured by
Dumortier and Van Beneden as a fascicle of the retractors. *
This, however, I believe to be erroneous, since, in Pectin-
atella and Cristatella, the oesophagal retractors, although
attached to the inside of the arms for some distance in
advance of the mouth, do not mingle their fibres with, or
approach those of the flexors in the centre of the arms,
but terminate on the sides just below the bases of the
tentacles.

By all other authors, who have seen them, they have
been confounded with the lophophoric nerve-branches.

* Op. cit. p. 86. pi. 4.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 103

The peculiar elevation of the arms, however, indicates the
presence of a muscle which can only be situated in the
plane of the lophophore and attached at its two extremities
respectively near the tips of the arms, and in the vicinity
of the oral aperture. Just before entering the coenoecial
cell they are thrown up posteriorly and after emerging
therefrom frequently sustain this position for a considerable
time, which would not be possible without the aid of
strong muscles situated in the ceilingd of the arms in a
position similar to that ascribed to the lophophoric
flexor. The great expansion of the bases of the flexors
around the mouth and the coarseness of the fibres, also
indicate a muscular rather than a nervous tissue. Finally
I have been able to trace a continuous filament for some
distance in the arms and on the outer borders of these
bands, from which alone arise the nervous filaments,
branching; ofl' to the bases of the tentacles.

O

Thus, although not so fortunate as to detect the inti-
mate structure of their tissues, or to see them in action, I
have but little doubt that the bands inclosed between the
branches of the lophophoric nerve-trunks are muscular
(PL 13, fig. 13, M).

The outer Tentacular Bands line the sides of the ten-
tacles, two bands to every tentacle (PI. 11, fig. 1, PI. 12,
fig. 2, PL 13, fig. 15, PL 14, fig. 1? O) . Starting in pairs
from the sides of the brachial contractors below the bases
of the tentacles, they continue to within a short distance
of their ends, and there spread out in fan shaped attach-
ments. These attachments joining in each tentacle, when
contracted, form an annular constriction, which gives a pe-
culiar swollen, or club like aspect to the sensitive tips (PL
14, fig. 7). The fibres of the opposite bases on the sides
of the brachial contractors also intermingle, and the space*
between, not being obscured by the fibres of these bands
or the thickness of the contractors themselves, are much
thinner and comparatively clear. Besides these there are
inner Tentacular Bands consisting of numerous fibres de-
scending from the inner sides of the tentacles, and running
in parallel lines along the floor of the arms toward the per-

104 HYATT,

igastric cavity (PL 11, fig. 1, PI. 12, fig. 2, PI. 13, fig. 15,
O'). They divide near the bases of the arms into two
broad bands, accompanying the clear tentacular spaces
across the bend of the "horse-shoe" and around the cesoph-
agus. The outer tentacular bands incline the tentacles
outwards, or side wise, the inner tentacular bands bend
them towards the centre of the lophophore.

The epistome is provided with three interior muscles,
a small central muscle on the side next to the mouth, and
two larger ones on the opposite or dorsal side (PI. 11,
fig. 1, PL 13, fig. 14, P, F). The former has its base
close to the oesophagus, and is attached by the posterior
extremity to the inner side of the border of the epistome
on the median line, the base and attachment being quite
broad and of about equal size. The two latter have their
bases fixed to the lophophore close to the roots of the ten-
tacles, thence they spread in fan shaped masses on either
side, sending muscular bundles to nearly the whole of the
inner surface of the border of the epistome. The single
median muscle produces the ordinary jerking action of the
epistome, and the two lateral muscles elevate it, or modify
the outline of the border. These muscles are figured as
one by Prof. Allman, probably owing to his having vie wed
them laterally, mistaking the two lateral bands for a sin-
gle muscle, and overlooking the median band which in
most lights is not visible from the side.

NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Viewed from the dorsal side, the nerve mass of Fred-
ericella is irregularly elliptical, or orbicular, and when ex-
panded, lies flat against the oesophagus (Fig. 9). When
contracted the anterior is drawn up in close proximity to
the posterior end, giving the peculiar heart-shaped or ro-
tund aspect, from the side, which has been previously He-
scribed and figured by Dumortier and VanBeneden, and
Prof. Allman in Fredericella sultana.* Hancock, how-

* DUMORTIER and VAX BENEDEX. Op. cit. Nouv. Mem. Acad. d
Bruxelles, Tom. If?. Complement pi. 3. ALLMAN. Op. cit. pi. 9.

OBSERVATIONS ON FOLYZOA. 105

ever, observed and figured it when expanded and having
the peculiar spindle-shape represented below in Figs. 10
and 11. The contraction of the nerve-mass in Freder-
icella invariably takes place on the ventral side and to-
wards the posterior end, and when in this state it is gen-
erally removed to some distance from the oespphagus.
These movements of contraction and expansion occur very
irregularly, and often when the former happens, the entire
mass is drawn up into the cavity of the epistome. This
generally precedes the invagination of the polypide in Plu-
inutella, and the epistome, in all other genera, doubtless
serves, while within the cceiujecial cell, to protect the ner-
vous centres from compression by the surrounding mem-
branes. During the confinement of the polypide in the
cell, the epistome lies in the hollow formed by the overarch-
ing bases of the tentacles, and is admirably fitted to receive
and guard them from injury. Xo muscles were detected in
connection with the nerve-mass, which could have been
instrumental in occasioning either the contractions or the
subsequent elevation of this part into the cavity of the
epistome.

Notwithstanding its mutability there is every reason
for regarding this body as a true nerve-mass. The nu-
merous branches from the sides, the angular junctions of
these with the main body, and the evident solidity of the
whole, leaves no doubt of its nervous nature. The prin-
cipal nerves spring from the sides (Fig. it), and are divis-
ible into anterior and posterior sets according to their places
of origin. The posterior set comprises the nerves distrib-
uting themselves to the epistome lophophore, tentacles and
evaginable endocyst, and the anterior set those which go to
the various parts ot the alimentary canal. For conven-
ience, sake I have designated the larger branches and their
smaller ramifications, respectively, by the names of nerve-
trunks , and nerve-branches . The anterior set all arise from
four large nerve-trunks near the posterior end of the nerve-
mass , two on either side ( Figs .10,11). Two of these , the
branches of which are unknown, supply the epistome, and,
perhaps, the oral portion of the oesophagus. They are trace-

OOMMUNICATIONS KSSKX IMSTlTL'TK, VOL. V. 15. NOV. 22, 1866.

10G HYATT,

able to the base of the epistonie, but are then lost to view in
the thickness of the endocyst (Figs 10, 11, T').

The remaining pair, the Lophophoric Nerve-trunks,
are placed somewhat more to the dorsal side, but have con-
fluent bases with the corresponding Epistomic Nerve-
trunks. They divide into four branches, two on each side,
one pair going obliquely and dorsally to the lophophore
and the others in an anterior direction to the evaginable
endocyst on the dorsal side (Figs. 9, 10, 11, T'"). The
lophophoric branches separate squarely when they reach
the lophophore into four smaller branches (Figs. 9, 10, 11,
U). Two of these, the Oral Branches, pass abdominally,
each one halfway round the oral aperture throwing oft' fila-
ments to the bases of the tentacles, and finally terminate
in two tentacular filaments, which are lost at the junctions
of the base of the central tentacle with the adjoining sides
of the approximate tentacles (PI. 15, fig. 1, U').- The re-
maining pair, the Brachial Branches, are much shorter, in
consequence of the round outline of the lophophore. They
traverse the lophophore in a dorsal direction giving off fil-
aments to the few tentacles on that side, and terminate,
also, in two tentacular filaments, at the junction of the
median pair of tentacles behind the epistome.

The nervous filaments disappear at the junction of the
bases of the tentacles, and cannot be traced into them, but
each one probably splits into two branches which climb
the approximate sides of every pair of tentacles, one branch
on either side. On the dorsal side, however, where the
basal junction of the central pair of tentacles comes direct-
ly upon the median line, this mode of distribution is viola-
ted. There are two filaments, respectively the ultimate
nervules of the right and left brachial branches, which
come together, and must be distributed at this single, me-
dian junction. They, however, do not appear to enter
the cavity of the tentacles, but cross them to the opposite
sides from which they came and distribute themselves to
the approximate sides of the pair.

The anterior branch, or Polypidal Nerve-branch, strikes
off abruptly from the main trunk (Figs. 9, 10, 11, T'"),

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA.

107

and goes to the evaginable endocyst on the dorsal side.
The range of individual variations in the principal branch-
es may be estimated from figures 9, 10 and 11. They
were taken from different zooids on one colony of Fred-
ericella regina collected at Gorham, Maine, figs. 9 and
10 being from the same zooid. In fig. 11, the main loph-
ophoric trunk divides close to its base, in figs. 9 and 10
the division is somewhat higher, in fig. 11, also, the lower
part of the trunk is much more distinct from the epistomic
nerve than in fig. 10, where they run together in one com-
mon base. The polypidal branch of fig. 9 entered the
evaginable endocyst a very little above and to the left of the
anal orifice, while that of fig. 10 entered the same part but
a short distance from the lophophore.

The anterior set of
nerve-branches are
six in number, three
on either side of the
nerve-mass. Their
bases sometimes coa-
FIGS. 9 and 10, nerve-mass of FRKDERI- lesce ill one main
CELLA KEGTNA from the same zooid, viewed trunk on either side
dorsally and laterally. FIG. 11, lateral
view of nerve-mass from another zooid of
the same colony. FIG. 12, dorsal view of
nerve-mass of PLUMATELL.Y DIFFUSA. T',
Epistomic nerve-trunk. T", Brachial
nerve-branch. T'", Polypidal nerve-
branch. T"", CEsophagal nerve-branch.
T, Gastric nerve-branch. T, Intestinal
nerve-branch. U, The Brachial and Oral
branches of the Lophophoric nerve-

FIG. 9.

FIG. 10. FIG. 11. FIG. 12.

as in fig. 11, and they
may then be very
readily distinguished
but frequently it is a
matter of great diffi-
culty to define even
the cesophagal, which

branch, is the one most gen-

erally visible (figs. 9, 10, T""). I was unable to follow
these branches further than to their points of contact with
the alimentary canal, the oesophagal branch to the oesopha-
gus, which it probably encompasses forming a true cesoph-
agal collar, the central, or Gastric branch, to the upper
part of the stomach, and the dorsal, or Intestinal-branch,
to the intestine. They undoubtedly supply the walls of
these organs with nervous filaments, but these were too
minute to be definable among the more highly colored cells
of the alimentary canal.

108 HYATT,

The form of the nerve-mass of any of the remaining
genera, in a direct view, differs greatly from that of Fred-
ericella (Figs. 9, 12), instead of being elliptical it is elon-
gated, and has a depression on the posterior side dividing
the lateral or ganglionic centres of distribution from each
other. This change is in great measure due to the differ-
ent position of the mass. For instead of being upright
and parallel to the oesophagus as in Fredericella the pos-
terior end is rotated outwards until the whole becomes hor-
izontal as in Pectinatella (PI. 11, fig. 1, 8'). During this
rotation the epistomic nerve-trunk passes from the anterior
to the posterior end along the side corresponding to the
ventral side of the nerve-mass in Fredericella (PL 11,
fig. 1, and figs. 10, 11, T'). The lophoric and the polypi-
dal nerve-branches separate from each other forming four
distinct, independent nerve-trunks, two from each lateral
ganglion. The former may occupy any position upon the
posterior sides of the ganglions from the dorsal end, which
correspond to their position in Fredericella, to the neigh-
borhood of the epistomic trunk, while the latter have an
equal range on the anterior side. With the exception of
the epistomic nerve-trunk there is, at least in the zooids
of Pectinatella magnitica, no regularity in the origin of the
nerve-trunks within the limits above described, and, besides
this, the character of the nerves themselves and the form
of the nerve-mass may be greatly altered in different
zooids of the same stock. Thus in PL 11, figs. 1, 2, 8',
the two dextral ganglions are given from two different
zooids of the same colony which reverse each others out-
lines, the small ventral end of fig. 2, corresponding to the
large ventral end of the ganglion in fig. 1, and the large
dorsal end of the former to the small dorsal end of the
latter.

The same figures also show the variability of the
nerve-truuks. The epistomic nerve in one springs directly
from the end of the ganglion, while in the other it rests on a
raised pediment on the posterior side, and the lophophoric
nerve-trunk in one comes from the posterior side of the
ganglion and is made up of confluent nerves ; in the oth-

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 109

er it is one single trunk on the dorsal end. There is, in
fact hardly any difference between the nerve masses of Plu-
matella and Pectinatella, taking any two individuals at
random, one from each genus, which may not be equaled
by selecting two zooids from a single colony in any species.
Although there are sometimes considerable differences be-
tween individuals of Pectiuatella magnifica and those of
Pluinatella, I have yet to see a greater difference than
may be found between difierent zooids of the same species.

The same contractions and hoistings of the mass are
as frequent in all the remaining genera of the suborder
as in Fredericlla, the contraction invariably happening in
the same manner and towards the posterior side, or side
corresponding to the ventral side of the mass in Frederi-
cella (PI. 11, fig. 3). The nerves of the alimentary canal
were not observed in any other genus than the last named,
but it is probable, that in propitious lights they may be
found somewhere on the anterior side between the lopho-
phoric and epistomic nerve-trunks. The polypidal nerve-
trunks of all the Hypocrepiaiv genera are marked by the
presence of one additional pair of nerve-branches, the
Brachialr-banches. These part from the polypidal nerves
and striking out laterally enter the endocyst either on the
side, or close to the bases of the arms and undoubtedly
supply them with nervous filaments (PI. 11, fig. 1, T").

The conditions of the brachial branches of the lopho-
phoric nerve, are considerably altered in Plumatella, and
its allies, to correspond with the extension of the arms
and the larger number of tentacles to which they distribute
filaments. Their length therefore is much greater, but
otherwise they do not appear to have changed (Pi. 13, fig.
13, U). Prof. Allman supposes that the oral and bra-
chial branches from the opposite sides of the lophophore
join each other on the median line, thus forming a nervous
collar about the mouth. I have, however, entirely failed
both in Fredericella (PI. 9, fig. 1), and in Cristatella
.(PI. 13, fig. 13), to substantiate this opinion, Dumor-
tier and Van Beneden figure nerves in the so called Alcy-

110 HYATT,

onella fungosa,* which encircle the oesophagus, and seem
to correspond in respect to location with the oesophagal
nerve-branches of Fredericella.

Dumortier was the first to discover the nervous system
arid did his work more thoroughly than any succeeding
investigator. He demonstrated the existence of two lat-
eral ganglia in the nerve-mass of Lophopus crystallinus,
and, although I have been unable to see these ganglia with
the same distinctness with which they are represented in
Dumortier's figures, I have been able to verify his obser-
vations in great measure by collateral evidence.

That there are two ganglia united by a commissure in
all the Hypocrepia can hardly be doubtful . The equality
in the number of the nerves on each side and their distri-
bution, not irregularly from any portion of the mass, but
from the two swollen lateral ends, show that these are two
ganglionic centres. In Fredericella, however, the com-
missure appears to be wanting and further observations are
necessary in order to prove that the nerve trunks are inva-
riably derived from the sides of the mass. If this is the
case, as it appears to be in Fredericella regina, we shall
be obliged to regard the nerve-mass of this genus as com-
posed of two large ganglia, united by a branchless commis-
sure as large, if not larger, than the ganglia themselves.
The size of the commissure, however, seems to be imma-
terial since I have frequently seen it in Plumatella, Pecti-
natella and Cristatella of the same thickness as the ganglia
themselves (PL 12, fig. 1, S). It must also be remembered,
in comparing the nerve-mass of Plumatella and Frederi-
cella, that the depression shown in fig. 12, page 107, is on
the side which corresponds to the ventral side of the mass
in Fredericella and would be hidden from view in a dorsal
view of the mass in the last named genus, even if it ex-
isted there.

Dumortier mentions a peculiarity of Lophopus, which
indicates the existence of a colonial nervous system, such as

*DUMORTIER and VAN BENEDEN. Op. cit. PL 4, fig. 5.
fDuMORTiER. Recherche sur les Polypes Comp. de 1'eau douce, Bull,
de 1'Acad. Bruxelles, 1835, 2, p. 422.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. HI

lias been discovered by Fritz Miiller in Seriolaria. * He re-
marked in fact the same phenomena in Lophopus crystal-
linns, which led Miiller to begin his investigation ; namely,
that when the coenoecium was touched all the polypides
were alarmed, whereas, when a single • polypide was dis-
turbed it alone retracted .

I have examined with care all parts of the evagiuable
endocyst in other genera in order to find this colonial system,
but without success. The only nerve-branch which might
connect the nerve-mass with a general stalk would be the
polypidal nerve-branch. This, however, appears to spread
itself out on reaching the evagiiiable endocyst into a multi-
tude of filaments too minute to be successfully followed.

The tentacles are the only tactile organs, and, as previ-
ously described, are the only means possessed by the poly-
pides of receiving impressions from without.

The polypides are not sensitive to light. At ordinary
temperatures even the darkness-loving Fredericella may
be exposed for a time to the direct rays of the sun with-
out any visible result, although but just removed from the
perpetual shade in which it had previously lived. The
loudest noises prove equally ineffectual ; in a word, they
remain fully expanded and confidently at ease until the
water is agitated.

The epistome has been thought to be an organ of taste,
and certainly, besides its position, it has a pliability which
would seem to confirm such an opinion. The border is
capable of a tactile motion similar to that of the human
tongue, and it takes cognizance of what passes into the
mouth by frequent and repeated jerks towards the aperture.
Although used in closing the mouth in order to retain the
food, I have never yet seen it prevent the entrance of any-
thing. This duty, as previously explained, falls to the lot
of the surrounding tentacles.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The layers of the alimentary canal are the same
in number and have very nearly the same character as those

*FRITZ MULLER. Das colonialnerven-system, Archiv fiir. Naturg.
Bd.l,p. 311, 1860.

112 HYATT,

of the endocyst. There is (1) an inner, large celled
membrane (PI. 11, fig. 1, J') ; (2) one of smaller cells
(PL 11, tig. 1, J") ; (3) one of muscular fibre (PL 11,
tig. 1, J'") ; and (4) an epithelial layer lined with mus-
cular fibre (PL 11, fig. 1, J"").

(1) The cells of the first membrane, like those of
the first membrane of the endocyst, are large and resemble
hexagonal prisms with rounded ends. They have not,
however, the power of contracting and expanding individu-
ally, as in the first membrane of the evaginable endocyst,
and the thickness of the membrane is greatly increased
only when the cells are forced out in folds by the contrac-
tion of the walls. In the ossophagus they are of a yellow-
ish color, owing, probably, to the elaboration within them
of buccal secretions. In the stomach, this membrane is
permanently plicated, and the cells upon these plications
probably, in the absence of any specialized hepatic organ,
subserve the functions of a liver. They contain a brown
fluid described by Allmau as an hepatic secretion, which is
liberated when needed by the rupture of the walls of the
cells.

The membrane between these folds being of clear yel-
low color, the stomach appears externally, as if striped
with alternate longitud inal bands , of yellow and brown . It
is of a light brown color in the intestine of all the genera,
with the exception of Cristatella where it has a bluish tint.

(2) The second layer is made up of small cells,
and retains about the same dense character throughout its
whole extent. A definite line of demarcation was found
above the funiculus, and this layer probably, does not en-
ter iu the composition of that organ which appears to be
composed solely of the third and fourth layers.

(3) In the third layer the fibres or muscular
cells are arranged transversely. A lateral view in section
shows them, like flattened cubes, resting upon the second
membrane. These transverse cells or fibres, compress the
walls, producing the peristaltic movements of the oesopha-
gus, stomach and intestine.

[To be continued. The plates referred to were issued in vol. iv.]

MANN, FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 113

VI. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.
BY HORACE MANN.

[Communicated Nov. 5, 1866.]

SERIES I.
PHJENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

Vegetables bearing proper flowers, that is, having stamens and
pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an embryo.

CLASS I.
DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a layer
between the other two, increasing, when the stem continues from year
to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the
bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyle-
dons^ or rarely several in a whorl. Flowers haying their parts usually
in fives or fours.

DIVISION I.

POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Floral envelopes double, that is, consisting of both calyx and
corolla; the petals not united with each other.*

ORDER I. RANUNCULACE.E.

Herbs with a colorless acrid juice ; the sepals, petals, stamens and
pistils all free (hypogynous) and separate, the two latter usually indefi-
nitely numerous ; the seeds with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy
albumen : abounding -only in cool regions ; represented in gardens by
Larkspurs, Aconites, Anemone, &c., but on these islands only by the
genus after which the order is named.

1. RANUNCULUS Linn. [Makou.]

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside.
Achenia numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed erect.

* In many exceptional cases, some species or some genera belonging to polypetalous
orders are destitute of petals.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST. VOL- V. 16 NOV. 30, 1866.

114 MANN,

— Annuals or perennials. Stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or
somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white.

A large genus, mostly from temperate and frigid regions.

1. R. HAWAIKNSIS Gray. (Enum.* No. 1.) Hairy; stem erect, 3°
high,t branched ; leaves biternately compound, their primary divisions
on petioles l'-3' long, the secondary narrowed at the base into
short and usually margined petioles, or nearly sessile, cuneate or ob-
long, 2- 3 -cleft; the lobes oblong or ovate-lanceolate, incised, and
toothed. Main petioles long, dilated and partly sheathing at the base.
Leaves of the upper part of the stem and branches simply ternate or
trisected, with the divisions laciniate-toothed or incised ; the floral undi-
vided and lanceolate. Peduncles 1' - 2' long, somewhat fascicled or co-
rymbed. Petals y long, longer than the hairy calyx, obovate, and with
a conspicuous 2 -cleft appendage on the short claw. Achenia 2" or
more long, including the stout subulate beak, in a head of i' in thick-
ness when fully grown.

Wooded regions of Hawaii.

2. II. MAVIENSIS Gray. (Enum. No. 2.) Nearly glabrous; stem
slender, 3°-4:0 long, much branched, decumbent and spreading, or
not strictly erect. Leaves trisected, membranaceous, minutely hairy,
the lower on long petioles, their divisions ovate, short-petioled, 2'-3'
long, sharply serrate and more or less incised and 2-3-lobed or
trifid. Upper leaves less divided until the uppermost are small, lance-
olate, and nearly entire. Peduncles terminal, dichotomal, hairy, 1'long
or less, one-flowered. Flowers much as in No. 1, but smaller. Achenia
smaller, and more abruptly contracted at the apex, in a head £' in diam-
eter. A Far. has the leaves more divided, and is more hairy.

Mountains of "West Maul and Hawaii. The Var. on the mountains of Kaual.

ORDER II. MENISPERMACE^J.

Woody twiners, with alternate palmately veined leaves and no sti-
pules ; small dioecious flowers, their petals all free and separate, G pe-
tals before as many sepals, and usually the same number of stamens
before these, also as many or half as many pistils. Ovule and seed sol-
itary. Embryo large with little albumen. Bitter tonic plants, or some-
times (as in Cocculus Indicus) narcotic ; chiefly of warm regions ; here
represented by a single genus and species.

•The ".Enum." refers to the authors Enumeration of Hawaiian plants in the Proceed-
ings of the American Academy, Vol. 7, 1866.

fThe degree sign (°) is here used to signify feet; that for minutes ('), inches; that for
seconds ("), lines or twelfths of inches.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 115

1. COCCULUS DC,

Sepals, petals and stamens 6, the latter two short. Anthers terminal,
globular, 4-celled. Pistils 3 -6 in the fertile flowers. Styles cylindrical,
pointed. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the
ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so t^at the
(wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes the form of a
crescent or ring. The slender embryo horse- shoe-shaped. Cotyledons
narrowly linear and flat, — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.
Subgenus, NEPHROICA Miers. Petals bifid, lobes acute,

Genus of several species, chiefly Indian, extending also into Africa and 'Australasia ;
two Horth American species.

1. C. (NEPHROICA) FERRANDIANUS Gaud. (Enum. No. 3.) Stem
herbaceous, slender, twining, hairy, with a reflexed pubescence, at
length nearly glabrous. Leaves rather coriaceous, ovate and subcor-
date, and obtuse or retuse, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and somewhat
narrowed at the base, 3-5 nerved, l'-3' long, entire, strigose pubescent
when young,soon nearly glabrous. Petioles slender, hairy. Peduncles
shorter than the petioles ; the fertile few-flowered, the sterile few-many-
flowered. Flowers greenish, the petals of the sterile ones auricu-
late-inflexed below around the filaments. Fruit blue, about 2' in diam-
eter.

Kaala Mountains, Oahu; mountains behind Honolulu. Puna and Waimea, Hawaii.
Mountains of Kauai.

ORDER III. PAPAVERACE^.

Herbs, with milky or orange juice (narcotic, as that of the Poppy,
and sometimes acrid), with regular flowers, lasting but a day, mostly
2 sepals falling when the corolla (of twice as many petals) expands,
numerous hypogynous stamens, and a compound ovary with two or
more parietal placentae ; in fruit a many-seeded capsule. Embryo mi-
nute, in copious albumen. Represented in gardens by the Poppy (es-
pecially the P. somniferum or Opium Poppy), which has a radiate crown
of many stigmas sessile on the ovary, its placentae projecting to form
imperfect partitions ; and in waste places by the Mexican Poppy : —

1. ARGEMONE Linn. [Puakala.]

Stigmas 4-T, nearly sessile on the top of the ovary. Capsule obo-
vate or oblong, opening at the top in short valves between the parie-
tal placentae. Leaves usually prickly.

A small American genus.

1. A. -MEXICANA Linn. An erect hard glaucous and glabrous

116 WANN,

annual, 2°-3° high, with spreading branches. Leaves alternate, clasp-
ing, sinuately pinnatifld, and bordered with prickly teeth, spotted
with white along the primary veins. Flowers terminal, yellow or whit-
ish, l'-3' in diameter. Capsule about 1' long.

Introduced in the neighborhood of Honolulu rather abundantly, and ID other part*.
Of American origin, but now very abundant in all tropical countries.

ORDER IV.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby plants, with a pungent watery juice,
and regular flowers ; known from all others by the 4 sepals and 4 petals
along with hypogynous tetradynamous stamens (i. e. 6, two of which
are shorter than the other four), the fruit (called a silique, or when
short a silicle) a 2-celled capsule but with 2 parietal placentae. But in
two of the genera the silicle has only a single seed in each cell. Em-
bryo variously folded: no albumen. — A large order in cool regions,
well known by such representative as the Mustard (Sinapis nigra and
S. alba), AVater-Cress (Nasturtium officinale), Eadish (liaphanus sati-
vus) ; Cabbage and Turnip (Brassica oleracea and B. Eapa) &c.

Silique slender, several seeded, 1. CAnDAMlNE,

Silicle only 2 - seeded,

Very flat, opening by 2 valves discharging the seed, . . . ". . . 2. LEPIDIUM.

Two-lobed, splitting into 2-closed pieces, 3. SENEBIEBA.

1. CARDAMIJiTE Linn. [Paihi.]

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ;
the valves nerveless or veinless or nearly so ; seeds in a single row in
each cell, wingless ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons with the radicle
applied to their edges. Flowers white or purple. — Herbs.

A large genus, mostly in .the temperate and colder regions both of the northern an<J
•outhcrn hemispheres.

i. C. IIIKSUTA Linn. (Enum. No. 4.) Mostly smooth, sometimes
hairy ; leaves pinnate with 3-15-leaflets, or lyrate-pinnatifld ; leaflets
of the lower leaves rounded, angled or toothed ; of the upper, oblong
or linear, often entire ; petals twice as long as the calyx (white); the
narrow pods and slender pedicles upright : style shorter than the
width of the pod.

In woods, iii districts of "Waimea and.Kona, Hawaii. (Probably introduced) . An almost
world wide plant.

2. LEPIDITJM Linn.

Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition,
and notched at the apex ; the valves narrow, boat-shaped and keeled.
Seeds one in each cell, pendulous. Seeds usually with the radicle

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 117

applied to the back of one of the cotyledons, but in both the Hawaiian
species, with the radicle applied to their edges ! — Flowers small, white.
Stamens often only two ! — The Hawaiian species are undershrubs but
usually the species are herbs.

A considerable genus, of temperate and tropical regions.

1. L. OWAHIENSE Cham. & Schlecht. (Enum. No. 5.) Pods nearly
orbicular, wingless, notched ; the shallow notch including the short
style. Leaves obovate, tapering at the base into a short margined peti-
ole ; entire in the lower half, the upper half coarsely serrated, or some-
times the leaves are narrower and nearly entire.

Coast of Oahu and Hawaii; also Kaala Mountains, Oaliu. Lanai.

2. L. SKRRA H. Mann. (Enum. No. 6.) Mature pods broadly orbic-
ular, broader than long, scarcely notched, and terminated by the short
and delicate style ; the young pods somewhat ovate-rhomboidal in
outline. Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a point at both ends, some-
what long petioled, their margins incisecl-serrate like a saw. — A strag-
gling, much branched shrub, 2°- 3° high.

In the Hanapepe Valley, Kauai.

3. SENEBIERA Poir.

Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells
indehiscent, but falling away at maturity from the partition as strongly
wrinkled or tuberculate closed nutlets, 1-seeded. Cotyledons long and
narrow, bent transversely below the middle, so that the radicle lies
against the back of one of them. Style very short. Low and diffuse
or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Sta-
mens often only two.

A small genus, of the warmer regions of the globe.

1. S. DIDYMA Pers. (Enum. No. 7.) Leaves 1 - 2-pinnately part-
ed. Pods notched at the apex, rough- wrinkled.

Road-sides, &c., becoming common. (Doubtless introduced). Originally from the
warm parts of America, but now diffused nearly all over the world.

ORDER V. CAPPARIDACE^E.

Herbs of shrubs, with either a pungent juice like that of Cruciferae
(as in Capers), or nauseous ; like the former order in having 4 sepals,
4 petals, &c. ; but the stamens when G not tetradynamous, often very nu-
merous, the ovary 1-celled, commonly raised above the rest of the
flower on a stalk (stipitate), and the seeds kidney-shaped, the embryo
coiled instead of folded. Chiefly in warm climates.
Herbs: stamens 6: capsule with 2 placenta?,

Stamens on the long stalk of the ovary, • • • ....... 1. GYNAtfDKOPSlS-

Stamens- on the receptacle with the petals, 2. CLEOME.

Shrubs : berry with several placentae, 3. CAPPAKIS.

118 MANN,

1. GYNANDROPSIS DC.

Sepals 4. Petals 4, clawed. Torus depressed hemispherical, the
petals inserted around its base, the long gynophore springing from its
centre. Stamens 6; the filaments monadelphous, adnate to the very
long gynophore for half its length or more, then free and distinct, fili-
form, nearly equal : anthers oblong or linear, fixed near the base, in-
trorse, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary stipitate, 1-celled, with
2 parietal placentae : stigma nearly sessile, obtuse. Ovules numerous
and usually in two series on each placenta, horizontal, amphitropous.
Capsule pod-like, long -stalked 1-celled, 2 valved. Seeds many,
round-reniform, exalbuihinous. Embryo conformed to the seed ; coty-
ledons short, incumbently incurved ; radicle superior. — Viscid glandu-
lar herbs, with alternate and palmately 3-7-foliolate leaves, and white
or purplish flowers in a leafy raceme.

A small genus, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. G. PENTAPHYLLA DC. Annual, 1° or more high, covered with
long and short, and mostly clammy hairs ; lower and middle leaves
5-foliolate, petioled, upper 3-foliolate, much smaller, nearly sessile ;
leaflets obovate, nearly entire ; pods linear, often curved, 2' or more
long, glandularly rough, tipped with a short style and broad stigma.
Seeds reniform, rough with little pustules.

Introduced and becoming naturalized around Honolulu. Common in most warm and
tropical countries.

2. C LEO ME Linn.

Sepals 4, persistent or deciduous. Petals 4, sessile or clawed, de-
ciduous. Stamens 6, on a short, subglobose torus, free and distinct;
filaments equal, filiform, longer than the petals ; anthers 2-celled,
opening introrsely and longitudinally. Capsule (often) stipitate, like
that of Gynandropsis, as are the seeds, &c. — Herbs, rarely suffruti-
cose, with alternate palmately 3-7-foliolate, or rarely simple, leaves,
without stipules. The yellow, purple or white flowers in terminal leafy
racemes ; the upper bracts simple.

A considerable genus, in tropical and warm regions, especially in America, Egypt and
Arabia.

1. C. SANDWICENSIS Gray. (Enum. No. 8.) Herbaceous, viscid
pubescent ; stem, petioles and midrib of the leaflets sparsely aculeate
with small and weak prickles : the stipularones stronger. Stem leaves
of 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets, l'-2i|' inches long, and cinereous on both
sides with a short and close viscid pubescence. Floral leaves ovate, slight-
ly cordate, on short petioles, shorter than the very pubescent and some-
what setose hispid viscous pedicels. Calyx hairy and viscous like the
pedicels. Petals white or yellowish, 3" long, oblong-ovate, on short

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 119

claws. Pod li'-2' long, 2" in diameter, smooth and glabrous, terete,
tipped with a thick subsessile stigma, and raised on a filiform glabrous
stipe of nearly its own length.

Coast of Oahu. Niihau.

3. CAPPARIS Linn. [Pilo.]

Sepals 4, imbricate in aestivation. Petals 4, imbricate. Stamens
very numerous (rarely definite or few) on a small hemispherical torus.
Ovary stipitate, 1-celled, with numerous ovules on 2 parietal placentae.
Berry globose or elongated, coriaceous, many-seeded; seeds lying in
pulp. — Trees or shrubs, often climbing, and frequently armed with
spines. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or nearly so, with spiny or
setaceous stipules. Flowers solitary or racemose, paniclcd or corym-
bose, generally white or cream-colored.

A considerable genus, chiefly tropical, but a few species In the warmer temperate
regions of Europe and Asia.

1. C. SANDWICHIANA DC. (Enum. No. 9.) A spreading shrub, 3°-4°
high ; unarmed. Leaves elliptical, entire, somewhat long petioled, with
a very minute hairiness on the under side. Pedicels slightly longer
than the leaves, 1-flowered. One sepal very much larger than the
others and saccate, an inch or more long ; petals unequal ; stamens very
numerous, 2' long, longer than the white petals. Fruit on H much
curved stalk, 2' or 3' long £' or more in diameter, with its numerous
seeds in an orange-colored pulp.

Coasts of the Islands, In barren places, on lava and coral rock. Also on the Society
Islands.

ORDER VI. VIOLACE^E.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves, and more or less
irregular perfect flowers, the sepals, petals and stamens 5 and hypogy-
nous, and a 1 - celled ovary with 3 parietal placentae, surmounted by a
style which is bent to one side at the apex ; the fruit a capsule ; embryo
straight and nearly as long as the fleshy albumen. Represented by the
principal genus, Violet, and by another which is peculiar to these is-
lands.
Flowers Irregular: the lower petal extended at the base Into a spur

or sac: filaments broad and short, 1. VIOLA.

Flowers almost regular, no spur: filaments slender, 2. ISODENDIUON.

1. VIOLA Linn.

Sepals nearly equal, produced beyond their insertion at the base.
Petals spreading, the lower often much the largest and saccate at the
base. Stamens with proper filaments very short or obsolete ; the con-
nective dilated, membranaceous, and produced above th.e anther into

120 MANN,

a wing-like or triangular or ovate apical appendage ; the two anterior
produced from the back into spur-shaped appendages, which are re-
ceived into the spur or sac of the anterior petals. Ovary with two
or more series of ovules on each placenta. Style clavate or subulate;
stigma often one-sided. — Herbs or shrubs Leaves alternate ; stipules
foliaceous, often persistent. Peduncles or scapes axillary, 2-bracteo-
late, 1-4 -flowered. Many produce apetalous or cryptopetalous and
fertile radical flowers during the summer.

A large genus, mostly of temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere, a
few in Africa, Australasia and Polynesia.
Perennial marsh herbs.

Flowers on axlllar one flowered peduncles; stems creeping, . 1. V. Kavaiensis.

Flowers 2-4, umbelled at the summit of the upright terminal

scape ; stems ascending, 1. V. Afatiensis.

Under-shrub, ; 3. V. Chamusoniana.

1. V. KAVAIENSIS Gray. (Enum. No. 10.) Stems or stolons
creeping, flexuose, rather slender, glabrous, with rather large, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, scaly and brownish stipules, the upper ones narrower
and more acuminate ; all with bristle-shaped and glandular tipped teeth.
Leaves mostly crowded at the extremity of the flower bearing stolons,
rounded, slightly cordate, or somewhat reniform ; but with the base
more or less cuneate-decurrent into the slender petiole, coriaceous,
thickly punctate, closely serrate with obtuse and inflexed-appressed
teeth, strongly nervose, usually glabrous. Peduncles about 2' long, 2-
bracted a little below the flower. Sepals oblong lanceolate, glabrous.
Petals pale blue, hardly as long as the calyx, the lower but little the
largest and inconspicuously saccate at the base. Stamens scarcely
shorter than the petals ; filaments slender, connective hardly at all pro-
duced. Style short, thick, uncinate-cucullate. — It is possible that the
only flowers which have ever been observed, of this species, are not the
normal, but cryptopetalous ones. In this case the normal ones are a
desideratum, and the character is to be altered in accordance.

On the leeward part of the mountains of Kauai.

2. V. MAVIESTSIS H. Mann. (Enum. No. 11.) The ascending caudi-
ces a foot long, thickly clothed at the summit with densely imbricated
ovate-lanceolato stipules, which are beset with bristle-shaped teeth.
Leaves rounded and clustered at the apex of the caudex, serrate, taper-
ing at the base into slender petioles. Scape 3' -8' long, 2-bracted
about the middle. Pedicels about 4, umbellate from the bracted sum-
mit of the scape, 2-bracted. Petals dark blue, the lower one very wide-
ly and shortly saccate, all twice as long as the lanceolate sepals. Dif-
fering from No. 1 in its erect growth, and upright scape bearing an
umbel of flowers at its apex !

Summit of mountain of West Maul.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 121

3. V. CHAMISSOXIANA Gingins. (Enum. No. 12.) Upright shrub,
1° - 6° high, stem £' - £' and more thick, branching, glabrous. Leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, and somewhat cordate or
rarely acute at the base, acuminate, serrulate, on petioles i'- 2' long.
Stipules scale-like, brown and small, entire or serrate in the manner of
the foregoing species. Peduncles axillary, i' - 1' long, 1 - 2-bracted
above the middle. Flowers 6" -8" long. Sepals linear-lanceolate,
very little produced at the base. Petals light blue or violet, oblong-
spatulate, beardless, nearly equal, the lower one broadly saccate at
the base. Anthers glabrous^ tipped with a slender subulate appendage,
the lower two bearing a short and thick appendage on the back. Style
curved, thickened and gibbous at the apex. Stigma one-sided, trun-
cate.

On the Kaala Mountains. Oahu, and in the vicinity of Waialua. Mountains above
Waimca, Kauat.

2. ISODENDBION Gray.

Sepals equal. Corolla of 5 equal linear-spatulate petals, which
are connivent in a tube, and with their tips spreading. Stamens with
slender filaments, without appendages, the connective not prolonged ;
anthers affixed by the base. Ovary with two ovules on each placenta.
Style elongated, subclavate, apex incurved, simple; stigma lateral.
Ovules collateral, horizontal. Capsule coriaceous, surrounded by the
persistent sepals and petals, 3-seeded, 3-valved. Seeds obovate. —
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, clustered; stipules triangular subulate,
appressed, persistent. Flowers axillary, short-pedicelled, small.
Genus peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.

1. I. PYRIFOLIUM Gray. {Enum. No. 13.) Shrub about 6° high,
branching ; branches slender, glabrous except the younger which are
a little pubescent, beset with the persistent stipules which remain long
after the leaves have fallen. Leaves clustered, membranaceous, ovate-
elliptical or oval, obtuse at both ends, l|'-2' long, loosely pinnately
veined, crenate or minutely serrate with small glandular-tipped teeth,
glabrous, or minutely pubescent below when young, as arc the petioles
(3"-5" long). Stipules triangular, acute or acuminate, oblique, scari-
ous, keeled with a strong and thick midrib which is minutely silky,
pubescent externally, ciliolate on the margins, Id" long. Flowers
solitary. Pedicels recurved, 2"-3" long, 2-bracted in the middle.
Sepals equal and nearly distinct, ovate and acute, in texture and
form like the stipules. Corolla hypogynous, or obscurely perigynous ;
petals 4" long. Stamens inserted with the petals, and much shorter
and alternate, distinct and glabrous. Anthers oblong.

Wooded parts of Kaala Mountains, Oahu.
COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST. VOI« V. 17 JULY, 1807.

122 MANN,

2. I. LOXGIFOLIUM Gray. (Enum. No. 14.) Shrub 6° high, more
or less, and glabrous throughout, with few stout branches, roughened
With the scars of the fallen leaves, and above with the persistent stip-
ules. Leaves clustered, coriaceous, 6'- 8' long, ]£'-2i' wide, obovate-
lanceolate, acuminate or rarely obtuse, acute at the base, reticulated-
veiny, the midrib prominent beneath ; the margins obscurely reparid-
undulate or serrulate. Petioles £'-!£' long. Stipules, sepals, petals
and stamens much as in No. 1. Filaments subulate-linear, flattened,
about the length of the anthers.

With the preceding species.

3. I. LAURIFOLIUM Gray. {Enum. No. 15.) Branches rather stout,
entirely glabrous, as is the whole plant. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lan-
ceolate, somewhat narrowed at both ends, obtuse at the base, 3' long,
1' wide, sparingly and obscurely repancl-serrulate, or entire, very short
petioled, shining above, pale beneath. Petioles only l"-2" long, sel-
dom longer than the stipules. Pedicels a line long, 2-bracted. Flowers
mostly like those of the preceding species ; except that the sepals are
lanceolate and much narrower.

With the prccading species.

ORDER VII. BIXACE^E.

The type is the Arnotto, Bixa Orellana, a tree cultivated for the red
Coloring matter of the pulp which surrounds the seeds. Our only wild
plant of the order is of a genus which is distinguished from all relat-
ed orders having a one-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentae, —
especially from the last aud the next. — by being dioecious and apetal-
ous.

1. XYLOSMA Porst.

Sepals 4 or 5, scale-like, often ciliate, imbricate. Petals none.
Stamens indefinite ; anthers versatile, short. Ovary raised on an an-
nular disk. Placentae 2, or rarely 3 -G, parietal, 2- few-ovuled. Utyle
entire or more or less divided, crowned by the obtuse stigmas, or some-
times the stigma subsessile, broad and lobed. Berry indehiscent, small,
2-14-seedcd. Seeds obovoid, somewhat angular by mutual pressure,
smooth, crustaceous ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat. — Trees, often
spiny. Leaves toothed or entire. Flowers clustered in the axils, or
rarely shortly racemose.

Genus of several species, scattered through tropical and subtropical regions.

1. X. HAWAIEXSE Seemann. (Enum. No. 16.) Shrub 5°-10° high,
unarmed, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 123

or slightly acuminate, minutely glandulose dentate, 2'- 4' long, petioled.
Racemes axillary, about G-flovvered, bracted, pedicels 6"- 8" long, 2-
bracted below the middle. Sepals 4, rounded or oblong, obtuse or
barely pointed, glabrous, with the margin ciliated. Hypogynous disk
glandular. Stamens many, about 4 times as long as the sepals. Berry
about the size of a pea, glabrous ; stigma nearly sessile and 4-lobed.

Nuuauu Valley, Oahu, and probably In other places.

ORDER VIII. PITTOSPORACE^.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and entire coriaceous leaves, differ-
ing from the shrubby Violacea; in having no stipules, perfectly regular
flowers, and a minute embryo in hard albumen : represented by the
chiefly Polynesian genus.

1. PITTOSPORUM Banks. [Aawa.]

Sepals 5. Petals 5, their claws erect and usually cohering into a
tube. Filaments subulate; anthers erect. Ovary sessile or shortly
stipitate on a more or less developed torus, imperfectly or nearly per-
fectly 2- (rarely 3 -5-) celled. Capsule ovate or obovate, often flat-
tened. Valves coriaceous or woody, bearing the placenta on their
middle. Seeds smooth or reticulated, usually covered with a resin.
— Shrubs or trees, usually evergreen. Leaves in some species much
clustered at the ends of the branches. Flowers in a terminal corymb.,
or few or solitary, or often clustered in the axils.

A considerable genus, chiefly Australian and Polynesian, with a few tropical and sub-
tropical African and Asiatic species.

Flowers in a terminal umbel : calyx large and very woolly, . . . . 1. P. confertiflorum.
Flowers fascicled In the axils, or below the leaves on the naked

branches: peduncles almost none.
Calyx and ovary more or less tomentose or pubescent.

Leaves thick coriaceous: style thrice shorter than the ovary,

with a two-lobed stigma, 2. P. cauliftorum.

Leaves thick-coriaceous: style as long as the ovary, with a

terminal simple stigma, 3. P. terminalioides.

Leaves thin-coriaceous: style as long as the ovary, with a

capitate stigma, • . . . . 4. P. spathulatum.

Calyx and ovary (as is the whole plant) glabrous, . . . . 5. P. glabrum.
Flowers on long peduncles and pedicels, 6. P. acuminatum.

1. P. CONFERTIFLORUM Gray. (Emim. No. 17.) Tree 20° high.
Branches stout, leafy, woolly when young. Leaves coriaceous, crowded
obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse or short acuminate, 3'- 7' long, 1'-
2i' wide, the young ones woolly on both sides, the older ones very
glabrous and shining above, densely tomentose beneath ; margins revo-
lute. Petiole margined, 1' or less long. Flowers numerous and

124 MANN,

crowded in a dense terminal and nearly sessile umbel, large for the
genus, C"-8" long. Pedicels i' long, and, as the calyx, very woolly,
the sepals distinct, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, imbricated, one-half short-
er than the petals. Corolla light yellow, petals thickish, their broadly
ovate summits forming a spreading limb ; imbricated or sometimes con-
volute in aestivation. Stamens nearly as long as the tube of the corolla ;
anthers oblong. Pistil 6" long. Ovary sessile, tomentose, about
the length of the style, incompletely 2-celled. The stigma terminal,
truncate. Capsule globular-ovoid, somewhat flattened, tomentose, be-
coming glabratc, two- valved, many-seeded ; the valves thick and woody,
wrinkled and rough, about an inch long. Seeds closely packed and
angled, minutely tuberculate-rugose. A Var. has the leaves with a
more rusty wool beneath ; the lobes of the calyx narrower.

East aud West Maul, 4,000° - 6,000°. Summit of Lanal.

2. P. CAULIFLORUM H. Mann. (Enum. No. 18.) Tree 20° -30° high,
a foot iu diameter, loosely branched. Leaves thick-coriaceous, obo-
vate or elongated-obovatc, very obtuse, tapering to a narrow base and
borne ou margined petioles 1' or more long, above very glabrous and
shining; beneath, as well as the young petioles, somewhat woolly,
clustered at the ends of the long, otherwise naked branches. Flowers
in fascicles, borne on the naked stem often far below the leaves, on
short few-flowered peduncles. Calyx broadly ovate, li" long, slightly
woolly. Petals loosely cohering in a tube about 4" long, the limb
spreading, 2" -3" long. Stamens about half the length of the corolla
tube ; anthers sagittate. Ovary tomentose, 4" long, three times as
long as the style which bears a 2-lobed stigma. Capsule an inch in di-
ameter, clothed at first with a fine deciduous tomeutum, flattened. En-
docarp orange-yellow. Seeds numerous, slightly roughened.

Kuala Mountains, Oaliu.

3. P. TEKMIXALIOIDKS Planchon. (Enum. No. 19.) Shrub G°-8°
high. Leaves thick-coriaceous, someAvhat crowded at the ends of the
branches, obloug-ovate, obtuse, tapering at the base into a very short
petiole, glabrous and shining above, clothed beneath with a woolly pu-
bescence, 2£' long, G"-10" wide; their margins strongly revolutc. Pe-
duncles very short, usually ou the branches below the leaves, few-flow-
ered, woolly. Calyx pubescent, sepals wholly distinct, thick, oval, about
1" long. Petals 5" or G" long. Stamens less than half as long as the
corolla tube ; anthers sagittate. Ovary tomentose, about the length of
the style, which is terminated by a simple stigma. Capsule minutely
tomentose or nearly smooth, much compressed, two- valved; the valves
nearly woody, 9" iu diameter. Seeds numerous, rugose-roughened.

Hawaii, iu the neighborhood of Kilauca, and on Mauna Loa and Uualalai at 7,000°
elevation.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 125

P. SPATHULATUM H. Mann. (Enum. No. 20.) A small tree 15° -20°
high. Leaves rather thin-coriaceous, spatulate or cuneate-oblong,
rounded at the apex, or sometimes slightly pointed, quite glabrous,
3' - 4' long, 1' - 14' wide, tapering into a short petiole. Peduncles axil'
lary or below the leaves, short, tomentose, 3 - 7-flowered. Sepals very
broadly ovate, obtuse, 1" or less long, slightly tomentulose. Petals 4"
or 5" long. Stamens less than half the length of the petals ; anthers
sagittate. Ovary tomentose and about the length of the style ; stig-
ma capitate. Capsule glabrate and nearly smooth. Seeds smooth.

Kuala Mountains (and perhaps other parts) of Oahn.

5. P. GLABRUM .HboA;. &Arn. {Enum. No. 21.) A small tree, glabrous
throughout. Leaves thin-coriaceous, 2' -5' long, !'-!£' wide, ovate-
oblong or oblanceohitc, tapering at the base into a short petiole, the
apex obtuse, rounded, or more or less acuminate. Peduncles terminal,
or lateral and below the leaves, spreading or pendulous, glabrous, half
an inch or more long, raccmosely or corymbosely few- (5-9-) flow-
ered; pedicels 3" long. Sepals ovate, acute, l£" long, glabrous.
Corolla G" long, white or cream-colored as in all the Hawaiian species,
cohering into a tube, the spreading tips 2" long. Stamens nearly as
long as the corolla tube ; anthers oblong. Style twice the length of
the glabrous ovary ; stigma truncate. Capsule subglobose, somewhat
compressed, glabrous, smooth or roughened, tvvo-valved, the valves
coriaceous, an inch or less in diameter. Seeds numerous, closely
packed, 2" -3" in diameter, smooth.

Mountains In the vicinity of Honolulu, Oahu.

C. P. ACUMINATUM H. Mann. (Enum. No. 22.) A small tree 15°-
20° high. Leaves thin, chartaccous, oblanccolate, acuminate, entirely
glabrous, tapering into a petiole 3"-C" long. Peduncles axillary, 1'-
2' long, slender, corymbosely 5-8-flowercd. Pedicels 3f'-4" long.
Sepals and bracts narrowly subulate, 2" - 3" long. Petals 4" - 5" long.
Stamens less than half the length of the petals; anthers sagittate.
Style slender, longer than the tomentose ovary ; stigma capitate. Cap-
sule tomentose, much tubcrculate-roughencd.
Mountains above Waimea, Kauai.

ORDER IX. CARYOPHYLLACE^E.

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4-5-
mcrous flowers, with or without petals; the distinct stamens no more
than twice the number of the sepals, cither hypognous or perigynous ;
styles 2 - 5 ; seeds attached to the base or the central column of the
1-cellecl (rarely 3-5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or

126 MANN,

carved around the outside of mealy albumen. — Stems usually swollen
at the joints; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united
at the base. Calyx imbricated or valvate, persistent. Seeds amphi-
tropous or campy lotropous. — Eepresented In gardens by Pinks (Dian-
thus), etc.

Petals present.

Calyx campanulate or tubulose: ovary and stamens raised on a

stipe (gynophore), 1. SILKNE.

Calyx not campauulate nor tubulose; gynophore none, . . . 2. CEBASTIUM.
Petals none.

Stanihioilta five and opposite the sepals, 3. SCHIEDEA.

Stuniiiioilia none. Sepals four with a much smaller fifth one, . 4. ALSINIDENDRON.

1. SILENE Linn.

Calyx campanulate tubulose, 5-toothcd, 10-nerved, rarely many-
nerved. Petals 5, with a narrow claw, and an entire or bifid blade,
often bearing 2 scales at the base. Stamens 10. Gynophore more or
less elongated. Ovary 1 -celled or spuriously septate at the base.
Styles 3. Capsule dehiscing by C, or rarely 3, teeth or valves at the
apex. Seeds affixed by the margin ; embryo periphical. — Annual or
perennial herbs, or sometimes woody, erect and csespitose or diffusely
spreading. Flowers solitary or cymose, often forming one-sided spikes,
or terminal panicles. Seeds tuberculate.

A very large genns, abundantly scattered over the whole world, excepting, mostly, the
tropics.

1. S. STIUJTIIIOLOIDES Gray. (Enum. No. 23.) Stems about 1° high,
woody, much branched, erect or spreading. Leaves crowded, two
ranked, subulate, pungently acute, grooved, with incurved margins, at
length spreading, i'- 1' long, glabrous. Flowers racemiform-panicu-
late, at first spreading, erect in fruit. Peduncle 3" long, two-bracted,
1 - 2-flowered. Calyx ^' long, tubular, greenish, tinged with pur-
ple ; teeth ovate, 1" long. Blade of the petals cuneate and two-lobed,
exserted about 3 lines, greenish white, turning purplish ; the dilated
claw bearing at its summit a small fleshy two-parted appendage.
Stamens included. Stipe 3" long. Ovary 3-celled at base. Capsule
partly exserted, G-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minutely reticulate-
roughened. A Var. has the leaves more spreading, and a little pu-
bescent with fine viscous hairs (as are the branches and inflorescence),
their margins especially pubescent-ciliate.

Mountains of Hawaii, nearly to the limit of vegetation. Region around Kllauea.

2. S. LANCEOLATA Gray. (Enum. No. 24.) Stems l°-2° high,
branching, woody, but slender ; branches naked below, leafy above, gla-
brous. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, nerved, sessile, nar-

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 127

rowed towards the base, where they are ciliate, otherwise glabrous, co-
riaceous, flat, spreading, !£' - 2i' long, 3" wide ; floral ones reduced to
subulate bracts. Flowers numerous, in a naked and pedunculate corymb-
like cyme. Pedicels 2" -3" long. Calyx 4" long, glabrous, tubular
campanulate, in fruit becoming ovpicl, five-toothed. Petals white,
nearly twice the length of the calyx, the cuneate blade nearly entire.
Stipe very short. Capsule ovoid, not exsertcd. Seeds rather strongly
muricate.

Mountains of Kauai. Maul.

2. CERASTIUM Linn.

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire.
Stamens twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the se-
pals, and opposite them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membra-
naccous, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there are
styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. Flowers white, in terminal cymes.

A large genus, spread nearly all over tlie globe.

1. C. VISCOSUM Linn. Stems clammy-hairy, spreading (6' -15'
long) ; leaves oblong, quite green ; upper bracts scarious-margined ;
flowers at first clustered; pedicels longer than the obtuse sepals, the
earlier ones in fruit much longer.

Becoming introduced on Maul. Common In the North Temperate zone.

3. SCHIEDEA Ch. & Schl.

Calyx five-parted, persistent. Corolla none. The petal-like stami-
nodia 5, hyaline, opposite the sepals. Fertile stamens 10, insei'ted on
the base of the calyx, the five opposite the sepals adhering to the bases
of the staminodia, and longer than the five alternate ones. Styles fili-
form, 3 or rarely 4-5-7. Ovary 1-celled ; the numerous ovules affixed to
the central columclla. Capsule opening by as many valves as there are
styles. Seeds many, estrophiolate. Embryo annular, surrounding the
farinaceous albumen. — Under shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves oppo-
site, without stipules. Cymes contracted-thyrsoid to diffusely-pan-
iculate, or rarely a few-flowered cyme.

Genus peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.

EUSCIIIEDEA. Filaments capillary. Styles 3, or rarely 4-5, stig-
matose on the inner face.— Flowers small, in a close
thyrsus, or diffusely paniculate.

Panicle very loose : sepals acuminate: leaves 1 -nerved.
Staminodia bifid at the apex: filaments exserted.

Capsule longer than the calyx: seeds few, tuberculate-

roughcued, . . \. S. Nultallii.

Capsule not exceeding the calyx: seeds numerous, smooth, 2. S.diffusa.

128 MANN,

Staminodia lanceolate, acuminate: filaments sborter than
the calyx.

Leaves broad and clasping at the base, 3. S. amplezicaulit.

Leaves narrow and tapering at the base, 4. S. stellarioides.

Panicle somewhat contracted : leave* 3 - 5-nerved.

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, . . . . 5. S. Menziesii.

Leaves broad-lanceolate, 3 -5-nerved, 6. S.Hooteri.

Panicles thyrsold, much contracted, interrupted : leaves 1-nerved.
Staminodia bifid at the apex: filaments exserted.

Leaves lanceolate, 7. <S. Hgustrina.

Leaves filiform, 8. S. spergulina.

Staminodia bifid at the apex: filaments shorter than the calyx, 9. S. Remyi.
Thyrsus globose, sometimes three near together: leaves 3-5-
nerved: Staminodia entire and obtuse: filaments very

short, 10. S. globosa.

NOTUOSCHIEDEA. Filaments complanate-subulate. Styles 7, stlg-
matose all round. Staminodia entire, obtuse, very
short: filaments shorter than the calyx.— Flowers very
large for the genus, and few; sepals subpetaloid, . . .\\.8.viscosa.

1. S. NUTTALH Hook, (Enum. No. 25.) Smooth throughout. Suf-
fruticose, branched, 2° -3° high. Leaves coriaceous, 2' -3' long, 12"-
18" wide, or the lower larger, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse and
abruptly pointed, on short petioles ; midrib prominent. Panicle com-
pound, deliquescent, ample, often 1° long, diffusely spreading. Pedicels
3" - 6" long. Calyx l£" long ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Cap-
sule ovoid-oblong, longer than the calyx, few-seeded. Seeds tubercu-
late roughened.

Near Honolulu, Oahu. West Maul.

2. S. DIFFUSA Gray. (Enum. No. 26.) Stems slender, several feet
long, spreading and reclining, loosely branched. Leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, 3' -4' long, thin, nearly or quite glabrous. Panicle
compound, very loose, 6' - 20' long ; branches, peduncles, and pedicels
capillary, minutely pubescent, the latter 1' - 2' long in fruit. Calyx 2",
or in fruit 3" long, sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-
nerved at the base, scarious margined. Capsule not exceeding the
calyx, 3 - 5-valved. Seeds very numerous, quite smooth.

Hawaii, in forests. West Maul.

3. S. AMPLEXICAULIS H. Mann. (Enum. No. 27.) Suffruticose.
Leaves oblong-linear from a wide, auriculate, and clasping base, 1-
nerved, obtuse, mucronate, about 2' long and 5" - 6" wide. Panicle
compound, diffusely spreading, bracted, about 1° long, its younger
parts and the calyx minutely hirsute. Pedicels capillary, 4" -8" long.
Calyx 2" long, sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with scarious and
flbrillose margins. Capsule few-seeded, nearly equalling the calyx in
length, 3-valved. Seeds smooth.

" Kauai or Niihau."

4. S. STELLARIOIDES H. Mann. (Enum. No. 28.) Bushy and very

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 129

much branched from a suffruticose base ; finely hirsute in the axils of
the leaves, and on the inflorescence. Leaves numerous, small, spatu-
late-linear, entire at the obtuse apex and mucronate, or slightly
notched, 1-nerved, tapering at the hirsute-ciliate base into a very short
petiole. Panicle compound, diffusely branched, bracted. Calyx 2"
long ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, rather thick, narrowly scarious-
margined, longer than the 3-valved capsule. Seeds few, tuberculate-
roughened.

On the mountains above Walmea, Kauai; abundant at " Halemanu."

5. S. MENZIESII Hook. (Enum. No. 29.) Leaves sessile, nar-
rowly lanceolate, long acuminate, three-nerved. Panicle contracted,
branched, erect. Calyx and pedicels pubescent-tomentose. — Very im-
perfectly known.

6. S. HOOKERI Gray. (Enum. No. 30.) Glabrous throughout.
Woody and stramineous at the base, terminating in a panicle and bear-
ing several opposite upright branches, also terminating in panicles.
Branches herbaceous, obscurely 4-sided, the leaves gradually diminish-
ing upwards among the branches on the panicle, and at length becom-
ing connate, subulate, and bract-like. Leaves l£' or more long, 2£"-
3" wide, rather thin, lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, 3-5 nerved, nerves
parallel, distinct. Panicle as long or longer than the leafy branch,
bracted toward the base, contracted, li' wide ; primary branches slen-
der and flexuose. Pedicels very slender, 2 or 3 times longer than the
calyx, spreading or recurved. Capsule 1"- li" long, longer than the
ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse sepals.

7. S. LIGUSTRINA Cham. & Schlecht. (Enum. No. 31.) Glabrous
throughout. Shrubby, upright and dichotomously much branched, 2°
-3° high; at the base often y in diameter. Leaves connate at the
base, l'-2' long, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to narrowly lanceo-
late li" - 3" wide, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed to
the base, but sessile, shortly and abruptly mucronate, 1-nerved, mar-
gins thickish or slightly revolute. The thyrsus, or contracted panicle
interrupted, 2' -4' long, i'-f wide, and terminating the branches,
composed of 4 or 6 or more pairs of subsessile many-flowered cym-
ules. Bracts very small, ovate or subulate. Pedicels 1^"- 6" long,
thickened at the apex. Flowers li"-2" long, the sepals of the
5- (or occasionally 4 - 6- ) parted calyx, ovate or oblong, obtuse, fleshy,
with scarious margins, obsoletely 3-nerved. Filaments elongated
and exserted. Capsule ovoid, a little longer than the calyx, 3-4-
valved. Seeds several, with a crustaceous and acutely tuberculate or
muricate testa.

Kaala Mountains, Oahu.
COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 18 JULY, 1867.

130 MANN,

8. S..SPERGULINA Gray. (Ennm. No. 32.) Shrubby at the base,
about 2° high, erect, much branched and very leafy, glabrous. Leaves
spreading, approximate, and usually with smaller ones fascicled in
their axils, filiform, 2' long and only i" wide, 1-nerved, channelled
above, mucronulate. Inflorescence much like that of S. ligustrina.
Bracts of the lower part of the thyrsus like the leaves; of the
upper, short, and ovate-subulate. Peduncles and pedicels minutely
pubescent, 1" - 2" long. Calyx about 1" long ; the sepals ovate, obtuse,
rather fleshy, nearly nerveless, very slightly pubescent near the base.
Capsule ovoid, 3-valved, a little longer than the calyx. Seeds several,
the testa obscurely tuberculate or roughened, nearly smooth.

Kauai. Lanai.

9. S. REMYI H. Mann. (Enum. No. 33.) Barely shrubby at the
base. The lower leaves very narrowly linear, 2' -3' long, 1" wide,
with smaller ones o'ften fascicled in their axils, the upper ones subulate,
all thin and flat, 1-nerved. Thyrsus much contracted and crowded,
minutely pubescent. Sepals a line or less in length, ovate, obtuse,
many-nerved. Styles 4-6, rather long. Capsule ovoid, shorter than
the calyx. Seeds numerous, very nearly smooth.

Molokai.

10. S. GLOBOSA H. Mann. (Enum. No. 84.) Low and herbaceous,
pruinose-puberulent on the upper part of the stem and on the inflores-
cense, otherwise glabrous. The simple branches rising from the base,
a span to a foot high, bearing 4-5 pairs of leaves. The lower leaves
obovate-lanceolate from a narrowed sessile base, somewhat fleshy,
about 4' long and 1' wide, 3 -5-nerved, the upper diminished into small
subulate bract-like 3-nerved leaves but 10" long and l"-2" wide. The
upright stem bearing a compact globose thyrsus (rarely with two late-
ral ones) of an inch in diameter, composed of numerous many-flowered
short cymules. Sepals ovate, obtuse, nerved below the middle, li"
long, shorter than the 4-valved ovate-lanceolate capsule. Staminodia
very short, blunt, entire, of about the length of the stamens. Seeds
few, larger than in the other preceding species, and tuberculate rough-
ened.

In the region of Koko Point, Oahu.

11. S. VISCOSA H. Mann. (Enum. No. 35.) Suffruticose, decum-
bent and spreading, with branches 2° - 3° long, sending up somewhat
erect flowering stems 8' - 11' high. Whole plant covered with a glan-
dular pubescence, especially viscous on the peduncles and pedicels.
Leaves li'- If long, 4" -5" wide, evenly tapering at each end to a
sharp point, borne on a margined petiole 2" long, and becoming gla-
brate on the upper surface with age, nerved with three well-marked

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 131

veins running from the base to the apex. The peduncled cymes ter-
minal, composed of 2 - 6 flowers, on pedicels 6" long, arising from the
axils of small (6" long and l£" wide) floral leaves. The pubescent
calyx 5" -6" long, of five petal-like ovate- acuminate many-nerved
sepals, which enclose and surpass in length the ovate-lanceolate
7-valved capsule. Staminodia broadly-ovate, obtuse, small, a line long,
and nearly as wide at the base. Styles 7, short at first, and stigmatose
all round, but becoming longer with age. Seeds very numerous,
roughened with short points.

On the mountains above Walmea, Kauai, at " Halemanu."

4. ALSINIDENDBON H. Mann.

Calyx four parted, the oval thickish and whitish sepals decussa-
tingly imbricated, erect and connivent, rarely with a minute internal
fifth one. Petals and staminodia none. Stamens 10, inserted upon
the margin of a thin disk which is adherent to the calyx at its base :
filaments filiform : anthers linear oblong, notched at both ends. Ovary
one-celled, the many ovules affixed to a central colurnella : styles 4-7,
short filiform, stigmatose on the inner surface near the apex. Capsule
cartilaginous, 4 - 7-valved, many-seeded. Seeds estrophiolate.

Genus peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.

1. A. TRINERVE H. Mann. (Enum. No. 36.) A glabrous branch-
ing shrub, about six feet high. Leaves 3' -4' long, l^'-2' wide, of a
somewhat chartaceous texture, oval or ovate, cuspidate-acuminate,
tapering abruptly at the base into a margined petiole about an inch
long, and with three strong ribs running from the base to the very
apex. Cymes from the axils of the upper leaves, on peduncles an inch
or more long. Flowers pendulous from the ends of long (3" - 8") capil-
lary pedicels, somewhat globose in shape, a little truncated at the base,
and of a light or whitish color, about 4" long. Sepals fleshy at the
base, but with thinner margins and apex, closely imbricated, the
two outer completely enclosing the two inner in the bud, persistent
and enclosing the fruit. Stamens shorter than the calyx, the fila-
ments about as long as the erect anthers, which are affixed by a
deeply notched base. Seeds roughened by longitudinal lines of blunt
tubercles.

Kaala Mountains, Oahu, at an elevation of about 2,000 feet.

ORDER X. PORTULACACE^.

Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flow-
ers ; namely, sepals usually fewer than the petals ; the stamens oppo-

132 MANN,

site the petals when of the same number, but often indefinite ; the
petals sometimes none : otherwise nearly as in Caryophyllacece.

1. SESTJVIUM Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none.
Stamens 5 - 60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod
3-5-celled, many-seeded, opening transversely (circumscissile) , the
upper part falling off as a lid. — Prostrate maritime herbs, with succu-
lent stems and (opposite) leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers.

A small genus, several species maritime.

1. SESUVIUM PORTULACASTRUM Linn. (Enum. No. 37.) Leaves
lanceolate-oblong, flattish; flowers sessile or short peduncled; sta-
mens many.

Coast of the Islands. On the coast of nearly all warm parts of the world.

2. POBTULACA Tourn. [Akulikuli.]

Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5,
rarely 6, and the 7-20 stamens inserted on the calyx, fugacious.
Style mostly 3 - 8-parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, open-
ing transversely, the upper part (often with the upper part of the
calyx) separating like a lid (circumscissile). — Annuals (or perenni-
als?), with fleshy leaves, and often showy, white, purple, or red co-
rollas.

Genus small, mostly tropical, and most of the species American.
Leaves with tufts of silky hairs in their axils.

Flowers solitary or nearly so, at the summit of the branches, . . . 1. P. villofa.

Flowers several together at the summit of the branches, .... 2. P. sclerocarpa.
Leaves without silky hairs. Whole plant glabrous, 3. P. oleracea.

1. P. VILLOSA Cham. (Enum. No. 38.) Low, diffuse; root fleshy.
Leaves lanceolate or linear, obtuse, with tufts of silky hairs in their
axils. Flowers sessile at the summit of the branches in a dense tuft of
hairs; petals "purple," 5" -6" long, rather longer than the sepals.
Seeds smooth, or when considerably magnified, minutely marked with
sinuous areolations.

Dry plains in vicinity of Honolulu, Oahu.

2. P. SCLEROCAKPA Gray* (Enum. No. 39.) Root fleshy and tube-
rous, hardy ligneous. Stems thickened at base, 2' -5' high, much
branched. Leaves terete, subulate, 4" long, crowded, longer than the
copious hairs. Flowers sessile and crowded at the summit of the
branches, £' or more long, white (but always?). Capsule spherical,
li" - 2" in diameter, the thick walls of a firm and coriaceous texture,

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 133

adherent to the calyx- tube only at the base, a little above which it is
tardily dehiscent. Placentae 8. Seeds smooth, shining, or minutely
areolate under a powerful lens.

Waimea, Hawaii. Sandy isthmus of Maul. Lanai, on the dry southern part especially.

P. OLERACEA Linn. Prostrate, very smooth; leaves obovate or
wedge form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings) ; sepals
keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7 -12; style deeply 5 - 6-partecl ;
flower-bud flat and acute.

Introduced and becoming common in cultivated and waste grounds.

ORDER XI. GUTTIFEK.E.

Tropical trees or shrubs, with a yellow resinous juice and opposite
and entire coriaceous feather- veined leaves ; the regular flowers hypo-
gynous, with the sepals and petals much alike and both imbricated in
aestivation, the many stamens more or less united at the base with each
other, and with the base of the petals. Fruit a capsule opening by
valves, or a drupe or berry. — To this order belongs the tree which
yields Gamboge, and another allied tree produces the Mangosteen.

1. CALOPHYLLUM Linn. [Kamanu.]

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 2-4. Petals 4,
rarely 2, 6, or 8. Stamens numerous, free or united into several bun-
dles at the base. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Style
filiform. Stigma peltate. Fruit a drupe. — Trees. Leaves elegantly
striate, with numerous parallel transverse veins. Flowers in terminal
or axillary short racemes, sometimes branching into panicles.
A tropical genus of several species, mostly Asiatic ; a few in America.

1. C. INOPHYLLUM Linn. (Enum. No. 40.) A large and beautiful
tree, glabrous throughout. Leaves broadly oblong-obovate or oblong,
often acute at the base, and rounded or even retuse at the apex, 6' more
or less long, petioled. Racemes axillary, loosely many-flowered,
shorter than the leaves. Flowers rather long peduncled, subglobose
in the bud, !' in diameter when open, white sepals 4, the inner ones
petaloid. Petals 4 (or rarely 6-8), longer than the calyx. Fruit glo-
bose, an inch or more in diameter.

The only trees known to be growing on the Islands at the time of the first white set-
tlers, are said to be those of a fine groove on Molokai, which were afterwards mostly (and
most ruthlessly) cut down for ship-building, and a few other scattered ones. Native In
many of the Pacific Islands, and hi the East Indies.

134 MANN,

ORDER XII. TEKNSTRCEMIACE^.

Mostly tropical trees or shrubs with alternate undivided leaves,
without stipules ; the regular flowers hypogynous, with the usually 5
sepals and dissimilar petals imbricated in aestivation, the latter often
united in a ring at the base. Stamens of the number of the petals and
alternate with them, or more usually numerous, and often somewhat
united with each other and with the base of the petals. Fruit a pod
opening by valves, or berry-like. — The well-known Tea Plant and the
Camellia belong to this Order.

1. EUBYA Thunb.

Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricated. Pe-
tals 5, imbricated, united at the base. Stamens about 15, joined at the
base : anthers adnate. Ovary 3- (rarely 2 - 5-) celled, with several
ovules in each cell. Styles as many as cells, almost free or united
nearly to the top. Fruit a dryish berry. Embryo much curved, in a
somewhat granular albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with serrate leaves.
Flowers axillary and small, sessile or on short pedicels. Bractlets per-
sistent.

A small genus, mostly from the warmer parts of Asia and the Indian Archipelago,
China and Japan.

1. E. SANDWICENSIS Gray, (Enum. No. 41.) A large and much
branched shrub. Leaves elliptical or oblong, coriaceous, l'-2£'long,
i' - 1' wide, mostly obtuse at the apex, slightly cordate at the base,
closely serrate, reticulate-veined, very short petioled. Flowers solitary
in the axils, on bractless nodding pedicels, 3" - 4" long, hermaphrodite
(or sometimes polygamous ?). Calyx brown, with 2 small bractlets at
its base ; sepals 5, the exterior smaller. Corolla pale yellow, longer
than the calyx ; petals obovate, thickish. Stamens 10- 15, very slightly,
if at all, adnate to the corolla ; anthers mucronulate, longer than the
filaments. Ovary 3-celled. Styles separate or variously united ; stig-
ma subcapitate.

Not uncommon on the mountains.

ORDER XIH. MALVACEAE.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; the alternate palmately veined leaves with
stipules. Flowers regular, often with bractlets under the calyx. The
calyx mostly of five sepals, more or less united at the base, valvate in
aestivation ; the petals of the same number, convolute in aestivation,
and hypogynous. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous, united with the

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 135

claws of the petals ; with one celled anthers and hispid pollen. Ovary
several-celled with the placentae in the axis ; or ovaries several. Fruit
capsular, or the carpels separate or separable ; the seeds with a little
mucilaginous or fleshy albumen, and a large embryo with variously
incurved or folded foliaceous cotyledons. — To this Order belongs Cot'
ton, the Okra (Hibiscus (Abelmoschus) esculentns) of the East Indies,
and other useful and ornamental plants.

Carpels 1-ovulate, arranged in a ring round tlie axis.
Style-branches as many as carpels.

Ovule ascending, 1. MALVASTBTJM.

Ovule pendulous, .5 2. Sii>A.

Carpels with 2 or more ovules, more or less united In a several-celled

capsule.
Style-branches or stigmas spreading. Seeds renlfbrm.

Anthers terminating the stamineal column. Carpels free at

the top. Bractlets none, 3. ABtrTiLON.

Stamineal column ending in five teeth below which the anthers

are placed. Carpels united at the top. Bractlets several, 4. HIBISCUS,
Style club-shaped at the apex, undivided, or barely divided into
short erect branches. Seeds obovoid or angled.

Bractlets 3 -5, small, 5. THESPESIA.

Bractlets 3, large and cordate, 6. GOSSYPIUSI.

1. MALVASTBUM Gray.

Bractlets under the calyx 1-3, small, or sometimes wanting.
Calyx 5-lobed. Stamineal column divided at the top into several fila-
ments. Carpels 5 or more, in a ring round the axis, 1-ovulute, inde-
hiscent. Style with as many branches as carpels ; stigmas terminal.
Seed ascending. — Herbs. Flowers rather small, orange, red, or
yellow.

An American genus of which one species Is dispersed as a weed over most of the
tropical regions of the Old World.

1. M. TRICUSPIDATUM Gray. (Enum. No. 55.) An erect branch-
ing herb, 2° - 3° high, hard and almost woody at the base, although
sometimes annual, the branches sprinkled or covered with closely
appressed hairs. Leaves on rather long petioles, from broadly ovatfe
to lanceolate, 1'- 2' long, irregularly toothed and hairy. Flowers
almost sessile in the axils of the leaves, or clustered towards the ends
of the branches. Calyx campanulate, broadly 5-lobed, with 3 small
narrow external bracts. Carpels 8-12, or even more, closely packed
in a depressed ring, each one reniform, with 3 minute unequal points
on the upper inner edge.

In waste places, often abundant. Probably of American origin, but how Widely dif*
fused as a weed over the warmer regions of the globe.

.., i oiiq'dbwiaoi ^'jJi-Jitii-uu* <.G.WIUK^

136 MANN,

2. SIDA Linn. [Ilima.]

Calyx without bracelets, 5-lobed. Stamineal column divided at
the top into several filaments. Carpels 5 or more, in a ring round the
axis, 1-ovulate, indehiscent or opening when ripe in 2 short valves at
the top. Style with as many branches as carpels ; stigmas terminal.
Seeds pendulous. — Herbs or shrubs, more or less tomentose or softly
hairy, rarely glabrous. Flowers usually yellow, on 1-flowered pedi-
cels, -or single or clustered in the axils of the leaves, or in terminal
racemes.

A large genus, widely dispersed over the warmer regions of the globe.
Leaves green, slightly pubescent and scurfy with stellate hairs. Car-
pels bearing pubescent awns of about their own length, . 1. S. Meyeniana.
Leaves more or less canescent or softly tomentose. Carpels either

blunt or with short awns.
Leaves ronnd or ovate, and with the branches softly tomentose.

Carpels mostly blunt, 2. S.fallax.

Leaves round or ovate, whitish underneath. Carpels with short

awns, 3. S. Sertum.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate, whitish underneath. Carpels with

slender glabrous awns, 4. S. rhombifolia.

1. S. MEYEXIANA Walp. (Enum. No. 53.) A slender, loosely branched
shrub, 2° -3° high, nearly glabrous, the younger branches, petioles,
and leaves scurfy with a stellate pubescence. Stipules setaceous, mi-
nutely hairy. Leaves membranaceous, green, ovate, oblong-ovate or
rotund-ovate, acute or rarely obtuse, rounded or slightly subcordate
at the base, sharply serrate, £'-2' long. Peduncles axillary, usually
solitary, often shorter than the leaves, slender. Calyx glabrous, the
lobes triangular-ovate, sharply acuminate, about half the length of the
oblique and yellow petals, 3" or more long. Carpels 5-9, nearly gla-
brous, 2-beaked; the beaks subulate-awned, pubescent, as long as the
cell or longer.

Eidges above Honolulu, Oahu.

2. S. FALLAX Walp. (Enum. No. 51.) A low branching under-
shrub, sometimes erect, at others, decumbent and spreading, 2° - 3°
high or long. Branches, with petioles and leaves, tomentose with a
fine and close velvety pubescence. Leaves ovate, roundish-ovate, or
oblong-ovate, rounded and usually cordate at base, very obtuse and
round at the apex, or acute or acuminate, closely crenate-toothed with
obtuse teeth, i' - 2' long, on petioles a third or half the length of the
blade, strongly pinnate-veined. Stipules setaceous. Peduncles axil-
lary, solitary or two or three from the same axil, filiform, equalling, or
the upper exceeding, the leaves in length, articulated just below the
flower. Calyx tomentose, the lobes ovate-triangular, acute or acumi-
nate, or sometimes obtuse. Petals yellow, £' long, a third longer than

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 137

the calyx. Ovary minutely pubescent. Fruit subglobose, nearly gla-
brous; the carpels 6-12, li" long, slightly wrinkled, obtuse or very
short awned.

In dry land on Oalm. Sandy Isthmus of Maui (where the decumbent form is very
abundant). Hawaii; Waimea, Kauai, and doubtless in other parts; rather common. Also
from several of the Pacific Islands, Hongkong, and coast of China.

3. S. SERTUM Nutt. {Enum. No. 52.) Low and barely shrubby,
much branched. Branches, with petioles, peduncles, calyx, &c., barely
canescent with a minute pubescence. Leaves oval or subovate- oblong,
obtuse and rounded at both ends, finely crenulate, canescent beneath
with a minute and close pubescence, nearly glabrous above. Pe-
tioles two-thirds the length of the blade. Stipules setaceous. Pedun-
cles axillary and usually solitary, capillary, l'-2' long. Lobes of the
calyx ovate, very obtuse. Petals yellow, nearly twice the length of
the calyx, 5" - 6" long. Carpels about 8 in number, nearly glabrous,
abruptly tipped with two subulate-aristiform beaks, which are shorter
than the cell, and minutely hairy.

Mountains behind Honolulu, Oalm.

4. S. KHOMBIFOLIA Linn. (Enum. Xo. 54.) A perennial herb or
undershrub, very variable in size, l°-3°high; when erect, with ob-
long-lanceolate leaves 3' long, green above, and slightly hoary be-
neath ; sometimes much branched, and very spreading, with oblong or
almost ovate leaves an inch or two long, and very white beneath. Pe-
duncles much longer than the short petioles, jointed about the middle.
Flowers rather small, yellow. Lobes of the calyx broadly ovate, acute,
glabrous, 2" -3" long. Carpels about 10, with slender glabrous awns
about 1", or rarely awnless.

In waste places. An introduced weed, now common throughout the tropics.

3. ABUTILON Gsertn.

Calyx without outer bracts, 5-lobed. Stamineal column divided at
the top into several filaments. Carpels 5 or more, in a ring round the
axis, eacb with several ovules, and, when ripe, united at the base, but
diverging at the top, and opening in £ valves. Style with as many
branches'as carpels. Stigmas terminal. — Herbs or shrubs, with the
habit of Sida, from which they only differ in their carpels, and the
number of ovules and seeds.

A considerable genus, spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of both Worlds,
but more especially in America.

1. A. INCANUM Don. (Enum. JVo. 49.) Woody at the base, about
1° high, covered with a very fine and close velvety or canescent pubes-
cence. Stipules very small, filiform, deciduous. Leaves cordate ovate,

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 19 JULY, 1867.

138 MANN,

acuminate or acute, or sometimes rounded, finely serrate, the lower
ones I'-li'long, on petioles one half their length; the upper ones
smaller. Peduncles mostly axillary and solitary, mostly longer than
the leaves, articulated near the apex. Flower 3" long. Calyx canes-
cent, 5-cleft to the middle, half as long as the yellow corolla, much
shorter than the capsule, spreading in fruit. Capsule cinereous-
tomentose, short-oblong, 5-carpellary, strongly 5-lobed, truncate at
the apex ; the carpels barely mucronulate at their obtuse tips, dehiscent
at the apex and down the dorsal suture, 3-seeded. Seeds globular,
pubescent, superposed.

Coast of Oahu, near Honolulu and Diamond Hill.

2. A. MENZIESII Seemann. (Enum. No. 50.) A small shrub about
2° (?) high, canescently tomentose. Leaves cordate, acuminate,
coarsely serrate, above green and with a stellate pubescence, below
canescently tomentose, 2' -3' long, on petioles longer than the blade.
Stipules minute. Peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the peti-
oles. Sepals partly joined, broadly ovate, acute. Corolla about 1'
long " purplish." Carpels 5, ovate-oblong, acuminate, hirsute; with
persistent placentae. Seeds 3 in each cell, hirsute.

4. HIBISCUS Linn.

Bractlets round the calyx several, either free or more or less uni-
ted into a lobed or toothed involucre. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed.
Stamineal column bearing several short filaments below the summit.
Carpels 5, with several ovules in each, united into a single 5-celled
ovary. Style 5-lobed at the top, or nearly entire, with terminal stig-
mas. Capsule opening loculicidally in 5 valves. — Herbs, shrubs, or
trees. Flowers often large and showy. A considerable genus, widely
spread over the warmer regions of the globe.

§ 1. HIBISCUS proper. Bractlets almost entirely free from one ano-
ther and from the calyx.

Leaves ovate-cordate, slightly lobed, 1. H. Youngianus.

Leaves ovate-cordate, deeply lobed, 2. H. Brackenridgii.

Leaves small, ovate, acute, entire, 3. H. Arnotlianus.

§ 2. PARITIUM. Bractlets (10 - 12) united Into a more or less deeply
saucer-shaped Involucre, surrounding the base of the calyx.
Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, entire, 4. H. tiliaceut.

1. H. YOUNGIANUS Gaud. (Enum. No. 46.) Erect and shrubby.
The branches, petioles, involucre, calyx, and fruit are densely covered
with short setae, among the bases of which, as also upon the leaves, is
a velvety canesceuce ; the setae are at length in good part deciduous,
leaving a persistent papillose base. Leaves ovate, cordate, 4 - 5-lobed.
angles obtuse, irregularly dentate, acute, or acuminate, below veluti-

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 139

nous, above scabrous, on petioles 1' - 2' long. Peduncles solitary, ax-
illary, scarcely as long as the petioles. Leaves of the involucre 10,
terete, two-lobed at the apex. Sepals joined to the middle, strongly
10-nerved, triangular-lanceolate, in fruit closed over the capsule. Co-
rolla yellow, 2' - 3' long, turning rose-colored in fading. Capsule 1'
long, rather less bristly than the calyx. Seeds very smooth.

Marshes near Honolulu, Oahu. Hanapepe Valley, Kauai.

2. H. BRACKENRIDGII Gray. (Enum. No. 47.) Shrubby, 3° -4°
high. Flowering branches rather stout, glabrous, or when young
scurfy puberulent with the stellular pubescence of this family, very
leafy. Leaves on long petioles (3'' -4' long) membranaceous, nearly
glabrous, rounded in outline and subcordate, 5-7-ribbed, 5-7-cleft to
the middle or deeper, the lobes separated by acute and very narrow
sinuses, somewhat ovate in form, acute or obtuse, coarsely toothed or
incised, 2' -4' in diameter. Stipules setaceous, caducous. Flowers
solitary in the axils near the summit of the branches, where they are
much crowded. Peduncles or pedicels i' long, pubescent and sparingly
hispid. Leaves of the involucre 9, setaceous-subulate, rigid, nearly
glabrous, spreading, entire, adnate to the base of the calyx, 8" - 10"
long. Calyx very hispid with fulvous hairs, 5-cleft to below the mid-
dle; the short tube 10-ribbed; the lobes lanceolate, acute. Corolla
yellow, pubescent externally, 2' -3' long. Style 5-lobed only at the
apex ; stigmas depressed-capitate. Ovary densely villous-hispid, with
4 - 6 biseriate ovules to each cell. Capsule ovoid, 5' long. Seeds an-
gled, minutely tomentose at the hilum, the surface scurfy with star-
shaped scales.

West Maul. Lanai.

3. H. ARNOTTIANUS Gray. (Enum. No. 48.) A small tree 10° -30°
high when full-grown, with a fine globular head, and in flower exceed-
ingly showy : glabrous throughout. Leaves ovate or oval, rounded
or slightly contracted at the base, 3-nerved (or obscurely 5-nerved),
somewhat coriaceous, entire, obtuse or acute, 2' -4' long; petioles
I'-li'long. Stipules subulate, caducous. Flowers solitary, termi-
nating the branches or in the uppermost axils, on peduncles 6" - 20"
long. Leaves of the involucre lanceolate or subulate, entire, only
2" - 3" long. Calyx cylindrical or tubular, |' - ] ' long, membranaceous,
rather deeply five-toothed, puberulent within, glabrous externally, in-
clining to split down on one side with age. Corolla white, the petals
oblong or narrowly obovate, 2' - 3' long, narrowed at base, and united
into a slender tube, about 1' long, which is exserted beyond the calyx.
Stamineal column red, very long (5'- 6'), slender, erect, and copiously
antheriferous on long and slender bright red filaments. Style 5-cleft

140 MANN,

at the apex, the divisions 4" long ; stigmas capitate. Ovary oblong
(I' long), glabrous. Seeds numerous, biserial in each cell, glabrous.

Mountains behind Honolulu, Oahu. Vicinity of Hilo, Hawaii. Native names*
"Puahanui" and " Akiahala."

4. H. (PARITIUM) TILIACEUS Linn. (Enum. No. 45.) A small
tree. Leaves on long stalks, orbicular-cordate, shortly acuminate, en-
tire or crenulate, white or hoary underneath with a short close tomen-
tum, nearly glabrous above, 3' - 5' in diameter. Peduncles short, in
the upper axils or at the ends of the branches. Flowers large, yellow,
with a dark crimson centre. Involucre campanulate, divided usually
to the middle in 10- 12 lobes, about half the length of the calyx. Ca-
lyx nearly an inch long, the lobes lanceolate. Capsule about 1' in
diameter, opening in 5 valves, bearing the placentas on their centre
and their thin margins turned inwards so as to make the capsule ap-
pear 10-celled.

Very common below 1,000° or 2,000° elevation, especially in moist places. A common
sea-coast tree in many tropical countries, and very abundant in the Pacific Islands. Na-
tive name, " Hau."

Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis Linn., is much cultivated for its showy scarlet or purplish
flowers. A shrub. Leaves ovate, long acuminate, coarsely toothed, glabrous. Petioles,
peduncles, bractlets, and calyx puberulent. The 10 bractlets linear acute. Calyx lobes
broadly ovate, acuminate.

5. THESPESIA Corr.

Bractlets 3-5, small or deciduous. Calyx truncate, minutely den-
tate, rarely 5-toothed. Stamineal column dentate below the apex, and
branching into an indefinite number of filaments. Ovary 5-celled ;
cells few ovuled. Style somewhat club-shaped at the apex, 5-grooved.
or partly divided into short, erect, club-shaped, and stigmatic branches,
Capsule very hard-coriaceous, loculicidally 5-valved or nearly indehis-
cent. Seeds obovoid, glabrous, or tomentose ; cotyledons much com-
plicated, nearly including the short suberect radicle, often black dot-
ted. — Trees or upright herbs. Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers
usually yellow, showy. Calyx not especially dotted, but the cotyledons
very much so in T. populnea and T. Lampada.

A small genus, of the Pacific Islands, tropical Asia, and Madagascar.

1. T. POPULNEA Corr. Tree with something the aspect of the
Hau, but more erect. Leaves round-cordate, acuminate, entire, 4' - 5'
in diameter. Flower yellow, petals 2' long. Capsule globose, nearly
indehiscent. Seeds 4" long, villous at the base and angles.

Lahaina, and probably elsewhere. In all probability introduced. Common on many
of the Pacific Islands, and the coasts of tropical Asia and Australia.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 141

6. GOSSYPIUM Linn. [Mau.]

Bracts 3, large, cordate. Calyx truncate or 5-lobed. Stamineal
column naked below the apex or rarely branching into many anther-
bearing filaments. Ovary 5-celled; cells many-ovuled. Style club-
shaped at the apex, 5-grooved, and with 5 stigmatic surfaces. Capsule
loculicidally dehiscing. Seeds subglobose or angled, densely pubes-
cent or glabrous, and with a long wool (cotton). Albumen thin or
none. Cotyledons strongly folded and enclosing the radicle in an auri-
cle as their base. — Large herbs, or shrubs, sometimes, tree-like.
Leaves 3 - 9-lobed or rarely entire. Flowers large, white, yellow, or
purple. Bracts usually black-dotted, laciniate-toothed, or entire. Co-
tyledons usually black-dotted.

A small genus, the species of which are very imperfectly distinguished as a general
thing; found in most tropical countries.
Leaves glabrous, or nearly so.

Bracts large, deeply laciniate, 1. G. religiosum.

Bracts large, nearly entire or crenate toothed, 2. G. Drynarioidet.

Leaves canescent-tomentose, • 3. G. tomentosum.

1. G. RELIGIOSUM Linn. (Enum. No. 43.) Shrub. Upper leaves
3-lobed, lower ones 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute; leaves 2' -3' in
diameter, on petioles of about their length or shorter, faintly black-
dotted. Peduncles about 1' long. Bracts large, ovate, cordate, divided
at the apex in 10 - 12 lacineae which are as long as the entire part,
linear-lanceolate, and fine-pointed. Lobes of the calyx ovate, subulate,
acuminate, and, like the bracts, black-dotted. Capsule 1' long, rough-
ened by sunken dots. Seeds free from one another, glabrous and with
a fine white cotton.

Probably introduced.

2. G. DRYNARIOIDES Seem. (Enum. No. 44.) A glabrous shrub.
Leaves 5 -7-lobed, 3' long; lobes triangular, acute, green above, paler
and black-dotted beneath. Peduncles 4' -5' long, 1-flowered. Bracts
large, coriaceous, cordate-ovate, obtuse, sinuate-crenate, 10-12-nerved,
li'-2' long, l'-li' broad. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals obovate-oblong,
pubescent externally, 4' - 5' long.

Hawaiian Islands. (Nelson, in Herb. Brit. Museum.)

3. G. TOMENTOSUM Nutt. (Enum. No. 42.) Shrubby, 2° -6°
high, much branched. Young branches, leaves, and bracts canes-
cently-tomentose. Leaves thickish, 2'-4r in diameter, on petioles
l'-2' long, 3-5-lobed; lobes ovate-acuminate or acute, entire, more or
less black-dotted. Stipules cordate or ovate, acuminate. Peduncles
one-, rarely two-flowered. Bracts ovate-oblong, cordate at the base,
laciniate at the apex, the divisions ovate-lanceolate and entire, more or

142 MANN,

less black-dotted. Calyx somewhat truncated, much dotted. Petals
yellow, obovate, pubescent on the uncovered part outside, l£' long.
Capsule three-valved, the valves pointed. Seeds with a fine ochra-
ceous tomentum, and a wool (cotton) of the same color |' long.
Rather common In dry parts near the coast. Also, in the Vltl Islands.

ORDER XIV. STERCULIACE^.

Nearly allied to the last Order, from which it is distinguished by
its usually definite and nearly free stamens, and the two-celled anthers
with smooth pollen. — Chocolate is made of the seeds of Theobroma
Cacao, a South American tree of this Order.

1. WALTHERIA Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed. Petals oblong-spatulate, flat. Stamens 5, oppo-
site the petals, shortly united at the base. Anthers terminal, with 2
parallel cells. Ovary sessile, of a single carpel, with 2 erect ovules.
Style eccentrical ; the stigma usually fringed. Capsule usually open-
ing on the back in 2 valves. Seed usually solitary, with albumen.—
Herbs, undershrubs, or trees, with a stellate tomentum often mixed
with soft hairs or pubescence. Leaves toothed. Stipules narrow.
Flowers clustered.

A considerable genus in tropical America, with one species spread all over the warmer
regions of the globe.

1. W. AMERICANA Linn. (Enum. No. 56.) An undershrub, l°-2°
or more high, densely tomentose or softly villous in every part. Leaves
short-petioled, oval-oblong, 1' - li' long, obtuse, toothed, soft and pli-
cately veined. Flowers small, yellow, in dense heads, almost sessile
in the axils of the leaves, or the upper ones clustered on a short spike.
Bracts narrow. Calyx li" long. Petals nearly twice as long, narrow-
oblong. W. Indica, Linn.

In open and sterile or sandy soil, common. A common weed within the tropics in
both the New and Old World.

2. W. PYROLJEFOLIA Gray. (Enum. No. 57.) A branched under-
shrub, about 3° high ; branches and petioles canescently villous-tomen-
tose. Leaves coriaceous, roundish, usually somewhat retuse at both
base and apex, 8" - 15" in diameter, finely toothed, glabrous (or slightly
puberulent when young) above, below canescent with a fine and close
pubescence, becoming glabrate with age. Petioles 3" - 6" long. Stip-
ules setaceous, deciduous. Flowers crowded in subsessile axillary
heads, or rarely on a short peduncle. Bracts lanceolate, silky villous,
like the calyx, which is of equal length, 3" long, and 5-cleffc scarcely to

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 143

the middle, the lobes obtuse. Petals glabrous, narrow-spatulate, con-
nected only at the base, one-third longer than the calyx. Ovary very
villous. Style filiform ; stigma simple and truncate.

Sandy Isthmus of Maul.

,2. GUAZUMA Plum.

Sepals 5, more or less united at the base. Petals 5, concave be-
low, linear-ligulate and deeply bilid at the apex. Stamens slightly con-
nected at the base : steril ones 5, lanceolate : fertile ones united into
5 trifid filaments, each opposite to a petal, and bearing 3 anthers.
Styles 5, connivent. Stigmas simple. Fruit indehiscent, woody, ex-
ternally muricated with club-shaped variously-connected tubercles,
o-celled, many-seeded. Seeds ovate-roundish. Albumen very thin,
fleshy. Cotyledons plaited. — Shrubs or trees with stellate pubescence.
Leaves entire. Peduncles axillary and terminal, somewhat dichoto-
mously branched, many-flowered.

A small tropical American and Javan genus.

1. G. TOMENTOSA HBK. (Enum. No. 57a.) Leaves ovate-oblong,
acuminated, cordate and unequal at the base, toothed ; upper side stel-
lately-puberulous, under side with a stellate white tomeutum.

Near Honolulu. Probably introduced.

ORDER XV. TILIACE^.

Trees or shrubs: the alternate leaves with deciduous stipules.
Calyx with valvate aestivation, deciduous. Petals imbricated in aesti-
vation. Stamens several or indefinite, with two-celled anthers. Styles
united into one ; the fruit two to five-celled, or, by obliteration, one-
celled when ripe. In other respects nearly as in Malvacecv.

1. EL.#!OCARPUS Linn. [Kalie.]

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals as many, toothed, lobed, or fringed. Sta-
mens several, inserted on a glandular disk. Anthers with adnate cells,
opening at the top in transverse valves, often ciliate at the edge.
Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with 2-4 ovules in each cell. Style subulate. Fruit
a drupe ; the nut usually 3 - 5-celled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pen-
dulous. — Trees. Leaves entire or serrate. Flowers in axillary or lat-
eral racemes.

A considerable genus, of tropical Asia, Australasia, and the Pacific Islands.

1. E. BIFIDUS Hook, and Am. (finum. No. 58.) A tree 20° -30°
high, twigs gummy at their ends. Leaves ovate-acuminate, subcoria-
ceous, glabrous on both sides, remotely serrate with blunt teeth, 2' -4'

144 MANN,

•long, l'-2' wide, on rather dark-brown petioles. Peduncles axillary,
longer than the petioles, 5- 6-flowered. Calyx of 5, ovate-lanceolate
somewhat acute, sepals, which are pubescent within, about 3" long.
Petals 3" long, oblong-ovate, pubescent outside, with revolute mar-
gins, bifid at the apex, but otherwise entire and obtuse. Torus discoid,
glandular. Stamens 14-16 : filaments short, pubescent : anthers linear-
oblong, emarginate. Ovary ovate, 2-celled and tapering into the sim-
ple two-grooved style : stigma obtuse. Ovules 4- 6 in each cell. Drupe
egg-shaped, 1' long. Seed solitary.

On the mountains of Oahu, rather common.

ORDER XVI. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E.

Herbs or undershrubs, with opposite, mostly pinnate leaves.
Sepals and petals 4 or 5, imbricated or convolute in {estivation, with
the distinct stamens of the same number or 2 or 3 times as many (the
filaments usually furnished with an internal scale). Styles united into
one. Fruit berry-like, or of few or several, usually one-seeded, cocci,
which are often spiny.

1. TRIBULUS Linn. [Nohu.]

Sepals 5, imbricated in {estivation, deciduous. Petals 5, entire,
imbricated. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the 10-lobed annular
disk. Ovary 5 - 12-celled, with an equal number of stigmas on a short
style. Ovules 1-5 in each cell. Fruit of 5-12 cocci, which are hard
and spinescent, and indehiscent. Seed solitary in each cell. Albumen
none. — Branched herbs (or often woody at the base), prostrate and
spreading. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate, with stipules. Flowers
solitary on peduncles, white or yellow.

A genus of several species, and found throughout the hot regions of the globe.

1. T. CISTOIDES Linn. (Enum. No. 59.) A trailing perennial herb
or undershrub. Leaves 2' -4' long, of from 5 - 10 pairs of leaflets,
which are 3" -8" long, oblong, acute or obtuse, softly silky-hairy on
both sides, but whitish underneath. Peduncles nearly as long as the
leaves. Flowers large, l'-2' in diameter, yellow. Petals broadly
cuneate. Fruit 6" -8" in diameter, the cocci bearing spines 2" long.

Near Diamond Hill, Oahu ; on the sand, and In similar localities, frequent. Also from
most of the Pacific Islands, the West Indies, Mexico, and tropical South America, &c.

ORDER XVII. GERANIACE.E.

Herbs or shrubs with palmately veined and often lobed, or some-
times palmately compound leaves. Sepals 5, imbricated in aestivation.

[To be continued.]

145

Additions to the Museum and Library during April,
May, and June, 1867.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

AMORY, COPLEY, Boston. Skulls of an Esquimau, of a Polar Bear,
and of a Seal, from Hopedale, Labrador; also a kayak from the same
place.

BROOKHOUSE, ROBERT, Salem. A Canvas-back Duck, Aythya val-
lisneria, male; and a Bald Pate, Mareca Americana, male, from the
Chesapeake.

BROWN, CHARLES, Beverly. Specimen of Copper Ore.
. CLOUTMAN JOSEPH P., Salem. Specimens of Copper Ore from the
Pewabic Mine.

Dow, JAMES, Beverly Farms. Specimen of Coluber eximius from
Beverly.

EMERTON, J. H., Salem. Larva of a Carabid from Haverhill.

Goss, F. P., Salem. Red Granite from the quarries at Gloucester,
Mass.

GRIFFIN, H. B., Salem. A specimen of the Sheldrake, Mergus
Americanus, from Salem.

HAWN, Major F., Leavenworth, Kansas. Specimens of Caloptenus
femur-rubrum, in various stages of growth, from Leavenworth City.

HOLDER, Dr. J. B., U. S. A., Fort Jeflersou, Fla. Seventy-seven
specimens of Corals and four of Sponges from Key West, Florida.

HUNTINGTON, ARTHUR, Salem. Specimen of the Flying Lizard,
Draco volans, from the Philippine Islands.

JONES, GEORGE W., Salem. Two specimens of Scolopendra. Speci-
men of Cymothoa, taken from the eye of a Fish at the Island of Bonair.
Three young Rabbits from Salem.

KIMBALL, JAMES, Salem. Parasitic worms from the common Clam,
Mya arenari'i, from Ips'wich.

MOODY, HENRY D., Cambridge. A collection of Insects from Cam-
bridge, Mass.

MORSK, E. S., Salem. Pieces of Rock, showing glacial scratches,
from Portland, Me.

MUSEUM OF YALE COLLEGE, New Haven, Ct. Collection of Radi-
ates from Panama and other localities ; also, a collection of Minerals
from various localities.

NELSON, S. A., Georgetown, Mass. Specimen of Dicerca divaricata
from Georgetown.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 19 JAN., 1868.

146

OSBORNE, J., Salem. Collection of various objects of Natural His-
tory.

OSGOOD, J. C. Salem. Shells from the keel of the " Said Ben Sul-
tan," from Zanzibar.

PACKARD, Dr. A. S., jr., Salem. Specimens of Mycetobia, in all its
stages, and collection of various injurious larvae, from Salem.

PEABODY, ALFRED S., Cape Town, Africa. A fine collection of sev-
enty-two specimens, thirty-eight species, of Birds' Skins from the east-
ward of the Cape of Good Hope ; also, a Bird's Nest and two species
of Snakes from the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope. Specimen of
Grapsus from the Cape of Good Hope, and a specimen of Madrepore,
from the Island of Mauritius.

PECK, WILLIAM, Salem. Specimens of Lichens from Florida.

PERKINS, Capt. J. W., Salem. A collection of Shells from the Pa-
cific Ocean.

PUTNAM, F. W., Salem. Glacial Pebbles from the top of Black
Mountain, Bethel, Maine. Embryos of Night Hawk; Nest and Eggs
of the Red-eyed Vireo, and a collection of Insects, from Bethel, Me.

RANTOUL, R. S., Salem. An African Mouse found in a box at the
Custom-house.

REEVES, R. W., Salem. Jaws of a Shark, Lamna punctata, from
Massachusetts Bay.

ROBINSON, JOHN, Salem. Specimens of Anatifa from the bottom
of a vessel.

SHATSWELL, JOSEPH, Salem. Two mounted specimens of Boa from
Brazil.

SHEPARD, Henry F., Salem. A collection of Shells.

STEARNES, CHARLES A., Boston. Ruby Silver from Austin, Neva-
da. Cinnebar from the New Almaden Mine, California.

TENNEY, Prof. Sanborn, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Four specimens of
Glyptemys insculpta, one of Chrysemys picta, six of Cistudo Virginica,
from Poughkeepsie, N- Y.

TRUE, Dr. N. T., Bethel, Me. Fossil Coral from Leroy, N. Y.

UPTON, Capt. GEORGE, Salem. Specimen of Lump Fish, Cyclopte-
rus lumpus, taken in Salem Harbor.

WARD, JAMES L., Salem: A malformed Claw of a Lobster, Homa-
rus Americanus.

WHEATLAND, Miss M. G., Salem. Sixteen skulls of Birds, one of
the Green Turtle, and several shells, from St. Augustine, Florida,

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT,

BY DONATION.

PULSIFER, DAVID, Boston. A Picture of the " Hancock House,"
and two specimens of Chinese Printing.

147

STICKNEY, M. A., Salem. A Gun-lock from the Battle-field of New-
berii.

STONE, B. W., Salem. A piece of Sheet Kubber made by Mr. Day,
of Connecticut, and a piece of Insulated Elastic Electric Cable.

TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

BARTLETT, JOHN R., Secretary of State, Providence, R. I. Report
upon the Census of Rhode Island, 1865, 8vo pamphlet, Providence,
1867.

BOLLES, E. C., Portland, Me. New England Hist. Gen. Register,
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1867.

BRAMAN, Mrs. SARAH B., Georgetown, Mass. Engraving of Rev.
Isaac Braman, late of Georgetown; taken Jan. 1, 1852. He was born
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1859 to 1865 inclusive, 7 vols. 16mo. Connecticut Register for 1860 to
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148

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FARNUM JOSEPH. Ferguson's Astronomy, 2 vols. 8vo, 4to vol. of
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149

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NICHOLS, C. F. The Weekly Inspector, 2 vols. 8vo, New York,
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Leconte, The Coleoptera of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico, 4to pam-
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Nervous System of Rana pipiens, 4to pamph., Washington, 1853. 55
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ing Expedition, Vol. XIII. Pts. 1 and 2, 2 vols., 4to, Philadelphia, 1852.

PEABODY, ALFRED S. Flora Capensis, by W. H. Harvey and O.
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RAY, ISAAC, Providence, R. I. Reports of the Butler Hospital for
twelve years, 12 Pamphlets, 8vo, Providence, R. I.

ROBINSON, JOHN. Officers of our Union Army and Navy, edited by
Dean Dudley, vol. 1, 16mo, Boston, 1862. Year Book of Unitarian
Congregational Churches for 1867. Monthly Journal of Am. Unit. As-
sociation from May, 1866, to April, 1867, inclusive, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston.

SHEPPARD, JOHN H., Boston. A Memoir of Marshall P. Wilder, by
John H. Sheppard, 8vo pamphlet, Boston, 1867.

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STONE, HENRY O. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, vols. 58 to
73 inclusive, 16 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1858. Braithwaite's Retrospect of
Practical Medicine and Surgery, parts 38 to 59 inclusive, 16 vols. 8vo,
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vols. 9 and 10, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1855. Massachusetts Medical So-
ciety Publications, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 8vo, 3 pamphlets, Boston, 1856. 60
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150

Philadelphia, 1859. Chamber's Cyclopedia, Universal Dictionary of
Arts and Sciences (Ree's edition), 4 vols. folio, Dublin, 1787. Massa-
chusetts State Register, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1862.

STONE, L. R., Newton. Army and Navy Journal, from July 27, '
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STCRGIS, F. R., New York. An Essay on Human Cestoids, by F.
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SUMNER, CHARLES, U. S. Senator. Monthly Report of Agricultural
Department, February, 1867. Message and Documents, 1865-66. De-
partment of State, 4 vols. 8vo. War Department, 2 vols. 8vo. Navy
Department, 1 vol. 8vo. Interior and Post-office Department, 1 vol.
8vo. Annual Report of the Secretary of War at the 2d Sess. 28th Con-
gress, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1865. Message and Documents, De-
partment of State, 1864-65, 4 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1865. Message
and Documents, Interior and Post-office Departments, 1864, and '65, 1
vol. 8vo, Washington, 1865. Message and Documents, Navy Depart-
ment, 1864-65, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1865.' Pomeroy's Letter to
Rev. H. D. Fisher, July 15, 1866, 8vo pamphlet. Patent Office Reports,
Mechanical, 2 vols. 8vo, 1859; 2 vols. 8vo, 1860; 2 vols. 8vo, 1861. Re-
port of Commissioner on Indian Affairs, 1 vol. 8vo, 1859 ; 1 vol. 8vo,
1860. Reports on Mineral Resources of U. S. A., 1 vol. 8vo, Washing-
ton, 1867. Adjutant-general's Report (Mass.), 2 vols. 8vo, Boston,
1865. Report of Commissioner on Indian Affairs, 1 vol. 8vo, Wash-
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WATERMAN, THOMAS, Boston. Constitution of Grand Royal Arch
Chapter of Massachusetts, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1861. By-laws of Mt.
Lebanon Lodge, Boston, 1 vol. 12mo, 1867.

WHEATLAND, Miss ELIZABETH. Lever's Seamanship, 1 vol. 4to,
London, 1808. Blunt's Shipmaster's Assistant, 1 vol. 8vo, New York,
1829. Harris's Book-keeping, 1 vol. 8vo, Hartford, 1838. Foster's
Book-keeping, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1836. Phillips on Protection of
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ker Hill, etc., 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1842. Boston Almanac, 1843 to
1852, 1854, 1855, 1862, 13 vols. 16mo, Boston. Bowditclrs Practical
Navigator, 1st stereotype (4th) ed., 1 vol. 8vo. Springfield Directory
for 1848, 1 vol. 16mo, Springfield, 1848. 21 Miscellaneous Pamphlets.
3 Log-books.

WILDER, MARSHALL P., Dorchester. Proceedings American Porno-
logical Society, 7th, 8th, 9th Sessions, 3 pamphlets, 8vo.

BY EXCHANGE.

ALBANY INSTITUTE. Transactions, vol. 5, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1867.
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151

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The Practical Entomologist,
April, 1867, 8vo pamphlet. Proceedings, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1866-7, 8vo
pamphlet, Philadelphia, 1867.

BUFFALO YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION. Thirty-first Annual Eeport,
8vo pamphlet, Buffalo, 1867.

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CAMBRIDGE, MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Annual Report,

1866, 8vo pamphlet, Boston, 1867.,

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. Second Session, 38th Congress, 1864
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Journal, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Documents, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal,
1 vol. 8vo. Senate Reports. 4 vols. 8vo. Senate Miscellanies, 1 vol.
8vo.

^IRELAND'S HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Fireland's Pioneer, June,

1867, Vol. VIII., 8vo, 1 vol., Sandusky, 1867.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Annals of Iowa, April,
1867, 8vo pamphlet.

MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Mayer's Memoir of Jared Sparks,
8vo pamphlet, Baltimore, 1867.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Catalogue of Library,
8vo pamphlet, Boston, 1867. The Revised Statutes of New Hampshire,
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MONTREAL SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. The Canadian Natural-
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PEABODY INSTITUTE, South Danvers. Fifteenth Ann. Report, 8vo
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YOUNG, STEPHEN J. Librarian of Bowdoin College. Catalogue of
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152

1850, January, May, August, and October. 1851, January, May, June,
and October. 1852, January, May, June, and October. 1853, January,
May, June, and October. 1854, January, May, June, and October.
1855, January, May. 1856, January, May. 1857, January, May. 1858,
January. 1859, January, May. 1860, January, May. 1861, January,
April, May, August. 1862, January, May, August. 1863, January,
May, June. 1864, January. 1865, January. 71 Miscellaneous Pam-
phlets.

SAN FRANCISCO MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Fourteenth
Annual Report, 8vo pamphlet.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
vols. 6 and 7, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1867. Smithsonian Contribu-
tions to Knowledge, vol. 14, 4to, Washington, 1865.

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Garten, Vol. VII. Nos. 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, Frankfurt, a. M., 1866.

EDITORS. American Journal of Science and Arts, May, 1867. Amer-
ican Mining Index, March, April, May, June, 1867. Christian World,
April, June, July, 1867, Essex Banner, April, May, June, 1867. Gar-
dener's Monthly, April, May, June, 1867. Gloucester Telegraph, April,
May, June, 1867. Ilammonton Culturist, May 1, 1867. Haverhill Ga-
zette, April, May, June, 1867. Lawrence American, April, May, June,
1867. Lynn Eeporter, April, May, June, 1867. Maine Farmer, June,
1867. Public Spirit, Vol. I. No. 2, May, 1867, Troy, N. Y. South
Danvers Wizard, April, May, June, 1867. Triibner's American and Ori-
ental Literary Record, March, May, 1867.

MONDAY, JULY 2, 1867. Field Meeting at Haverhill.
The first Field Meeting of the season was held this day, which was
perfect for a rural excursion. After the morning rendezvous at the
spacious and beautiful Town Hall of Haverhill, where the Institute
was welcomed by Dr. J. R. Nichols, for the citizens of the town, the
company divided. A part visited one or more of the great shoe estab-
lishments for which Haverhill is famed. Another party went directly
to the beautiful picnic grove on the banks of Lake Kenoza. Near this
fine sheet of water was the birthplace of Whittier; and its favorite
name, for on the map it appears as " Great Pond," is one bestowed
upon it in a poem familiar to his readers : —

*********
" Lake of the pickerel I — let no more

The echoes answer back ' Great Pond,'
But sweet Kenoza, from thy shore
And watching hills beyond,"

153

" The shores we trod as barefoot boys,

The nutted woods we wandered through,
To friendship, love, and social joys
We consecrate anew."

" Kenoza ! o'er no sweeter lake

Shall morning break or noon-cloud sail, —
No fairer face than thine shall take
The sunset's golden veil."

The rest of the company went as other attractions drew them.

At 1 o'clock the company assembled at the Town Hall and partook
of their collation, where they found, in addition to the supplies they
carried with them, an abundance of hot tea and coffee, which added
much to the enjoyment of the feast.

The party then repaired to the chapel of the North Congregational
Church, where the meeting was called to order by Dr. Geo. B. Loring,
of the Committee on Field Meetings, who appropriately congratulated
the assembly on the extraordinary bounteousness of the season, and
the peculiar privileges enjoyed by the people of the county in the Es-
sex Institute.

He then introduced Vice-president S. P. FOWLER as chairman of the
meeting.

Mr. Fowler, on taking the chair, remarked upon the interesting his-
tory of Haverhill as an old frontier town in the days of Indian war-
fare ; and recommended that its inhabitants should carefully save from
destruction all the old documents they might have in their houses, and
send them to the Institute for permanent preservation among its col-
lections.

Letters were announced from, — Prof. L. Agassiz, Cambridge (May
13) ; A. B. Ashby, Newburyport (June 21) ; Capt. N. E. Atwood, Prov-
incetown (June 19) ; Copley Avery, Boston (May 23) ; Prof. S. F.
Baird, Smithsonian Institution (May 19, June 9, 19) ; W. J. Seal,
Union Springs, N. Y. (May 24) ; C. A. Benjamin, Salem (May 14) ;
Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (June 8) ; Dr. Daniel Clarke, Flint,
Mich. (May 17) ; Gen. W. Cogswell, Salem (June 7) ; J. Colburn, Bos-
ton (June 4, 22); Congressional Library (June 5); W. S. Cook, Sa-
lem (May 18) ; Henry Davis, Decorah, Iowa (June 20) ; W. W. Dens-
low, New York (June 13, 23) ; T. A. Dickinson, Lewiston, Me. (June
23) ; Dr. A. S. Dudley, Salem (June 14) ; C. H. Halt, Philadelphia, Pa.
(May 9) ; J. P. Haskell, Marblehead (June 25) ; O. P. Hubbard, New
Haven, Ct. (June 11); W. H. Kerns, Boston (June 23); J. P. Lang-
worthy, Boston (June 29) ; Rev. Samuel Lockwood, Keyport, N. J.
(July 25) ; Horace Mann, Cambridge (May 18) ; Win. Merritt, Boston
(June 25) ; J. S. Moyer, Plumsteadville, Pa. (May 16) ; C. H. Nauman,
Lancaster, Pa. (June 6) ; S. A. Nelson, Georgetown (June 7) ; New
Bedford Public Library (May 6, 20, 25) ; New England Historic-Gen-
ealogical Society, Boston (April 22) ; New York Lyceum of Natural

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX IXST., VOL. V. 20 FEB., 1868.

154

History (May 13) ; New York Mercantile Lib. Assoc. (June 20) ; Dr.
J. R. Nichols, Haverhill (June 6, 24, 28) ; Gen. Albert Ordway, Kich-
mond, Va. (June G) ; S. P. Pinel, Salem (June 20) ; Saint Louis Acad-
emy of Science (May 25) ; Smithsonian Institution (June 5, 7) ; F.
Snyder, Le Claire, Iowa (May 28) ; Frank Stratton, Natick (June 15) ;
Prof. S. Tenney, Vassar Female College, N. Y. (June 2) ; Prof. A. E.
Verrill, Yale College (May 26, June 9, 18) ; Judge J. G. Waters, Sa-
lem (May 8) ; J. K. Wiggin, Boston (June 12) ; Dr. B. G. Wilder, Cam-
bridge (June 25) ; Prof. H. C. Wood, Philadelphia, Pa. (June 21).

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Mr. C. W. Felt, of Salem, presented a copy of his book on the " com-
bined letter system," explaining briefly the objects of the same.

Dr. James R. Nichols, of Haverhill, after some complimentary allu-
sions to the visit of the Institute to Haverhill, spoke of the donation
of Mr. Peabody and the cooperation of the trustees of that gift with
the Essex Institute, for the advancement of science and useful know-
ledge in this county. He then referred with high commendation to
the enthusiastic and successful efforts to this end of the several young
men who are connected with the Institute.

Mr. F. W. Putnam, of Salem, in response to a call, spoke of the
plant lice found on the leaves of the currant and the rose, and also of
the habits and development of the red-backed salamander, specimens
of which he exhibited to the meeting.

Dr. Nichols mentioned in this connection that a chemical combina-
tion, carbolic acid, was antagonistic to animal life, and a dilution of
one half of one per cent, of this acid in water would destroy the red
spider and other insects on plants. Carbolate of lime, sprinkled about
on squash vines, would free them from insects.

Mr. Edward S. Morse, of Salem, drew a very fine comparison of
the studies of the naturalist residing near the sea with those of one in
the interior, and alluded to the families of animals found in those re-
spective localities, all of which were worthy of study. He then illus-
trated the anatomy of the unio, or fresh-water clam, and compared
it with the common clam of our shores.

Rev. Dr. Seeley. of Haverhill, gave some account of the " coquina,"
or shell formation of Florida, which had come under his observation,
and then spoke of the probable effects of the work of the Institute in
developing the latent genius of the people, and awakening a zeal for
further researches into the strange realities of nature.

Mr. Alpheus Hyatt, of Salem, asked the question, Where do the
rocks come from, vhich compose our stone-walls? The answer to
this question takes as to the glacier formations as observed in the
Alps. He then remarked that a similar process had been undergone
in the valley of the Merrimac, as noticed by him during a visit to the

155

banks of the river near West Newbury the past week. He then spoke
of the " American Naturalist," a popular illustrated magazine of natu-
ral history, published under the auspices of the Essex Institute, and
appealed to the people of the county to give it a cordial support and
patronage.

Hon. Allen W. Dodge, of Hamilton, spoke of the importance of the
Institute and its publications in advancing the great cause of educa-
tion, showing the practical value of a knowledge of nature and the
importance of having well-educated persons to interpret her laws.

Prof. A. Crosby, of Salem, spoke of the historical associations of
Haverhill, of the beautiful Lake Kenoza, in the vicinity of which was
the birthplace of the great poet of Essex county, Whittier. He then
alluded to the advancement observable in the town, resulting, through
the progress of science, in the introduction of machinery to accom-
plish the work formerly done by the labor of human muscle and the
outlay of human strength.

Interesting remarks were then made by the venerable Dr. Spofford,
of Groveland, who had recently celebrated the 50th anniversary of his
medical practice ; by Hon. Warren Ordway, of Bradford, and others.

A resolution of thanks, offered by Mr. E. N. Walton, of Salem, was
passed to Dr. J. R. Nichols, Moses How, Esq., and other citizens of
Haverhill for their kind attentions ; to the town authorities for the
use of the Town Hall, and to the proprietors of the North Church for
the use of their Chapel in which to hold the meeting.

The meeting then adjourned to Wednesday at noon, to meet at the
rooms of the Institute in Salem, and the party took the cars for home,
having spent a pleasant day in a town replete with historical reminis-
cences.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 3, 1867. Adjourned Meeting.

Capt. H. F. KING in the chair.
Robert W. Reeves, of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

TUESDAY, JULY 16, 1867. Field Meeting at Andover.
This meeting was held at the South Parish in Andover. The day
was fine, and a large number attended. On arrival of the special
train at the depot the party went to the Town Hall, where Prof.
J. H. Thayer, of the Theological Seminary, welcomed the company
in a few pertinent remarks, alluding to the educational institutions
in the place, and designating several objects of interest in the

156

neighborhood worthy of a visit. He stated that the libraries, muse-
ums, etc., of the Theological Institution would be open, as also the
new Phillips Academy Building, and that the members of the Essex
Institute and their friends were cordially invited to call and examine
them.

Prof. Crosby, of Salem, in behalf of the Institute, expressed appre-
ciation of the kind welcome and valuable suggestions of Mr. Thayer
in reference to the interesting localities of the town.

After some explanatory remarks by Mr. F. G. Sanborn, of Andover,
the company divided into small parties, and in accordance with their
respective tastes started in different directions, — some to the woods
and ponds in search of specimens of natural history, others to " Indian
Ridge," and many to the new hall of the Theological Seminary, known
as the " Brechin Hall," recently erected through the liberality of the
Messrs. Smith & Dove, extensive manufacturers in Andover, the
lower floor of which is dedicated to a rare and valuable museum prin-
cipally made up by contributions from the various missionaries who
have gone out from the Seminary, and the second story to the valua-
ble library, where Rev. William L. Ropes, the librarian, was very atten-
tive and courteous to the visitors. From the tower of this hall is a
most comprehensive view of the surrounding country.

The new building of the Phillips Academy was also visited ; and
the convenient arrangement of the various recitation, lecture, library,
and apparatus rooms, etc., was much admired.

At 1 o'clock the company reassembled at the Town Hall and par-
took of refreshments, and at 2 o'clock the public meeting was held at
the South Congregational Church, —

Dr. G. B. LORING in the chair.

On taking the chair, Dr. Loring, alluding to the town, said he liked
to think of Andover as a whole before its division, and spoke in high
terms of many of the earlier inhabitants. He spoke of the educational
institutions of the place, whence so many earnest Christian men had
gone as missionaries to- nearly every part of the globe ; of the en-
terprise of the people as pioneers in the manufacturing interests, and
also in securing the advantages of railroad communication. He then
briefly stated the general objects of the Essex Institute, and called for
the reading of the records and the announcement of correspondence
and donations.

Letters were announced from, — Samuel Agnew, Librarian Presby-
terian Hist. Societv, Philadelphia, Pa. (July 15) ; J. M. Barnard, Bos-
ton (July 15) ; A. J. Biggar, Ballardvale (July 13) ; Henry Davis, Dc-
corah, Iowa (July :3, 15) ; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Boston (July 2) ; Wm.
Merritt, Superintendent Boston atod Maine R. R. (July 2, 13) ; Prof.
Richard Owen, New Harmony, Ind. (July 5) ; Dr. B. Pickman, Boston

157

(July 16) ; J. Prescott, Supt. Eastern Railroad (July 10) ; S. S. Rath-
von, Lancaster, Pa. (July 13) ; F. G. Sanborn, Andover (July 2, 10) ;
J. Seaton, Boston (July 2) ; Prof. J. H. Thayer, Andover (July 1G) ;
E. W. Treadwell, Ipswich (July 2) ; Henri N. Woods, Rockport (July 8).

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Mr. Alpheus Hyatt was introduced, and, humorously detailing a
mishap by which he had become the recipient of an involuntary bath,
said the circumstance had naturally suggested water as a topic upon
which it might be appropriate to dilate. He thereupon gave some
very entertaining and instructive talk upon this subject, saying that
water was the equal of flre in its destructive power, washing down
the rocks and debris from the mountain sides and in comminuting
them in fine powder, which was borne down the streams, and depos-
ited at the mouths in the form of deltas, or at the bottom of the
adjoining seas, where strata are formed by successive deposits, in
which are buried the remains of the various kinds of animals existing
at the time. These strata are then, by some great convulsions of na-
ture, upheaved and form the land.

Mr. Edward S. Morse gave one of his interesting talks on the me-
chanism of some forms of snail-shells which he described, illustrating
his remarks by some very rapid but excellent drawings upon a black-
board. He commenced by uttering the truth that we admire mechan-
ism for its minuteness. While we think but little of the large derrick
that raises stones, we admire the same general principles -of mechan-
ism when combined with a little watch. The brooks about here con-
tain thirty or forty different kinds of snail-shells. The peculiarities,
and different formation of these he described, one after another. He
described the eyes, mouth, feelers, the tongue made up of thousands
of particles and so constructed that the food was lacerated as by a file.
He gave an interesting account of the process of breathing, for which
purpose they ascended to the surface of the water and then went back
again to the lower surface on which they had the power of moving.

Rev. Mr. Smith, the pastor of the society in whose church the meet-
ing was held, being called upon, made some appropriate remarks. He
alluded to the descriptions given by the previous speakers, as illus-
trating the fertility of the Creator and Sustainer of these organisms.

Prof. C. H. Hitchcock exhibited a topographical map of the two
Andovers, published in 1852 before division had been effected, accord-
ing to the surveys of H. F. Walling with the scale of TirtUir- Upon
this he had attempted to represent the distribution of the different
rocks over most of the area of the two towns. Upon such a large
map it is better to color only the spaces occupied by the actual out-
croppings, so that every one may see at a glance the proper outlines
of each belt, just as correctly as the explorer. The following are the

158

varieties of rock in Andover : 1. Hornblende schist, including syenitic
masses apparently intruded after the formation and perhaps meta-
morphism of the schist; 2. Gneiss, with similar patches of fine-
grained granite ; 3. Very coarse granite ; 4. Fine mica schist.

The first group is found in the south-east part only of the towns,
or south of a line drawn from near J. Farnham's in the Farnham
School District to the four corners at the base of Aslebe Hill, thence
probably curving below W. Jenkins' saw-mill and running to S. Cheev-
er's in the Scotland District, thence to about" the corner at the meet-
ing of the towns of Andover, Wilmington, and Beading. Very much
of this formation is properly a gneiss, with hornblende in the place of
mica. Commonly the divisional planes of stratification and of joints
are very even. One of the largest masses of syenite observed occu-
pies Aslebe Hill and the territory to the east on the road to Middleton.
A mile west of Gray's saw-mill the strata dip 60° N. W.

The gneiss formation includes an ugly-looking gneiss, a very fer-
ruginous variety, quartzites in limited amount, much fine-grained
granite, a bed of steatite, and perhaps other varieties worthy of notice.
It occupies most of the area of the two towns, lying north-west of the
hornblende rock, and limited by an overlying mica schist on the Mer-
rimac River. South of Aslebe Hill is a fine-grained granite, not far
from the steatite bed at W. Jenkins' saw-mill. The first ledge ob-
served west of Aslebe Hill is quartzite. Patches of the fine-grained
granite were noted at J. Cummings's, near Carmel Hill ; in small
amount at the railroad station at South Andover ; near J. Adams's on
. the south shore of North Andover Pond ; several localities south-
west from the West Andover Cemetery ; at about three-fourths of a
mile north from West Andover church at J. Chandler's, near the Alms-
house, and in many other places. There may be a synclinal structure
in this formation, for at the South Andover station the dip is 80° W.
23° N., and 46° S. E. west of West Andover church. In several other
places east of Shawsheen River the north-westerly dip was noticed,
and it is my impression that the south-easterly dip prevails in the
railroad cut in South Lawrence. Along the north-west boundary of
this group there is a belt of peculiar gneiss, whose feldspar has the
appearance of small pebbles. I am uncertain whether it belongs to
the gneiss below or the mica schist above.

The coarse granite appears on the map like a flattened ellipse with
sharp ends cutting the gneiss at an angle of about 25°. I have not
searched for it south of Foster's Pond, but to the north from that
point, as far as B. Rogers' in the north-east corner of the Phillips Dis-
trict, the outcrops are very numerous. From the middle of Scotland
District to a point west of Moses Abbott's, nearly a mile and a half,

159

this rock forms a high precipitous ledge, of which the culminating
point is Sunset Rock. The buildings of the Theological Seminary
appear to be on the boundary between the coarse granite and the
gneiss to the west. The most easterly outcrop of the coarse rock is
near Simeon's, west of H. Gray's in the Holt District. The length of
this granite is a little more than four miles ; its greatest width 440
rods. The crystals of mica and feldspar are sometimes six inches
broad, and are universally very large.

The mica schist is a fine-grained rock, often running into quartzite,
and occupies the low land about the Merrimac River. It appears to
occupy all the area 150 rods south of the river, from near the mouth
of Fish Brook to Boxford. Its dip is commonly 30°-40° north-west-
erly, but it is 53° N. at Daniel Butler's house. It therefore appears to
lie unconformably upon the gneiss, but farther observations are
needed to confirm this inference.

There is reason to believe that the gneiss and hornblende schist
are of Eozoic ages, perhaps as old as the Laurentian, and hence that
Andover Hill has been dry land ever since the oldest period, except
when covered by the waters of the later drift. The evidence consists
chiefly in the fact that pebbles of the syenite, which is newer than the
schist, occur in the Paradoxides slates near Boston, along with red
jasper, green porphyry, and other i-ocks associated with the syenite.
These slates form the lowest member of the Paleozoic series ; hence
the rocks from which the pebbles were derived are older than the Si-
lurian, and must be Eozoic. Lithologically they resemble the Lauren-
tian gneiss and syenite, in the typical localities. The coarse granite
being intrusive must be newer than the gneiss. The fine mica schist
was at one time suspected to be Carboniferous, on account of the oc-
currence in it of decomposing cylindrical masses resembling the stems
of trees. It is connected with the plumbaginous rock near Worcester.

Nearly the whole of the surface of Andover is covered by the
coarse unmodified glacial drift. Striae are occasionally seen on the
ledges, as near Carmel Hill, with the direction (by compass) of north
and south. Bowlders of porphyritic granite and other rocks peculiar
to New Hampshire may be found upon the highest land. Holt's or
Prospect Hill, and the round hills to the north-east appear to be com-
posed of the coarse drift, and may be the remnant of a moraine of the
continental glacier.

Lying upon the older drift are the curious "Indian ridges "and
"moraine terraces," both of which appear to have been deposited
from water, as a cut in them invariably shows the presence of strata.
Accoi-ding to a map by Mr. Alonzo Gray in the Transactions of the
American- Association of Geologists and Naturalists, the ridges are

160

three in number, on the west side of the Shawsheen, and the longest one
and a half miles long. To the north they disappear before reaching a
ridge rising between them and the Merrimac. But I have found the be-
ginning of a ridge, overlooked heretofore, which starts behind a ledge
and connects itself circuitously with the main mass. It commences at
J. Tuck's in the West Centre District, pursues a slightly undulating
course for 275 rods several degrees east of south, all of the way a per-
fect ridge ; then it turns easterly and may be traced with slight inter-
ruptions past C. Shattuck's in West Andover, to join Indian Ridge
near its southern termination. Moraine terraces are abundant be-
tween the Catholic cemetery and Pomp's Pond, also on the west side
of the Shawsheen, south of the ridges. There is evidence to show
that Raggett's Pond formerly discharged itself by a stream joining
the Shawsheen near Ballardvale.

Mr. Geo. D. Phippen, of Salem, gave an interesting description of
various plants collected during the forenoon, and closed by a happy
comparison of the classification of plants as described by the writers
of olden times, as trees, shrubs, etc., with that of the present time,
which the use of the microscope had indicated.

Rev. C. R. Palmer, of Salem, made a pleasant little speech, giving
some personal reminiscences of Andover, while he was fitting for col-
lege and preparing for the ministry. He spoke particularly of the
pleasant and instructive walks of the town, as conducive to the health
of the students.

Mr. F. G. Sanborn, of Andover, gave a brief notice of the insect
fauna of Andover.

Prof. D. Crosby, of Dartmouth College, after a few general re-
marks, spoke of the importance of the work of the Essex Institute
and its publications, especially the "American Naturalist," — which he
said he had read with deep interest ; the conductors of it had shown
not only the possession of valuable knowledge, but a happy faculty
in imparting their knowledge to others. He believed this publication
would exert a powerful influence for good, and hoped it would be lib-
erally sustained.

Prof. A. Crosby, of Salem, in response to a call from the chairman,
said he did not claim to be a son of Andover, but might claim another
relationship, as both his grandfathers were natives, and descendants
of some of the early settlers of the town. More than a third of a cen-
tury ago he had taught a Sabbath School class in the old church,
while a student in the Seminary. He considered all education useful,
and knowledge could and should be acquired from the study of nature
as well as from' books ; and claimed that the Normal Schools in Mas-
sachusetts had been instrumental in developing this idea.

161

President Labaree, formerly of Middlebury College, spoke of the
peculiar advantages and great privileges possessed by the people of
Essex county ; of the importance and reputation of the Theological
Seminary ; the character of its educational and scientific institutions ;
its industrial pursuits ; and, in this connection, alluded to the Pacific
Mills of Lawrence as having received the prize at the Paris Exposi-
tion for being the best-conducted mill.

Wm. P. Upham, Esq., of Salem, gave the dimensions of some of
the large Elms of Essex county, and particularly of Andover, some of
which he had that day examined.

Mr. E. N. Walton, in behalf of Mr. C. W. Felt, presented a copy of
a rare and valuable book upon typographical combinations, prepared
with great care, and intended as a companion volume to the one pre-
sented by Mr. Felt at the Field Meeting at Haverhill.

After a vote of thanks to the officers of the Theological Seminary,
Phillips Academy, and South Congregational Church, and to the town
authorities, and also to Messrs. Burnham S. White, F. G. Sanborn,
Geo. S. Coles, Edwin H. Smith, T. A. Holt & Co., and others, of Ando-
ver, for courtesies extended to the members of the Institute and their
friends, the meeting adjourned.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 17, 1867. Adjourned Meeting.

Judge WATERS in the chair.

A. W. Warren, of Danvers, and George W. Williams, of Salem,
were elected Resident Members.

THURSDAY, AUGUST 1, 1867. Field Meeting at Beverly Farms.

This meeting was attended by nearly four hundred ladies and gen-
tlemen from Salem, Beverly, Manchester, Gloucester, and other parts
of the county. A large part of the company reached Prides' Crossing,
on the Gloucester Branch Railroad, by the early morning train from
Salem. Disembarking here, they separated into groups under guides
familiar with the adjacent country. One of these groups rambled over
the wild and elevated region known as " Beverly Commons," from the
fact of its formerly having been held in common by the inhabitants of
the town. This group also visited a famous bowlder of large size, pe-
culiarly situated in the rear of the residence of Mr. Josiah Ober. A
second group visited West Beach (or West's Beach, as subsequent de-
velopments indicated that it should be called), and strolled along the

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 21 MARCH, 18G8.

162

seashore and through the grounds surrounding the elegant mansions
in that beautiful locality.

A party of about half a dozen of the officers of the Institute left
Salem early in the morning in a sail-boat, and, spending the forenoon
dredging, landed at the beach in time for the meeting, to which they
exhibited many of their trophies of the deep. At one o'clock the vari-
ous parties rendezvoused at the village school-house, and partook of
refreshments drawn from a multitude of baskets. At two o'clock the
whole company gathered in the Second Baptist Church, to hear reports
from the several exploring parties, and discuss the subjects of interest
which might be introduced.

The meeting was called to order by

Vice-president GOODELL.

The records of the last meeting were read, and donations to the
Museum and Library were announced.

Letters were announced from, — J. A. Allen, Denison, Iowa (July
25); Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (July 18); R. Damon, Wey-
mouth, England (July 17) ; Henry Davis, Decorah, Iowa (July 23) ;
Rev. A. B. Kendig, Davenport, Iowa (July 23) ; Dr. G. B. Loring, Sa-
lem (July 29) ; T. T. Richards, St. Louis, Mo. (July 18, 31) ; W. H.
Roberts, New York (July 17); Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Davenport, Iowa
(July 26) ; Rev. J. L. Sibley, Libr. Harvard University (July 30) ;
Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (July 19) ; Hon. A. D. White, Glou-
cester (July 31) ; W. H. Whitmore, Boston (July 31) ; Rev. G. D.
Wildes, Salem (July 31) ; Charles Wright, Wethersfield, Ct. (July 30).

The Secretary read the following extract from a letter from Pro-
fessor Agassiz, who had stated that he should attend the meeting if
possible, but who was unavoidably prevented from being present : —

" Should I not make my appearance you may tell them, as my con-
tribution for the meeting, that Raja erinacea Mitchill, not seen by any
naturalist since it was first described, is quite common in our bay. It
is no doubt generally overlooked owing to its small size. I begin to
receive specimens, frequently, since I have been inquiring into the
growth of our Skates, and requested the fishermen to bring me the
smallest that they could catch. I got the first specimen from Capt.
Atwood. Another interesting fact concerning the natural history of
the Skates, which I have recently ascertained, is the frequency of sterile
males and females among them, the appearance of which is so differ-
ent from the normal specimens, that, in several instances, they have
been described as distinct species. The most prominent differences
exist in the claspers of the males. The internal sexual organs retain
their embryonic condition through life, even in the largest specimens,
which may equal the size of the largest fertile individuals. The char-
acteristic spines of the males, upon the upper surface of pectoral fins,
are either wanting or greatly reduced in number in the sterile males."

Mr. C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, who accompanied the party which visited
the Beverly Commons, spoke of the peculiar flora of this section of

163

the county, citing several examples to show that certain plants are not
found in the porphyritic region of which Lynn appears to be the cen-
tre, but frequently found outside of that limit both at the north and
the west. The question arises whether the underlying rocks have any
influence on the vegetation growing in those localities, or whether
it is owing to other causes ; such are the facts. Taking up at random
the several specimens lying on the table, he remarked upon their pecu-
liar characteristics, in his usual pleasing manner, which held the close
attention of the audience. Before closing, his attention was called
to a beautiful specimen in flower of the Yucca filamentosa, brought
to the meeting by Capt. Joseph Hammond, of Salem, from the cel-
ebrated nursery of Mr. J. W. Manning, of Reading. This plant is a
native of the Southern States, and is sometimes known as the Adam's
Needle, and will grow in Northern gardens with slight protection
during winter.

Mr". Geo. D. Phippen, of Salem, spoke on the general subject of
botany. He observed that all plants were in some sense wild plants,
since those cultivated in one country grew spontaneously in others.
More than a century ago many of our wild flowers were carried to Eu-
rope, and are now cultivated there with great success. He then spoke
of the great changes in the varieties of plants produced by cultiva-
tion.

Mr. Edward S. Morse, of the dredging party, described and deline-
ated on a blackboard the shells which the party had brought up in five
fathoms of water, as well as the more common mollusks found be-
tween high and low-water mark. The habits and structure of the
various species on the table were described by Mr. Morse with consid-
erable minuteness.

Mr. Alpheus Hyatt made some remarks on the object of the inves-
tigations of naturalists. He spoke of the distribution of shells at dif-
ferent depths, in the same manner as certain altitudes upon the land
are characterized by their peculiar plants. There was, he observed,
comparatively little life in the lowest depths of water, or on the high-
est points of land, and the living organisms found at both extremes
were generally microscopic. He closed with an interesting account
of the anatomy of the common sponge.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a live salamander, which had been
found by some of the party. This species was often, he said, con-
founded with the lizard, from which, however, it widely differed, al-
though a casual observer might fancy a resemblance.

Mr. Putnam also exhibited living specimens of the young "lump-
sucker" or " sucking-fish," and a live specimen of a species of Liparis
which had not before been found in the waters of our bay. This speci-

164

men was dredged during the forenoon off the Misery. It was very
different from the single species of Liparis which had heretofore
been found in Massachusetts waters.

Mr. Joseph E. Ober, of Beverly Farms, gave the following account
of West's Beach : —

West's Beach took its name from John West, the first settler of
Beverly Farms ; this is evident from the fact, that John West bought
the land adjacent to the beach of John Blackleach of Boston, who held
said lands by a grant from the town of Salem.

In the Essex County Kegistry of Deeds, book 2, page 39, dated
Dec. 14, 1660, is a deed recorded " conveying to John West at the
Creek, in consideration of £350, all that messuage, uplands and meadow,
situate and lying in Salem aforesaid, as hath been at any time or times
before the day of the date hereof, been given and granted unto the
said John Blackleach, formerly in the name of Lawrence Leach, but
now in the name and occupied by John West."

The following is from 'the Ancient Town Records of Salem : — "At
a meeting of the selectmen 19th day of 12th month 1666, It is agreed
with John West at the Creek yt whylst hee shall mayntayne the Cause-
way over the Marsh at the farme which was Mr. Blackleach in Salem
Bounds, a sufficient hie waye to the town of Gloster and the Manches-
ter mens use ; hee shall enjoy the use and benefit of all such ground
which lyeth in Common between the sayed farme and the farme of
Nicholas Woodberry, with Pond and Beach, and hath liberty to set
up a gate theron for his use, any former records nulled."

1668, 10th month, 8th day, John West and wife Mary, together
with their son Thomas and his wife Elizabeth were, upon letters of
dismission from the church in Ipswich, received into communion with
the church in Beverly.

The children of John West were John, Joseph, and Thomas (John
and Joseph died young and unmarried). Thomas married Elizabeth
Johnson (daughter of John and Catherine Johnson), by whom he had
nine children, four of whom died young and unmarried ; of the others,
Euth married William Haskell in 1668, and has numerous posterity at
the Farms and elsewhere ; Samuel married Mary Norton, had eight
children, most of whom were married and have posterity settled all
over New England. Mary married Robert Woodberry, and has an
extensive posterity. Thomas married Christiann-i Woodberry. Chris-
tianna Woodberry (or West) inherited a large tract of woodland lying
in Manchester near the Beverly line, which has ever since been known
as Christian's Hill. In book 92 of the Essex Registry of Deeds, page
87, may be found a record of a deed dated in those early times, of cer-
tain beach lands and flats, being a part of the beach known as West's
Beach.

For a great number of years the causeway, named in the original
grant to John West from the town of Salem, was kept in repair by the
heirs of said West. They were so particular with regard to comply-
ing with said grant, that they divided and subdivided the causeway
which was twenty-two rods long, according to each heir's respective
part or share to* maintain and keep in repair. It is a fact little
known, perhaps, outside the limits of the town of Beverly, that this
same causeway has, from those early times, been kept in repair by in-
dividuals up to 1852, when the legislature granted an act of incorpo-

165

ration known by the name of West's Beach. This West's Beach Cor-
poration is regularly constituted, their annual meetings regularly held,
and a record kept of all their doings ; in fine, the fulfilling of the origi-
nal grant jbefore referred' to is looked upon by some at the Farms as
almost sacred.

Kev. A. P. Peabody, D. D., of Harvard University (a native of Bev-
erly), was the next speaker. He was interested in the pursuits of the
Institute and its prosperity. He said these field meetings were of
value, as educating the mind through the senses, inducing a habit of
observation and of accuracy, extending its influence to all depart-
ments of knowledge, and leading the human mind into unison with
the spiritual and divine.

Mr. R. S. Bantoul, of Salem, read some extracts from a journal
kept by Gov. Winthrop in 1630, during his passage in the Arabella,
giving an account of the landing of his party at this place in 1630.

Mr, E. N. Walton, of Salem, spoke of the great hail-storm which
visited Salem fifty-two years ago, on the first clay of August, 1815,
when, according to the Essex Register issued on the following day,
after an uncommon succession of warm days with repeated appear-
ances of wild and irregular clouds, a hail-storm burst upon the town
and continued for twenty minutes with great fury, doing great dam-
age. The stones were of an oblate figure, and many of them upon
their broader surfaces were an inch in diameter. The storm was pre-
ceded by a continued rumbling of distant thunder in the south-west,
and a darkening sky, but there was no remarkable lightning or thun-
der after the hail began to fall. The territory visited by the storm
was quite limited. It did not reach Beverly or Lynn, and only a small
part of Danvers ; even in Bridge street, in Salem, the shower was
hardly felt, in comparison with other places. In Marblehead the
storm was violent, and great destruction was caused in gardens and
fields, and much glass was broken. At the Derby farm, in Salem, the
storm was specially severe, and 3,350 panes of glass were broken.

Mr. Timothy Ropes, of Salem, followed, giving particulars of the
hail-storm, from memory. He was then a boy, but he had a vivid
recollection of the general terror and of the great havoc produced by
the visitatioft.

Dr. Henry Wheatland stated that there was among the Institute
collections a manuscript record giving the names of individuals on
whose premises glass had been broken by this hail-storm, stating the
number of panes and size of glass lost by each. It seems that in Sa-
lem alone there were one hundred twenty-six thousand two hundred
and eleven panes broken, of which number 74,561 panes were of 7 by
9 inch size.

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Messrs. T. M. Standley,

166

John Larcom, J. L. Ober, Jesse E. Ober, I. S. Day, E. Pride, C. C.
Paine, Win. Paine, Franklin Haven, Chas. G. Loring, C. W. Loring,
E. S. Rantoul, T. A. Neal, Jonathan Preston, Josiah Ober, Isaac Smith,
A. Haskell, Joel Kimball, John H. Larcom,' E. A. Boardman, R. W.
Hooper, and to Miss Maria Neal, for courtesies extended to the mem-
bers and friends of the Institute ; and also to the proprietors of the
Second Baptist Church for the use of their church for the holding of
the meeting.

FKIDAY, AUGUST 2, 1867. Adjourned Meeting.

S. P. WALCOTT, Esq., in the chair.

Amos Hazeltine, jr., of Haverhill, and Preston Marshall Chase, of
Danvers, were elected Resident Members.

THURSDAY, AUGUST 22, 1867. Field Meeting at Kittery, Maine.

For the first time in its history the Essex Institute held a Field
Meeting beyond the limits of the Commonwealth, and invaded Kit-
tery, Me., a locality rich in historical associations and objects of
interest. The party was large, numbering some four hundred and
fifty from the vicinity of Salem, and increased to about six hundred
upon arriving at Kittery.

The forenoon, as usual, was spent in rambling and visiting the
places of interest, the naturalists betaking themselves to the woods
and waters in search of specimens for presentation at the afternoon
meeting. The chief points of attraction were the U. S. Navy Yard,
and the ancient estates of Sir William Pepperrell, the commander of
the forces at the capture of Louisburg, Cape Breton, in 1745 ; the
wealthiest and most eminent merchant of his day, the first native of
New England ever made a Baronet of Great Britain ; connected with
Massachusetts, Essex county, and Salem by many ties, and of whom
a full-length, original portrait of life size has for nearly fifty years
been the most prominent picture in the gallery of the Essex Historical
Society and the Essex Institute, into which the old society became
merged.

The ancient Pepperrell mansion is at Kittery Point, four miles from
the railroad station. It was built by the father of Sir William about
the year 1680. Here the son was born in 1696, and when he was mar-
ried, in 1723, he took his bride to the family mansion, which was en-
larged at that time by an addition to the north end, giving the whole
a stately appearance. Those who would learn the full details of Sir
William's career are referred to an admirable biographical sketch by

167

the late Geo. A. Ward, Esq., of Salem, in the Appendix to his Journal
and Letters of Samuel Curwen, and to a more elaborate biography by
the venerable Dr. Usher Parsons, now the sole surviving officer of
Perry's brilliant naval victory on Lake Erie, who was expected to be
present on this occasion, but, unfortunately for the Institute, was pre-
vented from attending. To these works, and to Charles W. Brewster,
Esq., the editor of the Portsmouth Journal and author of "Rambles
about Portsmouth," who personally accompanied the party and con-
tributed greatly to the interest of the visit by his knowledge of the
localities and the historical associations connected with them, we are
indebted for our facts.

The ride to the Point, through Kittery Foreside, though rough and
in crowded vehicles, was full of interest. The road follows the course
of the Piscataqua and affords views of Portsmouth on the opposite side
of the river, and of the Navy Yard close at hand, and passes by the old
garrison-house, now modernized, built for protection against the In-
dians ; the ancient graveyard containing many quaint inscriptions,
affording material for curious study ; the antique parsonage, where the
mother of Rev. Joseph Stevens Buckminster was born, with the
church adjoining; the dilapidated mansion built by Lady Pepperrell
after her husband's death, and the Sparhawk mansion erected by Sir
William for his daughter upon her marriage. Just before reaching
the Point, Spruce Creek is crossed, and the new Fort McClary comes
into view, a massive fortification not yet completed, which, with Fort
Constitution on the other side (plainly in sight with Newcastle in the
background and the Isles of Shoals nine miles seaward), will protect
the mouth of the river and the enti'ance to the Navy Yard.

The Pepperrell Mansion shows but little of its former grandeur.
One room and the spacious hall, or entry, remain pretty much as they
were in Sir William's day, and indicate the courtly style in which he
lived ; but the house has been curtailed in its dimensions, and its sur-
roundings are not what they were. It is still a comfortable residence,
however, and a most interesting relic, and nothing could exceed the
kindness and courtesy of Mrs. Bellamy, in welcoming this intrusion
of strangers into her family mansion, and in her efforts to make their
visit agreeable and satisfactory. She exhibited to them several arti-
cles of interest, and seemed never weary of answering questions and
giving explanations. Her politeness was highly appreciated.

Mr. Ward describes the old mansion as plain in architecture, but
containing a great many rooms, and well adapted to the extensive do-
mains and hospitalities of its former owners. The lawn in front (now,
in part, a kitchen garden) extends to the sea, and the restless waves,
over, which Sir William sought fortune and fame, still glitter in the

168

sunbeams and dash around the abode. The hall is spacious and well
finished ; the ceiling ornamented, and the richly carved banisters bear
traces of former elegance. On ascending the staircase, paintings of
angels' heads decorate the hall window. In this mansion, where he
was born, and died, the Baronet always lived suitably to his rank, and
extended hospitality to the numerous visitors who flocked to see and
converse with the victor of Louisburg. His walls were hung with
costly mirrors and paintings ; his sideboards and cellars were filled
with the choicest viands, and his park stocked with deer. He had a
retinue of servants, costly equipage, and a splendid barge with liveried
oarsmen. His dress was of the expensive kind worn by the noblemen
of that day, — scarlet broadcloth trimmed with gold lace, a cocked hat
similarly trimmed, and a large powdered wig, — as he is represented
in the portrait which hangs in the hall of the Institute. At the meet-
ing a lady exhibited a rich satin vest formerly worn by Sir William,
and the high-heeled satin shoes which belonged to his wife.

Sir William owned real estate in nearly every town on the seaboard
from Hampton to Portland, and also in the towns bordering on the
Piscataqua Eiver. It is said that he could travel from the Piscataqua
to Saco Rivers, nearly thirty miles, on his own soil. In Saco alone he
owned 5,500 acres, including the site of that populous town and its
factories. But all his vast fortune was dissipated and scattered at the
time of the Eevolution. His grandson, who inherited the bulk of it,
took the loyalist side, and the property was confiscated by the legis-
lative act of 1778. No descendant bearing the Pepperrell name is now
living. The splendid service of plate presented to Sir William for his
conquest of Louisburg was exempted from confiscation, and was sent
under guard to Boston for shipment to England, whither his exiled
heir had gone. Sir William's Louisburg service sword is in the pos-
session of Dr. Parsons. Another sword, richly mounted with gold
and jewels, given him by Admiral Sir Peter Warren, is in the posses-
sion of Dr. Jarvis, of Claremont, N. H. A superb gold snuff-box, hav-
ing upon the cover, in bas relief, a representation of the interview
between Alexander and Diogenes, presented to him by King George
II, was owned by Mr. Ward.

The Pepperrell tomb is in a field in the rear of the mansion, and
contains the remains of Sir William and Lady Pepperrell, his father
and mother, and many members and servants of the family, now min-
gled in an indiscriminate mass. A few years ago it became greatly
dilapidated, and but for the respect entertained for the memory of the
illustrious dead, by a female remotely descended from the baronet,
the whole structure would long since have fallen into ruins. By her
exertions and limited means the tomb was put in good repair. The

169

marble structure that now stands over the vault was erected by Sir
William in 1736, soon after the death of his father. It was ordered
from London, and cost, when completed, £34 11s. 4d. It bears upon
the top the Pepperrell arms, which are described in the Herald's Of-
fice as " argent a chevron gules between three pine apples, slipt
vert. No crest is to be found to the above-mentioned arms, being an
ancient coat before crests were used." Beneath the coat of arms is the
following inscription :

Here lyes the body of the Honourable

WILLIAM PEPPERRELL ESQ

who departed this Life the 15th Feb'y

Anno Domini 1733. In the 87th Year

of his Age.

with the Remains of great part of
his Family.

No inscription in memory of Sir William himself or any other of
the family has ever been added. Sir William was born in 1696, and
died in 1759. Dr. Parsons states that his funeral obsequies were at-
tended by a vast concourse. The drooping flags at half mast on both
shores of the Piscataqua, the solemn knell from neighboring churches,
the responsive minute-guns from all the batteries, and the mournful
rumbling of muffled drums announced that a great man had fallen and
was descending to the tomb. The funeral discourse, preached by
Rev. Dr. Stevens on the next Sabbath, was published by Lady Pep-
perrell, and a copy sent to each member of the house and council. He
was chosen a member of the Massachusetts legislature from Kittery
in 1726, and the next year was appointed a Councillor, the appoint-
ment being renewed, until his death, for thirty-two successive years,
during eighteen of which he served as President of the Board.

In the field containing the tomb, and but a short distance from it,
is a single small slate grave-stone, bearing on the top a death's head,
rudely carved, and having this inscription :
Miriam Jackson
Dau'r to George

& Joanah

Jackson aged

17 days Died

Aug't ye llth 1720

This was undoubtedly a child of Sir William's elder sister, Joanah,
who was born in 1692, married Dr. George Jackson, and died in 1725.
Lady Pepperrell survived her husband for thirty years, until 1789.
After Sir William's death she left the old mansion and built a neat
house in more modern style, near that of her daughter, Mrs. Spar-
hawk ^hereafter alluded to), and the village church, and here she died.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 22 MARCH, 1868.

170

This house appears to be more dilapidated than either of the others,
but only the outside of the premises was visible to the party on
Thursday.

Upon returning from Kittery Point the company visited the man-
sion erected for the residence of Sir William's daughter Elizabeth, a
famous belle and heiress, highly accomplished, who was married to
Nathaniel Sparhawk in 1742. This house was apparently superior in
style to the old mansion. It is now undergoing repairs, the present
occupants having been only a few weeks in possession. Here, too,
the intruders were politely received and afforded every facility for
examining the premises. The spacious hall retains its original form
and the walls their ancient paper, which must have been of rare rich-
ness and costliness. One of the rooms is still, in general appearance,
very much the same as when occupied by the Sparhawks. The chim-
ney-piece, with its little, square, porcelain, pictured tiles, covered
with colored birds and quaint devices, is almost as perfect as ever.
In another room is one of the old-fashioned "buffets," or cup-boards,
curiously fashioned and well preserved, which, could it speak, would
doubtless reveal the secrets of many a banqueting scene where the
courtly ladies and gentlemen of the last century figured. A few years
ago there was a fine avenue of trees leading to this house, and a por-
tion of the tesselated pavement in front is still preserved. When in
its prime the large walls of the entrance hall were covered with por-
traits of the Pepperrell and Sparhawk families, and of the friends and
companions in arms of Sir William. Some of these are now in the
possession of Rev. Dr. Burroughs of Portsmouth.

Sir William in his day must have frequently visited Salem and
Danvers. His sister Mary married for her third husband Rev. Benja-
min Prescott, of Dauvers, and in his journeys to and from Boston he
no doubt was accustomed to stop there. He certainly did in the
spring of 1759, the year of his death. Upon his return from Louis-
burg he was received in Boston with great pomp, and on the 4th of
July, 1746, attended by divers officers and gentlemen, set out for his
seat in Kittery. He was met at Lynn by a troop of horse and enter-
tained, and was there received by a company of gentlemen and con-
ducted to Salem, on entering which he was saluted with cannon and
ringing of bells, and conducted to the town hall to partake of a mag-
nificent entertainment. After dinner the royal healths were drank,
Gov. Shirley's, Sir William's, Admiral Warren's, Brigadier Waldo's,
and those of all the officers and men at the siege of Cape Breton ; at
each health the cannon were fired, and a treble discharge made by the
troop of horse. On leaving the Beverly ferry a cavalcade met him
from Ipswich and Newbury, and so he made a triumphal progress
home, being everywhere received with extraordinary honors.

171

The portrait of Sir William in the possession of the Institute was
received by the Historical Society in 1821 from William P. Sparhawk,
Esq., of Kittery, a nephew of the last Sir William, and a great-grand-
son of the hero of Louisburg, Lieut. General Sir William Pepperrell,
Baronet.

A visit to the Navy Yard was not the least interesting of the inci-
dents of the day. By the courtesy of Admiral Bailey, every part of
the premises was open to inspection, and officers and men everywhere
were polite and cordial in their attentions. The greatest neatness
and order pervaded every department, and the visitors were exceed-
ingly gratified with their inspection. The boat shop, the machine
shop, the massive plates for the iron-clads, the dry dock, the depots
of clothing and provisions, the sail-loft, the vessels, and the ordnance
building, received due attention and excited the greatest admiration,
which culminated in the armory, from which the ships of war are sup-
plied with small arms, and which contains every species of weapon
used by the men-of-war's men, arranged with the most exquisite skill
and taste, and polished to the highest degree of perfection. Here
were Dahlgren howitzers, rifles, carbines, pistols, cutlasses, of almost
every conceivable pattern, old and new, boarding-pikes, etc., with a
few relics of interest. A courteous attendant explained everything,
and took great pains to make the visit agreeable. Nothing could
exceed the neatness which every visible object presented, and the
grand array, though on a smaller scale, brought forcibly to mind the
memorable verses of Longfellow relative to the Springfield Arsenal.

At half past one o'clock the parties had mostly reassembled at the
hall of the stockholders of the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Rail-
road, the Directors of which, as well as those of the Eastern Railroad,
used every effort to accommodate the company. Divine blessing was
invoked by the Rev. Mr. Swan of Kennebunk, and the large party soon
disposed of the viands on the tables, which were then cleared away
and their place occupied with settees, when the meeting was called to
order with

Vice-president GOODELL in the chair.

Mr. Goodell opened the meeting with a few remarks on the char-
acter and object of the field meetings, and called for the reading of
the records of the last meeting.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced by the Sec-
retary and Superintendent of the Museum.

Letters were announced from, — John Akhurst, Brooklyn, N. Y.
(Aug. 21) ; Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown (Aug. 1) ; Mrs. Charles
G. Bellamy, Kittery, Me. (Aug. 17); Rev. E..C. Boiles, Portland, Me.
(July 22, Aug. 20) ; Buffalo Historical Society (Aug. 8) ; G. F. Calef,
Saco, Me. (Aug. 15) ; Com. Stephen Decatur, Kittery, Me. (Aug. 15) ;

172

W. L. Dwight, Portsmouth, N. H. (Aug. 16) ; J. F. Fellows, Collec-
tor's Office, Boston (Aug. 2) ; Prof. Asa Gray, Columbus, Ohio (Aug.
1) ; Warren Humiston, Otter Creek, 111. (Aug. 10) ; John Krider, Phil-
adelphia, Pa. (Aug. 21) ; Prof. Daniel Merriman, Andover (Aug. 2) ;
Dr. Usher Parsons, Providence, R. I. (Aug. 14) ; Peabody Institute,
South Danvers (Aug. 3) ; Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadel-
phia, Pa. (Aug. 5) ; Portland Society of Natural History (Aug. 6) ;
F. W. Putnam, Bethel, Me. (Aug. 14) ; Moses W. Putnam, Haverhill
(Aug. 10) ; Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence (Aug. 5) ;
E. A. Samuels, Boston (Aug. 21) ; Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Davenport,
Iowa (Aug. 21) ; G. W. Smith, Grand Rapids, Mich. (Aug. 2) ; M. A.
Stickney, Danvers (July 23) ; Prof. H. C. Wood, jr., Philadelphia, Pa.
(Aug. 20) ; Corporation of Yale College, New Haven, Ct. (Aug. 7) ;
York Institute, Saco, Me. (Aug. 6).

Mr. Cyrus M. Tracy, of Lynn, was called up to discourse on the bo-
tanical specimens. In an easy and natural method he turned from one
specimen to another, pointing out its peculiarities and where it
differed from specimens from the same species found in Essex county.
He had never been in this region before, but he was struck with the
variations in the flora. The flowering raspberry is sometimes found
in gardens in Essex country, where it is cultivated for its flowers, but
there it never bears fruit. Here he finds it growing wild with fruit
matured, of which specimens were before him. The larch was a tree
just creeping into the region of Lynn, but here the thickets were full
of it, and further to the east the trees were large. The beech is a
tree of comparative rarity in Essex county, where it seldom ripens its
fruit. Here was a specimen with the fruit well filled. He then took
up the flowering plants of the season, that were substantially the
same, the golden rod, with its varieties, hog peanut, leafy spurge,
everlastings, rattlesnake weeds, and thistles. A splendid cultivated
specimen of the latter, with variegated leaf, was shown, but a full
statement of its botanical history was not given. Mr. Tracy's method
of talking about plants is so pleasant and his matter so instructive,
that one could not help wishing that our lyceums would avail them-
selves of his instruction instead of the wish-wash they take from
many professional lecturers.

Mr. F. W. Putnam spoke of several specimens that had been col-
lected during the morning, and especially of the Checkered Adder,
which he stated to be perfectly harmless, and showed how it differed
from the Rattlesnake and the Copper-head, the only poisonous snakes
in New England. He then explained the peculiar structure and form-
ation of the egg-case of the Skate, and gave an account of the devel-
opment of this fish.

Dr. Elliott Coues, of the United States Army, was called upon, and
took for his theme the genus homo, or that part of it which is native
to Arizona Territory, the Apache Indian. The Dr. gave a very unfavor-

173

able account of this " noble " denizen of the forest. The word Apacht,
means outsider, or barbarian, and was applied to these Indians by the
early Jesuit missionaries, because they were not susceptible to any
influences of civilization. The Apache was small in stature and thick-
set, never cuts or combs his hair, but wears it in a mat, and on the
whole is as repulsive a creature as can well be conceived of. He car-
ries a bow six feet long, and for the point of his arrow he inserts in
a reed a sharp piece of stone, which is left in the wound, and as this is
often poisoned, a wound is likely to be fatal. Other tribes, more
promising, were described, but it was the Doctor's opinion that the
only way to manage the Apache fellows was to exterminate them, and
that is easier said than done. They are supposed to number 10,000,
and many of them are well mounted and live in the fastnesses of the
mountains, and by their incursions range a wide extent of country.
But the question is coming to this, — Apachd or Pacific Railroad; we
can have one, but he thought it doubtful if we could have both.

Eev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, spoke for the Portland Natural His-
tory Society. He regretted that so few were present from that city,
and alluded to the loss of the society's cabinet at the great fire in
July, 1866. He then gave an interesting discourse on the subject of
microscopic fungi, which he illustrated by the use of the black-
board.

Mr. Edward S. Morse, with the aid of his ever ready chalk and
black-board, gave an account of the anatomy of several species of mi-
nute shells that had been collected.

Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Paterson, N. J., responded for a new
society there recently founded on the pattern of the Essex Institute.

Rev. Mr. Wildes, of Salem, regretted that the time had so nearly ex-
pired, as not to allow of his speaking of historical matters connected
with the locality.

The venerable Captain Decatur, U. S. N., who resides at Kittery,
was present at the meeting, and seemed to enter fully into its spirit,
though now deprived of his sight.

On motion of Rev. Mr. Wildes, of Salem, the thanks of the Insti-
tute were voted to Hon. I. Goodwin, of Portsmouth, and to the Board
of Directors of the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Railroad for the
use of their building during the day, and for other courtesies ; to
Messrs. H. L. Williams, W. L. Dwight, and the directors and officers
of the Eastern Railroad Company for attentions to members and their
friends ; and to Mrs. C. J. Bellamy and Captain Stephen Decatur for
their kind attentions.

At five o'clock the special train arrived to take the excursionists to
their homes. The weather had been delightful, and the Field Day of

174

August, 1867, will be remembered as an occasion of unmixed pleasure
to all who were present.

MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1867. Eegular Meeting.

S. B. BUTTRICK, Esq., in the chair.

Moses W. Putnam, of Haverhill, and Mary C. Hoyet, of Beverly,
were elected Resident Members.

MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1867. Regular Meeting.

S. B. BUTTRICK, Esq., in the chair.

Henry E. Pope, Henry L. Williams, and Daniel F. Meady, of Sa-
lem ; and Henry A. Breed, of Lynn, were elected Resident Mem-
bers.

Additions to the Museum and Library during July,
August, and /September, 1867.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

BAILEY, Prof. L. W., Fredericton, N. B. A collection of Minerals
and Fossils from New Brunswick.

CHITTENDEN, L. E., New York. Living specimens of Lymncea
megasoma, from Burlington, Vt.

COLCORD, Mrs. H. M., South Danvers. A Wasps' Nest from Danvers.

CROSBY, Prof. A., Salem. A Caterpillar from the Grape-vine.

DAVIS, CHARLES, Beverly. A specimen of Gelasimus vocans from
Providence, R. I.

DAVIS, HENRY, McGregor, Iowa. A collection of Fossils from Iowa.

DIXON, Miss SARAH, Danville, Va. Specimens of Algae from the
German Ocean.

EMERTON, J. H., Salem. Specimens of larva of a Carabidid from
Haverhill, and the larvae of a salt-water Tipulid from Salem Harbor.

EMMERTON, EPHRAIM, Salem. Two specimens of a Fungus from
Salem.

FARNSWORTH, P., New York. A Salamander from Jeffrey, New
Hampshire.

175

FREEMAN, TRUMAN, Salem. A specimen of Gordius aquaticus from
Salem.

GRINDALL, HERBERT W., Salem. Larvae of Grape-vine Moth from
Salem.

HARRINGTON, Capt. GEORGE, Salem. A collection of Birds, Rep-
tiles, and Insects from Zanzibar, E. C. Africa.

HARVEY, Rev. A. B., South Danvers. A collection of Fossils from
New York, and an Egg Case containing a young Skate from Swamp-
scott.

HATHORNE, Capt. WILLIAM, Salem. One Chameleon, two Geckos,
and a specimen of My gale from Zanzibar, E. C. Africa.

HAWN, Major F., Leavenworth, Kansas. Specimens of Colopternus
femur-rubrum, collected in various stages of growth, from Leaven-
worth City, Kansas.

KERR, Prof. W. C., Raleigh, N. C. Specimens of Palceotrochis minor
Emm. from the Lower Taconic beds of North Carolina.

LARABEE, Jos., Salem. A portion of one of the Vertebra of a
Whale, found while digging at the new Gasometer on North street.

LARCOM, JOHN, Beverly. A specimen of Gordius aquaticus from
Beverly.

MORGAN, B., Manchester. A specimen of Astrophyton Agassizii
from George's Bank.

MORSE, E. S., Salem. Bones, Shells, etc., from the shell-heaps at
Goose Island, Casco Bay.

NEAL, GEORGE, Salem. A fresh specimen of Blue Heron from the
vicinity of Salem.

PACKARD, Dr. A. S., jr., Salem. Quarternary Fossils from Port
Kent ; Fossils from Ausable Chasm, Port Kent ; Insects from the Adi-
rondack Mountains, N. Y. ; specimens of Mycetolia, in all its stages,
and a collection of various injurious larvae from Salem.

PARKER, WILLIAM B., Salem. A Fungus from New London, N. H.

PARKS, WM. H., Para, Brazil. A Centipede from Para; one Snake,
several specimens of Crustacea, and the larva of a Beetle, from Nauta,
Amazon River.

PERKINS, Dr. G. A., Salem. Eggs and young of a Hemipterous In-
sect, and wax scales of the Honey Bee.

PERKINS, Hon. J. C., Salem. Two specimens of Helix cellaria from
Salem.

PICKMAN, H. D., Boston. A collection of Fossils and Minerals from
Hillsboro', Albert county, N. B.

PUTNAM, F. W., Salem. Insects from Burlington, Vt. ; a collec-
tion of Fishes and Mollusks from Lake Champlain, at Westport, N. Y. ;
specimens of Gordius aquaticus from Westport; and Minerals from

176

various localities ; Fishes from a tributary of the Androscoggin Elver
at Bethel, Me., and specimens of Paludina decisa from the vicinity of
Bethel.

RICHARDS, LEWIS D., Salem. A larva of the Grape-vine Moth from
Salem.

EGBERTS, W. S., Salem. Cells containing larvae of the Leaf-cutting
Bee from Salem.

SANBORN, F. G., Boston. A Cottoid from Ausable Lake, N. Y.,
and three Salamanders from Keene, N. Y.

SHEPARD, H. F., Salem. A Fish-hawk and a Spotted Sandpiper
from the vicinity of Salem ; Oysters from the sunken Temple of Jupi-
ter Serapis, and seeds of the edible Pine from Eome ; two specimens
of Coral from Baker's Island, Pacific Ocean.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C. Skin of Lepus cam-
pestris from British America; twenty-five skins of arctic Birds, and
thirty-four Nests and Eggs of North American Birds.

STEVENS, WILLIAM H., Salem. A specimen of the Brown Bat from
Salem.

STORY, A. E. Beverly. A specimen of Dragon Fly taken in Salem.

TRASIC, AMOS, Salem. A specimen of Hoary Bat from Kittery, Me.

VERRILL, Prof. A. E., Yale College. Iron Ores from the Hecla
Mine, Elizabethtown, N. Y. ; and the .ZEtna Mine, Essex county, N. Y.

WARD, JAMES L., Salem. A fresh specimen of Night Hawk killed
in Salem.

WILLEY, H. A specimen of Asplenium thelypteroides Mich., from
Genesee, N. Y.

TO THE HISTOEICAL DEPAETMENT.
BY DONATION.

GROVER, JAMES, Salem. A high-heeled Shoe one hundred years
old, and a Clothes Pin made in Dartmoor Prison.

SHEPARD, H. F., Salem. Hair-pins used by the natives on the East
Coast of Africa ; Portrait in oil of Said Syed, Imaum of Muscat, cop-
ied from the original painted by Lieut. Linch ; a collection of various
European Coins ; a Half Cent of 1856 ; Eelics from Herculaneum.

SAUNDERS, ALONZO C., Haverhill. An Indian Pestle made of stone,
found in Haverhill.

UNKNOWN. A piece of the root of the Tree on which the Witches
were hung in Salem.

WILLIAMS, WM. O., Salem. Portfire Case, and two Portfires taken
at Fort St. Phillip.

177

TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

ANGELL, JAMES B., University of Vermont. Catalogus Univ., 1867,
8vo, pamphlet.

APPLETON, W. S., Boston. Ancestry of Mary Oliver, by TV. S. Ap-
pleton, 1 vol. small 4to, Cambridge, 1867.

BUTLER, B. F., M. C. Remarks of G. S. Boutwell, B. F. Butler,
and T. Williams on the President's Veto, July 19, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

COPE, EDWARD D., Haverford College, Pa. Report of llaverford
College, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

CROSBY, A. Catalogus Coll. Dart., 8vo, pamph., Hanover, 1867.
Catalogue of Dartmouth College, 1866-7, 8vo, pamphlet. Catalogue
of Phi Beta Kappa of New Haven, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

DOWNING, E. H. The Methodist Church Property Case, by R. Sut-
ton, 1 vol. 8vo, Richmond, 1851. Reid's Essays on the Active Powers
of Man, 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1818. Ives, The Trials of a Mind in
the progress of Catholicism, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1854. Massilon's
Sermons, Willett's ed., 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1845. Wardlaw's Christian
Ethics, 1 vol., New York, 1835. Foster's Critical Essays, 2 vols. 12mo,
London, 1856 (Bonn's Standard Library).

DROWNE, CHARLES, Troy, N. Y. Annual Register of Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 1866-67, 8vo, pamph., Troy, 1867.

FARNUM, JOSEPH. 40 Pamphlets.

HART, HIRAM S., Burlington, Vt. Burlington City Directory for
1865-6, 1866-7, 1867-8, 3 vols. 12mo, Burlington, 1865, etc.

HOLMES, JOHN C. Fifteenth Annual Report Board of Water Com-
missioners of Detroit for 1866, 8vo, pamph., Detroit, 1867. Annual Re-
port of Board of Water Commissioners of Detroit, 8vo, pamph., 1866.
Fifth Annual Report of Secretary of Board of Agriculture, March,
1866, 1 vol. 8vo, Lansing, 1866.

• HUBBERT, JAMES, Montreal. Hubbert's Catalogue of the Flowering
Plants and Ferns of Canada, 8vo, pamph., Montreal, 1867.

JOHNSON-,- JOHN G., Philadelphia. A Criticism of Wm. B. Reed's
Aspersion on the Character of Dr. B. Rush, 3vo, pamph., Philadelphia,
1867.

KING, H. F. Fourth Annual Report of Old Colony and Newport
Railroad, 8vo, pamphlet. Life of Emanuel Swedenborg, 1 vol. 8vo,
Boston.

LANGWORTHY, I. P., Boston. 96 Pamphlets.

LORD, N. J. Files of Boston Post, April, May, and June, 1867.

MANN, HORACE, Cambridge. Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants,
by Horace Mann, 8vo, pamph., Cambridge, 1867.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 23 JUNE, 1868.

178

MOUSE, EDWARD S. Portland Directory, 18G3-4, 1 vol. 12mo, Port-
land, 18G3.

MUDGE, B. F.. Manhattan, Kansas. Third Annual Catalogue of
Officers and Students of Kansas State Agricultural College, 8vo,
pamph., Manhattan, 18G7. Sixth Annual Report of Superintendent
of Public Instruction of Kansas, 8vo, pamph., Leavenworth, 18G7.

PACKARD, A. S., Brunswick, Me. Bowdoin in the War, 8vo, pamph.,
Brunswick, 1807.

PARSONS, CHARLES W., Providence, R. I. Rhode Island Registra-
tion Reports for 1855, 1857, 1858, 1861, 1863, 1865, 6 pamphlets, 8vo,
Providence. Butler Hospital for the Insane, Reports for 1858 to I860,
8 pamphlets, 8vo, Providence. Parsons, C. W., Report on Medical
Topography, etc., in Rhode Island, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1864.
Parsons, U., Sketches of Rhode Island Physicians, 8vo, pamph., Provi-
dence, 1859. Parsons, U., Indian Names of places in Rhode Island,
8vo, pamph., Providence, 18G1. Providence Directory for 1865, 1 vol.
8vo, Providence, 1865.

PERKINS, HENRY, Philadelphia Revised Report of the Select Com-
mittee relative to the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa.
1 vol. 8vo, Harrisburg, 1865.

RICE, WILLIAM, Springfield. Report of Springfield City Library
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ROPES, W. L., Andover. Triennial Catalogue of Andover Theo-
logical Seminary, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

SHEAFER, P. W., Pottsville, Pa. Use of Anthracite Coal as a Fuel,
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SIIEPARD, HENRY F. Henshaw's Communicants' Guide, 1 vol. 12mo,
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179

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Philadelphia", 1867.

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1867.

BOSTON MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Forty-seventh An-
nual Report, Svo, pamph., Boston, 1867.

BOWDOIN COLLEGE. Catalogus Coll. Bowdoin, 1867, Svo, pamphlet.
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CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Eleventh Annual Report of Chica-

180

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pamph., Chicago. 1867. Ninth Annual Statement of the Trade and
Commerce of Cliioago, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1867.

CINCINNATI MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Thirty - second
Annual Report for 1866, 8vo, pamph., Cincinnati, 1867.

EDITORS. American Journal of Conchology. American Journal of
Science and Arts, July, September. American Mining Index, July,
August, September. Christian World, July, August, September.
Essex Banner, July, August, September. Gardener's Monthly, July,
August, September. Gloucester Telegraph, July, August, September.
Haverhill Gazette, July, August, September. Kansas Farmer, July,
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Lynn Reporter, July, August, September. Printer's Bulletin, July,
August, September. Public Spirit, July, August, September. South
Danvers Wizard, July, August, September. Triibner's American and
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IOWA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Annals of Iowa, July, 1867, 8vo,
pamphlet.

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1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, Cambridge. Annual Report,
1866, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1867.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. New England
Historic-Genealogical Register, July, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for
April and May, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

YALE COLLEGE, CORPORATION OF. Obituary Record of Graduates,
July 17, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1867. Field Meeting at Ipswich.
The last of the series of Field Meetings for the year 1867 was held
this day. There was a very good attendance considering the lateness
of the season. The various factories in the town were visited, while
portions of the party ascended the hill, which was formerly a favorite
resort of the late William Oakes, the distinguished botanist, who for
many years resided in this town ; others, who were interested in bot-
any and land snails, took the Topsfleld road; a few went to "The
Neck," where some ancient shell-heaps were inspected.

At half past one all the parties returned from their jaunts, and gath-
ered with their treasures in the Town Hall, where the table was
spread ; and, as the fresh air and brisk exercise had sharpened appe-

181

tites, ample justice was clone to the collation. At half past two an
adjournment was had to the vestry of the Methodist Church, where a
large number of citizens, and young ladies from the seminary, joined
the audience. The meeting was called to order by

Vice President A. C. GOODELL, jr.,

who explained the objects of the society and briefly recounted its
history. Alluding to the present meeting, he said it was the first held
in Ipswich for many years, though there were many objects of in-
terest in the town relating to several of the subjects to which the
Essex Institute devoted itself. '. - - .

F. W. PUTNAM was elected Secretary pro tern., and announced the
donations and Correspondence.

The chair called upon the Rev. George D. Wildes, of Salem, to
make some remarks upon the history of the town.

Mr. WILDES, after a facetious allusion to the manner in which his
historical speech at Kittery had been shortened, remarked upon the an-
tiquity of this town of Ipswich. Its very appearance, he said, stamps
both its age and its origin. In all the country he had never seen any
village which so much resembles an English country town. Its long
wide English street, which probably had its terminus at the church,
the style of the houses, and everything that is old, convey the impres-
sion of a genuine English hamlet. The names, too, suggest the same
thing. Besides that of the town, which is simply borrowed from the
English, there is " Pudding street," as it used to be called. He pro-
tested against the notion that this had a gastronomical origin, and
suggested that it was once "Put in" street, and invited strangers to
put in there, or come in. But even if this theory be rejected, we can
remember that one of the prominent streets in London is called "Pud-
ding Lane." He advised the people of the town, if they had not
already repudiated the name, to hold on to it.

On this hill where the Congregational church stands, and on the
same spot, the old church was erected at the very beginning of the
town's history. He remembered as a little boy attending the bicen-
tennial celebration of the settlement of the town, when Choate, a na-
tive of the town, was orator. This carries us back almost to the time
of the first English settlement in New England. Plymouth was
reached in 1620, Salem in 1G26, and Ipswich in 1633. In 1634 the grant
of land was made. Three years later the accommodations were so
limited that a part of the town was set off and became Rowley. The
speaker alluded to the curious fact that towns in New England bear
sometimes a marked resemblance to those for which they are named in
England. He could not say how it is in the case of Ipswich, but Bos-

182

ton in England and the Boston of Massachusetts twenty years ago,
especially School street, had some striking points of resemblance, in
the signs, the crooks in the streets, and even in the names of the in-
habitants.

After giving some examples of extreme ignorance of local history
by people generally, and urging increased attention to it, he inquired
how many were acquainted with names that had and should make
Ipswich famous. No town of its size in the country has sent out
more men who have distinguished themselves in the various walks of
life. You have only to go two miles across the orchards to find the
house where Nathan Dane was born. A little way off in Hamilton,
but once part of Ipswich, stands the parsonage of Rev. Manasseh Cut-
ler, eminent as a clergyman, as a naturalist, and in civil and political
life. The names are numerous, and time fails to go through the list.

Eev. Mr. CALTIIROP being called upon gave some interesting remi-
niscences of old Boston, from which his family sprung, and near which
he was born. He claimed to be a son of old Boston, and in accord-
ance with the vote of Massachusetts, he should claim to be enter-
tained at the public expense, some Fourth of July perhaps. He al-
luded to the origin of the name Boston, saying it is a contraction of
St. Botolph's town, being named from the famous town of St. Bo-
tolph's Church, which, in some respects, is unequalled in the world.
Apropos of the Puritans, who had been eulogized by Mr. Wildes, he
said that the Puritans had disfigured the walls of the church with
" yellow white wash," and they had been restored, partly by funds
collected in this State.

Rev. Mr. WASSALL, of Newburyport, continued in the same strain.
The first remembrance he had of old Boston was, that, when he visited
it, the mother was just imitating the child in having a baby show.
Mr. Wassail, who is much interested in natural history, especially in
entomology, spoke upon the differences in the Insects of England and
New England. Many species are the same. Some forms are plenty in
the one and rare in the other. He gave some very amusing instances
of ignorance of the structure and habits of insects.

Mr. WILLIAM P. UPHAM, of Salem, presented, in behalf of Mr.
Charles W. Palfrey, an autograph letter of Nathan Dane, bearing date
1793. He alluded briefly to the fact that to him more than to any
other man, are due the efforts to free the country from slavery. He
drew the famous ordinance of 1787, and it was passed as written by
him. The results of that ordinance can now be realized.

At the call of the chairman, Mr. GEORGE D. PIIIPPEN, of Salem,
explained briefly but clearly the characteristics of the flora brought
in. A Gentian was noticed as being less characteristic than any other

183

flower of the season in which it is found. It reminds one of the early
summer flowers. A New England Aster, which grows in little bunch-
es as a wild flower, he had cultivated and obtained a composite flower
the size of an old fashioned parasol. A branch of Winter-berry,
he said, bore the nearest resemblance to. the English holly of any
plant that grows in this climate. The above are only examples of
the manner in which a large number of specimens were treated.

Mr. E. S. MORSE, who was one of the party, that visited the "neck"
and examined the ancient shell-heaps found there, gave an account of
the results of the morning's exploration. Only one shell-heap was dug
into. It was composed principally of the common Clam, though a
few Oysters, Quahogs, and Mussels, were found scattered in the heap.
The Clam-shells were noticed to be much thicker than those found at
present on the flats from which these ancient ones were probably col-
lected. Bones of the deer, dog, beaver, cod, and of birds, were
also found. Those of the deer being the most abundant of the Mam-
malian bones. Two pointed implements of bone were also discovered,
and one or two fragments of pottery. Mr. Morse alluded to the explo-
ration of the shell-heaps on Goose Island in Casco Bay, where quite a
similar condition of things existed, and in which the bones of the
Great Auk, a bird now extinct, except in extreme northern localities,
were found in considerable numbers. In both localities distinct evi-
dence of fire-places were shown by the charcoal found in the heaps,
showing that the food was probably cooked on the spot.* Mr. Morse
then made some entertaining remarks upon the manner in which
certain of the lower animals eat, illustrating the process on the
blackboard.

Voted, — That the thanks of the Essex Institute are hereby ten-
dered to Abram D. Waite, Stephen Baker, Wesley K. Bell, Frederic
Wilcomb, N. A. Dickinson, llev. L. Dodge, and others, for their ser-
vices and attentions during the day ; to the Selectmen of the town for
the use of the Town Hall, and to the Methodist Episcopal Society for
the use of their vestry to hold this meeting.

MONDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1867. Eegular Meeting.

Hon. J. G. WATERS in the chair.

Sir William E. Logan, of Montreal, was elected a Corresponding
Member.

John Henry Silsbee, of Salem ; J. C. Fletcher, Joseph Wassail, of
Newburyport ; C. W. Hose, of Marblehead ; John P. Cowles, Abram
D. Waite, of Ipswich, were elected Resident Members.

*For an account of a more extensive exploration of the Shell-heaps in Ipswich,
and also of those of other localities, see the article by Prof. Wymau iu the Ameri-
can Naturalist, Vol. I. p. 501, Jan. 1868.

184

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 18G7. Special Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

This meeting was called to take suitable notice of the decease of
the President, FRANCIS PEABODY, which occurred at his residence in
Salem, on Thursday evening, after an illness of several months. The
chair having made a very appropriate allusion to the occasion of calling
this meeting together, proposed that a committee of three be ap-
pointed to prepare a series of resolutions 'to report at this meeting ;
and Messrs. H. Wheatland, J. G. Waters, and H. F. King were ap-
pointed on said committee.

Dr. Wheatland, of the committee, reported the following resolu-
tions, which, after remarks from Messrs. J. G. Waters, T. M. Stimp-
son, F. W. Putnam, the chair, and others, were unanimously adopted :

Resolved, — That the Essex Institute receives the tidings of the
decease of its President, FRANCIS PEABODY, Esquire, with profound
sorrow ; that in his death it recognizes the loss, not only of its most
devoted, laborious, and enthusiastic chief officer, but of a friend and
patron of science and the useful arts, who, while distinguished for his
accomplishments in a wide field of intellectual inquiry, was indefati-
gable in reducing the results of his investigations to practical use ; a
citizen who used his liberal means to advance the welfare of his
neighbors by the encouragement of industry and the discovery of new
sources of profit ; a man whose life was characterized by untiring
devotion to those studies and pursuits which lead to the highest and
most enduring prosperity of any community, and, in its more intimate
and private relations, was pure and blameless.

Resolved, — That, as a mark of respect to the memory of the de-
ceased, the Rooms of the Institute be closed to the public on Monday,
Nov. 4, and that the members assemble at this place on that day, at
12.30 P. M., to attend the funeral of their late President.

Resolved, — That the Hon. C. W. Upham be invited to prepare a
Eulogy upon the life and character of the deceased, to be read before
the members of the Institute at such time as shall be hereafter deter-
mined upon ; and that the Trustees of the Peabody Fund be invited to
participate in the exercises of that occasion.

Resolved, — That a copy of these Resolutions be presented to the
family of the deceased, to whom the Institute hereby tenders its sin-
cerest sympathy and condolence ; and that a copy be also forwarded
to George Peabody, Esquire, of London, who so much relied upon the
deceased for the wise management of his large donation for the pro-
motion of science and useful knowledge in the County of Essex, be-
tween whom and the deceased the warmest feelings of kindred and
friendship existed.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 185.

elongated, erect or patent, nearly sessile or long clawed. Wings
short, sometimes none. Keel much shorter than the standard, joined
on the back or free. Stamens diadelphous, the alternate ones often
without anthers. Ovary stipitate, raany-ovuled. Legume stipitate,
falcate, narrowed at the base and apex, more or less constricted be-
tween the seeds, 2-valved. — Shrubs or trees. Stipules small. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate. Eacemes axillary and leafless, or terminal and
leafy at the base. Flowers showy, often red. Bracts small.

A small genus, dispersed through hot and tropical regions.

1. E. MONOSPERMA Gaud. (Enum. No. 105.) Tree with a broad
spreading top, about 30° high, aculeate on the young branches with
short prickles. Petioles, peduncles, &c., tomeutose. Leaves 6' -8'
long; leaflets broadly triangular-ovate, truncate at the base, obtuse,
2i' - 5' long and about as broad, terminal one much larger than the
lateral ones, glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Eachis very stout
and woody, 6' long, many- (15-25-) flowered. Flowers red, much the
color of red coral, with some yellow, showy. Calyx 3" -4" long,
truncate, or slightly toothed, very tomentose-pubescent. Standard
more than an inch long and nearly as broad as long, 3 times longer
than the obtuse wings and keel. Stamens nearly as long as the stand-
ard, 9 of them united to the middle, the tenth free. Ovary i' long,
halt' the length of the style, very tomentose. Pod li'-4' long, 1 to
several-seeded (the name monosperma hence badly adapted to the
species). Seeds about i inch long, bright red.

Dry slopes of West Maul. Kawaihae, Hawaii, and similar places throughout the
group. Apparently much less common than formerly.

8. STRONGYLODON Vogel.

Calyx teeth broad, obtuse, nearly equal. Standard ovate-oblong,
acute, recurved or often reflexed, appendiculate, and with two callosi-
ties near the base. Wings much shorter than the standard, adhering to
the keel, which is long-beaked and incurved, equalling the standard in
length, and its two petals cohering on the back. Stamens diadelphous.
Anthers uniform. Ovary stipitate, 1 - few-ovuled ; style filiform, not
bearded. Pod stipitate, obliquely ovate-oblong, 2-valved, the valves
convex and coriaceous. Seed large, orbicular. — Climbing vines,
woody at the base, and glabrous. Leaves pinuately 3-foliolate. Stip-
ules small. Flowers red, showy, fasciculately-racemed on long axil-
lary peduncles. Bracts quite small.

Genus of 3 species, one in Luzon, one in New Hebrides, and the other in the Viti and
Hawaiian Islands.

1. S. LUCIDUM Seemann. (Enum. No. 106.) A twining vine, with

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 25 JAN., 1868.

186 MANN,

slender herbaceous branches, glabrous throughout. Stipules ovate,
obtuse, persistent. Leaflets ovate, from roundish to oblong-ovate,
more or less acuminate, 2k' -5' long, membranaceous, triplinerved.
Petiolules 3" -4" long, exceeding the stipellae. Racemes axillary, at
least twice the length of the leaves, 8'- 18' long, the rachis with many
nodes, each node with about 3 flowers, or sometimes the flowers on
the apex of a short peduncle. Bracts very caducous. Pedicels 1' or
more long, equalling the developed flower in length, with a pair of
caducous ovate bractlets immediately under the calyx. Calyx cam-
panulate, 3" long, 5-toothed, teeth very broad and obtuse ; the two
upper ones very nearly united in one. Corolla bright red. The
standard thrice the length of the wings, its base appendiculate on
each side by a strongly inflexed membrane ; the face callose as if by
an adherent membrane, which is denticulate at the upper edge, and
produced on each side into a free and salient auricle or lamella.
Ovary on a stipe at length longer than itself and as long as the calyx,
glabrous, compressed, 1- or more frequently 2-ovuled. Style very
long and capillary. Stigma terminal, and with minute hairs. Pod 3'
long, 1^' wide, on a stipe li' or more long.

Kaala Mountains, and mountains behind Honolulu, Oahu. Forests on the slopes of
Mouna Loa, Hawaii. Also Vitl Islands.

9. MTJCUNA Adanson.

Two upper calyx-teeth wholly connate. Standard shorter than the
other petals, appendaged with inflexed auricles at the base. Keel as
long or longer than the wings, curved and usually tipped with a carti-
laginous beak. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary villous, few-ovuled;
style filiform, with a small terminal beak. Pod thick, ovate-oblong or
elongated, usually covered with stinging hairs, 2-valved. Seeds with
an oblong or linear hilum. — Twiners or tall climbers. Leaflets 3, the
stipellse subulate or sometimes wanting. Eacemes on long axillary
peduncles. Flowers large, pedicellate, arising from nodes of the
rachis, often showy. Bracts small or caducous.

A. genus of several species, Inhabiting the warmer regions of $he globe.

1. M. GIGANTEA DC. (Enum. No. 107.) A tall climber. Leaf-
lets ovate, rounded at the base, obtuse at the apex, 2£' - 4' long, the
two lateral ones often unequal, glabrous. Racemes near the end of a
peduncle, 4' - 6' long, the pedicels approximate, 6" - 8" long, puberu-
lent. Calyx 4" long, quite truncate, or with very short teeth, puberu-
lent. Wings and keel 1' long, nearly twice the length of the standard,
glabrous or nearly so, sometimes with a line of hairs along the edge
of some of the petals. Ovary few-ovuled, sericeous, stipitate. Pod

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 187

stipitate, about 2£ long, 1' - li' wide, flattened, very pubescent when
young, but becoming glabrous with age. Seeds nearly 1' in diameter,
orbicular.

Puna, Hawaii (Is the only place recorded) . Also on other Pacific Islands, and East
Coast of Australia.

2. M. URENS DC. (Enum. No. 108.) A very tall climbing vine ;
the young branches, peduncles, &c., sericeous with fine hairs. Leaf-
lets ovate, acuminate, with scattered soft hairs above, below densely
silky with soft silvery hairs, 24' -5' long, li'-3' wide, lateral
ones unequal. Kachis flexuose, 10-15 flowered. Bracts ovate, ob-
tuse, I' long, sericeous. Flowers large, 2' long, bright yellow with
some red, very showy. Calyx 1' long, unequally 4-cleft one-third
down, the hairs at the base fulvous and somewhat spreading, those
higher up more appressed. Standard reflexed, glabrous as are the rest
of the petals, and about two-thirds their length. Pod very thick,
with wrinkled valves, ovate, acuminate, nearly or quite sessile, cov-
ered with fulvous st'nging hairs (the cow-itch of commerce), usually
one-seeded. Seed much as in the first species.

Waimea, Hawaii. Woods above Makawao, East Maul; and probably elsewhere. Also
in tropical America and the West Indies.

10. DIOCLEA HBK.

Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft (i.e., the 2 superior lobes are connate).
Standard orbicular or ovate, reflexed, appendiculate at the base with
inflexed auricles. Wings obovate or oblong, free, nearly as long as
the keel, which is incurved, and beaked or obtuse. Stamen next the
standard free at the base, but joined to the others in the middle : an-
thers uniform, or the alternate ones smaller or wanting. Ovary nearly
sessile, 2 - many-ovuled. Style incurved, not bearded, thickened or
dilated near the apex ; stigma terminal, truncate. Pod linear-oblong
or somewhat orbicular, compressed, coriaceous, the upper suture di-
lated or winged, 2-valved. Seeds flattened, with a short or long
hilum. — Tall climbing or spreading shrubs. Leaves 3-foliolate, with
stipellse. Flowera violet or white, fasciculate-racemed on a thick
peduncle, the fasciculae sessile on the rachis or elevated on a short
peduncle. Bracts very caducous, as also the bractlets.

A small genus, mostly In tropical America; a few species are found in the tropical
parts of the Old World.

1. D. VIOLACEA Mart. (Enum. No. 109.) Young branches, &c.,
pilose-hispid. Leaflets oval or oblong-oval, obtuse at both ends,
strongly parallel-veined, the veins oblique, coriaceous, shining and
glabrous above, finely hirsute with glossy brownish hairs below, 3' - 5'

188 MANN,

long, 2£'-3' wide. Peduncle very thick, branching into short partial
peduncles, 2" - 3" long, which each bear a few flowers. Flowers
about i' long, dark purple or violet. Pedicels l"-2" long. Calyx
4" - 5" long, finely pubescent, and split nearly half way down into 4
lobes, 3 of which are narrow and acute, the other broad and obtuse or
emarginate. Pod 3" long, If wide, very much flattened, smooth.

Vicinity of Hilo, Hawaii, in open land. Kauai. Probably indigenous to Polynesia,
whence it comes also from the Viti and Society Islands, though also found in Brazil.

11. CANAVALIA Adanson.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, the 2 upper lobes united in a large entire
or 2-lobed upper lip, the three lower teeth very small; free or united
into one. Standard large dnd broad, reflexed. Wings and keel rather
shorter, curved or sometimes slightly twisted. Upper stamen free at
the very base, but united with the others in the middle. Ovary
barely stipitate, many-ovuled. Style filiform or slightly thickened in
the upper part, with a terminal stigma. Pod oblong or broadly linear,
usually large, flattened or rarely turgid, with a prominent wing or rib
on each side of the upper suture. Seeds with a linear hilum. — Twin-
ing or trailing herbs. Leaflets 3, with small stipellse. Stipules usually
very small. Peduncles axillary, bearing in the upper part a few 1-3-
flowered nodes. Flowers rather large, purple, pink, or white. Bracts
and bractlets small and caducous.

A small genus, of the hot and tropical parts of the globe.

1. C. GALEATA G-aud. (Enum. No. 110.) Stem slender, twining
often to a great height on trees, the shoots and leaves more or less
pubescent when young, soon glabrate or quite glabrous. Stipules
minute, ovate-subulate, caducous. Leaflets ovate elliptical or oblong-
ovate, more or less acuminate, rounded at the base, membranaceous,
2^'-5' long, li'-3i' wide. Eacemes 3- 10-flowered, rather shorter
than the leaves. Flowers li' long. Upper lip of the calyx recurved
in flower, very large even for the genus, 3" -4" long, strongly emar-
ginate or somewhat 2-lobed; the short lower lip 3-cleft, its lateral
lobes ovate or triangular ovate and obtuse, the middle one more tri-
angular and acute. Corolla pink or purplish-pink ; the obovate and
emarginate standard rather longer than the wings and keel. Ovary
silky-canescent, many-ovuled. Pod linear-oblong 4' - 6' long, 1' or
more wide, straight, compressed, when half grown silky, at maturity
glabrous, slightly tricarinate at the ventral suture, apiculate, short
stipitate. Seeds 6 or 7.

Rather common in many places in woods.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 189

12. PHASEOLUS Linn.

Calyx campanulate or nearly tubular, 5-toothed or lobed, rarely 4-
toothed by the union of the 2 upper ones. Standard orbicular, re-
curved or sometimes slightly twisted. Wings obovate or rarely ob-
long, equalling or longer than the standard, adhering above to the
keel, often twisted. Keel produced at the top into a long and spirally
twisted beak. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary nearly
sessile, many-ovuled. Style thickened and cartilaginous in the upper
part, usually bearded longitudinally under the stigma, which is more
or less oblique or lateral. Pod linear and nearly cylindrical, or more
or less flattened and falcate, with several seeds. — Herbs, rarely
woody at the base, either dwarf or prostrate, or more frequently
twining. Leaflets 3, rarely reduced to one, stipellate. Peduncles ax-
illary, bearing in their upper part several 2 -3-flowei-ed nodes. Corol-
las glabrous, white, yellowish, red, or purple. Bracts usually cadu-
cous. Bractlets often large, and somewhat persistent.

A considerable genus, widely dispersed throughout the hot regions of the globe.

1. P. TRUXILLENSIS HBK. (Enum. No. 111.) A twining herb,
more or less pubescent or glabrous, the hairs on the stem reflexed,
those on the leaves appressed or silky. Leaflets broadly-ovate or
narrowly linear-oblong, obtuse or acuminate, rounded at the base, the
lateral ones often oblique and unequal, l'-3' long, li'-2' or more
wide; stipella3 minute, oblong; stipules small and not decurrent.
Peduncles somewhat elongated, few-flowered near the apex ; pedicels
l"-5" long. Bractlets shorter than'the calyx, striate, coriaceous, and
deciduous. Flowers large, nearly 1' long, purple, whitish-rose-
colored or violet. Upper calyx-lobe short, broad, and obtuse, the
others longer, acute or acuminate. Pod compressed, straight or fal-
cate, 2' -5' long, 3" -4" broad. — PA. rostratus, Wall.

Oahu. Hawaii. Also in other Pacific Islands, in South America, East Australia, and
most tropical countries.

2. P. SEXIERECTUS Linn. (Enum. No. 112.) Stem erect or as-
cending, rarely twining above, silky or glabrescent. Leaves ovate,
acute, or obtuse, glabrous above, minutely hairy beneath, rather firm
in texture, U' long, |' wide, the lateral ones more or less unequal-
sided. Raceme few-flowered, at the end of a very much elongated
(12'- 1-8') peduncle. Flowers dark purple. Pedicels almost none, at
length recurved. Calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, pointed, five in num-
ber, and nearly equal. Pod nearly cylindrical, silky, or with age
glabrescent, linear, 3' -4' long, about 1" in diameter, acuminate
beaked, straight or slightly curved, reflexed.

190 MANN,

Moist land near tare ponds, &c. Common In many places. Also In East and West
Indies, South America, &c.

Phaseolus lunatus, a variable species, which furnishes the Lima bean, Sleva bean, Ac.,
has rather small white flowers, and broad, curved pods, with large, flat seeds.

13. VIGNA Savi.

The two superior teeth of the calyx connate or distinct. Standard
orbicular, appendaged with inflexed auricles at the base. Wings
hardly shorter than the standard. Keel equalling the wings, incurved,
erostrate or with a partially curved beak. Stamens diadelphous ; an-
thers uniform. Ovary sessile, many ovuled. Style filiform or thick-
ened above, longitudinally bearded on the inner side. Stigma very
oblique or lateral. Pod linear, straight or nearly so. — Climbing or
prostrate herbs, or rarely erect. Leaves 3-foliolate, stipellate. Stip-
ules often decurrent. Flowers yellow, or rarely simple, faseiculate-
racemed at the apex of axillary peduncles. Bracts and bractlets
small, caducous.

Genus of several species, and spread through the hot regions of the globe.

1. V. LUTEA Gray. (Enum. No. 113.) A prostrate vine, several
feet long. Peduncles, petioles, and leaves hirsute with scattered hairs
when young, soon glabrous. Leaflets obovate or orbicular, very ob-
tuse, or even retuse, somewhat tapering at the base, triplinerved, 2' -4'
long and as wide or nearly so. Racemes on short peduncles, not as
long as (often much shorter than) the leaves, few-flowered. Flowers
yellowish, 6" -7" long, on pedicels l"-2" long. Calyx-lobes broad
and obtusish. Pod li'-3' long, not much compressed. Seeds several,
chestnut-brown.

Oahu, Hawaii, Maul; often by the seashore. Also In many tropical countries.

2. V. OAHUENSIS Vogel. (Enum. No. 114.) Plant with much the
habit of the last. Peduncles, petioles, &c., sericeous when young.
Leaves ovate, usually acute, rounded at the base, not triplinerved, but
rather strongly parallel-veined, glabrous on both sides, l£' long, 1' or
more wide. Flowers about 7" -8" long. Calyx-lobes broad, acute, or
the upper obtuse. Pod about 2' long, curved at the apex. Seeds
black.

Kaala Mountains, Oahu. Maul. Kauat. The species imperfectly known.

3. V. SANDWICENSIS Gray. (Enum. No. 115.) Root tuberous?
" edible." Stems slender, twining, retrorsely hirsute-pubescent, as
also the petioles and peduncles ; the leaves pubescent on both sides in
a similar manner. Stipules and stipellae subulate, minute. Leaflets
linear or linear-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate or even ovate and very
obtuse and rounded at both ends, of a rather firm texture, 6" - 18"

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 191

long, li"-9" wide, on very short petioles. Pedicels opposite, 1-flow-
ered, 3" -9" long. Flower almost 1' long. Calyx deeply 4-lobed,
subtended by a small deciduous bractlet ; the teeth nearly equal, about
as long as the tube ; the uppermost ovate, very obtuse, or slightly
emarginate ; the others acute. Corolla bright yellow ; standard obo-
vate. Ovary hirsute, many-ovuled. Style filiform, much longer than
the ovary, the upper part not thickened, the superior face strongly
bearded below the lateral stigma. Pod linear, elongated, 3' long, 3"
wide, flattened, nearly or quite straight, glabrate. Seeds 8 - 10, chest-
nut-brown, shining.

On Mauna Loa, above Kllauea, Hawaii. East and "West Maul, Oahu, and Kauai.

14. DOLICHOS Linn.

Calyx campanulate, its teeth short, the two upper nearly or quite
united into one. Standard orbicular, appendaged at the base with
inflexed auricles. Wings adherent to the keel, which is much in-
curved and often beaked, but not spirally twisted. Stamen next the
standard free, often thickened at the base ; anthers uniform. Ovary
many-ovuled. Style thickened in the upper part, and bearded under
the stigma, or with a tuft of hairs at the apex. Pod linear or falcate,
flattened, 2-valved, the sutures often thickened. — Herbs or under-
shrubs, climbing, prostrate or somewhat erect. Leaves 3-foliolate,
stipellate. Stipules small. Flowers solitary or fascicled in the axils,
or fascicled-racemose on peduncles, violet, yellowish, or white. Bracts
and bractlets striate, usually small and caducous.

A genus of several species, In the hot parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia, a few In
South America.

1. D. LABLAB Linn. (Enum. No. 116.) A prostrate or climbing
stout perennial ; glabrous. Leaflets broadly triangular-ovate, obtuse
or acuminate, more or less truncate at the base, 2i'-4' long, and as
wide or a little less. Flowers racemosely fascicled along a stout
rachis, white or pale yellow, 6" -7" long, on short pedicels. Calyx
subtended by a somewhat persistent obovate bractlet. Calyx-lobes
broad and acute, except the upper one. Pod 3' or 4' long, 1' or less
wide, flattened, and tipped by the curved style. Seeds quite edible,
as beans.

Pauoa Valley, Oahu, and other places on the Islands. Probably Introduced. Common
In many tropical countries.

15. CAJANUS Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed or lobed, the upper lobe 2-toothed.
Standard orbicular, with inflexed auricles at the base, and 2 callosities

192 MANN, FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

inside, above the claw. Wings and keel of nearly the same length.
Stamens diadelphous. Ovary with several ovules. Style thickened
above the middle. Pod flattened, marked with oblique indented lines
between the seeds. Eacemes axillary. Bractlets none.
Genus of one species.

1. C. IXDICUS Spreng. (Enum. No. 117.) An erect unclershrub
2° -3° high, more or less covered with a short soft tomentum. Leaf-
lets 3, broadly lanceolate or oblong, acute, l£'-3' long. Stipules lan-
ceolate, deciduous. Peduncles axillary, bearing at the summit a short
raceme of flowers, either entirely yellow, or the standard veined out-
side with purple. Pedicels about C" long. Pod 2' - 3' long, with an
incurved point, more or less glandular and hairy.

Around habitations. Probably introduced, but widely scattered throughout the trop-
ics. Often cultivated for its fruit, the dhal. of the East Indians, which make a good substi-
tute for green peas.

TRIBE VII. SOPHORE^E.

Trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnate, of 5 or more,
very rarely 3 or 1, leaflets. Stamens all free. Pod continuous (not jointed), but some-
times torose, indehiscent or 2-valved.

16. SOPHORA Linn. [Mamani.]

Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rather broad.
Keel petals equal to, or rather longer than the others, scarcely coher-
ing on the outer edge. Stamens free. Ovary short-stalked, many-
ovuled. Style glabrous with a minute terminal stigma. Pod cylindri-
cal or slightly compressed, fleshy, or hard and woody, much con-
tracted between the seeds, and usually indehiscent. Radicle curved.
— Trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets
usually opposite, with a terminal odd one. Racemes simple, or several
forming a terminal panicle. Bracts minute or none.

A genus of several species, found in the hot regions of the globe.

1. S. (EDWARDSIA) CHRYSOPHYLLA Seemann. (Enum. No. 118.) A
small tree (with very hard and durable wood) 20° - 30° high, variable
in its foliage, pubescence, &c. Leaflets oval or oblong, 5-10 pairs,
often alternate, obtuse, and at the apex usually retuse, 5" -15" long,
3" -7" wide, on the upper surface soon glabrous and shining, beneath
silky pubescent, the pubescence with either a tawny or a silvery hue.
Flowers on few - many-flowered short axillary peduncles, or pedicels
7" -8" long, the peduncles, pedicels and calyx, finely tomentose. Ca-
lyx about 3" long; lobes very broad and obtuse. Petals 1' long, yel-
low, the broad standard recurved. Stamens as long as the keel.
Ovary tomentose. Pod 4' - 6' long, often very much constricted be-
tween the seeds, with 4 narrow wings 1" or more broad, 2-valved at
[To be continued.]

HYATT, OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 193

X. Observations on Polyzoa. Suborder Phyiactolcemata.
BY ALPHEUS HYATT.

[Continued from page 160.]
C(EN(ECIAL BEANCHES.

Diffuse or adherent. Variety b, of Fredericella Wal-
cottii, has its branches closer together than variety a of
the same species ; but the only specimens yet described,
either in this country or in Europe, that have crowded
branches, are those belonging to variety c, of Fredericella
regina.

Among these, a branch may occasionally become ad-
herent for a short space. This, however, rarely occurs,
and seems to be Avholly accidental. The diffusion of the
branches is the ordinary character of Plumatella, but in
four of the five American species, the crowded Alcyonel-
loid variety is developed more or less, according to the
locality in which the species lives. I have been unable to
determine whether the crowding of the branches takes place
by the direct action of physical causes or not. In some
cases the area of attachment would seem to be the only
assignable cause, as in P. vesicularis, where the tip of
a branch assumes the Alcyonelloid character by being
crowded upon the edge of a projecting branch,* but the
same variety in P. vitrea grows upon the smooth surface
of a piece of tin. In P. Arethusa and F. regina, found
in Tommy's Brook, near Gorham, Me., the current
seemed to be in some way connected with the production
of the Alcyonelloid variety ; but the same varieties of the
three other species of this genus developed profusely in
the brackish and still water of Mystic Pond ; upon broad
surfaces of attachment in the still fresh water of Spy
Pond, and in a small artificial lake on Mr. John Hop-
kins' estate near Baltimore. In fact, there is no uniformity
in their mode of occurrence, the same form often appearr
ing under the most diverse circumstances. The quantity
of food may possibly influence their growth, though with
regard to this I have collected no reliable data.

* See description of species.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 26 JAN., 1868.

194 HYATT,

As will be seen in the descriptions of the species, al-
though the same varieties occur in different localities, and
under diverse physical conditions, still the specimens
even of different species in each locality usually have a
similar character. The adhesion of the branches is owing
entirely to the juxtaposition of young cells, whose softer
ectocysts adhere to one another, and it is therefore a char-
acteristic which may occur in any species when the young
cells are accidentally brought in contact.

Tubular. All the Fredericellse have tubular branches,
the zooids being arranged in a single series.

In Plumatella Arethusa the tubular characteristic is re-
tained even in variety b. In variety b of P. diffusa, how-
ever, the branches coalesce to a considerable extent ; and
in varieties b and c of P. vitrea, either single branches
or whole colonies may have the polypides in bunches, ap-
proximating to the mode of growth exhibited by Pectina-
tella. The branches of Lophopus are true lobes contain-
ing a fascicle of polypides at the end of each branch, and
those of Pectinatella are also lobes, but with the poly-
pides placed in long, double rows on the upper sides.
This lobation, therefore, arises as a characteristic of the
varieties or even as a peculiarity of one branch of a col-
ony, as in P. vesicularis,* and becomes of generic value
in Lophopus, Pectinatella, and Cristatella, entirely super-
seding the tubular form of the branches in Fredericella,
P. Arethusa, and the varieties of the remaining American
species.

CXENCECIAL CELLS.

Distinct. In Fredericella the cells are distinct from
each other ; occasionally by some accident, as previously
mentioned, a branch may become adherent to a neigh-
boring branch, but the cells never appear to do so. The
cells of the Plumatellse are adherent in all their Alcyonel-
loid varieties.

Cell-walls entire. Wherever the cells are distinct, the
cell-walls must be entire. When, however, the former be

* See description of species.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 195

come adherent, the attached portion of the cell is short-
ened, and consequently the walls of the free portions of
the cells approximate. In some specimens of variety 6,
Plumatella Arethusa, this approximation takes place with-
out any sensible diminution of the lower portion of the
free part of the cell-walls ; but in variety b of P. diffusa,
and in the single branches of P. vesicularis, previously
mentioned, there is a very decided shortening of these
walls, and in P. vitrea only the orifices project above the
branch in some groups, while in others the free portions
of the cells are quite long. In Lophopus the cells have
similar characters, the whole lower portion of the divid-
ing walls becoming part of the common surface of the
lobe, and in Pectinatella and Cristatella the cells are en-
tirely obliterated, the dividing walls having disappeared.
Thus the entireness of the cell-walls is a diminishing
characteristic of generic value in Fredericella, of specific
and variable value in Plumatella, disappearing in Lopho-
pus and Pectinatella. The only reasonable cause for this
gradual obliteration of the cell is to be found in the agent
which crowds the branches and cells together, making
them adherent, which produces the lobes of Lophopus,
and consolidates them with the cosnoecial trunk in Crista-
tella, and which also completes the radiatory arrangement
of the polypides, namely, the increasing activity of the
reproductive function, as shown in the greater number of
buds produced from the mother cell. The cosnrecial
trunk of Fredericella and Plumatella is made by the
growth of the primary polypides. When several buds
develop simultaneously, this crencecial trunk is broad-
ened and becomes a common cavity containing the various
polypides, as in variety b of Plumatella vitrea.

A farther development of the flabellate growth gives
the palmate aspect of the branches in Lophopus . A greater
increase in the number of buds growing from the mother
cell gives, as has been said in the article on reproduc-
tion, the radiatory character of Pectinatella, and also
broadens the coenoecial trunk at the expense of the
branches, which become short lobes.

196 HYATT,

Finally, so many buds are produced simultaneously,
that they crowd themselves together in quincunx order, in-
stead of forming distinct radiatory branches, as they would
do if developed singly or in pairs at intervals, the whole
being a greatly distended primary cell or coenoecial trunk.
This view is sustained by the occurrence of the buds upon
the border in the same place, with relation to the poly-
pides of Cristatella, that they occupy in the single cells
of Fredericella and Plumatella, and in the lobes of Pec-
tinatella. t

Irregularly divided by permanent internal folds of the
endocyst. These folds are present more or less in nearly
every colony of Fredericella and most of the diffusely
branching Plumatellse, but not in the Alcyonelloid varie-
eties. I suspect, however, that variety b of Plumatella
vitrea, has them. If so, they probably act as in Lopho-
pus, and isolate the branch in which they occur.

The peculiar aspect of the constrictions in Plumatella,
bending inwards from the stiff ectocyst and apparently
prevented from coming together by its unyielding nature,
their accidental occurrence in any part of the branch, and
their being simply an annular constriction of the endocyst,
all go to prove, as has been shown in the article on re-
production, that they are the homologues of the constric-
tions that divide and multiply the ccencecia in Pectinatella
and Cristatella.

ECTOCYST.

Thin. The Fredericellse all have thin ectocysts.
There is a variety of Fredericella Regina, and one spe-
cies, F. pulcherrima, which have colorless ectocysts, but
these are not thicker than the horny coverings of the
other varieties.

The Plumatellse have thin ectocysts, except in P. vit-
rea. In this they are somewhat thicker than in other
species. In Lophopus it is very thick below, indicat-
ing the final withdrawal of the whole under the ccence-
cium in Pectinatella. Its immense thickness, in the last
genus, is directly caused by the surface of attachment

OBSEKVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 197

and the activity of the fissiparous function of the ccenoe-
cium. Even upon a level surface the continued multipli-
cation of the crencecia, in course of time, crowds them
together and presses the central colonies gradually up-
ward, forcing them to excrete more gelatine, and thus
the central portion of the general ectocyst becomes the
thickest.

Thus the thickness of the ectocyst is not a regularly
progressive character, and the fluctuation appears to be
caused by the peculiarity of the base of the attachment,
and the multiplication of ccenrecia by self-division in
Pectinatella.

Parchment-like or gelatinous. This is the condition
of the ectocyst in all the Fredericelke, even the color-
less varieties are tougher than the colorless varieties of
Plumatella. The Alcyonnelloid varieties of Plumatella
are more generally surrounded by a gelatinous ectocyst
than the diffuse varieties.

Brown, or colorless. These characters accompany the
preceding, the parchment-like being always brown, and
the gelatinous always transparent.

Permanent throughout life. The parchment-like ecto-
cysts of Fredericella long survive the decay of the poly-
pides, but the gelatinous disappear soon after their de-
cease. The same rule obtains- until we reach Pectinatella.
In this genus, the thickness of the mass causes it to com-
mence decaying before the colonies die, and they often
are found loosely scattered on the surface after it has de-
cayed to a thin sheet. This gives to an old settlement of
the Pectinatelte a Cristatellian-like aspect, since in the
latter the ectocyst is thin.

The old colonies of Pectinatella, however, do not lose
the power of excreting gelatine, but readily refasten
themselves after being detached. The loss of permanency
in the ectocyst of Pectinatella is fittingly followed by its
appearance in Cristatella as a transient excretion.

Envelopes the entire coenoecium. This character has
been treated of in mentioning the cause of the natural
position of the coencecium. It is strictly decrements!,

198 HYATT,

since, as previously noticed, Lophopus forms an interme-
diate step to its passage under the coencecium in Pectin-
atella.

CCENCECIAL ENDOCYST.

Cells of the first membrane small and depressed. This
character, and its subsequent change to the larger cells of
Pectinatella and Cristatella, was described in the article
on the " Composition of the Body." It is due, perhaps,
to the removal of the pressure of the superincumbent
ectocyst from the upper side of the coencecium.

Cells of the second membrane small. This character,
which appears to be invariable, may possibly owe its
equability in the size of the cells to the equal pressure of
the other membranes on either side.

The remaining characters need no explanation until we
reach

FREE STATOBLASTS.

Bean-shaped, depressed, or elongated ellipses. The va-
riability of the statoblast, as will be seen in the descrip-
tion of the species, becomes less in Plumatella, and is of
fixed value in Pectinatella.

The depressed elliptical forms are in reality orbicular
forms, or are those varieties which assume a close approx-
imation to the outline finally taken by all the free stato-
blasts of Cristatella.

Thus it may be said of the three forms which begin
as varieties in Fredericella, of which the bean-shaped is
perhaps the most common, that they all successively cul-
minate in some one genus, and then die out. Thus the
bean-shaped disappears in Plumatella, the elliptical takes
its place in the latter and in Pectinatella, and the orbicular
form, which only holds a place in the varieties of the dif-
ferent species of the preceding genera, at length predomi-
nates and is characteristic of the genus in Cristatella.

RECAPITULATION OF THE CCENCECIAL SYSTEM.

The synopsis itself sufficiently explains the remaining
characters of this system, and we may, therefore, proceed

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 199

without fear of misunderstanding to the consideration of
its general features. There are six characters; (1) single
character of the crencecium, (2) a character in the diffu-
sion of the branches, (3) a character in the tubularity of
the branches, (4) a character in the perfection of the
branches, (5) a character in the distinctness of the cells,
and (6) a character in the entireness of the walls of the
cells, all of which are decremental, the decrement being
traceable directly to the activity of the reproductive func-
tion, which increases, (1) the radiatory character of the
coencecia, (2) the crowding and adherence of the branches,
(3) the lobiform character of the branches, (4) the con-
solidation of the branches with the cosncecial trunk, (5)
the adherence of the cells to each other, and (6) the
merging of the cell-walls into the common surface of the
branch. All of the latter are respectively antagonistic to
the former, and although produced by the same agent, and
occurring primarily either upon different branches of the
same colony, different varieties of the same species or dif-
ferent species of the same genus, finally become of ge-
neric value,* exclude the former, and change the whole
aspect of the cceno3cium in Cristatella.

Secondly, there is a series of characters; (1) a char-
acter of adherence of the ectocyst to surfaces, and of the
endocyst to the ectocyst, (2) the parchment-like character
of the ectocyst, (3) its permanency throughout life, all of
which decrease as the ectocyst becomes more gelatinous
and retrogrades from a protective covering to a transient
excretion. Thirdly, there is a series, (1) the erectness
of the free branches, (2) the envelopment of the ccence-
cium, (3) the small size and depressed form of the cells
of the outei- membrane, all characteristics which disappear
when the ectocyst retires from the upper side of the coenoe- .
cium. Fourthly, (1) the number of branches in a single
colony, a decremental character, (2) the permanency of

* By " generic value " it is not meant that a variety may become a
species, or a species a genus by evolution, but that characteristics ap-
parently of accidental growth in the distortion of a branch, or in the
variety of a species, may finally become peculiar to some species, and
then an essential characteristic of a higher genus.

200 HYATT,

the annular folds, a decremental character, (3) the thick-
ness of the ectocyst, a fluctuating character. The decrement
of the first two and the fluctuation of the last being due to
the increasing functional activity of the third membrane in
forming annular folds, which is apparently due to the same
character as the second series, namely, the increase in the
gelatinous nature of the ectocyst.

EVAGINATORY SYSTEM.
ALIMENTAEY CANAL.

Membranes fully developed. The invariability of the
cellular structure of the membranes of the canal is, prob-
ably, as in the case of the evaginable endocyst, due to the
similarity of the circumstances and positions occupied by
them with relation to the surrounding parts and fluids.

Lies straight in the coenoecium when invaginated. The
cells in Fredericella and Plumatella are not generally of
sufficient capacity to admit of any doubling on the part of
the alimentary canal, and, since there is room enough for
it to lie straight, it naturally assumes that position.

The location, also, of the bases of the retractors are at
such a distance from the orifice of the cell, that it is out of
the question for the gastric retractors to act in such a
manner as to double the alimentary canal on itself.

In variety b of Plumatella vitrea, however, the bases
of the muscles are nearly opposite the ccenoecial orifice,
and it would be inferred, from the similarity of their po-
sitions to those in Pectinatella, that the canal must double
upon itself when undergoing retraction ; but, although the
lophophore is very closely withdrawn, the canal floats
freely in the chamber (PL 9, fig. 1). The position of
.Pectinatella, as figured in PI. 9, figs. 12, 13, shows that
the canal is not only bent ventrally, but when completely
drawn in, the anterior end of the coecum lies between the
trunks of the retractors. In Cristatella this tendency is
expressed more strongly, the canal, passing between the
trunks of the retractors ventrally lies in precisely the
reverse position to what it did in Fredericella and Plu-
matella.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 201

The length proportionally to the length of the evaginable
endocyst above the orifice. This character is very impor-
tant. It shows the gradual progress of the alimentary
canal out of the coenoecium, in proportion as the evagiua-
tion of the polypide becomes more extended.

Although the canal is absolutely very much larger in
Pectinatella than in any other genus (vide synopsis, pro-
portion of the greatest dorso-ventral, to the greatest an-
tero-posterior diameter) , its position with relation to the
lower edge of the invaginated fold does not change as
long as that fold exists. When, however, there is no fold
as in Cristatella, the region of the sphincter crosses the
coecum near the end instead of its former place, just be-
low the intestinal valve. (PI. 14, fig. 1.)

The length, however, with relation to the length of
the evaginable tube and the extent of the canal exposed
by its increasing evagination, is an incremental character,
and shows farther how the destruction of the walls of the
cells affects the size of the canal. The Fredericellse with
their long, narrow cells, have also long, narrow canals ;
the cells becoming wider in Plumatella, the stomachs are
correspondingly wider ; and in Pectinatellse, where the
evagination removes the invaginated fold, giving a wide
orifice, and where there are no cells, it attains, compara-
tively, an immense size.

In Cristatella, the evagination being perfected, and the
amount of room in the coenoecium very much reduced, it
returns again to a smaller size, but retains nearly the same
proportions of the dorso-ventral and antero-posterior di-
ameter (see next character in the synopsis) which it had
acquired in Pectinatella.

The consequence of this reduction in the absolute size
renders the whole but little longer than the fully evagin-
ated endocyst, and the canal may, therefore, be said to fol-
low the tube out of the coenoecium.

Proportions of the dorso-ventral to the antero-posterior
diameter. This character has been sufficiently explained
above, with the exception of the measurements. These
were taken, the dorso-ventral just below the phyloric

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 27 FEB., 1868.

202 HYATT,

valve, and antero-posterior from the lophophore to the end
of the gastric co3cum.

(Esophagus. The proportion of antero-posterior di-
ameter to the length of the stomach from the cesophageal
valve to the end of the coecum, varied but little from £ in
each genus. But the next character, the proportions of
its own antero-posterior to its own dorso-ventral diameter,
show a determinate and steady decrement in its length.

Stomach. The proportions of the dorso-ventral to the
antero-posterior diameter determine the fact stated above
with regard to the increase in the size of the canal to Pec-
tinatella, and its decrease or fluctuation in Cristatella. In
addition to the decrement in the length of the esophagus,
there is also a decrement in the ventro-dorsal from what
it is in Pectinatella, £ of the antero-posterior, to only J the
latter, very nearly the same proportions it had originally
in Fredericella. The next proportion, however, shows a
curious fact. Although there is this decrease in ventro-
dorsal diameter there is an increment in the dextro-sinis-
tral diameter ; or, in other words, the stomach retains in
Cristatella the great breadth of the dextro-sinistral diam-
eter, which it attained in Pectinatella : while, on the other
hand, it loses the increment of the ventro-dorsal diameter.
This explains the greater breadth of the alimentary canal,
when seen from the dorsal side in Cristatella, as compared
with its narrow look when viewed laterally.

Intestine. Only one series of measurements was made
of the intestine, ventro-dorsally near the phyloric valve,
and antero-posteriorly from the valve to the anus. The
proportions of these two diameters appeared to be invari-
able ; but, nevertheless, the absolute size of the intestine
is greater in Plumatella and in Pectinatella, than in any
other genus. In Cristatella, like the stomach, it became
— when seen from the side — very narrow, but is of Pec-
tinatellean proportions when seen in front or dorsally.

KETRACTOKS.

(Esophageal Retractors. The characteristics preceding
the proportional breadth of this branch of the retractors

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 203

to the dorso-ventral diameter of the tube are plain enough
in the synopsis, and need no explanatory remarks. This,
however, is a fluctuating character, while all the above
mentioned are incremental characters.

The breadth of the muscle was measured near the
lophophore ; and the breadth of the tube from the brachial
collar to the junction of the arms with the tube.

The fluctuation in Cristatella is due to the sudden in-
crease in the breadth of the tube in this genus, and not to
any decrease in the absolute breadth of the muscle," com-
pared with what it was in Pectinatclla.

Brachial Retractors. The breadth was measured
across the tube, as in the cesophageal retractors. All the
characteristics of the retractors, as read in the synopsis,
are directly traceable to the increasing evagination of the
polypide.

As the polypide protrudes farther out of the ccenoscium
and the invaginated fold disappears, the oesophageal and
brachial retractors lose the support which it afforded them
in Fredericella ; and the increase in the size and diffu-
sion of their filaments and bases is to compensate for this
loss, and to enable them to govern the motions of the
crest with their former facility.

The increment of the number of the bands of the gas-
tric retractors, however, although due to the same causes
that bring about the increase in the degree of evagination,
are more directly affected by the greater freedom given to
the alimentary canal by these changes. In Fredericella,
the number of bands is at its minimum, because the stom-
ach is confined in a narrow tube ; and in Pectinatella and
Cristatella at its maximum, because they are required to
confine the' alimentary canals of the different polypides,
and prevent them from interfering with each other in the
common ccencecium.

ANTERIOR RETENTORS.

One row. These being merely the lowermost row of
posterior retentors, and differing from them only in their
size, there is necessarily but one row in every species
throughout the group.

204 HYATT,

The number of the bands, however, is dependent upon
the width of the orifice, and since this becomes gradually
broader up to the maximum in Pectinatella, and then de-
creases in Cristatella, they have a corresponding fluctua-
tion in the number of the bands.

Far removed from the orifice. The distance of the
posterior attachments from the orifice is measured by the
breadth of the invaginated fold ; and as this decreases, they
of course come nearer to the edge of the opening, finally
resting on the edge itself.

POSTERIOR RETENTORS.

The decrement in this series is explained by the pre-
ceding paragraph, since, as in the last characteristic, the
number of rows is determined by the breadth of the

invaginated fold.

SPHINCTER MUSCLE.

This being coextensive with the fold, necessarily de-
creases with it.

INVAGINATED FOLD.

This decreases in precisely the same proportion as the
evaginable endocyst increases. And, in fact, it could not
well be otherwise ; since, as previously stated, the increase
in the length of the evaginable endocyst or tube is wholly
due to the additions made to it by the freed portions of
the decreasing invaginated fold.

EVAGINABLE ENDOCYST.

The measurements were made from the anterior edge
of the invaginated fold to the lophophore.

Membranes fully developed. The invariability of the
cellular structure of the membranes is due, probably, to
the similarity of their position, and of the circumstance
surrounding them throughout the group. They are not
subject to any such changes, as the removal of the ecto-
cyst gives room for in the crencecial endocyst, and changes

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 205

in the size of the cavity of the ccencecium do not appear
to affect materially their intimate structure.

RECAPITULATION .

We have seen: (1) that the increase in the size of
the Alimentary canal was due, apparently, to the enlarge-
ment of the ccencecium, occasioned by the obliteration of
the cell-walls in Pectinatella, and its decrease to the sub-
sequent redivision of the ccencecium into cells in Crista-
tella ; (2) that this increment and decrement was confined
to the stomach and intestine, the oesophagus steadily de-
creasing in the proportions of its length to its breadth
throughout; (3) that the passage of the whole alimentary
canal out of the ccencecium, when the polypide is evagin-
ated, is due to the increasing length of the evaginable
tube, and therefore referable to the increasing evagination
of the polypide ; (4) that the increasing size and diffusion
of the anterior bases and posterior filaments of the retrac-
tors, was also due to the increasing evagination of the
tube ; (5) that the increase and decrease in the number of
the anterior retentors was due to the increase and de-
crease in the size of the ccencecial orifice ; and (6) that the
approximation of the anterior retentors to the orifice, the
decrease in the breadth of the sphincter, and the increas-
ing length of the evaginable endocyst or tube, are due to
the steadily decreasing breadth of the invaginated fold ;
(7) that this last is due to the decrease in the number of
rows of posterior retentors, which decrease may in turn
be traced* to the decreasing length of the free part of the
cell-wall. Or, we may say : (1) that the free portions of
the cell-wall becoming shorter, destroy the lower rows of
posterior retentors; and thus (2) portions of the breadth
of the invaginated fold are set free ; (3) which are added
to the length of the evaginable tube, and therefore the
increase of the evagination is due to the decrease in length
and final obliteration of the cell-walls.

Thus, in Fredericella, where the walls are longest, the
invagination is greatest ; in Plumatella, the walls are

* Vide description of "Muscular System."

206 HYATT,

shorter, and the invagination less ; in Pectinatella, where
there are no free cell-walls, the invagination is very much
less ; and in Cristatella, which has neither free cell-walls
or lobes, the invagination is nothing. Even the zooids of
the species show the action of this law. Whenever the
free portions of the cells are much reduced in length, as
in some zooids of variety c of Plumatella vitrea, the
number of rows of posterior retentors are less, and the
evagination greater, than in other zooids of the same
colony, with longer walls to the free portions of the cells.

The Alcyonelloid varieties of Plumatella Arethusa have
only about eight rows of posterior retentors ; while the
varieties with distinct cells may have as high as fifteen.

Thus, with the exception of the fluctuation or .disturb-
ance occasioned by the muscular walls in Cristatella, and
the increase and decrease of the cosnoacial orifice, which
causes the increase and decrease in the number of bands
of the anterior retentors, all the characteristics of the
evaginatory system are traceable to the decrease in the
free portions of the cell- walls. In other words, to the
gradual obliteration of the cells and branches. But this,
as we have seen previously, is due to the activity of the
reproductive function, which steadily increases the num-
ber of buds arising from the primary ccencecial cell.

LOPHOPHOKIC SYSTEM.
LOPHOPHORE.

The outline of the lophophore is an incremental char-
acter, owing its increment to the growth of the arms in
Plumatella.

ARMS.
The length of the arms is the key-note of the changes

v ~

in this system, and we shall find, as we proceed, that the
increment of this characteristic determines the increment
or decrement of nearly every variable characteristic.

Tips divergent — tips twisted outwards. These two
characters go together. They are decremental ; and the
decrement is due to the retention of embryonic characters
in the adults of the higher genera.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 207

The arms of the polypides of Plumatella separate at
a much earlier date than those of Pectinatella ; and the
latter, probably, earlier than the arms of Cristatella. Be
this as it may, the approximation of the tips of the arms
is an embryonic character; because, as already stated
(remarks on reproduction) , the arms in the young divide
from within outward, and the tips are the last to be sep-
arated, and the longer the arms, the longer the time nec-
essary to complete the division. It seems likely, there-
fore, that the embryonic character of the arms in Crista-
tella is due entirely to their increased length.

TENTACLES.

The number of the tentacles are increased in the indi-
vidual, as has been shown, by additions at the tips of the
arms as the latter increase in length ; therefore, the longer
the arms, the greater the number of tentacles. This law
is carried out, not only in the diiferent individuals of the
species, but it also determines the increment in the num-
ber of tentacles from Fredericella, which never has over
twenty-four, to Cristatella, which, as far as we know, never
has over ninety. The length of the tentacles, however,
decreases ; and the decrement is due, not to any decrease
in the tentacles themselves,, but to the comparatively
greater increase in the length of the arms.

CALYX.

The breadth of the calyx appears to be a fluctuating
character.

EPISTOME.

The form of the base is an incremental character, the
change from an elliptical to a crescent shape taking place
when the arms appear in Plumatella.

TENTACULAR MUSCLES.

The number of pairs of these must be equal to the
number of tentacles on any one lophophore ; and since
the number of tentacles is determined by the length of

208 HYATT,

the arms, the number of these, also, is determined by the
same character.

LOPHOPHORIC FLEXOR.

This muscle, extending from the oesophagus to the tips
of the arms, is necessarily very short in Fredericella, if it
exists at all ; and longer in the other genera, in propor-
tion to the length of the arms.

NEURAL DIAPHRAGM.

Sufficiently explained by synopsis.

NERVE-MASS.

In Fredericella, where there are no arms, and the
breadth of the lophophore inconsiderable, it is not neces-
sary to have the centres of distribution widely separated,
and, therefore, the nerve-mass has perhaps no com-
missure. In Plumatella, however, with its two long
arms, each to be rendered capable of independent motion,
and the breadth of the lophophore increased, the ganglia
are probably separated by a commissure so as to corre-
spond with these changes.

GANGLIA.

The thin, upright, spindle-like form of the ganglia, as
seen from the side in Fredericella, is changed in Pluma-
tella to a kidney-shape, lying horizontally. This corre-
sponds precisely with increased width, which is given by
development of the arms for the accommodation of the
nerve-mass.

The heart-shaped appearance of the ganglia is invari-
able ; because, when either the spindle or kidney-shaped
double upon themselves by contraction, they assume the
heart-shape.

The larger size of the lophophoric nerve-trunk, the
greater length of the dorsal lophophoric nerve-branch and
its plication, the decrease in the ventral lophophoric
nerve-branch proportionally to the dorsal branch, the
number of tentacular nerves, the larger size of the oral

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 209

nerve-trunk, and the increase of the thickness and size of
the polypidal nerve-trunk in Plumatella, as compared with
the states of the same parts in Fredericella, are all evi-
dently due to the greater extent of the surfaces which
they have to supply in the former ; and this increased ex-
tent, as we have pointed out, is in its turn due to the
growth of the arms. Thus, every character in the Lopho-
phoric System appears to depend upon the increment of
the arms, and to owe its modifications to that, more than
anything else. The cesophageal, gastric, and intestinal
nerve-branches have been observed only in Fredericella.

RECAPITULATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE

SYSTEMS.

Commencing with the coenoecial system, we find that
in this system the increase in the radiatory character of
the cosncecium, the crowding and adherence of the
branches, the consolidation of the branches in the coeno3-
cial trunk, the adherence of the cells to each other, and
the obliteration of the free walls of the cells, were all
due to the increase in the number of the buds developed
simultaneously from the original, or parent cell of the
colony ; and also, that these characteristics, primarily ex-
pressed in a slight degree either upon different branches
of the same colony, or in different varieties of the same
species, ultimately become of essential importance to the
organization of every species and of generic value.

In the evagiuatory system we found that all the char-
acteristics, with three exceptions, were due to the oblitera-
tion of the cell- walls, and, therefore, directly traceable
to the increase in fhe number of buds developing simul-
taneously from the parent cell ; that the governing char-
acteristic of the whole system, the extent of the evagina-
tion was a variable characteristic among the zooids of
the same colony in P. vitrea, although probably of fixed
and generic value in Cristatella. Thus most of the prin-
cipal changes in the complication of the ccenoecial and
evaginatory system are traceable to one incremental
characteristic, the gradual increase in the number of

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 28 FEB., 1868.

210 HYATT,

buds developed from the original, or parent cell of the
colony.

Besides these, however, there are other characteristics,
such as the decrease in the tenacity with which the endo-
cyst adheres to the ectocyst, finally resulting in its ability
to glide easily over the surface of the latter in Cristatella,
the decrease in the pergameneous nature and permanency
of the ectocyst, all traceable to the increase in the soft-
ness and gelatinous nature of the ectocyst. And still
following in the same category we find that the decrease
in the number of branches to each colony, the great in-
crement in the thickness of the ectocyst in Pectinatella,
and the disappearance of the permanent annular folds, is
due to the greater functional activity of the third layer
in forming annular folds, traceable in turn to the increase
in the gelatinous nature of the ectocyst, which permits
these folds to coalesce and divide the colonies. Thus,
there are two series of important structural character-
istics, which necessarily change in consonance with, or
are dependent upon the gradual change of the parchment-
like ectocyst of Fredericella, to the gelatinous, transient
excretion of Cristatella.

This gelatinous condition of the ectocyst, as has been
shown, is only a rare individual characteristic in, Freder-
icella, becoming peculiar to some species in Plumatella,
and, finally, essential to the organization of Pectinatella,
Cristatella, and perhaps Lophopus. I have succeeded in
producing the transparent, gelatinous ectocyst in Freder-
icella, by simply allowing a colony to grow in Avater free
from all sediment ; and I have not yet found a transparent
variety or species except in clear water. The trans-
parent ectocyst is also common in the young of all the
brown varieties of Fredericella and Plumatella, and these
are much longer lived than the transparent species, such
as Plumatella vitrea, the Pectinatellee or Cristatella}.
Whether the ectocysts of P. vitrea would become brown
and tougher if they lived longer, it is impossible to say ;
but certainly such would appear to be the most likely
result, since the ectocyst of all the brown Fredericellae
and Plumatellse, which live longer than they do, are trans-

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 211

parent in the young, and acquire the pergameneous char-
acter only by age. I do not here allude to the color
acquired simply by the gathering on the surface of minute
particles of sediment, but the deep brown color due not
only to these particles, but to the horny condition of the
ectocyst produced by age. The increase in the gelatinous
character of the ectocyst in Plumatella may be safely said
to be in part due to the shorter lives of those varieties,
and species that are habitually transparent ; but the change
in Cristatella cannot be accounted for in any such way.

In order to see how this happens, it is necessary to
notice another series of characteristics. These are the
horizontally of the coenoecium in Pectinatella, due to the
withdrawal of the support of the ectocyst, and its con-
centration below the coenoecium, which last is probably
caused by the same changes. in the outer membrane, that
enlarge the size of the cells. The increase in the size of
the minute cells, composing the tissue, are the only os-
tensible changes noticeable in the membrane secreting the
ectocyst, to which their sudden cessation of the excretory
powers on the upper side might be referred.

In Cristatella the ectocyst still continues to be ex-
creted only from the lower side, and the introduction of
its power of locomotion enabling it to secrete a new ecto-
cyst as it goes, always maintains the latter new and soft.
Pectinatella has no locomotive muscles, and, therefore,
the ectocyst accumulating under ;t is tougher than in
Cristatella, though it remains gelatinous in consequence
of its great thickness.

The modifications of the variable character of the
lophoric region, as has been said, are dependent upon the
increment in the length of the arms.

The variable characteristics of the entire group of
Phylactolsemata, as may be conceived from the preceding,
are dependent for their modifications or changes upon
(1) the increase in the number of buds developing from
the original cell, (2) the increase in the number of indi-
viduals having the gelatinous ectocyst, (3) the changes or
agencies that remove it from the upper side of the coenoe-
cium, (4) the bending inwards of the third and fourth

212 HYATT,

muscular, and fifth membranous layers to form the reticu-
lated walls, (5) the increasing growth of the arms.

These are the fundamental characteristics, and yet it
cannot be denied that they may first make their appear-
ance as a variable characteristic of different branches of
the same colony become common to the varieties of other
species, and eventually of generic value. Thus, as before
described, a single branch of P. vesicularis assumed the
aspect which afterwards distinguished variety c of P.
vitrea, and approximated to the generic characteristic of
Lophopus. The obliteration of the cell-walls in this
branch and in the colonies of variety c of P. vitrea were
traced to the increase in the number of buds growing up
side by side from the same cell, just as in Pectinatella and
Cristatella the generic form of the colony was traced to
the number of buds developing simultaneously from the
parent cell.

The second, also, as has been stated, appears as a rare
variety in Fredericella regina and Walcotti, an ordinary
character in F. pulcherriina, and among the PlumatellEe
ending with becoming of specific value in P. vitrea, per-
haps on account of the short time which that species lives,
and is finally common to all the species of the remaining
genera of the group. It is evidently a local characteristic,
due partly to age and partly to physical causes in these
two genera ; but in Lophopus, Pectinatella, and Crista-
tella, it is an essential peculiarity of the generic structure,
apparently not affected by physical causes, since wherever
these genera have been found the ectocyst is gelatinous.

With regard to the third, it is possible that the en-
largement of the cells in Pectinatella indicates a loss of
the execretory power, and consequently causes the re-
moval of the ectocyst. As previously stated, this change
is begun in variety c of Plumatella vitrea, where the action
of alcohol creates a gap between the ectocyst and endo-
cyst.

The fourth is even more inexplicable than the third ;
the walls are there, and are evidently necessary to keep
the cosncecium firm and shapely, but they are apparently
without precedent. They do not begin, like other char-

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 213

acteristics, in a few individuals or species, gradually be-
coming of generic value and general application as the
complication increases, but start into life and functional
activity without even a whispered warning of the coming
change in the organization of any preceding genus or
species.

The fifth is characteristic in different degrees of the
individuals in Plumatella (the length of the arms always
varying with the number of tentacles, and these are differ-
ent in nearly every individual), and becomes much more
constant, if not invariable, in Cristatella. Four of these
five fundamental characters, therefore, are incremental.
These begin in a few individuals and become of more
general value and characterize more and more extended
divisions and more complicated animals. Thus the sec-
ond is an individual variety in the first genus, obtains a
more general application and finally a specific value in the
the second, and at last is sufficiently constant in the two
species of Cristatella already known, to be considered at
least of generic" value.

The increased value, or constancy and applicability,
therefore, of these incremental characteristics is due en-
entirely to the increase in the number of the individuals
characterized by them in each succeeding and more com-
plicated division, with regard to the number of the indi-
viduals that remain unchanged in the same division. For
example, in P. arethusa the majority are brownish,
wherever found ; in P. vesicularis there are few brown
individuals in proportion to the transparent ; in P. vitrea
all yet found are transparent; and in the succeeding
genera every individual is transparent.

The fourth character must be considered an exception
to this rule, unless indeed new discoveries should disclose
an intermediate form between Cristatella and Pectinatella,
or a lower form of the same genus that will give us
the clue to the abrupt introduction of the reticulated
walls.

It is surprising that when viewed with regard to their
own young, the condition of the coencecial and lophophoric
regions in Cristatella, although more complicated, is nev-

214 HYATT,

ertheless more embryonic in some respects than the evag-
inatory region in the same genus, or in Plumatella.

Nothing can be more opposed to the fully evaginated
state of the adult Cristatella than the embryonic aspect
of the lophophore, and it will be readily perceived, from
the honiology suggested between the original cell of the
colony, and the sack-like ccenoecium, that the latter has a
more embryonic aspect than the branching ccencecium of
Plumatella. This is the only point in which the lopho-
phoric and ccenrecial regions agree ; in all others they are
at variance.

Such would be inferred to be their most appropriate
relationship, from the fact, that all the modifications of
the evaginatory tube were found to be due to the more
fundamental changes of the ccencecium ; whereas, those of
the lophophore were not dependent upon any of the
changes in the other two. Thus the lophophoric adds its
greatest increment of complication, the "fully developed"
arms, in the second genus of the sub-order, whereas the
coencecial more gradually progresses and acquires its
greatest anatomical increment, the reticulated walls, only
in the last genus. Both are most complicated in Crista-
tella, but both arrive at the highest degree of complica-
tion by different methods.

The evaginatory region does not agree with either of
these ; the increment of complication is gradually and
slowly added, and no new organs or sudden develop-
ments of particular parts take place. In all its relations
with the regions above and below, this region occupies
an intermediate place.

In fact, the mutual influence of the modifications in
one region upon the organs of another is proportional to
their positions in the body of the adult, and the times of
the acquisition of the adult characters by such region
during the development of the individual.

The modifications of the cosiicecial region, situated as
it is at the anterior pole, bear directly on the next region,
the evagiuatory, changing its organs greatly, but it does
not affect the lophophoric at the posterior pole of the
body. The forces or organic momenta of the changes

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 215

seem to be expended entirely upon the evaginatory sys-
tem, and do not reach the lophophoric except in so far as
they increase its distance from the anterior pole by in-
creasing the evagination of the tube.

The ccenoscial is also invariably the first region to
assume the full characteristics of the adult zooid, the
evaginatory next, and the lophophoric last. The bud, as
previously observed, is developed from the wall of the
cell, which last becomes well formed and distinct before
the alimentary canal loses the peculiar shortness and
breadth of the younger stages of growth, such as is figured
in PL 8, fig. 2, and not until long after both regions have
attained their full growth, do the tentacles on the ends of
the arms acquire the adult length.

The three regions are equally well marked among the
Polyzoa of simpler organization than the Phylactolaemata,
with the exception of the genera Urnatella and Pedicel-
lina. The two latter have all three regions consolidated
in one, and there may be said to be but two systems in
their structure, the ccenrecial and lophophoric, the evag-
inatory having entirely disappeared, and the alimentary
canal and reproductive organs occupying the ccenoecial
region together.

The exceeding simplicity of the alimentary canal, the
approximation of the mouth and anus, especially in
Urnatella, where, according to the unpublished plates of
Dr. Leidy (PL 15, fig. 5), they are so close together,
that they are separated only by their own membranes
which are continuous with each other, so that the intes-
tine and ossophagus in* the young seem to have but one
common aperture through the disk (PL 15, fig. 6) ; the
absence of the gastric ccecum of the Phylactolfemata, of
the pointed cesophagal valve, and of the evaginable tube
are all characteristics, that not only separate these two
genera from the Phylactolaemata, but show them to be the
very lowest of the Polyzoa.

The lophophore is withdrawn within the cell, and the
invaginated fold forms in both genera a net between the
tentacles, resembling the calyx of the Phylactolaemata, to
which the lower part of the tentacles are soldered on its

216 HYATT,

inner side, and its upper free border forms the true aper-
ture of the ccenrecial cell. This is shown by the position of
the sphincter muscle and its action in closing the cell, by
drawing together the upper edge of the calyx-like fold and
including the free ends of the tentacles which have been
previously bent inwards and doubled upon themselves.*
Thus not only does the so-called calyx homologize in po-
sition with the invaginated fold of the higher Polyzoa,
but it closely resembles that organ in function, with the
exception, however, of performing the office of a sheath
for the invaginated tentacles in the absence of any evag-
inable tube. Both Urnatella and Pedicellina are invag-
inated zooids, and as such cannot be associated with those
forms of Polyzoa which have the three regions of the
body fully differentiated. The lophophore is permanently
held attached to the inferior edge of the evaginated fold,
and cannot be extruded from the cell, the superior por-
tions of the tentacles being the only parts freely evagin-
ated. I am aware that Pedicellina is said to possess an
epistome and two arms by Prof. Allman, but these char-
acters will hardly weigh against the absence of the tubu-
lar endocyst, which" is common to all the Polyzoa from
the Cheilostomata to the Phylactolsemata, the absence of a
funiculus, and the simple character of the whole organiza-
tion. Their appearance, also, is more suggestive of the
Radiata than other Polyzoa, especially Urnatella, and the
peculiarity of permanent invagination is shared equally
with the young of the Phylactolaemata, whose lopho-
phores at an early age are permanently invaginated and
joined with the parietes of the cell, and are unfurnished
with cesophagal valves. Embryology, therefore, as well
as their general structure, justifies the position assigned
to them, as the lowest types of the Polyzoa.

The concentration of the three regions is towards the
anterior end of the Polyzoon, and if I am right in my es-
timation, this is a low feature. The evagination of the
Perigastric and neural systems among the Cheilostomata,

* This is most clearly shown by several of Dr. Leidy's figures in
which the tentacles are withdrawn as described.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 217

and Cyclostomata and the Phylactolsemata, show that
throughout all the modifications of succeeding and more

c7 O

complicated genera, the class as a whole retains the neural
system at the posterior pole.

Although cephalization, as shown by Mr. Morse, is
the tendency of the Saccata as a whole, still it must be
admitted, that it is not the tendency of the lowest class,
but, on the contrary, this class betrays throughout an
anti-cephalic character.

From the intensely cephalized Urnatella and Pedicel-
lina we have no cephalized forms until we reach Pedicel-
liua. This, with its two invaginated folds, is a more
cephalized type than Fredericella, which in its turn is
more invagiuated, and therefore more cephalized than the
higher forms of Plumatella, such as P. vitrea. Lophopus
and Pectinatella lead us gradually to Cristatella, which is
as completely evaginated as any of the Ctenostomata or
Cyclostomata. Thus, it is clearly shown that the differ-
entiation of the three regions of the body by the elevation
of the neural region to the posterior pole is the govern-
ing tendency of the organic changes of the class.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

The measurements were computed by a micrometer set
in Tolles' B orthoscopic eye-piece with a 2 inch objective,
and are given in decimal parts of a "millimetre," and also
in equal numbers. The equal numbers roughly computed
are each equivalent to ^V m. m. or Tfo inch, according as
they are measured upon the French scale, or an English
steel ruler. The statoblasts are drawn upon the enlarged
scale of ^ m. m. or Ttb- inch to ^ of an inch, and conse-
quently the figures give the relative sizes. The annuli were
measured on either side, and the results are contrasted by
placing the widths on the upper and lower side of a di-
viding line. The figures of the statoblasts being drawn
upon the same scale, the different varieties of the same

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOX,. V. 29 MARCH, 1868.

218 HYATT,

species, as well as in the different species and genera, may
be seen by comparing them. Those figured in the plates
are not sufficiently accurate.

FREDERICELLID^ .

Co3iio3cium attached, dendritic. Lophophore oval.
Statoblasts bare and smooth.

FREDERICELLA.

Coeiio3cium composed of elongated cells covered by
a thin cctocyst. Invaginated fold broad, with numerous
rows of posterior retentor muscles. Posterior attachment
of cesophageal retractors solid.

FREDERICELLA WALCOTTII Hyatt.

This species differs from all others of the same genus
in its peculiar mode of growth. The main branches are
closely attached to the surface, and the free parts of the
cells or branches rise abruptly from them. The former
are long single stems, growing at acute angles, and often
crossing each other.

There are two well-marked varieties, a and 5.

All the branches of variety a were single and closely
attached throughout, the only free parts were the upper
portions of the cells. These might be of extreme length
or quite short, the attached part varying between 12 m.
m. and 5 m. m. the free portions between 6 m. m. and
1 m. m. The constant attachment and rarity of the
branches, together with the length of the attached part,
gives them the aspect of true stolons, the free portions of
the cells appearing like individual zooids (PL 15, fig.
2). The branches of variety b still have the stolon-like
aspect of variety a, but the deep channels in the surface
of the wood prevent them from crossing each other to any
great extent. The free portions of the cells also fre-
quently branch, and the growth is then more dense than
in variety a. Statoblasts were not observed.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLTZOA. 219

Locality, Georgetown, Mass.

Remarks. The ccenoecia cover large areas, differing in
this respect from all the other Fredericellse, whose colo-
nies when upon a flat surface are never very diffuse.

The more open growth, or variety a, was found in a
shallower and more rapid part of the stream than variety
6. Their peculiarities fit them for these different situa-
tions. Variety a exposes only its single cell to the
action of the swift current, the remainder being firmly
fastened, while variety b, not being in danger from the
current, indulges in a freer and more dendritic growth.

I have taken the liberty of dedicating this species to
Miss Elizabeth Walcott, of Salem, in whose agreeable
society I had the pleasure of discovering it, during a
field meeting of the Essex Institute.

FREDERICELLA PULCHERRIMA Hyatt.

Ccenoecia radiating more distinctly than in any other
species, resembling in this respect Plumatella. Branches
colorless, generally attached throughout ; the free portions
of the cells occasionally subdividing into free branches.
Polypides do not differ sensibly from those of Fredericella
regina. Statoblasts measure about .5 m. m. long, by
about .16 m. m. broad (PI. 15, fig. 3).

Remarks. The only locality is White's Bridge, at the
outlet of Lake Sebago, Maine. The colonies upon the
bark of branches near the shore were young, and had not
yet attained their growth, but it is probable that the
adults upon such surfaces are never so symmetrical as
those upon the stems of the water-lilies.

FREDERICELLA REGINA Leidy, Mss.

The ccenoecia are scarcely describable in general terms,
since they display almost all kinds of growth ; but there
are three principal varieties.

Variety a, PI. 7, fig. 1. The colonies are not very
large, but the branches are numerous. The attached
parts of the cells are very long, but the free portions mere

220

HYATT,

nubs thickly strewn upon the branches. This variety oc-
curs only where the surfaces are sufficiently large and
smooth. Found only at Gorham, Maine.

Variety b, PI. 7, figs. 2 and 3. The main branches
are not necessarily attached, but grow in clumps, the
colony often being attached by only a portion of the
branch, and the free portions of the cells long. This oc-
curs only on wide surfaces.

Variety c, PI. 15, fig. 4, is an extremely dense growth,
the branches are so crowded that in some instances they
become adherent. The refuse matter in the current is
deposited between them, and the whole appear to be ad-
herent, resembling the Alcyonelloid variety of Plumatella
so closely, that at first sight they might be mistaken for
the same. This variety is found only upon limited sur-
faces or small twigs.

The polypide has from 18 to 22 tentacles. The intes-
tine in some specimens has a faint, pinkish color. The
statoblasts range all the way from .166 m. m. in breadth
by .366 m. m. in length, to an almost orbicular outline
which is .299 m. m. in breadth by .316 m. m. in length.
In equal numbers they range as follows, from 5 by 11
to 5 by 12, from 6 by 11 to 6 by 14, from 7 by 10 to 7 by
13 ; and, finally, one specimen was 9 by 9£. Thus, there
is a gradual increase in the proportional breadth from 5
to 7, while the length fluctuates between 10 and 14 with-
out regard to the breadth.

3 5x11 5x12 6x11 6x13 9x9.5

FIG. 13, statoblasts are all, with one exception, taken from one spot in a branch of
a colony from Fresh Pond, Mass. The figures underneath give the -proportions of
the breadth to the length, except under the side view where they give only the
bieadth. This side view is tnken from a specimen found in Mystic Pond, and is
the longest I have seen, measuring .406 m. m.

Remarks. The extensive distribution of this species
from Norway, Me., to Baltimore, Md., would prepare us

OBSEEVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 221

to meet with extraordinary power of adapting its organi-
zation to the different circumstances under which it miffht

O

l>e placed, and it does afford a happy illustration of this
principle. The colonies inhabiting a small brook near
Gorham, Me. (Young's Brook), has all three varieties.
The upper part of this stream where it is comparatively
narrow and deep and where the supports for the colo-
nies are generally rounded twigs, contains almost exclu-
sively variety c, and occasionally variety a, wherever
the surface is sufficiently extensive. Farther on, as the
stream broadens and the current is less swift, variety b
makes its appearance, and is the preponderating form.
The other waters in which this species has been observed,
namely, Pennissewassee Pond, Norway, Me. ; Fresh Pond,
Cambridge, Mass. ; Schuylkill River at Philadelphia ; and
Gwinn's Falls, Baltimore, Md., are comparatively still,
and contained but one variety, variety 6, the same that
occurs in the more sheltered spots of Young's Brook.

The colonies of variety b rarely attain any considera-
ble size, while in variety c they sometimes form thick
clusters one or two inches in depth by three or four in
length. Besides these three varieties, there is another
probably belonging to this species, found in the outlet
of Great Pond. The colonies are small, consisting only
of a very few polypides. The brook formerly emptied
a large fresh- water pond ; but this has been drained, and
now at high tide the water becomes quite brackish, which
probably accounts for the diminutive size of the colonies.

PLUMATELLID.E .

Coenrecium attached, branching. Lophopus with two
arms, standing out like the arms of a horse-shoe. Stato-
blasts annulated and spiney, the spines passing through
the annulus.

PLUMATELLA.

Coenoecium, with shorter cells than in Fredericella,
covered by the thin ectocyst. Invaginated fold broad,

222 HYATT,

with numerous rows of posterior retentor muscles. Sta-
toblasts with plain annulus, and rounded extremities.

PLUMATELLA DIFFUSA Leidy.

I found this species abundant in the ponds and brooks
near Cambridge and Baltimore. Those which inhabited
the brooks differed greatly from the pond varieties. The
first, or variety a, has distinct cells, with tough, brown
ectocyst, and the branches diffuse, and rarely adherent
(PI. 8, figs. 11, 12, 13). The pond varieties, or variety
b, were much denser growths ; the branches generally ad-
herent, the ectocyst colorless, and, in several specimens
from Mystic Pond (living in brackish water, associated
with Cordylophora) , the branches were so closely packed
that the colonies formed thin, gelatinous sheets of consid-
erable extent, in which no branches could be traced from
above. The cells also had the hexagonal outline usually
ascribed to Alcyonella, and their lower portions were
more or less merged in the branch.

The brook variety, or variety a, was generally keeled
and channelled, but this was an exceedingly variable char-
acter. Polypide was not examined.

Statoblasts vary from .199 m. m. in breadth by .333
in length, to .249 in breadth by .349 in length. In equal
numbers they vary from 6 by 10 to 6 by 12, 6.5 by 11.5,
and 7.5 by 10.5.

Here, again, as in other species, the transverse diam-
eter is increased steadily, while the longitudinal fluctuates
between 10 and 12. Annulus varies between f and ^ at
the ends, and between ^ and j-^- at the sides.

a a a b b

3 6x12 7.5x10.5

FIG. 14, a, a, a, side, front, and back views of one specimen; b, b, front and back
views of another, all from Mystic Pond, Mass.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA.

223

PLTJMATELLA ARETHUSA Hyatt.

The coenoecia have the usual range of variation. Va-
riety a has distinct cells and radiating branches. The
ectocyst may be either brown or colorless, and the cells
vary greatly in size (PI. 8, figs. 1, 2).

Variety b has the branches and cells adherent, forming
thick encrustations upon the surfaces of branches or logs ;
the cells, however, appear to be distinct, the lower por-
tion not being obliterated to so great an extent as in
variety c of P. vesicularis and variety b of P. diffusa.
Variety a has generally a brownish ectocyst, but the
younger colonies or branches are colorless. Orifices are
channelled in the brown colonies, and entire in the color-
less ones. The posterior retentors consist of from 7 to
13 rows, and the anterior retentors have about 10 bands.
Tentacles from 40 to 60 in number. Statoblasts vary
from .199 m. m. in breadth by .266 m. m. in length, to
.266 in breadth by .399 m. m. in length. In equal num-
bers the statoblasts measure 6 by 8, 6£ by 9, 6£ by 10, 7
by 9 to 7 by 11£, 8 by 11 to 8 by 12.

There is, therefore, as in the preceding species, a
gradual increase in the breadth, and also a gradual
increase in length among the flill-grown statoblasts.

8x12

7x9

6x8

FIG. 15, three varieties of the statoblast ; a, a, back and front view of one speci-
men; b, b, back and front view of one specimen; c, c, back and front view of one
specimen. In this specimen the annulus covers the whole side of the statoblasts
on one side.

Localities. Pennissewassee Pond at Norway, Gor-
ham, Great Falls, the outlet of Great Pond on Cape
Elizabeth, Presumpscot River, all in Maine ; Fresh Pond
and Mystic Pond at Cambridge, and Green River at
Greenfield, all in Massachusetts.

224 HYATT,

Remarks. I have collected variety a generally upon
broad surfaces in moderate currents or still water ; but
small colonies may occur upon twigs
and roots. In Tommy's Brook, vari-
ety b is associated with variety c of
F. regina ; while farther down the
brook, variety a is found in company
with variety b of that species. Jt is
evident here that the Alcyonelloid
FIG. IB, four varieties of varieties of both species are due to

the statoblast seen from the fUp opfinn nf thp limitprl arpa^ nf
side. The outlines corre- me acl

spend to those with similar growth and extraordinary develop-

letters in fig. 15, but their B J

thickness is represented by meilt OI the reproductive powers.
the numbers below. In both rm-,, . /• i • 0.1 i_ i

figures «, «, are from Mystic Ihe Specimens lOlind 111 the b&OK-'

pondifc^i^mPennTssewat ish water of the outlet of Great Pond
see Pond. are sma\\ colonies agreeing in general

character with the small-sized Fredericellee, also found
there. Those in Mystic Pond belonged to variety b,
agreeing in all respects with the specimen of P. vesicu-
laris, diffusa, and vitrea, found together near the outlet of
the lower pond. Those from Fresh Pond belonged to
variety a, and were associated with variety a, F. regina,
variety b, P. vitrea, and variety a, P. vesicularis. The
general character assumed by the different species leads
at once to the supposition, as the only reasonable infer-
ence, that these varieties are the results of the association
of the different species under the action of similar physi-
cal causes.

PLUMATELLA VITREA Hyatt.

The cosnoacia of this species are covered by colorless
gelatinous ectocysts, rather thicker than in any other of
the Plumatellse, except the Alcyonelloid variety of P.
diffusa.

Variety a has radiatory branches, and the cells are
more distinct than in variety b ; but the lower portions are
merged in the common branch more than in the diffuse
form of P. vesicularis or diffusa. When contracted, the
cells are quite distinct and prominent. It is common

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA.

225

9x15

upon small sticks and twigs in the fresh water of Mvstic
Pond.*

Variety b grows in long lines — rarely branching — upon
the surfaces of boards, and invariably solitary ; the poly-
pides arranged sometimes
in one row, but oftener
in clumps of from two to
twenty heads, of all sizes
(PI. 9, figs. 1, 2). The
lower portions of the cells
are merged in the main
branch, the breadth of the

invaginated fold, when

+u« T™ITT-™VI« ;-, fniiTr <T.V FIG. n, a, «, front and back views of same

tne poiypiae ls> Hilly ex- specimen from Mystic Pond; t>, side view of
pailded, is leSS, and the another individual from rreahPond.

polypide can be more fully evaginated than in any other
species (vide PI. 9, fig. 3.) When contracted, the cells
project but slightly above the branch. Viewed from
above, a branch is very like the variety of P. vesicularis
depicted in figure 18. It has been found only in Fresh
Pond.

Variety c occurs upon flat pieces of tin and other broad
surfaces in the brackish waters of Mystic Pond. The
colonies differ from those of variety b in their diffuse and
closely crowded branches, forming a dense gelatinous
carpet. The statoblasts measured between .2(56 m. m. by
.366 m. m., and .383 by .566 m. m. In equal parts from
8 by 11 to 9 by 15, and 10. by 16 to 11 by 15, 11 by 16 to
11£ by 16, and 11£ by 17. Tae annulus from f at the
ends and § at the sides, to f at the ends and ^ at the
sides. Found only in Mystic and Fresh Ponds, Cam-
bridge, Mass.

PLUMATELLA VESICULARIS Leidy.f
This species, previously described from th« neighbor-

* This Pond is divided by a dam so that the upper portion is wholly
filled with fresh water, while the salt tide enters the lower part, ren-
dering it quite brackish.

t Proceedings Philadelphia Academy Natural Sciences, vol. 7, p. 192.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 30 APRIL, 1868.

226

HYATT,

FIG. 18.

hood of Philadelphia by Dr. Leidy, is found also near
Cambridge, Mass., and in Sebago Lake, Maine.

The colonies differ considerably. Variety a, found
upon smooth boards in Spy Pond near Cambridge, is very
large when full grown, the branches
often crowded, but never adherent,
the cells distinct. The branches, how-
ever, of variety b, upon rougher
boards, where the decaying surface
was deeply grooved, grew in these channels, and were
neither so radiatory or closely crowded. These are
only accidental varieties, which do not differ essentially
in structure ; but at White's Bridge, Sebago Lake, Maine,
I found upon the same colony an interesting structural
variation from the usual mode of building out the
branches. The tip of a branch (Fig. 18), either in con-
sequence of some impediment upon the surface, or from
a sudden and excessive development of the vital energies,
began to produce three buds at a time instead of one,
thus giving to the branch a lobiform aspect corresponding
with the characters of variety b of Plumatella vitrea.

This species may therefore be assumed to be capable
of two important variations, one in which the cells are
distinct, and one (variety c) in which they are partly
merged in the branch. The ectocyst is not constantly
colorless, but may be brown in some localities.

b d a a a c c

3.5 3 9x10 8.5x9

FIG. 19, a, a, a, front, back, and side views of one statoblast; c, c, front and back
views of another specimen, both from Beaver Pond, near Cambridge, Mass.; d,
from Spy Pondf near same place ; b, from Sebago Lake, Maine, is inaccurate,
should be but little longer than d, and about the same thickness.

The anal extremity of the intestine is rather lower than
in P. Arethusa, and the gastric ccecum is very blunt.
Posterior retentors are about eight rows, and the anterior
retentors about ten or twelve bands ; tentacles, fifty to

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA.

227

sixty. The statoblasts vary between .199 m. m. in
breadth by .333 m. m. in length ; .233 m. m. in breadth
by .349 m. m. in length. The proportions are in equal
parts from 6 by 10 to 6 by 12, 6£ by 11£, and 7£ by 10£ ;
annulus varies from f at the sides to f at the sides and f
at the ends.

PECTINATELLA.

Coenoecium without cells, the branches being .large
lobes with the polypides on the upper side ; naked above,
with the ectocyst gathered below into a thick common
base for the colonies. Invaginated fold almost obsolete.
Statoblasts with spinous annuli, extremities rounded.

PECTIN ATELLA MAGNIFICA.

The polypides are arranged on the lobes ; sometimes
in single, but generally in double rows, placed alternately.

The ectocyst is of
great thickness at the
centre, and may be
from four to eight
inches in depth ; arms
about as long as the
evaginable tube of the
polypide.

Tentacles number
from sixty to eighty-
four. Lower part of
these and the mouth
parts are crimson.

StatoblHsts vary
from .8 m. m. in
breadth to .9 m. m. in
length. The propor-
tions in equal num-
bers are as follows :
24 by 27, or 26 by
27, 27 by 28, 28 by
29, 29 by 30, 30 by
30.

24x27

FIG. 20, from Mystic Pond, near Cambridge,
Mass. Although usually the annulus on the lower
side presents a broader surface, as in PI. 10, Figs.
3 and 4; this is often so narrow that when meas-
ured from above there is no appreciable differ-
ence. [The lateral view of the statoblast in PI.
10 is correct, and therefore not given here.]

228 HYATT,

Ammlus varies from f to $ at the sides, and from $ to
| at the ends. The spines are about .233 in length, meas-
uring from the exterior of the annulus outward.

The specimens found in Fresh Pond, Mass., and those
occurring in Pennissewassee Pond, Maine, differ in the
number of tentacles and spines. The former have from
sixty to seventy -five tentacles, and the statoblasts from
twelve to seventeen spines, while the latter have from
seventy-two to eighty-tour tentacles, and from twenty to
twenty-two spines. The varieties of form in the masses
are due wholly to the contour of the surfaces upon which
they grow. If these be flat the mass becomes sub-coni-
cal ; if around a twig, spindle-shaped ; on the end of a
short projecting stump of a branch, a rotund mass, as in
PI. 9, fig. 4.

When the ectocyst decays, as previously remarked, in
old age, most of the colonies either dying or floating off
becomes attached and live for some time isolated, but do
not increase in size ; some, however, continue to live
more or less widely separated upon the remains of the
ectocyst, but in consequence of the removal of the lateral
pressure from surrounding colonies, lose their sub-angular
hexagonal form

The polypides are found only upon the outer portions
of the lobes in the colonies, the inner surface being left
bare, spotted however with yellowish and opaque white
blotches, the remains of the tentacles and geimme of dead
polypides in different stages of absorption.

In this process of absorption of dead polypides the
stomachs disappear first, the tentacles next, the gemma?
last. The persistence of the latter is interesting, because
they vanish in the living Plumatellae and Fredericellse
soon after 1he breeding season of early spring is passed.
The large size of the albuminous envelope of the winter
buds, very seriously incommodes freedom of motion, in
the muscles of living polypides, and presses the stomachs
out of place. The statoblasts are largest and most
crowded near the centre, where the polypides first die out.
These circumstances would imply that the growth of the
gelatinous covering was not only a matrix for the booklets,
but served — in part at least — to accomplish the death of

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 229

the inner lines of polypides. This is probably not the
case, however, for colonies which have but few statoblasts
show as many dead polypides internally as the others. It
seems to depend wholly upon the age of the polypides.

Specimens may be very roughly handled before the
polypides will retract, even lifting them out of the water
has no lasting effect, they expand almost as soon as they
are replaced. After being kept in confinement some
weeks they become more fearful, and when alarmed will
remain longer retracted, but even then seem to find it
necessary to spread out the tentacles for air very soon
after the annoyance ceases, although an hour will some-
times elapse before the rest is expanded.

CRISTATELLID^E.

Ccencecium locomotive, entire, divided internally by
muscular walls. The ectocyst a transient excretion from
the endocyst. Invaginated fold obsolete. Statoblasts
annulated and spinous, the spines passing outside of the
annul us.

CBISTATELLA.

The generic characters not ascertained.

CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA.

Coenoecium round in the young, but in the adult colo-
nies is frequently about eight inches long by one-fourth
of an inch broad ; a specimefc of this length always follows
a sinuous course ; the smaller coencecia sometimes proceed
in straight lines, and one about an inch long crawling
in this way-, will progress its own length in twenty-four
hours.

Adult polypides are in two rows, the tentacles of the
third row are not fully developed on the extremities of the
arms, and from the latter outwards, all stages of growth
are represented in the lines of buds and young polypides,
varying from two to five.

The lophophore is as long as the perigastric tube when
fully expanded, and bears about ninety tentacles.

230

HYATT,

The statoblasts are orbicular and fringed with from
twenty to twenty-two short, and thirty-two to thirty-seven
long booklets with forked points, making from one to six
points to each booklet. Diameters vary from .8 m. m. to
.83. In equal parts from 24 to 25. Annulus varies from

I tot.

Diam. 24.

FIG. 21, statoblast from Pennissewassee Pond, Maine. The spines are drawn
from various specimens to show the range of variation.

Remarks. This species was found upon the under side
of snags or flat-boards in settlements, underlaid by the
common ectocyst as in Pectinatella. This is an even
sheet, perhaps in large settlements one-eighth of an inch
in thickness.

The statoblasts are few in number and differ materially
from those figured by Professor Allrnan of C. mucedo.
The outer edge of the annulus is entire and not scol-
loped as in the last named, and the brown sheath of the
statoblast is smooth and not covered by minute bosses as
in C. mucedo ; the outline of the statoblast in our species,
when seen from the side, is also much less symmetrical.

Cristatella Idee, described by Dr. Leidy, is only about
one and three-fourths of an inch in length, and has only
seventy-two tentacles, and a statoblast with about seventy
spines.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA.

231

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS USED IN THE PLATES.

A Coenoecium.

A' Ccenoecial Trunk.

A" Ccenoecial Branches, lobes or
tubes.

A'" Ccenoecial Cells.

A"" Coenoecial Orifice.

B Invaginated Fold.

C Polypide.

C' Dead Polypide.

D Ectocyst.

E Endocyst.

E' First layer of the Endocyst.

E" Second layer of the Eudocyst.

E'" Third "

E"" Fourth " " "

F Brachial Collar.

F' Neural Partition or diaphragm

G Calyx.

H Tentacles.

H' Tubular interior of the Ten-
tacles.

H" Cilia.

I Lophophore.

I' Epistome.

I" Mouth.

J' First layer of the Alimentary
Canal.

J" Second layer of the Aliment-
ary Canal.

J"' Third layer of the Alimentary.
Canal.

J"" Fourth layer of the Aliment-
ary Canal.

J Hepatic Folds.

K (Esophagus.

K' Stomach.

K" Intestine.

K'" (Esophageal Valve.

K"" Intestinal "

K Anus.

L Sphincter Muscle.

Brachial Contractors.
Gastric Retractors.
GEsophageal Retractors.
Bracial Retractors.
Common trunk of the' Re-
tractors.

M Lophophoric Flexor.

N Anterior Retentors.

N' Posterior "

O Outer Tentacular Bands.

0' Inner " "

P Median muscle of the Epis-
tome.

P' Lateral muscle of the Epis-
tome.

Q Coeuoecial walls of Cristatella.

R Parietal fibres (probably ab-
normal).

S Nerve-mass.

S' Lateral ganglions.

T Lophophoric nerve-trunks.

T' Epistomic

T" Brachial

T'" Polypidal

T"-'' CEsophageal

T Gastric

T* Intestinal

U Lophophoric branches.

U' Tentacular

V Funiculus.

W Free Statoblasts.

W' Horny Casing, or brown
sheath.

W" Annular Sheath.

W'" Spines.

W"" Gelatinous Envelope.

X Fixed Statoblasts.

Y Buds.

Y' Young Polypides.

2 Clear spaces below the bases
of the Tentacles.

232 HYATT, OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15.*
FREDERICELLA REGINA Leidy.

Fig. 1. View of lophophore from above with the tentacles removed,
showing the nerves. G, calyx; H. tentacles; I', epistome; I'', mouth;
M', lophophoric flexor ; U, lophophoric nerve-branches ; U' tentacular
nerve-branches.

Fig. 4. Alcyonelloid variety from Tommy's Brook, Gorham, Maine.
The appearance of the surface of the colony is shown on the left of the
figure, the branches having been all removed in front in order to ex-
hibit the arrangement of the branches and their connection with the
wooden stem around which they grew.

FREDERICELLA WALCOTTH Hyatt.
Fig. 2. Variety a, Georgetown, Massachusetts.

FREDERICELLA PULCHERRIMA Hyatt.
Fig. 3. Sebago Lake, Maine.

URNATELLA GRACILIS Leidy.

Figs. 5, 6. Diagrams of figures from one of Dr. Leidy's unpub-
lished lithographic plates, showing the approximation of the mouth
and anus. I", mouth; K', stomach; K", intestine; K, anus. Fig. 6
is a bud and exhibits the relation of these parts in the young.

* This plate was originally Intended to accompany the others In Vol. IV, but was un-
avoidably delayed; and as It Is referred to In the text as "Plate 15," that number has been
retained on the plate In order to avoid confusion. — EDITOR.

PROCEEDINGS

PI. 15.

MANN, FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 233

XI. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.

BY HORACE MANN.
[Continued from page 192.]

maturity. Seeds oval, somewhat compressed, chesnut-colored. Var.
GLABRATA : under surface of the leaves less pubescent or nearly gla-
brous, as also the calyx. Flowers sometimes smaller.

Common on sides of the high mountains, and often at an inconsiderable elevation.

17. C.SJSALPINIA Linn.

Sepals 5, shortly united at the base, the lower one rather larger
and concave. Petals 5, imbricated, rather unequal, the upper inner
one the smallest, the two lowest outer ones the largest. Stamens 10,
free, all fertile ; the filaments hairy. Anthers ovate. Ovary with 2 or
more ovules ; style cylindrical, rarely thickened at the apex, stigma
minute or concave and terminal. Pod ovate, oblong, or lanceolate and
falcate, flattened, without wings, coriaceous, 2-valved, or nearly inde-
hiscent. Seeds ovate, orbicular, or globular, with a hard testa ; albu-
men none. — Trees or shrubs, which are sometimes high climbers, un-
armed or with recurved prickles. Leaves bipinnate, leaflets small and
many or few, or larger, herbaceous or coriaceous. Stipules various.
Flowers yellow or red, often very showy, in axillary racemes, or the
racemes terminal and panicled. Bracts small or rarely large and mem-
branaceous, usually very caducous.

§1. GUILANDINA. Climbing or spreading prickly shrubs. Pod oval-
orbicular, turgid, with hooked spines. Seeds globose.

§ 2. (LESALPINIA proper. Trees or rarely shrubs, unarmed. Leaf-
lets numerous. Pod oblong or lanceolate, smooth. Seeds flattened.

A considerable genus, found in hot parts of the globe.

C. (GUILANDINA) BONDUC Benth. (Enum. No. 119.) A more or less
climbing and spreading shrub, 3°-l(Jr high, or more, armed with hooked
prickles. Leaves 1° or more long. Leaflets ovate, obtuse or acute,
rounded at the base, on short petioles, smooth on both sides, some-
what shining above, l£'-24' long, 1' or more wide. Peduncles short,
stout, puberulent or finely tomentose, as also the pedicels and calyx.
Pedicels £' long, about the length of the calyx, which is divided nearly
to the base, the lobes oblong and acute. Petals nearly equal, hardly
longer than calyx, yellow. Stamens joined in a ring at the base.
Ovary tomentose, few-ovuled. Pod at maturity nearly orbicular stip-
itate li'-2' in diameter, tipped with the persistent style, and both
valves closely covered with straight or curved spines 2" -3" long.

Common on the borders of woods in many places. Native name, "Kakalaloa."

2. C. KAVAIENSIS H. Mann. (Enum. No. 120.) A small tree, with

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 31 JUNE, 1868.

234 MANN,

dark-colored and almost indestructible wood; the young branches,
&c., pubescent and unarmed. Leaflets 3-5 on each pinnule, oblong,
obtuse or emarginate, obtuse or tapering at the base, short petioled,
glabrous excepting the base of the midrib belcw, and paler benealb.
2' long, i'-f wide. Racemes many-flowered. Flowers purple, |'
long, on pedicels of twice their length. Calyx nearly as long as the
petals, glabrous. Stamens scarcely exserted. Pod unknown.

On the leeward verge of Kauai, whence it was briught ice liy a native at ilie instiga
tion of my good friend Mr. Valdemar Knvdsoi. An Interesting species, the fruit of wlilch
is much desired to make certain its proper relationship. Referred at pres< nt to this sec
tion of the genus as most probably the one to which it belongs. Native name, "Uliiuhi."

1'oinciana pulcherrima Swartz, the so- called Pride-of-Barbadoes, is often cultivated
or its very showy red and yellow flowers.

18. CASSIA Linn.

Sepals 5, somewhat unequal, scarcely connected at the base. Petals
5, usually unequal, spreading. Stamens usually 10, either all equal
and fertile, or the upper ones small and sterile, with 2 or more of the
the lower fertile ones much larger. Anthers, when fertile, opening at
the end only, in pores or short slits. Ovary with several ovules. Pod
cylindrical or flattened, usually long, but variously shaped. Seeds
usually oblong and transverse, sometimes parallel with the valves,
with a small quantity of albumen. Eadicle short and straight. Herbs,
shrubs, or trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the leaflets opposite.

A large genus, widely distributed within the tropics, but particularly numerous in
Central and South America.

1. C. GAUDICHAUDII Hook. & Am. (Enum. No. 121.) A shrub 3°-
10° high; young branches, petioles, peduncles, &c., puberulent. Leaf-
lets 3-5 pairs, oblong, obtuse or somewhat tapering at both ends,
usually retuse at the apex, |'-2i' long, i'-f wide, soon glabrate or
quite glabrous on the upper surface, and shining ; when reduced to
three pairs, the gland is at some distance below the lower pair, on the
petiole, instead of between them. Bracts, pedicels, and calyx puberu-
lent. Pedicels about 6" long. Calyx 2" - 3" long, the lobes ovate and
adute. Petals not much exceeding the calyx in length, yellow. Ovary
tomentose. Pod linear, very flat, li'-4i' Jong, £' wide or less, some-
what stipitate, nearly or quite glabrous when grown. Seeds 3 - 10,
flat, nearly orbicular, blackish.

In open woods, not uncommon throughout the group.

2. C. OCCIDENTALIS Linn. An erect glabrous annual, 3° -5° high,
sometimes hard at the base so as to appear woody. Leaflets 4-6
pairs, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, on the mar-
gins, l'-2' or in thrifty plants 3' long, with an ovate gland on the pe-
tiole near the base. Racemes 'terminal, short and few-flowered, with

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 235

occasionally a few flowers on short pedicels in the upper axils. Flow-
ers yellow, 6" long. Two of the anthers large, oblong, 4 or 5 others
like them, but smaller, the three uppermost small and sterile. Pod
linear, slightly curved, 3' -5' long, about 3" broad, at first flat with
the edges thickened, but becoming at length nearly as thick as broad .

Becoming rather common la waste places. Widely dispersed, as a weed, over the
warmer regions of the globe, especially In America and Africa.

One or more species of Jiauhinia (which belongs to tills suborder, and Is known by hav-
ing but a single leaflet, deeply lobed at the summit, or sometimes almost divided), are a
good deal cultivated for their very showy flowers .

19. MIMOSA. Linn.

Sepals 3, 4, 5, or 6, usually minute, free or shortly united. Petals
of the same number, more or less united, valvate. Stamens equalling
the petals in number, or usually twice as many, free, exserted. Ovary
sessile or rarely stipitate, 2 - many ovuled ; style filiform. Pod oblong
or linear, usually flattened, 2-valved, continuous or jointed. Seeds
ovate or orbicular, flat. — Herbs or shrubs, rarely tall climbers or
trees, armed or unarmed. Leaves bipinnate, usually sensitive, or
rarely none and the petiole phyllodious. Heads on axillary peduncles.
Flowers small.

A large genus, especially abundant in the warm parts of America, but also distributed
throughout the tropics.

1. M. PUDICA Linn. Stem herbaceous or suffrutescent, spreading,
one to several feet long, hairy or glabratc, armed with infrastipular
and scattered prickles. Pinnae usually two pairs, about as long as the
petiole. Pinnules 15-25 pairs, oblong-linear, pointed, ciliate with ap-
pressed bristles, glabrescent, 3" -6" long. Flowers heads ovoid.
Calyx abortive. Pod oblong, sinuate, 2-5-seeded; valves jointed,
glabrous, unarmed ; border armed with spreading prickles.

In waste places, open fields, &c. Doubtless introduced. Common in most parts of the
tropics as an introduced weed, though prof ..bly indigenous to Brazil. Known generally
as the Sensitive Plant, on account of the leaves shutting up quickly when irritated.

2O. ACACIA Willd. [Koa.]

Calyx teeth or lobes 3, 4, or 5, or entirely separate, or rarely al-
most obliterated. Petals of the same number, usually more or less
joined, rarely none. Stamens indefinite, usually more than 50 (some-
times as many as 400), exserted, free or shortly joined at the base.
Ovary sessile or stipitate, few -many ovuled; style filiform. Pod
ovate-oblong or linear, straight, curved, or variously twisted, flat or
nearly or quite terete, membranaceous, coriaceous, or ligneous, 2-
valved or indehiscent, continuous within, or divided in various man-
ners, rarely breaking up in joints. Seeds lying transversely or length-

236 MANN,

wise, usually ovate, and compressed, sometimes arillate. — Trees,
shrubs, or rarely herbs, unarmed, aculeate or spiuose. Leaves bipin-
nate, leaflets often small, in many pairs, or the leaflets nearly or en-
tirely wanting and the petioles dilated vertically and taking the place
of the leaves (and called phyllodia). Petiolar glands often wanting.
Stipules spinescent or inconspicous, rarely membranaceous. Head of
flowers globose or a cylindrical spike, on solitary or fascicled axillary
peduncles, or panicled at the ends of the branches. Flowers small.
Stamens yellow or white, rarely as long as half an inch. Bracts usu-
ally 2, connate, short and scale-like, either close under the head or
in the middle or at the bottom of the peduncles.

A very large and diversified genus, found throughout the tropics, but more especially
in Australia and Africa.

1. A. KOA Gray. (Enum. No. 122.) • A large forest tree, entirely
unarmed. Leaflets usually only appearing on young plants or shoots,
when they are covered, in the growing parts, with a fine golden yellow
silkyness. The phyllodia 3'-6' long, \' -2' wide, either tapering at
both ends, or very obtuse at the apex, with several strong longitudinal
veins, coriaceous, quite glabrous. Flower heads on short axillary
peduncles, 3 or 4 heads on each, yellow, not more than 3" in diameter,
on pedicels about 4" long. Pod 3' -6' or more long, §'-!' or more
wide, quite flat, often a little constricted between the seeds.

Very common in parts, excepting very wet forest regions. Native name, "Koa;"
the variety on the mountains with harder wood and broader phyllodia is called "Koaie."

2. A. FARNESIANA Willd. (Enum. No. 123.) A much branched
shrub 6° -8° high, quite glabrous or slightly pubescent on the petioles
and peduncles. Leaves of 3 - 6 or rarely eight pairs of pinna?. Leaf-
lets 10 - 20 pairs on each pinna, linear, about 2" long. Stipules con-
verted into slender straight thorns very variable in length, the plant
otherwise unarmed. Peduncles usually 2 or 3 together in the older
axils, each bearing a single globular head of yellow or whitish strong-
scented flowers. Pod thick, irregularly cylindrical or fusiform, inde-
hiscent, filled with a pithy substance, in the midst of which lie the
seeds.

Very abundant in the region of the Salt Lake (Alia pakai) and Ewa, Oahu: also be-
coming naturalized in other places. Supposed to be of American origin, but formerly
much planted and now naturalized in almost all warm countries.

ORDER XXV. ROSACES.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate (usually) stipulate leaves,
and regular flowers. Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals, often with
as many alternate bracts. Petals as many as the sepals (or rarely
none), mostly imbricated in aestivation, and with the numerous, dis-

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 237

tinct stamens, perigynous. Ovaries with one, two, or few ovules. Al-
bumen none. Embryo straight with large cotyledons. — The three
suborders are distinguished as follows : —

AMYGDALE.E, has the solitary ovary free from the deciduous calyx,
with two suspended ovules and a terminal style. Trees or shrubs. —
Here belong the peach and almond (species of Amygdalus), the Plum
and cherry (species of Prunus), &c.

ROSACES PROPER, in which the ovaries are numerous (or rarely few
or solitary) and free from the calyx (which is often bracteolate as
if double), but sometimes enclosed in its persistent tube, — in fruit
becoming either follicles or achenia. Styles terminal or lateral. Herbs
or shrubs. — The Rose (.Rosa), Raspberry and Blackberry (Eubus),
Strawberry (Fragaria), the Spiraea of the gardens, &c., belong here.

POME^E, with the two to five ovaries cohering with each other and
with the thickened and fleshy or pulpy calyx-tube (thus the ovaries
inferior) ; and each with one or two, or in the Quince several, ascend-
ing seeds, — is familiar in the Apple, Pear (Pyrus), &c., and is repre-
sented with us by Osteomeles.

Calyx free from the ovaries.

Petals 5. Stamens and carpels indefinite.

Calyx without bractlets. Fruits slipping off the dry recep-
tacle as a thimble. Shrubs, 1. RUBUS.

Calyx with 5 bractlets, thus appearing 10-lobed. Fruits not

separating from the juicy receptacle. Herbs, 2. FEAGAKIA.

Petals none. Stamens 1- 10 short. Carpels 1 or 2. Herbs with pin-
nate leaves, 3. AC.ENA.

Calyx cohering with the ovaries. Shrub, 4. OSIEOMELES.

1. RUBUS Linn! [Akala.]

Calyx free, deeply 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens numer-
ous. Carpels numerous, with two pendulous ovules in each. Fruit
a kind of granulated berry, formed by the union of the succulent
carpels, round the conical or shortly oblong, dry receptacle. — Weak
scrambling shrubs, or sometimes herbs, usually prickly. Leaves pin-
nately or palmately divided into distinct segments or leaflets, or rarely
simply lobed. Flowers axillary, or in terminal leafy panicles.

A large genus, widely distributed over most every part of the globe. — In the Rasp-
berry section of the genus the drupaceous fruits cohere with one another and come off
the dry receptacle, which, on the contrary, in the Blackberry section, becomes juicy and
does not separate from the fruits.

1. R. HAWAIENSIS Gray. (Enum. No. 123.) A weak-stemmed
shrub 10-15° high, the stems 1' or 2' in diameter at the base. The
young branches, petioles, &c., tomentose-pubescent, flexuose, usually
armed with small straight or hooked bristly prickles, at length glab-
rate. Stipules filiform or setaceous, 3" - 4" long. Leaves trifoliolate.
Leaflets ovate, acuminate or acute, obtuse or truncate at the base,

238 MANN,

pinnatifld-incisced or very deeply doubly-toothed, the teeth sharply
pointed, membranaceous, pinnately veined, softly tomentose beneath,
becoming glabrate, as is the upper surface ; the terminal leaflet 2' - 3'
long, l£'- 2' wide, the lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate and smaller;
all occasionally subcordate. Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, axillary or ter-
minal, short; when branched the pedicels 1' or less in length. Calyx-
tube sparingly setose-prickly and tomentose; the lobes 6" -8" long,
long pointed, and as long as the broadly-ovate, pink or red petals.
Receptacle rather hairy. Fruit ovoid, 4'- 1' long, red, but hardly edi-
ble, bitter. A variety is much less pubescent but otherwise the same.

"Woods and Plains of Manna Loa and Mauna Kea, Hawaii, where it is common. Kauai.

2. R. MACR^EI Gray. (Enum. No. 124.) A much branched and
spreading, rather weak shrub, 5° -6° high; young branches, &c., quite
tomentose, and armed with slender prickles. Stipules subulate, rather
large, sometimes almost setaceous. Stem leaves 3-foliolate, those of
the flowering branches smaller and 3-lobed. Leaflets roundish or
ovate, obtuse or acute, l^'-^h' long, somewhat coriaceous, canes-
csntly-tomentose beneath, glabrate above ; thickly doubly toothed,
the teeth, though short and broad, mucronate ; the lateral leaflets
shortly, the terminal more decidedly, petiolulate, or rarely sessile. Pe-
duncles axillary, quite prickly, 1-flowered, l'-2' or more long. Flow-
ers 1' in diameter, red. Calyx-lobes very tomentose, not hispid-
prickly, oblong, usually acute, |' long after flowering, the edges serrate
from the middle to the apex. Petals obovate, often notched at the
apex, as long as the calyx. Ovaries hirsute with hairs which persist
on the ripe fruit, which is sweet and edible, £' or more in diameter.

Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Haleakala, East Maul, at an elevation of 6,000 ffeet, and there-
abouts.

2. FKAGrARIA Linn. [Ohelo papa.]

Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 persistent bractlets, making it look as if 10-
cleft. Petals 5. Stamens indefinite. Carpels indefinite, on a convex
receptacle ; style ventral, short, persistent. Ovule solitary. Achenia
indefinite, minute, often sunk in the receptacle, and at length decidu-
ous, dry, and hard. Seed ascending. — Perennial herbs, usually stolou-
iferous, sericeous or villose, or rarely glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate.
Stipules membranaceous, sheathing. Scapes erect, 'few-flowered.
Flowers white, rarely yellow, nodding or somewhat erect, polygamo-
dicecious.

A small genus, but the species widely distributed over the temperate regions, and in
the mountains of the tropics in places.

1. F. CHILENSIS Ehrh. {Enum. No. 125.) A perennial herb from a
thickeue4 stock ; very silky-pubescent. Leaves on petioles 2' - 6' long.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 239

Leaflets roundish or ovate, cuneate at the base, glabrate or glabrous
above, coriaceous. Scape about the length of the leaves, somewhat
umbellately few-flowered. Flowers on pedicels l'-2' long, from a
many bracted base. Fruit (which is the soft receptacle, in or upon
which the true fruits (achenia) are situated) £' - 1' long, edible.

The Strawberry seems to be best satisfied with a high mountain climate ; abundant on
Hualalal, Mauna Kea, Haleakala, &c., at an elevation of 4,000° -8,000". Also from Chili
and on the coast of California and Oregon.

3. ACMNA Linn.

Calyx-tube persistent, variously shaped, naked or armed with
spreading spines, constricted in the throat, 3-7 lobed; the lobes val-
vate. Petals none. Stamens 1 - 10, inserted on the throat of the
calyx ; the filaments short. Carpels 1-2, included within, but not
connate with, the calyx-tube, sessile. Achenia dry, coriaceous. Seed
pendulous, with a membranaceous testa. Eadicle short, superior. —
Herbs, sometimes somewhat woody at the base, decumbent or some-
what spreading, glabrous or sericeous. Flowers spiked at the apex of
an erect bracted scape. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets in-
cised or serrate, sometimes multifld. Stipules adnate to and sheath-
ing the base of the petiole. Fruits often in a spiny head.

Genus of about 30 species, found in cold and temperate regions.

A. EXIGUA Gray. (Enum. No. 126.) Scape 4' -6' high, from a very
dense rosulate cluster of leaves about an inch long. Leaflets 7-8
pairs, crowded, very small, ovate or oblong, commonly two-lobed or
toothed, the upper surface bullate, glabrous and shining, the lower
concave, whitened with a minute close-pressed pubescence. Inflores-
cence a small, cylindrical spike, about i' long. Flowers minute,
crowded, subtended by subulate bracts. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5, oblong,
glabrous ; the ovoid tube covered with slender bristles, retrorsely
barbed at the apex. m

On the summits and higher parts of the mountains of West Maul and Kaual.

4. OSTEOMELES Lindl. [Ulei.]

Calyx-tube campanulate or turbinate, adnate to the carpels, 5-
lobed •; lobes lanceolate or subulate, acute, persistent. Petals 5, oblong
spreading. Stamens 10 -many, inserted on the throat of the calyx.
Carpels 5, more or less concrete among themselves. Styles as many;
stigmas thick and truncate. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Fruit
a pome, or berry-like, the hard pyrenae often cohering among them-
selves, and often not adhering to the calyx at the apex. Seed erect,
compressed, with a membranaceous testa. — Trees or branching
shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled. coriaceous, evergreen, simple or

240 MANN,

in one species (the Hawaiian) imparipirinate with entire leaflets. Sti-
pules small. Flowers corymbed, few or numerous, bracted.

Genus of 8 species, all natives of the Andes, except the Hawaiian one, which differs
from the others in having pinnate leaves.

0. ANTHYLLIIHFOLIA Lindl. (Enum. No. 127.) A low, very much
branched and widely spreading "shrub; the young branches, &c., finely
silky with soft hairs. Leaves li'-3' long. Leaflets 11 -21, oblong,
obtuse and usually mucronulate, rarely retuse, cuneate at the base and
sessile, 3" -9" long, smooth and shining above, silky-hairy beneath,
or sometimes glabrate. Peduncles 1 - few-flowered, and, with the
calyx, silky or downy. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, a little more
than 1" long, one-third the length of the oblong obtuse white petals.
Fruit at first hirsute, at maturity smooth, white and edible, £' or more
in diameter.

Very common in many places. Also (a smaller leaved form) from the Loo Choo
and Boniu Islands.

ORDER XXVII. SAXIFRAGACE^E.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate or opposite leaves. Calyx
of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals, either free from or more or less ad-
herent to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely
wanting. Stamens as many or usually twice as many or more, peri-
gynous. Ovaries or cells mostly 2 (but in our plant 5) usually united
below and distinct above, sometimes completely united and even the
styles also. Seeds numerous, with a straight embryo, in fleshy albu-
men. — A very diversified order.

1. BROTJSSAISIA Gaud. [Kanawao.]
Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Male : Calyx short, free, 5-parted,
the lobes triangular or ovate-lanceolate. Petals 5, larger than the
sepals, oblong, with a valvate aestivation, deciduous. Stamens 10, in-
serted with the petals at the base of the calyx ; filaments thick, subu-
late ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscing. Ovary imper-
fect, the ovules abortive. Female : calyx-tube ovoid more or less
adnate to the ovary, with a more or less free, 5-parted persistent limb.
Petals small, scale-like persistent. Stamens none ? ovary 5-cellecl ;
the placentae thick, projecting from the angles of the cells, 2-parted,
many-ovuled. Style very short; stigma thick, radiately 5-lobed.
Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds oblong, auatropous, with a striate
testa. — Much branched shrubs with opposite or whorled leaves, with-
out stipules. Cymes terminal and many-flowered.
Genus peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.

1. B. ARGUTA Gaud. {Enum. No. 128.) Large shrub or small tree,

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 241

with stout branches marked with very large leaf-scars ; when young
hirsute, as is the inflorescence, with strigose hairs, at length glabrate.
Leaves opposite or in verticils of 3, ovate-oblong or narrowly oblong,
4' -8' long, li'-3^' wide, acute, tapering at the base into the petiole,
coriaceous, feather-veined from the stout midrib, closely serrate with
fine and incurved callous teeth, glabrous above, the midrib and veins
beneath strigosely hairy, especially when young. Petiole 6" -20"
long, very much dilated at its insertion. Primary divisions of the
cyme subtended by foliaceous bracts, 1' or less in length. Pedicels
l"-3" long. Bractlets minute and caducous. Fruit 3" in diameter,
bright red when ripe. Seed 3" long. Some botanists distinguish two
species, one with opposite and the other with verticillate leaves (B.
pellucida Gaud.), but the other characters are hardly sufficient.

Not uncommon in mountain woods.

ORDER XXVIII. DROSERACE.E.

Small herbs, growing in swamps, usually covered with gland-
bearing hairs ; with the leaves rolled up from the apex to the base in
vernation (circinnate) : stipules none. Calyx of 5 persistent sepals.
Corolla of 5 petals, withering and persistent, convolute in a3Stivation.
Stamens 4-20. Styles 3 to 5, distinct or nearly so, and each two-
parted (so as to look like 10 styles), and these divisions sometimes
two-lobed or many-cleft at the apex. Fruit a 1-celled capsule, opening
loculicidally by 3 to 5 valves, with 3 to 5 parietal placentae. Seeds
usually numerous. Embryo small, at the base of cartilaginous or
fleshy albumen.

1. DROSERA L.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply two-parted, so that
they are taken for 6 or 10, slender ; stigmatose above on the inner
face. Pod globular or oblong. -^ Low perennials ; the leaves (with
reddish gland-bearing bristles) all in a tuft at the base ; the naked
scape bearing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which
nods at the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which
opens only in sunshine) is always highest.

A large genus, distributed throughout most of the world. The Hawaiian species the
only one known from the Pacific Islands; though there are many species in extratropical
Australia.

1. D. LONGIFOLIA Linn. (Enum. No. 129.) Leaves spatulate-
oblong, tapering into the long, rather erect naked petioles; seeds
oblong, with a rough close coat. Flowers white. — Plant raised on its
prolonged caudex when growing in water.

Leeward verge of the mountains of Kauai. To be looked for on the mountain of
West Maul: rare. Common in North America and Northern Europe in boggy places.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V., 32 JUNE, 1868.

242 MANN,

ORDER XXIX. HALOKAGE.^,

Mostly aquatic herbs, with usually unisexal, minute and imperfect
flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb entire, or with as
many teeth or lobes as petals, which are 2 to 4, epigynous, or some-
times none. Stamens one to several. Ovary 1-4-celled, with one
pendulous ovule in each cell. Stigmas as many as cells (rarely twice
as many). Fruit dry and indehiscent. Seeds with fleshy albumen.

1. GUNNERA Linn. [Apeape.]

Flowers hermaphrodite or mono3cious. Calyx-tube ovoid; lobes
2-3, or often imperfect or none. Petals none, or two hooded ones.
Stamens 1-2. Ovary 1 celled ; styles 2, subulate or filiform, papillose
throughout. Drupe coriaceous, compressed 3-angled or nearly glo-
bose, with a crustaceous putamen. Seed filling the cell, and with a
thin testa; the fleshy albumen abundant. Embryo very small, pyri-
form or obconical, in the apex of the albumen. — Perennial, sometimes
gigantic herbs, with a creeping rhizoma. Leaves all radical, petiolate,
ovate or cordate-rotund, simple or lobed, coriaceous, often rough.
Flowers spiked, or densely clustered along the branches of large pan-
icles, small, 2-bracted, the male ones on the upper panicles. Fruit
small.

Genus of 11 species, in tropical and southern countries.

1. G. PETALOIDEA Gaud. (Enum. No. 130.) An immense herb,
often 10° high, with a sort of stem formed or the leaf petioles.
Leaves round-reniform, li° to 4° or more in diameter, obscurely
lobed, margin more or less toothed, pedately ribbed, very veiny and
reticulate, bullate and rugose, nearly glabrous above, hirsute beneath,
especially on the veins and ribs. Petiole roughened with small and few
muricate points, which extend sometimes to the ribs. Inflorescence
2° -3° long; the spikes crowded, but spreading, subsessile, 3' -6'
long. Bracts narrowly linear, 6''-9" long, and hardly 1" wide. Flow-
ers sessile, crowded in little clusters on the rachises of the spikes, not
bracteolate. Calyx-tube adnate, the lobes, anterior and posterior,
persistent. Petals 2, cucculate, enclosing the stamens at first, thick-
ish, twice as long as the calyx lobes. Stamens 2, opposite the petals.
Stigmas 2, opposite the stamens, nearly twice their length. Ovary 1-
celled. Drupes ovoid-globose, yellow or reddish, li"-2" long.

In wet places, high in the mountains of Kauai, Oahu, and "West Maul, often clinging on
cliffs.

ORDER XXX. MYRTACE2E.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and simple entire leaves, which are
punctate with pellucid dots, and often furnished with a vein running

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 243

parallel with and close to the margin ; the calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary ; many stamens ; and seeds without albumen. — Many species
are aromatic; cloves are the dried flower-buds of Caryophyllus aro-
maticus ; pimento (allspice) the dried fruit of Eugenia Pimenta, &c.
Some species of Barringtonia, which all have very large leaves, flow-
ers, and fruits, are cultivated.

Fruit a dry, many-seeded dehiscent capsule, • . . . METROSIDEHOS.

Fruit baccate, edible, with numerous seeds in pulp, PSIDIUM.

Fruit drupaceous, with few or only one seed ripening, EUGENIA.

1. METROSIDEBOS Banks. [Ohia lehua.]
Calyx-tube campanulate or urn-shaped, more or less adnate to the
ovary; lobes 5, slightly imbricated. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens
indefinite, much longer than the petals, in 1-many series, free. Ovary
3-celled ; style filiform ; stigma small or truncate. Ovules very many
in each cell, densely covering the placenta?, which are at the inner
angle of the cell, horizontal or slightly ascending. Capsule loculicid-
ally or rarely irregularly dehiscent on the top. Embryo straight. —
Trees or shrubs, which are rarely climbing. Leaves opposite or
rarely alternate. Flowers usually very showy, in dense di-trichoto-
mous cymes which are either terminal or axillary.

A small genus, mostly of Pacific Islands and New Zealand.

1. M. POLYMORPHA Gaud. (Enum. No. 131.) A small or large
tree 2° -100° high, with variously shaped leaves, either glabrous,
pubescent, or tomentose, and with red or yellow flowers, and, as the
name indicates, taking a great variety of forms, of which the follow-
ing are some of the more marked. The leaves not rugose, nor the
cymes with large persistent bracts.

Var. 1. Leaves elliptical or orbicular, more or less cordate at the
base and very short petioled, or sessile, obtuse at the apex, often
broader than long, |'-li' in diameter, finely canescently-tomentose
beneath, glabrous and shining above, crowded and frequently imbri-
cated on the branches. Cymes on short or somewhat lengthened
peduncles, whjch with the calyx-tubes are densely tomentose, few-
several-flowered. Mowers rather small, bright red.

Var. 2. Leaves elliptical or oblong, very thick-coriaceous, cordate
at the base, obtuse at the apex, on petioles 2" -3" long, more than 1'
long, densely tomentose beneath, as are the peduncles and calyxes, or
sometimes the leaves nearly glabrous. Flowers larger.

Var. 3. Like var. 2, but entirely glabrous throughout.

Var. 4. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, 2' long and tapering to the base
into a petiole 4" -6" long, obtusish at the apex, and entirely glabrous.
Cymes loosely flowered. The large calyxes tomentose.

244 MANN,

Var. 5. Leaves broadly oval or oblong, somewhat rounded at the
base, or tapering, obtuse or obtusish or acuminate at the apex, peti-
oled, l'-2h' long, entirely glabrous. Cymes loosely many-flowered,
glabrous or sometimes minutely puberulent.

Var. 6. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, acute at both
ends, on a more or less elongated petiole, glabrous throughout.
Cymes very loosely few -many-flowered, glabrous or minutely puber-
ulent.

Var. 7. LTJTEA. Leaves almost as variable as in the foregoing
varieties as to form and pubescence, as are the cymes which are com-
pactly or loosely flowered, glabrate or tomentose. Flowers yellow.

Everywhere in forests, and the principal forest tree of the Group. Some of the vari-
eties have distinctive native names.

2. M. IUJGOSA Gray. (Enum. No. 132.) Leaves coriaceous, bullate-
rugose above and glabrous, beneath with very strong and prominent
veins and tomentose with a close persistent, tawny or deeply ochreous
wool ; on short petioles ; they are about 1' or less in diameter, obtuse,
and the margins strongly revolute. Peduncles few-flowered, quite
short; the calyxes tomentose. Flowers rather small. Petals and
stamens deep red, the former pubescent externally.

Oahu, and doubtless elsewhere. Perhaps to be included in the preceding species.

3. M. MACUOPUS Hook. & Am. (Enum. No. 133.) Tree of medium
size, 25°- 35° high, and glabrous throughout. Leaves broadly ovate
or ovate-oblong, obtuse or usually acute at the apex, coriaceous, rather
dull, copiously feather-veined, li'-2£' long, l'-2' wide, on a long,
usually margined petiole, and standing nearly at right angles to the
stem. Cymes terminal, or by the growth of the stem becoming lateral,
subsessile, many-flowered, crowded, evolved from a large scaly bud,
the scales remaining persistent for some time, as ovate or oblong
pointed bracts, of a chartaceous or coriaceous texture, and i' long.
Pedicels (li"-2" long, or in fruit even 4" long) subtended by smaller
ovate-lanceolate bractlets, which are early deciduous. Flowers large.
Stamens reddish or pale and even yellowish. Ovary free nearly to
the middle, the capsule nearly included in the calyx-tube, 3-valved,
many-seeded. Seed fusiform-subulate, not much pointed.

Mountains behind Honolulu, Oahu.

2. PSIDIUM Linn.

Calyx-tube ovate and adnate at the base ; the upper free portion
quite entire and closed over the flower in the bud, and coming off
entire or splitting irregularly. Petals 4 or 5, free. Stamens numer-
ous. Ovary 2 or more celled, with many ovules in each, inserted on
bifid axile placenta?. Fruit a berry. Seeds several, kidney-shaped or

FLORA OF THtf HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 245

horseshoe-shaped. Embryo curved, with a long radicle and short
cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary
or few together, on axillary peduncles.

The genus is exclusively American, the following species being naturalized in the Old
"World.

1. P. GUAJAVA Linn. (Enum. No. 136.) A tree, pubescent on the
young branches. Leaves on very short petioles, ovate or oblong,
usually acute, 3' -4' long, l£'-2' wide, glabrous or nearly so above,
softly pubescent beneath, with the principal veins very prominent.
Peduncles axillary, £' - 1' long, 1 - 3-flowered. Buds ovoid in the
adnate part; the free part also ovoid, but much larger and more or
less acuminate or pointed, puberulent or tomentose. Petals broad,
fully i' in diameter. Stamens numerous, but not especially long.
Fruit globular or pear-shaped, known as Guajava or Guava.

Very abundantly introduced and naturalized in many places.

3. EUGENIA Linn.

The globose, or more or less elongated calyx-tube scarcely or
somewhat produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4 or rarely 5-toothed.
Petals 4, rarely o, or more, or none, distinct and spreading, or more
or less adnate. Stamens indefinitely numerous, in many series, free,
or their bases united in (usually 4) phalanges. Ovary 2- or rarely 3-
celled ; style filiform, with a small stigma. • Ovules indefinite, or very
rarely 2-4. Berry somewhat drupaceous or pulpy, rarely nearly dry
and fibrous, crowned by the persistent limb of the calyx. Seeds few,
usually 1-4, with a firm but thin testa. Embryo very thick ; radicle
short. — Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous. Flowers variously ar-
ranged, fascicled in the axils or on short racemes, or in dense terminal
cymes, or terminal or lateral panicles. Bracts and bractlets usually
small and very caducous, rarely lar* e and persistent.

JAMBOSA: Flowers large; calyx-lobes large. Petals remaining
when the flower opens.

SYZYGIUM: Flowers small; calyx-lobes very short. Petals more
or less united In a calyptra, and falling off as soon as the flower opens.

A very large genus, found principally in tropical South America and tropical Asia.

1. E. (JAMBOSA) MALACCENSIS Linn. (Enum. No. 135.) A large
tree, 40° high, glabrous throughout. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong, coriaceous, obtuse or shortly pointed, abruptly tapering into
a petiole 4" -5" long. Peduncles axillary, often on the naked stems
far below the leaves (perhaps adventitious) about 1' long, bearing a
few large pink or crimson or sometimes pure white flowers on short
(3" -4" long) pedicels. Calyx-lobes broad and rounded, 1" long.
Petals roundish, entire, or slightly eroso-crenate, 2" - 3" long. Sta-

246 MANN?

mens indefinite, about 1' long, and the principal beauty of the flower.
Fruit about 2' in diameter, longer than broad, dark purple when ripe,
juicy and edible.

Very common In valleys and on the lower slopes of the mountains in most places.
The Rose-apple Is also found In the Society and Viti Islands, and In the East Indies. Native
name, " Ohla ai."

E. (SYZYGIUM) SANDWICENSIS Gray. (Enum. No. 136.) A shrub
at times, often a very large forest tree. Branches, as the whole plant,
glabrous ; the leafy branchlets 4-sided, with sharply margined angles.
Leaves coriaceous, obovate or oblong, cuneate at the base, 3' -5' long,
or on small trees smaller, obtuse or pointed at apex. Petioles 3" -4"
long. Peduncles axillary, solitary, rather slender, angled, shorter than
the leaf, bearing a small, once or twice trichotomous cyme of several
flowers, on short pedicels. Flower-buds li" long, subclavate or tur-
binate. Limb of the calyx very short, 4-lobed. Petals 4, 1" long,
caducous. Stamens few, 20 or more, little longer than the lobes of
the calyx, inserted on the edge of the disk. Style shorter than the
stamens. Ovary 2-celled, with 10 or more ovules in each cell. Berry
globular, i' or less in diameter, dark red when ripe, pleasantly acid
and edible ; ripening 2 or 3 seeds.

Common In mountain woods. Native name, " Ohla ha."

ORDER XXXI. LYTHKAKLE.

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or whorled (rarely alternate) entire
leaves. Calyx tubular, enclosing the 2-4-celled ovary, but free from
it, and with the petals and stamens perigynously inserted in its tube.
Styles perfectly united into one : the fruit a thin capsule : and the
seeds without albumen.

1. LYTHRUM Linn. [Pukamole.]

Calyx-tube cylindrical, striate; teeth short, 4-6, usually with as
many minute intermediate teeth or processes. Petals 4-6. Stamens
as many or twice as many as petals, inserted about the middle or near
the base of the calyx, nearly equal. Style filiform : stigma capitate.
Capsule oblong, 2-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. — Herbs,
or rarely undershrubs, with opposite or scattered entire leaves, and
purplish or white flowers.

Genus found in most hot and tropical countries ; the species often sea-side plants.

1. L. MAKITIMUM HBK. (Enum. No. 137.) A low spreading un-
dershrub,-the stem often angled or wing-margined; glabrous through-
out. Leaves opposite, linear oblong, or oblanceolate, usually obtuse,
or tapering towards the base, sessile or very nearly so, paler beneath,

FLOEA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 247

4"-10" long, 1"- 3" wide. Flowers solitary in the axils, on short
peduncles 1" or more long, which are 2-bracted below the middle.
Calyx-tube about 3" long, the awn-shaped teeth less than a linein
length. Petals 1" -2" long, purple.

On cliffs, and In roeky or sterile places, not uncommon. Also from the coast of Peru.

2. CUPHEA Jacq.

Calyx tubular with the superior base enlarged or saccate, striate
and at the summit 6-toothed. Petals 6 or 7, unequal. Stamens about
twice as many, or as many as the petals, unequal, inserted in the
throat of the calyx. Style filiform : stigma simple or notched. Cap-
sule 1-2-celled, membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx. — Herbs or
shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, entire or nearly so. The
axillary or interpetiolar peduncles 1- or rarely many-flowered ; flowers
purple or white.

A considerable genus, found In most hot countries.

C. BALSAMONA Cham. & Schlecht. (Enum. No. 138.) A hard and
erect annual, l°-2° high; the stem, branches, petioles, &c., hispid,
with short, stiff, erect, glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, ovate,
acute at both ends, glabrous excepting a few stiff hairs on each sur-
face, minutely serrate, f'-li' long, £' more or less wide. Flowers
solitary or a few in each axil of the uppermost leaves, short pedun-
cled. Calyx 3" long, bulging or slightly saccate at its upper base,
very short toothed, slightly hispid. Petals 2" - 3" long, purple. Sta-
mens 11. Style short and included. Ovary few-ovuled.

Kaual. Probably introduced. Native of Brazil.

OEDEE XXXII. -ONAGKACE^.

Herbs, or rarely shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite leaves,
not dotted nor furnished with stipules. Flowers usually tetramerous.
Calyx adherent to the ovary, and usually produced beyond it into a
tube. Petals usually four, and the stamens as many, or twice as many,
inserted into the throat of the calyx. Ovary commonly 4-celled:
styles united. Fruit mostly capsular. — Fuchsia, remarkable for its
colored calyx and berried fruit, is much cultivated for ornament.

1. JUSSLffiA Linn. [Kamole.]

Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary ; the limb divided to the
base into 4 or rarely 5 segments. Petals as many. Stamens twice as
many. Stigma capitate. Capsules 4 or 5-celled, crowned by the calyx-
segments and opening longitudinally between the ribs. Seeds numer-

"248 MANN,

ous, small. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary, solitary,
yellow or rarely white.

A genus of several American species, with a few spread over Asia and Africa.

1. J. VILLOSA Lam. (Enum. No. 140.) An erect perennial, pubes-
cent or hairy, attaining 2° -3°, and often hard, almost woody, at the
base. Leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate, l£'-3' long, narrowed
into a short petiole. Flowers almost sessile in the axils. Calyx-tube
about £' long, when in flower; the segments ovate-lanceolate, about
3" long. Petals broad, rather longer than the calyx. Capsule nearly
cylindrical, I' -Ik' long, 8-ribbed, pubescent, contracted at the base
into a short pedicel. Seeds minute. — J. octofila, D C.

Common in taro ponds, and in wet places. Widely distributed over the warmer
regions of America as well as Asia.

ORDER XXXIII. CACTACE^E.

Succulent shrubby plants, peculiar in habit, with spinous buds,
usually leafless : the stems either globular and many-angled, columnar
with several angles, or flattened and jointed. Flowers usually large
and showy. Calyx of several or numerous sepals, imbricated, cohe-
rent with and crowning the 1-celled ovary, or covering its whole sur-
face ; the inner usually confounded with the indefinite petals. Stamens
indefinite, with long filaments, cohering with the base of the petals.
Styles united : stigmas and parietal placentas several. Fruit a berry.
Seeds numerous, with a curved or fleshy and rounded embryo, and
little or no albumen. — All American.

Numerous species are cultivated, both for their peculiarities of form, and for the
showy flowers. One (a species of Opuntia) has been much used for fencing, and is now
established over large parts of the dryer and more barren regions of the Islands. —For a
good popular description of these plants, see " Field, Forest, and Garden Botany," by
Prof. A. Gray.

ORDER XXXIV. PASSIFLOEACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or (rarely) trees, with watery juice, and usually
climbing by tendrils; with alternate, entire, or palmately lobed leaves,
mostly with stipules ; and hermaphrodite or unisexual, often showy,
regular flowers (in Papayaceae the male and female dissimilar). Calyx
mostly of 5 sepals, united below, free from the one-celled ovary; the
throat bearing 5 petals and a filamentous crown. Stamens as many
as the sepals, monadelphous and adhering to the stalk of the ovary,
which has usually 3 club-shape styles or stigmas, and as many pari-
etal placentae. Fruit fleshy or berry-like. Seeds numerous, with a
brittle sculptured testa, enclosed in pulp. Embryo surrounded by a
thin albumen. — Here belong the showy Passion-flowers, much culti-
vated for ornament, and several species of which yield edible fruits
known as Granadilla, &c.

Our only genus belongs to a section of the Order, having but slight affinities with the
true Passion-flowers.

[To be continued.]

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 249

XII. Catalogue of the Birds of North America contained
in the Museum of the Essex Institute; — with which
is incorporated A List of the Birds of New England.
With brief Critical and Field Notes.

BY DR. ELLIOTT GOTJES, U. S. A.

[Communicated January 7, 1867.]

IT is with pleasure that I accede to a request made by
Mr. F. W. Putnam, Superintendent of the Museum of
the Essex Institute, to identify and prepare a Catalogue
of the North American Birds contained in the Collection.

The Ornithological department of the Museum, al-
though not very extensive, so well illustrates, as every
local collection should, the species of the immediate
vicinity, that, by the addition of a comparatively few
desiderata, it may easily be rendered a complete exponent
of the Birds of Essex County. Numerous species of other
portions of North America, and a number of exotic spe-
cies are also represented. The entire collection is in a
state of preservation rarely equalled in a public museum,
and is an encomium upon the scientific taste and enter-
prise of the community which requires no comment.

In preparing a Catalogue of the Birds of the Essex
Institute Museum, I had at first intended merely to pre-
sent, in addition, a synopsis ^f the birds of the County
of which the collection does not contain examples, for the
purpose of showing exactly what were its desiderata
among the species of the immediate vicinity. But the
Avifauna of the County, with a few exceptions, does not
differ in a notable degree from that of the State at large ;
of which so many excellent lists have already appeared,
that an additional one would be entirely superfluous.*

There are also at our disposal several other local lists
of various localities throughout New England. It has

* That of Mr. J. A. Allen's, in particular, would be difficult to improve
upon as regards completeness, accuracy, and interest; and is, I think,
one of the most perfect samples of a local list I have ever had the
pleasure of perusing.

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 33 MAY, 1868.

250 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

occurred to me that a paper which should combine these
different catalogues, or in other words present a complete
list of the Birds found in New England was still a desid-
eratum, and might prove an acceptable contribution to
Ornithology. I have accordingly endeavored to render
the following pages an exposition of the present state of
our knowledge as regards the distribution of species in
this section of the country.

A simple enumeration of the names of species known
to occur, without regard to special points concerning each
of them, is, as has been frequently and justly remarked,
of comparatively little value in determining the real char-
acteristics of the Fauna of any particular locality. For
among the species represented, some are purely accidental,
and others only occasional or very rare visitors, whose
occurrence is entirely exceptional, and contrary to the
law ordinarily regulating their habits and distribution.
A very large proportion are species which only pass
through the region during their migrations ; and of those
which regularly summer or winter, or are permanent resi-
dents, some are very abundant, and, so to speak, charac-
teristic, while others are of comparatively infrequent
occurrence. The value of a local list seems to me to
depend in a great measure upon the just discrimination of
these several classes ; and cannot be said to approach
completion unless these points are fully elucidated.

I have experienced some little difficulty in attempting
to fulfil this indication, in consequence of the extent of
country whose birds are to be presented. Within the
area of New England, as is well known to those fa-
miliar with the distribution of our species, are repre-
sented portions of two Fauna?* which differ in many
respects from each other. There seems to be a natural
dividing line between the birds of Massachusetts and
Southern New England generally, and those of the more
northern portions of the Eastern States. Numerous
species which enter New England in spring, to breed

*The "Canadian" and " Alleghanian." — Professor Verrill's paper
on the birds of Norway, Me., contains some interesting remarks upon
this subject.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 251

there, do not proceed, as a general rule, farther north
than Massachusetts ; and many others, properly to be re-
garded as stragglers from the South in summer and early
autumn, are rarely if ever found beyond the latitude of
this State. In like manner, many of the regular winter
visitants of Maine are of rare or only occasional occur-
rence, or are not found at all much farther south. Again,
many species hardly known in Massachusetts and south-
ward except as migratory species passing through in
spring and autumn, are in Maine regular summer visit-
ants, breeding abundantly. Othor minor differences,
resulting from latitude and physical geography, will
readily be brought to mind by attentive consideration of
the subject, and therefore need not be here detailed. It
will be evident that a due regard for these important
points has necessitated, in the case of almost every species
in the list, remarks elucidative of the special part it plays
in the composition of the Avifauna.

In the following list the New England species are given
in italics, and those contained in the Museum of the In-
stitute are followed by the numbers and localities of the
specimens in the collection. All other North American spe-
cies represented in the Museum are printed in "Roman."
The list is thus made an exponent of the present condition
of the Museum so far as North American birds are con-
cerned, without interference with its character as a synop-
sis of those of New England. -The nomenclature adopted
is mainly that of Professor Baird's "Birds of North
America," with such modifications as my own investiga-
tions have led me to adopt.

I take pleasure in acknowledging the free use I have
made of previously published local lists, for obtaining
data relative to the comparative abundance or scarcity of
species, their times of arrival and departure, and for
information upon particular points which a general knowl-
edge of the distribution of species does not afford. In-
formation relative to the accidental occurrence of species
in particular localities must necessarily be chiefly drawn
from these sources ; and I have in every such instance
been careful to insert references. For all statements for

252 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

which no authority is cited, and for the identifications of
specimens in the Museum, I am solely responsible.

The reader is referred to the following authorities for
corroborative or additional information upon the subject :

EMM. — Prof. E. Emmons; Catalogue of the Birds of Massachusetts.
Hitchcock's Report. Amherst, 1835.

BREW. — Dr. T. M. Brewer; Some additions to the Catalogue of the
Birds of Massachusetts, in Hitchcock's Eeport. Boston Journal
of Natural History, vol. i, p. 435. 1837.

PEAH. — Rev. W. B. O. Peabody ; Report on the Birds of Massachu-
setts. Published agreeably to an order of the Legislature. 8vo.
Boston, 1839.

THOMPS. — Zudock Thompson ; History of Vermont, Natural, Civil,
and Statistical, chap, viii, p. 56. 8vo. Burlington, 1842.

LINS. — Rev. J. H. Linsley; Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut.
American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xliv, p. 24,9. 1843.

PUTN. — F. W. Putnam; Catalogue of the Birds of Essex Co., Mass.,
with an Appendix containing other species of the State. Proceed-
ings of the Essex Institute, vol. i, p. 201. With notes by Mi*. S.
Jillson. 1856.

WOOD. — Dr. W. Wood; Rapacious Birds of Connecticut. Hartford
Times, March 14 to Aug. 9, 1861.

VERR. — Prof. A. E. Verrill; Catalogue of the Birds found at Norway,
Me. With a list of the Birds found in Maine not observed at Nor-
way. Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iii, p, 136. 1862.
(Repaged.)

BOAHDM. — G. A. Boardman; Catalogue of the birds found in the
vicinity of Calais. Maine, and about the Islands at the mouth of the
Bay of Fundy. Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proceedings of the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History, vol. ix, p. 122. 1862.

VEKR. — Prof. A. E. Verrill; Additions to the Catalogue of the Birds
found in the vicinity of Calais, Maine, and about the Bay of Fundy.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. ix, p.
233. 18(53.

SAM. — E. A. Samuels;* Descriptive Catalogue of the Birds of Massa-
chusetts. Boston, 1864. Appendix to Report of Secretary of Agri-
culture, Mass., for 1863. (Repaged.)

* This author has recently published a more extensive work on the Birds of New
England ; but his " Catalogue " is much more complete, as far as it goes, and other-
wise more satisfactory, than his more pretentious volume. The latter, — entitled
" Ornithology and Oology of New England; containing full descriptions of the Birds
of'New England, and adjoining States and provinces, arranged by a long-approved
classification and nomenclature; together with a complete history of their habits,
times of arrival and departure, their distribution, food, song, time of breeding, and
a careful and accurate account of their nests and eggs; with Illustrations of many
species of the Birds, and accurate Figures of their Eggs" — is not by any means
what we should expect to lind it, from its title. We are constrained to regard it as
a work that only very imperfectly and inadequately represents, and therefore can-
not become an authority upon, the subject. The descriptions are very good, and
are copied from Prof. Baird's work. Many of the biographies are excellent, and
are copied from Wilson, Audubon, Nuttall, and others. Nearly all the wood-cuts
are reproduced from Audubon, and most of them have already been used before,
in a government Report. They are as much like Audubon's originals as could be
expected under the circumstances. The colored plates of the eggs are the best
things in the book ; it is much to be regretted that only thirty eggs are illustrated ;
also that the writer has been able to describe the nests, eggs, and breeding habits of

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 253

ALL. — J. A. Allen; Catalogue of the Birds of Springfield, Mass.', with
a list of Birds found in Massachusetts not observed at Springfield.
Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iv, p. 48. 1864.

HAM. — Prof. C. E. Hamlin; Catalogue of the Birds found in the
vicinity of Waterville, Kennebec Co., Me. Reprinted from the
Keport of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture for 1865.

Mdi,. — T. Mcllwraith ; List of Birds observed near Hamilton, Canada
West. Proceedings of the Essex Institute, v, p. 79. 1866.

LAWK. — G.N.Lawrence; Catalogue of Birds observed on New York,
Long and Staten Islands, and adjacent parts of New Jersey. Annals
of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. viii. 1866.

B. S. N. H. — Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History.
8vo. Boston, 1841, et seq. passim. Various papers and notes on
New England Birds, by Drs. Abbot, Brewer, Bryant, Cabot,
Kneeland, and others. Especially vols. ii, pp. 36. 248: iii, pp. 136,
313, 326, 333, 335; iv, p. 346; v, pp. 154, 195; vi, pp. 386, 419, etc.

In addition to the preceding, numerous references to
Birds of New England are to be found in NuttalPs
Manual of Ornithology ; in the Biographies of Audubon ;
in Brewer's North American Oology ; in the Birds of
North America by Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence ; and in
Baird's Review of American Birds.

VULTURIDJE.

Cathartes aura Illig. — Turkey Vulture. Turkey Buz-
zard. Rare or occasional summer visitant, chiefly in more
southern portions. (Calais, Me., Ferr., p. 122 ; one in-
stance.— Mass., two instances, /Sam., p. 3; All., p. 81.
— Regular summer visitant near Chatham, and along the
shores of Lake St. Clair. MclL, p. 80. — Omitted from
Sam. 0. O.)

so very small a per centage of the New England birds. The original portions of
the text are not better, nor much worse than the average of ornithological writings
as regards style, accuracy, and completeness. But the great blemish of the work is
the omission of Jhirty or forty species properly to be enumerated as Birds of New
England. We can find no excuse for such carelessness as this. We cannot attrib-
ute it to Mr. Samuels' want of knowledge in the matter; for surely he cannot be
ignorant of Mr. Putnam's, Mr. Boardman's, Prof. Verrill's, Mr. Allen's, and others'
local lists, —not to mention his own "Descriptive List," in which several species
are given that do not appear in his latter work,— either of which would put him in
possession of much additional matter for his work. It is not to the point that many,
or most, of the species he omits are rare, occasional, or accidental visitors in New
England. Such a work as his professes to be should at least make mention of
every bird that has actually been found in New England " and adjoining States
and provinces."

In the present list — perhaps more needed since, than before the appearance
of Mr. Samuels' work — we notice Mr. Samuel's omissions in detail; and the reader
is left to judge for himself, in each instance, what sort of authority we have for in-
cluding those species that we condemn Mr. Samuels for omitting. We quote Mr.
Samuels' later work as "Sam. O. O." to distinguish it from his Descriptive List, re-
ferred to by the abbreviation " Sam."

254 COUES, BIRDS or NEW ENGLAND.

Cathartes atratus Less. — Black Vulture. Carrion Crow.
Entirely accidental. (Swampscott, Nov. 1850, S. Jillson,
quoted by Putn., p. 223. — Gloucester, Sept. 28, 1863,
Verritt, quoted by AIL, p. 81. — Brew. Ool., p. 5. —
Omitted from Sam. 0. 0.)

FALCONID^E.

Falco anatum* Bon. — American Peregrine Falcon.
Duck Hawk. Resident and generally distributed, though
nowhere very abundant. Chiefly a winter visitant in
more southern localities, though known to breed in Mass.
and Ct. (Near Springfield, Mass., C. W. Bennett, quoted
by AIL, p. 50. — Near Hartford, Ct., W. Wood, in Hartf.
"Times," June 24, 1861.) Regularly breeds in various
portions of Maine.

It is very questionable whether this bird be more than a
geographical race or variety of the Old World F. peri-
gt'inus. Numerous other forms (among them F. nigriceps
Cass., from western North America), from various parts
of the world, are known to exist, all of which are inti-
mately related to the European bird.

No. 11, $, adult. Off Bermuda, Capt. George Upton, Oct. 29, 1849.

Falco sacer Forster. — Jerfalcon or Gyrfulcon. " White "
or "Speckled" Hawk. — Rare winter visitant; and only
accidental as far south as Mass. I cannot find an authen-
tic instance of its breeding in New England. (Norway,
Me., "not uncommon;" Verr., p. 4. — Mass., Peab., p.
260. — Sekonk Plains, Mass., Jillson, quoted by Putn., p.
226, and by the other State authorities. — Omitted from
Sam. 0. O.)

The Jerfalcon which visits New England is variously
given as " Islandicus" or " candicans." I do not know
which is really the proper name, nor whether more than
one species be found. I believe it is still an open ques-
tion among ornithologists, whether these two names do
not refer to the same species ; or in other words whether
there is really more than a single valid species of Jer-

*For so'me exceedingly interesting information upon the habits and
especially the nidiflcation of this Hawk, see Allen, Pr. E. I., 1865, p. 153.

COTJES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 255

falcon. Mr. John Cassin, in reply to some inquiries of
mine upon this subject, kindly furnishes me with the fol-
lowing : " I regard the species of Hierofalco of northern
America as the F. candicans of authors (e. g. Bon.
Cousp.GAv., etc.). — F. cinereus Gmelin ; F. Groenlandicus
Daudin; F. Labradora Aud. (name on plate) ; F. sacer
Forster ; which latter is the name which has priority."

Falco columbarius Gm, — Pigeon Hawk. Generally
distributed. Not abundant. Resident. Breeds at least
as far south as Massachusetts. — (Sam., p. 3.) It ranges
through the Middle and into the Southern States in winter.

o ^^

The "Little Corporal" F. temerarius Aud., Nutt., of
Peah. (p. 261 ; Liiis., p. 251), is based upon this species
in one of its protean plumages, when its upper parts are
light slate-blue, as occurs chiefly in very adult birds.
There is possibly a second species of Hypotriorchis, the
European F. cesalon. Examine in this connection Coues,
Pr. A. N. S., Phila., 1866, p. 42 ; and for the occurrence
of supposed cKsalon in Mass., see Peab. (p. 270), who
quotes Nuttall as authority.

No. 17, $, adult. Essex Co. H. P. Ives, Sept. 25, 1858.
No. 36, young. Essex Co. Thomas H. Johnson, 18G1.

Falco sparverius Linn. — Sparrow Hawk. Resident.
Generally distributed and common ; breeds throughout
New England.

No. 16, $, adult. Essex Co. Georga'Goldthwait.

FALCO AURANTIUS Gm. — I find an excellent example
of this species in the collection.

No. 43, Brazil.

Astur atricapillus Bon. — Goshawk. "Partridge" Hawk.
Generally distributed. Chiefly winter visitant, and rather
uncommon in southern portions ; common, and breeds, in
Maine. I have also found it breeding in Labrador. In-
dividuals in the adult blue plumage are rarely seen in
Mass. (Norway, Me., "common, breeds," Verr., p. 5.)

No. 22, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853.
No. 292, $. Boxford, Essex Co. Thomas Puller, Nov. 5, 18G7.
No. 293, $ , young. Topsfield, Essex Co. Mrs. Killam, Nov. 5, 1867.
No. 18, young. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858.

Acdpiter Cooperi Bon. — Cooper's Hawk. "Chicken

256 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Hawk." Resident. Common in most localities. Most
numerous in summer, breeding ; probably the greater
number retire south in winter.

No. 44. Essex Co.

Accipiter fascus Bon . — Sharp-shinned Hawk . " Pigeon
Hawk." Abundant. Resident in more southern localities,
summer visitant further north. The Maine authorities do
not give it as wintering in that State.

This species, in common with F. columbarius, has re-
ceived the popular name of " Pigeon Hawk " ; and local
naturalists should be careful to state which of the two
species they refer to in using the latter appellation. It
seems that some errors of identification have arisen from
inattention to this point.

No. 12, $. Essex Co. N. Vickary, 1860.

No. 13, ? . Essex Co.

No. 14, $ , adult. Essex Co.

No. 15, $ , young. Essex Co.

Buteo borealis Vieill. — Red-tailed Buzzard. "Hen
Hawk." Abundant. It probably retires from extreme
northern sections in the depth of winter.

No. 4, $ , adult. Middleton, Essex Co. Mrs. E. K. Colcord, Aug.
14, 1851.

Buteo lineatus Jard. — Red-shouldered Buzzard. "Hen
Hawk." Abundant. Breeds. Resident, except in ex-
treme northern sections, whence it retires in winter.

The large size of some northern examples, compared
with others from Southern United States, has induced
Prof. Verrill (p. 5) to recognize a variety hyemalis ex
Gm.* of this species. Considered as simply expressive
of an instance of the law regarding size now well known
to obtain, such a procedure is entirely pertinent ; but I
am disinclined to allow that the differences are of the kind
or degree to which are usually accorded a name, and the
rank of a distinct "variety."

The " Falco buteoides" (Nutt., Man., 1st ed., 1832, i, p.

*F. hyemalis Gm. is generally supposed to have been based upon the
young lineatus, in which plumage the under parts are white, not red-
dish. This condition was usually regarded by our earlier ornitholo-
gists as constituting a species distinct from lineatus, — the '-'Winter
Falcon," F. hyemalis Wils., Aud., Nutt., etc.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 257

100), given by Peab., p. 268, and Linsley, p. 252, is now
well known to be the young of this species. Nuttali him-
self, in the second edition of his Manual, gives it as a
synonym of the B. " hyemalis" (= Uneatus, juv.).

No. 3, $, adult. Winter plumage: Essex Co.
No. 678 $, adult. Danvers, Essex Co. J. H. Sears, Apr. 13, 18G8.
(Shot on the nest. Eggs.)

Buteo Pennsylvanicus Bon. — Broad- winged Buzzard.
Generally distributed. Common ; being very abundant
in some localities (e. g. Umbagog Lakes, Verr., p. 6).
Resident ; with much the same qualification as given
under head of previous species.

In addition to the preceding Buteones the B. Bairdii
Hoy, originally described from Wisconsin* which has
been found in Canada West by Mr. T. Mcll wraith, may
very possibly occur in North-western New England. Buteo
Bairdii is one of several usually recognized species which
Dr. H. Bryant (Pr. B. S. N. H., 1861) is inclined to coal-
esce as a single species under the name of B. Harlani
And., or rather B. Swainsonii Bon., since it is probable
that Audubon's name was based upon quite a different
species. (Vide infra, under head of A.rchibuteo Sancti-
Johannis.) But whether Bairdii be permanently distinct
or not, does not affect the question of its introduction into
the New England Fauna.

Mr. Mcllwraith gives Buteo ebegans Cassin, as a bird of
Canada West. "I have a fine specimen in adult plumage,
which was shot at Baptiste Creek a few years since." So
far as we are at present acquainted with the range of this
species it is quite impossible for me to think that it should
occur there ; and I am inclined to believe, from the nature
of Mr. M.'s remarks, that the specimen in question is
merely a somewhat unusually dark-colored example of
Uneatus.

Archibuteo lagopus Gray. — Rough-legged Hawk.
Winter visitant. Not ordinarily abundant. I can learn
of no authentic instances of its breeding, although it
probably does so in more northern sections. " F. /Sancfi-
Johannis" of Linsley's list.

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 34 JUNE, 1868.

258 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

No. 1, $. adult. Salem, Essex Co. J. Eose, Nov. 1854.

No. 2, $, adult. " " " " " " "

No. 298, adult. Hamilton, Essex Co. Mr. Burchstead, Feb. 21, 18G7.

Archibuteo Sancti-Johannis Gray. — Black Hawk. Win-
ter visitant. Appears to be nowhere abundant. Not re-
corded as breeding. I have seen it in summer in Labra-
dor. Very possibly it breeds in the northern districts of
Maine.

The "Black Warrior, Falco Harlani Aud.," which has
been accredited to Massachusetts, apparently upon Nut-
tail's authority (Emm., p. 1; Peab., p. 269; JPutn., p.
225), should in all probability be considered as this spe-
cies. Harlani of Audubon, according to G. R. Gray, who
has examined the type specimen in the British Museum,
is based upon a dark state of plumage of the western J3.
montanus Nutt. ; which latter itself may not be specifically
distinct from borealis Gm. At the same time Mr. Pea-
body, following Audubon, does not separate Sancti-Johan-
nis from lagopus. Upon these points see Bryant, Pr.
B. S. N. H., 1861 ; and Coues, Pr. A. N. S. Phila., 1866,
pp. 44, 45. Still the bird may have been an unusually
dark-plumaged B. Swainsonii, which, as I have just stated
above, may possibly occur in New England.

Circus Hudsonicus Vieill. — Hen Harrier. Marsh Hawk .
Blue Hawk. Summer resident, breeding abundantly.
Perhaps some winter in more southern localities.

No. 9, $. Essex Co. Mr. Houghton.

No. 10, ?. " " "

Aquila Canadensis Cass. ("Falco fulvus" of some ear-
lier American writers.) — Golden Eagle. Ring-tailed
Eagle. Very rare winter visitant, occurring usually in
isolated instances. Probably does not breed in New Eng-
land. Specimens are taken nearly every winter at Wash-
ington, D. C.

No. 7, nearly adult. Essex Co.

Haliaetus leucocephalus Savig. — White-headed Eagle.
"Bald "Eagle. Common. Resident. Mr. Samuels' state-
ment that it does not breed in Mass, is incorrect ; vide AIL,
p. 51. (Mt. Tom, Mass.) I know it to breed as far
south, at least, as Washington, D. C.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 259

No. 5, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson.
No. 6, young. Essex Co. Mr. Houghton.
No. 8, young. Essex Co. Mr. Burchstead.

The H. " Washingtonii" Aud., has been repeatedly at-
tributed to New England. (Emm., p. 1 ; Peab., p. 262 ;
Lins., p. 251; Putn., p. 226; but upon what authority
is not apparent.) "I have been told by an old hunter,
of an Eagle of a much larger size, killed in this region
[Norway, Me.], which may have been the little known
Washington Eagle of Mr. Audubon" (Verr., p. 7). The
species is omitted from recent lists. I refrain from com-
ments, since, like all else that has been written and said
of this bird, they would be merely threadbare conjectures.

Pandion Carolinensis Bon. — Fish Hawk. Summer res-
ident. Not abundant. Generally distributed ; but chiefly
occurring over the inland Lakes and Rivers.

No. 37, adult. Essex Co., 1861.

No. 294, <j> , adult. Salem, Essex Co. H. F. Shepard, Sept. 25, 1867.

STKIGIDJE.

Otus WilsonianusIjGSS. — Long-eared Owl. Abundant.
Resident throughout New England. Mr. Allen (p. 51)
urges the adoption of /S. Americana Gm. (S. N; i, 1788,
p. 288) for this species. Gmelin's diagnosis is not ex-
clusively pertinent ; and he says moreover that his spe-
cies "habitat in America austrati." I see no reason to
supersede a definite and now well-established name for
one to which, to say the least, considerable uncertainty
attaches. The Strix Americana Audubon (Orn. Biog.
iii, 1834, p. 421) is a very different species; to wit, the
pratincola of Bonaparte.

No. 25. Essex Co. Autumn of 1859.

Brachyotus Cassini Brew. (Proc. B. S. N. H., 1866,
p. 321.) — Short-eared Owl. Common resident ; breeding,
and, so far as we know, wintering in all sections. Upon
the question of the specific distinction of the American
from the European, Mr. Cassin writes me : "It is larger
than the European, and darker colored ; — very much like
it, though !"

No. 23. Essex Co. N. Vickary, 1854.

No. 24, $ . Essex Co. B. Grover, 1854.

No. 295, $. Salem, Essex Co. D. P. Waters, Oct. 25, 1867.

260 COTJES, BIEDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Syrnium cinereum And. — Great Gray Owl. A rare
winter visitant. Found in winter throughout New Eng-
land ; but probably to be regarded as only a straggler to
its more southern portions. None have been observed to
breed in New England.

No. 31. Salem, Essex Co. F. W. Putnam, Winter of 1866-7.
No. 34. Wenham, Essex Co. James Bartlett, Feb. 1859.

/Syrnium nelmlosum Gray. — Barred Owl. Abundant.
Resident in all portions of New England.

No. 26, $, adult. Essex Co. James Bufflngton, Nov. 27, 1854.
No. 190. Salem, Essex Co. E. S. Waters, Nov. 10, 1866.

Bubo Virginianus Bon. — Great Horned Owl. Com-
mon. Resident.

The Strix "arctica Richardson," enumerated as a bird
of Massachusetts (Peab., p. 276, and Pittn., p. 226) on
the authority of Mr. Nuttall, undoubtedly refers to this
species in the albescent state of plumage, which consti-
tutes Mr. Cassin's B. Virginianus var. arcticus. The
"Strix scandiaca Linn.," of Linsley's list (p. 253) in all
probability was also based upon the same variety of Vir-
ginianus.

No. 33, $. Essex Co. T. Eopes, Oct. 1849.

No. 32, ? . Lynn, Essex Co. J. Saul, Feb. 28, 1864.

Scops asio Bon. — Mottled Owl. Red Owl. Screech
Owl. Abundant everywhere. Resident.

No. 27, $ . (Grey plumage.) Essex Co. H. P. Ives, Nov. 1854.
No. 28. (Red plumage.) Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858.

Nyctalc, Acadica Bon. — Acadian Owl. Common; es-
pecially in more northern sections of the country. Res-
ident.

No. 29, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858.
No. 30, ?. " " " " "

Nyctale Richardsoni Bon . — Richardson's Owl . ( " Ulu-
la Tengmalmi" A udubon, and earlier authors.) Not abun-
dant. Chiefly a winter visitant, and rare as far south as
Massachusetts. It is probably resident in the north of
Maine ; though not, I believe, actually observed to breed.
There are repeated instances of its occurrence in winter
in the southernmost New England States.

Nyctale albifrons Cassin. — Kirtland's Owl. I have

COUES, BIEDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 261

found no record of the occurrence of this species in New
England, but from its known range it is undoubtedly to
be found there, at least in winter, even if it does not re-
side permanently in the more northern portion.

Nyctea nivea Gray. — Snowy Owl. Winter resident;
usually rare, but at irregular intervals not uncommon even
in the southern portions of New England. It sometimes
straggles even to South Carolina.

No. 45, $. Salem, Essex Co. E. G. Symonds, Jan. 1863.

No. 35, ?. Beverly, Essex Co. Dr. C." B. Haddock, Nov. 27, 1854.

No. 299, adult. Wenham, Essex Co. John J. Gould, Apr. 9, 1868.

tSurnia ulula Bon. — Hawk Owl. Winter resident.
Of regular and rather common occurrence in Maine ; but
in more southern localities rare, and perhaps only acci-
dental. It extends however throughout New England.

ATHENE HYPOG^EA Bon. — Prairie Owl. Burrowing
Owl.

No. 96. Colorado Mts., west of Denver City. From the Chicago
Academy of Science, 1864.

CUCULID2E.

Goccygus Americanus Bon. — Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Summer resident. Not abundant ; and in particular lo-
calities very rare. (Extremely rare, Springfield, Mass.,
All., p. 52). The species extends northward into Canada.
(One specimen. Hamilton, C. \^., McIL, p. 82.)

No. 744, adult. Essex Co.

Coccygus erythrophthalmus Bon. — Black -billed
Cuckoo. Summer resident. Common ; being, according to
the testimony of all observers, much more numerous than
the preceding species, and, like it, extending into Canada.

At Washington, D. C., Americanus is very abundant,
and the present species comparatively rare.

No. 745, adult. Essex Co.

No. 746, adult. Salem, Essex Co. John S. Ives, June, 1859.

PICID^E.

Picus villosus Linn. — Hairy woodpecker. Eesident.
Abundant in most localities. Picus Phillipsii Aud.y
given by Putn., p. 229, is the young of this species.

262 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Picus pubescens Linn. — Downy Woodpecker. Resi-
dent, and everywhere abundant.

No. 905, $. Essex Co. E. P. Emmerton, Nov. 27, 1854.
No. 906, ? . " " S. Jillson, 1858.

Picoides arcticus Gray. — Black - backed Three-toed
Woodpecker. Winter resident ; not known to breed
within the limits of New England. ("Probably breeds."
Calais, Me., Boardm., p. 122.) Extends through all
its States in winter, but is very rare or even accidental in
the southernmost. (Springfield, Mass., AIL, p. 52.)

No. 901, $. Essex Co.

No. 902, ?. " " S. Jillson, Nov. 21, 1855.

Picoides hirsutus Gray. — Banded Three-toed Wood-
pecker. A very rare winter visitant ; probably only
stragglers reach as far as Massachusetts. (Calais, Me.,
G. A. Boardman, in Verr., p. 21. — Mass., Brew., p.
437; Putn., p. 229; 8am., p. 4; AIL, p. 82.)

Sphyrapicus varius Baird. — Yellow-bellied Wood-
pecker. Summer resident. Common in most localities.
Extends northward into Canada. A few probably winter
in the more southern portions.

No. 907, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 908, ?, adult. " " " " "
No. 909, $, young. " " " " "

Hylotomus pileatus Baird. — Pileated Woodpecker.
Black Log-cock. Generally distributed, and resident, in
all well-wooded portions of New England, though appa-
rently nowhere abundant. It is a shy, wild, and retiring
species, and one that disappears more rapidly than almost
any other with the clearing away of forests.

No. 887, $ , adult. New Hampshire.

Centurus Carolinus Swains. — Red-bellied Woodpecker.
A rare and perhaps only accidental summer visitor to the
more southern portions. (Western Mass., "breeding,"
Emm. Springfield "accidental, May 13, 1863," AIL, p.
53. "Said to be unknown in the eastern part of the
State," Peab., p. 336. "One specimen, Stratford, Conn.,
Oct. 16, 1842," Lins., p. 263. Omitted from Sam.
O. O.) I do not find it recorded from Maine or New
Hampshire.

No. 904, $, adult. Locality unknown.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 263

Melanerpes erythrocephalus Swainson. — Eed-headed
Woodpecker. Rare summer visitant. Comparisons of
. the older with more recent local authorities indicate that
the species is now much less numerous than formerly.
The majority of individuals do not seem to pass the Mid-
dle States in their vernal migration.

No. 903, #, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Colaptes auratus Swains. — Golden-winged Wood-
pecker. "Flicker"," "Tucker," "High-holder," "Wake-up."
A very common summer resident.

No. 896, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 897, ?, " " " " " "

COLAPTES MEXICANUS Swains. — Red-winged Flicker.

No. 97. Fort Buchanan, Dr. Dewey ; from the Chicago Academy of
Science, 1864.

TROCHILID^E.

Trochilus colubris Linn. — Ruby-throated Humming-
bird. Summer resident. Common throughout New Eng-
land.

No. 300, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853.
No. 301, ?, " " " " " "

CYPSELID^.

Chcetura pelasgia Steph. — Chimney Swift. Summer
resident. Abundant.

No. 320, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.
No. 321, $, " " " " " "

No. 322. Essex Co.

CAPRIMULGIDJ5.

Antrostomus vociferus Bon. — Whip-poor-will. Com-
mon summer resident.

No. 323, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

Chordeiles popetue Baird. — Night-hawk. "Bull-bat."
Common summer resident.

No. 324, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

HALCYONID^E.

Ceryle alcyon Boie. — King-fisher. Common summer

264 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

resident ; but a few usually remain all winter. ( Verr., p.
9; AIL, p. 54.) The species extends as far north as
Labrador.

No. 325, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1859.

COLOPTERID^.

MILVULUS TYRANNUS Bon. — Fork-tailed Fly-catcher.
A fine example in the collection, from South America.

Tt/rannus Carolinensis Baird. — King-bird. Bee-mar-
tin. Abundant summer resident.

No. 340, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson.
No. 567, ? , adult. " "

TYRANNUS VERTICALIS Say. — Arkansas Fly-catcher.

No. 102, adult. Farm Island, Nebraska. Dr. F. V. Hayden. From
the Chicago Academy of Science, 1864.

Myiarchus crinitus (Jab. — Great Crested Fly-catcher.
Summer visitant ; rather rare.

No. 332, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 334, ?, " " " " " "

Sayornisfuscus Baird. — Pewit Fly-catcher. " Phrebe."
Common summer resident. Here, as elsewhere, it is the
avant-courier in spring of the small insectivorous birds.
The kinds of insects upon which it chiefly delights to feed
account for its early appearance, as well as for its choice
of the situations it usually frequents.

No. 560, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillsou, 1853.

No. 548, ?, " " • " " " "

Gontopus boreatis Baird. — Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Cooper's Flycatcher. Summer visitant. Not abundant.
"Quite common at the Umbagog Lakes." ( Verr., p. 10.)
No. 558, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Contopus virens Cab. — Wood Pewee. Abundant.
Summer resident. Rather less numerous in the northern
than in the southern sections.

No. 565, $, Essex Co. T. M. Pond, 1863.
No. 561, ?, " " S. Jillson.

Empidonax Acadicus Baird. — Acadian Flycatcher.
Summer resident. Not abundant. This species seems to
be more restricted in its northern range than the others of
the genus, apparently not proceeding much farther than

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 265

Massachusetts. It is not, I believe, recorded from Maine.
But Mr. Samuels erroneously omits it from his Massachu-
setts list. Earlier authors speak of it as being very
common, but so far as I can learn it is now quite rare.
At Washington, D. C., it is by far the most abundant
species of the genus.

Empidonax Traillii Baird. — Traill's Flycatcher. Sum-
mer resident ; not abundant. Erroneously omitted from
Mr. Putnam's list, though given by previous and subse-
quent authors.

Empidonax minimus Baird. — Least Flycatcher. Sum-
mer visitant. Abundant, especially in Massachusetts,
where it "exceeds in abundance all the other Empidonaces
taken together " (AIL, p. 54). It has a very extensive
northern range ; — quite into arctic America.

The earlier authors appear to have always mistaken this
species for Acadicus, and this is the reason they used to
speak of the latter as being abundant. (See Brewer,
Am. Nat., I, p. 119.)

No. 549, $ . Essex Co. S. Jillson.

No. 108, Illinois. From the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Empidonax flaviventris Baird. — Yellow-bellied Fly-
catcher. Summer resident ; and rather more common, I
suspect, than most collectors are aware. Its range of
habitat, times of migration, and general habits, are much
those of minimus ; and it is difficult to discriminate be-
tween the two at gun-shot range. E '. flaviventris is rather
a more wood-loving species than minimus, and perhaps
breeds farther south, as I have taken it in July, at Wash-
ington, D. C., where I never saw minimus except during
its migrations. (Omitted from Sam. 0. 0.)

TURDID.E.

Tardus migratorius Linn. — llobin. Chiefly summer
resident, breeding abundantly everywhere ; but a few
doubtless remain, except in very severe winters, in the
more southern portions.

No. 556, $ . Essex Co. S. Jillsou, 1853.
No. 555, $. " " " " "

No. 679, $ . (With an elongated and hooked upper mandible.) Es-
sex Co. H. F. Shepard, Jan.,l868.

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 35 JUNE, 1868.

266 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Turdus mustelinus Gm. — Wood Thrush. A moder-
ately abundant summer resident in more southern por-
tions ; but not apparently extending much farther north
than Massachusetts. Still, "common summer resident,"
Hamilton, C. W., (McIL, p. 84.) It is not recorded in
Maine lists.

Nos. 550, 551. Essex Co. S. Jillson.

Turdus Pallasii Cab. — Hermit Thrush. Abundant.
Spring and autumn migrant through the more southern,
and very common summer resident in the northern, por-
tions of New England. "Has been known to breed" (in
Mass., 8am., p. 5). "The most common Thrush ex-
cept the Robin" (Norway, Me., in summer, Verr., p.
10). A few may possibly winter in New England, as
individuals are "occasionally seen during the winter ;"
(Essex Co., Mass., Putn., p. 209.) "Have not found it
breeding here;" (Springfield, Mass., AIL, p. 56.) This
is the T. "soUtarius* or T. "minor" of earlier general
and local writers.

No. 562, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson.

Turdus fuscescens Steph. — Wilson's Thrush. Tawny
Thrush. "Yeery." Summer resident, breeding through-
out New England, most abundantly in its more southern
portions. "It is the most numerous here of all the wood-
land Thrushes, and the only one that breeds here in
abundance, and the only one, excepting T. mustelinus."
(Springfield, Mass., AIL, p. 56.) This is the T. " Wil-
sonii" of earlier authors.

Turdus Swainsonii Cab. — Olive-backed Thrush.
Chiefly a spring and autumn migrant, though many breed,
more especially in the northern portions. I have not seen
it recorded as breeding so far south as Massachusetts.
Usually quite common. It is a species only recognized
of late years, and not given in earlier local lists, either
from its absence from the works of Wilson and Audubon,
or from confounding it with other species.

No. 553, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson.
No. 554. Essex Co. S. Jillson.

No. 112. Chicago, Illinois. K. Kennicott; from the Chicago Acad-
emy of Science, 1864.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 267

Turdus AlicioK Baird. — Gray-cheeked Thrush. Not
recorded as having been actually taken in New England,
but from its now known range of habitat is undoubtedly
to be found there as a spring and autumn migrant, possi-
bly breeding in more northern sections.

A species first introduced by Prof. Baird in 1858, based
upon specimens from Illinois. I have since shown that it
is a very common Eastern bird, having a range of habitat
as extensive as, and nearly identical with, that of T.
Swainsonii.

Mr. J. A. Allen has attempted to show that this spe-
cies is not distinct from T. Swainsonii. His remarks
(pp. 56-7-8) illustrate very fully the well-known sea-
sonal and other variations to which T. 8wainsonii and T.
fuscescens are subject ; and a citation from Prof. Baird is
introduced giving some of the characters of T. Alicice,
with which species Mr. Allen appears to have been autop-
tically unacquainted at the time of writing. *

No. 111. Chicago, Illinois. K. Kennicott; from the Chicago Acad-
emy of Science, 1864.

Harporhynchus rufus Cab. — Brown Thrush. "Thrasher."
Abundant summer resident, breeding throughout New
England ; but not going much farther north.

No. 680, $. Salem, Essex Co. Samuel Carlen, summer, 1867.
No. 681, $. " " "

Mimus Carolinensis Gray. — Cat-bird. Common sum-
mer resident. Maine appears to be nearly its northern
limit in Eastern North America.

No. 566, $. Essex Co. T. M. Pond; 1864.
No. 562, ?. " " " " "

Mimus polyglottus Boie. — Mocking-bird. Very rare
summer resident in more southern portions, being hardly
found north of Massachusetts. It is not abundant even
in the Middle States.

No. 75. A cage bird, known to have lived thirteen years. C. W.
Palfry, 1865.

* Examine in this connection: Baird, B. N. A., 1858, p. 217. — Id.,
Rev. Amer. Bds., 1864, p. 21.— Coues, Pr. A. N. S., Phila., 1861, p.
217. — Coues and Prentiss, Smiths. Hep. for 1861, p. 405.

268' COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

SAXICOLID.E.

Saxicola oenanthe Bechst. — Stone Chat. A species
which occurs as a straggler from Europe, by way of
Greenland, to the eastern portions of New England, es-
pecially along the coast. Mr. Cassin has recorded it from
Nova Scotia, and I found it. in Labrador. Long Island,
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., viii, p. 282.
(Omitted from /Sam. 0. O.)

tiialia, sialis Baircl. — Blue-bird. A summer -resident,
abundantly and generally distributed.

Nos. 3C5, 36G, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853.
No. 367, ?. " " " "

MOTACILLID^E.

Anthus Ludovicianus Licht. — Tit-lark. — Chiefly spring
and autumn migrant. Abundant. Some probably winter
in the Connecticut Valley, and a few may possibly breed
high up in Maine. By far the greater number, however,
go farther north to breed, and farther south to pass the
winter.

No. 370. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

SYLVIIDJE.

Regulus calendulus Licht. — Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Abundant. Spring and autumn migrant. Possibly some
breed. They breed abundantly in Labrador.

No. 361, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson.
No. 362, ?, " " " " "

Regulus satrapus Licht. (Regulus oritstatus and It. tri-
color of Linsley, p. 256.) — Golden-crested Kinglet.
Common winter resident, except perhaps in the extreme
north, where some doubtless breed. Is most abundant,
however, in all localities, in spring and fall.

Polioptila ccerulea Sclat. — Blue-gray Gnat-catcher. A
rare and perhaps accidental summer visitor. "Found in
Mass., and as far north as the Canada line." (Brew.,
quoted by Peab., p. 297.) — "Nova Scotia and Connec-
ticut." (AIL, p. 83.) (Omitted from Sam. O. 0.) It is
very abundant as far north as the Middle States.

COUES, BIEDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 269

SYLVICOLLD^E.

Mniotilta varia Vieill. — Black and White Creeper.
Common summer resident. The majority, however, go
farther north, causing it to be most abundant in spring
and fall.

No. 492, $, adult, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853.
No. 3GO, ?, " " " " " "

Parula Americana Bon. — Blue Yellow-backed War-
bler. Common summer resident.

No. 502, <J, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Autumn, 1855.
No. 503, $, " " " " " 1853.

No. 504, ?, " " " " " 1856.

Geothlypis trichas Cab. — Maryland Yellow-throated
Warbler. Abundant summer resident. "Sylvia Roscoe,
Aud." (Peab., p. 313), is the young of this species.

No. 491, $, Essex Co.

Nos. 523, 364, ?. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Geothlypis Philadelphia Baird.— Mourning Warbler.
Rare summer resident. Not often detected farther north
than Massachusetts ; in which state numerous instances
of its capture are recorded. (Waterville, Me. ; breeding ;
July; HamL, p. 3. — Hamilton, C. W., Mcll., p. 85.)

Oporornis agilis Baird . — Connecticut Warbler. Of
very rare occurrence as a summer visitor, doubtless breed-
ing at least as far north as Massachusetts. (Emm., p. 3 ;
Peab., p. 312 ; Putn., p. 226 ; Sam., p. 6 ; All., p. 82.)

No. 522, $, Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Sept., 1856.
No. 521, ?, " " " " " "

Oporornis formosa Baird. — Kentucky Warbler. The
occurrence of this species as a rare or casual summer vis-
itor in southern New England is to be confidently antici-
pated. (Near New York City, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist., N. Y. viii, 1866, p. 284.) I have found it breed-
ing at Washington, D. C.

Protonotaria citrea Baird. — Prothonotary Warbler.
A summer visitor ; rare, and perhaps accidental. "Calais,
Me., Oct. 30, 1862 ;" (Boardm., Verr., B. S. N. H., ix, p.
234, only recorded instance). It is properly a bird of the
South Atlantic States, and its occurrence in New England
must be. regarded as exceptional. (Omitted from Sam.
O. 0.)

270 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

A certain "Orange-throated Warbler, Sylvia auricottis"
is given as a migratory species of New England by Pea-
body (p. 309, and LinsL, p. 257). Auricollis is one of
the old names of the Prothonotary Warbler, and is used
by Nuttall (Man. i, 1840, p. 431) for that species. Upon
what authority it has been inserted it is not apparent.
Prof. Baird has suggested to me that possibly the name
was used with reference to the Dendrceca dominica (=
superciliosa or pensilis of American writers), but there is
110 good evidence that the latter, which is a Central
American and Southern States species ever straggles as
far north as New England. It is, however, given by
Linsley (p. 258) upon the authority of Mr. Peabody and
Dr. De Kay.

The Sylvia montana Wils. has also, I believe, been
attributed to New England : but is a species which con-
tinues unknown to modern ornithologists.

Icteria viridis Bon. — Yellow-breasted Chat. A very
rare summer visitor, not extending much if any north of
Massachusetts.

Helmitherus vermivorus Bon. — Worm-eating Warbler.
Very rare summer visitant ; known to extend north into
Maine. (Fen-., p. 21.)

Helmitherus Swainsoni Bon. — Swainson's Warbler.
Entirely accidental summer visitor. A single instance of
its capture in Massachusetts, many years ago, by Dr. S.
Cabot, given by Audubon (Orn. Biog. v. p. 462), on the
authority of Dr. Brewer, appears to have furnished the
sole datum for its recognition as a New England bird by
subsequent writers. (Peab.y p. 313 ; Putn.> p. 227 ; AIL,
p. 82.) I myself never saw it even so far north as Wash-
ington, D. C., and New England is wholly beyond its
proper range of habitat.

Helminthophaga ruficapilla Baird. ($. rubricapilla
of earlier writers). — Nashville Warbler. Chiefly spring
and autumn migrant, but some breed throughout New
England. Common.
No. 494, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Hdminthophaga peregrina Cab. — Tennessee Warbler,
spring and autumn migrant. Very rare. A few

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 271

doubtless breed in the more northern portions. "Head
waters of the Penobscotin June." ( Verr., p. 21.) Springf.
Mass., in May and Sept. (AIL, p. 61.) It is a species
which goes very far north in the interior of America.

Nos. 519, 620. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Helminthophaga pina Baird. — Blue-winged Yellow
Warbler. Very rare summer visitor to the more south-
ern portions. (Mass. Emm., p. 3; Cab., B. S. N. H.,
vi, p. 386 ; Putn., p. 227 ; AIL, p. 82 ; Sam., p. 6.) Not
recorded from Maine. " 8. soli f aria " of the earlier writers.

Helminthophaga chrysoptera Baird. — Golden-winged
Warbler. Very rare summer visitant to the more south-
ern portions. (Mass., Cab., B. S. N. H., vi, p. 386;
Peab., p. 312 ; Putn., p. 227 ; AIL, p. 82 ; Sam., p. 6.)
Not recorded from Maine.

No. 493. Hudson, Mass. S. Jillson, 1862.

Helminthophaga celata Baird. — Orange-crowned
Warbler. A very common species of Western North
America ; but Audubon's statement of its occurrence in
Nova Scotia was almost its only eastern record until Mr.
Allen detected it near Springfield, Mass. "Very rare;
perhaps accidental" (AIL, p. 61). Near New York City,
(Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., viii, p. 284.)

Seiurus aurocapillus Swains. — Golden-crowned Wag-
tail. "Oven-bird." Abundant sumnfcr resident.

No. 489, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Seiurus Novceboracensis Nutt. — Water Wag-tail. Sum-
mer resident. Apparently not very abundant. The spe-
cies has a most extensive breeding range, which includes
the greater part of North America. In winter it mostly
retires into the Antilles and Central America.

No. 490, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1855.

Seiurus Ludovicianus Bon. — Large-billed Water
Thrush. Doubtless occurs in summer in the southern
portions, although it has never, I believe, been actually
detected in New England. (Near New York, Lawr. , Ann.
N. Y. Lye. viii, p. 284.) Dr. Preutiss and myself have
found it common at Washington, D. C. (Smithsonian
Report for 1861, p. 407.)

272 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Dendroeca virens Baird. — Black-throated Green War-
bler. Abundant summer resident. Most numerous during
its vernal and autumnal migrations in the more southern
districts ; but I have found it breeding abundantly near
Portsmouth, N. H. I believe it prefers pine woods dur-
ing the breeding season.

No. 488, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 497, ?. " " " " "

Dendroeca coerulescens Baird. — Black-throated Blue
Wood Warbler. D. Canadensis of former writers. "Sylvia
sphagnosa Bon., or pusilla Wils." (LinsL p. 2.57), is the
female or young of this species. Summer resident ; com-
mon ; most so during its migrations. Breeds throughout
New England; most numerously in its more northern
portions.

No. 514, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1855.

Dendroeca coronata Gray. — Yellow-rumped Warbler.
"Myrtle-bird." Extremely abundant spring and autumn
migrant. A few probably winter in more southern sec-
tions. Not known to breed except in northern portions
(Calais, Me., G. A. Boardmau, Verr., p. 125). The
species has been known to occur in Greenland.

No. 506, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 507, $. " " " " "

Dendroeca JBlackbumiCB Baird. — Mrs. Blackburn's
Warbler. Summer resident ; not rare.

The Hemlock Warbler, " SylvicolaparusA\\dt" (Emm.,
p. 3; Peab., p. 310; Putn.,p. 226; LinsL, p. 257, etc.),
is the young of this species.

No. 495, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 518, ?. " " " " "

Dendroeca castanea Baird. — Bay-breasted Warbler.
Not common. Breeds, at least in more northern sections,
but is chiefly seen in spring and fall.

The Autumnal Warbler (Sylvia autumnalis Wils.,
Aud.) of local writers is the young of this species.

No. 515, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 485, $. " "

Dendroeca pina Baird. — Pine-creeping Warbler.
Common summer resident ; arriving very early, and re-

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 273

maining late. A species whose breeding range is much
more extensive than that of most Dendroecce, and includes
Eastern North America from Labrador at least to Georgia.

No. 82, £. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Autumn of 1855.
No. 510, $. " " " " " 1855.

No. 559, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Dendrceca Pennsylvanica Baird. — Chestnut-sided War-
bler. Common summer resident. Although most numer-
ous during its migrations, many breed throughout New
England.

No. 486, <J. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 498, ?. " " "

Dendrceca striata Baird. — Black-poll Warbler. Abun-
dant spring and autumn migrant ; some breeding in more
northern sections. (TJmbagog Lakes, Ferr.,p. 12; Calais,
Me., Hoardm., p. 125.) A species whose northern range
extends far into arctic America, and the one which passes
almost latest of all through the United States on its way
north in spring.

No. 496, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1855.
No. 517, ?. " " " " " " "

No. 509, $. " " " " Autumn" "

Dendrceca cestiva Baird. — Golden Warbler. Summer
Yellow-bird. Abundant summer resident everywhere. A
certain Sylvia trochilus Lath., the "yellow" or "willow"
wren, which is given by some writef^ (Peab., p. 312,
Liiisl. , p. 257) , can hardly be else than the autumnal or im-
mature plumage of this species ; which has also furnished
the basis for the Sylvia Childrenii, and perhaps, too, the
tS. Rathbonice of Audubon's works. The " Sylvia flava
Lath.," of Linsley, p. 258, cannot be identified. It may
be either the Summer Warbler, or D. palmarum.

No. 487, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 508, ?. "

Dendroeca maculosa Baird. — Black and Yellow Warbler.
Chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; common. But it
breeds in Maine, and apparently not rarely (Calais, Me.,
Verr., p. 234). It goes very far north in the interior of
North America.

No. 499, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
Nos. 611, 512, $ " " " " "

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 36 JUNE, 1868.

274 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Dendroeca palniarum Baird. — Red-poll Warbler. The
Sylvia petechia of the earlier American writers (Peab.,
p. 307, LinsL, p. 256), but by no means the true petechia,
which is a Jamaican species, closely related to D. wstiva.
Common spring and autumn migrant, remaining unusvfally
late in the fall, as I have also found to be the case in other
localities. It also differs considerably in its habits from
most Dendrcecee. A few probably breed in the more
northern portions. It goes considerably farther north in
summer.

No. 516, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Dendroeca discolor Baird. — Prairie Warbler. Com-
mon summer resident as far as Massachusetts, which is
about its northern limit.

No. 513, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Dendroeca ccerulea Baird. — Blue Warbler. Very rare
summer resident. (LinsL, p. 257; Putn., p. 207.)
Known to occur as far north as Nova Scotia. It is not
ordinarily included in local lists. (Omitted from Sam.
0. O.)

Perissoglossa tigrina Baird. — Cape May Warbler. Ex-
tremely rare summer resident. — ("Summer visitant;
common; breeds." Calais, Me., Jloardm., p. 125.
Springfield, Mass., May 13, 1863, AIL, p. 63; Lynn,
Mass., 1847, S. Jillson, Putn., p. 207; E. Windsor
Hill, Ct., Dr. W. Wood, AIL, p. 63; Stratford, Conn.,
Lins., p. 256.)

For an admirable and succinct synopsis of the Massa-
chusetts Wood- warblers, see AIL, p. 64; and compare
with a summary of those of the District of Columbia,
ulven by Coues and Prentiss (Smithsonian Report, 1861,
p. 408.)

Myiodioctes pusillus Bon. — Black-capped Flycatching
Warbler. A rather uncommon summer resident ; chiefly
however seen during its migrations.

No. 501, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1855.

Myiodioctes Ganadensis Aud. (" Sylvia pardalina Bp."
of Lins., p. 256.) — Canada Flycatching Warbler. Com-
mon. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant, but many
breed, and some as far south as Massachusetts. ("Breeds :

COUE8, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 275

Norway, Me., Verr., p. 12 ; do. Calais, Me., Boardm., p.
125; do. Lynn, Mass., Brew., B. S. N. H., vi, p. 4;
"Mass, in summer;" Putn., p. 206 ; Sam., p. 7.)

No. 500, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 5'26, ?. " " " " .(,',Vr',.

Myiodioctes mitratus Audubon. — Hooded Fly catching
Warbler. Very rare, and perhaps accidental summer
visitant to more southern portions. (Mass., "Very rare ;
summer," Sam., p. 7; Conn., AIL, p. 83; New Haven,
Ct., LinsL, p. 257.)

The Muscicapa or Myiodioctes "minuta" has been re-
peatedly attributed to New England. (Berkshire Co.,
Muss., Emmons, Peab., p. 297; Putn., p. 226; Salem,
Mass., Nutt., p. 297; Ipswich, Mass., Brewer; Mass.,
"doubtful" AIL, p. 83.) I think it probable that some
one of the small Empidonaces has been mistaken for it.
M. "minuta" is rather an apocryphal species, with which
latter day ornithologists do not profess to be acquainted.

Setophaga ruticiUa Swains. — Redstart. Common sum-
mer resident. In southern portions chiefly spring and
autumn migrant.

No. 524, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 525, ?. " ' "

TANAGRID^B. ^

Pyranga rubra Vieill. — Scarlet Tanager. Summer
resident, common ; less so in more northern portions.

No. 412, .$. Salem, Essex Co. F. W. Putnam, 185G.
No. 413, $ . Lynn, " " S. Jillson, June, 1855,

Pyranga mstiva Vieill. — Summer Tanager. Very rare
(probably only accidental), as far north as Massachusetts.
(Lynn, Ma»s., April 21, 1852, S. Jillson, Putn., p. 224;
AIL, p. 83. Stratford and New Haven, Ct. ; LinsL, p.
261. Omitted from Sam. O. O.)

HIRUNDINID^E.

Hirundo horreorum Barton. — Barn Swallow. Abun-
dant summer resident.

No. 480, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillsou, 1856.
No. 483, ?.

276 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Petrochelidon lunifrons Cab. — Cliff Swallow. "Eaves
Swallow." Abundant summer resident.

Prof. Yerrill (13. S. N. H. vol. ix, p. 276, 1863) has
recently elucidated some very interesting facts relative to
the distribution of this species, substantiating its occur-
rence in Eastern North America long before the time
when it was erroneously supposed to have immigrated
from the west. My present belief in the matter is that
the Clifi' Swallow is, and always has been, amenable to the
ordinary laws of migration, and spread over nearly all of
North America, the South Atlantic States, perhaps, ex-
cepted. The numerous recorded dates of its appearance
and breeding in particular localities, merely mark the
times when the birds forsook their natural breeding
places, and built under eaves, which enabled them to pass
the summer where formerly they were unable to breed
for want of suitable accommodations.

No. 482, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.
•No. 479, ? . Essex Co. Mr. Houghton, 1848.

Tachycineta bicolor Cab. — White-bellied Swallow.
Abundant summer resident.

No. 481, ? . Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

Gotyle riparia Boie. — Bank Swallow. Abundant sum-
mer resident.

No. 478. Essex Co. F. W. Putnam, 1854.

Progne subis Baird. — Purple Martin. Common sum-
mer resident.

It is very singular that there should be no instances on
record of the occurrence in New England of the Rough-
winged Swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, as the species
certainly ought to be found there.

AMPELID.E.

Ampelis garrulus Linn. — Bohemian Wax- wing. A very
rare visitant from the north in winter, and of very irreg-
ular occurrence. Accidental in more southern sections.
(Mass., Peab., p. 290; Putn., p. 228; AIL, p. 66;
8am., p. 7. — Conn., Dr. W. Wood, AIL, p. 66.)

Ampelis cedrorum Baird. — Cedar Wax-wing. " Cedar

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 277

Bird." "Cherry Bird." Resident. Abundant. Breeds
throughout, and winters in the more southern portions.

No. 475. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 564, 2. "

LANIID^E.

Collurio borealis Baird. — Butcher Bird. Great North-
ern Shrike. Regular winter resident, but not very com-
mon south of Maine. None have been known to breed.

No. 468, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Dec., 1855.
No. 469, 2. Salem, " " B. Grover, Autumn, 1860.
No. 470, ?. Lynn, " " S. Jillson, Winter, 1855.

Collurio excubitoroides Baird. — White-rumped Shrike.
Of very doubtful occurrence. (Emm., p. 3; Peab., p.
292 ; apparently upon the authority of Nuttall (Man. ii,
p. 564), who may have been mistaken. Not given in
more recent lists.) New England is beyond its ordinary
range. Still the species is found at Hamilton, Canada
WTest (" Summer resident ; not very rare." McIL,p. 87) ,
and very likely may occasionally occur.

No. 1170, Hamilton, Canada West, T. Mcllwraith, 1866.

Mr. Putnam gives C. Ludovicianus in the appendix of
his list, misquoting it for "excubitoroides," and giving the
authority of the above-mentioned writers for its insertion.
Ludovicianus is entirely a southern species, and I know
of no authentic instance of its straggling into New Eng-
land. I never found it as far north even as Washington,
D. C. Mr. Linsley, however, gives it under the name of
"Lanius Carolinensis" but upon merely opinionative
data.

VIREONID.E.

Vireo olivaceus Vieill. — Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant
summer resident.

No. 471, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, March, 1855.

Vireo gilvus Bon. — Warbling Vireo. Common sum-
mer resident.

Vireo Philadelphia's Cass. — Brotherly Love Vireo.*

* As this species has not yet been christened in the vernacular, I beg
leave of Mr. Cassin to bestow upon it the above literal translation of
its classical appellation.

278 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

A very rare summer visitant throughout New England.
(Waterville, Me., HamL, p. 4, only recorded instance.)
But it is probably of regular though very rare occurrence.
Vireo solitarius Vieill. — Blue-headed Vireo. Rather
rare summer resident. Breeds throughout.

No. 473, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
Vireo flavifrom Vieill. — Yellow-throated Vireo. Com-
mon summer resident, chiefly in more southern sections.
(Waterville, Me., HamL, p. 4; not recorded in other
Maine lists.)

No. 474, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, March, 1855.

Vireo JVovceboracensis Bonap. — White-eyed Vireo.
Summer resident, chiefly of more southern sections ; and,
singularly enough, very rare in or absent from particu-
lar localities. Not recorded in Maine lists. "Not known
at Springfield, Mass." (AIL, p. 67. "Rather common:"
Essex Co., Mass., Putn., p. 213.)

No. 472, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, March, 1855.

TROGLODYTHXE.

Troglodytes aedon Vieill. — House Wren. — Common
summer resident. I do not think it goes much north of
New England.

Troglodytes Americanus And. — Wood Wren. This is
a species recognized by all the local writers, chiefly as a
spring and autumn migrant, but probably also breeding.
Its relations to aedon are very intimate, and the species is
by many authors considered as a dubious one. (Omitted
from Sam. O. O.)

I have in my private cabinet a specimen taken many
years ago near Portsmouth, N. H., wnich was examined
by Mr. Audubon himself, and pronounced to be of this
species. It is rather larger and browner, and with less of
a light superciliary line than the average of aedon; but
looks very like a House Wren.

Anorthura hyemalis Rennie. — Winter Wren. Not
abundant. Chiefly winter resident, but also breeds, at
least in northern sections. (Calais, Me., J3oardm.,p. 126.)

Cistothorus palustris Cab. — Marsh Wren. — Summer

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 279

resident : not abundant. Chiefly along the coast. It
must be very rare north of Massachusetts, as it is not
contained in Maine lists, though it is known to occur in
Greenland.

Ci&fothontH stellaris Cab. — Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Rather common summer resident as far north at least as
Massachusetts. Not recorded from Maine.

Two other wrens, ThryotJiorus B&wickii and T. Ludo-
vicianus, may possibly enter the southern portions of New
England in summer. Mr. Lawrence (p. 283) records
T. Ludovicianus from New York Island.

CERTHIIDyE.

Certhia Americana Bon. — Brown creeper. Common.
Breeds throughout New England, and winters in its more
southern districts.
. No. 263. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

PAEIDJS.

Sitta Carolinensis Gmelin. — White-bellied Nuthatch.
Resident : abundant.

No. 476, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Autumn, 1854.

Sitta Canadensift Linn. — Red-bellied Nuthatch. Abun-
dant. Resident. Chiefly a winter visitant in more south-
ern, but breeds plentifully in the northern sections.

No. 477y ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Lophopftanes bicolor Bon. — Crested Tomtit. Rare and
perhaps accidental. The only record of its capture that
I have found is the mention of it by Linsley (p. 255).
Chiefly a more southern species, but has been found north
of New England. (Nova Scotia, And., Orn. Biog. v, p.
472.— Near New York., Lawr., p. 283.— Omitted from
Sam. O. O.)

Po&cile atricapillus Bon. — Black-capped Titmouse.
Chickadee. Resident. Abundant.

No. 505, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Nov., 1855.

Poecile, Hudsonicus . — Hudsonian Titmouse. Resi-
dent in more northern ; an occasional or accidental visitor
in winter in the southern sections. ("Breeds." Calais,

280 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Me., Boardm., p. 126, Fen'., p. 22. — Mass, in winter;
Peab., p. 402; Putn., p. 227 ; _4#., p. 83.)

ALAUDIML

Eremophila cornuta Boie. — Shore Lark. Winter res-
ident. Not abundant. Breeds plentifully in Labrador.

No. 368, $. Nahant, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Dec., 1855.
No. 369, ?. " " ''• " " "

FRINGILLID^E.

Pinicola Canadensis Cab. — Pine Grosbeak. Regular

O

winter visitant, and common in Maine. Further south it
is rare and occasional. (New Haven, Conn., Linsl., p. 261.)

No. 408, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, July, 1855.
No. 403, ?. " " " " " "

Mr. Mcllwraith (p. 88) records the capture of the
Evening Grosbeak, Hesperiphona vespertina Bon., at
Woodstock, Canada.

Carpodacus purpureus Gray. — Purple Finch. Resi-
dent, or nearly so. Abundant. Breeds plentifully in
more northern portions ; and winters more sparingly in
the southern.

No. 415, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring, 1855.
No. 418, $. " " " " " "

Astragalinus tristis Cabanis. — Goldfinch. Abundant.
Breeds plentifully ; and remains through the winter, ex-
cept in the more northern regions.

No. 419, $ . Essex Co. S. Jillson, Summer, 1855.
No. 420, $. " " " " Dec., 1855.

Chrysomitris pinus Bon. — Pine Linnet. Abundant
and generally distributed, chiefly as summer resident in
more northern, and winter resident in more southern,
regions. Known to breed in Massachusetts.

No. 421, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Winter, 1854-5.
No. 109, $. Chicago, 111. 11. Kennicott, May. From Chicago
Academy of Science, 1864.

^Egiothus Unarms Cabauis. — Lesser Redpoll Linnet.
Common. Not known to breed. A winter visitant, of ir-
regular occurrence, sometimes appearing in great numbers.

No. 416, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 281

^Egiothus exilipes Cones. — American Mealy Eedpoll.
Very rare and occasional winter visitant. This is Linaria
or ^Egiothus "canescens" of Audubon's works and of the
local lists. I do not think the true canescens, from
Greenland, occurs.

In addition to the preceding it is very probable that my
-&giothusfuscescens, from Labrador, occurs in winter.

Curvirostra Americana Wils. — Red Crossbill. Resi-
dent, and abundant, though of irregular and uncertain
occurrence. Known to .breed at least as far south as
Massachusetts. ("Said to breed in winter." Calais, Me.,
JBoardm., p. 126.)

No. 407, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Winter, 1855.
No. 405, ?. " " " " " "

Curvirostra leucoptera Wils. — White-winged Crossbill.
Resident, and common, though less so than the preceding.
In southern portions it is chiefly a winter visitant. ("Res-
ident; breeds in winter;" Calais, Me., Board., p. 126.)

No. 410, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Winter, 1855.
No. 406, <j>. " . " " " " "

Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. — Snow Bunting. Com-
mon winter visitant, but rarely remains all summer in
New England. (Breeding; Springfield, Mass., summer
of 1862. *C. W. Bennett, AU., p. 70.)

No. 373. Essex Co. Joshua Cleaves, Nov. 13, 1859.

No. 1171, $. Salem, Essex Co. S. Carlen, Jan. 1867.

No. 1172, ?. " " " " " " "

No. 106, adult. Great Slave Lake. From the Chicago Acad., 1864.

Plectrophanes Lapponicus Selby. — Lapland Bunting.
Rare winter visitant throughout New England.

No. 372. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Chondestes grammacus Swains.— Lark Finch. One
instance. Entirely exceptional. (Gloucester, 1845, S.
Jillson. Putn., p. 224.)

Passerculus savanna Bon. — Savannah Sparrow. Abun-
dant. Chiefly spring and autumn visitant, but breeds,
especially in more northern portions. Probably none
winter.

No. 392, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

PASSERCULUS " ALAUDINUS " Bon. Western Savannah
Sparrow.

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V- 37 JULY, 1868.

282 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

I do not think that this supposed species is perma-
nently distinct from the preceding.

No. 104. Great Bear Lake, Arctic America. From the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Pooecetes gramineus Baird. — Bay-winged Bunting.
Grass Finch. Abundant summer resident.

No. 398, adult. Essex Co. F. W. Putnam, 1856.

Coturniculus passerinus Bon. — Yellow-winged Spar-
row. Summer resident. Abundant, becoming less com-
mon in more northern sections. (^Fringilla savanna-
rum?" Peab., p. 324.)

Coturniculus Henslowii Bon. — Henslow's Sparrow.
Summer resident, and very rare ; not recorded north of
Massachusetts. (Springfield, Mass., A II. , p. 71. Lynn,
Mass., 8am., p. 9. Berlin, Mass., E. S. Wheeler, Proc.
B. S. N. H. vii, p. 137.)

Zonotrichia leucophrys Swainson. — White-crowned
Sparrow. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant. Not
known 'to breed, though doubtless it does so; and some
probably winter. Usually common, but of somewhat
irregular occurrence.

No. 107. Chicago, 111., E. Kennicott, May. From the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Zonotrichia albicollis Bon. — White-throated Sparrow.
Chiefly spring and autumn migrant, though many breed,
especially in more northern sections. Abundant. Few,
if any, remain through the winter.

No. 397, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

Ammodromus maritimus Swains. — Sea-side Finch.
Common summer resident as far north as New Hampshire,
where I have found it abundant. Not recorded from
Maine. It is chiefly a coast species.

Ammodromus caudacutus Swains. — Sharp-tailed Finch.
Distribution much the same as that of the preceding.

Junco hyemalis Sclater. — Snow Bird. Abundant.
Resident. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; but breeds
plentifully in Maine. Also breeds, but much more spar-
ingly, towards the southern limits, where some also re-
main all winter.

No. 422, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 283

Spizella monticola Baird. — Tree Sparrow. Abundant.
Chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; but breeds, rarely
at least, as far south as Massachusetts, where many re-
main through the winter.

Nos. 394, $ ; 399, <j> . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858.
No. 105, Anderson River, north of Great Bear Lake, Arctic America.
R. McFarlane. From the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Spizella socialis Bon. — Chipping Sparrow. Abundant.*
Summer resident.

No. 401, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Spring of 1856.
No. 423, ? . " " " " Autumn of 1856.

Spizella pusilla Bon. — Field Sparrow. Abundant.
Summer resident.

No. 402, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1858.

Melospiza melodia Baird. — Song Sparrow. Abundant.
Summer resident. I think it will be found to winter in
the more southern portions.

No. 391, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, Winter of 1856.
No. 395, $. «•!.«* " « 1856.

Melospiza palustris Baird. — Swamp Sparrow. Com-
mon summer resident. Some probably winter towards
the southern limit.

No. 400, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

Melospiza Lincolnii Baird. — Lincoln's Sparrow. This
is a most extensively distributed spewes, whose range
includes almost the whole continent of North America,
and yet it is everywhere of uncommon occurrence. Three
instances only of its capture in New England are recorded.
(Springfield, Mass., May of 1860, '63, '64. AIL, p. 73.
Omitted from Sam. O. O. )

Passerella iliaca Swains. — Fox-colored Finch. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant. Not recorded as either
breeding or wintering in New England.

No. 393, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

No. 100, Washington, D. C. C. Drexler. From the Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences, 1864.

If the Passerella obscura Verrill (Proc. B. S. N. H.,
ix, 1862, p. 143) be a valid species it undoubtedly
visits New England in its migrations.

Pyrgita domestica. — European House Sparrow. In-
troduced, and at present only found in certain localities,

284 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

though it will doubtless before long become generally
distributed. All the important circumstances attending
the introduction of the species are fortunately on record.
See, particularly, Lawr., p. 287 ; Proc. B. 8. N. H., xi,
1867, p. 157, and 1868, p. 389 : also "Atlantic Monthly"
for 1868.

Euspiza Americana Bon. — Black-throated Bunting.
Rare or accidental as far north as Massachusetts, beyoud
which it is not recorded. ("Mass.," Nutt., i, p. 461;
Emm.,^. 4; Peab., p. 319; Putn., p. 227; /Sam., p.
10; AIL, p.. 84. "New Haven, Conn. ; very common;"
Lins., p. 261.)

No. 103, $. Utah. C. S. McCarthy. From the Chicago Academy
of Sciences, 1864.

Guiraca Ludoviciana Swains. — Rose-breasted Gros-
beak. Throughout New England in summer. Not
abundant, except in particular localities, where it appears
to have increased in numbers of late years (e. g. Essex
Co. ; "quite common;" S. Jillson, Putn., p. 212).

No. 411, $, Essex Co. S. Jilison, 1866.
No. 409, ?. " " " " "

Guiraca coerulea Swains. — Blue Grosbeak. Summer
visitant; rare or occasional. As far north, at least, as
Calais, Me. (Boardm., p. 127. — Omitted from Sam.
0. 0.)

Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. — Indigo Bird. Summer
resident. Not abundant much north of Massachusetts.

No. 424, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.
No. 417, $. " " " " "

Gardinalis Virginianus'Bp. Cardinal Grosbeak. Rare
and accidental as far north as Massachusetts. Perhaps,
as suggested by Mr. Linsley, some of the instances of its
occurrence may have been cage-birds which had escaped.
(See Nutt., Man. i, p. 519. — Connecticut, Peab., p. 329 ;
AIL, p. 85. — New York Island, Lawr., p. 286. — Omit-
ted from Sam. 0. 0.)

Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vieill. — Towhee Bunting.
Summer visitant. Most abundant in more southern por-
tions.

No. 414, $ . Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 557, $, young. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, July, 1855.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 285

Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swains. — Bob-o'-link. Abun-
dant summer resident.

No. 453, $, Summer. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 458, ?, " " " " " "

No. 459, $, Winter. " " " " 1856.

No. 455, $, Autumn. " " '" "

Molothrus pecoris Swains. (Fringilla, ambigua Nutt.,
and of the earlier local authors.) Cow Bird. Common
summer resident.

No. 460, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 454, ?. " " " "

Agelceus phoeniceus Vieill. — Red-winged Black-bird.
Abundant summer resident.

No. 448, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.
No. 466, $. " " " " "

Sturnella magna Swains. — Field-lark. Resident, but
most abundant in summer, as the greater number leave
during the- winter. " Southern Maine in summer ; not
common" (Verr., p. 22). Probably does not go much
farther north.

No. 461, ?. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

No. 98. Peoria, 111. F. Bischofl". Prom the Chicago Academy of
Sciences, 1864.

Icterus Bdltimorensis Daudiu. — Baltimore Oriole.
" Golden Robin." Abundant summer resident.

No. 446, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 447, ?. " " "

Icterus spurius Bon. — Orchard Oriole. Summer resi-
dent. Rare ; and probably not extending to the northern
limits.

Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swains. — Rusty Grackle.
Common, chiefly during the migrations ; but it breeds in
northern sections, and some probably winter.

No. 449, $ : immature. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Sept. 1855.

No. 450, $ ; " " " " " " 1856.

Quiscalus versicolor Vieill. — Purple Grackle. Com-
mon summer resident.

No. 451, $. Lynn, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Sept., 1855.
No. 452, ?.

Quiscalus major Vieill. — Boat-tailed Grackle. En-

286 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

tirely accidental, in summer ; but has been known to breed.
(Cambridge, Mass., Sam., p. 10; AIL, p. 85.) This is
the Quiscalus "baritus" of Peabody (p. 285), and of
Linsley (p. 260; "New Haven; one specimen"). (Omit-
ted from /Sam. 0. O.)

CORVIDJE.

Corvus carnivorus Bartram. — Raven. Resident, and
not uncommon in more northern sections. "Breeds on
cliffs at Grand Menan" (Boardm., p. 127). Accidental,
or at least unusual towards the southern limits. (Spring-
field, Mass., 1859 ; AIL, p. 75. Quite common on the
New Jersey coast, Lawr., p. 289.)

Corvus Americanus Aud. — Crow. Abundant. Resi-
dent, except, perhaps, towards the extreme north in the
depth of winter.

No. 456, <j> . Beverly, Essex Co. F. W. Putnam, 1863.
No. 457. Essex Co.

Corvus ossifragus Wils. — Fish Crow. A rare sum-
mer visitor, chiefly along the more southern portions of
the coast.

Cyanura cristata Swains. — Blue Jay. Abundant.
Resident. Mostly retires from the extreme north in mid-
winter.

No. 465, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Perisoreus Canadensisl&on. — Canada Jay. "Whiskey-
Jack." Chiefly a winter visitant from the north. Very
rare, and only occasional farther south than Maine. Mr.
Boardman (p. 127) gives it as resident, and breeding
about Calais, Me. (Mass., Putn., p. 228. Not given by
Mr. Samuels nor Mr. Allen, as a bird of the State. Near
Manhattan ville, N. Y. Island, in midsummer, Lawr., p.
289.)

COLUMBID^B.

Ectopistes migratorius Swains. — Wild Pigeon. Com-
mon. Exceedingly abundant at irregular intervals.
Breeds. Not known to winter.

No. 528, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 287

Zencedura Carolinensis Bon. — Dove. Summer resi-
dent. Common in more southern, rare in the northern
regions.

,No. 527, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

TETRAONID^E.

Tetrao Canadensis Linn. — Spruce Partridge. Resident,
if not abundant, in more northern sections. Uncommon,
as far south as Massachusetts. "A common resident near
the Umbagog Lakes" ( Verr., p. 17). "Resident. Com-
mon. Breeds" (Calais, Me., £oardm.,p. 128). "Hem-
lock woods of Gloucester, Sept., 1851" (S. Jillson,
quoted by Putn., p. 224, and^t^., p. 85). Not given
by Samuels as a Massachusetts bird.

No. 864, ? . Maine. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 866, $. " " " "

No. 865, $. " K. Brookhouse, Feb., 1856.

JBonasa umbella Steph. — Ruffed Grouse. Common.
Resident.

This is the " Partridge " of New England, but known
as the "Pheasant" farther south, where the Ortyx Virgini-
anus is known as the Partridge. The latter is the "Quail"
of New Englanders.

No. 871, $. Essex Co.

Nos. 868-69-70, ? . Essex Co.

Cupidonia cupido Baird. — Pinnated Grouse. "Prairie
Hen." This species is still known to reside in certain
localities in New England, though much less numerous
than formerly, and doubtless destined shortly to become
extinct. (Long Island, Martha's Vineyard, Naushon,
etc.) Mr. Peabody (p. 355) says they were "once very
common in New England," but that " the only place where
they are now (1839) found in Massachusetts is in Mar-
tha's Vineyard, and one small island near it." Mr. Allen
says (p. 85), "nearly extinct in Massachusetts. A few
are still occasional visitors in the south-eastern part of the
State, from Long Island, where they still remain." Mr.
Samuels says (p. 11), "only found on Martha's Vineyard
and Naushon." Not recorded farther north. (Examine
also: Emm., p. 4; Lins., p. 264; Putn., p. 229;

288 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Nutt., Man. p.; And., Orn. Biog., ii, p. 490;

B. Am., v, p. 93 ; Cabot, Proc. B. S. N. H., v, p. 154.)

Nos. 861, 867, $. Illinois. Dr. William Mack, Aug., 1845.
No. 862, ? . Illinois. N. Vickary, May, 1860.

PEDKECETES COLUMBIANUS Elliot. — Sharp -tailed
Grouse. (_P. phasianellus Baird, nee Linn.)

No. 863, $. Winter. Boston Market. Probably from Illinois. S.
Jillson, Jan., 1856.

CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS Swains. — Sage Cock.
Cock of the Plains.

No. 95. Colorado Mts., west of Denver City. D. Thompson. From
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1864.

The Wild Turkey, formerly abundant, is now generally
believed to be nearly or quite extinct. As long ago as
1839, Mr. Peabody tells us, it had become very rare.
At the present day it is given by some Massachusetts
authorities, and not by others. Mr. Allen "can find no
authentic instance of its recent capture in this State,
although it has been said to occur wild on Mts. Tom
and Holyoke." As Mr. Allen judiciously hints, we must
take care not to confound the domesticated Turkey run
wild with the true M. gallopavo. The former may always
be recognized by the conspicuous whitish tips of the
feathers of the rump and upper-tail coverts, which are
like those of the M. Mexicana Gould. Mr. Samuels
omits the species. Mr. Putnam gives it, but entirely
upon the authority of the older writers. It is contained
in none of the Maine lists. Mr. Linsley wrote of it in
1843, "the last Wild Turkey that I have known in Con-
necticut was taken . . . about thirty years since, on
Letoket Mountain, in Northford."

PERDICID^E.

Ortyx Virginiana Bon. — Quail. — Resident, as far
north as Massachusetts. Not very abundant, and appa-
rently rapidly becoming less numerous. Not recorded in
the Maine lists.

No. 858, $. Essex Co.
No. 857, ?. " "

Lophortyx Californicus Bon. — California Plumed

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 289

Quail. Of exceptional and entirely accidental occur-
rence, and not really entitled to a place in the list, as the
specimens captured were doubtless cage-birds. ("Bridge-
port, Ct., Dec., 1840"; Lins., p. 264.)

LAGOPID.E.

Lagopus albus Aud. — White Ptarmigan. Rare, in
winter, in more northern portions. Hardly known as a
straggler so far south as Massachusetts. ("Northern
Maine, in winter; rare;" Verr., p. 22. — Omitted from
8am. O. O.)

No. 860. White plumage. Manchester, Essex Co., May 10, 1859 ;
but supposed to have been brought alive from Labrador or Newfound-
land and escaped.

No. 76, $ • Summer plumage, Sukkertoppen, Greenland, July 30,
1862. From the Williams College Lyceum, 1864.

No. 94. White plumage. Great Slave Lake. K. Kennicott. From
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1864.

I am not confident that these three specimens are of the same spe-
cies ; or that albus is their proper name.

GRUID.E.
GRUS CANADENSIS Temm. — Sand-hill Crane.

Nos. 1034; 1035. Bloomington, 111. Dr. E. S. L. Kichardson.

The Whooping Crane, G. Americanos, has been at-
tributed to New England by one author. (Emm., p. 5 ;
and quoted by Putn., p. 229.) No recent writers pre-
sent it. Its occurrence must be regarded as extremely
problematical.

ARDEHXE.

Ardea herodias Linn. — Great Blue Heron. "Blue
Crane." Summer resident. Common.

No. 996, $. Essex Co. J. Webster, 1856.

No. 997, $ , young. Essex Co.

No. 464, £ . Newburyport, Essex Co.

Herodias egretta Gray. — Great White Egret. Rare
summer visitant ; hardly farther north than Massachu-
setts. No part of New England is within its regular
range ; and its occurrence must be considered accidental,

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 38 JULY, 1868.

290 'COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

though recorded in several instances. (HJ. g. Putn., p.
218 ; AIL, p. 76. —Omitted from Sam. O. 0.)

Garzetta candidissima Bon. — Snowy Heron, or Little
White Egret. Stragglers only as far north as Massachu-
setts. "Spring: very rare" (Essex Co., Mass., Putn.,
p. 218). "Boston, 1862"; (AIL, p. 86.)

.Florida ccerulea Baird. — Little Blue Heron. Acci-
dental as far north as Massachusetts. "Very rare. Sum-
mer visitor." (Sam., p. 11.) "Stragglers taken."
(AIL, p. 86. — Omitted from Sam. O. 0.)

Ar delta exilis Gray. — Least Bittern. Very rare in
summer, as far as Southern Maine. ( Verr., p. 22.)

No. 88. Chicago, 111. H. O. Snow. From Chicago Acad. Sci., 1864.

JBotaurus lentiginosus Steph. — Bittern. Common
summer resident throughout New England. This is one
of the few Herons found as far north as Labrador.

No. 999. Essex Co. R. Brookhouse, 1856.
No. 1000. " "

Butorides virescens Bon. — Green Heron. Common
summer resident throughout New England.

No. 1021. Essex Co.

No. 1022, young. Essex Co.

Nyctiardea Gardenii Baird. — Night Heron. "Qua-
bird." " Squawk." Very abundant summer resident.
There are extensive " heronries " of this species at Wen-
ham and Rowley, and also at Camden, Mass., though fast
becoming things of the past.

No. 998, young ; first plumage. Rowley, Essex Co. H. P. Ives, 1854.

No. 993. Essex Co.

No. 994. Salem, Essex Co. L. J. Johnson, April 16, 1852.

No. 995. " " " B. S. Grover, 1854.

No. 396, <J> , young. Essex Co. Amos Prince, May 30, 1866.

The Yellow-crowned Night Heron, Nyctherodius viola-
ceus, may also occur. The Louisiana Heron, Demiegretta
Ludoviciana, has been detected as far north as New York
(JLawr., p. 292), and may occasionally straggle into New
England, though I know of no record of its occurrence.

Falcinellus Ordii Bon. — Glossy Ibis. Has been oc-
casionally taken as far north as Massachusetts, but its
appearance must be regarded as exceptional. (Emm., p.
5; Peab., p. 365; Lins., p. 266; Putn., p. 230; AIL,

COTJES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 291

p. 86; Cabot, B. S. N. H., iii, pp. 313, 333, 355; iv,
p. 346; Nutt., Man. ii, p. 88; Laivr., p. 292. — Omit-
ted from Sam. O. 0.)

IBIS RUBRA Vieili. — Scarlet Ibis. Nos. 990, 991, from
Brazil. The claims of this species to a place in the Fauna
of the United States rest upon insufficient evidence.

The White Ibis (/. alba] sometimes strays along the
coast to New York (Lawr., p. 292), and may reach New

England .

CHAEADEIID^E.

Charadrius Virginicus Borck. — Golden Plover. Spring
and autumn migrant. Abundant.

No. 1014, young. Essex Co.

No. 1015. Cape Cod, Mass. S. Jillson, Sept., 1854.

^Egialitis vociferus Cass. — Kildeer Plover. Summer
resident ; common, but somewhat irregularly distributed.

^gialitis semipalmatus Cab. — Ring Plover. Spring
and autumn migrant. Usually abundant. A few prob-
ably breed.

No. 1016. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 1018. " " " " "

^Egialitis melodus Cab. — Piping Plover. Summer
resident. Many breed on the islands and along the coast.
Most abundant, however, during its migrations.

No. 1017, $. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853.

^Egialitis Wilsonius Cass. — Wilson's Plover. Appears
to be rather rare, and perhaps only occasional, as far
north as Massachusetts. I do not find it recorded from
Maine. Dr. Brewer's authority for its abundance at
Nahant, in August, 1838, is the one usually quoted.
Samuels, however, says (p. 11) "common in spring and
fall," which is at variance with the statements of most
observers. Eecorded from Stratford, Ct. (Lins.,p. 265.)
The species really belongs to a more southern region.

Squatarola helvetica Cuvier. — Black-bellied Plover.
Spring and autumn migrant. Not ordinarily very abun-
dant.

No. 1008. Spring. Essex Co. A. Houghton, 1836.

No. 1010. Fall. " " " " "

No. 1011. Winter. " " " "

No. 1012, $, young. Cape Cod, Mass. S. Jillson, Sept. 1854.

292 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

ILEMATOPODIIXE.

Hwmatopus palliatus Temm. — Oyster Catcher. Of
very unusual occurrence, along the coast. (Mass., T. M.
Brewer. Peab., p. 358: Emm., p. 5; Putn., p. 230;
AIL, p. 86.)

Strepsilas interpres Illig. — Turnstone. Spring and au-
tumn migrant. Not common.

No. 1019. Essex Co.

No. 1020, $, young. Nahant, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Sept. 1855.

RECURVIROSTRIDJE.

Recurvirostra Americana Gm. — Avoset. Very rare,
and perhaps accidental. (Calais, Me., one instance,
spring of 1862. Boardm., p. 128 ; Verr., p. 22. — Mass.,
Emm., p. 5; Putn., p. 230; All., p. 86.)

Himantopus nigricollis Vieill. — Black-necked Stilt.
Very rare and perhaps only accidental. (Calais, Me.,
spring of 1862, one instance. Boardm., p. 128; Verr.t
p. 22. — Mass., Emm., p. 5; Peab., p. 358; Putn., p.
230; All., p. 86. — Omitted from Sam., O. 0.)

The ordinary range of both the preceding species is
more southern and western. But Mr. Lawrence (p. 295)
has found them near New York.

PHALAROPODID^E.

Steganopus Wilsonii Coues. — Wilson's Phalarope.
Very rare, perhaps only accidental, and chiefly during its
migrations. (Putn., p. 227 ; All., p. 86, quoting Audu-
bon's authority; Lawr., p. 295; omitted from Sam.,
O. O.)

Phalaropus fulicarius Bon. — Red Phalarope. Rare or
occasional along the coast, during its migrations. (Law.,
p. 295 ; omitted from 8am., 0. 0.)

Lobipes hyperboreus Cuv. — Northern Phalarope. Not
abundant. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; but Mr.
Verrill thinks some may breed off the coast of Maine.

This is probably the species spoken of by Mr. Board-
man, as very common in the Bay of Fundy.

No. 1050. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

COUES, BIEDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 293

SCOLOPACID^E.

Scolopax rusticola Linn. — European Woodcock. This
species is authenticated as occurring on our coast from
Newfoundland to New York, as a straggler from Europe.
Examine in this connection Lawr.-> p. 292, and Baird,
Am. Journ. Sci. and Art, xli, 1866, p. 25.

Philohela minor Gray. — Woodcock. Abundant sum-
mer resident.

No. 1040, ? . Essex Co.

Gallinago Wilsonii Bon. — Snipe. Common. Chiefly
during its migrations ; but many breed, especially in the
more northern sections.

No. 1044. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, December, 1853.

Macrorhamrphus griseus Leach. — Red-breasted Snipe.
Seen chiefly while migrating ; but some breed in the more
northern sections. "Summer visitant." (Calais, Me.,
Boardm., p. 128.)

The M. scolopaceus Lawr., is undoubtedly to be added
to the list. New York market, March 20th; Lawr.,
p. 294.

Galidris arenaria Illiger. — Sanderling. Abundant.
Chiefly spring and autumn migrant, but perhaps perma-
nent resident. I know that some winter on the New
Hampshire coast; and Mr. Verrill (p. 23) gives it as
abundant on the Maine coast in summer.

No. 1026. Essex Co.

No. 1027, ? . Essex Co. R. Waters, August, 1858.

Tringa canutus Linn. — Knot. Ash-colored or Red-
breasted Sandpiper. Abundant. Spring and autumn mi-
grant along the coast. Some doubtless winter.

No. 1040. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 1047, young. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Arquatella maritima Baird. — Purple Sandpiper. On
the coast in spring, autumn, and winter. Not very un-
common. Not known to breed.

Ancylocheilus s'ubarquatus Kaup. — Curlew Sandpiper.
Very rare ; seen chiefly during its migrations. The spe-
cies is in America hardly more, perhaps, than a visitor
from Europe.

294 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

The four preceding Tringece are essentially maritime,
rarely quitting the immediate vicinity of the sea.

Pelidna Americana Coues. — American Dunlin. Red-
backed or black-bellied Sandpiper ; ( Tringa alpina of
early writers) . Abundant. Chiefly spring and autumn
migrant, but some winter.

Actodromas maculata Cass. — Pectoral Sandpiper.
"Jacksnipe;" "Grass Snipe;" (Tringa pectoralis Say,
and early writers). Common during the migrations, par-
ticularly in the autumn.

No. 1046, ? . Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

Actodromas minutilla Coues. — Least Sandpiper.
"Peep." Very abundant during its migrations. Chiefly
maritime, but very generally distributed.

No. 1025. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853.

No. 91. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. From the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Actodromas Bonapartei Cass. — Bonaparte's Sandpiper.
White-rumped Sandpiper. "Tringa Schinzii" of earlier
authors. A very common and widely distributed species,
whose range includes nearly all of North America, at
least east of the Rocky Mountains. They are exceed-
ingly abundant in Labrador toward the end of summer ;
and I have found them equally numerous in Kansas Ter-
ritory, in May, while migrating northward. They breed
in very high latitudes, and are only found in New Eng-
land, so far as I am aware, during their migrations.

No. 1023. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853.

No. 1048. " " S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 1049. " " " " "

Ereunetes pusillus Cass. — Semipalmated Sandpiper.
"Peep." Abundant. Spring and autumn migrant. Not
known to breed. Some may winter. Chiefly maritime.

No. 1024. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853.

No. 90, Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. From the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1864.

The Stilt Sandpiper, Micropalama himantopus, may be
confidently expected to occur ; but I cannot refer to any
recorded instances of its capture. Mr. Lawrence includes
it in his New York list.

The original of Tringa Cooperii, Baird, was shot on

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 295

Kaynor South, L. I., May 24, 1833, and should be in-
cluded in this list, although I am not aware that any one
has seen or heard of any specimens except the type upon
which the species was based. Mr. Lawrence gives it a
place in his list. Cf. .Baird, B. N. A., p. 716, and Cones,
Pr. A. N. S. Philad., 1861, p. 202.

An extralimital species of Sandpiper, Tringa platy-
rhyncha, now Eurinorhynchus pygmceus, is inserted by
Peabody (p. 367) in the Massachusetts list, on the author-
ity of Mr. S. Cabot, Jr., "who procured a specimen at
Nahant." If this instance be authentic, it is the only one
on record of the occurrence of the species in North
America.

ISymphemia semipalmata Hartl. — Willet. Summer
resident. Not very abundant.

No. 1039. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 1040. " " " " "

Gambetta mela noleuca Bon. — Tell-tale. Stone Snipe.
Common. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant; but
doubtless breeds in more northern portions.

No. 89. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. From the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Gambetta flavipes Bon. — Yellow-legs. Common spring
and autumn migrant. Probably breeds? in the more
northern portions. (Verr., p. 17.)

No. 1033. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver. Spring, 1853.

No. 1045. " " S. Jillson. Autumn, 1855.

Rhyacophilus solitarius Baird. — Solitary Sandpiper.
Not very abundant. Chiefly spring and autumn migrant.
Mr. Samuels (p. 12) gives it as breeding in Massachusetts.

No. 1028, $ . Essex Co. S. Jillson, October, 1855.

Tringoides macularius Gray. — Spotted Tatler. "Tip-
up." "Teeter-tail." Abundant summer resident.

No. 1029, nestling. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853.

No. 1031, nestling. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 1032, young. " " " "

No. 1030, adult.

Actiturus Bartramius Bon. — Bartrarn's Tatler. "Field
Plover." Common. Summer resident ; but most abun-
dant during its migrations.

No. 93. Chicago, 111.- R. Kennicott. From the Chicago Academy
of Sciences, 1864.

296 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Tryngites rufescens Cab. — Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Very rare spring and autumn migrant.

Philomachus pugnax Gray. — Ruff. Accidental. From
Europe. Several instances of its capture at various
points on the New England coast. It is now generally
included among North American birds. (Calais, Me.,
"accidental, one or two instances;" Boardman, Fen*.,
p. 23. Near New York; Lawr., p. 294. Long Island;
Baird, B. N. A., 1858, 727, etc. Omitted from 8am.
O. 0.)

Limosa fedoa Ord. — Marbled Godwit. Not common,
and only during its migrations. . .

No. 1038, ?. Essex Co.

Limosa Hudsonica Swains. (Limosa JSdwardsiiV ot
LinsL, p. 267; perhaps an albino.) — Hudsouian God-
wit. Rare, and only during its migrations.

No. 1051, ? , young. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Numenius longirostris Wils. — Long-billed Curlew.
"Sickle-bill." Not abundant, and only during its mi-
grations.

No. 992. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Numenius Hudsonicus Lath. — Hudsonian Curlew.
Rare, and only during its migrations.

Numenius borealis Lath. — Esquimaux Curlew. Spring
and autumn migrant. It is singular that this species
should not be abundant in New England, considering the
almost incredible numbers that take their departure for
the south from Labrador in early autumn.

In addition to the preceding Totanince, the Totanus
glottis Bechst. ( Glottis Floridana Bp. ) has been accredited
to Connecticut by Mr. Linsley (p. 266 ; Stratford ; one
instance) ; but very possibly through an erroneous iden-
tification.

RALLIED.

Rallus elegans Aud. — Fresh Marsh Hen. Rare, per-
haps accidental, in summer, in the more southern portions.
(Stratford, Ct. LinsL, p. 267.)

Rallus crepitans Gm. — Salt Marsh Hen. Accidental
summer visitor, as far north as Massachusetts. (Cabot,

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 297

B. S. N. H. iii, p. 326; Putn., p. 229; Sam., p. 12;
AIL, p. 87.)

No. 1006, $. Florida. N. C. Bobbins, 1854.

Rallus Virginianus Linn. — Virginia Rail. Summer
visitant. Not very abundant. Known to breed as far
north as Maine.

No. 1009. Ipswich. Essex Co. R. Brookhouse, September, 1858.
No. 1013. Essex Co.

Porzana Carolina Yieill. — Sora Rail. " Ortolan."
Common summer resident. Less abundant in more
northern portions.

Nos. 1003, 1004. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1854.

No. 92. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. From the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Porzana JNbvceboracensis Cass. — Yellow Rail. Very
rare, in summer, as far north as Massachusetts. (Emm.,
p. 6; Peal., p. 375; Linsl., p. 268; Putn., p. 229;
Sam., p. 12; All., p. 87.)

Nos. 1005, 1007. Ipswich. Essex Co. K. Brookhouse, Sept., 1857.

Fulica Americana Gm. — Coot. Summer resident.
Not uncommon. Breeds ; but appears to be everywhere
most numerous during the migrations.

Nos. 1001, 1002, $. Essex Co.

Gallinula galeata Bon. — Common Gallinule. Acci-
dental as far north as Massachusetts. (Cambridge, Mass,,
Cabot. Peab., p. 258; All., p. 87.)

Gallinula martinica Lath. — Purple Gallinule. Very
rare and accidental summer visitor. ("Swampscott,
Mass., April 22, 1852 ; S. Jillson ;" Putn., p. 224 ; All.,
p. 87.) Neither this nor the preceding species is alluded
to by Mr. Samuels.

ANATIDJE.

Cygnus Americanus Sharpless. — Swan. ( 9 C. "musicus
Bp." Linsl., p. 268.) Of irregular, or at most very
rare occurrence, in winter.

Anser hyperboreus Pallas. — Snow Goose. Rare winter
visitant along the whole coast.

If the Anser coerulescens, usually believed to be the
young of the Snow Goose, be really a valid species, it
should take its place in the list of New England birds.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 39 SEPT., 1868.

298 COUES, BIRDS or NEW ENGLAND.

Anser GambetiiHartl. — American white-fronted Goose.
Very rare, and perhaps accidental, in winter. (Omitted
from Sam., O. O.)

No. 1109. Bloomington, 111. Dr. E. S. L. Kichardson.

Bernicla leucopsis. — Barnacle Goose. This European
species has been repeatedly attributed to New England .
(Quincy, Mass., Cab., B. S. N. H., iii, p. 136; Puln.,
p. 225 ; AIL, p. 88 ; Stonington, Conn., Linsl., p. 269.)
Its occurrence in North America, a long time considered
doubtful, has recently been established. (Am. Nat., ii,
1868, p. 49.)

Bernicla Canadensis Boie. — Wild Goose. Spring and
autumn migrant. Abundant.

Bernicla Hutchinsii. — Hutchins' Goose. Chiefly spring
and autumn migrant. Not abundant. (Omitted from
8am., 0. 0.)

Bernicla brenta Steph. — Brant. Spring and autumn
migrant. Common.

The Black Brant, Bernicla nigricans Lawr. , is undoubt-
edly to be found in New England. (Long Island, Lawr.,
p. 296.)

Anas boschas Linn. — Mallard. Winter resident. Not
abundant.

No. 1120, $. Essex Co.

Anas obscura Gm. — Black Duck. Resident. Breeds
plentifully in more northern portions. One of the most
abundant species.

No. 1121, $. Essex Co.

No. 1126, $. " " S. Jillson, 1855.

Dafila acuta Jenyns. — Pintail Duck. Winter resident,
chiefly along the coast. Not abundant.

No. 1129, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Nettlon Garolinensis Baird. — Green-winged Teal. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant. Not recorded as
breeding.

Nos. 1114, 1135, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.
No. 1115, ?. " " " " "

Netlion crecca Kaup. — • English Teal. A European
species, but so often taken on the coast as to be fairly
considered as more than an accidental visitor. (Omitted
from 8am., 0. O.)

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 299

Spatula clypeata Boie. — Shoveller. Spring and au-
tumn migrant. Uncommon.

No. 1111, $. Essex Co. -S. Jillson, 1856.

Querquedula discors Steph. — Blue - winged Teal.
Spring and autumn migrant. Common.

No. 1082, $'. Essex Co.
No. 1118, ?. " "

Chaulelasmus streperus Gray. — Gad wall. Chiefly in
spring and autumn, but some winter. Not abundant.

No. 1130, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Mareca Americana Steph. — Widgeon. Baldpate. Au-
tumn, winter and spring. Common.

No. 1122, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 1188, $. • Chesapeake Bay. E. Brookhouse, 1867.
No. 85. Spanish Town, Jamaica. "W. T. March. From the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Mareca Penelope Bon. — European Widgeon. A Eu-
ropean species, like JV. crecca, so often taken on our
coast as to properly be entitled to a place in our Fauna.
(Long Island ; apparently breeding ; Brew., B. S. N. H.,
vi, p. 419.) Mr. Samuels says: "Bare in spring and
fall" in Massachusetts. Mr. Lawrence has it in his list.
(Omitted from /Sam., 0. 0.)

Aix sponsa Swains. — Summer Duck. Summer resi-
dent. Not very abundant.

No. 1112, $ ; 1183, ?. Wenham, Essex Co. John J. Gould, 1868.
No. 1113, ?. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Fulix marila Baird. — Scaup Duck. Winter resident,
though most plenty during the migrations. Not very-
abundant.

No. 1083, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Fulix affinis Baird. — Little Blackhead. Chiefly spring
and autumn migrant. Some may winter. Uncommon.

No. 86. Spanish Town, Jamaica. W. T. March. From the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, 1864.

Fulix collaris Baird. — Eing-necked Duck. Chiefly
spring and autumn migrant. Some may winter. Not
common. (Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.)

No. 87. Chicago, 111. Prof. McChenesy. From the Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences, 1864.

Ay thy a Americana Bon. — Ked-head. Winter resi-
dent, but more abundant during its migrations.

300 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Aythya vallisneria Bonap. — Canvass Back. Chiefly
winter resident. Not abundant. •-'-,

No. 1185, $. Chesapeake Bay. R. Brookhouse, 1867.

Bucephala Americana Baird. Golden-eye. Common
winter resident.

No. 1131, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

Bucephala Islandica Baird. Barrow's Golden-eye.
There can be no doubt that this species, at least occasion-
ally if not regularly, visits the whole of New England.
It is recorded from the St. Lawrence, and as far south as
New York City. Its only record from New England, so
far as I am aware, is Calais, Me., "winter, very rare;"
(Boardm., p. 129.) For some interesting notes con-
cerning it, see Elliot, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., vii, Jan.,
1862.

Bucephala albeola Baird. — Buffle Head. Butter Ball.
Abundant. Winter resident.

No. 1103, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.
No. 1104, <j>. " " " " "

Histrionicus torquatus Bon. — Harlequin. Rare winter
visitant along the coast. Known to breed, rarely, on the
islands in the Bay of Fundy (Boardm., p. 130).

Harelda glacialis Leach. — Long-tailed Duck. Com-
mon winter resident.

No. 1123, $, summer. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.
No. 1080, £, winter. " " " " 1855.

No. 1117, ?, " " " " " "

Camptolmmus Labradorius Gray. — Labrador Duck.
Rare winter visitant. (Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.)

Melanetta velvetina Baird. — Velvet Duck. White-
winged "Coot." Common winter resident, chiefly along
the coast.

No. 1119, $. Essex Co. A. F. Bosson.

Pelionetta perspicillata Kaup. — Surf Duck. Abundant
winter resident.

No. 1099. Essex Co.

OEdemia Americana Swains. — Scoter. Common win-
ter resident.

No. 1100, $. Essex Co.

No. 1116, ?. " " A. F. Bosson.

No. 291, young. Chesapeake Bay. R. Brookhouse, Nov., 1867.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 301

•

/Somateria mollissima Leach. — Eider Duck. Common
on the whole coast during the winter, spring, and autumn.
They chiefly retire farther north to breed, though some
remain all summer " on the islands of the Bay of Fundy "
(Verr., p. 24).

No. 1125, $, immature; nearly black all over, with a pure white
breast. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1855.

No. 79, $, adult. Sukkertoppen, Greenland, July 30, 1860. Erom
the Williams College Lyceum of Natural History, 1864.

Somateria spectabilis Leach. — King Eider. Rare win-
ter visitant along the coast.

No. 1124, $. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

Erismatura rubida Bon. — Ruddy Duck. Common
during its migrations, and many winter. Perhaps some
breed in more northern portions.

No. 188. South Salem, Essex Co. Emery S. Johnson, Nov. 7, 1866.

Mergus Americanus Cass. — Sheldrake. Common
during the migrations, and in winter. Some may breed?

No. 1084, $. Essex Co.
No. 1085, $. " "

Mergus serrator Linn. — Red-breasted Merganser.
Common during its migrations and in winter*.. It is said
to breed as far south as Massachusetts by Audubon.

No. 1081, ?. Essex Co.

No. 1184, $. Salem, Essex Co. H. B. Griffin, 1867.

Lophodytes cucullatus Reich. — Hooded Merganser.
Winter visitant in more southern portions ; " a few breed
in the northern part ;" (of Maine ; Verr., p. 24.) No-
where very common.

No. 1186, $. Lake Champlain. Dr. B. Pickman, 1866.
No. 1187, <j>. " " " " " "

The Smew, Mergellus albellus Selby, has been inserted
in Massachusetts lists, but probably upon erroneous data.
Its occurrence in America is very problematical.

SULIDJB.

Sula bassana Briss. — Gannet. Common. Resident
in the northern, winter visitant to the more southern, por-
tions of the New England coast.

No. 1101, $, adult. Essex Co. A. Houghton, 1836.

No. 1102, young. " " S. Jillson, Summer, 1856.

Sula fiber Linn. — Booby. "September. Rare." (Es-

302 COUES, BIEDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

sex Co., Mass., Putn., p. 221; Guilford, Conn., Liml.,
p. 271.) A species recorded, as above, but by no other
writers, so far as I can learn. Its occurrence is entirely
exceptional.

PELECANHXE.

Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Lath. — American White
Pelican. ( "P. erythrorhynchus " of Gmelin, which
name conveys an erroneous impression regarding it, and
should be rejected.) Accidental. One instance of its
recent capture in New England. (Calais, Me., Boardm.,
p. 130.) The habitat of this species seems to have
changed greatly since the accounts of the earlier authors
were penned. New England lies much without its ordin-
ary range as now recognized.

PHALACROCORACID^E. •

Graculus dilophus Gray. — Double-crested Cormorant.
Not uncommon along the coast during the winter.

Graculus carbo Gray. — Common Cormorant. Shag.
Common winter visitant along the coast.

No. 1195, immature. Off Gloucester, Essex Co. C. J. Maynard,
Jan., 1867.

PILETONHXE.

PHJETON FLAVIROSTRIS Brandt. — Tropic Bird. (Lep-
turus candidus Briss. ; Phceton cethereus, Audubon, B.
Am., vii, p. 64, pi. 427; P. flavirostris Brandt, Bull.
Acad. St. Petersb. i, 1837, p. 349 : Lawrence, B. N. A.,
1858, p. 884.) A specimen, No. 1087, agrees with the
descriptions and figures here cited, and should undoubt-
edly bear the above name.

No. 1087. South Atlantic. H. F. Shepard, 1856.

PHAETON ? Another excellent specimen in the

collection differs much from the former, and appears to
be of a different species. It is much larger, with a bright
vermilion bill, and with the back finely mottled with
black and white. I do not know the proper name of this
species, unless it is the true cethereus of Linnseus, as con-

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 303

tradistinguished by Brandt and others from candidus
Briss.

No. 1086, $. South Atlantic. H. F. Shepard, 1856.

PROCELLARHD.E.

DIOMEDEA EXULANS Linn. — Wandering Albatross. Nu-
merous examples of this species, all from extra-limital
localities (No. 1134, and others).

PHCEBETRIA FULIGINOSA Reich. — Dusky Albatross.
Several specimens from extra-limital regions.

[NoxK. In addition to the preceding species, I find several exam-
ples of D. culminata Gould, chiefly from Cape Horn. No. 1127 and
others. One of these is peculiarly interesting. The plumage indi-
cates it to be nearly mature ; but yet the bill is wholly pure black,
with only a slight brownish tinge along the sides of the inferior
maxillary ramus. There is not the slightest trace of yellow on the
culmen. This is the first example I have ever met with in this condi-
tion. The specimen is now in the Smithsonian Institution. This is
the species given by Audubon as D. " chlororhyncha," of which he
says his specimen was taken not far from the Columbia River.]

Fulmarus glacialis Leach. — Fulmar Petrel. A rare
winter visitant along the coast. (Peab., p. 383 ; Putn.,
p. 231 ; All., p. 89. Omitted from Sam., 0. 0.).

DAPTION CAPENSIS Steph. — Pintado Petrel. Of this
species, usually accorded a place among North American
Birds, a specimen (No. 1142) is in the collection from
Cape Horn.

PRIOFINUS CINEREUS Coues. — Cinereous Petrel. (Not
the Atlantic " Cinereous Shearwater " which is the Puffi-
nus Kuhlii Boie. Not " Puffinus cinereus" of the earlier
American authors, which is P. major Faber, infra. See
my review .of the Procettariidce, Pr. A. N. S., Phila.,
Apr. 1864, p. 119, for synonyrpes and relationships.) A
fine example of this species in the collection (No. 1145)
from Cape Horn. It is a very extensively distributed
species.

Puffinus major Faber. — Greater Shearwater. "Hag-
don." (Puffinus "cinereus" of the earlier local lists.)
Not uncommon off the coast, particularly in winter.
This is the most abundant species off tlje north-east coast
of America. (Omitted from 8am., O. 0.)

No. 1141. Salem, Essex Co. J. A. Goldthwait, Sept;. 25, 1854.

304 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Puffinus Anglorum Temm. — Mank's Shearwater. Of
not uncommon occurrence off the coast, chiefly in winter.
(Omitted from Sam., 0. O.)

Puffinus fuliginosus Strickl. — Sooty Shearwater.
"Black Hagdon." Common off the coast, except in sum-
mer. (Omitted from /Sam., 0. 0.)

The whole group of the dusky unicolor Petrels are cer-
tainly foremost among the " opprobria ornithologies ; "
remaining a standing rebuke that at this late date so little
should be accurately known concerning tham. The ques-
tion whether this, and certain other birds composing the
genus JVectris of Forster, as amended by Bonaparte, are
valid species, or only seasonal or sexual conditions of the
bicolor Puffini, is still agitated. There cannot be the
slightest doubt that there are species of Petrels remain-
ing uniformly dusky all through their lives ; e. g. P.
sphenurus Gould, P. carneipes Gould, ^Estrelata fuligin-
osa Coues ex Kuhl, Majaqueus cequinoctialis Bon. ex
Linn., etc. But that certain of the Puffini do not at
some period during their progress towards maturity, or
afterwards, at some seasons, pass through or acquire a
dusky state of plumage, is by no means incontrovertibly
proven. For example, I have a strong suspicion that the
specimen upon which I based my Puffinus creatopus
(Pr. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, p. 131), a bicolor individual,
was, a few months before its death, in a uniformly fulig-
inous state of plumage. Argument from analogy is
readily forthcoming. Witness the well-known immature
states of plumage of ^Estrelata Lessonii, ^E. Cookii, ^E.
mollis, Ossifraga gigantea, Diomedea exulans, etc., etc.,
of the Procellariidae ; or, in another family, the species of
Stercorarius ; all of which species pass through, or
acquire at times, different plumages, one of which is fulig-
inous. Let one attempt to study Procellariidce, and he
will find, amid a few pretty definitely ascertained facts,
an immense mass of heterogeneous, indigestible data,
affording ample ground for speculative hypotheses, which
are incapable alike of proof or denial, since the key-note
whereby they may be harmonized has not as yet been
struck.

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 305

Procellaria pelagica Linn. — Stormy Petrel. ( Thdlas-
sidroma pelagica Vigors, and most authors.) Of irregu-
lar and somewhat rare occurrence off the coast. (Omit-
ted from /Sam., O. O.)

Oceanites oceanica Coues. — Wilson's Petrel. (Thalas-
sidroma Wilsonii of authors.) Common off the coast. I
find no recorded instances of its breeding, although most
probably it does so. It is a cosmopolitan species.

No. 1138, ?. Salem Harbor, Essex Co. Capt. B. B. Neal, August,
1855.

Cymochorea leucorrhoa Coues. — Leach's Petrel. (Tha-
lassidroma Leachii of authors.) Resident. The most
abundant Petrel, being of very common occurrence along
the whole coast. " Breeds abundantly from Mount Desert
to Grand Menan" (Verr., p. 24). Accidental in the in-
terior. (Springfield, Mass., AIL, p. 80.)

LARID.E.

Buphagus Skua Coues. — Skua Gull. ("Lestris catar-
ractes" of authors.) Said to be of very rare or acci-
dental occurrence along the coast as far north 'us Massa-
chusetts (Peab., p. 381). But it is not given in any of
the recent lists, and its occurrence is extremely prob-
lematical.

Stercorarius pomarinus Temm. — Pomarine Jager.
Along the coast in winter ; not abundant. Known to pro-
ceed as far south, at least, as Pennsylvania. It is oftener
seen farther north.

/Stercorarius parasiticus Gray. — Arctic Jager. Not
rare off the coast in winter. Most numerous in the more
northern portions of the continent.

This is the Lestris Richardsonii of Audubon, and of
the earlier American writers ; but not the species or vari-
ety so named by Swainson. The true Richardsonii, as I
have defined it (Pr. A. N. S., Phila., 1863, p. 121), may
possibly visit New England in winter.

Stercorarius Buffonii Coues. — Long-tailed Jager.
" Marlingspike." (/S. cepphus Gray, and authors gener-
ally.) Common off the coast in autumn and winter.
(Omitted from Sam., O. 0.)

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 40 SEPT., 1868.

306 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Larus marinus Linn. — Great Black-backed Gull.
"Saddle-back." "Coffin-carrier." Winter visitant. Not
abundant. "A few breed." (Bay of Fundy, Boardm.,
p. 131.)

No. 1095, $, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.
No. 1096, <J, young. " " " " "

Larus glaucus Briinn. — Glaucous Gull. "Burgomaster."
"Ice-Gull." Very rare winter visitant. (Omitted from
8am., O. 0.)

Larus leucopterus Faber. — White-winged Gull. Win-
ter visitant. Not abundant. (Omitted from Sam.)
O. O.)

Larus Smithsonianus Coues. — American Herring Gull.
"L. argentatus" of American authors. Resident. Abun-
dant in winter along the whole coast. Breeds in numbers
on the islands off the coast of Maine.

No. 1094, adult. Essex Co. C. D. Saunders, April, 1854.

No. 1189. Salem Harbor, Essex Co., Dec. 28, 1867. By purchase.

Larus Delawarensis Ord. — Ring-billed Gull. Com-
mon off the coast in winter. Some breed. (Omitted
from /Sam., 0. 0.)

Larus Hutchinsii Richardson. (Coues, Pr. Acad. Nat.
Sc. Phila., 1862, p. 294.) — Hutchins' Gull. Snow-
white Gull. I am much pleased to find in the collection
an excellent example of this species of Richardson's, which
I have recently revived, as above. The specimen agrees
entirely with others in the Smithsonian Institution from
various localities, upon which I based the species. The
bird is rather smaller than glaucus, and pure white all
over, including the wings ; the shafts of which are yel-
lowish. On the upper tail coverts and scapulars are some
very faint, nearly obsolete transverse bars of light gray-
ish brown. On the under tail coverts these bars are some-
what better defined. The plumage of the breast and
belly has a slight clouding of grayish, doubtless, with the
bars above mentioned, indicative of immaturity. The
bill is yellow, its terminal third black. The legs and
feet appear to have been dusky flesh^color.

We can avoid recognizing this bird as a valid species
upon only two hypotheses. One is, that it is an albino ;

COUES, BIEDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 307

but that such is the case is purely a matter of conjecture,
and would be an exchange of one doubtful opinion for
another. The other is, that it is an immature stage of
L. glaucus. The color of the bill and some other fea-
tures tend to confirm this latter supposition. I am some-
what familiar with the "theory of variation" which ob-
tains among Gulls during their progress toward maturity ;
but do not now recollect an instance in which the bluish
pearl of the upper parts of those species, which, like
glaucus, finally attain this color, is not apparent at an age
evidently reached by the specimen in question. More-
over, if such a state of plumage as that just described is
a normal stage of glaucus during its adolescence, it is
rather singular that I should have met with no description
of such a condition in my tolerably thorough study of
Larine bibliography. For the present, therefore, I con-
tinue to give credence to the existence of a large pure
white gull, for which I have adopted the above name ;
being prepared, however, in view of the extreme uncer-
tainty of all matters ornithological, and especially Larine,
to retire from my position when the first good -evidence of
its unsoundness is presented.

No. 1132. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

[NOTE. The Larusfuscus is given by Peabody (p. 380) as found off
the coast of Massachusetts, and by Linsley (p. 271) as from Stoning-
ton, Conn. These are, doubtless, erroneous identifications. There is
no good evidence of the occurrence of this European species on our
coasts.]

Chrcecocephalus atricilla Lawr. — Laughing Gull. Ees-
ident. Not abundant. "A few breed about the islands."
(Bay of Fundy, Boardm., p. 131.) Winters sparingly
along southern portions of the coast.

No. 1106, young. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1856.

Chroecocephalus Philadelphia Lawr. — Bonaparte's Gull.
Common ; resident, except perhaps during the breeding
season. By no means confined to the coast.

No. 1107, young. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1853.

Rissa tridactyla Bon. — Kittiwake. Common winter
resident. Some probably breed off the coast of Maine.

No. 1105, young $ , winter. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1854.
No. 1108, adult. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1854.

The Fork-tailed Gull, Xema Sabinii Leach, doubtless

308 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

occurs as a rare winter visitant. (Near New York, Lawr.,
p. 299.)

Gelochelidon Anglica Bon. — Marsh Tern. (Sterna ar-
anea of American authors.) Of rare and perhaps only
accidental occurrence, in summer. (Emm., p. 5 ; Putn.,
231; /Sam., p. 14 5 AIL, p. 90.)

Thalasseus Caspius Boie. — Caspian Tern. A rare win-
ter visitant. "Coast in winter; rare." (Maine, Verr.,
p. 25.) It is known to go considerably farther south.
Mr. Lawrence has it in his New York list.

No. 1194. No locality; a fine example of my var. imperator.

Thalasseus acuflavidus Coues. — American Sandwich
Tern. Of undoubted occurrence in summer on the coast ;
although I do not now recall a record of its capture.

Mr. Peabody (p. 378) gives the "Sterna cayana" (of
Audubon = regius Gamb.) as a Massachusetts bird, but
entirely upon the statement of Audubon, that he saw it
in Labrador. But Audubon doubtless mistook Caspius
for it. Still I am of opinion that regius does sometimes
wander as far north as New England. (Near New York,
Lawr., p. 299.)

Sterna hirundo Linn. — Common Tern. Summer res-
ident, breeding abundantly along the coast.

No. 1088, young, $. Essex Co. Dr. H. K. Oliver, 1853.

No. 1092 (probably) " " " " " " "

No. 1090, 1091, immature. Essex Co. S. Jillson, 1854.

No. 78, fledgling, July 24. Sukkertoppen, Greenland. Williams
College Lyceum of Natural History, 1864. Either this or the suc-
ceeding species.

Sterna macroura Naum. — Arctic Tern. Abundant.
Resident, breeding and wintering.

No. 1089, $ . Essex Co. C. L. Pierson, 1853.

No. 1093. " " " " " "

Sterna paradisea Briinn. — Roseate Tern. Common on
the coast in summer, as far north as Massachusetts.
"Breeds plentifully on Muskegat Island, in company
with S. hirundo, macroura, and Antittarum." (AIL, in
epist. ) The species has usually been held to be rare or
accidental. (Omitted from Sam., 0. O.)

Sterna Antittarum Coues. — Least Tern. Summer res-
ident. Common. Some breed.

Sterna Forsterii Nutt. — Forster's Tern. A species
which I do not find recorded, though undoubtedly occur-

COUES, BIKDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 309

ring in winter. In the plumage of that season it consti-
tutes Auclubon's Sterna "Havellii" Mr. Lawrence has
specimens from Long Island. It is decidedly a northern
species, probably not breeding within our limits.

HydrocJtelidon fissipes Gray. — Short-tailed Tern. Rare
and perhaps occasional, chiefly in the latter part of sum-
mer, and early in autumn.

Haliplana fidiginosa Wagl. — Sooty Tern. A rare and
perhaps only accidental summer visitant as far north as
Massachusetts. "Breeds on Muskegat Island." (E. A.
Samuels, AIL, p. 90. Omitted from Sam., O. 0.)

Rhynchops nigra Linn. — Black Skimmer. Entirely ac-
cidental, if really occurring. (Mass., Emm., p. (> ;
Linsl., p. 271; Putn., p. 231; not recognized by other
local authorities.)

COLYMBIDJE.

Colymbus torquatus Briinn. — Loon. Common ; resi-
dent. "Occasionally breeds." (Mass., Sam., p. 14;
AIL, p. 80.) Regularly breeds in more northern por-
tions. In southern portions is chiefly found cHring the
winter.

No. 1097, adult. Essex Co. S. Jillson, May, 1864.
No. 1098, young. " " " " 1853.

Colymbus arcticus Linn. — Black-throated Loon. Very
rare winter resident. Not known- to breed. (Omitted
from Sam., 0. O.)

Colymbus septentrionalis Linn. — Red- throated Loon.
Rare winter visitant.

No. 80, adult, Sukkertoppen, Greenland, July 30, 1860. Williams
College Lyceum of Natural History, 18G4.

No. 1190, j-oung. Salem, Essex Co. A. F. Bosson, 1863.

No. 1191, $. " " " Sairil. Carlen, Nov., 1866.

No. 189, $. " " " J. H. Emerton, Nov. 7, 1866.

Colymbus ? Unidentifiable.

No. 77, nestling. Sukkertoppen, Greenland, July 31, 1860. Wil-
liams College Lyceum of Natural History, 1864.

PODICIPIM;.

Podiceps Holbollii* Reinhardt. (P. rubricollis or gri-

* See my Eeview of the Loons and Grebes of North America, in the
Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1862, p. 226.

310 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

seigena of American writers. ) — Red-necked Grebe. Com-
mon. Chiefly winter resident, but some doubtless breed.

No. 1147, $. Essex Co. William Patterson.

No. 1150. " " A. F. Bosson.

Podiceps cristatus Lath. — Crested Grebe. Common
winter resident. Some breed in Maine. (Calais, JBoardm.,
p. 131.)

Podiceps cornutus Lath. — Horned Grebe. Common
winter resident. But many breed, particularly in more
northern portions.

No- 1148, young ? . Essex Co. A. F. Bosson.
No. 1149, " " " " " "

Podilymbus podiceps Lawr. — Dabchick. Common ;
resident, but chiefly occurs in spring and fall.
No. 1444, ? . Essex Co. K. Brookhouse.

ALCID^E.

The Great Auk, Alca impennis, formerly existed in
New England. For an interesting account of the dis-
covery, by Prof. Wyman, of its remains at Mt. Desert,
and at Crouch's Cove, Me., see Am. Nat., i, p. 578.
Audubon states that it used to occur on the coast of Mas-
sachusetts.*

Utamania torda Leach. — Razor-billed Auk. "Tinker."
Chiefly a winter visitant, and common. Resident in more
northern portions, breeding about the Bay of Fundy.
(Boardm., p. 131 ; Fern, p. 25.)

No. 83, adult. Labrador. Williams College Lyceum of Natural
History, 1864.

Fratercula arctica 111. — Puffin. " Sea Parrot." Chiefly
a winter visitant, and not uncommon. Some breed about
the Bay of Fundy. (JBoardm., p. 131 ; Ferr., p. 25.)

No. 81. Caribou Isl., Lab. Williams College Lyceum of Natural
History, 1864.

The Large-billed Puffin, F. glacialis, has been accred-
ited to Grand Menan, by Audubon, and included, upon
his authority, in some of the local lists. But its occur-
rence is at best extremely problematical. (Cf. my mon-

*This statement has been corroborated by the finding of a humerus
of the Great Auk in the Shell-heaps at Ipswich, by Prof. Baird, in
August last. — F. W. P.

COUES, BIKDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 311

ograph of the Alcidse, p. 24.) Audubon's "glacialis" is
the corniculata Naum., a North Pacific species, not re-
corded from the Atlantic.

Lunda cirrhata Pallas. — Tufted Puffin. Said to be
of very rare occurrence in winter off the coast of Maine.
Near Calais, Me., (B&ardm., p. 132; Verr., p. 25.
Grand Menan. Audubon. Omitted from Sam., O. 0.)

Uria grytte Lath. — Black Guillemot. " Sea Pigeon."
Resident in more northern portions, breeding abundantly
on the rocky islands ; a common winter visitant along
more southern portions of the coast.

No. 1139, ?, winter. Nahant, Essex Co. S. Jillson, Dec., 1855.
No. 1146, winter. " " " " " " " .

No. 1140. Essex Co. By purchase, 1864.

No. 82, summer. Labrador. Williams College Lyceum of Nat-
ural History, 1864.

Lomvia troille * Brandt. ( Colymbus troille L. Gm. —
Uria troille Lath., and most European writers : — Catar-
rhactes troille Bryant. — Gepphus lomvia Pallas. — Uria
lomvia Briinnich ; and of Cassin, in Baird's B. N. A.,
p. 913. — Uria troile, Putn., p. 222. Not of Giraud, B.
L. I., p. 376. — Uria lomvia, Sam., p. 14 ; Aud., pi. 218,
fig. 2. — Not the Alca lomvia Linn. — American and
European bird considered identical.) — Common winter
resident. Some breed, towards the northern portions.
("Murre Ledges," Boardm., p. 131).

Lomvia ringvia Brandt. (Uria ringvia Briinnich, and
U. alga Briiunich ; — leucophthalmus Faber, leucopsis
Brehm, lachrymans Choris., and some European wri-
ters ; troile of Giraud's Birds of Long Island, p. 376 ;
Audubon's pi. 218, fig. 1.) — This is the species, or
variety, with the white ring around, and white line
behind, the eye. Winter visitant ; probably some breed
with the preceding species.

* The three North American species of Lomvia have been so often
confounded, and their synonymy is in such a state of confusion,
that to enable one to know what species is referred to under a given
name, it is absolutely necessary to introduce some synonymes. The
reader is referred to my Monograph of the Alcidae, Proceedings
of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Jan., 1868, for
further information upon the subject. Dr. Bryant's excellent mono-
graph of the genus Catarrhactes, in the Proceedings of the Boston
Society of Natural History for 1861, should also be consulted.

312 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

Lomvia /Svarbag Cones. — Briinnich's Guillemot. (Alca
lomvia, Linn. — Catarrhactes lomvia Bryant. — Uria troille
and Svarbag, Briinn. Not troille of Linnseus. Cepphus
arra, Pallas. Uria arra, or Uria Brunnichii of most
authors."- Putn., p. 222; Cassin, B. N. A., p. 914.
Uria Francsii Leach, Giraud, p. 377 ; Peab., p. 400.) —
The thick-billed species, figured by Audubon, pi. 345.
Common winter resident. Found as far south as New
Jersey. Not known to breed within the limits of New
England. (Omitted from Sam., 0. O.)

Nos. 1143, 1192, winter. Essex Co.

Mergulus alle Vieill. — Sea Dove. "Dovekie." Com-
mon winter resident. Not known to breed within the
limits of New England.

Nos. 191, 1136, 1137, adults, winter. Essex Co.

ADDENDA.

Strix pratincola Bon. — Barn Owl. This rather south-
ern species has only recently been authenticated as occur-
ring in New England. " The first and only specimen I
ever knew taken in New England was killed near Spring-
field, Mass., about the last of May, of the present year."
(J. A. ALLEN, MS.) Mr. Lawrence includes it in his
New York list.

.T urdus ncevius Gm. — Varied Thrush. This Pacific
species has at length been authenticated as a straggler in
New England. " A specimen was shot near Boston in
December, 1864." (J. A. ALLEN, MS.) For other in-
stances of its occurrence in the Atlantic States, see Baird,
B. N. A., pp. xxi, 219; Cabot, Proc. B. S. N. H., iii,
p. 17; Allen, p. 82; Lawrence, p. 281.

Mr. Allen informs me that he has carefully examined
the specimen of supposed Turdus nanus, recorded by Mr.
Samuels (Am. Nat., ii, p. 214), and found it to be only
an unusually small, bright colored, immature example of
T. Swaimonii!

Hesperiphona vespertina. Add to the record of this
species at Woodstock, Canada, Mr. Lawrence's notice of

COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND. 313

its occurrence near New York. Stragglers will probably
in time be found in New England.

The Golden Eagle (Aquila Canadensis) has been
known to breed in Franconia, N. H. (Dr. Brewer.)

I am indebted to Mr. Allen for the following mem-
oranda : —

Carpodacus purpureus. — Now not at all rare in south-
ern New England in summer.

Passerculus savanna. — Found breeding plentifully all
along the Massachusetts coast ; not yet observed in sum-
mer in the Connecticut valley.

Ooturniculus Henslowii. — Several late instances of its
capture in Massachusetts. It seems to be a regular but
rare summer visitant. Several nests have been found.

Zonotrichia leucophrys. — Hardly to be considered,
Mr. Allen thinks, as "usually common."

Junco hyemalis. — Breeds plentifully in certain local-
ities among the mountains of western Massachusetts.

jSpizella monticola. — No authentic instance of its breed-
ing in Massachusetts. The record of its breeding (Proc.
B. S. N. H., v, 213,) proves to be erroneous. Mr. Sam-
uels informed Mr. Allen that the nest and eggs there
referred to really belonged to 8. socialis.

Melospiza melodia. — Has been observed in winter at
Cambridge, Mass.

M. palustris. — Mr. Allen has not seen this species in
Massachusetts except during its migrations.

M. Lincolnii. — Mr. S. Jillson has taken this species
at Hudson, in May, 1867.

Cardinalis Virginianus. — Four specimens were taken
at one time at Springfield, two or three years since.

Squatarola helvetica. — A few straggling individuals
were seen in June on the coast of Massachusetts ; but the
species is not properly to be considered as a summer
resident.

Arquatella maritima. — A few individuals of this spe-
cies, and also of Rhyacophilus solitarius, Actodromas
Bonapartei, and A. minutilla, were seen in June and July

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 41 Oct., 1868.

314 COUES, BIRDS OF NEW ENGLAND.

along the coast of Massachusetts ; but none of them
appeared to be breeding.

Mergus Americanus, M. serrator, and Lophodytes cucul-
latus, all breed in Maine as far south as Umbagog Lakes,
where eggs and young have been procured. Mr. Allen
thinks that Audubon had good grounds for his statement
that M. Americanus breeds in Massachusetts.

EEEAT A.

Page 266, under Turdus Pallasii, for No. 562 read 552.
Page 273, under Dendrceca pina, for No. 82 read 1197, and for No.
510, $, read 510, ?.

Page 279, under Certhia Americana, for No. 263 read 363.
Page 284, under Pipilo erythrophthalmus, for No. 557 read 567.
Page 293, under Philohela minor, for No. 1040 read 1042.
Page 295, under Symphemia semipalmata, for 1040 read 1041.

VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF POLYPS AND CORALS. 315

XIII. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North
Pacific Exploring Expedition, wider Commodore C.
Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U. 8. -2V"., from
1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Win. Stimpson,
Naturalist to the Expedition.

BY A. E. VERRILL.

PART IV. ACTINARIA. With three Plates.
[Continued from p. 50.]

THE collection made by Dr. Stimpson, contains a large
number of species of Actinidce, preserved remarkably
well in alcohol. A large proportion of them are also
accompanied by descriptions of the colors and forms
while living, and many by colored drawings. Without
such descriptions and drawings it would be impossible to
describe most of the species in a manner sufficiently com-
plete to make them recognizable. These original drawings
have also furnished the figures reproduced upon the ac-
companying plates.

It is, therefore, but right to say that the following
pages are quite as much the work of Dr. Stimpsou as of
the present author.

In most cases where there are neither notes nor draw-
ings made from the living specimens, I have thought it
best either to mention the species by a generic name only,
or to omit them altogether, rather than to burden the
science with indeterminable species, already far too nu-
merous in this interesting group.

ORDER, ACTINARIA.

Actinaria (pars') Dana, Zoophytes, 1846.

Actinaria and Antipatharia Edwards and Haime, 1857.

Actinaria Verrill, these Proceedings, Vol. IV, p. 147, April, 1865.

This order was sufficiently characterized in Part I, of
this series, to serve the purposes of a brief synopsis like
the present.

316 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

SUBORDER, ZOANTHACEA Verrill, Vol. IV, p. 147.

Polyps elongated, attached permanently by the base or
by stolon-like expansions of the sides ; simple or increas-
ing by basal budding. Walls but little muscular, con-
tracting by involution of the summit.

FAMILY, ZOANTHIDJS Dana.

Zoanthina Elir., Corallenthiere des rothen Meeres, p. 45, 1834.
Zoanthince (subfamily) Edwards and Haime, Coralliaires, p. 298, 1857.
ZoanthiiuK (pars) Duch. et Mich., Corall. des Antilles, 1860.
ZoanthidcK Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, p. 34, 1864.

Polyps attached by the base, budding from stolons and
membranous expansions from the base. Integument sub-
coriaceous, or parchment-like, often encrusted with sand.
Tentacles marginal, short.

Several species belonging to this family are in the col-
lection, but are not accompanied by notes or drawings.

ZOANTHUS, sp.

Polyps clustered, turbinated, .35 of an inch in height,
and .06 in diameter, when contracted in alcohol. Sur-
face striated.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

ZOANTHUS, sp.

Polyps elongated, enlarged at the summit, connected
at the bases by slender stolons. Surface sulcated by nu-
merous longitudinal lines, and encrusted by a thin layer
of fine coral sand. Height 1 inch; diameter .20.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

PALYTHOA, sp.

Polyps united laterally nearly to the summits, forming
broad, encrusting masses, half an inch thick. Polyps, in

POLYPS AND CORALS. 317

contraction, forming prominent verrucse, covered with
fine, agglutinated sand.

Diameter of polyps .25 inch.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

The suborder, Antipathacea, is not represented in the
collection.

SUBORDER, ACTINACEA. See Vol. IV, p.. 148.

FAMILY, CERIANTHIDJE Edw. and Haime.
Ilyanthidce {pars) Gosse, Actinologia Britauica, p. 227.

CERIANTHUS ORIENTALIS Verrill, these Proceedings,
Vol. IV, p. 151, 1865.

Column much elongated, tapering to the base, forming
around itself a loose tube of mud agglutinated by a
mucous secretion. "Tentacles long and slender, not
retractile ; inner ones dark purple-brown ; outer ones
transparent yellowish white, spotted with pale brownish
on their inner surfaces, and greenish at the base. In a
variety, often seen, the inner tentacles are grass-green.
Body of a deep reddish brown color."

This is a large species which, according to Dr. Stimp-
son, agrees perfectly in habits and the structure of its
tube with C. Americana V. of Charleston, S. C., living
buried to its tentacles in mud.

It is rather sluggish in its habits, and will bear rough
handling or agitation of the mud near it before retracting
into its tube. This movement, however, when the ani-
mal is alarmed, is sufficiently quick. On ordinary occa-
sions it slowly retracts into its tube.

Hong Kong, China, on muddy flats at low water mark.
Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

CERIANTHUS STIMPSONII Verrill, these Proceedings,
Vol. V, p. 50, 3866.

Plate 1, figures 7, 7 a.

Column slender, elongated, tapering to the slender

318 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

base ; margin simple. The outer tentacles are slen-
der and moderately long, arranged in a single row around
the margin. The inner tentacles are very short and
small, forming a circle immediately around the mouth.
Tube soft, composed of coral sand.

Color pale reddish brown on the lower part of the
column, white near the summit. Outer tentacles whitish,
distantly annulated with brown, and with black spots at
their inner bases. Inner tentacles white.

Length of column, in specimen drawn, 1.25 inches;
breadth .18 ; length of outer tentacles .44.

Port Lloyd, Bonin Islands, dredged in ten fathoms,
coral mud, in "ten-fathoms hole," October, 1854. Dr.
Win. Stimpson.

•

FAMILY, ILYANTHIDJE.

Ilyanthidce (pars) Gosse, Actinologia Britanica, p. 227.
Ilyanthidce Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, p. 26.

Column elongated, tapering or rounded at the base,
which is destitute of a distinct disk. Tentacles marginal,
usually in a single row.

HALOCAMPA BREVICORNIS Verrill.

Edwardsia brevicornis Stimpson, Proceedings Philadelphia Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences, 1855, p. 376.

Italocampa brevicornis Verrill, these Proceedings, Vol. IV, p. 151,
1865.

Plate 3, figures 2, 2 a, 2b.

Column slender, elongated, vermiform, tapering toward
the obtuse base, changeable in form during life, and often
exhibiting moving undulating constrictions, as in Holo-
thurians. The twenty internal, radiating lamellae show
through the walls as longitudinal lines. Tentacles twenty,
short, thick, with a constriction near the tips, which are
enlarged and rounded or capitate.

Body pale brown with a few flake-white spots on the
sides. Tentacles dark brown, banded with white at the
constriction near the end.

Length one inch; diameter .18.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 319

Ly-ce-moon Passage, near Hong Kong, China, dredged
in twenty-five fathoms, shelly gravel, April, 1854. Dr.
Wm. Stimpson.

HALOCAMPA CAPENSIS Verrill, these Proceedings, Vol.
IV, p. 151, 1865.

Plate 3, figure 3.

Column elongated, rather slender, subvermiform, con-
tracting by the involution of the summit. The twenty
internal lamellse show through the side-wall, and the
spaces between them are sub-papillose toward the upper
part of the body. Tentacles twenty, oblong, enlarged
toward the tips, which are obtusely rounded.

Color pale reddish, with flake-white dots and patches.
Inner side of tentacles flake-white ; six of the tentacles
(perhaps more) have the lower part of their inner surface
of a dark brown color, which gives the appearance of
ocelli at their bases.

Length in life, .5 of an inch; diameter, .12.

Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope, twelve fathoms,
sand, October, 1853. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

"Its actions are Holothurian-like. Its base is rather
small and perhaps provided with an opening, since a fila-
ment protruded therefrom during a contraction of the
animal."— W. S.

HALOCAMPA STIMPSONII Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate 3, figure 1.

Column cylindrical, rather short, with a rounded base.
The twenty internal lamellae appear through the wall as
longitudinal lines. Tentacles twenty, alternately longer
and shorter, with a constriction near the tips, beyond
which they regain their former size, tips obtusely rounded.

Color yellowish white ; tentacles with a flake-white
spot on the middle of the knob, from which a median
white line extends along the inner side of the tentacle to
the ring around the mouth.

320 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

False Bay, Cape of Good Hope, twenty fathoms, gravel,
October, 1853. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

EDWARDSIA CRETATA Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat.
Sci., 1855, p. 376.

Vol. VI, plate 1, figures 7, la, Ib.

Body cylindrical, vermiform, in the unexpanded state
short in proportion to the breadth. The column is mostly
covered by a brownish epidermis, which is encrusted by a
layer of tine black sand, the grains of which are but
slightly adherent and may be easily rubbed off; upper
part naked, slightly ribbed, and with alternately nar-
rower and broader stripes of chalk-white. Tentacles
about thirty, slender, nearly as long as the diameter of
the disk, pointed, the inner ones longest, mostly black,
Avith a series of white spots along the inner side ; a few
smaller ones are of a pale gray color. Disk blackish ;
mouth orange within.

Length, in partial contraction, about .5 inch; diam-
eter .25.

Kagosima Bay, Japan, in five fathoms, black sand,
January, 1855. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

The only specimen preserved is so contracted as to con-
ceal the base by involution, and, as Dr. Stimpson neither
described nor figured the base, it is probable that he had
no opportunity to see it with the base extended. It is
possible that it belongs properly to Phellia. But its gen-
eral appearance, its tentacles, and its habits indicate that
it is a true Edwardsia.

FAMILY, ACTINID^:.

AcMnina Ehr. Corallenthiere des rothen Meeres, p. 31, 1834.
ActinidcK (subfamily) pars, Edwards and Haime ; Duch. et Michel-
otti, Corall. des Antilles.

Actinidce Verrill, Memoirs Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, p. 15, 1864.

Body more or less cylindrical in expansion. Base with
a distinct, flat, muscular, locomotive disk. Tentacles all
simple, mostly in many marginal or sub-marginal rows,

POLYPS AND CORALS. 321

but often encroaching more or less upon the disk, the
primary cycles being nearest the mouth, and largest.
Column contractile, smooth or tuberculated, perforate
or imperforate.

SUBFAMILY, ACTINIKZE Verrill, op. cit. p. 15.

. Family, Actiniadce Gosse, Actinologia Britanica, p. 171, 1860.

Tentacles submarginal, elongated, slender, margin of
the column at the outer bases of the tentacles sur-
rounded by a circle of brightly colored, roundish tuber-
cles, which correspond, apparently, with the so-called
eye-spots of Acalephs, etc.

ACTINIA (pars') Linn. ; Edw. and Haime, etc.

Column smooth, having neither lateral pores, suckers,
nor verruoe. Tentacles and disk highly contractile.
Colored tubercles in a single marginal row.

ACTINIA (?) TIMIDA Verrill, sp. nov.

Base enlarged, adherent to shells ; tentacles cylindrical,
blunt, wholly retractile, exterior ones with slight bulb-
like projections at their outer bases.

Color of body fawn-colored, striped with. dark green;
outer tentacles whitish, shaded once or twice with flake-
white ; marginal or basal bulb with flake-white sides ;
inner tentacles, near their bases, mottled with brown,
yellow, and flake- white, with clear spots looking like
holes.

Hong Kong harbor, common on a gibbous Nassa in the
third region of the littoral zone, in sandy mud and
pebbles, February, 1855. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This is a very sensitive species, contracting at the
slightest disturbance. Its position in this genus is quite
doubtful.

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 42 DEC., 1868.

322 VEREILL, SYNOPSIS OF

SUBFAMILY, ANTHEIN^I Verrill, op. cit. p. 15.

Family, Antheadce (pars') Gosse, Actin. Brit. p. 148, 1857.
Family, Discosomce (pars') Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. Ant. p. 27,
1864.

Column smooth, destitute of verrucse and lateral pores
(cinclidse). Tentacles usually very long, the inner ones
longest, not capable of contracting in length, or but
slightly so.

It seems necessary to restrict this group, if it be re-
tained at all, to those genera agreeing essentially with
Ammonia Risso (Anthea Johns.), by excluding Aiptasia
Gosse, which has a perforated wall and projects acontia,
agreeing, therefore, with the Sagartince; and those ver-
rucose species like "A. pustulata Dana," referred here by
Gosse, but belonging rather with Bunodinaz. Should
the marginal tubercles of Comactis prove to be of the
same nature as those of Actinia, there would no longer
appear to be sufficient reasons for separating the two sub-
families, which might be united under the name of Actin-
ince. At present the only positive character that can be
given for this division is the non-contractility of the disk
and tentacles, a character that is found, also, in most of
the other groups, and in various degrees of perfection.

PAE ANTHEA Verrill, gen. nov. '

Dysactis Verrill, Eevis. Polyps, East Coast U. S., in Mem. Bost. So-
ciety, Vol. I, p. 26, 1864, (non Edw. and Haime).

Column subcylindrical, usually short, smooth. Tenta-
cles not contractile, unequal, the inner ones several times
longer than the diameter of the body, outer ones much
shorter. Disk usually flat, not contractile.

Type, P. pallida Verrill, Carolina coast.

PAEANTHEA MINUTA Verrill.

Dysactis minuta Verrill, these Proceedings, Vol. 5, p. 50, 1866.

Plate 1, figure 4.

Body very small ; column low, subcylindrical, scarcely

POLYPS AND CORALS. « 323

higher than broad, smooth ; the margin with small, low,
rounded prominences between the radiating internal
lamellae. Tentacles very unequal, those of various
lengths somewhat intermixed ; the inner ones very long
and slender, moderately long and stout when partially
contracted in alcohol ; marginal tentacles much smaller,
and shorter.

Body about .25 of an inch high and broad; length of
inner tentacles .6 to .7 of an inch.

Color brownish. Smaller specimens bluish brown ; col-
umn white.

Port Lloyd, Bonin Islands, attached in great numbers
to coral branches, in one fathom, October, 1854. Dr.
Wm. Stimpson.

The tentacles are represented as too nearly equal, in
the figure of this species.

PARANTHEA ARMATA Verrill, sp. nov.

Body very small in proportion to the size of the tenta-
cles which frequently cover and entirely conceal it.
Tentacles in about two or three confused rows ; inner
ones longer and larger, about twenty-four in number,
prominent, twelve of them nearest the mouth and erect.

Color of body light cabbage-red ; inner tentacles
streaked with white at their inner bases.

Ly-ce-moon Passage, Hong Kong, attached to the
branches of a large dead Gorgonia, in twenty-five fath-
oms, rocks, March, 1855. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

COMACTIS FLAGELLIFERA E. and H., op. cit. p. 236.

Actinia flagellifera Drayton, in Dana, Zoophytes, Expl. Exp. p. 126,
Plate 1, fig. 1, 1846.

Funchal Bay, Madeira, on rocks in the fourth division
of the littoral zone ; often on small boulders exposed to
the surf, July, 1853. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

The alcoholic specimens have the very numerous, sub-
equal, crowded tentacles contracted to a stout, tapering
form, about .25 of an inch long and with a very distinct

324 t VERKILL, SYNOPSIS OF

opening at the tips. The column is very short, with
a fold below the margin, and separated from it by a
"fosse." On the outer edge of the fold the tubercles
form a simple row. They are prominent, round, smooth,
and nearly equal.

SUBFAMILY, PHELLIN^E Verrill.

Capnece Duch. and Mich., Corall. des Antilles (non Capneadce Gosse).

Column elongated, the basal portion, and often the
greater part of the length, covered with a persistent epi-
dermal layer, coated with mud or sand, etc. ; the upper
portion naked, sometimes papillose. "Acontia" few and
thrown out sparingly and reluctantly ; unobserved and
perhaps wanting in many species.

The presence of a persistent and often tough epidermal
deposit in this group would seem to be incompatible with
the presence of loop-holes (cindidce) and acontia, and
such organs have, indeed, been observed only in very few
species. But Gosse mentions, as throwing out acontia
sparingly from the base, the typical species of Phellia,
and another species (_P. Brodricii Gosse) is said to emit
them reluctantly from the mouth.

AMMONACTIS Verrill, these Proceedings, IV, p. 150,
1865.

AMMONACTIS RUBRICOLLTJM Verrill, loc. cit. p. 151.

Edwardsia rubricollum Stimpson, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Natural
Science, Vol. 7, 1855, p. 376.

Plate 3, figure 5, 5 a.

Column much elongated in expansion, covered to near
the top with a loose, dirt-colored epidermis ; above this
naked, and minutely wrinkled. Just below the tentacles
the margin is surrounded by a row of prominent, bead-
like, perforated tubercles, which during contraction eject
water. Tentacles stout, elongated, tapering to a point,
about forty in number, arranged close to the margin, in

POLYPS AND CORALS. 325

two rows, with twice as many in the outer as in the inner.
The inner ones alternating with every second interval
between the outer ones. Mouth broad, oval ; borders
wrinkled.

Column, upon the naked space below the tentacles,
bright salmon-red ; tentacles transparent fawn-color ; disk
pale yellow with a dark ring around the base of each
tentacle ; inside of mouth deep red. Height about four
inches in expansion.

Harbor of Hong Kong, attached to stones or shells,
beneath coarse sand, through which they rise to expand
the tentacles at the surface. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

PHELLIA Gosse, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3,
Vol. II, p. 193.

Capnea Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, p. 127, 1865,
(non Forbes).

«

Column partly covered with a persistent epidermal
layer, upper part naked, smooth ; sometimes with a few
loop-holes. Margin simple, neither tuberculated nor
papillose. Tentacles marginal, in more than one row,
not numerous, subequal, or the inner ones considerably
longest, outer ones sometimes with constrictions. Disk
simple, concave.

PHELLIA INEQUALIS Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate 3, figures 4, 4a, 41).

Column much elongated, somewhat worm-like, almost
entirely covered with a brownish, persistent epidermis,
lightest below, which shows irregular longitudinal lines ;
a narrow naked space just below the tentacles. Tentacles
about forty, slender, the twenty internal ones are consid-
erably longer than the twenty composing the outer row ;
the latter are very short, and have three constrictions.

In life the internal tentacles are brownish, tipped with
vermilion ; external ones pale, with three white rings at
the constrictions.

326 VERRII/L, SYNOPSIS OF

Length in expansion about 2.25 inches ; diameter .62.

Port Lloyd, Boniri Islands, attached to pebbles beneath
the surface, in the lower part of the littoral zone. Dr.
Wm. Stimpson.

When contracted in alcohol the specimens are one inch
to 1.25 long, and .40 to .60 in the greatest diameter.
The column is the largest in the middle, diminishing
below to the base which is a little expanded. At about the
upper third the column suddenly becomes smaller, with
strong longitudinal sul cations, between which the surface
rises up into papilla-like prominences ; the rest of the
column is faintly sulcated longitudinally and strongly
wrinkled transversely. The whole column, except a very
narrow zone close to the upper margin, is covered by a
closely adherent, firm, yellowish brown epidermis. No
acontia or loop-holes observable.

This species differs considerably from the typical
Phettice described by Gosse, and might, with some reason
be generically separated. Should this be thought desira-
ble I would suggest the name Paraphellia. The principal
structural peculiarities are the extremely short, knotted,
outer tentacles ; the very narrow, submarginal, naked
zone ; the firm, inseparable epidermis, and the papillose
appearance of the upper part in contraction. The last
two characters are also found in P. gausapata Gosse.

PHELLIA CLAVATA Verrill, these Proc. IV, p. 150,
1865.

Edwardsia clavata Stimpson, loc. cit. p. 376, 1855, (non Capnea
clavata Duch. et Mich., 1860,=PAeHfa Americana V.).

Vol. VI. , plate 1, figures 3, 3 a, 3b.

Base small. Column elongated, thick, enlarging up-
ward, covered by a thick, inseparable epidermis, except
for a narrow naked space below the tentacles, becoming
sandy towards the base. Tentacles about forty in two
circles, about twenty in each ; inner ones stouter and
longer, usually erect ; outer ones horizontal ; mouth broad,
oval, margin with strong folds.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 327

Color of epidermis dark greenish, brownish below;
narrow naked space below the tentacles purplish brown ;
outer tentacles purplish brown, with transverse blotches
of white ; inner ones pale yellow, irregularly annulated
with dark purplish brown. Disk and bases of inner ten-
tacles dark purplish brown, with a few streaks of opaque
white. Height about 2.25 inches; greatest diameter .85.

Kikaiasima (near Ousima), Japan, in a sheltered har-
bor, attached to the under surface of stones in slimy,
weedy places, January, 1855. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

The specimen, contracted in alcohol, is largest in the
middle, suddenly contracting above, diminishing gradu-
ally below. Above the constriction the surface is strongly
sulcated longitudinally, with soft rounded papillae between
the grooves. The naked part below the tentacles is in-
flated and wrinkled. On one side, a little below the
margin, there is a rounded opening with distinct, thick-
ened margins, about .04 in diameter. Margin of disk
forms a well defined, smooth rim. Lower part of column
with a thin, close epidermis.

The name, davata, having been first used by Dr. Wm.
Stimpson for this species of Phellia, I have called the
species, described by Duchassaing and Michelotti, Phellia
Americana (Paractis davata, Duch. and Mich., Corall.
des Antilles, p. 40, 1860, PL 6, figs. 7, 8).

PHELLIA COLLAEIS Verrill, these Proc. IV, p. 151.,
1865.

»

Edwardsia collaris Stimpson, loc. cit., p. 376, 1855.

Vol. VI, plate 1, figures £, 2 a.

Base broad. Column much elongated, tapering toward
the summit, below the tentacles with a broad naked band,
other parts covered with dirty brownish epidermis, to
which fine particles of mud adhere closely. Tentacles
about forty, small, slender, crowded.

Color of naked part of column whitish, marked with
eight fusiform streaks of brown, Tentacles brown.
Height of column in expansion 1.40 inches ; diameter .62.

328 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

Near Hong Kong, on a stone in the third region of the
littoral zone, April, 1854. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

The specimen, contracted in alcohol, is smallest in the
middle, where the surface is finely wrinkled transversely
and covered with small roundish papillae ; epidermis
closely adherent. The base and the region just above it
are dilated and have a thin, translucent texture, gradually
merging into the portion covered with the epidermis.
The naked region below the tentacles is also dilated, and
the integument is thin, longitudinally lined, and covered
with very small, granule-like papillae, which become
closer below and merge into the epidermal region. No lat-
eral openings apparent. Length one inch; diameter .5.

PHELLIA sp.

In alcohol about one inch long, .35 in diameter; the
upper end involved and showing strong radiating folds,
which extend downward beyond the middle of the body.
Epidermis thin, closely adherent.

Bonin Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

PHELLIA sp.

A large species. When contracted in alcohol 1.25
inches long; .5 in diameter. Integument firm and thick,
longitudinally and transversely wrinkled, covered with a
coarse, dark, brownish, inseparable epidermis, except
just below the tentacles, where there is a narrow, naked
space.

Ousima. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

PHELLIA ARCTICA Verrill, sp. nov.

Column enlarged at base, in an alcoholic specimen, di-
minishing upward to near the margin ; covered, except
within about .1 of an inch of the margin, with a thick,
roughened epidermis, which easily peals off, leaving a
firm, minutely roughened and transversely wrinkled
wall ; naked space below the tentacles smooth. Tenta-
cles slender, elongated, subequal, arranged in two close

pi

POLYPS AND CORALS. 329

rows, about twenty-four in each row. Disk narrow ;
mouth everted. Toward the base of the column there
are, in the only specimen seen, smooth, yellow, spherical,
ova-like bodies, embedded in circular cavities formed in
the epidermis and true wall, which are partially open
outwardly so as to expose a small portion of the enclosed
body, Avhich can be easily removed by enlarging the open-
ing of the cavities. These are arranged pretty regularly
in quincunx in four transverse rows all around the lower
third of the column, and rather distant. They are about
.5 of an inch in diameter, and their nature is quite uncer-
tain. Possibly they are the eggs of some parasite. Height,
in alcohol, .7 of an inch; diameter of base, .45; of
disk, .20.

Arctic Ocean, north of Behring's Straits, in thirty
fathoms. Capt. John Rodgers.

The above description has been made from a specimen
beautifully preserved in alcohol, with the disk and tenta-
cles expanded. The column is doubtless much contracted,
especially in length.

In addition to those enumerated above, the following
species belong to this genus.

Phellia murocincta Gosse, Actinologia Britanica, p. 135, PI. vii, fig.
2; xii, fig. 8.

Phellia gausapata Gosse, op. cit., p. 140, PL vii, flg. 1.

Phellia picta Gosse, op. cit. p. 143, PI. xii, flg. 1.

Phellia Brodricii Gosse, op. cit. p. 349, PI. viii, flg. 2.

Phellia Vernonia Verrill Capnea Vernonia Duch. and Mich., Supl.
Corall. des Antilles, Mem. Reale Accad. delle Sci., Turin, xxiii, p.
127, PL v, flg. 9, 1866, (1864?).

Phellia Americana Verrill = Capnea clavata D. & M., 1. cit.

Phellia cricoides Verrill = Capnea cricoides D. & M., 1. c., p. 128;
and Corall. des Antilles, 1860, p. 40, PL vi, flg. 4.

Phellia Coreopsis Verrill — Capnea Coreopsis D. & M., Supl. Corall.
des Ant., p. 128, PI. v, flg. 13, 1866 (1864?).

In addition to these there are several undescribed spe-
cies found at Panama and vicinity.

The genus Capneopsis Duch. and Mich., Supl. p. 128,
is evidently closely allied. The only species, C. Solidago,
lives buried in sand to the tentacles.

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 43 DEC., 1868.

330 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF POLYPS AND CORALS.

OIF1

PLATE 1.*

Figure 1, BALANOPHYLLIA CAPENSIS Verrill.

Figure 2, DENDROPHYLLIA GRACILIS Verrill.

Figure 3, DIASERIS PULCHELLA Verrill.

Figure 4, PARANTHEA MINUTA Verrill, natural size, Bonin Islands.
The tentacles are represented as too nearly equal.

Figure 5, SAGARTIA RADIATA Verrill, natural size; 5 a, disk and ten-
tacles ; 5 6, a tentacle enlarged. Kagosima Bay, Japan.

Figure 6, URTICINA COCCINEA Verrill, showing part of disk and ten-
tacles, natural size. Kagosima Bay, Japan.

Figure 7, CERIANTHUS STIMPSONII Verrill, natural size; 7 a, inner
tentacles. Bonin Islands.

Figure 8, CORYNACTIS ANNULATA Verrill, natural size, in expansion;
8 a, disk and tentacles enlarged. Cape of Good Hope.

PLATE 3.

Figure 1, HALOCAMPA STIMPSONII Verrill, enlarged. Cape of Good
Hope.

Figure 2, HALOCAMPA BREVICORNIS Verrill, side view, much en-
larged; 2 a, natural size, with tentacles withdrawn; 2ft, a tentacle
magnified. Hong Kong, China.

Figure 3, HALOCAMPA CAPENSIS Verrill, side view, much enlarged.
Cape of Good Hope.

Figure 4, PHELLIA INEQUALIS Verrill, side view, natural size; 4 a,
an inner tentacle ; 4 b, an outer tentacle. Bonin Islands.

Figure 5, AMMONACTIS RUBRICOLLUM Verrill, side view, natural
size ; 5 a, a tentacle and submarginal tubercle seen in profile. Hong
Kong, China.

* Since printing the former explanation of this plate (p. 50) it has been found
necessary to change some of the generic names.

[To be concluded in Vol. VI.]

INDEX

OF GENERA AND SPECIES IN

COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. V,

A.

Archibuteo lagopus,

81, 257, 258

Abutilon incanum, .

. 137

Sancti-Johannis,

81, 257, 258

Menziesii,

138

Arctocephalus,

7,11

Acacia Farnesiana,

. 236

Delalandii,

7

Koa,

236

Gilliespii,

. 11

Aoaena e.vigua,

239

Monteriensis,

. 7, 11

Accipiter Cooperii, .

. 80, 255

nrsinus,

. 5, 11, 13

fuscus,

. 80, 25'J

Ardea herodias,

91, 2K9

Actinia, ....

321

Ardetta exilis,

91, 290

flagellifera, .

. 323

Argemonc Mexicana,

115

timida, .

. > 321

Arquatella maritima, .

. 293,313

Actiturus Bartramius,

93, 295

Astragalinus tristis,

280

Actodromas Bonapartei,

294, 313

Astrea Hombronii,

. 33

maculata,

. 93, 294

ocellina,

. •» 37

minutilla, .

. 93,294,313

ordinata, .

. ^34

^Egialitis melodus,

. 92, 291

rudis, . . . .

:M

semipalmatus,
vocilerus, .

92, 291
. 92, 291

Astuv atricapillus,
Athene bypogaea,

. 80, 255
261

Wilsonius,

291

Aytbya Americana, .

95, 299

J3giothus canescens,

. 281

vallisneria, .

95, 300

exilipes, .

281

fuscescens,

281

B.

linarius, .

88, 280

Balanophyllia Capensis,

28. 50, 330

^Estrelata Cookii,

. 304

Bemicla brenta, .

. 94, 298

fuliginosa,

304

Canadensis,

. 94, 298

Lessonii, .

. 304

Hutchinsii, .

. 2!)8

mollis,

304

leuco|)sis, .

298

Agaricia rugosa,

45

nigricans,

298

Agelseus phoeniceus,

. 90, 285

Bonasa wmbella,

. 91, 287

Aix sponsa, ....

. 94, 299

Botaurus lentiginosus,

. <Jl, 290

Alca impennis,

310

Brachyotus Cassinii,

. 82, 259

lomvia,

. 311, 312

Bronssaisia arguta,

240

Allopora bella,

38

Bubo Virginianns, . . .

. 82, 2(>0

Californica,

. 37

Bucephala albeola, . • .

95, 300

oculina,

38

Americana, .

. 95, 300

Alphitonia excelsa.

. 174

Islandica, .

. 300

Alsinidertdron trinerve,

131

Buphagus Skua,

305

Ammodromus (xuidacutus,

. 282

81, 257

maritimus,

282

boroalis,

81, 25(i, 258

Ammonactis,

324

elegans,

. 81, 257

rubricollum,

32 1, 330

Harlanii,

257

Ampelis cedrorum,

87, 276

lineatus,

81, 256, 257

garrulus • *

87, 276

montanus,

258

Anas boschas,

. 94, 298

Pennsylvanicus,

. 81, 257

obscura,

. 94, 298

Swainsonii, .

257, 258

Ancylocheilus snbarquatus,
Anser cjerulescens,

. 293
297

Butorides virescens, .
Byronia Sjindwicensis, .

. 91, 290
171

frontalis, . . .

. 94

Gambelii,

298

C.

hyperboreus, .

. 94, 297

Csesalpinia Boncluc, .

. 233

Anorthura hyemalis,
Anthus Ludovicianus,

278
85, 268

Kavaiensis,
Cajanns Indicus,

. 233

192

Antrostomns vociferus,

83, 263

Calidris arenaria,

93, 293

Aquila Canadensis,

81, 258, 313 | Calophyllum Inophyllum,

133

334

5

Cristatella ophidioldea,

. 229

7

Jrotalaria Assamica,

1^9

Camptolanmis Labradorius,

. 300

longirostrata, .

. 180

C'anavalia galeata, .

188

sericea, .

180

325

Iltenactis sp.,

44

clavata,

326. 329

2uphea Balsamona,

. 247

Coreopsis,

. 329

Jupidonia cupido,

. 91, 287

cricoides, .

329

Curvirostra Americana, .

. 88, 281

Vernonia,

. 329

leucoptera,

88, 281

Capneopsis Solidago,
Capparis Sandwichiana, .

329
. 119

2yanospiza cyanea,
Dyanura cristata,

90, 284
. 90, 286

Cardamine hirsuta, .

116

Cyclopora,

38

Cardinalis Virginianus,

284, 313

bella,

38

Cardiospermum Halicacabum,

176

Cygnus Americanus,

94, 297

Carpodacus purpureus, . 88,
Cassia Gaudichaudii,

280, 313
234

musicus,
Cymochorea leucorrhoa,

. 297
305

occidentalis,

. 234

Cyphastrea ocellina, .

. 37

Catarrhactes troille,

311

Cystophora,

6 9

Cathartes atratus,

254

Antillarum, .

. . 4

aura,

80, 253

cristata,

13

Centrocercus urophasianus,

288

Centurus Carolinus,

83,262

D.

312

Daflla acuta,

. 94 298

lomvia,

311,312

Daption Capensis,

. 303

Cerastium viscosum, .

. 127

Demiegretta I/udoviciana,

. . 290

317

Dendroeca asstiva, . .

86, 273, 274

Stimpsonii, . 50,

317, 330

Blackburniae,

. 85, 272

Certhia Americana,

. 88, 279

Canadensis,

. 85, 272

Ceryle alcyon, ....

83,203

caerulea,

. 86, 274

Chsetnra pelasgia, .

83, 263

caerulescens, .

. 272

Charadrius Virginicus,

92,291

castanea,

. 86, 272

Chaulelasmus streperus,

. 94, 299

coronata, .

. 85, 272

Chondestes grammacus,

89, 281

discolor,

274

Chordeiles popetue,

. 83, 263

dominica, .

270

Chrcecocephalus atricilla, .

. 307

maculosa, ' .

86, 273

Franklinii,

96

palmarum,

86, 273, 274

Philadelphia, .

96,307

Pennsylvania,

86, 273

Chrysomitris pinus,

. 88, 280

pensilis, .

270

tristis, .

88

pina,

86, 272

Circus Hudsonicus,

. 81, 258

striata,

. 86, 273

Cistothorus palustris,

87, 278

superciliosa,

270

stellari?,

279

tigrina,

86

Cleome Sandwicensis,

. 118

virens, .

85, 272

Cocculus Ferrandianus,

115

Dendrophyllia Cecilliana, .

30

Coccygus Americanns,

82,261

gracillis, .

. 29,50,330

erythrophthalmus,

83,261

Desmodium Sandwicense,

. 183

32

triflorum,

183

tennis, .

33

Diaseris pulchella,

48, 50, 330

Cceloria Sinensis,

. 32

Dioclea violacea,

187

Coenopsammia Mannii, .

30

Diomedea chlororhyncha,

. 803

Colaptes auratus,

83, 263

culm in a ta,

303

Mexiaanus,

263

exulans, .

. 303, 304

Collurio borealis,

87, 277

Dodonsea eriocarpa,

176

excubitoroides, .

87, 277

viscosa, .

. 175

Ludovicianus,

. 277

Dolichonyx oryzivorus,

. « 90, 285

Colubrina Asiatica,

173

Dolichos Lablab,

. 191

oppositifolia, .

. 173

Drosera longifolia,

241

Colymbus arcticus, .

309

Dysactis minuta, .

. 50, 322

septentrionalis,

96,309

torquatus,

96, 309

E.

troille,

. 311

Ectopistes migratorius,

. 91, 286

Comactis flagellifera,

323

Edwardsia brevicornis, .

318

Contopus borealis,

84, 264

clavata,

. 326

virens,

. 84,264

collaris,

327

Corvns Americanus, .

90,286

cretata,

. 320

camivorus, .

90,286

Elzeocarpus bifldus,

143

ossifragus,

. 286

Empidonax Acadicus,

84, 264, 265

Corynactis annulata,

330

flaviventris,

. 84, 2(i5

Coturniculus Henslowii, .

282, 313

minimus,

. 84, 265

passeriiius,

. 89, 282

Traillii,

. 84, 265

Cotyle riparia, ....
Cristatella,

86, 270
292

Eremophila cornuta, .
Ereunetes pusillus.

. 88, 280
.93,294

335

Erignathus, ....

9

barbatus,
Erismatura rubida,
Erythrina monosperma,
Eugenia Malaccensis,
Sandvvicensis, .
Eumetopias,

12
. 95, 301
185
. 245
246
7,11

Glottis Floridana, . ' .
Goniastrea aspera,
Gossypium Drynarioides,
relisriosum,
tomentosum,
Gouania orbicularis, .

296
. 32
141
. 141
141
. 175

Californianus,
Euphyllia undulata, .
Eupsammia Stimpsoniana,
Eurinorhynchus pygaiEeus,
Eurya Sandwicensis,
Euspiza Americana, .

F.

Falcinellus Ordii, .
Falco aesalon,

13
. 38

. 29,50
. 295
134
. 284

290
255

vitifolia, .
Graculus carbo, .
dilophus, .
Florid anus,
Grus Americanus, .
Cauadensis,
Guazuma tomentosa,
Guiraca ca;rulea,
Ludoviciana,

174

. 95, 302
302
. 95
289
. 91,289
143
284
90, 28t
242

anatum, .
aurantius, .
btiteoides,
candioans, .
cinereus,
columbarins,

. 80, 254
255
256
. 254,255
255
80, 255, 256

Gynandropsis pentaphylla, .

H.

Hsematopus palliatus, .
Halarctus

118

292
7, 11

Groenlanclicus,
Harlanii, .
hyemalis,
Islandicus,

255

258
258, 257
. 254

Haliaetus leucocephalus,
Washingtonii, .
Halicyon,
HalichoBrus, .

. 82, 258
. 259
5
g

Labradora, .

4 6

mgnceps,

. 254

12

perignnus, .
sacer, ....

254
254 2)5

Haliplana fuliginosa,

309
318 330

Sancti-Johannis, .
sparverius,

257

80, 255

Capensls,

Stimpsonii,

319,330
. 319, 3,'iO

95 300

Flabellum sp.,

42 50

87 2(57

Florida czerulea,

290

Heliophoca, .

6

Formica, a black species of,
sanguinea,
Fragaria Chilensis,

. 14
14

. 238

Helmitherus Swainsonii, .
vermivorus,

. 270
270
271

Fratercula arctica, .
corniculata,
glacialis,
Fredericella,

310
. 310
310

218

chrysoptera,
peregrina, .
pina,

85, 270
271
271
85 270

pulcherrima,
regina, .
Walcottii, .
Fringilla ambigtia,

219, 232
. 219, 232
218, 232
. 285

Herotlins egretta,
Hespuriphona vespertina,
Heterocynthus alternata, .

91,289
83, 280, 312
41, 50
139

savannarum, .
Fulica Americana,
Fulix afflnis, .

282
93, 297
95 299

Brackinvidgii,
rosa-sinensis, .

. 139
140
140

collaris,

95 209

138

marila, .
Fnlmarns glacialis, .
Fungia echinata,

. 94, 299
. 303
43

Hierofaleo, . . .
Himantopus nigricollis, .

. 255

292
86

lacera,

43

83, 275

papillose,

42

lunifrons,

. 8(5
300

G.

Galaxea fascicularis,
Gallinago Wilsonii,
Gallinula galeata, .
martinica, .
Gambetta flavipes, .

39
. 92, 293
. 93, 297
297
. 93, 290

Hydrochelidon fidsipes,
Hylotonnis pileatus,
Hypotriorchis,

I.
Ibis alba,
Ordii, ....

. 96, 309
83, 2(52
. 255

291
. 92

melanoleuca,
Garzetta candidissima, .

93, 295
295

rubra; ....

291
270

Gelochelidoii Angelica,
Geothlypis Philadelphia,
trichas,
Geranium arboreum,
cuneatum, .
multiflorum, .

308
. 85, 209
85, 269
1(53
. 102
162

Icterus Baltimorensis, .
spurius, .
Indigofera Anil,
Isodendrion laurifolium, .
longifolium,
pyrifolium,

90,285
. 90, 285
181
. 122
122
, 121

336

J.

Mergelhis albellus,

. 301

Jnnco hyemalis, .

89, 282, 313

Mergulus alle, .

312

Jussia;a villosa,

248

Mergus Americanus, .

95,301,314

serrator,

95, 301, 314

L.

Metrosideros macropus, .

. 2t4

Lagopus albus,

289

polymorpha,

243

Lauius Carolinensis, .

. 277

iiigosa,

. 244

Larus argentatus, .

306

Micropalama himantopus,

294

Delawarensis, .
fuseus, . . . .

. 306
307

Milvulus tyrannus,
Mimosa pudica,

. 264
235

glaucus,

. 306,307

Mimas Carolinensis, .

. 87, 267

Hutchinsii, .

306

polyglottus,

267

leucopterus,

306

Mirounga, ....

6

m arin us,

96, 306

Mniotilta varia,

.85, 269

Sniithsonianus,

. 96, 30(5

Moiotlmis pecoris,

90, 285

Lepidium Owahiensie, .

117

Monachus,

6,9

serra, .

. 117

Montipora foliosa,

. 25

Leptastrea stellulata,

3(5

poritilbrmis, .

26

Leptonyx, ....

2, 10

rigida,

. 26

Lepturus candidus,

302

Morvmga, ....

6

305

M uruiia gigantca,

186

Kiclwrdsonii,

305

urens,

187

Limosa Kdwavdsii,

296

. 275

fedoa, . . . .

93, 296

Mussa grandis,

31

Hudsonica, .

93, 296

Myiarchtis crinitns, .

83, 2(54

Linaria canescens, .

281

Myiodioctes Canadensis,

86, 274

Lobipes liyperboreus,

. 292

275

Lobodon,

. 6, 10

mitratiis,

275

carcinophaga, .

4, 6

pusillus,

. 86, 274

311

Svarbag,

. 311

N.

troille,

311

Xettion Carolinensis, .

. 94, 298

Lophophanes bicolor,

. 279

crecca,

298

Lophodytes cucullatus,

95,301, 314

Numenius borealis, .

296

Lophoriyx Calilbrnicus, .

. 288

Hudsonicus, .

93, 296

Lunda cirrhata,

311

longirostris,

. 93, 296

Lythrum maritinum, .

. 246

Nyctale Acadica,

82, 2(50

albifrons,

82, 260

M.

Richardsonii,

82, 260

Macrorhamphus griseus,

. 92, 293

Nyctea nivea,

. 82, 261

scolopaceus,

. 293

Nyctherodius violaceus,

290

Macrorhinus, . . . .

6,9

Nyctiardea Gardenii, .

. 92, 290

angustirostris,

. 13

leoninus,

5

O.

Macrorhyna,

6

Oceanites oceauica, .

. 305

Ji^Uie^ u-'a arbuscula, .

21

(Edemia Americana,

300

globiceps,

. 23

Odobsenus, ....

7

hebes, .

20

Ommatophoca,

. 6, 10

nobilis,

. 20

Rossii,

6

prolixa,

22

Oporornis agilis,

269

pumila,

. 23

formosa, .

269

striata, .

24

Ortyx Virginiana,

91, 287, 288

teres,

20

. 304

tubicinaria, .

23

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,

240

tumida,

. 21

Otaria,

7,11

turgida,

19

Californiana,

7

Majaqueus sequinoctialis, .
Malvastrum tricuspidatum, .

. 304
135

Gilliespii,
jMonteriensis, .

7
13

Mareca Americana, .

. 94, 299

Stellerii, .

7,13

Penelope, .

299

7

Melactis annulata,

50

Otoes,

7

Melanerpes erythrocephalus,

a3, 263

Otus Wilsonianns, .

82, 259

Melanetta velvetina, .

. 95, 300

Oxalis corniculata,

. 1(54

Meleagris gallopavo,

91, 288

Martiana,

164

Mexicana, .

. 288

Melicope barbigera,

168

P.

cinerea,

. 168

Pachysammia,

*7 • . 30

elliptica, .

168

valida,

30

spathulata, .

168

Pachyseris monticulosa, .

. 45

Melospiza Lincoluii,
melodia,

283, 313
89, 283, 313

Pagomys, ....

9

foetidus,

. 12

paJustris,

89, 283, 313 J Pagophilus, . .

9

337

Pagophilus Groeiilandicus,

. 12
316

Phoca leonina, ....

. 5,6
6

Pandion Carol inensis,
Paracyathus Ebonensis,
porcellana, .
Paractis clavata,
Paranthea, ....
armata, .
minuta,
pallida, .
Paraphellia, ....

82, 259
40
. 40
327
. 322
323
. 322, 330
322
326

monachus,

6

Pealii, ....
Richardii, ....

. 4,13
13

rosmarus,

5
4

5,7

vitulina, ....

Wilkianus, . .
Phoebertia fuliginosa, .
Picoides arcticus, .
hirsutus, ...
Picus Phillipsii,
pubescens,
villosus,
Pinicola Canadensis, .
Pipilo erythrophthalmus,
Pittosporum acnminatum,
ctiuliflorum,
confertiflorum,
glabrum, .
spathulatum,
terminalioides, .
Platydesma campanulata,

5,12
4
303
83, 262
262
261
83, 262
83, 261
' 88, 280
90,284
. 125
124
. 123
125
. 125
. 124
. 169
7

Parula Americana, .

85,269

. 88

Passerctilus alaudinus,
savanna,
Passerella iliaca,
obscura, .
Pavonia cornplanata,
foliosa,
Pectinatella, ....
magnifica,
Pedtecetes Columbianus,
phassianellus,
Pelagios,- . .

281
89, 281, 313
90,283
. 283
45
. 44
227
. 227
288
. 288
6

Pelea anisata, . . .

. 166

auriculsefolia,
clusiaelblia,
Kavaiensis, .
oblongifolia,
rotundilblia, .
Sandvvicensis, .
sapotjefolia, . .
volcanica, .
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus,
trachyrhynchus,
Pelidna Americana,
Pelionetta perspicillata, .
Perissoglossa tigrina,
Perisoreus Canadensis,
Perrottetia Sandwicensis,
Petrochelidon lunifrons, .
Phaeton sethereus, .
flavirostris, .
Phalaropus fulicarius, .
hyperboreus, .
Phaseolus semierectus, .
Truxillensis,
Phellia,
Americana, .
arctica,
Brodricii,
clavata,
collaris, . . .

166
. 165
166
. 166
167
. 167
165
167
.95,302
302
92,294
95, 300
274
. 91, 286
172
. 276
302
. 302
292
. 92
189
. 189
325
. 326, 329
328
. 324, 329
326
. 327

Platvrhynchus, ....

7

Plectrophanes Lapponicus, .
nivalis,
Plesiastrea indurata, . .
Urvillei,
Plumatella, . . .

89, 281
88, 281
35,50
36

'J'21

Avethusa,
diffusa,
vesicularis,
vitrea, .
Podiceps cornntus,
cristatus,
griseigena, .
Holbolii, .
rubricollis, .
Podilymbtis podiceps, .
Poecetes gramineus, .
Po3cile atricapillus,
Hudson icus, .
Polioptila cserulea, .

. 223
222
. 225
224

96, 310
310
. 309

96, 309
-. . 309
96,310
89, 282
279
. 279
268
25

25

. 133

sclerocarpa, . .
villosa,
Porzana Carolina, .
Novaeboracensis,
Prioflnns cinereus, .
Prionastrea Chinensis,
Procellaria pelagica,
Progne i)iirpurea,

132
132
93, 297
. 297
303
. 35
305
. 87
276

Coreopsis, .
cricoides,
gansapata, .
inequalis,
murocincta,
picta, . . .

329
. 329
329
. 325, 330
339
. 329

Protonotaria citrea, .
Psammocora parvistella,

. 269
27
. 245

sp., . . . .
Vernonia,
Philohela minor,
Philomachus pugnax,
Phoca,
barbata, . . .

328
329
92, 293
. 296
5,8
5

Pufflnus Anglorum,
carneipes,
cinereus, .
creatopus, .
fuliginosus,
Kuhlii, ....

. 3o4
. 304
303
. 304
304
. 303

carcinophaga,
cristata,

6
6
5, 12

303

Groanlandica, .
grypus, ....
nispida,
jubata.

5
5
. 12

7

sphemirus, .
Pyranga aestiva,
rubra, ....
Pyrgita domestica, .

. 304
275

86,275
283

43*

338

Q.

6

Querqtiedula discors,
Quiscalus baritus, .
major,
versicolor,

K.

Rallus crepitans,
elegants,
VirgmianuSj
Ranunculus Hawaiensis, .

. 94, 299
286
285
90,285

93, 296
296
93, 297

. 114

114

Stenorhynchus,
Weddellii,
Stephanoseris Japonica,
lamellosa, .
sulcata, .
Stercorarius Buffonii,
cepphus, .
parasiticus, .
pomarinus,
Sterna Antillarum,
Sterna aranea, ....

. 6,10
6
47
46,50
48
. 305
305
305
96,305
. 308
308

Recurvirostra Americana,
Regulus calendulas,

. 92, 292
84, 208

Cayana, ....

. 308
308

cristatus,
satrapus, .

268
85. 208
. 208

Havellii, ....
hirundo, . .
macroura, ...

309
96,303
. 308

Rhus eemialatum, .
Rhyacophilus sohtarius, .

177
. 295, 313

Paradisea, .

308
308

Rhynchops nigra, .

309
. 307

Strepsilas interpres,
Stvix Americana, ...

92,292
. 259

. 7, 12

260

obesus,
Rubus Havraiensia,

5, 13

237

. 238

pratincola ....
scandiaca,
Strongvlodon lucidum • .

259,312
260
185

S.

»

Sturueila magna, . .

90,285
95,301

50, 330

liber,

301

Saxicola cenauthe, . .

208

82,261

Sayornis fuscus, . .

84, 264

270

Soniedea amplexicaulis, .
diffusa,

, 128
128
. 130

autumnalis,
Childrenii, .
flava, ....

. 272
273

. 273

Hookerii, .

129

ligustrina, . .

. 129

. 427

Menziesii,

129

274

. 128

. 272

Remyi,
epergulina, . .

130
. 130

Rathboniae, .

273

stellarioidcs, .

128
130

rubricapilla, .
golitaria, . . .

270

. 271

Scolecophagus ferrugineus,
Scolopax rusticola, . . .

90,285
293
82, 200

ephagnosa, . . .
trochilus, . . .
Sylvicola parus,

272
. 273
272

Seiurus aurocapillti^
Ludovicianus, .
Novseboracensis,
Senebiera didyma, .
Sesbania grandiflora,
tomentosa,
Sesuvium portulacastrum,

. 85, 271
. 271
. 85, 271
117
. 182
182
132

Symphemia semipalmata, .
Syrnium cinereum, . .
nebulosum, .

T.
Tachycineta bicolor,

295
82,260
82,260

. 276
. 50

Setophaga ruticilla,

86, 275

84, 208

Tephrosia piscatoria, . .

181

91 287

136

Thalasseus acuflavidus, .

308

Meyeniana,

. 136
. 137

Caspius, .

96,308
305

. 137

pelagica, • .

. 305

Silene lanceolata, .
struthiolioides,
Sitta Canadensis,
Carolinensis, .
Somateria mollissima, .
spectabilis, .

126
126
88, 279
. 88, 279
95, 301
. 301

Wilsonii,
Thespesia populnea, . .
Thryothorus Bewickii, . .
Ludovicianus,
Tetanus glottis,

305
. 140
279
. 279
296
. 144

192

7

Spatula clypeata,
Sphyrapicus varius,
Spizella monticola,
pusilla,

. 94, 299
83,262
89, 283, 313
89, 283
89, 283, 313

manatus, . .
rosmarus, .
Tringa alpina, ....
canuius, . . .
Cooperii, . . . .

7
7
294
92,293
. 294

Squatarola helvetica,
Steganopus Wilsonii, .
Stelgidopteryx serripennis,

92, 291, 313

. . 292
276

pectoralis, . .
platyrhyncha,
Schinzu,

294
. 295
294

339

Tringoides macularius,
Trochilus colubris, .
Troglodytes aedon,
Americanus,
hyemalis,
Tryngites rufescens,

. 93, 295

83, 263
. 88, 278
278
. 88
296

Urticina coccinea, . .
Utamania torda, . .

V.

. 330
310

. 184

Turbinaria Sinensis, • .

. 27

28

190

Turdus Aliciae, .
fuscescens, . .
migratorius, .

267
84, 266, 267
. 84,265
. 266

Sandwicensis, .
Viola Chamissoniana, .
Kavaiensis, . .

190
. 121
120
120

mustelinus, .

84, 266
312

Vireo flavifrons,

87, 278

87, 277

nanus, . .
Pallasii,
solitariua, .
Swainsonii,
Wilsonii,
Tyrannus Carolinensis, .
verticalis, .

TJ.

Ulula Tengmalmii,

312
84,266
266
84, 266, 267, 312
. . 266
83, 264
. 264

. 260
311

. Novaeboracensis, .
olivaceus, .
Philadelphicus, .
Bolitariua, .

\V.

Waltheria Americana,
pyrolaafolia, .

X.

Xema Saliinii, ...

278
. 87, 277
. . . 277
. 87, 278

. 142
142

. . 307

Xylosma Hawaiense, . •

. 122

Briinnichii, . .

312

Z.

96, 311

7, 11

lachrymans,
leucophthalmus, .
leucopsis, .

. 311
311
311

Gilliespii, .
Zanthoxylum dipetalum,
Kaviense, .
Maviense,

. 13

170
. 170
. . 1/J

Zenaedura CarolinensiS| •

. 91, 287

312

. . 316

. 311, 312

Zonotrichia albicollis, .

89, 282

Urnatella gracilis, . .

232

leucophrys, .

. 89, 282, 313

THE

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY.

PART II.

NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

SALEM :

PUBLISHED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE,
1866.

PRINTED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE,

SALEM.

INTRODUCTION.

In this part of the "Naturalists' Directory" the' addresses of the vari-
ous persons are given under a systematical arrangement. A geogra-
phical grouping of the names and an alphabetical index will follow.

The number preceding each name is given to facilitate indexing.

This part will be issued with the "Proceedings," several pages at a
time, as fast as it can be prepared.

The Editor returns his thanks to the numerous friends who have
aided him, since the publication of the first part, by sending new names
and corrections, and earnestly hopes that his attention may be called
to any mistakes or omissions noticed in this second part, at as early a
day as possible.

Information respecting Naturalists residing in the Southern States
and Mexico is especially requested.

Those persons who have not answered the circulars forwarded to
them are requested to do so, even if their addresses are correctly given,
as it is only from the personal statement of each that perfect confidence
can be had in the printed list. In regard to this subject, the Editor
would state that answers have been received to the greater part of the
circulars issued. The addresses which are left doubtful from the non
receipt of answers, will be designated at the close of this part.

Notices of the decease or change of address, of persons whose
names appear in the Directory are particularly requested.

Owing to tfie large number of names which have been received since
the first twenty pages of this part of the Directory were issued, and
the various corrections which have been made, it has been thought
best to reprint them, especially as it was desirable to slightly change
the arrangement of the names. Subscribers to the work will therefore
please substitute this edition for the former.

F. W. PUTNAM,

Editor.

ESSEX INSTITUTE, SALEM, MASS.,
May 1, 1866.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY.

GEOLOGY.

1. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Harv-
ard University ; Director and Curator, Museum of Comparative
Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.

2. Prof. WM. E. A. AIKIN (Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
•University of Maryland ; Swan Lecturer on applied /Chemistry,

Maryland Institute), 25 Hamilton street, Baltimore, Md. North
American.

3. HENRY D'ALIGN Y (Mining Engineer ; Ilesident Agent, St. Mary's
Canal Mineral Land Co.), Houghton, L. S., Mich. North American.

4. Prof. E. B. ANDREWS (Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and
Geology, Marietta College), Marietta, Ohio. North American.

6. AUSTIN BACOX, Natick, Mass. Local.

6. Prof. L. W. BAILEY (Professor of Chemistry and Natural History,
University of New Brunswick), Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Local.

7. D. M. BALCH (Chemist), Salem, Mass. Local.

8. Rev. M. W. BEAUCHAMP, King's Ferry, Cayuga, N. Y. Local.

9. GEORGE BECK, Lockport, N. Y. Local.

10. Prof. ROBERT BELL (Professor of Natural History, Chemistry and
Geology, Queen's University; Assistant, Geological Survey of
Canada; Secretary, Botanical Society of Canada), Kingston,
Canada West. North American.

11. Prof. JAMES G. BLAIR, Athens, Ohio. North American.

12. Prof. W. P. BLAKE (Director and Professor of Mineralogy, Geo-
logy and Mining, Mining and Agricultural College), Post Office
box 2077, San Francisco, Cal. North American.

13. FRANK H. BRADLEY (Curator of Geology, Yale College), New
Haven, Ct. North American.

14. G. C. BROADHEAD, Pleasant Hill, Cass Co., Mo. North American.

15. Prof. EZRA L. CARR (Professor of Chemistry and Natural History,
Wisconsin State University), Beloit, Wis. Local.

16. SAMUEL R. CARTER, Paris Hill, Oxford Co., Me. Local.

17-44 GEOLOGY. 6

17. Prof. CHARLES F. CIIAXDLKR (Professor of Chemistry, School of
Mines, Columbia College), East Forty-ninth street, New, York,
N. Y. North American.

18. Prof. EDWARD J. CHAPMAN (Professor of Mineralogy and Geo-
logy, University College), Toronto, Canada West. North
American.

19. T. APOLEON CHENEY (Librarian, Georgic Library), Havana,
N. Y. Local.

20. CHANDLER CHILDS, Desrnoines, Iowa. Local.

21. Prof. GEOHGK H. COOK (State Geologist of New Jersey; Profes-
sor of Chemistry and Natural History, Rutgers College), New
Brunswick, N. J. North American.

22. llev. SYLVESTER COWLES, West Randolph Cattaraugus Co.,
N. Y. Local.

23. E. T. Cox, New Harmony, Ind. Local.

24. Dr. E. S. CROSIER, New Albany, Ind. Local.

25. HIRAM A. CUTTING, Lunenburg, Essex Co., Vt. Local.

20. Prof. JAMES D. DANA (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy,
Yale College), New Hav.en, Ct. (feneral.

27. Prof. J. W. DAWSON (Principal, McGill University), Montreal,
Canada. British North America.

28. ANDREW DICKSON, Kingston, Canada West. North American.

29. H. DODGE, Skaneateles, N. Y. Local.

30. Rev. E. B. EDDY, Waltham, Mass. Local.

31. Dr. M. N. ELROD, Jeffersonville, Ind. Local.

32. L. ENGELBROCHT, Portsmouth, Ohio. Local.

33. HENRY ENGELMANN (Mining Engineer), Belleville, 111. North
American.

34. Prof. JACOB ENNIS, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

35. C. F. ESCHWEILER (Mining Engineer), No. 110, Springfield
street, Boston, Mass. North American.

36. Prof. E. W. EVANS, Marietta, Ohio. North American.

37. Hon. SAMUEL EWING, Randolph, N. Y. Local.

38. Dr. P. J. FARNSWORTH, Lyons, Clinton Co., Iowa. Local.

39. J. W. FOSTER (Mining Engineer), Chicago, III. North American.

40. Hon. GEORGE GEDDES, Fairmount, Onondaga Co., N. Y. Local.

41. WM. GOSSIP (Secretary, Nova Scotian Institute of Natural
Science), Halifax, Nova Scotia. Local.

42. A. D. HAGER (State Geologist of Vermont; Curator of Vermont
State Cabinet), Proctors ville, Vt. North American.

43. Prof. JAMES HALL (State Geologist of New York, Iowa and
Wisconsin), Albany, N. Y. General.

44. Rev. SAMUEL R. HALL, Brownington, Vt. Local.

GEOLOGY. 45-69

45. ISAAC N. HAKMON, Chicago, 111. Local.

46. Louis HARPER (Mining Engineer), No. 1, Rector street, New
York, N. Y. North American.

47. F. HAWN, Leayenworth City, Kansas. North American.

48. Dr. F. V. HAYDEN, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
North American.

49. E. W. HILGARD (State Geologist of Mississippi), Oxford, Miss.
North American.

50. S. W. HILL, Houghton, Mich. Local.

51. C. H. HITCHCOCK, No. 37, Park Row, New York, N. Y. 'North
American.

52. JAMES T. HODGE, Newburg, N. Y. North American.

53. Prof. FRANCIS S. HOLMES, College of Charleston, Charleston,
S. C. Local.

54. Rev. Dr. HONEYMAN, Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Local.

55. Prof. EDMUND 0. HOVEY (Professor of Chemistry and Geology,
Wabash College), Crawfordsville, Ind. Local.

56. Prof. HENRY How (Professor of Chemistry and Natural Histo-
ry, University of King's College), Windsor, Nova Scotia. North
American.

57. ROBERT HOWELL, Nichols, Tioga Co., N. Y. Local.

58. Prof. O. P. HUBBARD (Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and
Geology, Dartmouth College), Hanover, N. H. North American.,

59. Dr. C. T. JACKSON (Vice President, Boston Society of Natural
History), Boston, Mass. North American.

60. JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. Local.

61. Prof. JOHN JOHNSTON (Professor of Natural Sciences, Wesley-
an University), Middletown,' Ct. North American.

62. JAMES P. KIMBALL (Mining Engineer), No. 33, Wall street, and
40 St. Mark's Place, New York, N. Y. North American.

63. CLARENCE KING (Assistant, California Geological Survey), Ir-
vington, N. Y. and San Francisco, Cal. North American.

64. JOHN H. KLIPPART, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

65. I. A. LAPHAM, Milwaukee, Wis. Local.

66. Dr. GEORGE A. LATHROP, East Saginaw, Mich. Local.

67. ISAAC LEA (Vice President, American Philosophical Society),
No. 1622, Locust street, Philadelphia, Pa. North American.

68. JOSEPH LESLEY, Office Pennsylvania R. R., Philadelphia, Pa.
North American.

69. J. P. LESLEY (Professor of Mining, University of Pennsylvania;
Fourth Secretary and Librarian, American Philosophical Socie-
ty), No. 1016, Clinton street, Philadelphia, Pa. North Ameri-
can.

70-96 GEOLOGY. 8

70. Prof. LEO LESQURREUX, Columbus, Ohio. North American.

71. ELIAS LEWIS (Chairman of the Committee on Natural History,
Long Island Historical Society), No. 16, Court street, Brooklyn,
N. Y. Local.

72. Rev. SAMUEL LOCKWOOD, Keyport, N. J. Cretaceous. Local.

73. Sir WILLIAM B. LOGAN (Director, Geological Survey of Canada),
Montreal, Canada. General.

74. Rev. J. E. LONG, Hublersburg, Centre Co., Pa. Local.

75. BENJ. SMITH LYMAN (Mining Engineer), No. 35, South Fifth
street, Philadelphia, Pa. North American.

76. SYDNEY S. LYON, Jeffersonville, Ind. North American.

77. Prof. OLIVKR MARCY (Professor of Natural History, North-west-
ern University), Evanston, 111. North American.

78. Dr. R. P. MASON, Milford, Ohio. Local.

79. G. F. MATTHEW (Curator, Natural History Society of St. John),
St. John, New Brunswick. Local.

80. Prof. J. H. MCCHESNEY, Jacksonville, 111. North American.

81. R. MCFARLANE, Fort Anderson, British America. Local.

82. F. B. MEEK, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. North
American.

83. Hon. ANSON S. MILLER, Rockford, 111. Local.

84. Rev. JAMES E. MILLS, Amherst, Nova Scotia. North American.

85. Prof. JOSEPH MOORE (Professor of Natural History, Earlham
College), Richmond, Ind. Local.

86. BENJAMIN F. MUDGE (Professor of Natural History, Kansas State
Agricultural College), Manhatten, Kansas. North American.

87. ALEXANDER MURRAY, St. Johns, New Foundland. North
American.

88. Prof. HENRY B. NASON, Beloit, Wis. North American.

89. J. V. C. NELLIS, Auburn, N. Y. Local.

90. Dr. J. S. NEWBERRY, Cleveland, Ohio. North American.

91. JOHN A. NICHOLS, Poultney, Vt. Local.

92. W. H. NILES (Lecturer Massachusetts State Teacher's Institute),
New Haven, Ct. North American.

93. Prof. J. G. NORWOOD (Professor of Natural Science and Natur-
al Philosophy, Missouri State University), Columbia, Boone
County, Mo. North American.

94. J. KELLY O'NEALE, Lebanon, Ohio. Local.

95. Prof. RICHARD OWEN (Professor of Natural Sciences, Indiana
State University), Bloomington, Ind., from Sept. 1 to July 1;
rest of the year, New Harmony, Ind. North American.

96. Prof. THEODORE S. PARVIN (Professor of Natural History, Iowa
State University), Iowa City, Iowa. North American.

> GEOLOGY. 97-127

97. Prof. E. J. PICKETT, Rochester, N. Y. North American.

98. Dr. WILLIAM PRESCOTT, Concord, N. H. Local.

99. RAPHAEL PUMPELLY, Owego, N. Y. Arizona, China, Japan.

100. Hon. H. S. RANDALL, Cortland Village, N. Y. Local.

101. Dr. SAMUEL REID, New Albany, Ind. Local.

102. E. J. RICE, Muncie, Ind. Local.

103. JAMES RICHARDS, Litchfteld, Ct. Local.

104. R. A. RIDEOUT, Garland, Me. Local.

105. Prof. WM. B. ROGERS (President, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; Corresponding Secretary, American Academy of
Arts and Sciences), Boston, Mass. Generdl.

106. JOSEPH M. ROWELL, Lynn, Mass. Local.

107. Prof. JAMES M. SAFFORD, (State Geologist of Tennessee), Post
Office box 36, Nashville, Tenn. North American.

108. PETER W. SHEAFER, Pottsville, Schuylkill Co., Pa. Coal.

109. Dr. B. F. SHUMARD, St. Louis, Mo. North American.

110. Prof. BENJAMIN SILLIMAN (Professor of Chemistry, Yale Col-
lege), New Haven, Ct. North American.

111. Dr. R. P. STEVENS, New York, N. Y. North American.

112. O. H. ST. JOHN, Waterloo, Iowa. Local.

113. CHARLES STODDER, No. 75, Kilby street, Boston, Mass. Local.

114. R. H. STRETCH, Virginia City, Nevada. North American.

115. JOSEPH SULLIVANT, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

116. Prof. G. C. SWALLOW (State Geologist of Kansas), Columbia,
Boone Co., Mo. North American.

117. Prof. SANBORN TENNEY (Professor of Natural History, Vassar
Female College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. North American.

118. W. H. B. THOMAS, Mount Holly, N. J. North American.

119. C. B. TREGO, No. 612, North Thirteenth street, Philadelphia, Pa.
North American.

120. Dr. JOHN B. TRASK, San Francisco, Cal. Local.

121. PHILIP T. TYSON (State Geologist of Maryland), Baltimore, Md.
North American.

122. Prof. A. E. VERRILL, (Mining Engineer ; Professor of Zoology,
Yale College), New Haven, Ct. North American.

123. T. C. WALBRIDGE, Belleville, Upper Canada. Local.

124. R. P. WHITFIELD, Albany, N. Y. North American.

125. Dr. CHARLES A. WHITE, Iowa City, Iowa. North American.

126. Prof. J. D. WHITNEY (State Geologist of California), San Fran-
cisco, Cal., and Northampton, Mass. North American.

127. Col. CHARLES WHITTLESEY, Cleveland, Ohio. North American.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 2. July, 1866.

128-151 GEOLOGY. MINERALOGY. 10

128. CHARLES P. WILLIAMS, No. 138, Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.
North American.

129. Prof. ALEXANDER WINCHELL (Professor of Natural History,
Michigan State University), Ann Arbor, Mich. North American.

130. A. H. WORTHEN (State Geologist of Illinois) Springfield, 111.
North American.

MINERALOGY.

131. HENRY D'ALIGNY (Mining Engineer; Resident Agent, S,t.
Mary's Canal Mineral Land Co.), Houghton, L. S., Mich.

132. OSCAR D. ALLEN, Camden, N. J.

133. S. C. H. BAILEY, No. 5, Beekman street, New York, N. Y.

134. EDWARD E. BARDEN, Rockport, Mass.

135. VINCENT BARNARD, Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa. A Col-
lector.

136. WM. BARNKS (Mining Engineer), Post Office box 274, Halifax,
Nova Scotia.

137. Rev. E. R. BEADLE, Philadelphia, Pa.

138. Prof. ROBERT BELL (Assistant, Geological Survey of Canada;
Secretary, Botanical Society of Canada; Professor of Natural
History, Chemistry and Geology, Queen's University), Kings-
ton, Canada West.

139. Prof. W. P. BLAKE (Director, and Professor of Mineralogy
Geology and Mining, College of California), Post Office box
2077, San Francisco, Cal.

140. T. T. BOUVE (Curator of Palaeontology and Mineralogy, Bos-
ton Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass.

141. Prof. P. D. BRADFORD (Professor of Physiology and Pathology,
Castleton Medical College), Northfield, Vt.

142. C. G. BREWSTER, No. 16, Tremont street, Boston. A Dealer.

143. W. T. BRIGHAM, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston,
Mass.

144. C. M. BROWNE, No. 84, John street, New York, N. Y.

145. CHR. C. BROOKS, No. 53, St. Paul street, Baltimore, Md.

146. Prof. GEORGE J. BRUSH (Professor of Mineralogy and Metal-
lurgy, Yale College), New Haven, Ct.

147. STUART M. BUCK, Boston, Mass.

148. A. R. BURTON, Bethlehem, N. H.

149. Prof. JAMES BUSHEE (Curator of Mineralogy, Worcester Socie-
ty of Natural History), Worcester, Mass.

150. Dr. JOHN CARDEZA, Claymont, Del.

151. SAMUEL R. CARTER, Paris Hill, Oxford Co., Me.

11 MINERALOGY. 152-185

152. Prof. CHARLES F. CHANDLER (Professor of Chemistry, School
of Mines, Columbia College), East Forty-ninth street, New
York, N. Y.

153. Prof. EDWARD J. CHAPMAN (Professor of Mineralogy and Ge-
ology, University College), Toronto, Canada West.

154. ISAAC B. CHOATE, Portland, Me.

155. Eev. A. P. CHUTE, Sharon, Mass.

156. Prof. W. S. CLARK (Professor of Chemistry, Amherst College),
Amherst, Mass.

157. JOSEPH A. CLAY, No. 271, South Fifth street, Philadelphia, Pa.

158. Dr. M. H. COATES, Philadelphia, Pa. .

159. F. G. COFFIN, Machias, Me.

160. Prof. J. P. COOKE (Professor of Chemistry, Harvard College),
Cambridge, Mass.

161. Prof. JAMES D. DANA (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy,
Yale College), New Haven, Ct.

162. JOSEPH DELAFIELD, No. 59, Wall street, New York, N. Y.

163. A. DIETY, St. Thomas, West Indies.

164. Prof. ALFRED Dtr Bois, Denver, Colorado.

165. E. M. DUNBAR, Springfield, Mass.

166. Kev. E. B. EDDY, Waltham, Mass.

167. Prof. THOMAS EGLESTON (Professor of Mineralogy and Metal-
lurgy, Columbia College), No. 10, Fifth avenue, New York, N. Y.

168. JAMES EIGHTS, Albany, N. Y. A Dealer.

169. HENRY ENGELMANN (Mining Engineer), Belleville, 111.

170. FRANK FAIRBANKS, St. Johnsbury, Vt.

171. CHRISTIAN FEBIYER, Wilmington, Del.

172. M. C. FERNALD, South Levant, Me.

173. Dr. L. FKUCHTWANGER, No. 55, Cedar street, New York, N. Y.

174. GEORGE FISHER, Columbia, Va.

175. Dr. F. A. GENTH, No. 108, Arch street, Philadelphia, Pa.

176. G. K. GILBERT (Assistant, Museum of Prof. Ward), Rochester,

177. Dr. C. A. GOESSMAN, Syracuse, N. Y. [N. Y.

178. HENRY A. GREEN, Mt. Morris, N. Y.

179. Prof. TRAILL GREEN (Professor of Chemistry, Lafayette Col-
lege), Easton, Pa.

180. J. J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

181. Prof. GEORGE HADLEY, Buffalo, N. Y.

182. JAMES D. HAGUE, Portage Lake, Mich.

183. Rev. H. F. HARDING, Machias, Me.

184. Prof. Louis HARPER (Mining Engineer), No. 1. Rector street,
New York, N. Y.

185. JOSHUA P. HASKELL, Marblehead, Mass.

186-213 MINERALOGY. 12

186. THOMAS C. HASKKLL, Swampscott, Mass. [A Dealer.

187. CHR. W. A. HERRMANN, No. 607, Broadway, New York, N. Y.

188. CHARLES H. HIGBEK (Curator of Mineralogy, Essex Institute),
Salem, Mass.

189. FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, Albany, N. Y.

190. Prof. HENRY How (Professor of Chemistry and Natural His-
tory, King's College), Windsor, Nova Scotia.

191. WINSLOW J. HOWARD, No. 345, Grand street, New York, N. Y.

192. Prof. F. S. HOYT (Professor of Natural Science, Delaware
University), Delaware, Ohio.

193. Prof. O. P. HUBBARD (Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and
Geology, Dartmouth College), Hanover, N. H.

194. Prof. T. STERRY HUNT (Chemist, Geological Survey of Canada),
Montreal, Canada.

195. W. M. HUNTING, Fairneld, Herkimer Co., N. Y.

196. Dr. C. T. JACKSON (Vice President, Boston Society of Natural
History), Boston, Mass.

197. W. W. JEFFERIS (Curator, Chester County Cabinet of Natural
Science), Westchester, Pa.

198. JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. A Dealer.

199. Prof. S. W. JOHNSON (Professor of Agriculture and Analytical
Chemistry, Yale College), New Haven, Ct.

200. Prof. JOHN JOHNSTON (Professor of Natural Science, Wesley -
an University), Middletown, Ct.

201. Rev. A. B. KENDIG, Marshalltown, Marshall Co., Iowa.

202. JAMES P. KIMBALL, No. 33, Wall street, and No. 40, St. Mark's
Place, New York, N. Y.

203. A. C. KLINE, Philadelphia, Pa. A Dealer.

204. W. J. KNOWLTON, Rockport, Mass.

205. EDWARD KOCH, Toledo, Ohio.

206. JOSIAH LADD, Littleton, N. H.

207. Prof. GEORGE LAWSON (Professor of Chemistry Dalhousie Col-
lege), Halifax, Nova Scotia.

208. ISAAC LEA (Vice President, American Philosophical Society),
No. 1622, Locust street, Philadelphia, Pa.

209. EUAS LEWIS (Chairman of Committee on Natural History, Long
Island Historical Society), No. 16, Court street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

210. Prof. A. LITTON (Professor of Chemistry, St. Louis Medical
School and Washington University), St. Louis, Mo.

211. JOHN F. LORD, Ellsworth, Me.

212. Prof. O. C. MARSH, Yale College, New Haven, Ct.

213. Prof. JOHN P. MARSHALL (Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy
and Geology, Tufts College), College Hill, Mass.

13 MINERALOGY. 214-244

214. ISAAC C. MARTINDALE (Director, Byberry Philosophical Socie-
ty), Byberry, Pa.

215. G. F. MATTHEW (Curator, Natural History Society of St. John),
St. John, New Brunswick.

216. Hon. ANSON S. MILLER, Rockport, 111.

217. GIDEON E. MOORE (Curator of Mineralogy, California Academy
of Natural Sciences), San. Francisco, Cal.

218. J. V. C. NELLIS, Auburn, N. Y.

219. Prof. J. G. NORWOOD (Professor of Natural Sciences and Natu-
ral Philosophy, Missouri State University), Columbia. Boone

220. ALBERT ORDWAY, Post Office box 174, Richmond, Va. [Co., Mo.

221. Rev. JAMES ORTON (Teacher of Natural Sciences, Rochester
University), Rochester, N. Y.

222. J. D. PARKER, Steuben, Me.

223. LKROY C. PARTRIDGE, Seneca Falls, N. Y.

224. FRANK PEASLKY, Burlington, Iowa.

225. Prof. MAURICE PERKINS (Professor of Chemistry, Union Col-
lege), Schenectady, N. Y.

226. Prof. ROBERT PETER (Professor of Chemistry and Experiment-
al Philosophy, Kentucky University), Lexington, Ky.

227. STEPHEN D. POOLE, Lynn, Mass.

228. R. A. RIDEOUT, Garland, Me.

229. W. T. ROEPPER, Bethlehem, Pa.

230. Prof. OREN "OOT (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Ham
ilton College), Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y.

231. J. G. SANBORN, Cherryfleld, Me.

232. E. SEYMOUR, 52, Beekman street, New York, N. Y. A Dealer.

233. Dr. WM. SHARSWOOD, Philadelphia, Pa. Cerium Minerals.

234. JAMES M. SHAW, South Waterford, Me.

235. Prof. C. U. SHEPARD (Professor of Natural History, Amherst
College), Amherst, Mass.

236. Prof. BENJ. SILLIMAN (Professor of Chemistry, Yale College),
New Haven, Ct.

237. JOHN P. SIMONS, Philadelphia, Pa.

238. Dr. J. LAWRENCE SMITH, Louisville, Ky.

239. JOHN MILTON SMITH, No. 18, Wall street, New York, N. Y.

240. Prof. CHAS. S. STONE (Professor of Physics and Chemistry,
Cooper Institute), New York, N. Y.

241. D. C. STONE, Marysville, Cal.

242. A. P. STUART, Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass.

243. WM. H. STURBRIDGE, No. 93, William street, New York, N. Y.

244. Prof. SANBORN TENNEY (Professor of Natural History, Vas-
sar Female College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

245-274 MINERALOGY. METALLURGY. 14

245. Dr. N. T. TRUE (Editor of Maine Farmer), Bethel, Me.

246. Dr. CHAS. A. TUFTS, Dover, N. H.

247. WM. S. VAUX (Vice President and Curator, Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences of Philadelphia) , No. 1700, Arch street, Philadel-
phia, Pa.

248. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College),
New Haven, Ct.

249. C. F. WADSWORTH (Curator of Mineralogy, Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences), Buffalo, N. Y.

250. Miss L. E. WALKER (Assistant Curator of Mineralogy, Wor-
cester Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass.

251. Prof. HENRY A. WARD (Professor of Natural Sciences, Roches-
ter University), Rochester, N. Y.

252. JOHN W. WARD, Salem, Salem Co., N. J.

253. W. E. WELLINGTON, Dubuque, Iowa.

254. CHAS. B. WHITING (Assistant Curator of Mineralogy, Worces-
ter Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass.

255. S. F. WHITNEY, Brooklyn, N. Y.

256. CHAS. P. WILLIAMS, No. 158, Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.

257. Dr. S. C. WILLIAMS, Silver Springs, Lancaster Co., Pa. Local.

258. HENRI N. WOODS, Rockport, Mass.

METALLUKGY.

259. OSCAR D. ALLEN, Camden, N. J.

260. WILLIAM ASHBURNER, San Francisco, Cal.

261. Prof. JAMES C. BOOTH, U. S. Mint, Philadelphia, Pa.

262. Prof. GEORGE J. BRUSH (Professor of Mineralogy and Metal-
lurgy, Yale College), New Haven, Ct.

263. Prof. THOMAS EGLESTON (Professor of Mineralogy and Metal-
lurgy, Columbia College), No. 10, Fifth avenue, New York, N. Y.

264. Dr. F. A. GENTH, No. 108, Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.

265. Prof. N. P. HILL, Providence, R. I.

266. JAMES T. HODGE, Newburg, N. Y.

267. HENRY JANIN, San Francisco, Cal.

268. Louis JANIN, Virginia City, Nevada.

269. EDWARD N. KENT, U. S. Assay Office, New York, N. Y.

270. GUIDO KUESTEL, San Francisco, Cal.

271. GIDEON E. MOORE, Virginia City, Nevada.

272. Prof. JOHN TORREY, (U. S. Assayer), New York, N. Y.

273. Prof. J. D. WHITNEY (State Geologist of California), San
Francisco, Cal., and Northampton, Mass.

274. HENRY WURTZ, New York, N. Y.

15 PALAEONTOLOGY. 275-298

PALAEONTOLOGY.

275. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Har-
vard University; Director and Curator Museum of Comp.
Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.

276. A. E. R. AGASSIZ (Assistant. Museum of Comp. Zoology),
Cambridge, Mass. JKadiates and Articulates. Special, Echino-
derms.

277. Dr. O. P. BAER, Richmond, Ind. Local.

278. HENRY M. BANNISTER, Evanston, 111. North American.

279. JAMES E. BAKDEN, Gravesville, Herkimer Co., N. Y. Local.

280. Rev. JOSEPH S. BARRIS, Sheenwater, Grand Island, N.Y. Local.

281. Prof. WM. H. BARRIS, Davenport, Iowa. Crinoids.

282. J. S. BATTERSON, Hartford, Ct. A Dealer.

283. Prof. ROBERT BELL (Assistant, Geological Survey of Canada;
Secretary, Botanical Society of Canada ; Professor of Natural
History, Chemistry and Geology, Queen's University), Kings-
ton, Canada West. North American.

284. E. BILLINGS (Palaeontologist, Geological Survey of Canada),
Montreal, Canada, General.

285. T. T. BOUVE (Curator of Palaeontology and Mineralogy, Boston
Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass. General Collection.

286. FRANK H. BRADLEY, New Haven, Ct. North American.

287. C. G. BREWSTER, No. 16, Tremont St., Boston, Mass. A Dealer.

288. GEORGE C. BROWN (Curator and Treasurer, Burlington County
Lyceum of History and Natural History), Mount Holly, N. J.
Green Sand fossils of New Jersey.

289. S. T. CARLEY, Cincinnati, Ohio. Local.

290. L. B. CASE, Richmond, Ind. North American.

291. CHARLES A. CHASE (Librarian and Assistant Curator of Palae-
ontology, Worcester Society of Natural History), Worcester,
Mass. General Collection.

292. T. ACOLEON CHENEY (Librarian, Georgic Library), Havana,
N. Y. Local.

293. DAVID CHRISTY, Cincinnati, Ohio. Local.

294. C. COBB, Buffalo, N. Y. Local.

295. T. A. CONRAD, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
North American.

296. Rev. SYLVESTER COWLES, West Randolph, Cattaraugus Co.,
N. Y. Local.

297. Prof. JAMES D. DANA (Professor of Mineralogy and Geology,
Yale College), New Haven, Ct. General.

298. Prof. J. W. DAWSON (Principal, McGill University), Montreal,
Canada. British North America.

299-326 PALEONTOLOGY. 16

299. THOMAS DKVINE (Surveyor in Chief, Upper Canada), Ottawa
City, Canada. North American.

300. ANDREW DICKSON, Kingston, Canada West. North American.

301. CIIAS. B. DYER, Cincinnati, Ohio. Local.

302. Dr. N. N. ELROD, Little Orleans, Ind. Local.

303. W. M. GABB (Palaeontologist, California State Geological Sur-
vey; Curator of Palaeontology, California Academy of Natural
Sciences), San Francisco, Cal. North American.

304. JOHN GEBHARD, Jr., Schoharie, N. Y. Local.

305. G. R. GILBERT (Assistant, Museum of Prof. Ward), Rochester,
N. Y. General Collection.

306. HENRY A. GREEN, Mount Morris, N. Y. Local.

307. B. J. HALL, Burlington, Iowa. Crinoids. A Collector.

308. Prof. JAMES HALL (State Geologist of New York, Iowa and
Wisconsin), Albany, N. Y. General.

309. RICHARD HAMANT (Curator of Palaeontology, Worcester Socie-
ty of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. General Collection.

310. C. FRED. HARTT, Museum of Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
North American.

311. Prof. F. V. HAYDEN (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy,
University of Pennsylvania), Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C. North American.

312. E. W. HILGARD (State Geologist of Mississippi; Professor of
Chemistry, University of Mississippi), Oxford, Miss. North
American.

313. Rev. FREDERIC HUIDEKOPER, Meadville, Pa. Local.

314. GEORGE W. HOLDEN, Dayton, Ohio. Local.

315. Prof. FRANCIS S. HOLMES, College of Charleston, Charleston,
S. C. South Carolinian.

316. THEODORE HOWLAND (Secretary and Curator of Palaeontology,
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences), Buffalo, N. Y. General
Collection.

317. Dr. E. W. HUBBARD, Tottenville, Staten Island, N. Y. Local.

318. W. M. HUNTING, Fairfleld, Herkimer Co., N. Y. Local.

319. ALPHEUS HYATT (Curator of Mollusca, Boston Society of Natu-
ral History), Boston, Mass. Cephalopods.

320. U. P. JAMES, Cincinnati, Ohio. United States.

321. JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. A Dealer.

322. Col. EZEKIEL JEWETT, Utica, N. Y. New York State.

323. W. D. JOHNSON, Cochocton, Ohio. Local.

324. Dr. JAMES KNAPP, Louisville, Ky. Local.

325. Dr. ALBERT C. KOCH, St. Louis, Mo. North American.

326. ISAAC KENLEY, Richmond, Ind. Local.

17 PALEONTOLOGY. 327-352

327. ISAAC LEA (Vice President, American Philosophical Society),
No. 1622, Locust street, Philadelphia, Pa. North American.

328. Prof. JOSEPH LEIDY (Professor of Anatomy. University of Penn-
sylvania ; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia), No. 1302, Filbert street, Philadelphia, Pa. General.

329. Dr. A. M. LKONAKD, Lockport, N. Y. Local.

330. Prof. LEO LESQUEREUX, Columbus, Ohio. Plants.

331. Rev. SAMUEL LOCKWOOD, Keyport, N. J. Cretaceous fossils of
New Jersey and Devonian Plants of New York.

332. S. L. LYON, Kanawha Court House, Va. Local.

333. Dr. R. P. MANN, Milford, Ohio. Devonian Fishes.

334. Prof. O. C. MARSH (Professor of Palaeontology, Sheffield Scien-
tific School, Yale College,) New Haven, Ct. General.

335. , CHARLES D. MARSHALL (Corresponding Secretary, Buffalo So-

ciety Natural Science), Buffalo, N. Y. Local.

336. JOHN E. MARSHALL, Buffalo, N. Y. Local.

337. E. MATHEWSON, Martinez, Cal. Local.

338. Prof. J. H. MCCHESNKY, Jacksonville, 111. (U. S. Consul at
New Castle on-Tyne). North American.

339. F. B. MEEK, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Gen-
eral.

340. Prof. W. D. MOORE, Irvvin's Station, Pa. Carboniferous.

341. Prof. J. S.NEWBERRY (Professor of Geology, Columbia College),
New York, N. Y. North American. Special, Fishes and Plants.

342. W. H. NILES, New Haven, Ct. North American. Special,
Crinoids.

343. SIDNEY A. NORTON, Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

344. Prof. J. G. NORWOOD (Professor of Natural Sciences and Natu-
ral Philosophy, Missouri State University), Columbia, Boon
Co., Mo. North American.

345. J. KELLY O'NEALE, Lebanon, Ohio. Local.

346. ALBERT ORDWAY, Post Office box 174, Richmond, Va. Local.

347. Rev. JAMES ORTON (Teacher of Natural Sciences, Rochester
University), Rochester, N. Y. Local.

348. Dr. A. S. PACKARD, jr. (Curator of Crustacea, Boston Society
of Natural History ; Curator of Radiata and Articulata, Essex
Institute), Salem, Mass. New England Drift.

349. FRANK PEASELY, Burlington, Iowa. Local.

350. ALFRED POOLE, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Local.

351. Prof. J. W. POWELL, Bloomington, 111. North American.

352. Hon. H. S. RANDALL, Cortland Village, N. Y. Local.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 3. August, 1866.

353-374 PALAEONTOLOGY. 18

353. Dr. EDMUND RAVENEL, Charleston, S. C. Invertebrates.

354. AUGUSTE REMOND, San Francisco, Cal. Local.

355. A. B. RICHMOND, Meadville, Pa. North American.

356. Dr. CARL ROMINGER (Curator, Museum of the Michigan State
University), Ann Arbor, Mich. North American.

357. HENRY ROUSSEAU, Troy, N. Y. Mollusks.

358. WM. L. RUST, Trenton Falls, N. Y. Trilobites.

359. S. H. SCUDDER (Secretary, Librarian and Curator of Entomolo-
gy, Boston Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass. Insects.

360. D. H. SHAFFER, Cincinnati, Ohio. A Collector.

361. N. S. SHALER (Assistant, Museum of Comp. Zoology), Cam-
bridge, Mass. Mollusks. Special, Brachiopods.

362. Dr. B. F. SHUMARD, St. Louis, Mo. North American.

363. O. H. ST. JOHN, Waterloo, Iowa. Local.

364. Prof. G. C. SWALLOW (State Geologist of Kansas and Missouri),
Columbia, Boone Co., Mo. North American.

365. GEORGE W. TAYLOR, Pulaski, N. Y. Local.

366. Dr. 0. THIEME, Burlington, Iowa. Crinoids. A Collector.

367. Dr. JOHJJ B. TRASK, San Francisco, Cal. Local.

368. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College),
New Haven, Ct. Corals.

369. CHARLES WACHSMUTH, Burlington, Iowa. Crinoids.

370. Prof. HENRY A. WARD (Professor of Natural Sciences, Roch-
ester University), Rochester, N. Y. General Collection.

371. CHARLES M. WHEATLEY, Phoeuixville, Pa., and No. 42, Pine
street, New York, N. Y. Mesozoic.

372. Dr. CHARLES A. WHITE, Iowa City, Iowa. North American.

373. R. P. WHITFIELD, Albany, N. Y. North American.

374. Prof. ALEXANDER WINCHELL (Professor of Natural History,
Michigan State University), Ann Arbor, Mich. North American.

19 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 375-395

PHYSICAL GEOGKAPHY,

375. Bv't Brig. Gen. HENRY L. ABBOTT, U. S. Engineers. North
American.

376. Prof. A. D. BACHE (Superintendent, United States Coast Sur-
vey), Washington, D. C. North American.

377. G. H. BAGWELL (Assistant, United States Coast Survey),
Washington, D. C. North American.

378. Brig. Gen. JOHN G. BARNARD, U. S. Engineers. North American.

379. Col. E. G. BECKWITH, U. S. Army. North American.

380. Prof. WM. P. BLAKE (Professor of Mineralogy, Geology and
Mining, College of California; Geologist* of the California State
Board of Agriculture), Post office box 2077, San Francisco. Cal.
Californian.

381. Prof. WM. H. BREWER (Professor of Agriculture, Yale College),
New Haven, Ct. California Mountains.

382. Brig. Gen. JAMES H. CARLETON, U. S. Army. North American.
388. Prof. EDWARD J. CHAPMAN (Professor of Mineralogy and

Geology, University College), Toronto, Canada West. North
American.

384. Maj. Gen. S. W. CRAWFORD, U. S. Army. North American.

385. Lieut. Col. OSBORNE CROSS, U. S. Army. North American.

386. Brig. Gen. RICHARD DELAFIELD, Chief Engineer, U. S. Army.
North American.

387. F. W. DORR (Assistant, United States Coast Survey).
Washington, D. C. North American.

388. Maj. Gen. W. H. EMORY, U. S. Army. North American.

389. Dr. GEORGE ENGELMANN, St. Louis, Mo. North American.

390. N. S. FINNEY (Assistant, United States Coast Survey).
Washington, D. C. North American.

391. JOHN C. FREMONT, St. Louis, Mo. North American.

392. Prof. DANIEL C. GILMAN (Professor of Physical Geography,
Yale College), New Haven, Ct. General.

393. Prof.' -ARNOLD GUYOT (Professor of Geology and Physical
Geography, College of New Jersey), Princeton, N. J. General.

394. Prof. JOSEPH HENRY (Secretary, Smithsonian Institution),
Washington, D. C. General.

395. J. E. HILGARD (Assistant, United States Coast Survey),
Washington, D. C. North American.

NOTE. Army Officers are best reached by addressing them care of
the ADJUTANT GENERAL, U. S. A., Washington, D. C.

396-422 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 20

396. Prof. HENRY Y. HIND (Professor of Physical and Natural
Sciences, Trinity College), Toronto, Canada West. North
American.

397. JOHN GEORGE HODGINS (Deputy Superintendent of Education
for Upper Canada), Education Office, Toronto, Canada West.
General.

398. Maj. Gen. A. A. HUMPHREYS, U. S. Engineers. North American.

399. CLARENCE KING (Assistant, California Geological Survey), San
Francisco, Cal. and Irvingtou, N. Y. Californian.

400. J. S. LAWSON (Assistant, United States Coast Survey), Wash-
ington, D. C. North American.

401. Dr. THOMAS M. LOGAN, Sacramento, Cal. Calif ornian.

402. Lieut. Col. JOHN N. MACOMB, U. S. Engineers. North American.

403. Col. RANDOLPH B. MARCY, U. S. Array. North American.

404. Bv't Lieut. Col. H. E. MAYNADIER, U. S. Army, No. 388, 19th
street, Washington, D. C. North American.

405. Maj. Gen. GEORGE G. MEADE, U. S. Engineers, Philadelphia, Pa.
North American.

406. Lieut. Col. N. MICHLER, U. S. Engineers. North American.

407. Maj. Gen. JOHN G. PARKE, U. S. Engineers. North American.

408. Dr. C. C. PARRY, Davenport, Iowa. Rocky Mountains.

409. Maj. Gen. JOHN POPE, U. S. Army. North American.

410. Col. W. F. RAYNOLDS, U. S. Engineers. North American.

411. C. A. SCHOTT (Assistant, United States Coast Survey), Wash-
ington, D. C. North American.

412. Lieut. Col. J. H. SIMPSON, U. S. Army. North American.

413. Lieut. Col. LORENZO SITGREAVES, U. S. Engineers. North
American.

414. ALEXANDER S. TAYLOR, Santa Barbara, Cal. Californian.

415. Col. GEORGE THOM, U. S. Engineers. North American.

416. Bv't Brig. Gen. STEWART VAN VLIET, U. S. Army. North
American.

417. Maj. Gen. G. K. WARREN, U. S. Engineers. Nortll American.

418. WALTER WELLS, Portland, Me. General.

419. Prof. J. D. WHITNEY (State Geologist of California), North-
ampton, Mass., or San Francisco, Cal. North American.

420. Major R. S. WILLIAMSON, U. S. Engineers, San Francisco, Cal.
North American.

421. Lieut. Col. I. C. WOODRUFF, U. S. Engineers. North American.

422. Maj. Gen. H. G. WRIGHT, U. S. Engineers. North American.

21 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 423-443

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.

423. Prof. HARRISON ALLEN (Professor of Comparative Anatomy,
University of Pennsylvania), Philadelphia, Pa.

424. Prof. H. JAMES CLARK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-
vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa, Invertebrates.

425. Prof. JOHN C. DALTON (Professor of Physiology and Micro-
scopic Anatomy, Columbia College ; Professor of Physiology,
College of Physicians and Surgeons), New York, N. Y.

426. Dr. JOHN DEAN, Boston, Mass.

427. Prof. JOHN C. DRAPER (Professor of Analytical Chemistry,
University of New York ; Professor of Natural History and
Physiology, New York Free Academy), New York, N. Y.

428. Prof. AUSTIN FLINT, jr. (Professor of Physiology, Bellevue
Hospital), New York, N. Y.

429. Dr. WM. A. HAMMOND, No. 162, West Thirty-fourth street,
New York, N. Y.

430. Prof. EDWARD HITCHCOCK (Professor of Hygeine and Physical
Education, Amherst College), Amherst, Mass.

431. Dr. JULIUS HOMBERGER (Editor, American Journal of Opthal-
mology), No. 39, West Twenty-third street, New York, N. Y.

432. Prof. CHRISTOPHER JOHNSON (Professor of Anatomy arid Physi-
ology, University of Maryland), Baltimore, Md.

433. Prof. JOSEPH LEIDY (Professor of Anatomy, University of
Pennsylvania; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia), No. 1302, Filbert street, Philadelphia, Pa.

434. Dr. J. S. LOMBARD (Assistant Professor of Physiology, Medi-
cal School of Harvard University), Boston, Mass.

435. Prof. MANLY MILES (Professor of Animal Physiology and Prac-
tical Agriculture, State Agricultural College), Lansing, Mich.

436. Dr. S. WEIR MITCHELL, Academy of Natural Sciences, or No.
1332, Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.

' 437. GEORGE SCEVA, Townsend, Mass. [New York, N. Y.

438. Prof? J. CRESSON STILES (Professor of Physiology, - — ).

439. Dr. HENRY WHEATLAND (Secretary, Treasurer and Curator of
Camparative Anatomy, Essex Institute). Salem, Mass.

440. Dr. J. C. WHITE (Curator of Comparative Anatomy and Mam-
malogy, Boston Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass.

441. Dr. B. G. WILDER (Curator of Herpetology, Boston Society of
Natural History ), No. 54, Bovvdoin street, Boston, Mass.

442. Dr. RUFUS WOODWARD (President, Worcester Society of
Natural History), Worcester, Mass.

443. Prof. JEFFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Anatomy and Physiology,
Harvard University ; President, Boston Society of Natural
History), Cambridge, Mass.

444-456 VEG. PHYSIOLOGY. HISTOLOGY. EMBRYOLOGY. 22

VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

444. Prof. S. W. JOHNSON (Professor of Agricultural Chemistry,
Yale College), New Haven, Ct.

445. JOHN H. KLIPPART, Columbus, Ohio.

446. S. B. McMiLLAJt, East Fairfleld, Columbiana Co., Ohio.

HISTOLOGY.

447. Prof. H. JAMES CLARK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-
vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa.

448. Prof. JOSEPH LEIDY (Professor of Anatomy, University of
Pennsylvania ; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia), No. 1302, Filbert street, Philadelphia, Pa.

449. Prof. J. H. SALISBURY (Professor of Physiology, Histology and
Cell Pathology, Charity Hospital Medical College), Cleveland,
Ohio.

450. THEODORE A. TELLKAMPF, No. 142, West Fourth street, New
York, N. Y.

451. Prof. JEFFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Anatomy and Physiology,
Harvard University ; President, Boston Society of Natural His-
tory), Cambridge, Mass.

EMBKYOLOGY.

452. A. E. E. AGASSIZ (Assistant, Museum of Comp. Zoology),
Cambridge, Mass.

453. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Har-
vard University ; Director and Curator, Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology), Cambridge, Mass.

454. Prof. H. JAMES CLARK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-
vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa.

455. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College),
New Haven, Ct.

456. Prof. JEFFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Anatomy and Physiology,
Harvard University; President, Boston Society of Natural
History), Cambridge, Mass.

23 MICROSCOPY. 457-483

MICROSCOPY.

457. Dr. GEORGE S. ALLAN, Ncwburgli, N. Y.

458. J. W. S. ARNOLD (Librarian, Microscopical Society), New
York, N. Y.

459. Prof. L. W. BAILEY (Professor of Chemistry and Natural His-
tory, University of New Brunswick), Fredericton, N. B.

460. MOSES Y. BEACH, Louisville, Ky.

461. EDWIN BICKNEL*, Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

462. Dr. STEPHEN W. BOWLES, Brattleborough, Vt.

463. Prof. W. H. BHEWEK (Professor of Agriculture, Yale College),
New Haven, Ct.

464. Dr. RUKUS K. BROWNE (Corresponding Secretary, American
Microscopical Society), New York, N. Y.

465. Prof. H. JAMES CLARK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-
vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa.

466. Prof. ARTHUR S. COPEMAN (Professor of — — , New York
College of Veterinary Surgeons), New York, N. Y.

467. CALEB COOKE,* Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

468. ROBERT DINWIDDIE (Vice President, American Microscopical
Society), No. 79, West Twentieth street, New York, N. Y.

4G9. GEORGE DOBBIN, St. Paul street, Baltimore, Md.

470. T. D'OREMIEULX (Treasurer, American Microscopical Society),
No. 261, Greene street, New York, N. Y.

471. A. M. EDWARDS (President, American Microscopical Society),
No. 49, Jane street, New York, N. Y.

472. JAMES H. EMEKTON,* Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

473. CHRISTIAN FEBIGER, Wilmington, Del.

474. JOSEPH FENTOX, Columbus, Ohio.

475. DAVID W. FERGUSON, New York, N. Y.

476. WILLIAM H. GARLICK, Cleveland, Ohio.

477. JNO. E. GAVIT (Vice President, American Microscopical So-
ciety)vNo. 83, West Forty-third street and No. 142, Broadway,
New York, N. Y.

478. RICHARD C. GREENLEAF, Boston, Mass. v

479. T. F. HARRISON, New York, N. Y.

480. D. S. HINES, Brooklyn, N. Y.

481. Dr. J. H. HINTON (Recording Secretary, American Microscopi-
cal Society), New York, N. Y.

482. WILLIAM E. HULBERT, Middletown, Ct.

483. WILLIAM W. HUSE, Brooklyn, N. Y.

484-503 MICROSCOPY. 24

484. ALPHEUS HYATT* (Curator of Mollusca, Boston Society of Natu-
ral History; Curator of Palaeontology and Protozoa, Essex
Institute), Salem, Mass.

485. SAMUEL JACKSON (Curator, American Microscopical Society),
New York, N. Y.

486. Dr. B. JOY JEFFRIES (Curator of Microscopy, Boston Society
of Natural History), Boston, Mass.

487. Prof. CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON (Professor of Anatomy, Mary-
land College), Baltimore, Md.

488. Dr. SAMUEL A. JONES, Englewood, N. J.

489. H. F. KING,* Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

490. Dr. JOHN KING, Cincinnati, Ohio.

491. Dr. F. W. LEWIS, Philadelphia, Pa.

492. THOMAS H. MCALLISTER, No. 49, Nassau street, New York, N. Y.

493. Prof. OGDEN N. ROOD (Professor of , Columbia Col-
lege), New York, N. Y.

494. Dr. W. V. V. ROSA, Watertown, N. Y.

495. LEWIS M. RUTHERFORD, No. 175, Second Avenue, New York,
N. Y.

496. H. F. SHEPARD,* Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

497. Prof. HAMILTON L. SMITH (Professor of Natural History and
Astronomy, Kenyon College), Gambier, Ohio.

498. T. W. STARR, Philadelphia, Pa.

499. CHARLES STODDER, No. 75, Kilby street, Boston, Mass.

500. CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, N. Y.

501. BENJAMIN WEBB, jr.* Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

502. Dr. M. C. WHITE, New Haven, Ct.

503. Dr. T. G. WORMLEY, Columbus, Ohio.

*These gentlemen are Curators of the Microscopical Section of the
Essex Institute.

25 BOTANY. 504-531

BOTANY,

504. Prof, WM. E. A. AIKIN (Professor of Chemistry, Baltimore
University), Baltimore, McL North American,

505. W. P. ALCOTT, Andover, Mass. Local.

506. Miss. LIZZIE B. ALLEN, Davenport, Iowa, Local.

507. Dr. T. F. ALLKN, New York, N. Y. North American,

508. Dr. C, L. ANDERSON, Santa Cruz, Cal. Nevada.

509. Dr. T. L. ANDREWS, Niagara Falls, N. Y, Californian.

510. Dr. T. L. ANTISELL, U. S. Army. Pacific Rail Rood Route,

511. C. F. AUSTIN, Closter, Bergen Co,, N. J. North American.
Special, Hepaticw.

512. E. P. AUSTIN, Nautical Almanac Office, Washington, D. C-
Michigan,

513. AUSTIN BACON, Natick, Mass. Local.

514. Dr. M. M. BAGG, Utica, N. Y. Local.

515. Prof. L. W. BAILEY (Professor of Chemistry and Natural His-
tory, University of New Brunswick), Freclericton, N. B. Local.

516. VINCENT BARNARD, Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa. Local,

517. Dr. JACOB BARUATT, Middletown, Mass. Local. Special, Salices.

518. Dr. JOSEPH BATES, New Lebanon Spa, Columbia Co., N. Y.
Local.

519. WM. J. BEAL (Teacher of Natural Sciences, Young Ladies' Col-
legiate Institute), Union Springs, Cayuga Co., N. Y. North
American.

520. Miss M. E. BEAUCHAMP, Skaneateles, N. Y. Local.

521. Rev. M. W. BEACJCHAMP, King's Ferry, Cayuga Co., N. Y. Local.
622. M. S BEBB, Rockford, 111. North American.

523. JAMES L. BENNETT. Providence, R. I. Local.

524. Dr. JACOB BIGELOW, Boston, Mass. North American.

525. Dr. J. M. BIGELOW, Detroit, Mich. North American.

526. B. BILLIXGS, Ottawa City, Canada West. Canadian.
52T. Rev. JOSEPH BLAKE, Gilmantown, N H. Local.

528. H. G. BLOOMER, San Francisco, Cal. California and Nevada.

529. Prof. H. N. BOLANDER (Botanist, California State Survey;
Curator of Botany, California Academy of Natural Science),
San Francisco, Cal. Californian. Special, Cryptogames and
Glumaceaz.

530. Dr. C. M. BOOTH, Rochester, N. Y. Local.

531. WM. BOOTT, Boston, Mass. North American. Special, Fern*,
Grasses and Carices.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 4 December, 1866.

532-559 BOTANY, 26

532. Dr. E. D. BOSTWICK, Litchfleld, Ct. Local.

533. Mrs. BOWEN, Skaneateles, N. Y. Local.

534. WILLIAM BOWER, No. 53 Fulton street, New York, N. Y.
North American Ferns and Orchids under cultivation.

535. Dr. FREDERICK BRENDEL, Peoria, 111. North American.

536. Prof. WM. H. BREWER (Professor of Agriculture, Yale College) T
New Haven, Ct. North American. Special, Californian.

537. Dr. ROBERT BRIDGES (President, Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia), Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

538. GARLAND C. BROADHEAD, Pleasant Hill, Mo. Local.

539. The Abbe OVIDE BRUNKT (Professor of Botany, University
Laval; President, Entomological Society of Canada, Quebec
Branch), Quebec, Canada. North American. Special, Canadian.

540. BUCHANAN, New York, N. Y. Cultivated Plants and Local.

541. ROBERT BUCHANAN, Cincinnati, Ohio. Local.

542. S. B. BUCKLEY, T Texas. Local.

543. Dr. F. J. BUMSTEAD, No. 162 West Twenty-third street, New
York, N. Y. North American.

544. ISAAC BURK, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

545. WM. M. CANBY, No. 834 Market street, Wilmington, Del. North
American.

546. Dr. C. A. CANFIELD, Monterey, Cal. Californian.

547. Dr. JOSEPH CARSON, Philadelphia, Pa. Medical Botany and
Local.

548. Dr. FRANCIS CARTER, Columbus, Ohio, Local.

549. Prof. J. LANG CASSELLS (Professor of Chemistry and Toxicolo-
gy, Western Reserve College), Hudson, Ohio. North American.

550. Prof. P. A. CHADBOURNE (President, Massachusetts State Ag-
ricultural College), Amherst, Mass. North American.

551. Dr. A. W. CHAPMAN, Apalachicola, Fla. North American.

552. Rev. J. W. CHICKERING, Exter, N. H. North American.

553. Dr. CLAPP, New Albany, Ind. Western States.

554. Dr. DANIEL CLARK (President, Flint Scientific Institute), Flint,
Mich. Local.

555. Prof. H. JAMES CLARK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-
vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa. North American.

556. JAMES H. CLARK, Newport, R. I. Carboniferous Plants.

557. Miss MARY H. CLARK, Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

558. Prof. W. S. CLARK (Professor of Chemistry, Amherst College),
Amherst, Mass. North American.

559. Hon. GEORGE W. CLINTON (President, Buffalo Society of Natu-
ral Science), Buffalo, N. Y. North American.

27 BOTANY, 560-587

560. A. COMMONS, Centre ville, DeL Local^

561. Dr. COOLEY, Utica, Mich. Local,

562. Dr. J. G. COOPER (Zoologist, California State Survey and Cali-
fornia State Board of Agriculture ; Curator of Zoology, Cali-
fornia Academy of Natural Science), Santa Cruz, Cat. Pacific
Coast.

563. Dr. I. COURT, Port of Spain, Trinidad, W. I. West Indian.

564. Dr. E. S. CROSIER, New Albany, led. Local.

565. Eev. Dr. M. A. CUKTIS, Hillsborough, N. C. North American.
Special, Fungi.

566. A. H. CURTISS, Liberty, Bedford Co., Va. Local*

567. CHRISTIAN DAHL, St. Croix, W. I. West Indian.

568. Dr. JOHN DARBY, Auburn, Ala. North American.

569. Dr. J. DARRACH, Germantown, Pa. Local.

570. DAVID F. DAY, Buffalo, N. Y. Local.

571. Dr. D. V. DEAN, St. Louis, Mo. Local.

572. W. W. DENSLOW, Inwood Station, Hudson River R. R. ; Post-
office address, Station "N,"New York, N. Y. North American,

573. Prof. CHESTER DEWEY (Professor of Chemistry and Natural
History, University of Rochester), Rochester, N. Y. North
American. Special, Carices.

574. Dr. ELIAS DIEFFENBAUGH, Clinton street, Philadelphia, Pa.
North American.

575. Mrs. WM. E. DOGGETT, Chicago, 111. Local.

576. Dr. EDWARD DORSCH, Monroe, Mich. Local.

577. A. T. DRUMMOND, Montreal, Canada. Canadian.

578. ELIAS DURAND, Philadelphia, Pa. North American.

579. Miss A. B. EARLE (Assistant Curator of Botany, Worcester
Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

580. Prof. D. C. EATON (Professor of Botany, Yale College), New
Haven, Ct. General. Special, Filices.

581. ARTHUR M. EDWARDS, No. 49 Jane street, New Yoi'k, N. Y.
Diatomacece.

582. SAMUEL E. ELMORE, Hartford, Ct. Local.

583. GEORGE B. EMERSON, Boston, Mass. New England. Special,
Forest Trees.

584. RUSH. EMERY, Tipton, Iowa. Local.

. 585. FRANCIS E. ENGELHARDT (Professor of Chemistry, St. Francis
College), No. 49 West Fifteenth St., New York, N. Y. Local.

586. Dr. GEORGE ENGELMANN (President, St. Louis Academy of
Science), St. Louis, Mo. General.

587. Prof. JACOB ENNIS, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

588-616' BOTANY, 28

588. Miss ERRINGTON, New York, N. Y. Californian.

589. Dr. O. EVKUETT, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. Local.

590. AUGUSTUS FENDLER, Allenton, St. Louis Co., Mo. Nev: Mexico
and South American.

591. I. FOOTE, Detroit, Mich. Local.

592. Dr. E. FOREMAN, Catonsville, Mel. Local.

593. llev. JAME» FOWLER, Bichibucto, N. B. Local.

594. SAMUEL P. FOWLER (Vice President, Essex Institute), Dan-
vers, Mass. Forest Trees of New England.

595. 3. Q. A. FRITCHEY, St. Louis, Mo. Local.

596. CHARLES C. FROST, Brattleborough, Vt. Local. Special.
Lichens and Fungi.

597. Dr. C. C. F. GAY (Curator of Botany, Bufl'alo Society of Natu-
ral Science), Bufl'alo, N. Y. Local.

598. GEORGE GIBBS, Washington, D. C. Oregon and Washington Terr.

599. Dr. GEORGE L. GOODALE (Curator of Botany, Portland Society
of Natural History), Portland, Me. North American.

600. Hon. JOHX S. GOULD, Hudson, N. Y. Local.

(501. Prof. ASA GRAY (Professor of Botany, Harvard University:
President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences), Cam-
bridge, Mass. General. Special, North American.

602. Dr. C. GREEN, Homer, N. Y. Local.

603. Prof. TRAILL GREEX (Professor of Chemistry, Lafayette Col-
lege), Easton, Pa. North American.

604. THOMAS A. GREENE, New Bedford, Mass. North American.

605. ELIHU HALL, Athens, Menard Co., 111. North American.
60G. G. P. HARBOUR, Oskaloosa, Iowa. Rocky Mountains.

607. FIELDEN HARTLEY, Alton, 111. Local.

608. CLARK C. HASKINS, New Albany, Ind. Local.

609. Prof. F. V. HAYDKN (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy,
University of Pennsylvania) , Philadelphia, Pa. Upper Missouri.

610. Dr. G. W. HAZLETINE, Jamestown, N. Y. Local.

611. Dr. E. P. HEALEY, Medina, N. Y. Local.

612. E. W. HERVEY, New Bedford, Mass. Local.

613. Prof. E. W. HILGARD (Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy,
University of Mississippi), Oxford, Miss. North American.

614. Dr. THEO. C. HILGARD, St. Louis, Mo. Local. Special, Funyi
and Algcu.

615. Prof. WILLIAM HINCKS (Professor of Natural History, Univer-
sity College ; Editor, Canadian Journal of Industry, Science,
and Art), Toronto, C. W. General. Special, Canadian.

616. Hon. G. H. HOLLISTER, Litchfleld, Ct. Local.

29 BOTANY. 617-643

617. E. S. HOLMES, Wilson, Niagara Co., N. Y. Local.

618. I. F. HOLTON, Medford, Mass. New Gh-enmJa and Local.

619. JOSHUA HOOPES, Westchester, Pa. Local.

620. Dr. ASA HOUR, Dubuque, Iowa. Local.

621. FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, Albany, N. Y. Noith American.

622. Prof, HENUY How (Professor of Chemistry and Natural Histo-
ry, King's College), Windsor, N. S. LocaL

623. WINSLOW J. HOWAKD, No. 345 Grand street. New York, N. Y.
' Rocky Mountains.

Dr. ELLIOTT C. HOWE, Troy, N. Y. Local.
Prof. JAMES HUBBEKT (Professor of Natural Sciences, St. Fran-
cis College), Richmond. C. E. Canadian. Special, Fungi.

626. Dr. A. T. HUDSON, Lyons, Clinton Co., Iowa. Local.

627. Dr. G. W. HULSA, Natchez, Miss. California and Florida,

628. GEORGE HUNT, Providence, R. I. Local.

629. ROBERT INGRAHAM, New Bedford, Mass. North American
Cryptoyamia.

630. HALLIDAY JACKSON, Westchester, Chester Co., Pa. Local.

631. Prof. THOMAS P. JAMES (Professor of Botany, Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society), No. 400 South Ninth street, Philadel-
phia. Pa. North, American. Special, Mttsci.

632. Dr. H. A. JOHNSON, Chicago, 111. LocaL

633. Dr. A. KELLOGG (Librarian, California!! Academy of Natural
Science), San Francisco, Cal. Pacific Coast of America.

634. C. KESSLEK, Reading, Pa. LocaL

635. JOHN KIRKPATRICK (Secretary, Academy of Natural Sciences
of Cleveland ; Secretary, Cleveland Horticultural Society,
Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

636. Dr. JARED P. KIRTLAND, East Rockport, Ohio ; Post-office ad-
dress, Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

637. Dr. P. D. KNIESKKRX, Shark River, N. J. LocaL

638. HENRY KREBS, St. Thomas, W. I. West Indian.

639. THURE KUMLIEN, Busseyville Post-office, via Albion, Wis.
Wisconsin.

640. Hon. I. A. LAPHAM (President, Wisconsin Historical Society),
Milwaukee, Wis. North American.

641. Miss S. L. LAWRENCE (Curator of Botany, Worcester Society
of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

642. Prof. GEORGE LAWSON (Professor of Chemistry, Dalhousie
College), Halifax, N. S. North American.

643. W. H. LEGGETT, No. 224 Tenth street, New York, N. Y. Lo-
cal.

644-670 BOTANY. 30

644. Prof. LEO LESQUEREUX, Columbus, Ohio. General. Special,
v Musci and Fossil Plants.

645. FERDINAND LJNDHEIMEK, New Braunfels, Texas. Texan.

646. Dr. GEORGELITTLE (Mississippi State Geologist), Oxford, Miss.
South Western States.

647. Rev. SAMUEL LOCKWOOD, Keyport, N. J. Devonian Plants of
New York.

648. Rev. J. E. LONG, Hublersburg, Centre Co., Pa. Local.

649. H. B. LORD, Ithica, N. Y. Local.

650. Dr. STARLING LOVING, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

651. J. R. LOWRIE, Olive Post-office, Pa. Local.

652. JOHN MACOUN, Belleville, C. W. Canadian.

653. HORACE MANN (Curator of Botany, Boston Society of Natural
History), Cambridge, Mass. General.

654. W. T. MARCH, Spanishtown, Jamaica. West Indian.

655. ISAAC C. MARTINDALE (Director, Byberry Philosophical
Society), Byberry, Pa. North American.

656. Dr. JOSEPH C. MARTINDALE, No. 918 North Twelfth street,
Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

657. R. MATTHEW, No. 93 Princess street, St. John, N. B. Local.

658. Dr. S. B. MEAD, Augusta, Hancock Co., 111. Local.

659. THOMAS MEEHAN (Corresponding Secretary, Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society ; Editor, Gardener's Monthly), German-
town, Pa. General. Special, Horticultural.

660. Dr. EZRA MICHENER, Avondale, Chester Co., Pa. North
American. Special, Fungi.

661. Hon. ANSON S. MILLER, Rockford, 111. Local.

662. CH. MOHR, Mobile, Alabama. Local.

663. Prof. JOSEPH MOORE (Professor of Natural History, Earlham
College), Richmond, Ind. Local.

664. Prof. W. D. MOORE, Irwin's Station, Pa. Local.

665. Dr. SEBASTIAN ALFREDO DE MORALES, Calle de Velarde, No. 5,
Matanzas, Cuba. Cuban.

666. Miss E. S. MORSE (Assistant Curator of Botany, Worcester
Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

667. Miss M. E. B. MORTON, Rockford, Winnebago Co., 111. Local.

668. WILLIAM Mum, Fox Creek Post-office, St. Louis Co., Mo.
Horticultural.

669. Prof. J. S. NEWBERRY (Professor of Geology, Columbia Col-
lege), New York, N. Y. North American. Special, Fossil
Plants.

670. S. T. OLNEY, Providence, R. I. Local.

31 BOTANY. 671-697

671. Dr. J. G. ORTON, Binghamton, N. Y. Local,

672. Dr. HORACE M. PAINE, No. 104 State street, Albany, N. Y.
Local.

673. Kev. JOHN A. PAINE, jr., Newark, N. J. Local.

674. CHARLES F. PARKER, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

675. Prof. W. A. PARKER (Professor of , Iowa College), Gren-

nele, Iowa. Local.

676. Dr. C . C. PARRY, Davenport, Iowa. North American. Special,
Rocky Mountains.

677. Prof. T. L. PARVIN (Professor of Natural History, Iowa State-
University), Iowa City, Iowa. Local.

678. CHARLES H. PECK, Albany, N. Y. Local'

679. E. PECK, Washington, D. C. North American.

680. Prof. ROBERT PETER (Professor of Natural Science, Kentucky
TJniversity), Lexington, Ky. Local.

681. THOMAS M. PETERS, Moulton, Ala. Local.

682. GEORGE D. PHIPPEN, Salem, Mass. Local. Special, WiW
Flowers under cultivation.

683. Dr. ZIXA PITCHER, Detroit, Mich. North American.

684. ISAAC A. POOL, No. 829 Washington street, Chicago, 111.
Horticultural.

685. B. S. PORTER, New Albany, Ind. Local.

686. Prof. THOMAS C. PORTER (Professor of Botany and Zoology,
Lafayette College), Easton, Pa. North American. Special,
Pennsylvania.

687. Prof. A. N. PRENTISS (Professor of Botany and Horticulture,
Michigan State Agricultural College), Lansing, Mich. North
American.

688. MANUEL J. PRESAS, Calle de Velarde, No. 5, Matanzas, Cuba.
Cuban.

689. WM. H. RAND, Chicago, 111. Local.

690. Dr. J. H. RAUCH, Chicago, 111. Local.

691. H. W. RAVENEL, Aiken, S. C. Local. Special, Fungi.

692. THOMAS B. REDDING, Newcastle, Ind. Local.

693. Dr. SAMUEL REID, New Albany, Ind. Local.

694. JAMES RICHARDS, Litchfleld, Ct. Local.

695. Dr. J. W. ROBBINS, Uxbridge, Mass. North American. Spe-
cial, Fresh Water Plants.

696. JOSEPH T. ROTHROCK, McVeytown, Pa. General.

697. Prof. JOHN L. RUSSELL (Professor of Botany, Massachusetts
Horticultural Society), Salem, Mass. North American. Spe-
cial, Cryptogamia.

698-728 BOTANY. 32

<>98. Prof. ABRAM SAGER (Professor of , University of Michi-
gan), Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

699. Prof. J. H. SALISBURY (Professor of Physjology, Histology and
Cell Pathology, Charity Hospital Medical College), Cleveland,
Ohio, fungi.

700. Dr. C. SARTORIUS, Mirader, Mexico. Local.

701. Dr. H. P. SARTWELL, Penn Yan, N. Y. Local. Special, Carices.

702. WILLIAM SAUNDKRS, Dundas street, London, Canada West.
. North American.

703. FRANCISCO ADOLFO SAUVALLE, Habana, Cuba. Cuban.

704. GEORGE SCARBOROUGH, Snmner, Atchinson Co., Kansas. Local.

705. Prof. GEORGE C. SCH/KFFER, Washington, D. C. North
American.

700. Dr. ARTHUR SCHOTT, Georgetown, D. C. Mexico and Central
America.

707. R. ROBINSON SCOTT, Port Kennedy, Pa. Local.

708. THOMAS F. SEAL, Unionville, Chester Co., Pa. Local.

709. Miss LYDIA SHATTUCK, South Hadley, Mass. Local.

710. HENRY SHAW, St. Louis, Mo. Local.

711. JAMES M. SHAW, South Waterford, Me. Local.

712. Prof. D. S. SHELDON (Professor of Chemistry and Natural Sci-
ences, Griswold College), Davenport, Iowa. North American.

713. Dr. A. G. SKINNER, Youngstown, Niagara Co., N. Y. Local.

714. AUBREY H. SMITH, No. 151G Pine street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Local.

715. CHARLES E. SMITH (President, Reading R. R. Co.), Philadel-
phia, Pa. Local.

716. DANIEL B. SMITH, Gennantown, Pa. Local.

717. S. I. SMITH, New Haven, Ct. New England.

718. WM. R. SMITH (Superintendent United States Botanic Garden),
Washington, D. C. North American.

719. C. J. SPRAGUE, Boston, Mass. Fungi.

720. ISAAC SPRAGUE, Grantville, Mass. Botanical Artist.

721. JACOB STAUFFER (Secretary, Linnsean Society of Lancaster),
Lancaster, Pa. Local.

722. Rev. JAMES STEPHENSON, St. Inigos. St. Mary's Co., Md. Local.

723. Dr. GEORGE T. STEVENS, Albany, N. Y. Local.

724. Dr*. — STIVES, San Francisco, Cal. Californian. Special, Algce.

725. SAMUEL STURTON, Quebec, Canada. Canadian.

726. WM. S. SULLIVANT, Columbus, Ohio. General. Special, Musci.

727. Rev. J. A. SWAN, Kennebunk, Me. Local.

728. EDWARD TATNALL, Wilmington, Del. Local.

33 BOTANY. 729-755

729. Prof. SANBORN TENNEY (Professor of Natural Sciences, Vas-
sar Female College), Poughkeepsie, N. Y. North American.

730. Dr. JOHN G. THOMAS, Riviere-du-Loup-en-bas, Canada East.
Canadian.

731. JOHN J. THOMAS, Union Springs, Cayuga Co., N. Y. Local.

732. Prof. GEORGE THURBER, Office, American Agriculturist, New
York, N. Y. North American, Special, Graminece.

733. Prof. JOHN TORREY (Professor of Botany, Columbia Coljege),
New York, N. Y. General. Special, North American.

734. Dr. MORTON S. TOWNSHEND, Avon, Lorain Co., Ohio. Local.

735. C. M. TRACY (Curator of Botany, Essex Institute), Lynn, Mass.
General Collection. Special, New England.

736. Prof. EDWARD TUCKERMAN (Professor of Botany, Amlierst
College), Amherst, Mass. General. Special, Lichens.

737. Dr. GEORGE VASEY, Rich view, Washington Co., 111. North
American.

738. WM. S. VAUX (Vice President and Curator, Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences), No. 1700 Arch street, Philadelphia, Pa. North
American.

739. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College), New
Haven, Ct. New England.

740. Dr. J. A. WARDER, Cincinnati, Ohio. Local.

741. G. WARRING, Boalsburg, Pa. Local.

742. DAVID A. P. WATT (Editor, Canadian Naturalist and Geolo-
gist), Montreal, Canada. Canadian. Special, Fungi.

743. Miss MARY WHITTINGTON, Harrodsburg, Ky. Local.

744. DANIEL WILKINS, Littleton, N. H. Local.

745. H. WILLEY, New Bedford, Mass. Lichens.

746. Prof. O. R. WILLIS, Whiteplains, N. Y. North American.

747. HUGH WILSON, Salem, Mass. Horticultural. . Special, Ferns
under cultivation.

748. NATHANIEL WILSON (Curator, Island Botanic Garden), Ja-
maica, W. I. West Indian.

749. N. H. WINCHELL, Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

750. I. R. WIRT, McVeytown, Pa. Local.

751. W. WYNNE WISTAR, Germantown, Pa. Local.

752. JOHN WOLF, Canton, Fulton Co., 111. Local.

753. Prof. ALPHONSO WOOD, Brooklyn, N. Y. North American.

754. Prof. H. C. WOOD, jr. (Professor of Botany, University of
Pennsylvania), Philadelphia, Pa. North American.

755. CHARLES WRIGHT, Wethersfleld, Ct. General. Special, Cuba,
Texas, and New Mexico.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 5 August, 1867.

750-783 ARCH^OLOGYr ETHNOLOGY. 34

AEOKEOLOGT.

756. T. A. CHENEY (Lib., Georgic Library), Havana, N. Y. N. Am.

757. Dr. E. H. DAVIS, Worcester, Mass. American.

758. Dr. SAMUEL A. GREENE, Boston, Mass. North American.

759. SAMUEL F. HAVEN (Secretary, American Antiquarian Society),
Worcester, Mass. North American.

760. Hon. I. A. LAPHAM, Milwaukie, Wis. North American.

761. Rev. SAMUEL LOCKWOOD, Keyport, N. J. New Jersey.

762. Prof. O. C. MARSH (Professor of Palaeontology, Yale College),
New Haven, Ct. North American.

763. Rev. ABNER MORSE, Boston, Mass. North American.

764. FRANKLIN PEALE, No. 1131 Girard street, Philadelphia, Pa.
North American.

765. CHARLES HAU, New York, N. Y. American.

766. G. PEABODY RUSSELL (Curator of Archaeology, Essex Insti-
tute), Salem, Mass. North American.

767. E. GEORGE SQUIER, No. 105 East Thirty-ninth street, New
York, N. Y. American.

768. Wwr. S. VAUX (Vice President and Curator, Academy of Nat.
Sciences), No. 1700 Arch street, Philadelphia, Pa. N. Am.

769. Col. CHARLES WHITTLESEY, Cleveland, Ohio. North American.

770. Dr. J. N. WILSON, Newark, Ohio. Local.

771. Dr. A. WISLIZENUS, St. Louis, Mo. -New Mexico, etc.

772. Prof. JEFFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Comparative Anatomy
and Physiology, Harvard University ; President, Boston Society
of Natural History), Cambridge, Mass. General.

ETHNOLOGY.

773. Rev. JOHN BACHMAN, Charleston, S. C. General.

774. Dr. E. H. DAVIS, Worcester, Mass. American.

775. GEORGE GIBBS, Washington, D. C. General.

776. Dr. J. AITKEN MEIGS', Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Craniology.

777. LEWIS H. MORGAN, Rochester, N. Y. North American Indians.

778. Dr. J. C. NOTT, Mobile, Alabama. General.

779. Prof. HENRY S. PATTERSON, Philadelphia, Pa. General.

780. Dr. CHARLES PICKERING, Boston, Mass. General.

781. ALEX. S. TAYLOR, Santa Barbara, Cal. North American Indians.

782. Prof. DANIEL WILSON (Professor of History and English Lit-
erature, University College), Toronto, C. W. General.

783. Dr. A. WISLIZENUS, St. Louis, Mo. General.

35 GENERAL ZOOLOGY. MAMMALS, 784-800

GENEKAL ZOOLOGY,

784. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Har-
vard University ; Director and Curator, Museum of Compa^ra-
tive Zoology), Cambridge, Mass.

785. Prof. S. F. BAIRD (Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institu-
tion), Washington, D. C.

786. Prof. JAMES D. DANA (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy,
Yale College), New Haven, Ct.

787. Prof. J.'W. DAWSON (Principal, McGill University), Montreal,
Canada.

788. Prof. JOSEPH LEIDY (Professor of Anatomy," University of
Pennsylvania; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia), No. 1302 Filbert street, Philadelphia, Pa.

789. Prof. JEFFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Comparative Anatomy
and Physiology, Harvard University; President, Boston So-
ciety of Natural History), Cambridge, Mass,

MAMMALS.

79.0. Dr. HARRISON ALLEN, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Chiroptera.
Rev. JOHN BACHMAN, Charleston, S. C. North American.

791. Prof. S. F. BAIRD (Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institu-
tion), Washington, D. C. American.

792. GEORGE BARNSTON, Montreal, Canada. Local.

793. Dr. G. A. CANFIELD, Monterey, Cal. Californian,

794. Dr. J. G. COOPER, (Zoologist, California State Survey ; Cura-
tor of Zoology, California Academy of Natural Sciences), San
Francisco, Cal. Californian.

795. Prof. E. D. COPE (Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences),
Philadelphia, Pa. Cetacea.

796. Dr. ELLIOTT COUES, U. S. A., Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C. Arizonian.

797. C. W. GILBERT (Assistant Curator of Mammalia, Worcester
Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

798. Prof. THEO. GILL (Librarian, Smithsonian Institution), Wash-
ington, D. C. General.

799. Dr. JOHN GUNDLACII, Calle de la Reina, 61, Habana, Cuba.
Cuban.

800. Hon. RICHARD HILL, Spanishtown, Jamaica. Jamaican.

801-820 MAMMALS. BIRDS. 36

SOI. W. HUNTER (Taxidermist, Natural History Society of Mon-
treal), Montreal, Canada. Local.

802. NATHANIEL PAINE (Curator of Mammalia, Worcester Society
of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

803. TITIAN E. PEALE, Washington, D. C. General.

§04. Prof. FELIPE POEY, Calle del Aguila, 157, Habana, Cuba. Cu-
ban.

805. F. W. PUTNAM (Superintendent, Essex Institute ; Curator of
Ichthyology, Boston Society of Natural History), Salem, Mass.
Essex County, Mass.

806. T. T. EICHARDS, St. Louis, Mo. Crania.

807. BERNARD E. Eoss, Eupert House. Arctic.

808. E. A. SAMUELS, Office State Board of Agriculture, Boston,
Mass. Local.

809. Dr. J. H. SLACK, No. 1701 Spruce street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Quadrumana.

810. Dr. GEORGE SUCKLEY, U. S. A., New York, N. Y. Washington
Territory.

811. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College;
Curator of Eadiata, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston,
Mass.), New Haven, Ct. North American.

812. Dr. J. C. WHITE (Curator of Comparative Anatomy and Mam-
malogy, Boston Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass.
Anatomy.

813. J. F. WHITEAVES (Curator and Eec. Secretary, Natural His-
tory Society of Montreal), Montreal, Canada. Local.

•

BIKDS.*

814. JOHN AKHURST, No. 9J Prospect street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Local.
Taxidermist and Dealer.

81,5. J. A. ALLEN, Springfield, Mass. New England.

816. G. ALMA, Farmersville, Seneca Co., N. Y. Local.

817. Eev. JOHN AMBROSE, St. Margaret's Bay, Halifax Co., Nova
Scotia. Local.

818. AMORY L. BABCOCK, Sherborn, Mass. Surinam, S. A., and
Local. Taxidermist.

819. Prof. S. F. BAIRD (Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institu-
tion), Washington, D. C. General. Special, American.

820. VINCENT BARNARD, Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa. Local.

*NOTE. Oology has now become so intimately connected with the study of the
Birds themselves that about every person paying attention to Ornithology
also has collections of the Eggs of Birds, therefore Oology, as a separate
department, is omitted in the DIRECTORY.

37 BIRDS. 821-846

821. GEORGE BARNSTON, Montreal, Canada. Local.

822. Rev. M. W. BEATJCHAMP, King's Ferry, Cayuga, Co., N. Y.
Local.

823. S. B. BECKETT (Curator of Ornithology, Portland Society of
Natural History), Portland, Me. Local.

824. JOHN G. BELL, No. 339 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Taxider-
mist and Dealer.

825. C. W. BENNETT (Curator of Ornithology, Museum of the
Springfield City Library Association), Holyoke, Mass.' Local,

826. Mrs. J. L. BODE, No. 16 North William street, New York,
N. Y. Taxidermist and Dealer.

827. CHAS. L. BLOOD, Corner of Weir and First streets, Taunton,
Mass. Local. Taxidermist.

828. G. A. BOARDMAN, Milltown, Me. Local.

829. S. H. BOWKER (Assistant Curator of Ornithology, Worcester
Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

830. JOSEPH BRANO, Philadelphia, Pa. Local. Taxidermist.

831. Dr. T. M. BREWER (Curator of Oology, Boston Society of
Natural History), Boston, Mass. North American. Ooloyy.

832. C. G. BREWSTER, No. 16 Tremont street, Boston, Mass. Dealer.

833. E. A. BRIGHAM (Assistant Curator of Ornithology, Boston
Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass. Local.

834. GEORGE C. BROWN (Curator and Treasurer, Burlington Co.
Lyceum of Natural History), Mount Holly, N. J. N. American.

835. J. ELLIOTT CABOT (Curator of Ornithology, Boston Society of
Natural History), Brookline, Mass. General Collection.

836. Dr. SAMUEL CABOT, Boston, Mass. North American.

837. E. A. CAMPBELL, Newark, Ohio. Local.

838. JOHN CASSIN (Vice President and Curator of Ornithology,
Academy of Natural Sciences), Philadelphia, Pa. General.

839. RICHARD CHRIST, Nazareth, Pa. Local.

840. SAMUEL C. CLARK, Chicago, 111. North American.

841. JOHN COLTON, Worcester, Mass. Local.

842. Dr. J. G. COOPER (Zoologist, California State Survey ; Curator
of Zoology, California Academy of Natural Sciences), San
Francisco, Cal. Pacific Coast of N. A.

843. THOMAS COTTLE, Woodstock, Canada West. Local.

844. Dr. ELLIOTT COUES, U. S. A., Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C. American.

845. WILLIAM COUPER (Vice President, Quebec Branch, Entomolo-
gical Society of Canada), Quebec, Canada. North American.
Taxidermist.

846. C. A. CRAIG, Montreal, Canada. Local. Taxidermist.

847-880 BIRDS. 38

847. Dr. JOHN DARBY, South Williamstown, Mass. Local.

848. HENRY DAVIS, McGregor, Iowa. Local.

849. J. C. DEACON, Chicopee, Mass. Local. Taxidermist.
RAFAEL MONTES DE OCA, Xalapa, Mexico. Mexican.

C. DREXLER, Washington, D. C. Local. Taxidermist.

D. G. ELLIOT, No. 27 West Thirty-third street, New York, N. Y.
American.

853. SAMUEL E. ELMORE, Hartford, Ct. Local.

854. W. E. ENDICOTT, Canton, Mass. New England.

855. Prof. H. FAIRBANKS (Prof, of Natural Philosophy, Dartmouth
College), Hanover, N. H. North American.

856. CHARLES FELDMAN, Philadelphia, Pa. Local. Taxidermist.

857. WM. H. FLOYD, Weston, Mass. North American.

858. AUGUSTUS FOWLER, Danvers, Mass. Local.

859. SAMUEL P. FOWLER (Vice President, Essex Institute, Salem),
Danvers, Mass. Local.

860. Dr. A. VON FRANTZIUS, San Jose, Costa Rica. Costa Eican.

861. ALEXANDER GALBRAISH, No. 209 North Ninth street, Philadel-
phia, Pa. Local. Taxidermist and Dealer.

862. CHARLES GALBRAITH, West Hoboken, N.' J. Local. Taxider-
mist.

863. WM. GALBRAITH, West Hoboken, N. J. Local. Taxidermist.

864. WM. L. GILL, Lancaster, Pa. Local.

865. Col. A. J. GRAYSON, Mazatlan, Mexico. Mexican.

866. FERD. GRUBER, San Francisco, Cal. Local. Taxidermist.

867. Dr. JOHN GUNDLACH, Calle de la Reina, 61, Habana, Cuba.
West Indian.

868. Prof. C. E. HAMLIN (Professor of Natural History, Waterville
College), Waterville, Me. Maine.

869. HENRY HANFORD, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

870. GEORGE HENSEL, Lancaster, Pa. Local. Taxidermist.

871. JAMES HEPBURN, San Francisco, Cal. Western Coast of America.

872. Dr. A. HALL, Montreal, Canada. Local.

873. Hon. RICHARD HILL, Spanishtown, Jamaica. Local.

874. THOMAS HOLE, Clarkson, Columbiana Co., Ohio. Local.

875. Dr. P. R. HOY, Racine, Wis. Local.

876. Dr. A. T. HUDSON, U. S. A., Lyons, Clinton Co., Iowa. Local.

877. D. DARWIN HUGHES, Marshall, Mich. Local.

878. CHAS. A. HOUGHTON, Holliston, Mass. Local. Taxidermist.

879. J W. HUNTER (Taxidermist, Natural History Society of Mon-

treal), Montreal, Canada. Local.

880. ILGES and SANTER, No. 15 Frankfort street, New York, N. Y.
Taxidermists.

39 BIRDS. 881-908

881. JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co.,N. Y. Local, Taxidermist.

882. SAMUEL JILLSON, Hudson, Mass. Local. Taxidermist.

883. Rev. C. M. JONES, North Madison, Ct. Local.

884. F. KLEMPFER, Chicago, 111. Local.

885. JOHN KIRKPATRICK (Secretary, Academy of Natural Sciences
of Cleveland; Secretary, Cleveland Horticultural Society),
Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

886. Rev. A. B. KENDIG, Davenport, Iowa. Local.

887. Dr. JARED P. KIRTLAND, East Rockport, Ohio, P. O. address,
Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

888. Miss H. M. KNOWLTON (Assistant Curator of Ornithology,
Worcester Society of Nat. History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

889. JOHN KRIDER, Corner of Second and Walnut streets, Philadel-
phia, Pa. North American. Taxidermist.

890. THURE KUMLIEN, Busseyville P. 0., Wis. North American.

891. GEORGE N. LAWRENCE, No. 172 Pearl street, New York, N. Y.
American.

892. J. S. LEACH, Bridgewater, Mass. Local.

. 893. JAMES M. LEMOINE, Quebec, Canada. Local.

894. Miss F. S. LINCOLN (Curator of Oology, Worcester Society
of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local Oology.

895. Dr. STARLING LORING, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

896. B. P. MANN, Cambridge, Mass. Local Oology.

897. WILLIAM T. MARCH, Spauishtown, W. I. West Indian.

898. Dr. ISAAC C. MARTINDALE (Director, Byberry Philosophical
Society), Byberry, Pa. Local.

L. J. MAYNARD, Newtonville, Mass. Local. Taxidermist.
R. MCFARLANE, Fort Anderson, British America. Northern
Regions of America.

901. THOMAS MC!LWRAITH, Hamilton, C. W. Local.

902. Prof. MANLY MILES (Professor of Animal Physiologj' and
Practical Agriculture, State Agricultural College), Lansing.
Mich.

903. CHARLES H. NAUMAN (Chairman, Committee on Ornithology,
LinnaBan Society of Lancaster), Box 508, Lancaster, Pa. Local.

904. Dr. J. S. NEWBERRY (Professor of Geology, Columbia Col-
lege), New York, N. Y. North American.

905. GEORGE Y. NICKERSON, No. 42 Williams street, New Bedford,
Mass. Local. Taxidermist.

906. J. P. NORRIS, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

907. CHARLES S. PAINE, East Bethel, Vt. Local.

908. FREDERICK PASSMORE, Yonge street, Toronto, C. W. North
American.

909-940 BIRDS. 40

909. TITIAN R. PEALE, Washington, D. C. General.

910. Dr. D. WEBSTER PRENTISS, Washington, D. C. Local.

911. HENRY A. PURDIE, Boston, Mass. Local.

912. F. W. PUTNAM (Superintendent, Essex Institute ; Curator of
Ichthyology, Boston Society of Natural History), Salem, Mass.
Essex County, Mass.

913. L. E. RICKSECKER, Nazareth, Pa. Local.

914. O. RIENECKE (Curator of Ornithology, Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences), Buffalo, N. Y. Local.

915. A. H. RUSE, St. Thomas, W. I. West Indian.

916. JAMES S. ROGERS, New York, N. Y. Local.

917. JAMES H. ROOME, No. 55 Carmine street, New York, N. Y.
Local. Taxidermist.

918. BERNARD R. Ross, Rupert House. Arctic.

919. WILLIAM A. ROUSSEAU, Troy, N. Y. Local.

920. E. A. SAMUELS, Office State Board of Agriculture, Boston,
Mass. New England. North American Oology.

921. Dr. C. SARTORIUS, Mirador, Mexico. Mexican.

922. LIVINGSTON SATTERLEE, New York, N. Y. Local.

923. JOHN H. SEARS, Danvers, Mass. Essex County, Mass.

924. HENRY SHAW (Assistant Curator of Ornithology, Worcester
Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

925. SHERMAN, Bedford street, New Bedford, Mass. Local.

926. Prof. HENRY SHIMER, Mt. Carroll, 111. Local.

927. JAMES G. SHUTE, Woburn, Mass. Local.

928. S. I. SMITH, New Haven, Ct. New England.

929. WILLIAM A. SMITH (Curator of Ornithology, Worcester Society
of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

930. Rev. WM. S. SOUTHGATE, Litchfleld, Ct. Local.

931. JACOB STAUFKER (Secretary, Linnsean Society of Lancaster),
Lancaster, Pa. Local.

932. Rev. JAMES STEPHEN SON, St. Inigos, St. Mary's Co., Md.
Local.

!)33. Dr. GEORGE SUCKLEY, U. S. A., New York, N. Y. North
American.

934. JOSEPH SULLIVANT, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

935. Prof. F. SUMICHRAST, Orozaba, Mexico. Mexican.

936. E. L. SUMNER (Assistant Curator of Oology, Worcester Society
of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

937. S. H. SYLVESTER, Middleborough, Mass. Local. Taxidermist.

938. JAMES TAYLOR, Philadelphia, Pa. Local. Taxidermist.

939. T. MARTIN TRIPPE, Orange, N. Y. Local.

940. H. G. VERNOR, Montreal, Canada. Local.

41 BIEDS. REPTILES. 941-962

941. Dr. VELIE, Bath, Steuben Co., N. Y. North American.

942. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College ; Cura-

tor of Radiata, Boston Society of Natural History), New
Haven, Ct. North American.

943. NATHANIEL VICKARY, No. 262 Chestnut street, Lynn, Mass.

Local. Taxidermist and Dealer.

944. FREDERIC WARE, Cambridge, Mass. Local.

945. JOHN M. WHEATON, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

946. J. F. WHITEAVES (Recording Secretary and Curator, Natural

History Society of Montreal), Montreal, Canada. Canadian.

947. Prof. WM. D. WHITNEY (Professor of Sanskrit, Yale College),

New Haven, Ct. New England.

948. ROBERT WILSON, Gouverneur, N. Y. Local.

949. R. K. WINSLOW, Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

950. ALEXANDER WOLLE, Baltimore, Md. Local. Taxidermist.

951. C. J. WOOD, Philadelphia, Pa. Local. Taxidermist.

952. Dr. WM. WOOD, East Windsor Hill, Ct. Local.

KEPTILES.

953. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Har-

vard University ; Director and Curator, Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General. Special, Chelonia.

954. Prof. S. F. BAIRD (Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution),

Washington, D. C. General Collection. Special, N. American.

955. Prof. EDWARD D. COPE (Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia), Philadelphia, Pa. General.

956. Dr. B. F. FOGG (Curator of Herpetology, Portland Society of Nat-

ural History), Portland, Me. Local.

957. Prof. J. E. HOLBROOK, Charleston, S. C. North American.

958. Prof. JOHN LE CONTE (Professor of Natural Philosophy, Univer-

sity of South Carolina), Columbia, S. C. Local.

959. Prof. JOSEPH LEIDY (Professor of Anatomy, University of Penn-

sylvania; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences), No. 1302
Filbert street, Philadelphia, Pa. Fossil.

960. Prof. O. C. MARSH (Professor of Palaeontology, Yale College),

New Haven, Ct. Fossil.

961. Prof. J. S. NEWBERRY (Professor of Geology, Columbia College),

New York, N. Y. Fossil.

962. F. W. PUTNAM (Superintendent, Essex Institute ; Curator of Ich-

thyology, Boston Society of Natural History ; Editor, Ameri-
can Naturalist), Salem, Mass. General Collection. Special,
North American.
NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 6 December, 1867.

963-984 REPTILES. FISHES. 42

963. STEPHEN SALISBURY, jr. (Curator of Herpetology, Worcester

Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

964. JACOB STAUFFER (Secretary, Linnaean Society of Lancaster), Lan-

caster, Pa. Local.

965. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College; Cura-

tor of Radiata, Boston Society of Natural History), New
Haven, Ct. North American.

966. Dr. B. G. WILDER (Professor of Natural History, Cornell Uni-

versity ; Curator of Herpetology, Boston Society of Natural
History; Assistant, Museum of Comp. Zoology), Boston,
Mass. General Collection.

967. HENRY S. WILLIAMS, Ithaca, N. Y. Local.

968. Prof. ALEXANDER WINCIIELL (Professor of Natural History,

University of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

969. Dr. T. G. WORMLEY, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

PISHES,

970. Dr. C. C. ABBOTT (Zoologist, New Jersey State Survey), Trenton,

N. J. Local.

971. ALEX. E. R. AGASSIZ (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zoolo-

gy), Cambridge, Mass. Embiotocoids.

972. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Har-

vard University ; Curator and Director, Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.

973. G. ALMA, Farmersville, Seneca Co., N. Y. Local.

974. Rev. JOHN AMBROSE, St. Margaret's Bay, Halifax Co., Nova Sco-

tia. Local.

975. CHARLES G. ATKINS (Commissioner of River Fisheries), Augusta,

Me. Fishculture.

976. Capt. N. E. ATWOOD, Provincetown, Mass. Local. Food Fishes.

977. Dr. W. O. AYRES (Corresponding Secretary, California Academy

of Natural Sciences), San Francisco, Cal. Calif ornian.

978. Prof. S. F. BAIRD (Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution),

Washington, D. C. North American.

979. Rev. M. W. BEAUCHAMP, King's Ferry, Cayuga, N. Y. Local.

980. J. CARSON BREVOORT (President, Long Island Historical Socie-

ty), Brooklyn, N. Y. General.

981. Dr. ROBERT BRIDGES, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

982. SAMUEL C. CLARK, Chicago, 111. Local.

983. J. D. COOPER, San Francisco, Cal. Californian.

984. Prof. EDWARD D. COPE (Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia), Philadelphia, Pa. General Collection. Spe-
cial, North American Fresh-water.

43 FISHES. 985-1010

985. Dr. J. W. DAWSON (Principal, McGill University), Montreal,

Canada. Local and Fossil.

986. ANDREW GARKETT, Care of Samuel Hubbard, Agent Pacific Mail

Steamship Co., San Francisco, Cal. South Seas.

987. Dr. W. P. GIBBONS, Alameda Co., Cal. Embiotocoids.

988. Prof. THEODORE GLLL (Librarian, Smithsonian Institution),

Washington, D. C. General.

989. Dr. J. BERNARD GILPIN (Vice President, Nova Scotian Institute

of Natural Science), Halifax, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotian.

990. Dr. A. C. HAMLIN, Bangor, Me. Salmonidce of Maine.

991. Hon. KICHARD HILL, Spanishtown, Jamaica. West Indian.

992. Prof. J. E. HOLBROOK, Charleston, S. C. Southern States.

993. J. MATTHEW JONES, Ashbourne, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotian.

994. Dr. J. P. KIRTLAND, East Kockport, Ohio ; Post-office address,

Cleveland, Ohio. Great Lakes and Ohio.

995. Prof. JOSEPH LEIDY (Professor of Anatomy, University of Penn-

sylvania; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences), No. 1302
Filbert street, Philadelphia, Pa. Fossil.

996. Kev. SAMUEL LOCKWOOD, Keyport, N. J. Local.

997. THEODORE LYMAN (Assistant, Museum of Comp. Zoology, Cam-

bridge; Commissioner of Eiver Fisheries), Brookline, Mass.
Fishculture.

998. Dr. E. P. MANN, Milford, Ohio. Devonian.

999. H. A. MARSH (Assistant Curator of Ichthyology, Worcester So-

ciety of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

1000. Prof. O. C. MARSH (Professor of Palaeontology, Yale College),

New Haven, Ct. Fossil.

1001. Dr. J. C. MORRIS, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

1002. Dr. WILLIAM A. NASON. Post-office box 3412, Chicago, 111. Local.

1003. Prof. J. S. NEWBERRY (Professor of Geology, Columbia College),

New York, N. Y. Fossil.

1004. THADDEUS NORRIS, 505 Minor St., Philadelphia, Pa. Game Fishes.

1005. Prof. FELIPE POEY, Calle del Aguila, 157, Habana, Cuba. West

1006. M. N. PRESTON, Skaneateles, N. Y. Local. [Indian.

1007. F. W. PUTNAM (Superintendent, Essex Institute ; Curator of Ich-

thyology, Boston Society of Natural History ; Editor, Ameri-
can Naturalist), Salem, Mass. General.

1008. O. H. ST. JOHN, Waterloo, Iowa. Fossil.

1009. S. H. SCUDDER (Custodian, Secretary, Librarian, and Curator of

Entomology, Boston Society of Natural History), Cambridge,
Mass. Hcemulidce.

1010. H. L. SHUMWAY (Assistant Curator of Ichthyology, Worcester

Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

1011-1037 FISHES. INSECTS. 44

1011. Dr. D. H. STOKER, Boston, Mass. Massachusetts,

1012. Dr. GEOKGE SUCKLEY, U. S. A., New York, N. Y. Salmonidce.

1013. Dr. B. G. WILDER (Professor of Natural History, Cornell Univer-

sity ; Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Curator of
Herpetology, Boston Society of Natural Histoiy), "Boston,
Mass. Selachians.

1014. Prof. ALEXANDER WINCIIELL (Professor of Natural History, Uni-

versity of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich. North American and
Fossil.
1016. J. W. YOUNG, Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

INSECTS.

1016. CHARLES E. AARON, Mount Holly, N. J. Local.

1017. ALVEY A. ADEE, No. 54 Exchange Place, New York, N. Y. Hy-

menoptera.

1018. A. E. R. AGASSIZ (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zoology),

Cambridge, Mass. General. Special, Lepidoptera.

1019. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Har-

vard University ; Curator and Director, Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.

1020. JOHN AKHURST, No. 9i Prospect street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Cole-

optera.

1021. "W. P. ALCOTT, Andover, Mass. Local.

1022. J. A. ALLEN, Springfield, Mass. Local.

1023. JAMES ANGUS, West Farms, N. Y. Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.

1024. T. B. ASHTON, North White Creek, Washington Co., N. Y. Local.

1025. E. P. AUSTIN, Cambridge, Mass. Coleoptera.

1026. SAMUEL AUXER, Lancaster, Pa. Local.

1027. AMORY L. BABCOCK, Sherborn, Mass. Local, and Surinam, S.A.

1028. AUSTIN BACOX, Natick, Mass. Local.

1029. VINCENT BARNARD, Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa. Local.

1030. HOMER F. BASSETT, Waterbury, Ct. N. American Hymenoptera.

1031. D. W. BEADLE, St. Catharines, Canada West. Local Coleop-

tera and Lepidoptera.

1032. Dr. H. BEIIR (Entomologist, California State Board of Agricul-

ture), San Francisco, Cal. Californian.

1033. JAMES S. BEHRENS, San Francisco, Cal. Coleoptera and Lepi-

doptera.

1034. G. W. BELFRAGE, Chicago, 111. A Collector.

1035. AARON B. BELKNAP, New York, N. Y. Local.

1036. J. F. BENNER, New Lisbon, Ohio. Local.

1037. C. W. BENNETT, Holyoke, Mass. Local.

45 INSECTS. 1038-1069

1038. Rev. CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE (Secretary and Treasurer, Ento-

mological Society of Canada), Credit, Canada West. Cana-
dian Coleoptera, and North American Lepidoptera.

1039. B. BILLINGS, Ottawa City, Canada West. Local.

1040. E*. BILLINGS. Montreal, Canada. Coleoptera.

1041. CHARLES A. BLAKE, Philadelphia, Pa. Local Lepidoptera.

1042. M. P. BLAKE, Gilmanton, N. H. Local.

1043. J. H. B. BLAND, Philadelphia, Pa. North American Coleoptera.

1044. Col. J. H. BLISS, Brie, Pa. Local.

1045. CHARLES L. BLOOD, Corner of Weir and First streets, Taunton,

Mass. Local.

1046. ANDREW BOLTER, Corner of Wells and Van Buren streets, Chi-

cago, 111. Lepidoptera.

1047. JOHN BOLTON, Portsmouth, Ohio. Local.

1048. BOTTIN, Orizaba, Mexico. Mexican.

1049. GEORGE J. BOWLES (Secretary, Quebec Branch, Entomological

Society of Canada ; Curator, Literary and Historical Society
of Quebec), Quebec, Canada. North American Lepidoptera.

1050. FREDERICK BRACHES, Gray's Summit, Franklin Co., Mo. Local.

1051. GEORGE E. BRACKETT, Belfast, Me. Local.

1052. Eev. J. H. BRAKELEY, Bordentown, N. J. Local.

1053. Eev. W. B. BREED, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

1054. Dr. EMIL BRENDEL, U. S. A., Peoria, 111. Pselaphids.

1055. JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, jr., No. 26 Waverly Place, New York, N. Y.

North American Lepidoptera.

1056. Mrs. JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, No. 26 Waverly Place, New York, N. Y.

Local.

1057. ROBERT H. BROWNE, Quebec, Canada. N. American Lepidoptera,

1058. S. B. BUCKLEY, Geological Bureau, Austin, Texas. Local. For-

micidoK.

1059. ROBERT BUNKER, Rochester, N. Y. Local.

1060. EDWARD BURGESS, Boston, Mass. Local.

1061. STEPHEN CALVERLY, Brooklyn, N. Y. Local.

1062. WILLIAM W. CAREY, Colerain, Mass. Apiarian.

1063. DAVID A. CASHMAN, Chicago, 111. Local.

1064. H. H. CHAPMAN, Chicago, 111. Local.

1065. JOSEPH E. CHASE, Holyoke, Mass. Local.

1066. F. A. CLAPP, Dorchester, Mass. Local.

1067. Rev. V. CLEMENTI, North Douro, Canada West. Local.

1068. RICHARD COLVIN, Baltimore, Md. Apiarian.

1069. CALEB COOKE (Curator of Articulata, Essex Institute), Salem,

Mass. Local. General Collection.

1070-1099 INSECTS. 46

1070. WILLIAM COUPER (Vice President, Quebec Branch, Entomolog-

ical Society of Canada), Quebec, Canada. Coleoptera and In-
sect Architecture.

1071. E. T. CRESSON (Corresponding Secretary and Curator, American

Entomological Society), No. 518 South Thirteenth' street,
Philadelphia, Pa. General. Special, Hymenoptera.

1072. Prof. HENRY CROFT (Professor of Chemistry, University College ;

President, Entomological Society of Canada), Toronto, Can-
ada West. North American Coleoptera.

1073. CHARLES CURRIER, Providence, E. I. Local.

1074. W. O. CURRIER, Providence, R..I. Local.

1075. HENRY DAVIS, McGregor, Iowa. Local.

1076. A. W. DE FOREST, New York, N. Y. North American.

1077. THOMAS A. DICKINSON, Worcester, Mass. Local.

1078. GEORGE B. DIXON, (Librarian, American Entomological Society),

Philadelphia, Pa. General.

1079. CHARLES R. DODGE (Assistant in Entomology, U. S. Department

of Agriculture), Washington, D. C. Local.

1080. Dr. EDWARD DORSCH, Monroe, Mich. Local.

1081. WILLIAM H. EDWARDS, Newburgh, N. Y. North American Lepi-

doptera.

1082. JAMES H. EMERTON (Curator of Articulata, Essex Institute), Sa-

lem, Mass. Local. Special, Arachnides. General Collection.
Zoological Artist.

1083. CHARLES A. EMERY, Springfield, Mass. Local.

1084. L. ENGELBRECHT, Portsmouth, Sciota Co., Ohio. North Ameri-

can Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera.

1085. J. M. ENGLISH, Chicago, 111. Local.

1086. FRANK FAIRBANKS, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Local.

1087. CHARLES E. FAXON, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Local.

1088. WALTER FAXON, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Local.

1089. H. TUDOR FAY, Columbus, Ohio. North American Coleoptera.

1090. HENRY FELDMAN, Philadelphia, Pa. Local Coleoptera.

1091. WILLIAM C. FISH, East Falmouth, Mass. Local.

1092. Judge FISHBANK, Batavia, N. Y. Apiarian.

1093. D. M. FISK, Brown University, Providence, R. I. Local.

1094. Dr. ASA FITCH (State Entomologist of New York), Salein, Wash-

ington Co., N. Y. General. Special, Injurious and Beneficial.

1095. C. FOLEY, Lindsay, Canada West. Local.

1096. R. J. FOWLER, Montreal, Canada. Lepidoptera.

1097. ROBERT FRAZER, Philadelphia, Pa. North American Coleoptera.

1098. ALBERT S. GARLAND, Gloucester, Mass. Local.

1099. Dr. G. P. GIRDWOOD, Montreal, Canada. Local.

47 INSECTS. 1100-1127

1100. TOWNEND GLOVER (Entomologist, U. S. Department of Agricul-

ture), Washington, D. C. North American.

1101. EDWARD L. GRAEP (Member of Committee on Entomology,

Long Island Historical Society), Brooklyn, N. Y. North Amer-
ican and European Lepidoptera.

1102. Dr. JOHN W. GREENE (Curator, Lyceum of Natural History of

New York), No. 7 West Fifteenth street, New York, N. Y.
North American Hymenoptera.

1103. AUGUSTUS E. GROTE (Curator of Entomology, Buffalo Society

of Natural Science), No. 41 Beaver street, New York, N. Y.
North American Lepidoptera.

1104. FERDINAND GRUBER, San Francisco, Cal. 'Local.

1105. Miss C. GUILD, Walpole, Mass. Local.

1106. Dr. JUAN GUNDLACH, Habana, Cuba. Cuban.

1107. Dr. HERMANN HAGEN (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zo-

ology), Cambridge, Mass. General. Special, Neuroptera.

1108. EEUBEN HAINES, Germantown, Pa. Lepidoptera.

1109. Prof. S. S. HALDEMAN, Columbia, Pa. N. American Coleoptera.

1110. Dr. A. HALL, Montreal, Canada. Local.

1111. GEORGE H. HATHEWAY, Post-office box 5868, Chicago, 111. North

American Hemiptera and Neuroptera.

1112. Dr. G. W. HAZLETINE, Jamestown, N. Y. Local.

1113. Dr. CHARLES A. HELMUTH, Chicago, 111. 'N. American Coleoptera.

1114. FRANK F. HODGMAN, Littleton, N. H. Local.

1115. GUSTAVE P. HOFFMAN, Chicago, 111. Local.

1116. Dr. GEORGE H. HORN (President, American Entomological So-

cety), Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. North
American Coleoptera.

1117. WIN SLOW J. HOWARD, No. 345 Grand street, New York, N. Y.

Local.

1118. ROBERT HOWELL, Nichols, Tioga Co., N. Y. Local.

1119. CHARLES N. HOYT, Providence, R. I. Local.

1120. Rev. JAMES HUBBERT (Professor of Natural Sciences, St. Francis

College), Richmond, Canada East. Diptera.

1121. GEORGE HUNT, Providence, R. I. North American.

1122. Miss M. E. HUNT, Providence, R. I. Local.

1123. Miss M. L. JENKS (Assistant Curator of Articulata, Worcester

Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

1124. Rev. W. A. JOHNSON, Weston, Canada West. Local.

1125. J. MATTHEW JONES, Ashbourne, Nova Scotia. Local.

1126. Prof. SAMUEL JONES (Professor of Natural Sciences, Jefferson

College), Canonsburg, Pa. Local.

1127. WILLIAM KEOSTLIN, New York, N. Y. Coleoptera.

1128-1157 INSECTS. 48

1128. Kev. P. P. KIDDER, Ellicottsville, N. Y. Local.

1129. JOHM KIRKPATRICK (Secretary, Academy of Natural Sciences of

Cleveland ; Secretary, Cleveland Horticultural Society), Cleve-
land, Ohio. Local.

1130. Dr. J. P. KIRTLAND, East Rockport, Ohio; Post-office address,

Cleveland, Ohio. Local Lepidoptera.

1131. J. FRANK KNIGHT (Recording Secretary, American Entomologi-

cal Society), Philadelphia, Pa. North American Homopter a.

1132. EDWARD KOCH, Toledo, Ohio. Local.

1133. Rev. L. L. LANGSTROTII, Oxford, Butler Co., Ohio. Apiarian.

1134. Dr. WILLIAM LE BARON, Geneva, Kane Co., 111. North American

Diptera and Coleoptera.

1135. Dr. JOHN L. LE CONTE, No. 1325 Spruce street, Philadelphia,

Pa. Coleoptera.

1136. Dr. JAMES LEWIS, Mohawk, N. Y. Local.

1137. Dr. SAMUEL LEWIS, No. 1330 Spruce street, Philadelphia, Pa.

North American Coleoptera.

1138. Dr. G. LINCECUM, Long Point, Texas. Local.

1139. J. A. LINTNER, Utica, N. Y. Lepidoptera.

1140. Miss ADELIA J. LITTLEFIELD, Woburn, Mass. Local.

1141. B. P. MANN, Cambridge, Mass. Local.

1142. Prof. R. Z. MASON, Appleton, Wis. Local.

1143. JAMES W. MCALLISTER (Treasurer, American Entomological So-

ciety), Philadelphia, Pa. Hymenoptera.

1144. THEODORE L. MEAD, No. 233 West Thirty-fourth street, New

York, N. Y. Local.

1145. F. E. MELSHEIMER, Davidsburg, York Co., Pa. General.

1146. JOHN MEICHKL, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

1147. JAMES C. MERRILL, Pemberton Square, Boston, Mass. Local.

1148. JULIUS E. MEYER, Brooklyn, N. Y. Lepidoptera.

1149. Prof. MANLY MILES (Professor of Animal Physiology and Practi-

cal Agriculture, State Agricultural College), Lansing, Mich.
Local.

1150. Rev. J. G. MORRIS, Baltimore, Md. North American Lepidoptera.

1151. Dr. WILLIAM A. NASON, Post-office Box 3412, Chicago, 111. Lo-

cal Coleoptera.

1152. JAMES NEAL, Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

1153. GEORGE W. NICHOLS, West Amesbury, Mass. Local.

1154. J. NIETS, Cordova, Mexico. Local.

1155. D. BENJAMIN NORRIS, Pittsfleld, Pike Co., 111. Local.

1156. EDWARD NORTON, Farmington, Ct. General. Special, North

American Hymenoptera.

1157. JOHN ORNE, jr., Cambridgeport, Mass. N. American Coleoptera.

49

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

BROWNE, ALBERT G., Salem. Relics from Andersonville Prison.

GOODWIX, ENOCH, Newburyport. An Indian Stone Hatchet, found
in Belleville (Newbury).

HAMMOND, CAPT. JOSEPH, Salem. " Figure head " from the prow
of an Ancient War Vessel of the* Natives of the Kingsmills Islands.

OSBORN, J., Salem. A land Torpedo taken from Salient Number
two of the Confederate Fort Esperanza.

PERRY, AUGUSTUS, Salem. Plaster Bust of Nathaniel Bowditch.

PULSIFER, DAVID, Boston. Relic from Gov. Hancock's House,
Boston. A Rifle found near the place where the mine exploded at Pe-
tersburg, Va.

PUTNAM, CAPT. W. H. A., S*alem. A Dutch silver coin (6 stivers).

ROBINSON, JOHN, Salem. A Wash Bowl made from the brass ball
on the Third "First Church" of Salem. Feather Work from South
America.

ROPES, Miss SUSAN, Salem. Two Native Dish Covers, from Zan-
zibar.

TAYLOR, C. H., Salem. Relics from the Battlefield of Newburn.

TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

ALLEY, JOHN B., M. C. Commerce and Navigation of United
States, 18G3 and 1864, 2 vols., 8vo. Smithsonian Report for 1863, 1 vol.,
•8vo. Commercial Relations, 1864, 1 vol., 8vo. Report on the Conduct
of the War, 1865, 3 vols., 8vo. Message and Documents, 1864-5, 4 vols.,
8vo. Report on Internal Revenue, 1 vol., 8vo, 1865. Patent Office
Report, Arts and Manufactures, 1862, 2 vols., 8vo. 9 Pamphlets.

BACIIE, A. D., Sup't Coast Survey. Coast Survey Report for 1863,
1 vol., 4to.

BLAKE, WILLIAM P., San Francisco, Cal. Annotated Catalogue of
Minerals of California by W. P. Blake, 8vo, pamph., Sacramento, 1866.

BLAND, THOMAS, New York. Remarks on the Operculated Land
Shells of America, 8vo, pamph.

BROOKS, HENRY M. 10 Pamphlets.

CHAPMAN, JOHN, Mass. Legis. Doc. for 1842 and 1843, 4 vols., 8vo.

CHASE, GEORGE C., Friends Review, 20 numbers.

COLCORD, MRS. H. M., South Danvers. Billing's Singing Master's
Assistant, 1 vol., Boston, 1781.

CouEs, ELLIOTT. U. S. Army. Prodrome of a work on the Orni-
thology of Arizona Territory, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1866.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 7 JAN. 20, 1867.

50

CROSBY, ALPHEUS. A collection of various Newspapers.

D ALAND, W. S., New York. New York Directory for 1863 afitf

1865, 2 vols., 8vo.

BALL, WILLIAM EL, San Francisco, Cai. Dall's Memorial Sketch
of Tlios. Bridges, 8vo, pamph., San Francisco, 1866.

DALTON, SAMUEL. A Collection of Mss. Letters, &c.

DAVIDS, T. W,, Colchester, England. David's Annals of Evaugeli-
eal Nonconformity in Essex, 1 vol., 8vo, London, 1863.

FOOTE, CALEB. 46 Pamphlets.

GREEN, SAMUEL A,, Boston. 175 Pamphlets. Flint's Keport on
Agriculture of Mass, for 1865-6, 8vo, 1 vol.

HANAFORD, Mus. P. A., Reading. Ladies' Kepositoi-y tor May

1866, 8vo, pamph.

HART, CHARLES H. Buggies' Address at the Opening of the Metro-
politan Fair. April, 1864, 8vo, pamph. The Three Days Battle of
Chattanooga, Nov., 1863, 8vo, pamph.

HOLMES, FRANCIS S., Charleston, S. C. Pleiocene Fossils of South
Carolina by M. Tuomey and F. S. Holmes, 1 vol., 4to, Charleston.
1857. Post Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina by F. S. Holmes, 1 vol.,
4to, Charleston, 1860.

HOTCIIKISS, Miss SUSAN V., New Haven, Ct. New Haven Directo-
ries for several years, 7 vols., 12mo. Several Pamphlets.

HOVEY, EI>MUNI» O., Wabash College, Ind. 31st Annual Catalogue
of Wabash College, 1864-5. 8vo, pamph.

How. HENRY, King's College, Windsor, N. S. Contributions to
the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, 8vo, pamph. Keport on Mines of No-
va Scotia, 8vo, pamph. Keport on Certain Minerals found by Dr. Hoii-
eyruan, 8vo, pamph.

HUNT, THOMAS. Christ and the People, by A. B. Child, 1 voL.
12mo, Boston, 1866,

INNIS, MRS. JOHN A. Saturday Evening Post from 182& to 1843,
iucl., 6 vols., folio, Philadelphia.

JOCELYN, Miss MARY E. Spirit of Pilgrims for 1863-4, 2 vols., 8vo,

KENDIG, A. B., Iowa City, Iowa. Catalogue of Cornell College for
1864-5, 8vo, pamph.

KIMBALL, MRS. ELIZABETH. The Liberator for 1865. 1 vol., folio,

KIMBALL, JAMES. Proceedings of Koy. Arch. Chapter of Mass.
from Dec., 1864 to Oct., 1865. 8vo, pamph.

LATOUR, L. A. HUGUET-, Quebec, Canada. Keport on the Crown
Lands of Canada, Dec. 31, 1865, 8vo, pamph. Annuaire de Ville-Ma-
rie, premiere annee 1863, 1 vol, 8vo.

LEWIS, WINSLOW, Boston. Conditions of Success in Genealogical
Investigations by Fowler, 8vo, pamph. Sibley's Notices of Trien.
Catalogue of Harv. Univ., 8vo, pamph.

51

MARSH, O. C., New Haven, Ct. Marsh's Description of an Ancient
Sepulchral Mound near Newark, Ohio, 8vo, paruph., New Haven, 1866.
MUNSELL, JOEL, Albany. Albany Directories for several years, 19
yols., 12mo,

NELSON, H. M., Georgetown. Annual Reports of 24 towns of Essex
(County for 1865. 41 Pamphlets,

PAGE, CHARLES D., Groveland. Howard's Sermon at Groveland,
Jan. 25, 1865, 8vo, pamph.

PAINE, NATHANIEL, Worcester. 6th Annual Report of the Directors
Worcester Free Public Library, 8vo, pamph.

PERKINS, GEORGE. Monthly Journal of American Unitarian Asso-
ciation, 12 numbers, 12mo.

PERLEY, JONATHAN. Annual Report of Expenditures and Receipts
of Ipswich, 1865, Svo, pamph. -

PHILLIPS, STEPHEN H. Bill and Answer to Bill, Mass. vs. R. I.
(Boundary Question), 4to, pamph., 1852-60.

PICKMAN, BENJAMIN. The Nation, several numbers.
PUTNAM, MRS. ELIZABETH A. 32 Pamphlets.
RANTOUL, R. S. Papers relating to Salem Union League.
RICE, WILLIAM, Springfield. Annual Report of Springfield City
Library, 1866, Svo, pamph.

SCHAEFFER, G, A. W. HERRicii-, Regensburg, Germany. Die
Schmetterlinge der Insel Cuba, Erste Lieferung, Svo, pamph. Prodro-
mus Systematis Lepidopterorum, Svo, pamph.

- STICKNEY, M. A. Daily Dispatch, Richmond, April 19, 1866.

STONE, B. W. Philadelphia Directory for 1864, 1 vol., Svo. Sev-
eral pamphlets.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. S. Sen. Cresswell's Life and Character of
Henry Winter Davis, 1 vol., Svo, Washington, 1866. 5 Pamphlets.
UPHAM, O. W. H. Several numbers of the High School Gazette.
UPTON, JAMES. Atlantic Monthly, vols. 13 and 14. American Bap-
tist Missionary Magazine, vols. 44 and 45. Living Age, vols. 27, 28
29, 30, 31 of the 3d series.

WARD, CHARLES. " Our Daily Fare," a paper in 12 nos., and other
pamphlets relating to the Great Central Fair in Philadelphia, June,
1864.

WHEATLAND, Miss MARTHA G. Boston Daily Journal, from Jan'y
to July, 1866.

WYMAN, JEFFRIES, Cambridge. Wyman's Notes on the Cells of
the Bee, Svo, pamph., Cambridge, 1866.

YOUNG, S. I., Bowdoin College. Catalogue of Bowdoin College,
1866, 8vo, pamph., and other pamphlets relating to the College.

52

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings of meetings of
March 16 and April 25, 1866, 8vo. pamph.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings, vol. 10.
pages 145 to 320.

BUFFALO YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION. 30th Animal Report, 8vo.
pamph.

CANADA GEOLOGICAL SURVBY. Report of Progress to 1863, 1 vol..
8vo, Montreal, 1863.

CANADIAN INSTITUTE. The Canadian Journal for April, 1866, 8vo.
pamph.

CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Proceedings, vol. 1. pp. 1 to 48.
ED'ITORS. American Journal of Science, for May.
American Mining Index, for April. May and June.
Beadle's Monthly, for May.
Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science, for April.
Essex Banner. . . . for April, May and June.
Gardener's Monthly. " " " " "
, Gloucester Telegraph, " " " " "
Haverhill Gazette.

Historical Magazine. " " " '• "
Lawrence American. " " " " 4i
Lynn Reporter.

Salem Observer, " " " " "

South Danvers Wizard. " " " " "
Triibner's American and Oriental Literary Record, Apr. and May.
FIKKLANDS HISTORICAL SOCTETY. The Firelands Pioneer for June.
1866. 8vo. pamph.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Annals of Iowa, for April.
1866, 8vo, pamph.

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings. 1864-5. 1 vol..
8vo.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT CAMBRIDGE. Annual Re-
port of Trustees, for 1865, 8vo, pamph.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. Lewis's Vale-
dictory Address, Feb. 7, 1866, 8vo, pamph.

NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Collections, vol. 8. 8vo,
Concord, 1866.

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, vol. 10. No. 2.
NEW YORK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 8th Annual Report, 1865-66.
1 vol. 8vo. 54 pamphlets.

NEW YORK MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Catalogue of
Books in Librarv. 1 vol., 8vo. New York, 1866.

53

OHIO MECHANIC'S INSTITUTE. 38th Annual Report. 8vo. paruph.,
Cincinnati, 1866.

PEABODY INSTITUTE, South Danvers. 14th Annual Report of Trus-
tees, 8vo, pamph.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for
Jan'y, Feb. and March, 1866, 8vo. pamph.

PHILADELPHIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The Practical Ento-
mologist, vol. 1, Nos. 6, 7, 8.

RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Colonial Records, vol. 10.
8vo. Providence, 1865.

SAINT Louis ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Transactions, vol. 2, No. 2,
8vo. pamph.

U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. Ages of U. S. Volunteer Soldiery,
8vo, pamph., New York, 1866.

WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Dedicatory Addresses,
Jan'y 24. 1866, 8vo, pamph.

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT, Frankfurt, a M. Der Zoologische
Garten, vol. 6, Nos. 7. 8, 9. 10. 11. 12.

FRIDAY, JULY 6, 1866. Field Meeting at Asbury Grove. Hamilton.

The second Field Meeting of the season was held at the Camp Meet-
ing Grounds in Hamilton, by permission of the Association owning this
beautiful grove.

The morning rambles extended over the various woods, fields and
meadows in the vicinity of the grove ; many of the party visiting Pleas-
ant Pond, which was reached by a fine shaded walk through the woods.

On the return of the various parties a most welcome collation
was partaken of in the dining hall and the numerous party then assem-
bled in the grove, where, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the meeting
was called to order with

Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters received since the last meeting were announced from the
following:— Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (May 12); Prof. S. F.
Baird. Smithsonian Institution (May 18); Henry A. 'Smith, Cleveland.
Ohio (May 20) ; J. W. Lefavour. Beverly (May 22) ; Dr. J. E. Holbrook.
Charleston, S. C. (May 25) ; Corporation of Williams College (June 6) :
C. D. Page, Groveland (June 7) ; Maine Historical Society (June 9) ;
Dr. James R. Nichols, Haverhill; Ass't Surg. Elliott Coues, U. S. A.
(June 10); A. Agassiz, Museum Comp. Zoology; Chicago'Academy of
Science: American Antiquarian Society (June 12) ; Capt. N. E. Atwood.
Provincetown ; S. Jillson, Feltonville ; Dr. Henry C. Perkins ; Prof.
Joseph Henry, Sec'y Smithsonian Institution (June 14) ; H. A. Cutting.
Lunenburgh, Vt. ; Prof. A. E. Verrill. Yale College (June 15); E. W.
Hubbard, Tottenville, N. Y. (June 16) ; Rev. J. E. Long. Hublersburg.

54

Pa. (June 17) ; W, M, Gabb, Palaeontologist, California Survey, San
Francisco, Cal. (June 18) ; W. G. Richardson, Oxford, Miss. ; State,
Hist. Society of Iowa; Prof. O. W. Holmes, Boston; H. Challen, Phila-
delphia (June 20) ; Rev. A. B. Kendig, Marshalltown, Iowa; N. Paine,
Worcester; E. W. Buswell, Maiden; Prof. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland,
Ohio; Wm. Couper, Quebec, Canada; Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Davenport,
Iowa (June 22) ; Prof. R. Owen, Ind. State University (June 23) ; Hen-
ry K. West, Haverhill ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (June 25) ; Prof.
S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution (June 26) ; John Bartlett, Haver-
hill; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (June 28) ; Ass't Surg. Elliott
Coues, U, S. A., Columbia, S. C, ; Thomas Bland, New York (June 29) ;
W. F. Goodwin, Lib. N. H. Historical Society; Samuel H. Wadleigh,
Georgetown; W. H. Dall, Acting Director Scientific Corps, Behring
Strait Telegraph Co., San Francisco, Cal. ; Gen'l Albert Ordway, Rich-
mond, Va. (July 1) ; John Krider, Philadelphia, Pa. ; G. Peabody Rus-
sell, Haverhill (July 2) ; John H, Thomson, New Bedford ; John Bart-
lett, Haverhill; Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Davenport, Iowa (July 5).

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

The chair made a few remarks respecting the place of the meeting,
and the kindness of the Association in allowing the Institute to occupy
the grounds, and called on Mr. James F. Almy, of Salenj, a member of
the Association for an account of the origin of the " Camp Meetings "
held in this place. Mr. Almy responded as follows : —

MR. PRESIDENT : — I esteem it meet that a field meeting of the Es-
sex Institute should be held cm the grounds of the Asbury Grove Camp
Meeting Association.

Religion and science may well walk with joined hands. If It
may be truly said, "The undevout astronomer is mad," so he who
searches out the wonderful Chart of nature, must avow the handiwork
of God.

You have invited me to speak of Camp Meetings, of the one that
meets in this grove, and the name it bears. The idea is ancient, and all
through the history of our race, a sense of duty has seemed to fill the
hearts of men, impelling them to withdraw from the daily routine of
care and labor, that they might have closer and uninterrupted coramun-
ion with God. It was the prayer of Moses and Aaron before Pharaoh,
that they might, for this purpose, journey into the wilderness. The
Jewish feasts were such seasons of worship. Christ and the apostles
gathered the multitudes by the way. It was not the purpose of John
Wesley, the great founder of this denomination, to break away from the
projection or usages of the Church of England, but he met such oppo-
sition in his work of reform, that church doors were closed against
him, and he was driven Into the fields, where great masses met him to
listen to the word. The system of Camp Meetings, like the one which
meets annually here, originated in this country. In 1799, two brothers
travelling in Kentucky, began a meeting in a Presbyterian Church, to
which the people from the surrounding country came in great numbers,
It continued for days, the people encamping near by. So the Presby-
terians held the first Camp Meeting in America. The Baptists have
also held them ; but it was reserved for the Methodists to adopt them
generally.

This|Association was formed in 1859. The first meeting was held

Ill August of that year. Attendance on the first day, about 2,000,
increased to 15,000 before it closed. Each succeeding year has been a
success. Great good has been accomplished through the blessing of
God, and this camp meeting is firmly established in the hearts of the
people. The grounds are held by purchase and lease.

Francis Asbury, the -name by which this Association is called, is
that of the first superintendent and resident Bishop in this country,
and is, to us, a name of blessed 'memory, lie was born in the year
1745, in the parish of Handsworth, in Staffordshire, England. He was
converted at fourteen years of age, and at twenty-one, he was travell-
ing and preaching under the Wesleys. This was in 1766, the natal year
of Methodism in America. In Sept., 1771, he sailed for these shores,
and landed in Philadelphia after a wearisome voyage of fifty days. He
at once entered upon that peculiar labor that was followed by him
through forty-five years to the end of his life — the life of a States-
man, Evangelist and Bishop combined. He found in America, only ten
ministers and six hundred members of this church. At his death there
were 211.000 members, and 3.000 ministers. His sermons in this coun-
try are estimated at 10,500, or one for every day in all these years.
His travels, on horseback entirely, throughout the whole length and
breadth of the region inhabited by civilized men, in the States and
Canadas, at 270,000 miles, or 0,000 per year. He presided at two hun-
dred and twenty-five annual conferences, and ordained more than 4.000
preachers. These conferences must have required the consecutive time
of four years. In 1784, the connection with England was severed, and
Bishop Coke was sent over to ordain Asbury for the bishopric, and
head of the church on this Continent. It will be impossible for us to
bestow even a cursory glance at the subsequent work of this wonderful
man ; but whoever will read his life and study Its connection with the
churdh in this country, will say that he was the greatest Christian or-
ganizer in our history, and that he has wrought more deeply into the
religious thought and feeling of the country than any other. He was
constantly upon his travels His name was a household word, and the
children loved him. In the spring of 1816, in his 71st year, he is upon
his great tour. He has come up through the Carolinas into Virginia.
He is in Richmond, worn, weak and sick, but it is the Sabbath, and he
must preach. Kind friends bear him in their arms into the church and
seat him in the midst of the multitude that had thronged to hear him
once more. His text was, "For he will finish the work and cut it
short in righteousness." It was his last effort, and he died within a
few days near Fredericksburg. His ashes rest in the city of Baltimore.
His life Was one of constant travel and toil. He had no home on the
earth. His salary was sixty-four dollars per annum, from which, for
years, he contributed to the support of an aged mother in England ;
but the result of his labor is a present membership of the Methodist
Episcopal Church in the United States of 2.000.000, with an affllliated
population of 8,000.000.

Mr. G. D. Phippeu, gave an account of the floral collections made
during the morning, which, owing to the great heat of the day, were
quite small for this region.

Mr. Phippen concluded his remarks by reading a paper from Mr.
SAMUEL H. WADLKIGH, of Georgetown, upon the Indian Pipe, Monotro>
pa uniflora, which Mr. Wadleigh thought should not be regarded as a

56

parasite, as it did not attach its root to the living parts of other plants,
but merely located itself near their decayed roots and leaves. He also
thought that this singular plant should be taken from the great order
of Heaths (Ericaceae), and be considered, perhaps, an order by itself.

Mr. F. W. Putnam, called attention to the vai'ious zoological spec-
imens that had been collected, and explained the development of sev-
eral kinds of Insects, and mentioned the species of Fishes and Reptiles
found in the vicinity.

Dr. B. G. Wilder, of Boston, gave an interesting account of the
manner in which spiders construct their webs, and gave the results of
his experiments on the silk producing spider, Nephila plumipes, found
on the Islands of South Carolina.

Hon. Allen W. Dodge, of Hamilton, offered a few general remarks,
called forth by the last speaker, and alluded to the subject of selecting
the proper kind of shade trees for particular situations ; the various
improvements in the town of Hamilton ; the manufacture Of Peat, etc.

Hon. Samuel P. Benson, of Winthrop, Me., spoke in a humorous
and instructive manner illustrative of the necessity of acquiring knowl-
edge, and bid the Institute " God speed " in awakening a stronger taste
for scientific attainments.

The chair spoke of the recent fire in Portland, regretting the great
loss of property, more especially that which cannot be replaced, as
records, collections, old relics and memorials. The following resolu-
tion was then offered by Mr. J. A. Goldthwaite, and unanimously
adopted.

Resolved : — That the Essex Institute, learn, with deep regret, the
great loss which the PORTLAND SOCIETY of NATURAL HISTORY have
sustained by the destruction of their building and collections during
the great fire at Portland, on Wednesday, the 4th inst.

Voted : — That the Institute consider it their duty to extend a help-
ing hand to their sister society in this great bereavement, and direct
the Curators to offer to them a suite of the duplicates in the Library
and Collections of the Institute whenever they may be prepared to re-
ceive contributions.

Mr. E. N. Walton offered the following resolution, which was
adopted.

Resolved : — That the thanks of the Institute be presented to the
Asbury Grove Camp Meeting Association, through Messrs. Almy,
Magee, Noyes, Richardson and Waite, for their kindness in allowing
us -to hold a meeting in this grove to day ; to Messrs. James W. Patch
and Joseph F. Dodge for their attentions ; to Messrs. James Bartlett,
of Wenham, and Joseph Conant and Charles Tuck, of Hamilton, for
their services as guides ; and to other friends who have contributed to
render the meeting so attractive and interesting.

The following persons were elected Resident Members : — Nathan
P. Meldrum, of Beverly ; James Bartlett, of Wenham ; Warren Ordway,

57

of Bradford ; Moses Howe, Austin P. Nichols, and James Gale, of Ha-
verhill.

•'i . i. •'. . . i.*' "°i

MONDAY, JULY 16, 1866. Begular Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

The following persons were elected Kesident Members: — John
Mullen and Thorndike D. Hodges, of Salem ; Thomas Scott Abbott
and Edwin Genn, of Beverly ; William L. Weston and John H. Sears,
of Danvers.

THURSDAY, AUGUST 2, 1866. Field Meeting at Manchester.

This meeting was very largely attended. The morning was spent
as usual in rambles to the various interesting localities in the neigh-
borhood. The botanists sought the woods, which here offer one of
the finest resorts for their researches. Another party went to " Kettle
Cove," which presents much of Geological interest, and other parties
to the ponds ; but by far the larger number were attracted to the sea-
shore, where "Eagle Hock" and the several fine beaches offered great
attractions. The " Musical Sands," which are situated on part of what
is known as the " Old Neck Beach," were visited by many, and consid-
erable interest was manifested in this rare and singular phenomenon.

Hugh Miller, in his " Cruise of the Betsey; or, A Summer Ramble
among the Hebrides," p. 75, describes a phenomenon so similar to the
one observed on the beach in Manchester, that we cannot give a better
description of our " Musical Sands " than copy the account of his. " I
was turning aside this sand of the Oolite, so curiously reduced to its
original state, and marking how nearly the recent shells that lay em-
bedded in it resembled the extinct ones that had lain in it so long be-
fore, when I became aware of a peculiar sound that it yielded to the
tread, as my companions paced over it. I struck it obliquely with my
foot, where the surface lay dry and incoherent in the sun, and the
sound elicited was a shrill, sonorous note, somewhat resembling that
produced by a waxed thread, when tightened between the teeth and
the hand, and tipped by the nail of the forefinger. I walked over it,
striking it obliquely at each step, and with every blow the shrill note
was repeated. My companions joined me ; and we performed a con-
cert, in which, if we could boast of but little variety in the tones pro-
duced, we might at least challenge all Europe for an instrument of the
kind which produced them. It seemed less wonderful that there should
be music in the granite of Memnon, than in the loose Oolitic sand of
the Bay of Laig. As we marched over the drier tracts, an incessant
woo, woo, woo, rose from the surface, that might be heard in the calm

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 8 APRIL, 1867.

58

game twenty or thirty yards away ; and we found that where a damp
gemi-coherent stratum lay at the depth of three or four inches beneath,
and all was dry and incoherent above, the tones were loudest and sharp-
est, and most easily evoked by the foot. Our discovery — for I trust
I may regard it as such — adds a third locality to two previously known
ones, in which What may be termed the musical sand — no unmeet
counterpart to the " singing water" of the tale — has now been found.
And as the island of Eigg is considerably more accessible than Jabel
Nakous, in Arabia Petrsea, or Reg-Rawan, in the neighborhood of Cabul,
there must be facilities presented through the discovery which did not
exist hitherto, for examining the phenomenon in acoustics which it
exhibits, — a phenomenon, it may be added, which some of our great-
est masters of the science have, confessed their inability to explain."

At one o'clock the party reassembled at the Chapel of the First
Baptist Society, and, after the collation, adjourned to the Congregational
Church, where the regular meeting was organized at two o'clock, with
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

The meeting was opened by a voluntary on the organ and singing
by the church choir.

After the reading of the records of the last meeting, letters were
announced from the following : —

Henry d' Aligny, Houghton, Mich. ; Dr. B. G. Wilder, Boston ; Capt.
A. Hyatt, New York; T. A. Cheney, Havana, N. Y. ; New Orleans Acad-
emy of Science (July 8) ; Horace Mann, Cambridge ; Prof. H. C. Wood,
jr., Philadelphia ; C. J. Maynard, Newtonville ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Port-
land; Rev. J. C. Fletcher, Newburyport (July 9) ; E. S. Morse, Port-
land, Me. ; Surgeon Elliott Coues, U. S. A.. Columbia, S. C. (July 10) ;
A. M. Edwards, New York ; John Bartlett (July 12) ; Dr. B. G. Wilder,
Boston ; T. A. Cheney, Watkins, N. Y. (July 13) ; John H. Thomson,
New Bedford (July 14) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College ; Dr. B. G.
Wilder, Boston (July 16) ; E. S. Morse, Portland, Me. (July 17) ; B.
F. Molin, Indianapolis, Ind. ; W. D. Hartman, Westchester, Pa. (July
18) ; Prof. E. J. Pickett, Rochester, N. Y. ; T. P. Gentlee, Manchester
(July 19) ; W. L. Weston, Danvers ; Warren Ordway, Bradford (July
20) ; W. Wood & Co., New York; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (Ju-
ly 22) ; Dr. S. C. Williams, Silver Springs, Pa. ; Dr. A. S. Packard,
Boston ; Dr. B. G. Wilder, Boston ; W. H. Dall, San Francisco, Cal. ;
H. A. Cutting, Lunenburgh, Vt. ; A. P. Nichols, Haverhill ; Maine His-
torical Society (July 23) ; Dr. B. G. Wilder, Boston ; American Anti-
quarian Society ; Solomon Lincoln, Boston ; Pennsylvania Historical
Society (July 24) ; Dr. B. G. Wilder, Boston; S. L. Boardman, Augus-
ta, Me. ; W. W. Butterfleld, Indianapolis, Ind. ; J. P. Haskell, Mar-
blehead; Corporation of Yale College (July 27) ; E. S. Morse, Portland,
Me. ; T. P. Gentlee, Manchester (July 28) ; Prof. E. J. Pickett, Roch-
ester, N. Y. ; P. R. Uhler, Cambridge ; State Historical Society of Iowa ;
F. S. Pease, Albany, N. Y. (July 30) ; Dr. B. G. Wilder, South Yar-
mouth; Dr. S. A. Green, Boston; S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me. ; Mrs.
P. A. Hanaford, Boston ; Moses Howe, Haverhill ; Franklin Haven, Bos-
ton (Aug. 1).

59

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

The Superintendent read the following communication, by title :
"List of Birds observed at Hamilton, Canada West, by Thomas Mcllwraith."
Referred to the Publication Committee.

The chair, after a few general remarks on the history and objects
of the Institute, invited Vice President S. P. Fowler to report upon his
observations in the woods of the vicinity.

Mr. Fowler gave a general account of the trees he had noticed in
the woods, mentioning in particular several kinds of Oaks, Birches,
Maples, American Mountain Ash, the celebrated Magnolia, and a Sas-
safras tree that was seven and a half feet in circumference, and which
he thought was the largest tree of this species in the state,

Mr. G. D. Phippen followed with an account of the plants on the
table, calling special attention to the very beautiful Pond Lilies which
had been collected in the pond at Kettle Cove, and which were remarka-
ble for their rose tint.

Mr. F. W. Putnam gave a short account of the Dog-fish, large
numbers of dead ones from which the livers had been taken having
been found washed up on the beach. The Dog-fish has now become
important with the fishermen on account of the oil which is obtained
from their livers. At Cape Cod this fish is also used for fuel, after hav-
ing been dried, and burns with great freedom, the whole fish being very
oily. This species brings forth living young, one of which, taken from
the mother, was exhibited at the meeting.

Mr. Alpheus Hyatt, of the Boston Society of Natural History, ex-
hibited a number of fresh-water sponges which he had collected in
Kettle Cove Pond, and described their compound structure, showing
that they were composed of numerous minute single-celled animals or
Monads. These Monads having, for such minute creatures, a remarka-
bly complicated organization ; being possessed of a pulsating vesicle,
the analogue of the heart in man, and a portion of the body, which
might be defined as a mouth. These facts had recently been discovered
by Prof. H. J. Clark, of Cambridge, one of the most distinguished mi-
croscopists i» the country, who had by his recent researches thus
proved beyond a doubt that the sponges are not plants but true animals,
and that though among the lowest forms of the Animal Kingdom, they
exhibit the tendency, which is observed in all animals, to develop a
cephalic portion, or a head.

Mr. Hyatt also spoke of another discovery made by Prof. Clark,
who had shown that the amoeba, a mere drop of sentient animal jelly,
also possessed one portion of its jelly-like body which was peculiarly
marked, and always preceded the rest of the body, — thus showing a
tendency to Cephalization.

60

Mr. R. S. Rantoul alluded to the completion of the Atlantic Tele-
graph, and, after a few appropriate -observations, offered the following
preamble and resolutions : —

The past week has been marked by a scientific event, in the estab-
lishment of Telegraphic Communication across the bed of the Atlantic
Ocean, of such grand import, — so full of hope and encouragement, —
so great a step in the onward and upward march of human destiny,
laying civilization under new obligations to science, — that it cannot be
suffered by the Institute to pass without a grateful recognition. Be it
therefore

Resolved, That we recall with pride, to-day, that Franklin, who
linked his name with the first practical researches into the nature of
the electric fluid, demonstrating its magnetic qualities and its identity
with lightning, was a native of Massachusetts ; that Morse, the father
of the present world-embracing system of communicating intelligence
by the aid of that force, was a native of Massachusetts ; and it was
well that Field, another son of Massachusetts, should be so largely in-
strumental in the success of that great enterprise which has at last
interpreted, as with the finger of the lightnings, the mystery of Solo-
mon : " For, which is most to be wondered at, the fire had more force
in the water — it burneth even in the midst of water — for Thou hast
made a way in the sea, and a safe path in the waves."

Resolved, That the Essex Institute felicitates all those whose faith
in Science, long and sorely tried but never wavering, has been reward-
ed by this auspicious and seemingly satisfactory result.

The Chairman, observing that several distinguished visitors, of
national reputation, were present, expressed the hope that they would
favor the meeting with some remarks on a subject of such commanding
importance, having such a direct bearing upon international interests,
and called upon Chief Justice Chase to respond.

The Chief Justice, after some humorous allusions to those who ac-
companied him, mentioned that he was retained as counsel in one of
the earliest Patent cases growing out of the invention of the Electric
Telegraph. At that time he studied the subject very minutely, and he
proceeded to give a brief and very interesting outline of the history of
this science and its application as it occurred to his recollection. He
closed with the remark that Divine Providence calls upon some men to
prepare the way for progress in civilization, and that all great discov-
eries follow the successive aggregation of several minds, each contrib-
uting an essential link in the great chain of progress.

Maj. Gen. Butler was next introduced, and after some complimen-
tary allusions to the Chief Justice, who, he said, had so exhausted the
subject of the Telegraph that nothing remained for him to say, General
Butler remarked that the wants of the future progress of civilization
were worthy of a moment's attention. The first was a speedier mode
of transit, alluding to the attempts lately made for the navigation of
the air, and it seems probable that where so many minds are employed
on this problem, some good results should be obtained, and that many

61

of the difficulties were now surmounted in the machines already con-
structed or in process of construction. He then spoke of a machine
for registering the expressions of the human voice ; forty wires were
to be suspended before the speaker, each correspondent to one of the
forty sounds of the voice, and attuned to different key-notes. Each
different sound uttered would produce a vibration upon one of these
wires, striking its " fundamental note," and would produce no effect
upon the other wires. The effect would be communicated by electricity
to a machine for setting types, thus the remarks of a speaker would
be transferred immediately from speech to type.

The hour having now arrived for adjournment in order to reach
the return train seasonably, there was no time for further addresses, —
a fact much regretted, as there were several eloquent gentlemen pres-
ent who would have made remarks had time permitted.

The resolutions offered by Mr. Rantoul were seconded by Gen. H.
K. Oliver, and unanimously adopted.

Mr. Charles Davis, of Beverly, offered the following, which was
adopted : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute are due to the
proprietors of the First Congregational Society, and the First Baptist
Society, for the use of their house and vestry during the meeting this
day ; and also to Thomas P. -Gentlee, John Price, John Lee, A. W. Jew-
ett, William Russ, Nehemiah Marshall, Walter V. Crafts, David Kim-
ball, Nathan P. Meldrum, John Little, Thomas W. Slade, Claudius B.
Hoyt, and Abraham Goldsmith, for their assistance and attentions to
the members and friends of the Institute present with us this day.

THURSDAY, AUGUST 9, 1866. Adjourned Quarterly Meeting.
Rev. G. D. WILDES in the chair.

The proposed amendment to the Constitution was read for the
second time.

The Superintendent submitted the following amendment to the
By-Laws.

Chapter III. DEPARTMENTS. Paragraphs one and two to be so
amended by the addition of the sections of Archaeology, Protozoa, and
Microscopy, as to read as follows : —

The HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT shall be divided into four sections :
1, Archaeology; 2, Ethnology; 3, Manuscripts; 4, Fine, Arts.

The NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT into eleven sections: 1,
Geology ; 2, Mineralogy ; 3, Palaeontology ; 4, Botany ; 5, Comparative
Anatomy; G, Vertebral a ; 1, Articulata; 8,Mollusca; 9, Radiata; 10,
Protozoa; 11, Microscopy.

Dr. A. S. Packard, jr., was elected a Curator of Articulata and
Radiata.

62

Alpheus Hyatt was elected a Curator of Paleontology and Protozoa.
George Peabody Russell was elected a Curator of Archaeology.
The following amendment to By-Laws was adopted : —

Any Corresponding Member, taking up his residence in the County,
becomes a Resident Member.

Arthur M. Edwards, of New York, and Hiram A. Cutting, of Lu-
nenburg, Vt., were elected Corresponding Members.

MONDAY, AUGUST 13, 1866. Regular Meeting.

ANDREW LACKEY, Esq., in the chair.

Samuel L. Caldwell and Reuben A. Guild, of Providence, R. I. ;
George H. Clark, of Hartford, Ct. ; Alvan Clark, of Cambridge ; Brad-
ford Kingman, of North Bridgewater ; and William H. Dall, of San
Francisco, were elected Corresponding Members.

TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 1866. Field Meeting at Salisbury Beach.

By invitation of the Amesbury and Salisbury Horticultural Society,
a meeting was held at Salisbury Beach this day. The weather was
admirably suited for an excursion of this character, and nearly four
hundred persons from Salem and vicinity attended the meeting, the
number being increased to upwards of two thousand, by persons inter-
ested from the northern portion of the county who arrived In vehicles
of all description. Leaving the cars at the East Salisbury station, a
walk or ride of from two to three miles brought the Salem party to
the famous Salisbury Beach, which fronts the broad Atlantic, and af-
fords a splendid drive-way of hard level road, for seven miles from the
mouth of the Merrimac to Hampton River. The Beach is held by a
Company of Commissioners, under a grant from the General Court
made within ten years of the settlement of the country, and they leave
suitable lots to parties who wish to build. There is now a Hotel and
several houses, and the Beach Village is constantly Increasing, and will
eventually become a place of great celebrity, as the beach is hardly
equalled along the whole coast in those qualities legitimately belonging
to sea-side resorts.

After passing the forenoon in rambling about the beach and the
woods in its vicinity, refreshments were partaken of in two private
houses which were placed at the disposal of the Institute, the Beach
people kindly providing a good chowder and other substantial*.

At two o'clock the meeting was called to order in front of the res-
idence of W. W. Huse, Esq., to whom the Institute are under obliga-
tions for many kind attentions during the day.

63

Vice President FOWLER in the chair.

After the reading of the records of the last meeting, letters were
announced as received from : —

Capt. A. Hyatt, Boston Society of Nat. History (Aug. 6) ; Prof.

D. S. Sheldon, Burlington, Iowa; Dr. A. Kellogg, San Francisco, Cal.;
S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me.; A. C. Goodell, Jr., Salem (Aug. 8);
Prof. J. D. Dana, Yale College; Matthews and Robinson, Boston:
Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown ; John Best, Utica, N. Y. ; T. A^
Cheney, Watkins, N. Y. ; W. A. Smith, Worcester; W. C. Binney,
Amesbury ; A. H. Bullock, Worcester; Corporation of Harvard College ;
Trustees of Boston Public Library (Aug. 9) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale
College ; N. Vickary, Lynn (Aug. 10) ; J. H. Thomson, New Bedford
(Aug. 11) ; C. A. Emery, Springfield; T. Mcllwraith, Hamilton, C. W. ;
F. Poole, South Danvers (Aug. 13) ; Prof. D. S/ Sheldon, Burlington,
Iowa ; Portland Society of Natural History (Aug. 14) ; H. A. Cutting,
Lunenburg, Vt. ; C. J. Maynard, Newtonville ; Temple Prime, New
York (Aug. 16); Dr. Wm. Sharswood, Philadelphia, Pa.; John G.
Whittier, Amesbury (Aug. 20) ; Dr. E. W. Hubbard, Tottenville, N. Y. ;

E. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal. ; American Antiquarian Society
(Aug. 23); Frank Stratton, Natick; E. T. Cox, New Harmony, Ind. ;
B. O. Peirce, Boston ; Prof. H. C. Wood, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Edw'inBick-
nell, Boston; Charles Nauman, Lancaster, Pa. ; W. W. T. Butterfleld,
Indianapolis, Ind. (Aug. 24) ; J. H. Hichcox, Albany, N. Y. ; Joseph
Blake, Gilmanton, N. H. ; Dr. James R. Nichols. Haverhill ; W. C. Bin-
ney, Amesbury (Aug. 27) ; John G. Whittier, Amesbury ; New Hamp-
shire Historical Society (Aug. 28).

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

F. W. Putnam, of Salem, reported upon the result of the zoologi-
cal party. The collections were principally obtained during the walk
from East Salisbury station to the Beach, and consisted of several
insects, salamanders, &c. He then gave a brief outline of the natural
history of the salamander, the mode of development, and the most
prominent differences of this and the allied families of reptiles. Some
oak galls, placed upon the table, suggested some appropriate and inter-
esting remarks upon the species of insects that cause this peculiar
growth.

G. D. Phippen spoke of the botanical collections, prominent among
which were the Liatris scariosa, a beautiful flower, somewhat resem-
bling, in its general appearance, a thistle, though not allied to that
family.

Charles K. Stevens described the magnificent microscope which
Mr. Huse kindly exhibited to the company.

W. C. Binney, Esq., of Amesbury, being called upon, expressed the
gratification of the Amesbury and Salisbury Horticultural Society, in
having this opportunity to welcome the Essex Institute and their friends
to Salisbury Beach, and hoped that they would enjoy themselves and
be amply compensated.

64

Dr. G. B. Loring, of Salem, recalled some of the incidents in the
early history of this town, alluding to a session of the General Court
being held here, in order to settle the boundary question between Mas-
sachusetts and New Hampshire ; also to the famous " Essex Result "
signed by a citizen of Salisbury in the Revolutionary times, "Hon. Caleb
Cushing," a name that has been prominent in our annals to the pres-
ent day. He then alluded to this Meeting on the shore of the ocean,
and gave a very graphic account of the scenes witnessed by a drop
of water during its passage from the head of the Missouri, down the
Mississippi, through the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf Stream into the
broad Atlantic, thence taken into the air by evaporation and borne
along to the land, and then to perform another voyage of like charac-
ter.

Dr. James R. Nichols, of Haverhill, gave a very interesting ac-
count of the " Chemistry of the Sea," stating that the excessive saline
condition of the ocean is probably due to the existence of large bod-
ies of salt in close proximity, or somewhere within reach of streams
flowing into the ocean ; and as chloride of sodium, or common salt, is
one of the most abundant of all the soluble substances found on our
earth, it consequently predominates in sea-water. But while it is the
most abundant, and perhaps the most useful, it is by no means the only
valuable substance carried into the sea. In quantity after salt come
certain combinations of magnesia, next salts of lime, the carbonate
held in solution by excess of carbonic acid, then small quantities of
potash and oxide of iron, and, lastly, a trace of a most remarkable
body, iodine. Dr. Nichols then gave an account of the manner in
which iodine, soda, and potash are obtained from sea^plants, and showed
how man was indebted to the Mollusks and the Polyps for lime and
marble.

The remarks of Dr. Nichols were most instructive, and we call
attention to his paper on this subject published in the Boston Journal
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, of November 1, 1866, where the matter is
treated in detail.

Major Moses Eaton, jr., of South Hampton, N. H., welcomed the
Institute, in behalf of the Corporation, of which he was the presiding
officer, and tendered the hospitalities of the place.

W. H. B. Currier, Esq. of Salisbury, and editor of the "Villager,"
expressed a great interest in the Institute, and called attention to the
importance of their meetings.

On motion of Mr. E. N. Walton the following vote was passed : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be presented to
the Officers and Members of the Amesbury and Salisbury Horticultural
Society, and to W. C. Binney, Esq., Hon. Benjamin Evans, Wm. H. B.
Currier, Esq., W. W. Hues, Esq., of Amesbury and Salisbury ; to Major

65

Moses Eaton, jr., of South Hampton, President of the East Salisbury
Plauk Road Corporation ; and to other friends who have contributed
to the- interest of our meeting to-day.

The meeting then adjourned to meet at the rooms of the Institute
the next day at noon.

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 1866. Adjourned Meeting.
H. F. SHKPAKD, Esq., in the chair.

Seabury F. Rogers and William Pousland. of Salem, were elected
Resident Members.

FIUDAY, SEPTEMBKU 14, 1860. Field Meeting at Gloucester.

The Field Meeting, so often prevented by unpropitious weather,
was held at Gloucester this day. The attendance was quite large,
about flve hundred persons arriving by the cars, and many more by
private conveyances. The morning was occupied in excursions in the
pastures, woods, and on the sea-shore, in search of specimens ; or in
visits to various historical memorials. At noon a large party assem-
bled at the Town Hall and partook of refreshments ; the citizens kindly
providing hot coffee, tea, and other luxuries.

The afternoon meeting was held at the Independent Christian
Church, and was called to order soon after two o'clock.
Vice President GOOBELL in the chair.

The reading of the records of the last meeting were omitted, and
the Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Letters were announced from —

G. W. Peck, New York, N. Y. ; Justin Hinds, Salem; Massachu
setts Historical Society ; Maine Historical Society ; Iowa State Histor-
ical Society (Aug. 29); Dr. B. Pickman, Rye, N. H. ; Dr. A. S. Pack-
ard, Brunswick, Me. ; T. Apoleon Cheney, Watkins, N. Y. ; C. A.
Beckford, Gloucester; G. Peabody Russell, Salem (Aug. 31) ; W. F.
Goodwin ; New Hampshire Historical Society ; Nantucket Ath'euumm
(Sept. 1) ; Moses Strong, New Haven, Ct. ; John Janes, Salem : Hor-
ace Mann, Cambridge ; Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetowu (Sept. 4) ;
Edwin Bicknel, Boston (Sept. 5); E. S. Morse, Portland, Me.; E.
Suffert, Havana, Cuba; A. B. Ashby, Newburyport; W. W. V. Rosa,
Watertown, N. Y. (Sept. 6); Prof. J. Ziugley, Allegheny College,
Meadville, Pa. ; C. A. Beckford, Gloucester (Sept. 8) ; Horace Mann,
Cambridge; Prof. H. Allen, University of Pennsylvania; J. E. Chase,
Holyoke; A. M. Edwards, New York, N. Y. ; George F. Calef, York
Institute, Saco, Me. (Sept. 9); Prof. S. F. Baird, Wood's Hole; The
Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia; F. Haven, jr.,
Beverly Farms (Sept. 12) ; W. J. Beal, Union Springs, X. Y. ; Capt.
N. E. Atwood, Boston (Sept. 13).

The chair made a few remarks concerning the early settlement of

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 9 MAY. 1867.

66

Cape Ann, and exhibited the original charter of the Colonists. This
charter or original indenture was made the first day of January, 1623,
between Lord Sheffield on the one part, and Robert Cushman and Ed-
ward Winslow, themselves and associates, on the other part, assign-
ing land at Cape Ann for a fishing colony. J. Wiugate Thornton, Esq.,
of Boston, who presented this valuable parchment document to the
Institute some two or three years since, has ably shown in his work
entitled "The Landing at Cape Ann," that Massachusetts begins her
history not at Salem, nor under the patronage of the organization
which obtained the charter of March, 1627-8, but in the spring of the
year 1624, at Cape Ann, where the colony was established under the
authority of this, her first charter, — and that Roger Conant, the
leader of this settlement, was the first Governor.

Mr. Goodell also read a letter from Mr. Thornton, in which he
says : —

" The labor of ROGER CONANT was, in its time, obscure, so is that
of the architect ; yet, if the latter be memorable in the grandeur of
the Cathedral, should not the glory of this living temple, the Com-
monwealth, awaken veneration for Conant, who ' conceiving in his
mind ' the grand thought of a colony ' on account of religion,' and
•willing to begin' would 'not desert' it in the day of extremity, but
as leader of the forlorn hope ' waited the Providence of God,' and s?w-
cec.ded as we now testify ! What higher conception, what nobler ori-
gin, could we wish for our Commonwealth ? And shall not truth and
gratitude cherish the memory of him whose generous mind 'con-
ceived,' and whose mighty Christian faith effectually opened the way
for succeeding generations? Tracing back the historical links of the
Commonwealth we find the first in the hands of Roger Conant. If the
record be at all faded by time, it is our grateful duty to renew it."

Hon. John J. Babson, of Gloucester, was called on and made some
interesting remarks concerning the history of the town. He thought
it remarkable that over one hundred and twenty years should have
elapsed after the discovery of America before any prominent point
from Monhegan to Cape Cod should be discovered. It was one hun-
dred and ten years after the voyage of Columbus before Cape Cod was
discovered, and twelve years afterwards, Capt. John Smith, with eight
men, coasting along the coast, discovered Cape Ann, and named it
after a Turkish damsel who befriended him in his distress, Tragabig-
zanda. It seems strange that twelve years should have elapsed after
Plymouth was discovered before they should have known anything of
this excellent harbor just across the bay. It is not wonderful at that
season, that they should have found Plymouth, but had they coasted
around the bay at all, and discovered this harbor, so much better for
all their purposes, they would have settled here. I do not doubt that
the original settlement of the cape was the result of an accident. The

67

fishing company who were at first sent here for fishing only, after-
wards combined fishing and agriculture. Two ships were sent ; one
put back, the other arrived at Monhegan. From there they came here,
into our harbor undoubtedly ; boats were sent out to our present fish-
ing grounds, and secured a fare, when the ship went to Bilboa. She
left here seven men, on Stage Fort, and these men were increased the
next year by some ten or fifteen more. Cushman and Winslow, of
the Plymouth colony went to England, secured a charter for this prov-
ince, chartered a ship and came over to this locality. Whether the
two companies united or not we cannot tell, — and it is not certain
how this charter was regarded by either of the colonies.

The later history of the town is not important. There is every
reason to believe that Gloucester was first settled by farmers. Salem
was the first fishing town,a afterwards followed by Marblehead, and
subsequently Gloucester became a fishing mart, and now leads the
world.

The people of the town suffered greatly during the revolutionary
war. They depended on what they could draw from the water, which
was entirely cut oft', and they could not raise enough from the land to
subsist the people, consequently many of the people were supported
by charity.

Gen. H. K. Oliver, of Salem, inquired why the town was called
Gloucester, saying that "-cester" means camp, but he had not heard
what -'Glou" signified.

Mr. Babson answered, that from the best information received the
the town was named after the city of Gloucester, in England, from
which place some of our early settlers came. Mr. Babson drew a par-
allel between the city of Gloucester, situated in the beautiful valley of
the Severn, and our rock-bound coast. In regard to the etymology of
the word he thought it was derived from the Welch word ' Gleaw,' the
name of a chieftain, and the Latin word 'costra,' camp or fortification.

Mr. Goodell made some remarks concerning the origin of the
name of Salisbury.

Mr. R. S-. Rantoul read an interesting paper on Codfish in Massa-
chusetts history, which was referred to the Publication Committee.
(Printed in the Historical Collections, Vol. viii.)

Mr. F. W. Putnam spoke of the Codfish anatomically considered,
and explained how it differed from the Mackerel, dinner, and other
fishes which he exhibited.

Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, was introduced, and spoke
of the different names and habits of fish. Many fishes of no marketa-
ble value are known by different names at various places.

We find the codfish extending over a larger geographical range

than many other species. In Europe every part of this fish is used :
the sounds to make glue ; the bones pounded up and fed to cattle.

On our coast the codfish differ in size ; probably from their difi'er-
ent ages. They are not a migratory fish, like mackerel, but are some-
where on our coast every month in the year. At Cape Cod we find
them in shoal water, following the bait ; as the weather gets warmer,
we find them in deeper water. Before trawl-fishing was inti-oduced
into Massachusetts waters we caught but few haddock ; we didn't
suppose they were there, but when we used the trawl, we caught nearly
all haddock. In dressing the fish we found mud and shells in the
haddock, but none in the stomach of the cod. showing that the had-
dock lives nearer the bottom than the cod. The practice of trawling
has not tended to decrease the supply of haddock, as was feared.
The codfish lives to a considerable age. and the supply is almost inex-
haustible.

Capt. Atwood also gave an interesting account of the habits of
the mackerel. The earliest large mackerel are the spawning fish,
and these will not bite until after they have deposited their spawn ;
they are often caught in nets, but will not take the hook. Later in
the season other mackerel come in and take more readily to the hook.
Mackerel grow to maturity in three or four years. The difference
in the cull of mackerel denotes a year's growth. No two men acquaint-
ed with the matter would disagree on the cull of mackerel, the line of
demarkation is so well defined.

The captain gave some interesting reminiscences of his experi-
ences in taking mackerel, and a variety of information concerning the
habits of this fish. In reply to an inquiry, he said that mackerel in-
habited all depths of water.

Mr. Alpheus Hyatt gave an account of his morning researches
among the piles under the wharves of the harbor ; exhibiting portions
of bark taken from the piles which were covered with the young, or
hydroid state of Jelly-fishes, and described the development of these
singular animals.

Mr. Edward S. Morse explained the structure of some fine Barna-
cles which had been collected in the harbor.

Eev. J. C. Fletcher, the celebrated Brazilian traveller, related sev-
eral interesting incidents of his experience in foreign lands, showing
how Essex County people are scattered over all the world, and attrib-
uted the Imperial reception of Agassiz in Brazil to the impression first
made upon the mind of the Emperor by the discovery, bjr one of Agas-
siz's pupils from Essex county, of the singular habit of a Brazilian
fish, belonging to the family of Chromids, which carries its eggs in the
mouth until they are hatched.

69

Mr. C. M. Tracy gave some account of the red granite of Glou-
cester, and his remarks concluded the scientific discussions, at one of
the largest and most interesting Field Meetings ever holden under the
auspices of the Institute.

There were many gentlemen present at the meeting whom the
audience would have gladly listened to had there been time ; among
them were John H. Shepard, Librarian New England Historic-Gene-
alogical Society; Rev. J. L. Sibley, Librarian of Harvard University:
Joel Mnnsell. Annalist of Albany; John Johnson, President of the
York Institute, Saco. Me., and Richard Frothingham, the historian of
Charlestown.

On motion of Gen. H. K. Oliver it was unanimously —

Voted, — That the thanks of the Institute be given to Messrs. John
J. Babson and Charles A. Beckford, of Gloucester, for the very useful
and acceptable facilities afforded us in the general objects of our
meeting; to Charles E. Glover, Esq., Town Clerk of Gloucester, for
allowing us the use of the Town Hall for our collation ; and to the
Proprietors of the Church for the use thereof for the meeting of the
Society.

The meeting adjourned to Sept. 15, at the rooms of the Institute.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 1866. Adjourned Meeting.

H. F. KING, Esq., in the chair.

Joseph Conant, of 'Hamilton, and Charles A. Estes, of Salem,
were elected Resident Members.

MOXDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1866. Regular Meeting.

Judge WATERS in the chair.

W. C. Binney, of Amesbury, and Jackson H. Sweet, of Haverhill,
were elected Resident Members.

The Secretary announced the decease of our Corresponding Mem
ber, Dr. Gould, of Boston, and introduced the following resolutions,
which were unanimously adopted.

The Essex Institute have learned with deep regret the sudden de-
cease of a corresponding member, AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD, of
Boston, whose life, apart from the active duties of his profession, has
been mainly devoted to scientific research, and whose genius, indus-
try, and patience have won for him an honored name among the most
eminent Naturalists. Therefore —

Resolved, — That the members of the Essex Institute deeply de-
plore the loss of one whose career of life has been rendered brilliant
by his many and valuable contributions to science, and whose vast at-
tainments have placed him at the head of -his chosen profession in this
state, and whose genial and kindly disposition, and constancy of
friendship have endeared him to a large circle of associates and
friends.

70

Resolved, — That the Secretary be requested to transmit an authen-
ticated copy of these resolves to the family of the deceased, and to
tender to them our sympathy and condolence in their bereavement.

Additions to the Museum and Libraiy during July,
August , and September, 1866.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

BABCOCK, A. !>., Sherborn. Skeleton of an Anteater, from Suri-
nam.

BALCU, D. M., Salem. King Bird and a young Bittern, from Sa-
lem.

BARTLKTT, JOHN, Harerhill. Collection of Shells, from the Mer-
rimac River, and Ponds about Haverhill.

BROWN, CAPT. FRANCIS, Salem. Chimney Swallow, from Salem.

COLCORI>, MRS. H. M., South Danvers. Two Birds, from South
Danvers.

COLLINS, CHARLES H., Salem. Specimens of Prionotiis and Syn-
ijiuithus, from Salem Harbor.

COOKE, C., Salem, Intestinal Worms, from Seals and Porpoise.
Parasites, from the gills of a Sturgeon. Collection of Beetles, from
Manchester.

CROSBY, MRS. A., Salem. Nest of the Blue Yellow-backed War-
bler, from West Bridgewater.

DOGGETT, MRS. K. M., Chicago, 111. 44 species of named Plants,
from the vicinity of Chicago.

DOWBRIDGK, ANDREW, JR., Salem. A large Eel, weighing seven
pounds, and measuring four feet in length, from Cowler's Hole, Salem.

EMERTON, J. H., Salem. Lichens, from Hamilton. Collection of
Insects, from vicinity of Salem. Collection of Insects, from the White
Mountains.

FELT, S. Q., Salem. Fungus, from Salem.

GOLDSMITH, CAPT. JOHN, Salem. Nuts, from the West Coast of
Africa.

HERSEY, CAPT. BENJ., Salem. Claws of a very large Lobster,
taken in Salem Harbor.

HILL, B. D., JR. Fossils, from the Oil Region of Canada East.

HOTCHKISS, Miss SUSAN V., New Haven, Ct. Astacus, from Lake
Regis, N. Y.

HYATT, ALPHEUS, Salem. Collection of Bryozoa and Hydroids,
from Gloucester. Collection of several species of Polyzoa, from We-
nuchus Lake, Lynn.

71

KIMBALL, ELBRIDGE, Wenham. Specimen of a species of Mygale,
From Wenham.

KIMBALL, Miss MARY, Salem. A large Beetle, from Roanoke Isl-
and.

KING. CAPT. H. F.. Salem. Specimen Nest of a Mud Wasp, from
Salem.

KING, Miss H. M.. Salem. Specimen of a Moth, from Salem.

KINGSMAN, NATH'L, and OSGOOD, CAPT. CHARLES, Salem. Male
and Female Seals, from Ipswich River, Mass,

LKK, R. G., Salem. A Sea Worm, from the Atlantic Ocean. .

McCAFFERY, WM. H., Saratoga, N. Y. Specimen of the Rock
formed at High Rock Spring, and containing recent animals and plants
in a fossil condition.

ORNE, ALFRED, and others, of Salem. A large Sturgeon, taken at
New Mills, Danvers.

PEABODY, ALFRED S., Salem. A valuable collection of Skins of
Birds and Mammals; Reptiles in alcohol; dried Plants, Shells, and
other specimens, from about Cape Town, Africa,

PERKINS, T. L., Salem. Embryos of the Dog-fish and a collection
of Insects, from Rockport.

.PHIPPEN, MRS. M. C., Salem. A collection of Insects, Shells, Co-
ral, and other specimens, from Africa.

PICKMAN, H. D.. Salem. Skin of a Loon, from Richardson Lake,
Me.

POOR, ALFRED, Salem. 33 specimens of 2 species of Wood-boring
Beetles.

PORTER, FREDERIC, Salem. A fine specimen of the Dodder, from
Salem.

POTTER, DANIEL, Salem. Specimen of the Little Brown Bat, from
Salem.

PULSIFER, CHARLES, Salem. Specimen of Prionotus, from Salem
Harbor.

PUTNAM, MRS. EBEN, Salem. Mineral, from Chili.

PUTNAM, F. W., Salem. Collection of Essex County Crustaceans
and Insects.

PUTNAM, MRS. W. H. A., Salem. 13 species, 41 specimens of Shells,
from Caldera, Chili.

SCOTT, A. D., Salem. Specimen of Sphinx sp., from Salem. .

SEARS, JOHN H., Danvers. A collection of the Nest and Eggs of
several species of Essex County Birds. Several rare Insects, from
Danvers.

SHELDON, PROP. D. S., Davenport, Iowa. A large and very valua-
ble collection of named Shells and Plants, principally from the West-

72

era States and the Rocky Mountains, and a collection of Austrian
Plants.

SMITH, F. A., Salem. Specimen of a Mantis, from Texas.

SYMONDS, SAMUEL, Salem. A very large Fungus, from North
Salem.

TOWNE, CHARLES, Salem. Head of a Puffing Pig, taken off Swamp-
scott.

TRASK, AMOS, Danvers. Nest of a Chimney Swift, fromDanvers.

TUTTLE, MRS. F. W., Salem. Specimen of Coral, from the Sand-
wich Islands.

UPTON, CAPT. JOSEPH, Salem. A valuable collection of Reptiles,
Insects, Crustaceans, and Mollusks, from Sierra Leone, West Coast
of Africa, and from the West Indies. Sponge, from Beverly Harbor.

WEAVER, COMMANDER A. W., U. S. Navy. 2 Living Goats, from
the West Coast of Africa.

WEBB, BENJ., JR., Salem. Specimen of the Brown Bat, from Salem.

WEST, WM. S., Salem. A collection of Insects, from Salem.

WHEATLAND, DR. H., Salem. Parasites, from the gills of a Cod.

WILLIAMS, H. L., Salem. A large Eel, from Cowler's Hole, Salem.
Specimen of Talc, from Canada.

WYMAN, HUMPHREY, Canada East. Fossils, from the Siluriivp of
Canada West.

YALE COLLEGE, CABINET OF, New Haven, Ct. A collection of
Echinoderms, Star-fishes, Ophiurians, Corals, and Mollusks, from the
West Indies and Panama.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

ABBOTT, JOHN, Beverly. Leaves from the Charter Oak.

ALLANSON, LT. J. S., Marblehead. Several Relics of the late war.

CARPENTER, J. S., Salem. $700 of Confederate Notes.

CONGDON, Miss EUNICE, New Bedford. Revolutionary Relics, and
Relics of the late war, from Virginia.

DENSLOW, W. W., New York. Revolutionary Relics, from Wash-
ington Heights.

FOOTE, CALEB, Salem. $10 Confederate Note.

FOOTE, REV. H. W., Boston. 13 Plaster Medallions ; Seeds and
Leaves, from various Historical places.

GRANT, FRANKLIN, Salem. Relics of the late war.

GOLDTHWAITE, J. A., Salem. A collection of North Carolina Pa-
per Currency.

LOVETT, EDMUNDS, Beverly. 3 Native Swords, from the West
Coast of Africa.

73

PITMAN, CAPT. , Salem. A Palmetto Flag.

SHORT, JOSEPH, Salem. Relics from the Battlefield of Gettysburg.

TENNEY, GORHAM D., Georgetown. Indian Arrow-head, from
Georgetown.

WEBB, BENJAMIN, JR., Salem. Chinese Toy.

WILLIAMS, W. A., Salem. A number of Indian Implements, found
in an Indian Grave on Winter Island, Salem.

TO THE LIBRARY.

BY DONATION.

ALLEY, JOHN B. Report of Committee on Reconstruction, 1 vol. 8vo.
Coast Survey Charts, 31, 32, 33. Monthly Report of Department of
Agriculture for June, 1866. United States Eighth Census, 1860 (Man-
ufactures), 1 vol. 4to. United States Eighth Census, 1860 (Agricul-
ture), 1 vol. 4to. Congressional Globe, First Session Thirty-eighth
Congress, 1863-64, 4 vols. 4to. Congressional Globe, Second Session
Thirty-eighth Congress, 1864-65, 2 vols. 4to.

ARCHER, MRS. FIDELIA W. 663 Pamphlets, 266 Serials, 446
bound volumes, as follows : — Peirce's History of Harvard University,
8vo, Cambridge, 1833. Hodge's History of Presbyterian Church, 2
vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1839. Hall's Account of a Voyage of Discov-
ery West Coast of Corea, 8vo, Philadelphia, 1818. Burgh's Dignity
of Human Nature, 8vo, New York, 1812. Bradley's Sermons, 8vo,
Philadelphia, 1822. Upham's Jahn's Biblical Archeology, 8vo, An
dover, 1823. Saurin's Sermons (Robinson), 5 vols. 8vo, London,
1796. Fleetwood's Life of Christ, 2 vols. 8vo, Carlisle, 1792. Mack-
night's Apostolical Epistles, 6 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1810. Webster's
Discourse at Plymouth, Dec. 22, 1820, Svo, Boston, 1825. West's
Essay on Moral Agency, Svo, Salem, 1794. Thoughts on Domestic
Education, Svo, Boston, 1829. Missionary Herald and Panoplist, bound
in 41 vols. National Preacher, bound in 12 vols. Svo. Congrega-
tional Quarterly, from 1859 to 1866, 27 numbers. Theological Review,
1834 to 1839, 6 vols. Svo, New York. Assembly's Magazine, 2 vols.
Svo, Philadelphia, 1806. Evangelical Intelligencer, 3 vols. Svo, Phila-
delphia, 1807. Christian's Magazine, 2 vols., New York, 1806. Rail
Road Returns of Massachusetts, 1864, 1865, 2 vols. Svo, Boston. Mas-
sachusetts Board of Education, 25th and 28th Annual Report, 2 vols.
8vo, Boston. Journal of Valuation Committee of Massachusetts, 1860,
Svo, Boston. Insane and Idiots of Massachusetts, 1854, Svo, Boston.
Journal of Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1865, Svo, Boston.
Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1865-66, Svo, Boston. Compendium of
U. S. Census, 1850, Svo, Washington. Abstract of Seventh Census of
U. S., Svo, Washington. Pope's Poetical Works (Warburton's Notes),

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 10 MAY, 1867.

74

3 vols. 12mo, Philadelphia, 1819. Richmond's Domestic Portraiture.
12mo, New York, 1833. Constitution of U. S. of America (Jefferson's
Manual), 16mo, Wash:ngton, 1828. Memoir of Rev. W. Tennant,
18mo, Springfield, 1822. Life of Rev. Richard Baxter, 16mo, New York.
Knapp's Lukas, 16mo, Bombay, 1848. Porter's Puritans and Jesuits,
12mo, New York, 1851. Russell's Lessons in Enunciation, 16mo, Bos-
ton, 1830. Flavel's Keeping the Heart, IGmo, Boston, 1813. Princi-
ples of Politeness, 16mo, Dover, 1814. The Pastor at the Sick-bed.
12mo, Philadelphia, 1836. Biblia Sagrada, 12mo, New York, 1848.
Bailey's Ovid, 8vo, London, 1756. Bigland's Letters on Ancient and
Modern History, 8vo, Philadelphia, 1806. Life of Cotton Mather (title-
page wanting) 8vo. Collections of the Am. Statistical Association, vol.
1, 8vo, Boston, 1847. Memoir of Rev. Samuel Pearce, 16mo, New York.
Cowper's Poems (Imp.). Barnes's Inquiry into the Scripture View of
Slavery, 12mo, Philadelphia, 1846. Adams's Truth of Religion, 12mo,
Boston, 1804. Paley's Natural Theology, 16mo, New York, 1820.
Newman's Rhetoric, 12mo, Portland, 1827. Krummacher's Cornelius
the Centurion, 12mo, New York, 1841. Gisborne's Poems — Sacred
and Moral, 12mo, London, 1813. Valley of the Mississippi, 12mo,
Philadelphia, 1834. James's Christian Charity, 12mo, New York, 1829.
Owen's Forgiveness of Sin, 12mo, New York. Nott's Miscellaneous
Works, 8vo, Schenectady, 1810. Chalmers's Sermons, 8vo, New York,
1819. Chalmers's Discourses on the Christian Revelations, 8vo, Audo-
ver, 1818. Butterworth's Concordance to the Holy Scriptures, 8vo,
Boston, 1828. Abbott's Young Christian, New York. Quarterly Regis-
ter, 8 vols. 8vo. Pamphlets, bound, 13 vols. 8vo. Orations, Sermons,
etc., 22 vols. 8vo. Plymouth Collection of Hymns, 8vo, New York,
1855. Church Music, 12mo, Rochester, 1855. Watts's Psalms of David,
12mo, Boston, 1803. Hedge and Huntiiigtou's Hymns for the Church
of Christ, 12mo, Boston, 1859. Church Psalmody, 16m?, Boston, 1831.
Methodist Hymns, 16mo, New York, 1856. Psalms and Hymns, 16mo,
Boston, 1845. Allen's Psalms and Hymns, 12mo, Boston, 1835. Wor-
cester's Christian Psalmody, 16mo, Boston, 1821. Montgomery's Chris-
tian Psalmist, 16mo, Glasgow, 1829. Stow and Smith's Psalmist, Bos-
ton. Milmau's History of the Jews, 3 vols. 16mo, New York, 1834.
Abercrombie's Philosophy of Moral Feelings, 16mo, New York, 1834.
Thatcher's Lives of the Indians, 2 vols. 16mo, New York, 1832.
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12mo, Boston, 1836. Woods's Lectures on Infant Baptism, 12nio, An-
dover, 1828. Woodward's Pious Selection, 12mo, Philadelphia, 1815.

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Cummings's Congregational Dictionary, 12mo, Boston, 1852. Cooke's
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ton, 1836. Doctrinal Tracts, 2 vols. 12mo, Boston. Doctrinal Tracts,
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York, 1835. Koberts's Memoir of H. Moore, 2 vols. 12mo, New York,
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York, 1839. Tyler's Memoir of Rev. Asahel Nettleton, 12mo, Hartford,
1845. Goldsmith's Essays and Poems, 16mo, Salem, 1804. Cowper's
Task, 16mo, Boston, 1791. Marvin's History of Lake George, 16mo, New
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1836. Ward's Simple Cobbler of Agawam, 12mo, Boston, 1843. Mof-
10*

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fat's Missionary Labors and Scenes, 12mo, New York, 1843. Smith's
History of Evangelical Missions, 12mo, Hartford, 1844. Tytler's Ele-
ments of General History, 8vo, New York, 1817. Memoir of Thomas
Boston, 8vo, Edinburgh, 1776. Memoir of General Lafayette, 12mo.
Scott's Life of Thomas Scott, 12mo, Boston, 1822. Downing's Re-
mains of J. W. Downing, 12mo, New York, 1841. Carey's Memoir of
W. Carey, 16mo, Hartford, 1837. Cummings's Memoir of E. Payson,
16mo, New York. Cecil's Life of John Newton, 16mo, New York. Or-
ton's Memoir of Dr. Doddridge, 16mo, Boston, 1828. Gregory's Me-
moir of J. Mason Good, 12mo, Boston, 1829. Hooker's Memoir of Mrs.
S. L. Smith, 12mo, Boston, 1844. Hill's Life and Writings of Hugh
Blair, 8vo, Philadelphia, 1808. Morell's Abridgment of Ainsworth's
Dictionary, 8vo, Philadelphia, 1818. Pickering's Vocabulary, 8vo,
Boston, 1816. Johnson and Walker's Dictionary, 8vo, Boston, 1828.
The Panoplist, 1850, 1851, 8vo. Biblical Repertory, lOvols. 8vo. Chris-
tian's Library, 3 vols. 8vo. Massachusetts Missionary Magazine, 2
vols. 8vo. The Sprite, Amherst.

BALLOU, RUSSELL A., Boston. Prayers and Hymns for the Church
and Home, 1 vol. 16mo.

BROWN, GEORGE F. Hitchcock's Supplement to the Ichnology of
New England, 1 vol. 4to.

CHASE, GEORGE C. Friend's Review, 13 nos.

DEVEREUX, HUMPHREY. Boston Semi- weekly Advertiser, 2 vols.
folio, 1864-65. Christian Register for 1864, 1865, 2 vols. folio.

DROWNE, CHARLES, of Troy, New York. Annual Register of the
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 8vo, pamphlet.

EDMUNDS, J. M., Commissioner of General Land Office. Eighth
Census of United States, 1860, Mortality and Miscellaneous Statistics,
1 vol. 4to.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., Boston. Pamphlets, 108. Boston Board of
Trade, Reports of, 7 vols. 8vo. Boston Municipal Register for July,
1866, 8vo. Boston School Committee Reports, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo.
Brooklyn Directory for several Years, 9 vols. 8vo. Boston Auditor's
Report, 1865-66, 1 vol. 8vo.

HOTCHKISS, SUSAN V., New Haven. Yale Courant, vol. 1, no. 26.
Programme of Wooden Spoon Presentation, etc.

HUNTINGTON, MRS. GEORGE, of Kelley's Island, Ohio. Sandusky
City Directory, 1 vol. 12mo.

JOCELYN, MARY E. The Spirit of Missions, 8vo, 1865.

LAWRENCE, CHARLES, Danvers. Horticultural Register, vols. 1
and 2, 8vo. London's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture, 1 vol. 8vo.

LOGAN, THOMAS M., Sacramento, Cal. Logan's Report of Medical
Topography, etc., and Epidemics of California, 8vo, pamph., 1865.

79

LORD, N. J. Boston Daily Post, April, May, June,

MANN, HORACE, of Cambridge. Revision of the Genus Schiedea
and of the Hawaian Rutaceae, 8vo, pamph.

NICHOLS, C. F. Jones's New Biographical Dictionary, 1 vol. 16mo.

NICHOLS, JAMES E., Haverhill.. Boston Journal of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, July, 1866.

NICHOLS, JOHN H. Pamphlets, 75. Salem Gazette, for 1812, 1
vol. folio.

NORTHEND, W. D. Report on Commercial Relations of United
States of America, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1856,

PAINE, NATHANIEL, of Worcester. Remarks on Early Paper Cur-
rency of Massachusetts, 8vo, pamph.

PALFRAY, CHARLES W. Philadelphia Enquirer, 1861 to Aug., 1866.

PARISH, Ariel, of New Haven. Report of Board of Education of
New Haven, 8vo, pamph.

PERLEY, JONATHAN. Stone's Memoir of James Milnor, 1 vol. 8vo.
Massachusetts Register for 1862, 1 vol. 8vo.

PUTNAM, HANNAH P. American Almanac, 6 vols, 12mo. Massa-
chusetts Register, 19 vols. 16mo. Miscellaneous Pamphlets, 70.

PUTNAM, MARY. The Independent, Nos. 98 to 150 inclusive.

SHEPPARD, JOHN H., Boston. Ward's Magnet in Heavenly Attrac-
tions, 8vo, pamphlet.

SMITH, ELI A., Boston. Catalogues of Tuft's College, 1864-65,
1865-66, 8vo, pamphlets.

STEVENS, CHARLES K. Faris El-Shidiac, Practical Grammar of
the Arabic Language, 1 vol. 18mo. Beaumont's Arabic Grammar, 1
vol. 12mo. Catafago's English and Arabic Dictionary, 1 vol. 12mo.

SUMNER, CHARLES. Bancroft's Memorial Address on A. Lincoln,
1 vol. 8vo. Report of Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1 vol. 8vo.
Letter of Commissioner of Agriculture on Rinderpest, 8vo, pamphlet.
Message and Documents of President of United States, abridged, 1
vol. 8vo, 1866. Patent Office Report, 1863, 2 vols. 8vo. Monthly Re-
port of Agricultural Department, 8vo, pamphlet. United States Coast
Survey Report, 18G3, 1 vol. 4to. Eighth Census of the United States
(Manufactures), 1860, 1 vol. 4to. Addresses on the Death of Hon.
Solomon Foote, 8vo, pamphlet.

TRASK, W. B., Dorchester. Will of Rev. Richard Mather, 1664,
8vo, pamphlet.

TINGLEY, J., of Meadville, Pa. Catalogue of Alleghany College,
1865-66, 8vo, pamphlet.

TUCKER, W. P., Bath, Me. Journal of Forty-seventh Convention
of Diocese of Maine, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet. Bishop Clark's Address at
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VERRILL, A. E., of Yale College. First Annual Report of Visitors
of Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, 8vo, pamphlet, 1866.
Corals of Panama, 8vo, pamphlet.

WARD, CHARLES. Essex Statesman, vol. 3, 1865.

WHEATLAND, MARTHA G. Collection of Bills of Fare.

WINCHELL, ALEXANDER, Ann Arbor, Mich. Report of the Grand
Traverse Region, 8vo, pamphlet, 1866. Plea for Science, 8vo, pam-
phlet.

WILLSON, E. B. The Unitarian Miscellany, 45 nos., 12mo. Quar-
terly Journal of American Unitarian Association, 26 nos., 12mo.
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Miscellaneous Pamphlets (212).

WOOD, F. A., New York. New York Supreme Court; Messrs.
Wood v. T). D. Comstock, 8vo, pamphlet, 1853.

WORCESTER, Mrs. J. E., of Cambridge. Pamphlets, 195. Cam-
bridge Directory, for 1847, '48, '49, '50, '56, '59, 6 vols> 12mo. Metro-
politan Catholic Almanac, 1840, 1841, 2 vols. 12mo. Maine Register,
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16mo. Huntington's Connecticut Register, 1830, 1 vol. 16mo. Wal-
ton's Vermont Register, 1833, 1 vol. 16mo.

YOUNG, STEPHEN J., Librarian of Bowdoin College. The Bugle,
June, 1866.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMHERST COLLEGE, TRUSTEES OF. Catalogus, Collegii Amhersti-
ensis, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet. Obituary Record of Graduates of Amherst
College, year ending July, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet.

BOSTON MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Forty-sixth Annual
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etc., at Commencement.

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3, part 3, 1866. Conchological Memoranda, by E. C. R. Stearns, 8vo,
pamphlet.

CANADIAN INSTITUTE. Canadian Journal, July, 1866.

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port, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet.

EDITORS. American Journal of Science, July, Sept. American
Mining Index, July, August, Sept. Canadian Journal for July. Dublin
Quarterly Journal of Science, July, 1866. Essex Banner, July, August,
September. Gardener's Monthly, July, August, September, October.

81

Gloucester Telegraph, July, August, September. Hardwicke's Sci-
ence Gossip, August and September, 1866. Haverhill Gazette, July,
August, September. Historical Magazine, July, August. Ladies' Be
pository, September. Lawrence American, July, August, September.
Lynn Reporter, July, August, September. Maine Farmer, September.
Salem Observer, July, August, September. South Danvers Wizard,
July, August, September. The Reader, London, July, August. Triib-
ner's American and Oriental Literary Record, July, August, Septem-
ber.

ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Transactions for 1865, 8vo, pam-
phlet.

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No. 3.

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logist, June, July, and August, 1866.

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15, Nos. 80, 81, 82.

YALE COLLEGE, CORPORATION OF. Obituary Record of Graduates
of Yale College, No. 7. July, 1866, Svo, pamphlet.

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT, FRANKFURT A M. Der Zoologische
Garten, Vol. vii. Nos. 1-6.

MONDAY, OCTOBER 15, 1866. Regular Meeting.
Mr. BENJAMIN WEBB, jr., in the chair.

Letters were announced from Henry d'Aligny, Houghton, Mich
(Sept. 12) ; Capt. N. E. Atwood, Boston (Sept. 15) ; H. Ware, Private
Secretary to Gov. Bullock, Boston ; Boston Society of Natural Histo-
ry; E. T. Cox, New Harmony, Ind. ; Dr. William A. Nason, Chicago,
111. ; Robert Howell, Nichols, N. Y. (Sept. 17) ; Prof.- A. E. Verrill,
Yale College; A. L. Babcock, Sherborn; Edwin Bicknell, Boston
(Sept. 19) ; B. O. Peirce, Boston (Sept. 20) ; W. V. V. Rosa, Water-
town, N. Y. (Sept. 22) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (Sept. 23) ;
L. Trouvelot, Medford, Mass. (Sept. 24) ; Dr. Samuel A. Green, Bos-
ton; W. G. Richardson, Oxford, Miss.; J. H. Stickney, Baltimore

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 11 JULY, 1867.

82

(Sept. 25) j L. W. Grossman, Indianapolis, Ind. (Sept. 26) ; Smith-
sonian Institution (Sept. 27) ; J. F. Kichardson, Gilead, Me. ; William
Pike & Co., Sterling, Ct. ; Prof. F. J. Bumstead, New York; Prof. H.
C. Wood, jr., Philadelphia (Sept. 28) ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. ;
Iowa Historical Society, Iowa City (Sept. 29) ; W. W. Denslow, New
York (Sept. 30) ; Prof. Theodore Gill, Washington, D. C. ; A. M. Ed-
wards, New York; Dr. B. G. Wilder, Boston; G.F.Matthew, St.
John, N. B. (Oct. 1) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (Oct. 2) ; Thom-
as Stewardson, Cor. Sec., Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences; Rev. A.
B. Kendig, Davenport, Iowa (Oct. 3) ; Rev. E. R. Beadle, Philadel-
phia; Dr. J. W. Robbins, Uxbridge, Mass.; Dr. A. S. Packard, jr.,
Brunswick, Me. (Oct. 8); W. W. Denslow, New York; Dr. S. A.
Green, Boston (Oct. 9) ; Dr. B. G. Wilder, Boston ; A. M. Edwards,
New York; Prof. Theodore Gill, Washington, D. C. (Oct. 11); Rev.
E. R. Beadle, Philadelphia (Oct. 12); J. H. Thomson, New Bedford;
Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (Oct. 15).

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.
Dr. Nathan R. Morse and Charles R. Brown, of Salem, were elect-
ed Resident Members.

MONDAY, NOVEMBER, 5, 1866. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were read from W. R. Scott, Buffalo Historical Society
(Oct. 13) ; Dr. Henry Bryant, Boston (Oct. 17) ; JohnK. Rogers, Bos-
ton; C. J. Maynard, Newtonville (Oct. 18) ; Horace Mann, Cambridge ;
G. K. Gilbert, Rochester, N. Y. (Oct. 19); Prof. H. C. Wood, jr.,
Philadelphia (Oct. 21) ; R. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal. ; Dr.
Henry Bryant, Boston (Oct. 22); William Clogston, Springfield
(Oct. 23) ; B. F. Browne, Salem (Oct. 24) ; William S. Vaux, Phila-
delphia; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (Oct. 25) ; Rev. William O.
White, Keene, N. H. (Oct. 27) ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland (Oct. 29) ;
Prof. W. H. Brewer, Yale College (Oct. 30) ; J. S. E. Rogers, Glouces-
ter (Nov. 1) ; A. M. Edwards, New York; G. E. Baldwin, South Bos-
ton ; Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution (Nov. 2) ; Anson Allen,
Orono, Me. (Nov. 3).

The Superintendent read a letter from Mr. E. T. Cox, of New Har-
mony, Ind., in which he asked for information regarding the develop-
ment of the fresh- water Snails, and, alluding to the fact that the Lim-
nidse were observed to rise to the surface of the water by enclosing a
bubble of air under their mantles, suggested the possibility of the
Nautilus employing a similar mode in ascending to the surface. Mr.
Cox also stated that he had living in an aquarium a Siren lacertina,
which, when captured a year ago, was without the end of its tail. This
deficiency was now nearly restored by a new growth.

Mr. Putnam made a few remarks on the power possessed by the
class of Batrachians, which comprises all the scaleless reptiles, as the
Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, and Sirens, by which they are able, by a

83

new and gradual growth of various parts, to reproduce organs that
may have been amputated or injured. He then called on Mr. Morse
for information regarding the Mollusks, in answer to the inquiries and
suggestions of Mr. Cox.

Mr. Edward S. Morse stated that many of the fresh-water Snails
had the power of rising and falling in the water, by increasing or di-
minishing their specific gravity, and that this was done by allowing a
portion of air enclosed in the animal to expand or contract, and that
the Pearly Nautilus was supposed to make use of the closed chambers
of the shell for similar purposes ; but later investigations had shown
that this function was not enjoyed by the Nautilus. Mr. Morse then
illustrated on the black-board the structure of the fresh-water Snails,
and their development from the egg. He also mentioned their pecu-
liar habit of crawling on the under surface of the water, and the op-
portunity offered to any one of examining their habits, since our
brooks and ditches abound with them, and they can be easily kept in
confinement. Mr. Morse also made a few remarks on the Pearly and
Paper Nautilus.

A letter was read from Rev. A. B. Kendig, of Davenport, Iowa,
who wished for information regarding the cause of the formation
of ice in a cave in Decorah, Iowa. This cave is "a mere fissure
in the rock, extending in depth from one hundred and fifty to two
hundred feet. In this fissure ice forms in summer and disappears in
winter. The ice is first found about thirty feet from the entrance,
and increases as you advance. The cave was visited on the 14th of
September last, and hundreds of pounds of ice was found."

Mr. Edwin Bicknell accounted for the occurrence of ice in the
cave at that time by the theory of the evaporation of moisture. It is
a well-known principle in physical science that the conversion of a
fluid to the gaseous form is accomplished at a great expenditure of
heat, and this, he thought, taken in connection with the naturally low
temperature of the earth at that time, would account for the formation
of the ice in summer.

In regard to the disappearance of the ice in winter, the same theory
would hold good ; the absence of evaporation in a great measure in
cold weather, and the temperature of the earth being at that depth
always above the freezing point. In support of the above theory he
cited the well-known fact in geology that the temperature of the earth
does not undergo any perceptible change in summer or winter, at a
depth of from about twenty to one hundred feet from the surface,
depending greatly on the latitude of the place in question. He also
cited the known effects of the sudden sensation of cold produced by
the evaporation of alcohol, or, still better, sulphuric ether, in contact

84

with the human body ,- and that the same principle is taken advantage
of in producing local Anaesthesia by the use of Rhigoline in freezing
the portion of the body to be operated upon. Mr. Bicknell farther
cited the sudden fall of the mercury in the wet-bulb thermometer, on
wetting the bulb to determine the dew-point, which effect is produced
by the evaporation of the moisture from the bulb.

The Kev. E. 8. Atwood made a few remarks on the uses in the
East of earthen jars with a small mouth, for the purpose of keeping
water cool, and of the formation of ice on the outside of the jars con-
sequent upon the evaporation of the water.

Mr. Hyatt made some remarks confirming Mr. Bicknell's theory,
and alluded to the temperature in deep mines and caverns. All the
cases of ice formations occur only in shallow wells, such as the Bran-
don well, or in caverns of limited extent, such as the one described,
where the water is subject to rapid evaporation during the summer
months. In deep mines and caverns, the temperature remains con-
stant all the year round. The temperature of the earth increases
about one degree for every fifty or sixty feet of descent. In winter,
the air of the mine or cavern is warmer than the air on the surface ;
thus there is a continual rush of the interior heated air toward the
.surface, and a corresponding inflowing of the cooler air from above.
During the summer this process is often reversed, the air in some
caverns, which are not very deep, being at a lower temperature,
rushes outward, and is replaced by an influx of the more heated at-
mosphere from the surface. This circulation maintains an equable
decree of heat, prevents evaporation, and keeps ice from forming to
any appreciable extent either in winter or summer.

But this circulation does not take place in shallow caverns or wells
to any great extent, and the water is evaporated rapidly by the heat
of the sun in summer, causing the congelation described by Mr. Bick-
uell. Mr. Hyatt also said that the freezing of water upon the earthen
jars during the hottest weather in the East, as mentioned by Kev. Mr.
Atwood, could be accounted for in the same way. The evaporating
water taking away so much heat from the water, as it exuded through
the jar, that a portion of it would freeze.

Mr. Bickuell exhibited a 4-10th inch' object-glass, made by K. B.
Tolles, of Canastota, New York. This objective had attached to it an
" Opaque Illuminator," consisting of a prism of glass inserted in the
mounting of the objective, between the front lens and the rest of the
combination. Light being thrown into the prism is reflected down
through the front lens (which thus becomes the condenser), and is
thrown upon the object to be viewed, giving it a very beautiful and
brilliant illumination, with ample light for all purposes, and bearing

85

the higher eye-pieces remarkably well. He stated that he had com-
pared this illuminator with one made by Mr. Wales, of New Jersey,
on a plan described by Mr. H. L. Smith, in the "American Journal of
Science and Arts," for September, 1855, p. 238, and found the perform-
ance of Mr Tolles's illuminator in every respect equal to the one de-
scribed there.

Mr. C. Cooke gave an account of a visit to Andover in search of
Indian remains, and presented portions of two skulls and parts of a
skeleton that had been discovered. A skeleton of a child was found
enveloped in hemlock bark. He presented a Field Mouse with its nest,
and also specimens of Cicindela, Tiger Beetles, one species of which
he found at the depth of twenty-two inches, and another species three
feet below the surface.

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced.

Among the donations announced was an old " Spinet," from the
estate of the late Jesse Smith, of this city. This is a stringed musical
instrument, played like the piano, by striking the keys, and was for-
merly much in use. This instrument bears the inscription : " Samuel
Blyth, Salem, Massachusetts, fecit," and was undoubtedly made some
sixty or seventy years since. Mr. Blyth is remembered by the elder
portion of our community as a person of great genius and wit. Rob-
ert Cowan, also, made musical instruments of a similar character.
William Hook likewise manufactured organs, and his sons, since their
removal to Boston, have obtained a world-renowned reputation as
manufacturers of organs.

A series of instruments built by these several makers, in the in-
fancy of their manufacture in this country, would form a highly inter-
esting collection for illustrating the history of music in this city.

Nathan Hooper, Edwin Bicknell, Jonathan Kimball, and William
Northey, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. W. W. Butter-
field, of Indianapolis, Ind., was elected a Corresponding Member.

After the adjournment much interest was manifested in the exam-
ination of the lens exhibited by Mr. Bickuell, and the various objects
placed under His fine microscope.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1866. Quarterly Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

The proposed amendment to the constitution was read for the
third time and laid on the table for farther consideration.

The following resolutions were submitted by the Secretary, and
unanimously accepted.

86

The Essex Institute having learned, with much interest, the mu-
nificent endowment for the formation and support of a Museum and
Professorship of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University,
by George Peabody, Esq., a native of this county, — Therefore be it

Resolved : — That the Institute gratefully recognize this direction
of Mr. Peabody's liberality, and tender their sincere thanks to him for
his confidence placed in this Institution by the appointment of Francis
Peabody, Esq., one of the Trustees of this fund, and in designating
as his successors the future presidents of the Institute.

Resolved : — That the Secretary be requested to communicate a
copy of these resolves to Mr. Peabody.

John W. Perkins, J. P. Dabney, and Miss Ellen M. Dodge, of
Salem, and Andrew E. Story, of Beverly, were elected Kesident Mem-
bers.

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1866. Kegular meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters received from the following: — The Royal Society, Lon-
don (Aug. 27) ; Smithsonian Institution, Washington (Oct. 8) ; Henry
Clark, Montpelier, Vt. (Nov. 6) ; G. M. Whipple, Salem (Nov. 8) ;
Philip & Solomons, Washington (Nov. 8) ; Buffalo Historical Society
(Nov. 9); Charles P. Preston, Danvers (Nov. 12); J. Kimball, Sa-
lem; J. A. Allen, Springfield; S. Jillson, Feltonville (Nov. 13); Rev.
E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (Nov. 14) ; John H. Tayte, Salem; R. D.
Wilkie, Boston (Nov. 15) ; W. J. Beal, Union Springs, N. Y. ; R. E.
C. Stearns, San Francisco, Gal. ; T. Mcllwraith, Hamilton, C. W. ;
John P. Abbott, Somerville; Grant, Warren & Co., Boston (Nov. 16) ;
James Gilmer, Boston ; W. H. Smith, Claremont, N. H. ; R. M. L. Poor,
Waltham (Nov. 17) ; Edwin Bicknell, Salem (Nov. 19).

Mr. Edwin Bicknell made some remarks upon the subject of me-
teors, mentioning some of the principal ones that had been recorded
in history, and alluding to their relative size, composition, probable
origin, and the rate of speed with which they traverse the atmosphere.
A conversation then ensued upon this general subject, which was par-
ticipated in by Messrs. F. Peabody, E. S. Morse, A. Hyatt, Geo. D.
Phippen, Dr. Nathan R. Morse, and others. Dr. Morse, in the course
of his remarks, gave a brief account of the collection of meteorites in
the cabinet of Amherst college, the largest in the country, and said
to be one of the finest in the world.

Mr. Edward S. Morse spoke of the importance of minutely examin-
ing the sandstone meteorites for traces of organic bodies. He did
not know but that this had already been dyne ; analysis had already
detected the presence of organic matter. One could readily appre-
ciate the profound importance which would be attached to the finding
of the minutest fragment of fossil shell or bone in these peculiar mete-
orites. A generalization of the widest scope would be opened by such

87

a discovery ; and since spectral analysis has shown the unity of ele-
ments in celestial bodies, the finding of animal remains would com-
plete the wonderful discoveries, proving the absolute unity in space.

He had never seen sandstone meteorites, but supposed their com-
position must be due to the disintegration of rocks by water, and their
redeposition in beds by sedimentary deposit.

Mr. Benjamin A. Stevens, of De Sota, Wisconsin, exhibited an
Indian scalping-knife ploughed up on his farm situated about two miles
from the Mississippi River. He said that many Indian Mounds were
to be found near his residence, and gave a very interesting account of
them. He frequently found many of the rude implements of the In-
dians, and also their skeletons. This subject, also, gave rise to an
interesting conversational discussion relating to the probable origin
of the mounds. Allusion was made to the opening of several mounds
in Ohio, by Prof. Marsh, of Yale College, who found in some of the
mounds charred human bones in such a position and condition as to
pretty conclusively show, that some of the mounds must have been in-
tended for sacrificial purposes.

This subject will receive a fresh impetus in consequence of the
recent endowment, by George Peabody, Esq., of a trust fund for the
foundation and support of a Museum and Professorship of Archaeol-
ogy, in connection with Harvard University. It is well that this sub-
ject should receive early attention, before, by the rapid and progres-
sive strides of civilization, all vestige of these mounds shall disappear
and their contents be lost forever.

Among the donations announced, was a large collection of cones
of the various pine and spruce trees of California, several specimens
of the silver and copper ores of Colorado, and many shells, both fossil
and recent, from the Pacific coast, presented by R. E. C. Stearns,
President of the California Academy of Science, San Francisco. These
specimens called forth remarks from various members, and the thanks
of the Institute were voted to Mr. Stearns for his valuable donation.
After the transaction of business, the meeting adjourned.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1866. Social meeting at Hamilton Hall.
GEORGE D. PHIPPEN, Esq., in the Chair.

The second social meeting of the Institute was held this evening,
and was attended by nearly three hundred persons, including about
twenty gentlemen and ladies from other cities interested in micro-
scopical science.

The object of the meeting, like that of the former one held on

May 1st, was to bring the members and their friends together for
social enjoyment and instruction, and especially to increase and de-
velop the interest in microscopical science.

The following was the Programme for the meeting : —

MUSIC.

Introductory, by the Presiding Officer.
Short Addresses by the following Gentlemen : —

Professor JEFFRIES WYMAN, of Harvard University,

on the Teeth of Vertebrates.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, Sec'yofthe Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.,

on the Mouth parts of Articulates.
EDWARD S. MORSE, Curator of Mollusca at the Institute,

on the Mouth parts of Mollusks.
ALPHEUS HYATT, Curator of Palaeontology at the Institute,

on the Mouths of Radiates and Protozoa.
Concluding Remarks by the Rev. E. C. BOLLES, Sec'y of the
Portland Soc. of Nat. Hist.

MUSIC.

Examination of the Objects under the Microscopes.
Adjournment of the Meeting. Collation.

MUSIC .

Mr. Phippen stated that the special object of instruction this eve-
ning would be the Mouth parts of Animals, and that the various prep-
arations under the microscopes had been selected and made for this
purpose. He then introduced the several gentlemen who had kindly
consented to address the meeting.

Professor WYMAN, in a very instructive manner, explained the for-
mation and structure of the teeth of vertebrated animals, illustrating
his remarks by drawings on the black-board and by specimens.

He first described an ideal tooth, pointing out the different parts,
and then proceeded to show how the various forms of teeth met with
in animals, as those of a lion, horse, elephant, etc., were modifications
of one and the same ideal tooth.

He alluded to some of the uses of teeth, besides those subservient
to mastication of food, such as the teeth of the Sword-fish for defence
and offence, of the Walrus for locomotion, of the Rattlesnake for the
innoculation of virus, etc.

Whalebone was also described as having certain morphological
resemblances to teeth.

89

Mr. S. H. Scudder offered some remarks upon the mouth-parts of
articulated animals, with especial reference to those of Insects. He
showed that these parts were composed of several pairs of jaws which
worked laterally, and not, as in the v-erteb rates, vertically. In some
insects they took the simple form of biting jaws ; in others, that of
a sucking tube, composed sometimes of one, and sometimes of another
pair of jaws ; in some cases, this tube enclosed within itself the other
pairs of jaws, modified into piercing needles or double-bladed lancets,
and moving upwards and downwards through the tube. All these
varied forms were shown to be constructed upon a single type. Prepa-
rations of different insects, illustrating these points, were exhibited
under the microscopes.

Mr. Edward S. Morse called attention to the preparations of snails'
tongues under the microscopes, and then explained the various modes
in which the Mollusca procure their food.

There were three prominent groups in the Mollusca ; the Acephala,
the lowest, had the simplest form of mouth, a mere slit, without any
hard parts for biting or triturating the food. Their food was of a
microscopic character, and by means of ciliary action was swept to
the mouth, having previously been drawn within the mantle by the
currents of water which bathed the gills.

In the Gasteropods the mouth is generally furnished with a biting-
plate on the upper lip, and a tongue armed with a multitude of sili-
cious particles ; and with this tongue the food, consisting in some
of vegetable matter, in others of animal substances, is rasped, and thus
reduced to a state fit for the stomach.

In the highest of the Cephalopods, the mouth is armed with a for-
midable set of jaws, in form and arrangement like a parrot's beak.
With this armature, animals of large size often become an easy prey.
They have a tongue similar to the Gasteropods, and, in addition to
this, they have powerful arms surrounding the mouth, with which
they seize and hold their prey while in the act of feeding.

Mr. Alpheus Hyatt next explained the structure of the mouth and
stomach in the- Radiates and lower animals known as Protozoa. In the
highest radiates, he showed that teeth existed, as in the sea urchin
(Echinus) ; and how in the polyps and jelly-flsh'es the mouth was a
soft-lipped orifice, destitute of hard appendages.

He described the relations of the stomach to the mouth-parts, and
the gradual simplification of the whole digestive apparatus in the
lower Radiata and Protozoa, until they ceased to be present at all Ui
the Amoeba, which opened the external wall of the body at any con-
venient point, and took in its food.

Thus, by the remarks of the several speakers, we were gradually led

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX IXST., VOL. V. 12 AUG., 1867.

90

to see the beautiful arrangement which exists in nature in the adapta-
tion of the various organs to the special habits and mode of life of the
different classes of animals.

At the close of the scientific addresses, the Rev. E. C. Bolles, Sec-
retary of the Portland Society of Natural History, alluded in a most
eloquent manner to the great good which such meetings as this were
doing for the cause of education, and how such institutions as the
Essex Institute were advancing, not only the scientific and intellect-
ual, but also the moral tone of the community. In conclusion, the
speaker called upon the people to see that an institution like this,
which, by its publications, its collections, its library, its meetings, its
manufactory of microscopic sections, illustrating the minute anatomy
of animals, and its workers in the various departments, was doing so
much to advance the great cause of popular education, should not fail
in its efforts from the want of warm and active support.

At the close of Mr. Bolles' remarks the settees were removed, and
an hour was passed in examination .of the objects under the micro-
scopes. These objects were mostly prepared by Mr. E. Bicknell ex-
pressly for the meeting, and were very fine, the sections of teeth,
especially, being beautifully prepared. There were thirty-four first-
class instruments on the tables, each arranged to illustrate some ob-
ject explanatory of the remarks of the various speakers.

A larger number of microscopes of first-class makers has probably
never been brought together in this country before. About half past
ten o'clock the meeting adjourned, and those present spent a few hours
in a social manner in the supper-room and hall, where, with the
assistance of music, all seemed to enjoy themselves. The microscopes
had, in the mean while, been removed to the hall below, and the more
scientifically inclined remained for several hours comparing instru-
ments and objects. Mr. Stodder here exhibited a four-tenths objective,
made by Tolles, and fitted with Mr. Tolles' new arrangement for the
illumination of opaque objects, which is accomplished by a prism fit-
ted into the mounting of the objective between the front pair of lenses
and rest of the combination ; light being thrown into this prism is re-
flected downwards through the front pair of lenses, illuminating the
object in a beautiful manner.

There were thirty-four microscopes exhibited at the Hall, compris-
ing twenty-two different patterns, of fourteen different makers. The
most noticeable feature of this exhibition was the improvement which
has been effected in a few years in stands, eye-pieces, and objectives,
the method of adapting the different parts, and the illumination of
opaque objects for examination with high powers.

The following is a list of the microscopes, with the objects shown
and powers used.

91

No. 1. Second class, Zentmeyer stand, with two inch Tolles' ob-
jective, owned by E. C. Greenleaf, of Boston. Object, transverse
section of Molar Tooth of Ox, showing dentine, cement, and enamel.

No. 2. Nachet microscope, single pillar, one-half inch objective,
owned by Salem High School. Object, longitudinal section of Human
Incisor Tooth, showing dentine and cement.

No. 3. Nachet, same as above, one-quarter, inch objective, owned
by H. A. Chapman of Boston. Object, longitudinal section of Hu-
man Incisor Tooth, showing dentine and enamel.

No. 4. Nachet, moyen modele, one-quarter inch objective, owned by
Dr. G. A. Perkins, of Salem. Object, section of enamel showing
prisms.

No. 5. First class, Smith and Beck binocular, with li inch Wales'
objective, owned by Benjamin Webb, jr., of Salem. Object, longi-
tudinal section of lower Canine Tooth of Cat, showing alveolus and
pulp cavity.

No. 6. First class, Zentmeyer stand, with li inch Wales' objective,
owned by E. Bicknell, of Salem. Object, longitudinal section of Mo-
lar Teeth of Cat, in situ, showing blood vessels, etc. (Nos. 5 and 6
. were fitted with draw tubes and erecting glasses, thus enabling them
to take in the full size of the object, which was seven-eighths of an
inch).

No. 7. Second class microscope, by Ladd, of London, two inch ob-
jective, owned by Benjamin Webb, jr., of Salem. Object, longitudinal
section of Tooth of Dolphin.

No. 8. Microscope made by Clarke, of London, two inch objective,
owned by Essex Institute. Object, transverse section of whalebone.

No. 9. Microscope made by Pritchard, of London, one inch object-
ive, owned by Essex Institute. Object, transverse section of a Poison
Fang of a Kattlesnake.

No. 10. Oberhaeuser, modele, No. 2, f inch objective, owned by
H. F. King, of Salem. Object, transverse section of Tooth of Python.

No. 11. Griinow microscope, two inch objective, owned by H. F.
King, of Salem. Object, longitudinal section of Tooth of Cod.

No. 12. Nachet, first class, two inch objective, owned by John
Cummings, jr., of Woburn. Object, perpendicular section of Crush-
ing Tooth of Wolf Fish (Anarrhichas).

No. 13. Oberhaeuser microscope, modele, No. 2, two inch object-
ive, owned by John Cummings, jr., of Woburn. Object, transverse
section of Tooth of Gar Pike (Lepidosteus~) .

No. 14. Griinow microscope, one inch objective, owned by E. S.
Morse, of Salem. Object, transverse section of Tooth of Saw Fish
(Pmtfs).

92

No. 15. Nachet and Son's microscope, one-half inch objective,
owned by H. F. Shepard, of Salem. Object, perpendicular section of
Dermal Teeth of Saw Fish (Pristis).

No. 16. French microscope, one inch objective, owned by H. F.
Shepard, of Salem. Object, longitudinal section of Tooth of Skate
(Raja).

No. 17. Oberhaeuser microscope, one-half inch objective, owned
by Dr. Benjamin Cox, of Salem. Object, Mouth-parts of Humble Bee
(Bombus^).

No. 18. Griinow microscope, two inch objective, owned by A.
Hyatt, of Salem. Object, Mouth-parts of Butterfly (Papilio).

No. 19. Wooden stand, maker unknown, one-half inch Tolles' ob-
jective. Object, Mouth-parts of House Fly (Musca).

No. 20. Small French microscope, owned by Charles Stodder,
of Boston. Object, Mouth-parts of Horse Fly (Tabanus).

No. 21. Fraiinhofer microscope, simple model, one inch objective,
owned by Dr. Henry Wheatlaud, of Salem. Object, Mouth-parts of
Male Mosquito (Culex).

No. 22. Oberhaeuser microscope, modele No. 2, one-half inch
objective, owned by John Cummings, jr., of Woburn, Object, Mouth-
parts of Female Mosquito (Culex).

No. 23. Nachet, first class, one-half inch objective, owned by Rev.
J. A. Swan, of Kennebunk, Me. Object, Mouth-parts of Tiger Beetle
( Cicindela) .

No. 24. Nachet microscope, one inch objective, owned by Dr.
A. H. Johnson, of Salem. Object, Mouth-parts (Labium) of a Cock-
roach (Blatta).

No. 25. Oberhaeuser microscope, modele, No. 2, one-half inch ob-
jective, owned by Dr. W. L. Bowdoin, of Salem. Object, Mouth-parts
(Maxillae) of a Cockroach (Blotto).

No. 26. French dissecting microscope, owned by Essex Institute.
Object, entire specimen of Water Bug (Ectobia').

No. 27. Oberhaeuser microscope, petit modele, one-half inch object-
ive, owned by Dr. William Mack, of Salem. Object, Rows of Teeth
lining the stomach of the Cricket (Aclieta).

No. 28. Microscope made by R. B. Tolles, one-half inch objective,
owned by S. H. Scudder, of Boston. Object, Mouth-parts of White
Ant (Termes').

No. 29. Mouth-parts of Shrimp (Pandalus), separated and mounted
on a large glass slide, to show their relation to corresponding parts
in the insect.

No. 30. Microscope made by Charles A. Spencer, one inch object-
ive, owned by Dr. Wells, of Elliot, Me. Object, Mouth-parts of Leech
(Hirudo').

93

No. 31. Microscope made by E. G. Wood, London. Two-thirds
inch objective, owned by Charles Stodder, of Boston. Object, Jaw of
Land Snail (Succinea') . ,

No. 23. Microscope made by Murray and Heath, London, one inch
objective, owned by Charles Stodder, of Boston. Object, Jaw of
Land Snail (Helix).

No. 33. Microscope made by Murray and Heath, London, one inch
objective, owned by Charles Stodder, of Boston. Object, Tongue
of Whelk (Buccinum~).

No. 34. Zentmeyer, second class stand, with four-tenths inch
Tolles' objective, owned by Charles Stodder, of Boston. Object,
Tongue of Land Snail (Helix).

No. 35. Nachet microscope, of English form, one inch objective,
owned by Mass. State Board of Agriculture. Object, Tongue of Beach
Cockle (Natica).

The sections of teeth exhibited were prepared by Mr. Bicknell,
of the Institute Microscopical Department expressly for the occasion.
The preparations of the Mouth-parts of Insects, which were very
beautiful, were prepared by Mr. John T. Ogden, of Boston, by whom
they were kindly loaned.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1866. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair

Letters were announced from George Baker, Providence, E. I.
(Nov. 8) ; Ottawa Academy of Natural Science, Ottawa (Nov. 19) ;
Geo. W. Pease & Co., Salem (Nov. 21) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale Col-
lege (Nov. 22) ; Prof. Theodore Gill, Washington ; Department of the
Interior, Washington; L. W. Schmidt, New York; Rev. E. C. Bolles,
Portland, Me. (Nov. 24) ; William Muir, Fox Creek, Mo. (Nov. 25) ;
L. D. Shepard, Salem (Nov. 27) ; Dr. Henry Bryant, Boston ; William
Couper, Quebec, Canada ; G. F. Matthew, St. John, N. B. ; G. K. Gil-
bert, Rochester, N. Y. (Nov. 28) ; W. W. Denslow, New York; S. L.
Boardman, Augusta, Me. ; Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown (Nov.
29); Dr. William Stimpson, Washington (Nov. 30); H. A. Cut-
ting, Lunenburg, Vt. (Nov. 31) ; George Scarborough, Sumner, Kan-
sas (Dec. 2) ; Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Davenport, Iowa; Prof. O. W.
Holmes, Boston (Dec. 3) ; G. W. Peck, New York ; Rev. E. C. Bolles,
Portland, Me. (Dec. 4) ; C. P. Preston, Danvers ; I. P. Langworthy,
Boston (Dec. 5); A. L. Babcock, Sherborn (Dec. 6); Prof. H. C.
Wood, jr., Philadelphia, Pa. ; C. P. Preston, Danvers (Dec. 7) ; E. M.
Dodge, Salem; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (Dec. 10); S. Jillson,
Feltonville, Mass. (Dec. 12) ; E. T. Cresson, Secretary Entomological
Society, Philadelphia ; Dr. E. W. Hubbard, Tottenville, N. Y. (Dec.
14) ; G. W. Peck, New York; Deyrolle Fils, Paris (Dec 15).

The Secretary read a memoir of the late Hon. D. P. KING, of Dan-

94

vers, by his son Benjamin Franklin King. Eeferred to the Publication
Committee.

Mr. C. Cooke presented, in the name of H. F. Shepard, a singular
spine, reported by the natives to have been found, with a number of
others of the same kind, on an island in a salt-water lake situated
about five hundred miles west of Zanzibar, Africa.

Mr. E. Bicknell exhibited a section of the spine under the micro-
scope, and described its singular structure. Mr. Bicknell said that
the spine was'unlike any heretofore examined by him, and differed in
many respects from those of a flsh, though it might prove to be 'a
spine of some unknown genus of that class.

Dr. A. S. Packard, jr., presented, in the name of Miss Mack, a larva
of Tfiereva?, or, more probably, a Scenopinus, a singular Fly, found un-
der a carpet on which it was probably feeding.

Westwood states that the larva of Thereva lives in mould and rot-
ten wood, where it undergoes its transformations. A specimen from
Hingham, in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, was said to have had the same habit of feeding on car-
pets, as the specimen presented to-night.

This larva is long, filiform, cylindrical, smooth, gradually
tapering toward the head and tail, being thickest in the middle
of the body. There are thirteen segments exclusive of the
head. The three thoracic and first abdominal rings are of the
same length, but the remaining abdominal segments are con-
tracted, just behind the middle, by a well-marked constriction
which can with difficulty be distinguished from the actual su-
tures between the segments, so that it appears at first sight as
if composed of twenty segments exclusive of the head ; and it
was not until we had compared this larva with that of Mycetobia pal-
lipes?, found in the summer under the bark of the appletree, where the
segments are similarly constricted, though in a less marked degree, the
hinder division of the ring being much the smaller, that the true num-
ber of segments was satisfactorily determined. The twelfth ring
tapers much more rapidly behind than the others, while the thirteenth,
or terminal segment, is much slenderer, ending in a pair of rather
slender legs. There are one or two long hairs arising on each side of
each of the thoracic and last abdominal ring.

The head is conical, flattened beneath, one-third longer than broad ;
it is reddish corneous, while the body is white. Length, .65, breadth,
.04 inch. It is very active in its habits, also resembling Mycetobia
in this respect, jerking its body rapidly when disturbed.

A number of donations to the Library and Museum were announced.
W. W. Lander, of Salem, and Josiah A. Haskell, of Beverly, were
duly elected Resident Members.

95

Additions to the Museum and Library during October,
November, and December, 1866.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

ASHBY, W. A., Salem. Specimen of the Widah Bird, female.

BABCOCK, AMORY L., Sherborn, Mass. Native Birds, from Slier-
born.

BEAL, W. J., Union Springs, N. Y. Three Specimens of Gfasteros-
teus, from Union Springs.

BERTRAM, Capt. JOHN, Salem. Malformed Egg of the domestic fowl.

BOLLES, Rev. E. C., Portland, Me. Three bottles of Insects in al-
cohol, from Westbrook, Me. Guano, from a northern locality.

BUTTRICK, S. B., Salem. Piece of Trap Rock, from Buddy Getch-
ell's Swamp, Marblehead.

CALEF, G. F., Saco, Me. Specimens of Grass from marshes in the
vicinity of Saco. "Six weeks' Corn," from Fort Randall, Dacotah.
Sand, from Prout's Neck, Scarboro', Me.

CARLTON, OLIVER, Salem. Quartz, from Lyndeborough, N. H.

COOKE, C., Salem. Portion of Skull of an adult Indian; also por-
tions of the Skull and the Femurs of a young Indian, dug up at Ando-
ver, on the banks of the Merrimac River. Specimen of Field Mouse
and its Nest, from Andover. Parasitic Worms from a Flounder taken
in Salem Harbor. Specimens of Sponge from beaches in Beverly.
Two young White Rats, raised in Salem.

COOKE, Mrs. WILLIAM, Salem. Snow-bird, from Salem.

COVIL, T. N., Salem. Three specimens of Venus mercinana, from
Virginia.

DOWBRIDGE, ANDREW, jr., Salem. Specimen of a young Halibut
(Hippoglossus Americanus), weighing two pounds, taken near Half-way
Rock, off Swampscott.

DRINELL, JOSEPH. Living specimen of Fish Hawk, taken at Liberty
Hill, North Salem.

EMERTON, JAMES H., Salem. Red- throated Diver, taken at Salem.

FELT, JOHN, Salem. Portion of the right side of the under jaw,
and a vertebra of an Indian Skeleton dug up in Lagrange street, South
Salem, October, 1866.

GOULD, JOHN M., Yohanny, Georgetown District, S. C. Several
specimens of Frogs and Insects, from Yohanny.

GROVER, WILLIAM, Salem. The large Claws of Lupa dicantha,
taken alive in the Mill-pond, Salem, Mass., Dec. 13, 1866.

JOHNSON, EMERY S., Salem. Specimen of Ruddy Duck (Erisma-
tura rubida Bon.), female, shot in South Salem.

96

JONES, GEORGE W., Salem. Living specimen of Barred Owl (8yr-
nium nebulosum'), taken at Beverly.

EIMBALL, J., West's Beach. A large Spider, from woods near
West's Beach.

LOKD, WILLIAM, North Beverly. Fresh specimen of the Little Auk,
found in Beverly.

MACK, Dr. WILLIAM, Salem. Living specimens of the Tree Toad
(Hyla versicolor), from Salem.

MOORE, DAVID, Salem. Portions of the skeleton of an Indian dug
up in Lagrange street, South Salem.

NORRIS, CHARLES H., Salem. Several Minerals from Greenland.

PACKARD, Dr. A. S., jr., Salem. Four specimens of Bird Lice,
found upon the Barred Owl. Three specimens of Quartz scratched by
glaciers of the Saco Valley, Me. Specimens of Arsenical Pyrites and
Tin Ore, from Tin Mountain, Jackson, N. H.

PICKMAN, H. D., Boston. A collection of Minerals from various
localities.

PRAY, ISAAC C., Salem. Alcoholic specimen of Mi/gale sp., from
the West Coast of Africa.

PUTNAM, F. W., Salem. A Bat and a collection of Insects, from
Weuham.

SEARS, J., Danvers. Larva of an Insect, from a spring in Blind-
hole Swamp, Danvers. Specimens of Aphis, from Black Alder. Colu-
ber ptmctatus, from Danvers.

SHELDON, Prof. D. S., Burlington, Iowa. Specimens of Fresh-
Avater Fishes, Crustaceans, and Insects, from Burlington, Iowa.

SHEPARD, HENRY F., Salem. Heads of Woodcock, Snipe, Quail,
and Hare, from vicinity of Salem. Fossil spine of a Fish?, from the
interior of Africa.

STEVENS, E. C., Salem. A fine collection of Shells, Fossils, and
Minerals, from the West Coast of North America.

STONE, FRANK, Salem. Eedheaded Woodpecker, from Salem.

STORY, A. E., Beverly. Specimens of Mica Slate, showing peculiar
contortions, from the beach at Beverly Farms.

TREFREN, JAMES, Austin, Nevada. Specimens of Gold Ore, from
the Bay State Company, Empire City, Colorado ; from the Gregory
Consolidated Ledge, Black Hawk Territory; and from the Mother
Ledge, Kingston, Nevada. Specimens of Silver Ore, from the Corn-
stock Ledge, Virginia City, Nevada ; and from the Buel, North Star
Mine, Austin, Nevada. Specimens of Galena, from the Rocky Moun-
tains, Colorado.

VIENNA, K. K. ZOOLOGISCH MUSEUM (through SMITHSONIAN IN-
STITUTION). 586 spocimens, comprising 316 species of Lepidoptera,
from Europe.

97

WARD, Capt. JAMES, Salem. Chameleon, from the South-west
Coast of Africa, and the Tail of an Elephant, from the same locality.

WATERS, E. STANLEY, Salem. Leaf from a species of Palm, and
specimens of Broom Corn. Specimen- of Syrnium nebulosum, Barred
Owl, shot in Salem.

YALE COLLEGE, CABINET OF. A fine collection of Crustacea, Mol-
lusks, Radiates, and Worms, principally from Long Island Sound, a
few from Panama and the East Indies, amounting in all to 436 speci-
mens, 70 species.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT,
BY DONATION.

BOLLES, Rev. E. C., Portland, Me. Two Cups showing a singular
effect of fire, from the ruins of the Portland fire, July, 1866.

CRAMPTON, WILLIAM, Salem. A Seal-skin Purse, Strap used by the
women for holding up the dress, and a Watch-case made of leather,
from Greenland.

HOLMES, JOHN C., Lynn, A pair of ancient Horse Pistols. A Cap
worn by the natives of .

JOHNSON, EMERY S., Salem. A pair of Chinese Shoes.

PICKMAN, FRANCIS W., Salem. Capital of a Column, and portion of
a Tablet with an inscription, from Ephesus.

ROPES, CHARLES A., Salem. Shield made of Hippopotamus hide.

SMITH, JESSE, Heirs of, Salem. An ancient Spinnet, made by
Thomas Blyth.

TAYLOR, BENJAMIN, South Dauvers. Ancient Spoon dug up in the
cellar of Giles Cory's house.

WARD, Capt. JAMES, Salem. Specimens of Native Manufacture
from the South-west Coast of Africa.

WATERS, E. STANLEY, Salem. A Chinese Paper Kite. Piece of
the Marble Tablet from the old Franklin Building. Powder Flask,
made of paper.

WIIEATLAND, GEORGE, jr. Model of a Chinese Coffin.

TO THE LIBRARY.

BY DONATION.

ALLEN, J. F. Transactions of Mass. Hort. Soc., four numbers, 8vo.
22 Pamphlets.

BENSON, LAWRENCE S., Aiken, S. C. Several Pamphlets.
BOLLES, Rev. E. C., Portland, Me. Portland Directories, 1831,
1847-8, 1856, 1858-9, 1863-4, 5 vols. 16mo. Maine Register, 1843, 1 vol.
16mo, Augusta, 1843. Maine Reference Book, 1845, 1 vol. 16mo, Port-

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 13 SEPT., 1867.

98

land, 1845. Maine Business Directory of the subscribers to the new
map, 8vo, 1 vol., Portland, 1861. 24 Masonic Pamphlets. 52 Miscel-
laneous Pamphlets. Sundry Newspapers.

BREVOORT, J. C., Brooklyn, N. Y. Third Annual Report of Long
Island Historical Society, May, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet.

BROOKS, HENRY M. Plan of Boston Harbor, 1835. Lloyd's New
Map of Mississippi River from Cairo to its mouth, 18G5.

BROWN, NEHEMIAH. Adjutant-General's Reports (Mass.) for 1864
and 1865, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1865 and 1866.

CALEF, GEORGE F., Saco, Me. Directories of Saco and Bidde-
ford, 12mo, 2 vols., 1849, 1856-7.

CHAMBERLAIN, Mrs. JAMES, Almanac for 1785.

CHASE, GEORGE C. Friend's Review, Nine Nos.

CREAMER, GEORGE. 3 Pamphlets.

DENSLOW, W. W., New York. Autograph Letter of C. S. Rafi-
nesque to Dr. John Torrey, dated Philadelphia, Oct. 5, 1828.

DUMERIL, AUG., Paris. Dumeril's Observations sur la monstruosite
elite Polymelie chez des Batrachiens, 4to, pamph. Ditto, sur des Lepi-
dosireuiensis, 4to, pamph. Ditto, Lettre relative au Catal. des Rep-
tiles du Museum d. Hist. Nat. de Paris, 4to, pamph. Ditto, 3me Notice
sur la Menagerie des Rept. du Museum de Hist. Nat. 4to, pamph.

GOODWIN, "W. F., Librarian New Hampshire Historical Society.
Leavitt's Farmers' Almanacs for thirty years, 12mo, pamphlet, 30. Ad-
jutant-General's Report of New Hampshire, vol. 1, 8vo, Concord, 1866.
Leavitt's Farmers' Almanac for 1867, Concord, 1866.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., Boston. Boston Municipal Register, 1863,
1864, 2 vols. 8vo. 41 Pamphlets.

HARRIS, J. W., Cambridge. Shepherd, William, Dialogus Poy-
gii Braeciolini Florentini, an Seni sit uxox ducenda, 1 vol. 8vo, Liver-
pool, 1805.

HOTCHKISS, Miss SUSAN V., New Haven. New Haven Directo-
ry, 1854-5, 1 vol. 12mo, New Haven, 1854.

JACOBS, WARREN M., South Danvers. 25 Almanacs from 1712 to
1745.

LANGWORTHY, ISAAC P., Chelsea. James Gilflllan, The Sabbath,
1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1866. The Congregational Quarterly for Jan-
uary, April, and July, 1866.

LEWIS, W., Boston. Fourteenth Annual Report of Trustees of
Boston Public Library, 8vo, pamphlet, Boston, 1866.

LORD, N. J. Files of Boston Post, for July, August, September,
1866.

MARSHALL, ORSAMUS, H., Buffalo, N. Y. The Niagara Frontier,
embracing Sketches of its Early History, by 0. H. Marshall, 8vo, pam-
phlet, Buffalo, 1865.

99

MASSACHUSETTS SECRETARY OF STATE. Public Documents of Mas-
sachusetts, for 1865, 4 vols. 8vo, Boston. Industry of Massachusetts,

1865, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1866. Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts,

1866, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1866.

McQuiLLEN, Dr. J. H., Philadelphia. Cuvierian Classification of
Animated Nature, by J. H. McQuillen, 8vo, pamphlet, 1866.

MORSE, E. S. Bacon's Railway Map of America, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.
5 Pamphlets.

NELSON, H. M., Georgetown. Six Reports of Towns of Essex
County, 1866.

PERRY, AUGUSTUS. The Abbot, by Sir Walter Scott, 1 vol. 8vo,
Boston, 1820. Barber's Grammar of Elocution, New Haven, 1832.
Bozman's History of Maryland, 1 vol. 8vo, Baltimore, 1811. Brazer's
Essay on the Doctrine of Divine Influence, Boston, 1835. Bremer's
Home of the New World, vol. 1, 8vo, New York, 1853. Brooke's
Daily Monitor, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1828. Cohen's Notices of Florida
and the Campaigns, Charleston, 1836. Connoisseur, by Mr. Town,
Oxford, 1774. The Cry : A New Dramatic Fable, vol. 1, London, 1754.
Dwyer's Essay on Elocution, Albany, 1846. The Fortunes of Nigel,
1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1822. Gray's Genera Florae America? Boreali-Ori-
entalis Illustrata, vol. 2, 8vo, New York, 1849. Greenwood's Lives of
the Apostles, Boston, 1835. Hawkesworth's Adventures of Telemach-
us, London, 1819. Keatinge's History of the Conquest of Mexico, 2
vols. 8vo, London, 1803. Littell's Living Age, 333 numbers, from July.
1846, to April, 1854. Lord's Universal Biography, 2 vols. 8vo, New
York, 1825. Lucian's Dialogues, Philadelphia, 1806. Mansfield's Le-
gal Rights of Women, Salem, 1845. Marvel's Reveries of a Bachelor,
New York, 1853. Miles's Lowell as it was, and Lowell as it is, Low-
ell, 1845. Millott's Elements of General History, vols. 2, 3, 4, 5, 8vo,
Salem, 1796. An Offering of Sympathy, Boston, 1830. Pitts-street
Chapel Lectures, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1858. Pope's Works, 6 vols.,
Boston, 1808. The Port Folio, 8 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1809, &c.
Collections of Psalms and Hymns, New York, 1827. Probus; or Rome
in the third Century, 2 vols., New York, 1838. Proceedings at Mr.
George Peabody's Parting Dinner, London, 1851. Roscoe's Life and
Pontificate of Leo the Tenth, 4 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1805. Smith's
Wealth of Nations, 2 vols. 8vo, Hartford, 1818. Spear's Names and Ti-
tles of Jesus, Boston, 1841. Stewart's Philosophy of the Human Mind,
vol. 2, 8vo, Boston, 1814. Tales and Romances of Sir Walter Scott,
vol. 5, 8vo, Boston, 1821. Tytler's Elements of General History, 1 vol.
8vo, Philadelphia, 1809. Waterman's Religious Offering, Philadelphia,
1840. Whiston's Works of Flavius Josephus, 1 vol. 8vo, Baltimore,
1836.

100

PICKERING, JOHN, HIstoire Naturelle et Morale der lies Antilles
de 1'Amerique, 1 vol. 8vo. Rotterdam, 1658.

PICKMAN, B., Boston, Acts passed by the Sixth Legislature of
the State of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, 1861. Adams's History of the
Jews, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1812. Adams's View of Religions, 1 vol,
8vo, Boston, 1801. Akenside's Pleasures of Imagination, Portland,
1805. Alison's Sermons, Boston, 1815. Almanach De Gotha, 1856.
Monthly Journal of the American Unitarian Association, vol. 3, Bos-
ton, 1862. Appleton's Introduction of the Power Loom, and Origin of
Lowell, Lowell, 1858. Austin's Life of Elbridge Gerry, Boston, 1829.
Bachi's Italian Grammar and Exercises, Boston, 1838. Bartol's Church
and Congregation, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1858. Bartol's Word of Spirit
to the Church, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1859. Bigland's View of the
World, 3 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1811. Boston's Sermons, Edinburgh, 1744.
Botta's History of the War of the Independence of the United States,
2 vols., New Haven, 1838-42. Bowditch's History of the Massachu-
setts General Hospital, Boston, 1851. Bowen's Picture of Boston, or
the Citizen's and Stranger's Guide, Boston, 1829. Bradford's Life of
Jonathan Mayhew, Boston, 1838. Bradshaw's Continental Railway
Guide, London, 1857. Briffault's Prisoner of Ham, London, 1846.
Brook's Simplicity of Christ's Teachings, Boston, 1859. Dr. Buchan's
Family Medical Works, Charleston, 1807. Buckminster's Sermons,
Boston, 1814. Camerini's L'Eco Italiano, London, 1857. Chambers's
History of the English Language, fourth edition, Edinburgh, 1837.
Chevalier's Society, Manners, and Politics in the United States, Boston,
1839. Cicero's Orations, Exeter, 1809. Colman's European Agricul-
ture, Boston, 1846. Colman's Sermons, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1820. Coin-
medie Scelte Di Carlo Goldoni, 1856. Cowper's Private Correspond-
ence, Philadelphia, 1824. Dall's Essays and Sketches, Boston, 1849.
Diary and Correspondence of the late Amos Lawrence, Boston, 1856.
Dickeu's Dombey and Sou, Boston, 1848. Dillaway's Roman Antiqui-
ties, second edition, Boston, 1833. Emerson's North American Arith-
metic, Part Third, Boston, 1839. Europe, Boston, 1822. Ferguson's
Essay on the History of Civil Society, Boston, 1809. Folleu's Works,
5 vols. 12mo, Boston, 1841. Folsom's Despatches of Hernando Cortes,
New York, 1843. Galignani's New Paris Guide, 1855. Gaultier's Lec-
tures Graduees, Paris, 1831. Good Health. Goodrich's Lessons in
Greek Parsing, second edition, New Haven, 1832. Greene's Reflec-
tions in Retirement, Boston, 1834. Greenwood's Sermons of Conso-
lation, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1842. Gurney's Love to God, eighth edi-
tion, Norwich, 1856. Hall's Memoir of Mary H. Ware, Boston, 1853.
Harris's Memorials of Oglethorpe, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1841. Hudson's
History of Marlborough, Mass., Boston, 1862. History of the Humane

101

Society, Boston, 1845. Jameson's Sisters of Charity, 1 vol. 12mo, Bos-
ton, 1857. Kater's Treatise on Mechanics, Philadelphia, 1838. Ken-
rick's Exposition of the New Testament, 8 vols., Boston, 1828. Land-
ing at Cape Anne, by Thornton, Boston-, 1854. Law's Call to a Devout
and Holy Life, Boston, 1808. Letters from an Elder to a Younger
Brother, Boston, 1810. Livermore's Four Gospels, with a Commenta-
ry, vol. 1. Lowell's Occasional Sermons, Boston, 1855. Lowell's
Practical Sermons, Boston, 1855. Lyteria : A Dramatic Poem, Bos-
ton, 1854. Martineau's Devotional Exercises, Boston, 1833. William
Mather's Elements of Geology, Norwich, 1833. Eichard Mather's Jour-
nal and Life, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1850. Maury'.s Englishwoman in
America, London, 1848; Meikle's Solitude Sweetened, Exeter, 1831.
Mitford's History of Greece, 8 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1823. Monti's Gram-
mar of the Italian Language, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1855. Monti's Ital-
ian Header, Boston, 1855. Mt. Auburn Map. Murray's English Gram-
mar, 1828. Murray's Hand-book, Sardinia, Lombardy, and Venice,
two parts, London, 1858. Neal's History of the Puritans, 5 vols. 8vo,
Newburyport, 1816, &c. New England Genealogical Antiquarian Reg-
ister. 16 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1847. New Testament, Baltimore, 1835. Ol-
lendorff's Key to the Exercises in the New Method of Learning to
Read, Write, and Speak a Language in six months, 1 vol. 12mo, New
York, 1850. Ollendorff's New Method of learning to Read, Write, and
Speak the Italian Language, New York, 1849. Palfrey's Lectures on
the Evidence of Christianity, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1843. Palfrey's Lec-
tures on Jewish Scriptures, &c., 4 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1838, &c. Pal-
frey's Relation between Judaism and Christianity, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston,
1854. Phillips's Guide to Crystal Palace and Park, two editions, 1855,
1857. Picture of London, a Correct Guide, 1805, 1816. Plant's Pic-
ture of Paris, or the Stranger's Guide, 1814. New Pocket Plan of
London, 1803. Post-roads in France, 1815. Collection of Psalms and
Hymns for Christian Worship, Boston, 1843. Quits, by the Baroness •
Tautphceus, 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1857. Roberts's Memoirs of Mrs.
Hannah More, vol. 2, New York, 1835. Russell's Tour in Germany, 1
vol. 8vo, Boston, 1825. .Sale's French Dialogues, Boston, 1829. Sir
Walter Scott's Life of Napoleon, 3 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1827. Shaw's
Description of Boston, 1817. Simpkins's Exercises for Private Devo-
tion, Boston, 1837. Smellie's Philosophy of Natural History, Boston,
1838. Smith's Wealth of Nations, 2 vols., Hartford, 1804. Spring's
Essays on the Distinguishing Traits of Christian Character, 1 vol. 8vo,
New York, 1813. The Stranger in Liverpool, 1815. Sullivan's Politi-
cal Class Book, Boston, 1831. Testament Le Nouveau, 1816. Thorn-
ton's Mementos of the Swett Family, 1851. Tiffany's American's So-
journ in the Celestial Empire, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1849. Sketches of

102

the Tower of London, London, 1857. Tronchet's Guide to all the Pub-
lic Buildings in Paris, 1815. Dr. Trueman's Visit to Edinburgh, 1840.
Tudor's Life of James Otis, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1823. Tytler's Univer-
sal History, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1840. Henry C. Van Schaack's Life
of Peter Van Schaack, New York, 1842. Wauostrocht's Grammar of
the French Language, Philadelphia, 1838. Wardlaw's Discourses, An-
dover, 1815. Warren on Preservation of Healfh, Boston, 1846. West
Church and its Ministers, Boston, 1856. Wilkins's Elements of As-
tronomy, Boston, 1834. Wirt's Sketches of the Life and Character of
Patrick Henry, 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1818. Wisner's Memoirs of
Mrs. Susan Huutington, Boston, 1826. Worcester's Elements of Geog-
raphy, Boston, 1838. Worcester's Gazetteer, 2 vols. 8vo, 1817.

PRESTON, CHARLES P., Danvers. Handbills of Essex Agricultu-
ral Society for several years. 5 Pamphlets.

RANDALL, STEPHEN, Providence, K. I. Publications of the Narra-
gausett Club, vol. 1, 8vo, 4to, Providence, 1866. Photographs of Roger
Williams's Compass, and the root that grew in his grave.

. SHORT & LORING, Portland, Me. Account of the Great Confla-
gration of Portland, July 4 and 5, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet, Portland, 1866.

SIBLEY, JOHN L., Cambridge. Cambridge Directories, 1853 and
1854, 2 vols. -16mo. 90 Pamphlets, Catalogues, &c., of Harvard College.

SMITH, . 25 Pamphlets. Massachusetts Industry, Statisti-

cal Information concerning, 1855, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1856. Massachu-
setts System of Common Schools, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1849. New Eng-
land Mercantile Union Directory, 1849, 1 vol. 8vo.

STICKNEY, LUCY A. Directory for 1863-4, 1 vol. 8vo, St. John, N.
B., 1863.

STONE, ALFRED, Providence. Charter and By-laws of First Con-
gregational Society of Providence, 8vo, pamphlet, Providence, 1866.

SUMNER, CHARLES, United States Senator. Sumner's Address at
.Boston, Oct. 2, 1866, — " The One Man Power vs. Congress," 8vo, pam-
phlet, Boston, 1866. Blair's Address, Boston Mercantile Library
Association, January, 1859, 8vo, pamphlet, Washington, 1859. Sum-
ner's Speeches on the Usurpations of the Senate, 1856, 8vo, pamphlet,
Washington, 1858.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, D. C.
Documents First Session Thirty-eighth Congress, 1863-4. Executive
Documents, etc., 16 vols. 8vo; 1 vol. 4to. House Journal, 1 vol. 8vo. ;
Miscellanies, 4 vols. 8vo. Reports of Committees, 2 vols. 8vo. Sen-
ate, Miscellaneous, 1 vol. 8vo ; Documents, 1 vol. 8vo ; Journal, 1 vol.
8vo ; Reports, 1 vol. 8vo. Commerce and Navigation, 1 vol. 8vo. Doc-
uments Third Session, Thirty-seventh Congress, 1862-63. Patent Of-
fice, 2 vols. 8vo. Eighth Census, 1860. Manufactures, 1 vol. 4to.

103

Mortality and Miscellaneous Statistics, 1 vol. 4to. Agriculture, 1 vol.
4to. 35 vols.

WARD, HENRY A., Rochester, N. Y.- Ward's Catalogue of Casts
of Fossils, 1 vol. 8vo, Rochester, 1866.

WATERS, E. S. The Mother's Assistant for 1858, 12 numbers. Mar-
tin's Equation Tables, 1 vol. 4to, Rochester, 1854. Boston Directory
for 1852 and 1859, 2 vols. 8vo. Massachusetts Business Directory for
1856, 1 vol. 8vo. 65 Pamphlets.

WATERS, JAMES D. Boston Courier for several years.

WHEATLAND, H. New Hampshire Annual Register for 1861 and

1865, 2 vols. 16mo, Concord. Manchester, N. H., Directories, 1850,
1854, 2 vols. 16mo. Concord, N. H., Directory for 1856, 16mo, 1 vol.
Free-will Baptist Register, 1859 and 1860, 2 vols, 16mo, Dover. 18
Various Almanacs, 18.

WHEATLAND, MARTHA G. Boston Daily Journal for 1866, 2 vols. fol.
YOUNG, STEPHEN I., Bowdoin College. Bowdoiu Bugle, Nov.,
1866.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings, October and No-
vember, 1866, pamphlet.

AMERICAN BUREAU OF MINES. A Geological and Agricultural Sur-
vey of one hundred miles west of Omaha, 8vo, pamphlet, New York,

1866. Smith and Parmele Gold, west of Colorado, Report, 4to pam-
phlet, New York, 1866. Union Consolidated Mining Company of Ten-
nessee, Report, 4to, pamphlet, New York, 1866. 2 Pamphlets.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Index to the Catalogue of Books in the
Bates Hall of Boston Public Library, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1866.

BOWDOIN COLLEGE, LIBRARY OP. Catalogue of Bowdoin College,
Fall Term, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet, Brunswick, 1866.

BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Buffalo Directories for 1828, 1836-
7, 1838, 1838-9, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1847-8, 1848-9, 1849-50,
1850-1, 1851-2, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861,
1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 28 vols. 5 Pamphlets.

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Seventh Annual Report of the
Trade of Commerce of Chicago, 8vo, pamphlet, Chicago, 1865. Twelfth
Annual Report of Board of Education, 8vo, pages 184, Chicago, 1866.
Eighth Annual Statement of Trade, etc., of Chicago, 8vo, pages 139,
Chicago, 1866. Fifth Annual Report of Board of Public Works of Chi-
cago, 8vo, pages 61 and 48, Chicago, 1866.

CHRISTIANIA, UNIVERSITY OF. Aegyptische Chronologi, 8vo, pam-
phlet, Christiania 1863. Resnltate Magnetischer, Astronischer and
Meteorologischer.

104

CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Transactions, vol.
1, pt. 1, 8vo, New Haven, 1866.

HARVARD COLLEGE, CORPORATION OF. Annual Report of President
and Treasurer of Harvard College, 1865, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet, Cam-
bridge, 1866.

HAVERFORD COLLEGE, LIBRARY OF. Catalogue of Haverford Col-
lege, 1866-7, 12mo, pamphlet.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Annals of Iowa, for Octo-
ber, 1866.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Eeports and Transac-
tions for 1853, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864.
11 pamphlets, 8vo, Boston.

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. First Annual Report of
Missouri State Board of Agriculture, 1 vol. 8vo, Jefferson City, 1866.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. New England
Historic-Genealogical Register for October, 1866.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE. Proceedings, June,
July, and August, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet. Journal, Vol. VI. No. 1, 4to,
pamphlet, Philadelphia, July, 1866.

PHILADELPHIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The Practical Entomol-
ogist, Vol. I. No. 12. Practical Entomologist, October, 1866 ; Novem-
ber, 1866 ; December, 1866.

PROVIDENCE ATHENAEUM. Report at Thirty-first Annual Meeting,
September, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet.

ROYAL SOCIETY, LONDON. Proceedings, Vol. XV. Nos. 83, 84, 85, 86.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Catalogue of Publications of Societies
and of Periodical Works in Smithsonian Institution, Jan. 1, 1866, 8vo.
1 vol., Washington, 1866.

YALE COLLEGE, CORPORATION OF. Catalogue of Yale College, 1866
-7, 8vo, pamphlet, New Haven.

EDITORS. American Educational Monthly, September, 1866 ; Janu-
ary, 1867. American Journal of Mining, October, 1866. American
Journal of Science and Arts, November, 1866. American Mining In-
dex, October, November, December, 1866. Beadle's Monthly, Janua-
ry, 1866. Beverly Citizen, December 29, 1866. Boston Journal of
Chemistry and Pharmacy, November, 1866. The Christian World, No-
vember, December, 1866 ; January, 1867. Dublin Quarterly Journal of
Science, October, 1866. Essex Banner, October, November, Decem-
ber, 1866. The Gardener's Monthly, November, December, 1866 ; Jan-
uary, 1867. Gloucester Telegraph, October, November, December,
1866; Hardwicke's Science Gossip (London), November, December,
1866. Haverhill Gazette, October, November, December, 1866 ; His-
torical Magazine, October, November, 1866. Ladies' Repository, No-

105

vember, December, 1866. Lawrence American, October, November,
December, 1866. Lynn Reporter, October, November, December,
1866. The Reader (London), .October," November, December, 1866.
South Danvers Wizard, October, November, December, 1866. Triib-
ner's American and Oriental Literary Record, October 1, November 2,
1866.

MONDAY, JANUARY 7, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, —

Buffalo Historical Society (Dec. 15) ; Dr. Wm. Prescott, Concord,
N. H. (Dec. 17) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College (Dec. 19) ; Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology; Prof. H. C. Wood, Philadelphia,
(Dec. 20) ; G. L. F. Ball, Boylston (Dec. 24) ; H. A. Cutting, 'New-
berry, Vt. (Dec. 26) ; T. A. Cheney, Watkins, N. Y. (Dec. 27) ; E.
Steizer, New York; Dr. E. Suffert, Havana, Cuba (Dec. 29) ; Miss
Blaikie, Boston Soc. Nat. History (Dec. 30) ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Port-
land Soc. Nat. History (Dec. 31) ; Henry Cook, Boston (Jan. 2) ; Dr.
Elliott Coues, U. S. A., Columbia, S. C. (Jan. 5).

The Superintendent presented a paper by Dr. Elliot Coues, entitled
Catalogue of the Birds of North America contained in the Museum of the
Essex Institute, with which is incorporated a List of the Birds of New
England, with brief critical and field notes. Referred to the Publication
Committee.

The Secretary presented a communication from the Historical So-
ciety of Pennsylvania, on the subject of Memorializing Congress
that every reasonable facility be furnished to the several Historical
Societies and Public Libraries in the United States, to enable them
to increase the number of their books, pamphlets, and Historical pa-
pers, by modifying the existing laws so as to permit postage on
books, pamphlets, documents, and papers forwarded to such Institu-
tions to be paid on delivery, and that the rates of postage on
the above-mentioned articles be reduced fifty per cent, below the
present rates. Referred to the President and Secretary to take such
action as they may deem advisable.

Mr. William P. Upham read the following extract from the town
records, it being the appointment of Tythingmen for the year 1678 : —

" Jeremiah Meacham Sen., from ye bridge to Goody Kitchins all ye
North side of ye way. John Reaves, from Win. Beanes to Jno. Mason
nil ye South side of ye way. Eleazer Gedney, all Mr. Ruck's Village.

"Mr. John Hathorne, from Abram Cole's corner to Mr. Batter's
corner all ye North side of ye way. Mr. John Ruck, from Jno. Ma-
son's corner to Tho. Cromwell's all the South side of ye way. John

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 14 OCT., 1867.

106

Ropes, from Capt. Price's corner to Mr. Brown's corner all ye North
side of ye way. Mr. Willoby, from Edward Mould's corner to James
Poland's at ye South side of ye way. Samuel Williams, from Samuel
Prince's to Samuel Gardner Sens, corner all ye North side o.f ye way.
Elias Mason, from Goodman Romball's corner and Jno. Higginson's
corner to John Jngerson and Richard Princes corner all both North
and South side of ye way. Henry Skerry Jr., from Mr. Higginson Sen.
to Ipswich Ferry. Jonathan Eager, from his house to John Beckett's
ye sea side and fields. Isaac Foot, from Jona. Eager's to Andrew
Woodbury's and from John Robinson's to Richard Robert's. Mr. Phip-
peny from John Becketts and Andrew Woodbury's to John Cliffords."

" The way " was what is now Essex street. On the north side the
divisional lines were Beckford, Washington, St. Peter, Newbury, and
Pleasant streets ; on the south side Summer, Central, Elm, and Dan-
iels streets. The localities referred to were further explained. The
duties of the Tythingmen were defined in an act of the General Court
May 24, 1677, " to inspect the ten families of his neighbours," and to
have power "to apprehend all Sabbath breakers and disorderly tip-
plers" or such as " suffer any disorders in their houses on ye Sabbath
day, or evening after."

Mr. Caleb Cooke made some remarks on the Sea-coco, Lodoicea
Sechellarum, a specimen having been presented by Capt. S. A. Lord.

Mr. E. Bicknell exhibited under the microscope, specimens of Cis-
ticercus, taken from measly pork, presented by the Boston Society of
Natural History, and made some remarks on the history of the Parasite.

Mr. Bicknell also exhibited sections of the poison fangs of the Rat-
tlesnake, and gave an account of the structure of the fangs.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Charles Ray Palmer, Alexander Donaldson, Daniel H. Johnson,
Thomas Saul, and Amos H. Johnson, all of Salem, were elected Resi-
dent Members.

MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Capt. H. F. KING in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me.
(Jan. 8) ; B. F. King, Boston (Jan. 9) ; Henry Davis, McGregor, Iowa
(Jan. 11); Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin, Halifax, N. S. (Jan. 12); Rev. E.
C. Bolles, Portland, Me. ; Horace Mann, Cambridge (Jan. 13) ; Bu-
reau of Statistics, Treasury Department, Washington ; Dr. D. H. Sto-
rer, Boston (Jan. 15) ; Anson Allen, Orono, Me. ; S. R. Carter, Paris,
Me.; J. E. Chase, Boston; A. L. Babcock, Sherborn (Jan. 16); Maine
Historical Society; H. B. Rice, Boston; Charles Stodder, Boston;
Rev. Samuel Lockwood, Keyport, N. J. (Jan. 18) ; John Krider, Phila-
delphia; M. S. Bebb, Washington (Jan. 19) ; H. B. Lord, Ithaca, N. Y. ;

Rev. Joseph Banvard, Paterson, N. J. (Jan. 20) ; William Cowper,
Quebec, Canada; C. L. Jackson, Secretary Harvard Natural History
Society ; Dr. William Wood, East Windsor Hill, Conn. ; Capt. Samuel
A. Lord, Salem; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (Jan. 21).

Mr. F. W. Putnam called attention to a recent publication by Dr.
J. Bernard Gilpin, of Halifax, on the Salmon, and gave a resume of the
observations of Dr. Gilpin. He also spoke on the habits of the Salmon
and several other fishes during the breeding season.

Mr. Putnam also exhibited two snakes from Hong Kong, recently
presented by James Coolidge, and remarked on the character of the
Reptile fauna of China as compared to that of North America.

A number of members then discussed the origin of the Black Wart
on the Plum Tree. The disease was regarded as being due to a con-
stitutional decline of the tree, during which the bark loosens and
cracks open, when a fungus (Sphceria morbosa) locates itself on the dis-
eased parts, giving it a swollen and black appearance. The grubs of
the Plum Weevil often live in the wart, but they have no agency in
producing it.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

John Cummings, jr., of Woburn, was elected a Corresponding
Member. Albert G. Browne, of Salem; A. B. Hervey, of South Dan-
vers ; and Frederick A. Ober, of Beverly, were elected Resident Mem-
bers.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — I. F. Holton, Boston (January,
17) ; Miss J. H. Spear, Burlington, Vt. (January 21) ; W. H. Niles,
Cambridge ; Dr. William Prescott, Concord, N. H. ; Massachusetts
Institute of Technology ; Hiram A. Cutting, Lunenburg, Vt. ; John
A. Russell, New York; Josiah Stickney, Boston; Prof. Jonathan
Pearson, Union College (January 22) ; Robert Brown, jr., Cincin-
nati, Ohio ; New York Lyceum of Natural History ; Dr. F. A. Tell-
kampf, New York (January 23) ; W. E. Doggett, Chicago, 111. ; Prof.
H. C. Wood, ir., Philadelphia, Pa. ; U. P. James, Cincinnati, Ohio ;
C. M. Wheatley, Phoenixville, Pa. (January 24); J. H. Salisbury,
Cleveland, Ohio; W. H. Dall, Fort St. Michaels, Russian America;
George Baker, Providence R. I. (Jan. 26) ; Buffalo Historical Society
(Jan. 28) ; R. M. Devens, Pocasset; A. M. Edwards, New York ; G. A.
Boardman, Milltown, Me. (Jan. 29) ; J. E. Chase, Boston (Jan. 30) ;
J. E. Chase, Boston ; E. G. Squier, Boston (Jan. 31) ; Mrs. L. A. Swa-
zey. Salem ; Miss Julia H. Spear, Burlington, Vt. ; W. H. Dall, Fort
St. Michaels, R. A. (Feb. 1); Henry Cook, Boston; V. T. Chambers,
Covington, Ky. ; T. A. Cheney, Watkins, N. Y. (Feb. 2) ; C. J. May-
nard, Newtonville (Feb. 4).

Mr. R. S. Rantoul read a letter from Col. Henry Whipple, of Salem,

108

transmitting for safe-keeping the seal of the " Eastern Stage Com-
pany," and offering some extracts from the records of the Company.
It was chartered in 1818 for twenty years. It ran coaches between
Boston, Portland, Essex, Gloucester, etc. When it expired, in 1838,
the Boston and Lowell Railroad had pushed out a spur towards Ando-
ver and Haverhill, and the Eastern Railroad was opened to Salem an
August of that year. The directors, with four or five hundred horses
on hand, and unable, up to the last moment, to reduce their stock be-
cause travel was increasing, were in a trying dilemma, but acquitted
themselves to general satisfaction. The safe, speedy, and cheap trans-
portation of persons and property was one of the great problems of
modern civilization. Commerce had heretofore enjoyed the sea freely.
Now a new inland commerce was springing up, which was necessarily
under restraints and controlled by few persons. They can create towns
and raise or depress real estate, and affect the price of commodities.
This raises an interesting problem, — one which is just now attracting
great and deserved attention.

Hon. Allen W. Dodge hoped that a history of the Stage Company
might be gleaned from its records. He remembered in his boyhood,
at Exeter, the entire confidence of the community in its financial and
practical management. Even the drivers were important characters.
He spoke highly of some of the corporators, and repeated verses writ-
ten by Miss Hannah F. Gould, on the passage of the mail-coach
through Newburyport, when the writer was anxiously awaiting news
from a sick relative.

Mr. Rantoul, after some general remarks, then narrated several
facts relating to the history of Chipman Hill, in Beverly, which he had
gleaned during his antiquarian researches. It was named for an emi-
nent and scholarly family. It was sold by General H. K. Oliver's father,
to " that notorious Hugh Hill," the terror of the commerce of the Brit-
ish channel during the Revolution. He captured and brought home
the library which, as Dr. Bowditch says in his will, formed the nucleus
of the Athenaeum, and excited the Dr.'s interest in the mathematical
sciences. The late Lieutenant John Hill, of Salem, in trying to trace
a relationship between himself and Hugh Hill, thought he had discov-
ered that Hugh Hill was a cousin of Andrew Jackson. Facts were
stated bearing on this theory. — [Printed in full in the HISTOKICAL
COLLECTIONS, Vol. VIII.]

Mr. Dodge presented two antique metallic spoons, one of which
was found in Hamilton, and the other, which he presented in the name
of Captain Samuel Day, was found at Ipswich Beach. On comparison
with other old spoons in the collections of the Institute, it was found
that there were several of the same kind as those presented, and that

109

one or two of them had been found in Indian graves in this vicinity.
They were probably the kind of spoons used by the first settlers, and
from them found their way among the Indians.

Mr. Dodge read a letter written by Samuel Whipple to "William
Jepson at Boston, June 2, 1725, which contained a number of allusions
to the customs and costumes of that period.

Mr. F. "W. Putnam exhibited a singular specimen of the Horned
Pout, Pimelodus, from Lake Champlain, presented by Dr. Benjamin
Pickman, of Boston. The fish was fully grown and was of a pure
white color. This was the first instance that had come under his ob-
servation of pure albinism in the class of fishes, and he had never seen
any account of its having been noticed before.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

On motion of Hon. A. W. Dodge, the thanks of the Institute were
voted to JOHN CUMMINGS, jr., of Woburn, for the valuable donation of
a copy of the text and plates of Girard's " Reptiles of the United States
Exploring Expedition."

Mr. E. Bicknell made some remarks on the structure of several
kinds of wood, beautifully prepared sections of which were exhibited
under several microscopes.

John Pickett, Thomas Pickett, and E. Morrill, of Beverly ; and
Horace A. Brooks, of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 18G7. Quarterly Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

William H. Whitmore, William Sumner Appleton, Augustus T. Per-
kins, and William Frederic Poole, of Boston ; Cyrus F. Brackett, of
Brunswick, Me. ; and George C. Goodale, of Saco, Me., were elected
Corresponding Members.

Daniel F. Staten, William Coggswell, William McKean, Samuel A.
Lord, N. A. Clarke, and Charles H. Swan, of Salem ; Josiah Newhall,
of Lynnfleld ; and William P. Conant, of Wenham, were elected Resi-
dent Members.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — Chicago Academy of Science (Feb.
5) ; A. D. Brown, Princeton, N. J. ; Rev. Samuel Lockwood, Keyport,
N.'J. (Feb. 6) ; J. E. Chase, Boston (Feb. 7) ; John Clark, Boston; J.
F. Pickering, Boston ; H. C. Perkins, Newburyport (Feb. 9) ; Prof.

110

William Hincks, Toronto, C. W. ; W. W. Jeffries, West Chester, Pa. ;
Prof. T. C. Porter, Lafayette College, Pa. ; S. I. Smith, New Haven,
Ct. ; Dr. Benjamin Pickman (Feb. 8) ; George Scarborough, Sumner,
Kansas (Feb. 10) ; Truman H. Aldrich, Troy, N. Y. (Feb. 12) ; Moses
How, Haverhill; C. R. Eobinson, New York (Feb. 13) ; G. F. Mathew,
Cienfuegos, Cuba (Feb. 14) ; J. W. P. Jenks, Middleboro; G. J. Had-
uey, Boston (Feb. 15) ; T. H. Aldrich, Troy, N. Y. ; John W. Dean,
Boston ; T. W. Davids, Colchester, England (Feb. 16) ; A. D. Brown,
Princeton, N. J. ; Dr. D. H. Storer, Boston ; John Paul, Ottawa, 111. ;
A. C. Goodell, Salem; N. E. Atwood, Boston (Feb. 18).

Mr. A. Hyatt made some remarks upon the Eozoon Canadense, the
earliest known indication of animal life thus far discovered. It is
found in the Upper Laurentian formation, which has been hitherto
supposed to be of earlier date than the appearance of any life upon the
earth. This discovery, establishing as it does the fact of the aqueous
origin of the rock in which it is found, was considered as an additional
proof that beds of rock which have been considered of igneous origin
are in fact sedimentary origin. This fossil, after careful microscopic
examination by Dr. Dawson, of Montreal, was pronounced by him to
be a gigantic Ehizopod of the order Foraminifera. Dr. W. B. Carpen-
ter, of London, the great authority upon the Foraminifera, has fully
sustained Dr. Dawson in his decision. Mr. Hyatt, in conclusion, said
that he had recently had an opportunity to examine this fossil, and
saw no reason to doubt its being of animal origin.

Mr. E. Bicknell stated that he had been engaged in preparing some
specimens of this fossil, and after a careful examination of these
specimens he had no doubt of its being of animal origin, as all the ,
characters described by Drs. Dawson and Carpenter were very plainly
seen. He also stated that he had noticed an appearance very much re-
sembling a Marine Alga in the specimens examined by him, but that
he was not fully prepared to decide them to be such at the present
time.

Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, presented some observations
on the different species of Whales. He spoke first of the differences
between the Porpoise, the Sperm Whale, and the Eight Whale and its
allies, in which the teeth are so modified as to form baleen, or whale-
bone. The food was then alluded to. The Sperm Whale feeds princi-
pally upon the Squid, or Cuttle-fish. Large specimens of the mandi-
bles of the Cuttle-fish were exhibited, and presented by Capt. Atwood
to the Institute. The favorite food of the Eight Whale consists of
small Crustaceans, Medusae, and the like. The Finbacks feed on Men-
haden and other small fishes. Many times he had observed this spe-
cies devour at one time large numbers of small fishes.

He then spoke of the relative size of the sexes. The males of the
Sperm Whale have yielded as largely as 140 barrels of oil, whereas the

Ill

females only yield from fifteen to twenty barrels. Among the Hump-
backs the females exceed the males in size. The attachment of the
females to the young was also alluded to.'

Capt. A. concluded his remarks by giving an account of the cap-
ture of the whale, the manner of cutting up and obtaining the oil, and
other details of the various operations of the whalers during their
cruises.

At the close of Capt. Atwood's interesting address, Mr. Bicknell
made a few remarks upon the microscopic structure of the black
whalebone, and stated that, in his opinion, in addition to serving as a
strainer to catch the food of the whale, the fringe of hairs (with which
each blade is furnished on its inner edge) serves as an organ of touch,
notifying the whale of the presence of his food. This theory is based
upon the fact of the hairs being but the termination of a series of tubes,
which are continuous from their base to their termination in free ends,
and which are filled with a vascular pulp, and which he had no doubt
contained nervous substance. The examination of a piece of fresh
whalebone would be sufficient to decide the question.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

MONDAY, MARCH 4, 18G7. Kegular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced as received from, — J.E.Oliver, Lynn
(Feb. 19) ; B. W. Stone, New York ; The Numismatic and Antiquarian
Society of Philadelphia; E. W. Buswell, Boston (Feb. 20). Prof. S.
Tenney, Vassar College, N. Y. (Feb. 21) ; John Clark, Cambridge ;
W. F. Poole, Boston ; Hon. J. A. Andrew, Boston ; Horace Mann, Cam-
bridge (Feb. 22) ; H. N. Woods, Eockport; William H. Leggett, New
York (Feb. 24) ; Augustus T. Perkins, Boston (Feb. 25) ; Hon. J. A.
Andrew, Boston (Feb. 26) ; John Clark, Cambridge (Feb. 27) ; Wil-
liam S. Appleton, Boston (Feb. 28) ; C. F. Brackett, Brunswick, Me. ;
D. L. Adair, Hawsville, Ky. ; Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown (Mar.
1) ; E. T. Strong, West Addison, Vt. ; Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian
Institution ; Thure Kumlien, Bussyville, Wis. ; Dr. T. M. Brewer, Bos-
ton (Mar. 2) ; Prof. James Hubbert, St. Francis College, Eichmoud,
C. W. ; Prof. H. C. Wood, }r., Philadelphia, Pa. ; Dr. Amos H. Johnson,
Salem; S. B. Buttrick, Salem (Mar. 4).

Mr. W. P. Upham read a letter written Nov. 30, 1670, by Eev. John
Higginson to the Magistrates of the County Court then sitting at Sa-
lem, remonstrating against " Mr. Anthony Ashby's being admitted an
ordinary-keeper in Salem." "It is to be feared," says the writer, "yt
his ordinary-keeping may be a snare to ye looser sort of people in this
place & a means to increase drunkenness & prophaneness here, against

112

which there have not wanted very sad & judicial warnings, as ye
drowning of several persons at several times occasioned by their ex-
cessive drinking, & others by frequent fuddling & company-keeping
undone in their estates," etc. Mr. Upharn also read extracts from the
records, showing that the remonstrance had the desired effect, and
then gave some account of the parties concerned, and of an "Elegy
upon the death of Eev. John Higginson," written by his colleague,
Rev. Nicholas Noyes.

Mr. G. D. Phippen followed with some remarks upon the poetry and
humor of Mr. Noyes, and he then repeated a riddle, composed by him
on a visit to one of his lady parishioners, who was busy making a
quilt out of bits of fancy silk. The riddle ran thus : —

" I am bespangled and triangled,
With divers colors on ;
If every one should go to its home,
I should be quite undone."

Mr. Edward S. Morse called attention to the pair of very large jaws
of a cuttle-fish, presented at the last meeting by Capt. Atwood, and
made some remarks on the class of Cephalopods, to which the cuttle-
fish belongs. He figured on the black-board some of the principal
forms ; describing the singular structure of the body, and the admira-
ble adaptability of the numerous arms, furnished with suckers, to
secure their prey, and the parrot-like jaws of the mouth to tear and
devour their food. He stated that in this group we find some of the
strangest animals in existence, in many respects showing a high or-
ganization. He mentioned the numerous fallacious stories regarding
them, and cited Victor Hugo's description of the Devil Fish as one in
which the characters of two entirely different animals were thoroughly
mixed.

In announcing the donations to the Library, Dr. Wheatland called
attention to a volume of Fifth of March Orations, presented by C. W<
Palfrey, and offered a few remarks in relation to the event which took
place at Boston, March 5, 1770, and which was celebrated there an-
nually, by an oration and other ceremonies, until 1783, when, at a
town meeting held March 5, 1783, it was voted to substitute the cele-
bration of the Declaration of Independence for that of the Boston
Massacre, after Dr. Thomas Welsh had pronounced the annual oration
on the latter occasion.

Donations to the Cabinets were reported by the Superintendent.

John P. Phelps, of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

The chair called the attention of the meeting to the late donation
of one hundred and forty thousand dollars, by Mr. PEABODY for the
Promotion of Science and Useful Knowledge in the County of Essex, and.

113

read the following Letter and Instrument of Trust by Mr. Peabody,
and the reply of the Trustees.

MR. PEABODY'S LETTER.

SALEM, MASS., Feb. 26, 1867.
To FRANCIS PBABODY, Esq. ; Prof. ASA GRAY ; WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT.

Esq. ; GEORGE PEABODY RUSSELL, Esq. ; Prof. OTHNIEL C. MARSH ;

Dr. HENRY WHEATLAND; A. C. GOODELL, jr., Esq.; Dr. JAMES R.

NICHOLS ; and Dr. HENRT C. PERKINS : —

GENTLEMEN, — As you will perceive by the enclosed Instrument of
Trust, I wish to place in the hands of yourselves, and your successors,
the sum of One Hundred and Forty Thousand Dollars, for the PROMO-
TION OF SCIENCE AND USEFUL KNOWLEDGE IN THE COUNTY OF ESSEX.

Of this, my native County, I have always been justly proud, in com-
mon with all her sons, remembering her ancient reputation, her many
illustrious statesmen, jurists, and men of science, her distinguished
record from the earliest days of our country's history, and the distinc-
tion so long retained by her, as eminent in the education and morality
of her citizens.

I am desirous of assisting to perpetuate her good name through
future generations, and of aiding through her means in the diffusion
of science and knowledge ; and, after consultation with some of her
most eminent and worthy citizens, and encouraged by the success
which has already attended the efforts and researches of the distin-
guished Scientific Association of which your Chairman is President,
and with which most of you are connected, I am led to hope that this
gift may be instrumental in attaining the desired end.

I therefore transmit to you the enclosed Instrument, and a check
for the amount therein named ($140,000), with the hope that this
Trust, as administered by you and your successors, may tend to ad-
vancement in intelligence and virtue, not only in our good old County
of Essex, but in our Commonwealth, and in our common country.

I am, witli great respect,

Your humble servant,

(Signed) GEORGE PEABODY.

INSTRUMENT OF TRUST.

I hereby give to FRANCIS PEABODY, of Salem ; ASA GRAY, of Cam-
bridge ; WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT, of Salem ; GEORGE PEABODY RUSSELL,
of Salem ; OTHNIEL C. MARSH, of New Haven, in the State of Connec-

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 15 OCT., 1867,

114

ticut; HENRY WHEATLAND, of Salem; ABXER C. GOODELL, jr., of Sa-
lem; JAMES R. NICHOLS, of Haverhill; and HENRY C. PERKINS, of
Newburyport, the sum of One Hundred and Forty Thousand Dollars,
to be by them and their successors held in trust, for the promotion,
among the inhabitants of my native County of Essex, of the Study and
Knowledge of the Natural and Physical Sciences, and of their applica-
tion to the Useful Arts.

And I empower my said Trustees to make all such arrangements
and agreements with the Corporation now established in the City of
Salem under the name and title of the Essex Institute, as may be nec-
essary or expedient for carrying into effect the provisions of this in-
strument.

I direct that the sum of Forty Thousand Dollars, of the amount I
have above given, shall be applied to the purchase of land in the City
of Salem, the purchase of the East India Marine Hall, and the erec-
tion, fitting up, and furnishing of such buildings thereon as shall be
necessary for the purposes of this Trust.

I further direct that the remaining sum of One Hundred Thousand
Dollars be forever kept invested by my said Trustees and their succes-
sors as a permanent Fund, and only the income thereof be used for the
purposes of this Trust.

In case the before-mentioned sum of Forty Thousand Dollars shall
be found insufficient, this income may be applied to the purpose of
erecting such buildings as have been mentioned, the furnishing and
arrangement of museums and collections, or such similar purposes as
in the judgment of the Trustees shall be necessary to place the Insti-
tution on a proper basis for the benefit and instruction of the public ;
and it is my desire that the work of arranging a Museum and Collec-
tions be entered upon at an early day, and proceeded with as rapidly
as can be done conveniently and advantageously.

After this shall have been done, the income shall be applied in the
following proportions : — Seven-twelfths thereof to the department of
the Physical Sciences and Practical Technology, and Five-twelfths
thereof to the department of the Natural Sciences ; but the Trustees,
if after sufficient experience they shall find it desirable, may change
these proportions, and, if at any time hereafter they shall be unani-
mously agreed upon the expediency of so doing, they may change the
application and direction of the whole of said income as they may
deem most conducive to the interest of Science and Learning in the
County of Essex.

All vacancies in the Board of Trustees above constituted, by death,
resignation, or otherwise, shall be filled, as soon as conveniently may
be, by vote of the remaining Trustees.

115

The Trustees shall keep a record of their doings, and shall annu-
ally prepare a report setting forth the condition of the Trust and
Funds, and the amount of income received and expended by them dur-
ing the previous year. This report shall be signed by the Trustees,
and made public in such manner as they shall think expedient.

I give to said Trustees the liberty of obtaining from the Legisla-
ture an Act of Incorporation, if they shall deem it desirable ; to make
all necessary By-laws, and all such regulations and restrictions as
shall be necessary, in their judgment, for the preservation and main-
tenance of the Trust, and of all property or collections held under it ;
and generally to do whatever may be proper and necessary to carry
into effect the provisions of this Trust.

I am, with great respect,

Your humble servant,
(Signed) GEORGE PEABODY.

REPLY OF THE TRUSTEES.

SALEM, MASS., March 2, 1867.
GEORGE PEABODY, Esquire : —

SIR, — We have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
of the 26th of February, and the accompanying Instrument of Trust ;
and while fully appreciating this evidence of your confidence, and
deeply sensible of the honorable and important duties we assume, we
accept the appointment of Trustees of the sum of One Hundred and
Forty Thousand Dollars, placed in our hands by you for the promo-
tion of Science and Useful Knowledge in the County of Essex.

So wise and munificent a gift cannot fail to advance the general in-
terests of sound learning, and to be productive of vast benefit to the
people of this County.

The announcement will fill their hearts with the deepest sense of
gratitude, not unmixed with pride, that the giver is one of themselves,
born and educated upon their soil. They will read with pleasure your
kind allusions to them, and your reference to the many illustrious sons
of Essex, whose memory they cherish with tender regard.

And while you would perpetuate to future generations the good
name of the County of Essex, be assured that yours will be cherished
by her people, and be handed down to their children, not only as
among the most distinguished of her sons, but as among the great
benefactors of mankind.

On their behalf, and in behalf of the great cause of science and
letters for which you have everywhere done so much, we tender most
cordial thanks.

116

We shall endeavor to manifest our full appreciation of the trust
given us, by faithfully carrying out the objects and views which you
have so clearly set forth.

In performing these duties, we trust that we may have the benefit
of your counsel and advice. And we earnestly hope that you may long
live to witness your good work, and that you may see accomplished
all that you desire and intend by founding so beneficent a Trust.
With great regard, we remain,

Your obedient servants,

(Signed) FRANCIS PEABODY,

ASA GEAY,
WM. C. ENDICOTT,
GEO. PEABODY RUSSELL,
OTHNIEL C. MARSH,
HENRY WHEATLAND,
ABNER C. GOODELL, JR.
JAMES R. NICHOLS,
HENRY C. PERKINS.

F. W. PUTNAM, Superintendent of the Museum, introduced the fol-
lowing Resolution : —

Resolved, — That the Institute has learned with feelings of grati-
tude and pleasure the fact of the munificent donation of $140,000 by
George Peabody, Esq., for "the promotion, among the inhabitants of
the County of Essex, of the study and knowledge of the Natural and
Physical Sciences, and of their application to the Useful Arts ; " and
while, as citizens of this county, the members of the Institute are
justly proud that this donation comes from a native of the county, they
are most deeply sensible of the honor conferred upon their body by its
being selected as the Institution with which the Trustees of this fund
are to cooperate in securing the objects of the donor.

Dr. GEORGE B. LORING, in seconding the Resolution, spoke sub-
stantially as follows : —

Mr. President, — I have been unable, owing to the pressure of busi-
ness, and the multiplicity of my avocations, to attend the meetings of
the Institute this winter, according to my usual custom. I was not
aware, when I found leisure to be present this evening, that I should
find here so pleasant an occasion ; and I congratulate myself that I have
been so fortunate as to be one of the first listeners to the announce-
ment of Mr. Peabody's generous donation to this Association.

I have always been impressed with the thought, Mr. President,
that great men are the impersonation and embodiment of the spirit of
the times in which they were born, and of the peculiar genius of the
locality which they could claim as their country and their home. Hu-
man greatness consists especially in this ; and be he statesman or war-
rior or poet or philosopher or benefactor, the great and representative
man is he who is guided and developed by this law. You find in Shak-
speare all that is grand and profound in the English drama ; you find

117

in Milton all that is lofty and sublime in that English poetry which
grew out of an endeavor for popular freedom in an early day ; you find
in Washington all the high qualities of patience, courage, wisdom, and
sagacity, which gave the American people the civil and military power
to found a free republic. And so the man who establishes a govern-
ment, or develops a philosophy, or builds up and uses his fortune, in
violation of the spirit of the age in which he lives, serves only as a
warning to his fellow men, and fails in his mission here on earth.

Now, sir, when I contemplate the character of that distinguished
man, whose greatness consists in the judgment and wisdom with
which he bestows his bountiful benefactions, I am always struck with
the fact that in him are combined all those qualities of prudence, hon-
esty, industry, and thrift, which so truly belong.to the town in which
he was born, and also that devotion to all those institutions of learn-
ing, religion, and charity, which lie close to the hearts of our people.
GEORGE PEABODY is the embodiment of the best industry, and the
soundest practical philanthropy of New England Society. What the
associated men of his native town of Danvers have labored for, for
years, he has accomplished better than they all. And what a remark-
able picture he presents ! He commenced life here as a poor boy. He
had no superior advantages. He could call upon no powerful family
for aid. He was born into no great mercantile line, in whose well-
beaten path he could travel on to fortune. He inherited from his father
and mother only the faculties which he himself was to use in carving
out his own career. And it is astonishing how, as he went forth into
the world, he preserved, even in the height of all his successes, these
native faculties unharmed. He has been debauched by none of the
temptations which great wealth and unbounded prosperity carry in
their train.

Passing from his own country into the great commercial centre of
the world, he has preserved all his habits of industry, all the method
of his early life, and all the simplicity and frugality into which he was
bom. He has boasted of no establishment ; he has taken no pride in
his equipage ; has not made himself conspicuous with his horses in the
parks and on Kegeut street ; has courted no titles; has asked for no
distinction. But exercising always a generous hospitality toward his
countrymen, he has been content to bestow his fortune and his powers
upon the wisest charities. In his simple counting-room, from which
his sagacious eye has surveyed the business of the world, on the Lon-
don Exchange, and in all private and public duties, he has always kept
that identity with which he started in life. His large brain, broad
enough for the best human service, ample enough for a statesman, has
never yet been turned from that course which he laid out for himself
in the beginning; and George Peabody of London is simply George
Peabody of Danvers, developed by time and experience into all his
ample proportions.

I think, sir, to have received the attentions of a man like this is an
honor as well as a benefit to our institution. You must have observed
that Mr. Peabody bestows his benefactions on worthy objects, with
judgment entirely equal to his generosity. He puts the bounties of
princes and nobles to shame, by his great appropriation for the poor
of London. He builds up institutions of learning and religion in his
own land, extending his charity, with a full hand, to the dark spots
desolated by rebellion and war. Libraries and schools spring up un-

118

der his touch. He erects no glittering monuments, objects of popular
curiosity, — but moves always for the education of mankind, for their
religious culture, and for the relief of their suffering and sorrow. He
says " no" with all the wisdom laid down in that remarkable discourse
of our own President Walker; and he says "yes" with that unerring
judgment and prudence, which have thus far enabled him to avoid
unworthy objects. And when I remember the labor which has been be-
stowed upon this Institute without money and without price, the devo-
tion which has characterized those who carried it for years in their arms,
and have cherished it to manhood, I cannot be too grateful to him who
has now included it among the objects worthy of his encouragement
and benefaction. The Essex Institute has now been enrolled among
the best institutions in our land by the bounty of George Peabody.
They who have looked upon us heretofore as an association of " bug-
hunters," may remember this. They who have looked upon our field-
meetings as mere excursions into the woods and among the pleasant
valleys of our County, may remember this. And they will find that the
bounty of Mr. Peabody has been bestowed upon an institution en-
gaged in the most careful scientific exploration, in investigating the
wonders of nature wherever found, in opening leaf by leaf the great
volume, in gathering up and preserving all the historical incidents
of our locality and country, and the story of our great men.

In coming to our aid, Mr. Peabody has clone one more act to enrol
his name among those distinguished men of old Essex, whose record
we would here enshrine. I know not, sir, when or by whom the work
is to be done ; but I trust we shall one day see that volume in which
the lives of these men and their great services will be immortalized —
of Higginson and Peters and Woods and Stuart in theology ; of Par-
sons and Story and Dane and Gerry in the law and jurisprudence and
statesmanship ; of Prescott among the historians ; of Whittier among
the poets ; of Hawthorne, the greatest of all in the philosophic myste-
ries of romance, the genius of this sombre spot; of the merchants and
benefactors who stand forth in our local history in long array. The
interest of such a work as this it is hard to estimate. To us of the Es-
sex Institute how is this interest increased by the fact, that foremost
among them all will stand the name of GEORGE PEABODY, our benefac-
tor and friend.

Mr. President, I most cheerfully second the appropriate resolution
of Mr. Putnam ; and in order to give full force to the event which has
placed the Essex Institute on a firm foundation, I would also move
that a committee be appointed to arrange becoming ceremonies for the
inauguration of this new era in the life of our association.

The resolution was then unanimously adopted, and, on motion of
Dr. Loring, it was voted that a copy thereof be communicated to Mr.
Peabody.

The following resolution was then adopted : —

Sesolved, — that a committee of seven members of the Institute be
appointed to confer with the Trustees of the fund of $ 140,000 given by
George Peabody, Esq., for the promotion of science and useful know-
ledge in the county of Essex, to receive any proposals from said Trus-
tees, and to report thereon, as well as to report any plan for future
action, in view of carrying oiit the wise and laudable purposes of the

119

donor, and further to report such plan as they deem proper for cele-
brating this epoch in the history of the Institute.

Messrs. F. W. Putnam, G. B. Loring, Charles Mansfield, R. S. Ran-
toul, W. P. Upham, Henry M. Brooks, and Alpheus Hyatt were elected
as the Committee of conference.

MONDAY, MARCH 18, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — Rev. A. B'. Kendig, Davenport,
Iowa ; Benjamin W. Stone. New York ; Capt. N. E. Atwood, Province-
town ; Dr. James R. Nichols, Boston ; Major R. S. Williamson, U. S. A.,
San Francisco, Cal. ; E. T. Cresson, Sec'y American Entomological
Society ; James M. Barnard, Boston ; W. A. Haines, New York ; Dr.
Samuel A. Green, Boston (March 8) ; Charles H. Higbee, Salem (Mar.
9) ; Dr. Daniel Clark, Flint, Mich. ; A. H. Curtiss, Liberty, Va. ; Surg.
Elliott Coues, U. S. A., Columbia, S. C. (March 10) ; John Bolton,
Portsmouth, Ohio ; John Jenkins, Monroe, N. Y. ; J. J. Babson, Glou-
cester; L. Disturnell, New York (March 14) ; Dr. W. H. Gregg, Elmira,
N. Y. ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College ; Samuel L. Boardman, Augus-
ta, Me. ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland. Me. (March 16) ; S. Russell, Bos-
ton; T. Mcllwraith, Hamilton, C. W. ; W. H. Leggett, New York; Dr.
William Stimpson, Sec'y Chicago Acad. Sciences; S. S. Fowler, Dan-
vers (March 18).

Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of the present state of know-
ledge regarding the Trichinae in pork, a piece of pork infested with
this worm having been presented to the Institute by Dr. J. W. Sawyer,
of the Butler Hospital.

Mr. Goodell presented in the name of Joseph S. Leavitt, of Salem,
an Indenture on parchment, made the eleventh day of September, Anno
Domini one thousand seven hundred, and " in the twelfth yeare of the
reigne of our sovereigne Lord William the Third," between " Charles
Downing, of London, in the Kingdom of England, Esq., of the
one part, and Thorndike Proctor, of Salem, in the County of Essex
within his Majesties Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New Eng-
land in America, yeoman, on the other part, witnessing that the said
Charles Downing conveys land in Salem to said Thorndike Proctor."
Mr. Goodell gave a brief history of the Downing family. The Charles
above mentioned was son of Sir George, Bart, (son of Emanuel, of
Salem), who was partly prepared for college by Rev. John Fisk, and
graduated in the first class of Harvard College, 1642, went to England,
got in favor with Cromwell, and rose to high distinction. The land
conveyed by the above Indenture was the original grant from the town
to Robert Cole, — and by him conveyed to Emmanuel Downing. It
was situated where Proctor's Crossing now is, in South Danvers.

120

The secretary read a communication from Eev. E. C. Bolles, of
Portland, Me., accompanying a valuable and highly interesting collec-
tion of manuscripts, pamphlets, etc. Mr. B.'s letter was as follows : —

To the Essex Institute : —

While on a lecture tour a few weeks since, I visited a large paper-
mill for the purpose of examining the mass of pamphlets, books, and
manuscripts, that in such places is continually undergoing " recon-
struction." I was just in time ; for the " sorters " had not been many
minutes engaged on a bale of papers that proved to be the debris of the
study of the late Dr. J. L. Riddell, of New Orleans. It was evident,
that some executor, neither literary nor scientific, had bundled off this
accumulation at the current price of paper-stock, in clearing out the
huge many-pressed room, in which, as I well remember, Dr. Riddell
was wont to sit at the Medical Department of the University of Louis-
iana, surrounded by the rarest and direst confusion of all things surgi-
cal, microscopical, chemical, and often diabolical. From this bale and
one discovered afterwards, I rescued many articles of interest and
value. I have already transmitted various pamphlets, Dr. R.'s medi-
cal diploma, etc., and now I beg to send the accompanying manu-
scripts with the following remarks.

You will find among the pamphlets a " jeu cT esprit " of Dr. Riddell's
entitled " Orrin Lindsay and his System of Aerial Navigation — with
an account of his Voyage around the Moon." The papers are the
sketches and preliminary calculations for that amusing essay. They
include also the notes for a projected Trip to the Planet Mars, also
supposed to have been made by the same mythical Lindsay. They are
interesting as showing the great care and labor demanded to express
this little story of a lunar excursion in terms of strict scientific accu-
racy, to make the whole seem probable in the precision of every num-
ber and calculated force, and to leave no chance for the fault-finding
of the most accomplished critic, save with the monstrous assumption
that gravity may be overcome by a new law of magnetic exclusion.
I think you will find the printed essay well worth reading in connec-
tion with this unexpected commentary which Dr. Riddell is made to
furnish to his own work.

Such a view behind the scenes gives ns, too, no bad idea of the au-
thor. If his private character was marked by a peculiar avarice seldom
found among scientific men of so high a grade, yet his natural restless-
ness and industry cannot be too much extolled. As all his private
letters, literary notes, duplicate publications, and microscopical draw-
ings seem to have been included in the collection of which I exam-
ined a part, it is probable that but few evidences of his many years of
strange but faithful studies remain to interest the thoughts and employ
the pen of the antiquarian. E. C. BOLLES.

A specimen of the Hair-worm (Gordius aquaticus) having been pre-
sented, Mr. Putnam gave an account of the habits of the worm, and
alluded to the absurd notion that was prevalent, that these worms
were developed from horse-hairs which had been some time in water.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Mr. Putnam called attention to the AMERICAN NATURALIST, an Illus-
trated Monthly Magazine of Popular Natural History, the first number

121

of which was 011 the table, having recently been issued from the Insti-
tute Press, under the editorship of four of the officers of the Institute.
Ira K. Mansfield, of Salem, and Joseph Appleton, of Beverly, were
elected Resident Members.

Additions to the Museum and Library during January,
February, and March, 1867.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

ALLEN, J. F., Salem. Specimens of Pyrrharctia Isabella Packard,
Alypia octo-maculata Smith, and Grape-vines bored by Insects.

ANGUS, JAMES, West Farms, N. Y. A collection of Insects from
West Farms, New York.

ATWOOI>, Capt. N. E., Proviucetown. Three plates of Baleen; an
Eye Socket of a Sword-fish ; the Beaks of a large Cuttle-fish, from the
North Atlantic; Beaks of Cuttle-fish and a piece of Sponge, from
Provincetown.

BOARUMAN, GEORGE A., Milltown, Me. Hoof of a Caribou ; Cutting
Teeth, Hind and Front Foot and Tail of a Beaver, and several other
specimens, from Nova Scotia.

BREWSTER, C. G., Boston. A small collection of Fossils from vari-
ous localities.

BROWNE, A. G., Salem. Stones of second crop Peach, from S. E.,
Georgia, picked in August.

BCKCHSTEAD, GEORGE, Hamilton. Red-tailed Hawk, from Hamilton.

CARLEN, SAMUEL, Salem. Specimens of Lesser Red Poll, ^Egiothun
linarius; of the Yellow Bird, Chrysomitris tristis; and four specimens
of Snow Bunting, Plectrophancx iiiraMs, from Salem; two heads of
American Hare.

CHEVER, Capt. WILLIAM J., Audover. Salamander, taken from a
well in Grafton, N. H.

CLOUTMAN, JOSEPH P., Salem. Minerals and Ores, from the Greg-
ory Mine, Colorado.

COOKE, C., Salem. Parasites from the gills, stomach, and intestines
of the Pickerel; a White Rat (male), about twenty-two months old.

COOLEDGE, JAMES, Salem. Two specimens of Tropitlonotus sp., from
Han Kou, China ; Holothurian, from China; specimen of Coral, from
Kan Loong, China ; Seeds of Lichees and other Fruits, from China ;
Arsenical Ore and Bituminous Coal, from the interior of China ; speci-
men of Gypsum, from Han Kou, China ; Antimonial Ore and several
other Minerals, from various localities in China.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 10 OCT., 1867.

122

COOPER, EUSTICE, J., Mineral Point, Wis. A collection of Minerals,
from Mineral Point.

GROVER, WILLIAM, Salem. Four specimens of Leda tenuisulcata,
and one of Yoldia thratieeformis, from stomachs of Sand Dabs, from
Salem harbor.

HERSEY, Miss IRENE G., South [Boston. Insects, from Havana,
Cuba.

JOHNSON, THOMAS H., Salem. Specimen of Little Screech Owl.
from Salem.

KEMBLE, Dr. A., Salem. Specimens of Morbid Anatomy.

KINSMAN, N. J., Salem. Specimens of Umax flavus and L. varie-
f/atus, from Salem.

LINCECUM, Dr. G., Long Point, Texas. Two alcoholic specimens
of Butlius Carolinensis, from Long Point; Insects, Land Shells, and
Seeds of Erythrina sp., from Texas.

LORD, Capt. S. A., Salem. A specimen of the Nut of Lodoicea Sey-
chellarum, Sea Coco, from the Seychelles Islands.

NASON, Dr. W. A., Chicago, 111. Specimens of Keptiles, Fishes,
Crustaceans, and Insects, in alcohol ; also a collection of recent and
fossil Shells from various localities in Illinois.

NORRIS, W. E., Salem. Prepared skin of Kingfisher; also several
shells, from Fort Macon, Beaufort, North Carolina.

PACKARD, A. S., jr., Salem. Three specimens of Larva of Dasylo-
phia anyuina, from Boston, comprising two stages of growth.

PICKMAN, Dr. B., Boston. A collection of Fishes, Keptiles, etc., from
Lake Champlain. Collected by GEORGE AVERILL.

EGBERTS, DAVID, Salem. Skull and Skin of Hare, from Wenham.

ROGERS, B. F., Salem. Five Foetal Pigs, forty-seven days old.

ROWE, JOSEPH, Salem. A collection of various specimens, from
several localities.

SANDERS, THOMAS, Salem. Head of thorough bred Merino Lamb.

SAWYER, Miss, Salem. Specimen of Gordins aquaticus, from Salem.

SEARS, JOHN H., Danvers. Two specimens of Pine Grossbeak,
Pinicola Canadensis, from Danvers, and a specimen of Iron Slag.

STRONG, E. F., West Addison, Vt. A collection of Fossils from
the limestone on the banks of Lake Champlaiu, at Addison.

ST. JOHN, J. A., Boston. Specimens of Vermetus, from the Island
of St. Lucas.

SYMONDS, G. W., and DODGE, FRANCIS, Salem. A collection of
Shells and Minerals, from various localities.

WALKER, SAMUEL L., Salem. Young Flounder, Platessa ferruginea ;
Young Lobsters, Homarus Americanus, from Lobster Rocks, Beverly
harbor, and a piece of Sponge from Beverly harbor.

123

WHITE, G. M., Salem. A collection of Insects, from the vicinity of
Salem.

TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT,
BY DONATION.

BAILEY, DAVID, North Beverly. An ancient Water Horn.

COOLEDGE, JAMES, Salem. Two Bricks from the Porcelain Tower
sit Pekin.

DABNEY, Miss MARGARET, Salem. A Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel
Dabney.

DAY, SAMUEL, Salem. Ancient Spoon, found at Ipswich Beach.

DODGE, Hon. A. W., Hamilton. An ancient Spoon, found at Ham-
ilton.

PINNOCK, THOMAS, Salem. Portion of an Indian Stone Gouge, dug
up in South Salem.

PRESTON, NEHEMIAH, Beverly Farms. An Indian Stone Gouge,
found in Wenham, near the line of Beverly Farms.

SYMONDS, G. W., and DODGE, FRANCIS, Salem. Various Histori-
cal Relics.

TO THE LIBRARY.

BY DONATION.

ALLEY, JOHN B., M. C. Report U. S. Revenue Commission, 1865-6.
1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1866. Report on the Assassination of Lincoln,
8vo, pamphlet, July: 1866. Report on the Memphis Riots, 8vo, pam-
phlet, July, 1860. Wells's Report on the Revenue, Dec., 1866, Pub.
Doc. Papers relating to Mexico, 8vo, pamphlet, U. S. Doc. Digest
of Laws relating to Duties on Imports to July 28, 1866, 8vo, pamph.,
Washington. Report on New Orleans Riots, 8vo, pamph., U. S. Pub.
Doc., Washington, 1867. Report of Com. of Bureau of Refugees,
etc., 8vo, parnph., U. S. Pub. Doc., Washington, 1867. Message and
Documents Department of State, pt. 1, 1865-6, 2 vols. 8vo, Washing-
ton, 1866. Department of Agriculture Report, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo, Wash-
ington, 1865. Patent Office Report, 1864, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington,
1866. Congressional Globe for First Session, Thirty-ninth Congress,
1865-6, 5 vols. 4to, Washington. Eighth Census, U. S., Mortality and
Miscellaneous Statistics, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1866.

APPLETON, JOHN, Boston. Monumental Memorials of the Appleton
Family, 1 vol. 4to, Boston, 1867.

BAKER, GEORGE, Providence, R. I. Wigglesworth's Sermon on the
d£ath of Rev. John Rogers, Jan. 5, 1745, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1746.
Dana's Discourse at Ipswich, July 4, 1827, 8vo, pamph. Dana's Dis-

124

course on Washington, at Ipswich, Feb. 22, 1800. Frisbie's Discourse
on Washington, at Ipswich, Jan. 7, 1800. Kogers' Discourse on S. Wil-
liams, at Ipswich, 1763. List of the South Parish (Ipswich) Tax, 1750
(Mss.).

BARNARD, J. G. Barnard's Eulogy on Brevet Major Joseph G. Tot-
ten, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1866.

BATCHELDER, JOHN II. Manual of General Court of Massachusetts,
8vo, pamph., Boston, 1866. Massachusetts Election Sermon, by A. H.
Quint, Svo, pamph., Boston, 1866.

BEVIIS, LUKE, Boston. History of Abington, by Benjamin Hobart,

1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1866.

BOARDMAN, SAMUEL L., Augusta, Me. Acts and Resolves of Maine,
1860-1866, 7 vols. Journal of Senate, Maine, 1866, 1 vol. Svo. Report
of Board of Education, Maine, 1847-52, 1 vol. Svo. Maine Register,
1841, 1 vol. 16mo, Augusta, 1841. Bangor Directory, 1855, 1 vol. 16mo,
Bangor, 1855. 24 Pamphlets.

BOLLES, E. C., Portland, Me. Portland Almanac and Register,
1860, 1 vol. 16mo. Lewiston and Auburn Directory for 1860 and 1864,

2 vols. 12mo. Geer's Hartford Directory for 1859-60, 16mo. 1 vol.,
Hartford, 1859. Canada Directory for 1857-8, 1 vol. Svo, Montreal,
1857. 14 Town Reports. 11 Nos. Siderial Messinger. 37 Connecti-
cut State Documents, pamphlets. Baugor Directory, 1843, 1848, 1855,
1859-60, 4 vols. 16mo. Hutchinson's Nova Scotia Directory for 1864-
5, 1 vol. Svo, Halifax. 1864. Whipple's History of Acadie, etc., 1 vol.
Svo, Bangor, 1816. Bangor City Documents, 9 pamphlets, Svo. Tort-
land City Documents, 27 pamphlets, Svo. Maine State Documents,
34 pamphlets, Svo. 176 Miscellaneous pamphlets. Cohen's New Or-
leans Dictionary for 1849 and 1859, 2 vols. Svo, New Orleans, 1848
and 1858. Proceedings of American Association of Science, sixth meet-
ing, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1852. Mss., etc., formerly belonging to
Prof. John L. Riddell, of New Orleans.

BROOKS, HENRY M. Scientific American, 138 numbers. 20 Pam-
phlets.

BROWNE, A. G. Savannah Republican for 1808, 1 vol. folio.

CHASE, GEORGE C. The Friend, 14 numbers.

CHENEY, T. A., Watkins, N. Y. Transactions of N. Y. State Agri-
cultural Society for 1852 and 1864, 2 vols. Svo, Albany. Transactions
of American Institute for 1864, 1 vol. Svo, Albany. Twenty-first An-
nual Report of Public Schools of Rhode Island, 1 vol. Svo, Providence,
1866. Jenkins' Life of Silas Wright, 1 vol. 12mo, Auburn. 1849. 25
Pamphlets.

CLAPP, Rev. D. Memorial of the Reunion of the Natives of We£t-
hampton, Mass., Sept. 5, 1866, Svo, pamphlet, Waltham, 1866.

125

COLE, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette for 1866, 1 vol. folio'. Boston
Daily Evening Traveller for 1866, 2 vols. folio.

COUES, ELLIOTT, Asst. Surg. U. S. Army. Osteology and Myolo-
gy of Colymbus torquatus, by E. Cones, M. D., etc., 4to, pamphlet,
Cambridge, 1866.

CREAMER, GEORGE. A Collection of Samples of Room Paper (1866)
sold by G. Creamer, from 1846 to 1866, in one volume. •

CROSBY, A. 68"Specimen Newspapers. 17 Pamphlets.

CROWNINSHIELB, FRANCIS B., Boston. Congressional Debates, vol.
11, pts. 1 and 2, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1826. Exec. Journal, vols. 1
and 2, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1828. Journals of Congress, vols. 1
and 2, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1823. Index to Documents from 1789
to 1824, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1824. Commercial Regulations, 1 vol.
8vo, Washington, 1824.
U. S.

17th Cong

., 2d Sess.

,, House Jour.,

1 vol.

8vo, Washington,

1822.

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1830.

CUMMINGS, John, Jr., Woburn. U. S. Exploring Expedition, Her-
petology, by C. Girard, 1 vol. 4to. and 1 vol, fol., plates, Philadelphia,

1858.

126

DEPARTMENT of STATE. Diplomatic Correspondence, 4 vols., Svo,
Washington, 1866.

DEVEREUX, HUMPHREY. Christian Register for 1866, 1 vol. folio,
Boston. Boston Semiweekly Advertiser for 1866, 1 vol. folio, Boston.

DODGE, ALLEN W., Hamilton. Memorial Address, etc., of 30th An-
niversary, Geneseo, 111., Nov., 1866, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1867.

EDWARDS, ARTHUR M., New York. Results of an examination un-
der the microscope of some Japanese Infusorial 'Earths, etc., by A.
M. Edwards, 4to, pamphlet.

FARLEY, Rev. Dr. History of Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, Feb.
22, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo, Brooklyn.

GARFIELD, Jos., M. C. Special Report on Force's Historical Libra-
ry, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1867 (U. S. Pub. Doc.).

GREEN, SAMUEL A., Boston. Springfield Directory for 1860-1 and
1862-3, 2 vols. 12mo, Springfield. Geer's Express Directory, vol. 1 for
the New England States, 1 vol. 8vo, Springfield, 1858. Second and
Third Annual Reports of the State Charities, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 186<>
and 1867. Charities of France, in 186(5, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1867. 150
Pamphlets.

HICKCOX, JOHN H., Albany, N. Y. Sprague's Lectures on Revivals
of Religion, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1832. New York Draft of a Penal
Code, 1 vol. Svo, Albany, 1864. New York Draft of a Civil Code, 1
vol. 8vo, Albany, 1862. Croton Aqueduct Report, 1862, 1 vol. Svo,
New York, 1863. History of the Bills of Credit or Paper Money issued
by New York, 1709 to 1789, 1 vol. Svo, Albany, 1866. 18 Pamphlets.

HILTON, WILLIAM, Bradford. Report of School Committee of Brad-
ford, Svo, pamphlet, Haverhill, 1867.

HOTCHKISS, Miss SUSAN V., New Haven. New Haven Directory for
1845-6, 1848-9, 1850-51, 1851-52, 1852-53, 1855-56, 1856-57, 7 vols. 12mo,
New Haven. Manual of the First Church in New Haven for 1867, Svo,
pamphlet.

KIMBALL, JAMES. Manual of Massachusetts General Court for 1857,
1859, 1861, 1863, 1864, 1866, 6 vols. 16mo, Boston. The Kansas Region,
by Max. Greene, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1856. Whitman's Letters to
a Universalist, 1 vol. 12mo, Cambridge, 1853. Thirteenth Annual Re-
port of Board of Education of New York City, 1 vol. 8vo, New York.
1855.

LANGWORTHY, ISAAC P., Boston. Boston Recorder, 7 bound vol-
umes and several numbers.

LEA, ISAAC, Philadelphia. Lea's Observations on the Genus Unio,
etc., vol. 11, 1 vol. 4to, Philadelphia. Lea's Tables of the Rectification
of Mr. T. A. Conrad's Synopsis of Naiades of N. A., Svo, pamph. Lea's
Check List of the N. A., Unionidae, Svo, pamphlet.

127

LEAVITT, JOSEPH S. Parchment Deed of Charles Downing to
Thorndike Proctor. (See Kecord of Meeting, March 15, 1867.)

LEWIS, WIXSLOW, Boston. Third Annual Report of Trustees of
Boston City Hospital, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1867. Report of Mass. Gen-
eral Hospital for 1866, 8vo, pamphlet, Boston, 1867.

LORD, N. J. Files of Boston Daily Post, November and December,
1866.

LORING, GEORGE B. Files of Boston Daily Post.

MACK, WILLIAM. Files of Christian Register for 1866, 1 vol. folio,
Boston, 1866,

MANNING, ROBERT. Providence Directory for 1863, 1 vol. 8vo.
Salem Directory, 1861 and 1864, 2 vols. 16mo. Wilson's Business Di-
rectory of New York City, 1862-3, 1 vol. 16mo. Massachusetts Gen.
Court Manual, 1864, 1 vol. 16mo, Boston, 1864.

NASON, WILLIAM A., Chicago, 111. Chicago Business Directory for
1859, 1 vol. 8vo. Chicago Directory for 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 4 vols.
8vo. 150 Miscellaneous Pamphlets.

NICHOLS, C. F. Thirteen Church Almanacs.

PACKARD, A. S., jr. Hayes' Address before the National Associa-
tion of Wool-growers, Sept. 6, 1865, 8vo. pamphlet, Cambridge, 1865.

PALFREY, C. W. Adj. Gen. of Missouri Annual Report for 1865,
1 vol. 8vo, Jefferson City, 1866. A volume of Sermons on the Boston
Massacre, March 5, 1770, by Joseph Warren, Benjamin Church, Ben-
jamin Hitchburn, J. W. Austin, etc.

PICKERING, Miss MARY O. Monthly Chronicle, 18 numbers, 8vo,
Boston, 1840, etc. 36 Pamphlets.

POOLE, W. F., Boston. The Popham Colony, a discussion of its
Historical Claims, etc., 8vo, pamphlet, Boston, 1866.

STICKNEY, MATTHEW A. Six various Newspapers. 3 Pamphlets.

STONE, ALFRED, Providence, R. I. Reports of Providence Athenae-
um, 26, 30, 31, 8vo, 3 pamphlets.

STONE, B. W. Ninth Annual Report of Board of Commissioners of
the Central Park, 8vo, pamph., New York, 1866.

STONE, E.- M., Providence, R. I. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of
Ministry at Large, Providence, R. I., 8vo, pamph., 1867.

STONE, LINCOLN R., Newton. Army and Navy Official Gazette, vols.
1 and 2, 2 vols. 4to, Washington, 1864. Army and Navy Journal, vol. 2,
1864-65, 1 vol. 4to.

STONE, , Beverly. Parish's Oration on Washington, 8vo, pam-
phlet, Newburyport, 1800.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. S. Senator. Report of the Agricultural De-
partment, November and December, 1866, 8vo, pamph., Washington,
1866. Patent Office Report, 1864, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1866.

128

Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan. 15, 17, 18, 18G7, 8vo, pamph., Washing-
ton, 1867. Message and Documents, 1866-67, abridgement, 1 vol. 8vo,
Washington, 18G7. H. Wilson's Speech on Eepresentation of Rebel
States, March 2, 1866, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1866. Merrill's
Speech in U. S. Senate, March 8, 1866. Sumner's Speech in U. S. Sen-
ate, Dec. 4, 1865, Jan. 15, 17, 18, 1867. Sumner's Speech at Worces-
ter, Sept. 14, 1865. Johnson's Report on the Representation of the
so-called Confederate States, July 7, 1866. Report on the Condition
of the Indian Tribes, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1867 (U. S. Pub. Doc.).
Acts and Resolves, 1st Sess. 39th Cong., 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, I860.
Report of Com. on "Murder of Union Soldiers," 8vo, pamph., March
2, 1867. U. S. Coast Survey, 1864, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1866.

SWALLOW, G. C., Columbia, Mo. Preliminary Report of the Geo-
logical Survey of Kansas, 1 vol., Lawrence, 1866.

SYMOXDS, CHARLES E. Treasurer's Report of Salem Savings Bank.
Svo, pamph., Salem, January, 1867.

TRAIL, HORACE S. Annual Report of Receipts, etc., of Marblehead.
March, 1867, Svo, pamph., Salem, 1867.

U. S. SANITARY COMMISSION. U. S. Sanitary Commission Docu-
ments, 2 vols., Svo. U. S. San. Com. Bulletin, 3 vols. in one, 8vo.
1863-G5.

VERY, HENRY, Danvers. 25 Pamphlets.

WATERMAN, THOMAS, Boston. By-laws of St. Andrew's Royal
Arch Chapter, Boston, by T. Waterman, 1 vol. 12mo, 1866.

WATERS, JOSEPH G. Auditors' (30th) Annual Report of Milton.
Svo, pamphlet, Boston, 1867.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The Practical Entomologist,
March, 1867.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, Vol. X., No. 7<>
(1866), Svo, pamphlet, Philadelphia.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Fourteenth Annual Report, 1866, Svo,
pamph., Boston, 1866.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings, Vol. X., pp.
385 to end of volume. Proceedings, Vol. XI., sigs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Annual
Keport, May, 18G6, Svo, pamphlet.

BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Ketchum's History of Buffalo and
the Senecas, 2 vols., Svo, Buffalo, 1865. Caulkin's History of Norwich,
Ct., 1 vol. Svo, Norwich, 1866. Transactions of American Institute,
1863 and 1864, 2 vols. Svo, Albany, 1865. Chicago Directories for 1855,
'56, '58, '59, '64, '65, 6 vols. Svo. Lake Shore Business Directory for
1861-2, 1 vol. Svo, Indianapolis, 1861. Central New York Business

Directory for 1861, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1861. Annual Reports of
Young Men's Association of Buffalo, 1, 2, 3,'6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 19,— 10
pamphlets, 8vo. Trade and Commerce of Buffalo, 1855, '56, '60, '61,
'64, — 5 pamphlets. Inauguration of Perry's Statue at Cleveland, 8vo,
pamph., 1860. Manufacturing Interests of Buffalo, 8vo, pamph., 1866.
Rogers on the Rebellion, 8vo, pamph., Buffalo, 1861.

CANADA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Annual Report of the Quebec
Branch of, 8vo, pamph., Quebec, 1867. Annual Report, Jan. 9, 1867,
8vo, pamph., Quebec, 1867.

EDITORS. American Journal of Horticulture. American Journal
of Science and Art, January and March, 1867. American Mining In-
dex, January, February, March, 1867. Beadle's Monthly, February,
March, 1867. Christian World, February, March, 1867. Essex Ban-
ner, January, February, March. Gardener's Monthly, February, March.
Gloucester Telegraph, January, February, March. Hardwicke's Sci-
ence Gossip, December, 1866; January, 1867. Haverhill Gazette, Jan-
uary, February, March. Historical Magazine, December, 1866. Law-
rence American, January, February, March. Lynn Reporter, January,
February, March. Providence Daily Journal, March 22. Riverside
Magazine, January. South Danvers Wizard, January, Feb'ry, March.
Triibner's Am. and Orient. Literary Record, January, Feb'ry, March.

IOWA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Annals of Iowa, January, 1867.

MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Popham Colony, with a Bibliog-
raphy of the Subject, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1866. Prentiss's Address
before the Alumni of Bowdoin College, Aug. 8, 1861, 8vo, pamph.,
New York, 1861.

MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Collections for 1867, 8vo, pam-
phlet, St. Paul, 1867.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN VEREINE zu BREMEN. Erster Jahrsbe-
richt, 8vo, pamph., Bremen, 1866.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. New England
Hist. Gen. Reg., January, 1867. Address by John A. Andrew, Jan. 2,
1867, 8vo, pamph., Boston. Ellis, W. S., Harstpierpont, its Lords and
Families, 8vo» pamph., London. A Plea for the Antiquity of Heraldry.
8vo, pamphlet, London, 1853.

NEWBURYPORT PUBLIC LIBRARY, DIRECTORS OF. A Statement of
the Proceedings resulting in the purchase of the Newburyport Public
Library Building, with a sketch of the History of the Library, 1 vol.
8vo, Newburyport, 1866.

NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Journal of Senate and
House of N. H., June Session, 1862, '63, '64, '65, '66, 5 vols. 8vo, Con-
cord. Annual Reports of Bank Commissioners of New Hampshire,
1860, '61, '62, '64, '65, '66, 6 pamphlets, 8vo. Annual Reports upon the

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 17 NOV., 1867.

130

Common Schools of New Hampshire for 1860, '61, '62, '63, '64, '65, '66",
7 pamphlets, 8vo. Laws of New Hampshire for 1860, '61, '62, '63, '64,
'65, '66, 7 pamphlets, 8vo. Reports of Railroad Commissioners of New
Hampshire for 1860, '61, '62, '63, '64, '65, '66, 7 pamphlets, 8vo.

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, Vol. X., Nos. 3
and 4, 8vo, pamph., 186G. Collections, Vol. VI., Supplement, 1 vol.
8vo, Newark, 1866. i

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for
September, October, and November, 1866, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia,
1867.

PHILADELPHIA MERCANTILE LIBRARY COMPANY. Forty-fourth An-
nual Report, Januar3r, 1867, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1867.

MONDAY, APRIL 1, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — Smithsonian Institution; The Nu-
mismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia ; New York Lyceum
of Natural History ; Buffalo Historical Society ; Library of Congress ;
Trustees of Beverly Public Library; The Corporation of Harvard Col-
lege (March 19) ; J. A. Smith, Bethel, Me. ; J. T. Rothrock, McVey-
town, Pa. ; Presbyterian Historical Society ; William L. Montague,
Lib. at Amherst College ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (March 21) ;
Dr. Lincoln R. Stone, Newton ; J. P. Haskell, Marblehead (March 22) ;
Tryon Reakirt, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Francis B. Crowninshield, Boston
(March 23) ; R. Hoe & Co., Boston (March 24) ; Boston Society of
Natural History (March 25) ; Buffalo Historical Society (March 26) ;
E. T. Cresson, Sec'y American Entomological Society; William J.
Turnbull, Philadelphia ; Capt. Samuel A. Lord, Salem (March 28) ;
Francis B. Crowninshield, Boston (March 29) ; Prof. Theo. Gill, Smith-
sonian Institution ; W. H. Leggett, New York (March 30).

Mr. William P. Upham read certain extracts from records of wills,
deeds, etc., bearing upon the question whether the Epps or Newhall
house, so called, on the corner of Church and Washington streets, is,
as has been supposed, the original house that belonged to Governor
Endicott, and was brought from Cape Ann for his use. This house
has been frequently referred to in our local histories, and, as the cor-
rectness of the tradition relating to it had been called in question, it
was thought proper to collect all the evidence that could be found on
the subject. Mr. Upham read copies of and explained the different
deeds of land in that vicinity from the earliest date, and it appeared
quite conclusive^, by this and other evidence, that the Governor's
house did not stand on this precise spot, but about ten rods north of
it, where Federal street enters Washington street from the east, and
that there is good reason to believe that the original house was moved

131

about 1679 from there directly south to the site it now occupies. The
following is a brief statement of the evidence : —

The precise locality where the Newhall house now stands was, as
far back as it can be traced, a yard belonging to the house of Thomas
Oliver who lived where Dr. S. M. Gate now lives. The land to the
north and east of this between Washington and St. Peters streets, and
extending north so far as to include the estate now occupied by Elea-
zer Hathaway, baker, was first owned, so far as our records show, by
Governor Endicott, and was known as the "Governor's Field," or
" Endicott's Field." In two conveyances of the land next north of the
"Governor's Field," one dated Jan. 28, 1658, and the other March 10,
1659, it is described as " on the South, bounded by the house and land
of Mr. Endecott." The Inventory of Gov. Endicott's estate mentions

" a House at the toune wth 3 acres of land belonging to it £100."

The " Governor's Field" consisted of about three and a half acres.
By the Commoners' Eecords it appears that in 1714 a share in the
" Commons" was assigned to Major William Browne for " Governor
Endicott's Cottage Eight in Town." Therefore Major Wm. Browne
must have owned in 1714 the land whereon stood a dwelling-house of
Gov. Endicott's before 1661. The only land then owned by him to
which this could apply was half an acre where Federal street now
enters Washington street, which was bought by him of the heirs of
Gov. Endicott, March 3, 1686, no house being mentioned in the deed.

The ground where the Newhall house now stands was sold by
Thomas Oliver to Kobert Gray, Jan. 11, 1668; and bought by Daniel
Epps, April 16, 1679, at which time there was evidently no house on
it ; this is shown not only by the absence of any mention of a house in
the deed, and by the price paid for it, but also by the manner in which
possession was given, namely, "by turf and twig," according to the
custom of that time in conveyances of land alone. (See Blackstone, II.
315.) About the same time the whole of the " Governor's Field" was
sold to different parties, but no mention is made of any house on it in
either of the deeds. We can hardly suppose that a house in which the
Governor had lived so short a time before could have already fallen to
decay, neither is it probable that it could have been destroyed by fire,
as some mention would have been made of it. The tradition has been
unbroken (see Essex Inst. Hist. Coll., Vol. II. p. 39, notice of the
" Old Planter's House ") that this same house which now stands on
the northern corner of Church and Washington streets was Gov. En-
dicott's house. We may then reconcile this tradition with the record
evidence, and very reasonably conclude that after Gov. Endicott's
death, none of his family living in town and there being no need of a
dwelling-house there, it was sold to Epps, and moved by him to the
sit e it now occupies.

132

Mr. Upham showed a drawing representing the appearance of the
nails found in an oak beam in the cellar of this house, supposed to rep-
resent the initials of John Endicott, and referred to as corroborating
the tradition. The beam is part of the original frame of the house,
and runs across the middle of the cellar parallel with the front of the
house, and is of solid oak, one foot square. These nails must have
been driven in when the wood was green, for they are wholly embed-
ded in it, while it would be impossible to drive any nail into the wood
now at all. The following will give some idea of the relative position
of the nail heads, the face of the beam being smooth and free from any
other mark near them.

The above is about one-third size. Turned upside down it will
stand, perhaps, for IE. It would be difficult to assign any other ob-
ject for driving these large nails into such a beam, except for a mark
of ownership, and they resemble nothing more nearly than the initials
of John Endicott, for which they have always, according to tradition,
been supposed to be intended.

Remarks on the same subject were made by Messrs. J. C. Osgood,
G. D. Phippen, and others. The terms of " cottagers," " common-
ers," and " cottage rights" having been used in the course of the re-
marks of the several speakers, Mr. Upham gave an account of the ori-
gin of the Common and Cottage Rights, so called, and showed how
a proper understanding of them, and a study of the Commoner's Rec-
ords enables us to determine many interesting points in local history
especially relating to the location of the earliest dwellings.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Daniel James Tapley, and S. P. Cummiugs, of Danvers ; and F.
Margoles, Everett E. Austin, Stephen Gauss, and George P. Fowler, of
Salem, were elected Resident Members.

MONDAY. APRIL 15, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — James M. Barnard, Boston ; Prof.
W. P. Blake, San Francisco, Cal. ; W. P. Conant, Wenham (Mar. 30) ;
Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. ; Brevet Maj. Gen. Barnard, U. S. A.,

133

New York ; J. M. Currier, Newport, Vt. ; Charles Moulton, Newbury-
port; W. W. Denslow, New York; J. E. Oliver, Lynn; G.F.Mat-
thews, St. John, N. B. (April 3) ; Prof. P. A. Chadbourn, Williams
College; C. C. Beaman, jr., Washington; John F. Miboy, New York;
Buffalo Historical Society (April 8) ; R. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco,
Cal. ; Clarrence King, U. S. Geologist, New Haven, Ct. ; Massachusetts
Historical Society ; J. Munsell, Albany, N. Y. (April 10) ; W. E. Endi-
cott, Canton; Minnesota Historical Society; Josiah Newhall, Lynn-
field ; John C. Holmes, Ypsilanti, Mich. (April 13) ; J. A. Allen, Spring-
field (April 14) ; S. P. Cummlngs, Danvers ; Buffalo Historical Society
(April 15).

Mr. T. Eopes gave a brief account of the schools existing in Salem
about the year 1810, especially the one kept by " old Master Hacker."
Considerable discussion then ensued relating to the History of Edu-
cation in Salem during the past fifty years.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced, and re-
marks were made on several of the specimens by Messrs. Hyatt, Put-
nam, and Morse. Mr. Morse, in speaking of a collection of shells
received from Calcutta, gave a general outline of the class of Mollusca
and sketched the soft parts of many of the species of shells repre-
sented in the collection.

N. H. Eaton, Dean Stiles, Walter J. Norfolk, James T. Tucker, and
Justin Hinds, of Salem ; and Edward P. Colby, of Beverly, were elected
Eesident Members.

MONDAY, MAY 6, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were received from, — Copley Amory, Boston ; J. A. Allen,
Springfield ; J. Wiugate Thornton, Boston (April 17) ; E. L. Layard, Di-
rector South African Museum, Cape Town ; John A. Loring, Boston ;
J. W. Thornton, Boston ; Maine Historical Society ; S. G. Drake, Bos-
ton ; E. P. Marvin, Boston (April 19) ; Lyceum of Natural History of
Williams College ; Rev. Samuel Lockwood, Keyport, N. J. ; W. W.
Denslow, Inwood, N. Y. ; Rev. A. B. Kendig, Davenport, Iowa; Rev.
E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (April 20) ; W. A. Smith, Worcester; His-
torical Society of Pennsylvania (April 22) ; W. D. Morgan, New York ;
J. K. Wiggin, Boston (April 25) ; Dr. T. M. Brewer, Boston ; Mrs. L.
A. Swazey, Salem; E. W. Buswell, Boston (April 26) ; E. P. Marvin,
Boston (April 27) ; C. P. Preston, Danvers (April 28) ; J. A. Allen,
Springfield ; T. Mcllwraith, Hamilton, C. W. ; Dr. T. M. Brewer, Bos-
ton (April 29) ; S. Jillson, Hudson (May 2) ; J. A. Allen, Springfield;
Prof. A. E. Verrill, Norway, Me. ; T. T. Richards, St. Louis, Mo.
(May 3) ; J. A. Allen, Springfield (May 6).

A letter from William D. Morgan, Esq., of New York city, was read,
stating, that, at the request of Mr. George Leslie, of London, son of
the late Charles Robert Leslie, R. A., he had forwarded to the Essex

134

Institute a picture painted by Mr. Leslie, representing a scene in Eng-
lish History during the Wars of the Koses, entitled " The War Sum-
mons." Mr. Leslie desired the picture to be presented as a mark of
his esteem for the talents of the late Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The thanks of the Institute were presented to Mr. Leslie for his
highly valuable and beautiful painting, and to Mr. Morgan for his in-
terest in having the same forwarded.

The collection of recent donations to the Museum, which were ar-
ranged on the table, afforded subjects for remarks from several mem-
bers.

Mr. F. W. Putnam spoke of the skulls of the polar bear, seal, and
that of an Esquimaux, from Hopedale in Greenland, presented by Cop-
ley Amory, Esq., of Boston.

Mr. E. S. Morse gave a brief outline of the growth of shells, par-
ticularly that of the cowrie, which he illustrated by drawings on the
blackboard.

Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Yale College, described the external struc-
ture of the star-fishes found on our coast, and gave a very interesting
account of their habits, alluding to the great injury sometimes done to
our oyster-beds by the ravages of these voracious animals. He men-
tioned there were three distinct species, and pointed out the charac-
teristic differences.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Messrs H. Wheatland, W. P. Upham, and H. M. Brooks were ap-
pointed a committee to nominate officers for election at the Annual
Meeting.

Edward B. Perkins, W. S. Cook, J. A. Paine, jr., of Salem; John
V. Stevens, of South Danvers ; and Albion Smith Dudley, of Dan-
vers, were elected Resident Members.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 8, 1867. Annual Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL, in the chair.

Records of the last annual and regular meetings were read.

The annual reports of several of the officers were read and accepted.

The SECRETARY, in his report, stated that more important results
have occurred within the past year for the promotion of science in
this county than in any preceding.

The formation of a fund for the above purpose by Mr. George
Peabody, the details of which have been published, will, without
doubt, be productive of good results ; and if the plans, that are now
merely inceptive, be carried out in a proper spirit a noble institution

135

will be established. A committee of seven members were appointed
at the meeting on the 4th of March last to receive plans and sugges-
tions from the Trustees of the Peabody fund, and to report at some
future meeting, to be called for the purpose, what action it will be
expedient for the Institute to adopt in relation thereto.

Seventy-seven Resident and sixteen Corresponding Members have
been elected during the year. Notice of the death of five of the former
and four of the latter have been received. The present number of
members Is 764, consisting of 581 Resident, and 183 Corresponding.

Biographical notices of the following deceased associates will be
prepared for the Historical Collections. JESSE SMITH died at Salem,
July 4, 1866, aged 76 years and 6 months ; THOMAS AUGUSTUS SWEET -
SER died at South Danvers, Oct. 24, 1866, aged 45 years and 9 months ;
SAMUEL M. WORCESTER died at Salem, Aug. 16, 1866, aged 65 years ;
ROBERT BROOKHOUSE died at Salem, June 10, 1866, aged 86 years and
6 months ; NATHANIEL HOOPER died at Salem, January 13, 1867, aged
71 years ; REUBEN D. MUSSEY died at Boston, June 21, 1866, at the age
of 86 years ; AUGUSTUS A. GOULD died at Boston, Sept. 15, 1866, aged
61 years ; SAMUEL SWETT died at Boston, Oct. 28, 1866, at the age of
84 years ; FRANCIS N. CLARK died at Key West, Florida, August, 1866,
aged 45 years and 6 months.

MEETINGS. — Five Field Meetings have been held, during the past
season, at Haverhill, Asbury Grove in Hamilton, Manchester, Salis-
bury Beach, and Gloucester. They were very successful and largely
attended, and at every place received the kind attentions of the citi-
zens, who extended a cordial welcome. Our thanks are due to the
friends in the several places visited ; also to the Directors, Superin-
tendents, and officers of the Eastern, and Boston and Maine Railroads
for courtesies extended on all occasions. The quarterly and semi-
monthly meetings have been held as usual. The Social Gathering at
Hamilton Hall, on Monday evening, Dec. 3, 1866, passed off very pleas-
antly, and received the approval of the large company in attendance.
The subject of discussion was " The Teeth and Mouth-parts of Ani-
mals." Professor WYMAN, of Cambridge ; Messrs. S. H. SCUODER, of
Boston, E. S. MORSE and A. HYATT, of the Institute ; and Rev. E. C.
BOLLES, of Portland, made interesting and appropriate remarks, which
were illustrated by preparations placed under thirty-four microscopes
arranged around the hall. The examination of these illustrations at
the close of the speaking formed a very pleasant feature of the meet-
ing.

LECTURES. — A course of five lectures by E. S. MORSE, on Zoology,
was delivered in March and April in Lyceum Hall, under the auspices
of the Institute ; they were well received, and gave great satisfaction
to an appreciative audience.

136

The CORRESPONDENCE has largely increased in consequence of the
more extended circulation of the different publications, a thousand or
more letters have been received by those having in charge the different
departments, and placed on file.

The PUBLICATIONS. — The HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS and the PRO-
CEEDINGS have been continued as in previous years. Unavoidable cir-
cumstances have somewhat delayed their appearance. It is presumed
that, under the new arrangements of printing, they will be issued with
more punctuality, and be deserving of a good degree of patronage.
The AMERICAN NATURALIST, a popular Magazine of Natural History
recently commenced under the editorship of Messrs. PACKARD, HYATT,
MORSE, and PUTNAM, is a decided success, and is receiving a good
share of encouragement. It is published monthly, at $3.00 per annum.

The establishment of Mr. E. BICKNELL in Salem, for the prepara-
tion of Microscopic Slides, is doing much to encourage a taste for mi-
croscopic study. Mr. Bicknell is very successful in his preparations.
This establishment will prove instrumental in the promotion of sev-
eral of the objects for which the Institute was organized.

The establishment of a private Printing Office for the purpose of
printing the several publications of the Institute will enable the Insti-
tute to issue its publications more promptly and in a more finished
manner than heretofore.

The HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS were omitted the past season in
consequence of the scarcity of fruit, and the presumed uncertainty of
having a display that would be creditable to the cultivators in this
county.

The TREASURER presented the following statement of the financial
condition for the year ending May, 1867.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

Debits.

Athenaeum; Rent, half Fuel, and Librarian, . . . . $693.20
Publications, $1,195.80; Salaries, $ 296.20; Gas, $14.00, . 1,506.00

Express, etc., $39.58 ; Sundries, $151.57, 191.15

To Historical account, , ,aj . V 92.00

To Natural History and Horticultural account, .... 9.06
Balance in Treasury, . . . . ~ '.' '_ • 7(~*,' * . V

$2,521.33
Credits.

Balance of last year's account, $62.48

Dividends Webster Bank, $40; Coupons U. S. Bonds, $36.50, 76.50

United States Bond, $500 7-30s, 525.00

Books, etc., $147.03; Athenaeum for Janitor, $104.00, . . 251.03
Sale of Publications, $636.32 ; Assessments, $970.00 . . 1,606.32

$2,521.33

137

NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE.

Debits.
Preservatives and Specimens, etc., ...... $136.83

Lectures, $144.00; Social Meeting, $218.48, .. . '. 362.48

$499.31
Credits.

Lectures, $155.50; Social Meeting, Dec. 3, $239.75, . . $395.25
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, $60.00 ; P. S. P. R. JR., $12.00, 72.00

Sundries, .......... 23.00

General account, .......... 9.06

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.

Debits.
Binding, ........... $150.00

GreHts,

Dividend Naumkeag Bank, ....... $20.00

Coupons Michigan Central R. R. Bond, ..... 38.00

General account, ......... 92.00

$150.00

The LIBRARIAN reported that the additions to the Library have been
as follows : —

Folios 7 ; Quartos 33, ......... 40

Octavos 725; Duodecimos, etc., 657, ..... 1,382

Pamphlets and Serials, ......... 2,622

Volumes of Newspapers, Folios, ...... 42

4,086

The above have been obtained, with few exceptions, by exchange
with editors and kindred institutions, and by donations from members
and friends of the Institution.

The largest donation was from Mrs. FIDELIA W. ARCHER, consist-
ing of 663 pamphlets, 266 serials, and 446 bound volumes, being a part
of the library of our late esteemed associate, Rev. S. M. Worcester,
D. D., of Salem, a valuable addition, and enabling us to complete sev-
eral of the serial publications in the Library.

Dr. BENJAMIN PICKMAN, of Boston, and AUGUSTUS PERRY, of Sa-
lem, have made valuable contributions.

The contributors may be classed as follows : —
General Government and its Departments, State and Municipal

Governments, and Societies, ....... 50

Editors, ...... ..... 12

Individuals, ........... 147

209

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX IN8T., VOL. V. 18 DEC., 1867.

138

The total number of different receipts from the above contributors
amounted to eight hundred and seventy.

If the plans in contemplation with the Trustees of the " Peabody
Fund " should be completed, more extensive accommodations will be
devoted to the Library, which is now required for the proper arrange-
ment of the books.

The SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM stated that over 13,000 spec-
imens had been added to the Natural History Department in 288 dona-
tions during the year. Sixty-six donations, embracing a large number
of specimens, have been made to the Historical Department. For
special mention of these various donations reference is made to the
quarterly printed lists ; but the Superintendent would call special at-
tention to the valuable aid received from the following gentlemen.
Prof. D. S. SHELDON, of Davenport, Iowa, has not only sent to the In-
stitute his whole collection of Plants and Western Shells, but has taken
special pains to collect for us the fresh- water Fishes, Crustaceans, In-
sects, and Shells of the vicinity of Burlington, Iowa. Mr. ALFRED S.
PEABODY, of Salem, has presented a collection of the skins of about
forty specimens of South African Birds, in good condition, also a num-
ber of Reptiles, Fishes, and other specimens in alcohol, from the
vicinity of Cape Town. To Mr. ROBERT E. C. STEARNS, of San Fran-
cisco, we are placed under great obligations for his continued interest
in our Museum, evinced by his generosity in sending several collec-
tions of Pacific Coast Shells, and specimens of Ores, Minerals, Fossils,
etc. We have also continued to receive specimens, principally of Ra-
diates and Crustaceans, from Panama and Long Island Sound, from
the MUSEUM OF YALE COLLEGE. Mr. JOHN H. SEARS, of Danvers, has
commenced making a collection of the nests and eggs of our local Birds,
much needed for the completion of the Ornithological collection of our
county.

Owing to the increase of the collection, and the great amount of
business attending the various operations of the Institute, not as many
duplicate specimens have been distributed during the past year as the
one preceding, though a number of boxes are gradually being filled for
our friends, and will be forwarded as soon as possible. The following
collections have been sent out during the year.

To Prof. A. E. VERRILL, Yale College, 67 species, 198 specimens of
Corals, from the Straits of Malacca, Hayti, Sandwich Islands, and
Zanzibar. Eleven species, twelve specimens of Echinoderms from va-
rious localities.

To Rev. A. B. KENDIG, Davenport, Iowa, seventy-nine species, of
several specimens each, of North American Shells, principally land and
fresh-water species.

139

The working corps of the Natural History Department has been
most satisfactorily increased by the addition Of Messrs. Morse, Pack-
ard, and Hyatt as officers of the Institute, and we thus have been ena-
bled, by a division of labor, to greatly enlarge our sphere of operations
and usefulness.

The munificent donation by Mr. Peabody for the advancement of
science in our county will undoubtedly be the means of placing the sci-
entific department on a permanent footing, and will prove an addi-
tional laurel to one whose name almost seems to be the talisman that
creates Museums, Libraries, Schools, and other aids for the promo-
tion of education and morality, and encourages them in their noble
work.

The following Officers were elected for the year ending May, 1868 :

President.
FEANCIS PEABODY.

Vice Presidents.

Natural History — SAMUEL P. FOWLER. History — A. C. GOODELL, jr.
Horticulture — ANDREW LACKEY.

Secretary and Treasurer.
HENRY WHEATLAND.

Librarian.

CHARLES DAVIS.

Superintendent of the Museum.

F. W. PUTNAM.

Finance Committee.

J. C. Lee, E. S. Eogers, H. M. Brooks, G. D. Phippen, J. Chamberlain.

Library Committee.
J. G. Waters, A. Crosby, H. J. Cross, G. D. Wildes, William Sutton.

Publication Committee.

A. C. Goodell, jr., G. D. Phippen, C. M. Tracy, Win. P. Upham, E. S.
Eantoul, F. W. Putnam, A. S. Packard.

Lecture Committee.

Francis Peabody, A. C. Goodell, jr., G. D. Phippen, George Perkins,
James Kimball, F. W. Putnam, A. Hyatt.

Field Meeting Committee.

Francis Peabody, G. B. Loring, C. M. Tracy, S. P. Fowler, J. M. Ives,
G. D. Wildes, E. N. Walton, Charles Davis, E. S. Morse.

140

Curators of Natural History Department.

Geology — Alpheus Hyatt. Mineralogy — D. M. Balch. Palaeontology
— H. F. King, Alpheus Hyatt. Botany — C.M.Tracy. Comparative
Anatomy — Henry Wheatland. Vertebrata — F. W. Putnam. Articu-
lata — J. H. Emerton, A. S. Packard. Mollusca — H. F.King, E. S.
Morse. Radiata — Caleb Cooke, E.S.Morse. Protozoa — Alpheus
Hyatt. Microscopy — H. F. King, H. F. Shepard, B. Webb, jr., Ed-
win Bicknel.

Curators of Historical Department.

Arclmology — G. P. Eussell. Ethnology — William S. Messervy, M.
A. Stickney, John Kobinson. Manuscripts — W. P. Upham, H. M.
Brooks. Fine Arts — Francis Peabody, J. G. Waters, J. A. Gillis.

Curators of Horticultural Department.

Fruits and Vegetables — J. M. Ives, J. S. Cabot, R. S. Rogers, John
Bertram, G. B. Loring, S. A. Merril, W. Maloon, G. F. Brown, C. H.
Norris, C. H. Higbee, W. D. Northend, J. F. Allen. Flowers — Fran-
cis Putnam, William Mack, Benj. A. West, Geo. D. Glover.

Mr. F. W. Putnam introduced the following resolves, which were
seconded by Mr. A. Hyatt, and adopted unanimously : —

Whereas, Professor L. AGASSIZ, during the last session of Congress,
by his successful and untiring efforts, procured the passage of a law
which enables scientific societies to obtain alcohol, used for the pres-
ervation of specimens of Natural History, free from the excise tax.

Be it Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute are due to
Professor AGASSIZ for this great benefit thus rendered in aid of scien-
tific research.

Resolved, That the Secretary be requested to transmit a copy of
these Resolutions to Professor AGASSIZ.

The following votes were then passed : —

Voted, That the Committee appointed at the meeting of the 4th of
March last, to receive proposals and confer with the Trustees of the
Peabody Fund, consider the expediency of depositing the Scientific
Collections of the Institute in the East India Marine Hall, on such
terms as they may legally make with the Trustees, and to report at
the next meeting.

Voted, That the Curators of Horticulture be authorized to hold ex-
hibitions of fruits, flowers, and vegetables, at such times and places
as may be desirable, and to adopt such regulations as may be requi-
site for the proper conducting of the same.

Daniel Henderson, Edwin R. Bigelow, C. A. Benjamin, and James
L. Ward, of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

141

FRIDAY, MAY 24, 1867. Special Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in ttie chair.
The following call of the meeting was read : —

SALEM, May 21, 1867.

"A Special Meeting of the Essex Institute will be held at their
rooms, in Plummer Hall, Salem, on Friday afternoon next, at 3 o'clock,
to act upon the report of the Committee on the removal of the Scien-
tific Collections of the Institute to the East India Marine Hall."

[Signed] H. WHEATLAND, Secretary.

The Committee of Conference with the Trustees .of the Peabody
Fund, offered the following Keport : —

ESSEX INSTITUTE, May 24, 1867.

Your Committee of seven members of the Institute, appointed to
confer with and receive proposals from the Trustees of the Peabody
Fund, ask permission to offer as their report the following communi-
cation received from the Trustees, and resolutions of this Committee :

SALEM, May 21, 1867.
F. W. PUTNAM, Esq., Chairman Com. of the Essex Institute,

DEAR SIR, — " After the full and satisfactory conference with your
Committee on Friday evening, in relation to the deposit of the Natu-
ral History collection of the Institute with the Trustees, the under-
signed, in behalf of the Trustees, submit the following proposal : —

The Trustees will take the collections and specimens in Natural
History of the Institute upon special and permanent deposit, place
them in East India Marine Hall, and keep them there or in a building
equally as good in Salem, arrange and label them as the deposit of the
Institute, and give to them the same care and attention which they
give to other collections and specimens deposited in the same place of
a similar character. The usual arrangement in regard to exchanges
of duplicates being observed, and due credit therefor being given to
the Institute. To the collections, when properly arranged in the said
Hall, the members of the Institute are to have access, and the same
privileges to study and examine the same which they now have under
the rules and regulations of the Institute. All the expenses of re-
moval, arrangement, and care to be borne by the Trustees.

The Trustees will also pay to the Institute the sum of one thousand
dollars for the ten table and upright cases, now standing in the Muse-
um of the Institute, and the shelving in the permanent cases of the
Museum, upon which a portion of the collection is now arranged.

Articles of agreement upon the above basis should be drawn and
executed by the parties.

In behalf of the Trustees the undersigned would repeat, what they
have before stated, that it will give the Trustees great pleasure thus
to cooperate with the Institute in a common object. It promises most
favorably for their future harmony of action, and seems to insure the
establishment of an institution, which, drawing its life and strength
from the well-earned position of the Institute, the zeal and activity of
its members, and the large and munificent gift of Mr. Peabody, will be
an honor to the county and a source of great benefit to its people.

142

It is hardly necessary to state in detail the action which the Trus-
tees intend to take. The arrangement of the Museum requiring at
once a large outlay, the 'erection, as soon as practicable, of a lec-
ture hall and laboratories for the chemical and natural history depart-
ments, and such other buildings as may be necessary. All this has
been stated in our conference with you.

And the undersigned will say in conclusion that the Trustees are
especially desirous of cooperating with the members of the Institute
in carrying out the great objects of their trust, in promoting some of
which in the past the Institute has attained so much distinction, and
hope that you will agree to the above proposal.

Very truly yours,"

[Signed] WM. C. ENDICOTT,

O. C. MARSH,
H. WHEATLAND.

Resolved, That the communication received from a Committee of
the Trustees of the Peabody Fund, duly authorized to represent that
body in the adjustment of terms for the transfer of the Scientific Col-
lections of the Essex Institute to the East India Marine Hall, covers a
proposal wholly acceptable to this Committee in its substance and
details.

Therefore Resolved, — That we will forthwith present the same to
a special meeting of the Essex Institute, to be called for the purpose,
on Friday, the 24th instant, with our unanimous approval and in-
dorsement.

All of which is respectfully submitted by your Committee,

F. W. PUTNAM, Chairman,

GEO. B. LORING,

WM. P. UPHAM,

R. S. RANTOUL- }- Committee.

CHARLES MANSFIELD,

H. M. BROOKS,

ALPHEUS HYATT,

The report of the Committee was accepted, and the following
votes were passed unanimously : —

Voted, That the Scientific Collections of the Institute be deposited
with the Trustees of the Peabody Fund, as proposed in the Report
of the Committee, and that a Committee of three be appointed to
carry out the plan, with full power to sign all papers necessary therefor
in behalf of the Institute,

Voted, That the same Committee be authorized to carry out all the
other details of the plan proposed by the Trustees, and have power to
sell the upright and table cases now in the centre of the large hall of
the Museum, and the painted shelving in the other cases in the same
room ; also, to make the same agreement extend to all future addi-
tions that may be hereafter made to the Natural History Collection.

SAMUEL P. FOWLER, HENRY F. KING, and ROBERT S. RANTOUL were
appointed as the Committee.

143

The following is a copy of the agreement made by-the Institute, through its
Committee of three, with the Trustees of the Peabocty Fund : —

" This agreement, made this twenty-ninth clay of May, A. D. eigh-
teen hundred and sixty-seven, by and between the Essex Institute, a
corporation duly established by law at Salem in the county of Essex
and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, party of the first part, and Fran-
cis Peabody, Asa Gray, William C. Endicott, Othniel C. Marsh, George
Peabody Russell, Henry Wheatland, Abner C. Goodell, jr., James R.
Nichols, and Henry C. Perkins, trustees as hereinafter, named, parties
of the second part, witnesseth, —

That whereas the said parties of the second part have been ap-
pointed trustees under a certain instrument of trust, given by George
Peabody, Esq., on the 26th day of February, A. D. eighteen hundred
and sixty-seven, for the objects and purposes therein named, and for
said purposes are empowered to make arrangements and agreements
with the said Essex Institute.

Now, therefore, it is agreed by and between the parties hereto, in
consideration of the foregoing and of the mutual agreements and un-
dertakings herein recited, that the scientific collections of the said
Essex Institute shall be deposited with said trustees, upon a special,
permanent deposit and trust, to be kept by them and their successors
forever in the East India Marine Hall, so called, in said city of Salem,
or in some other building equally as good, and located in said city ;
said scientific collections to be properly cared for and arranged ac-
cording to such methods as shall, in the judgment of said trustees,
make them most available for the benefit and instruction of the public,
and to receive the same attention which the said trustees may give to
other collections and specimens of a similar character which they may
at any time hold or acquire ; to be labelled with the name and as the
collections of the Essex Institute, and catalogued as such ; that all
specimens similar to those forming the collections now deposited by
the Institute, which may hereafter be received by the Institute, shall
be deposited with said trustees, and shall be by them received and
treated in all respects like specimens in the original deposit ; that du-
plicates now embraced, or hereafter to be embraced in said collections,
and any specimens which may become duplicate, by the placing of said
collections in the same building with other collections of like nature,
may be exchanged by said trustees according to the usual custom of
exchanges of duplicates ; and all articles and specimens received in
exchange therefor shall be labelled and catalogued as aforesaid, and
shall be held and kept by the said trustees and their successors for-
ever, together with the original deposit of which they shall become a

144

part, for the promotion of science and useful knowledge among the
inhabitants of the County of Essex.

And it is further agreed, that upon the rearrangement of the said
collections by the said trustees as aforesaid, the officers and members
of the Essex Institute shall have free access to, and the same rights
and facilities to use, study and improve their said collections, under
such proper regulations as may be imposed by said trustees, which
they now enjoy under the rules and regulations of the Institute ; and
it is farther agreed that if any difference of opinion shall arise be-
tween the parties hereto as to the manner of carrying out this agree-
ment, and the parties hereto are unable to agree, such difference shall
be referred to the decision of three disinterested persons whose decis-
ion in the premises shall be final. And to the carrying out of each and
all of the agreements and undertakings herein set forth, the parties of
the first and second part bind themselves and their successors firmly
by these presents.

In witness whereof the said Essex Institute, party of the first part,
hath caused these presents to be executed in its name and its corpo-
rate seal to be affixed to the same by Samuel P. Fowler, Henry F.
King, and Eobert S. Eantoul, thereto being duly authorized by a vote
of said corporation, a copy whereof is hereto annexed.*

And the said trustees, parties of the second part, have severally
affixed their hands and seals."
The Essex Institute by

SAM'L P. FOWLER, ^

HENRY F. KING, USeal of the Essex Institute.]

ROBERT S. RANTOUL, J

[Signed] FRANCIS PEABODY, [L. 8.]

ASA GRAY, [L. 8.]

WM. C. ENDICOTT, [L. s.]

O. C. MARSH, [L. 8.]

GEO. PEABODY RUSSELL, [L. s.]
HENRY WHEATLAND, [L. 8.]

ABNER C. GOODELL, JR., [L. s.]
JAS. R. NICHOLS, [L. s.]

H. C. PERKINS, [L. s.]

MONDAY, JUNE 17, 1867. Regular Meeting.

Judge WATERS in the chair.

Henri F. Woods, of Rockport ; Jesse Robbins, N. A. Very, Alfred
S. Peabody, and Temple Hardy, of Salem, were elected Resident Mem-
bers.

* See vote on page 142.

HYATT, OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 145

VIII. Observations on Poly zoa. Suborder Phylactolcemata.
BY ALPHEUS HYATT.

[Continued from page 112.]

(4) The fourth, or epithelial layer envelopes the
canal, as a whole, but is not adherent to the exterior. It
passes in a straight line over the depression between the
oesophagus and stomach, and is carried from the oesopha-
gus to the intestine with but a slight anterior flexure
(PI. 10, fig. 1, PL 11, fig. 1). This adaptability of the
fourth layer shows that it is accompanied by the same
longitudinal muscular fibres which were observed to be as-
sociated with it in the endocyst of the polypide, and in
the ccencecium.

During the retraction of the polypide of Pectin atella
the alimentary canal is bent upon itself towards the ab-
dominal side, and the fourth layer contracts, so that when
viewed laterally it appears in a straight line spanning the
space between the lower portion of the oesophagus and the
end of the stomach (PI. 9, fig. 13, J"").

Allman defines three layers in the stomach; (1) an
internal layer of easily separable spherical cells, filled with
colorless fluids, in which float secondary cells with yellow-
ish brown contents ; (2) a more compact layer of smaller
simple cells with colorless contents and brilliant nuclei ;
and (3) a thin membrane of an undoubtedly cellular
structure. Of this last he says, "Delicate circular strise
may generally be distinctly observed in it ; 'they may be
seen surrounding the stomach, and are probably muscular
fibres ; they become less distinct as we ascend towards the
oesophagus, and totally disappear from this tube and from
the rectum."

The same author describes but two cesophagal mem-
branes, which he considers the equivalents of the middle
and external layers of the stomach. Although greatly
advancing our knowledge of the tissues, this experienced
observer did not see the fourth membrane, and failed in
tracing his first membrane, equivalent to my first two, in
the oesophagus, where, according to the description given
above, it is quite as distinct as in the stomach, cliffer-

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 20 AUG., 1867.

146 HYATT,

inof, however, in having cells with contents of a lighter

C ' O O

color,

My observations with regard to the universality of the
transverse striae are confirmed by Hancock, who found
them in both the stomach and oesophagus ; whereas All-
inau, in the sentence just quoted, thinks that they are absent
in the latter and in the walls of the intestine.

The digestive canal is simpler than in many of the low-
er polyzoa ; it has neither the crop of Laguncula, or the
ccecal appendages of Flustra, and is without special organs
of secretion, except in so far as their places may be supplied
by the cells of the first membrane.

The oesophagus is an open cylindrical cavity, invaria-
bly shorter and narrower than the stomach, the lower por-
tion somewhat enlarged, the oral or upper part funnel
shaped and ciliated (PL 7, fig. 5, PL 11, fig. 1, PL 12,
fig. 1, K) . The stomach may be typically considered as a
single tubular cavity Avith an anterior flexure near the
pyloric end, and the anterior side of this flexure prolonged
into a gourd-like ccecum of great size and length (PL 7,
fig. 5, PL 11, fig. 1, PL 12, fig. 1 K').

The intestine varies more in form than either the
oesophagus or stomach, but is universally broad below and
tapering towards the anus (PL 7, fig. 5, PL 11, fig. 1,
PL 12, fig. 1, K").

Two valves intercept free communication between the
gastric cavity, and the oesophagus, and intestine (PL 7,
fig. 5, PL 11, fig. 1, PL 12, fig. 1, K'", K"").

The first of these, the cardiac, or QEsophagal Valve, is a
perforated coniform projection of the walls of the canal at
the point of union between the oesophagus and stomach.
The longer part being within the cavity of the stomach,
and the apex directed anteriorly, it is usually sufficiently
strong to1 prevent the regurgitation of the food. The
second, the pyloric, or Intestinal Valve, has a similar struc-
ture, but is not so thick, and forms a flat partition between
the two compartments.

The reception and elimination of nutritious material
by this simple apparatus is among the most striking of
the phenomena exhibited in the structure of these animals.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 147

The food is gathered in the funnel-shaped part of the
oesophagus until the increase in bulk enables the transverse
muscular fibre of the third membrane to act. It is thence
carried rapidly into the stomach by a peristaltic motion
of the walls, the dividing valve opening for its admis-
sion.

The peristaltic motions still continuing push it to the
fundus of the coecum, and then passing over it reverse the di-
rection of the motions, sweeping the whole mass back again
to the cesophagal valve. Thus the food is alternately
rolled from one end of the stomach to the other, or, rather,
from what may be homologically designated the centre of
the anterior side to the cesophagal end. Occasionally when
transported with extraordinary violence against the upper
barrier the valve gives way, becoming inverted, and the
food pours into the oesophagus. It never , however, reaches
the mouth, being invariably and almost instantly restored
to the stomach.

The momentary pause of the annular wave at the an-
terior end of the huge coecum and the fading out of the
longitudinal rugse and deep brown color of the internal
layer in this part, induced Prof. Allman to describe it as
differing in structure and function from the rest of the
stomach. The fundus of the coecum, however, resembles
in these features, except in so far as they are modified to
accord with its rounded surface, the intestinal and oesoph-
agal extremities. The pause of the " hour-glass constric-
tion," momentarily separating this region of the cavity, is
consequent upon the large size of the cavity, and the peri-
staltic motions of the walls. These following up the food
jam it against the bottom and cause a globular distension,
which the contractile energy of the muscles cannot over-
come until the diameter of the swelling is lessened ; and
while this is being effected by the forced return of part
of the contents through the neck of the hour-glass, the
anterior motion of the wave is necessarily arrested
and a delusive aspect of permanence given to the constric-
tion, which it does not really possess. Similar globular
distensions do not characterize the posterior region of the
stomach, because of the smaller diameter of that part, and

148 HYATT,

the weakness of the valve, which gives way before unusual
pressure.

The eliminated nutriment transudes through the mem-
branes of the stomach and intestine into the perigastric
chamber, and there mingling with the circulating medium
is conveyed by it to all parts of the body.

The residuum of the digested food is admitted grad-
ually to the intestine through the intestinal valve, and as-
suming a more solid appearance, it is slowly discharged
from the anus by the agency of the transverse parietal
muscles.

These excrements are oval, and compounded of brown-
ish colored refuse cemented by transparent gelatinous mat-
ter. They correspond in shape with the intestine, and have
diiferent forms according to the genus of the species, from
which they are thrown off, being very much elongated in
Fredericella, broader in proportion to the length in Pluma-
tella, and very broad in Pectinatella, thus agreeing exactly
with the gradual increase in the transverse diameter of the
intestine from Fredericella to Pectinatella. In Cristatella
they were not closely observed, but probably are more or
less flattened in correspondence with the very flat intestine

of that genus .

CIRCULATION.

The interior of the polypide and ccemBcium is filled
with a colorless fluid which is kept in circulation by the
cilia on the epithelial membrane. They cover the entire
surface of the endocyst, including the ceiling of the lopho-
phore ; but, as previously observed by Professor All-
man, do not occur upon the alimentary canal. There are
two principal currents maintained in each polypide by
these cilia, one passes posteriorly along the dorsal side,
enters the arms, and, being deflected upon itself at their
extremities, courses along the ceiling of the lophophore,
and returns to the ccenoecium along the ventral side.
These currents can be readily observed by the aid of
the numerous organisms, many of them probably para-
sitic, which float in the fluid, sometimes in such num-
bers as to interfere with the examination of the inter-

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 149

nal structures. The intimate composition of the circula-
tory fluid is not accurately known, although supposed by
Prof. Allman to consist mainly of water charged with the
chyliferous exudations of the alimentary canal. This is
the most reasonable view, though it is not known by what
means the water enters the coenoacial cavity. Prof. All-
man observed, that the cosncecium of Lophopus and Cris-
tatella readily emptied themselves when taken out of
water, and I have observed the same phenomenon in Plu-
rnatella vitra, which like Lophopus has a soft ectocyst.

The ccenoecia of these species, when exposed for any
length of time, shrink to an almost imperceptible film, but
upon being again returned to the water they expand to
their former dimensions. The dessication must have been
occasioned by the flow of fluid through the pores of the
co3ncecial endocyst and the superincumbent ectocyst, since
all the polypides were closely retracted. These facts
show, that it is not necessary to look for an explanation
of the admission of the water to any specialized orifices in
the evaginable endocyst of polypide, but that in all prob-
ability the entire endocyst is pierced to a greater or less
degree. by aquiferous pores. These, however, in common
with other observers who have sought for them, I have
failed to detect.

RESPIRATION.

Our knowledge of this function and of the organs by
which it is performed is also very limited.

Beyond the very probable fact that the tentacles are
the principal respiratory organ, but little is definitely
known. The structure of the first membrane of the en-
docyst investing them, covered as it is with cilia, and the
homological identity of these parts with the well-known
respiratory fringes of the Brachiopoda and the respiratory
sack of the Ascidia show them to have similar functions.
The first membrane, however, also extends over the ex-
ternal surface of the entire colony, and, although devoid
of cilia, probably aids in aerating the circulating medium,
whenever it is uncovered by the ectocyst. The admission
of water to the interior is another means for keeping the

150 HTATT,

blood in a healthy state. It would be exceedingly inter-
esting to determine precisely what part each of these
plays in the aeration of the blood, but so far nothing has
been done towards so desirable an end.

HOMOLOGIES.

A Polyzooid, reduced to its simplest form, is a closed
sac, the walls bent inwards forming an annular fold divid-
ing the neural or posterior region from the reproductive
or anterior region. The posterior end bears the lopho-
phore, a disk bordered by the tentacular organs of respi-
ration and prehension, and perforated by a circular eden-
tulous mouth, from which hangs the digestive system in
the antero-posterior axis of the sac beneath. The alimen-
tary canal has a simple, dorsal flexure, the anus opening
on the dorsal side near the mouth.

Animal compound ; nervous system compound, each
zooid furnished with two large dorsal ganglia ; * principal
muscles distributed in pairs on either side, attached pos-
teriorly to the alimentary canal and lophophore, and an-
teriorly to the walls of the reproductive region ; circula-
tion unconfined by special vessels ; reproduction takes
place by buds and by the ova.

Many malacologists consider the Polyzoa more nearly
related to the Ascidia than to the Brachiopoda. The
class characters of the Brachiopoda, however, and the
special homologies, which may be traced between the
organs of a Brachiopod and those of a Polyzooid, show
closer affinities than exist between the last and an Ascidi-
ian. The higher Brachiopoda, such as Terebratula and
Khynconella, have the respiratory tentacles similarly sit-
uated around the disk, or lophophore, which is perforated
at the centre by the mouth, and from which the alimentary
canal hangs in the visceral sac beneath, the mouth and
anus approximate, the canal having a dorsal flexure.

The extension of the lophophore into two or three spi-
riform arms, the complex structure of the tentacles and

* The existence of a complete nervous collar is doubtful.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 151

of the muscular and nervous systems are all more or less
foreshadowed by the condition of these systems among
the higher Polyzoa.

Hancock, in his admirable memoir on the structure of
the Brachiopoda, has described with great clearness the
different steps in the complication of the arms. Begin-
ning with their simplest aspect in Fredericella, and tracing
them to Plumatella, he shows, that, if the tentacles of
the latter were approximated, forming a double line on
one side, and the arms elongated and twisted spirally,
they would be essentially like those of the spiral armed
Brachiopods.* In the same memoir he also homologizes
the retractor and opercular muscles of Paludicella with
the adjuster muscles of the Brachiopod on account of their
similar functions, and the parietal band of the former
genus with the parietal muscles of Liugula.

Although I regard functional resemblances as having
but little weight in determining homologies, especially
where organs, as in the case of the muscles, necessarily
change their special office with every change in the posi-
tion of the bases of attachment, I, nevertheless, agree
with Mr. Hancock in his homologies with the exception of
the retractors. These, as I shall presently endeavor to
show, are the homologues of the occlusor and divaricator
muscles of the Brachiopod.

Huxley, in his comprehensive article on the Molluscail
Archetype, compares an Avicularian with a Brachiopod,
remarking the sameness in the position, proportions, and
articulations of the valves, and of the divaricator and oc-
clusor muscles in both. He also agrees with Mr. Han-
cock in regarding the arms of the Polyzooid and Brachio-
pod as identical, but shows that they grow in opposite di-
rections, f This opposition is better understood if we
begin our comparison by imagining the Terebratula to be,
as it really is, comparable with a permanently mvaginated
Polyzooid, and endeavor to modify an invaginated Pluma-
tella accordingly. For this purpose the lophophore of

* Hancock. Brachiopoda. Phil. Trans. 1858, also Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1850, p. 198.

t Huxley. Encyclopedia, Art. Mollusca.

152 HYATT,

the Plumatella must be rotated anteriorly until it is par-
allel, as in the Brachiopoda, with the antero-posterior
axis of the body ; and this rotation must be towards the
dorsal side, since upon this side lie the anus and the prin-
cipal ganglia in both animals. After this operation is
effected, there is no longer any room for the growth of
the arms anteriorly, and they must extend, if developed
at all, from the free posterior side of the disk.

The nearest approach to the Ascidian that can be at-
tained by modifying, in a somewhat similar manner, the
organization of a Polyzooid, is very clearly exhibited by
Prof. Allman in two imaginary sections taken respectively
from a Clavellma and a Plumatella.* He has faithfully
preserved the natural peculiarities of the Polyzooid, and
the comparison of these figures beautifully illustrates his
homologies. Nevertheless, they do not appear to prove
so close a resemblance as we have just shown to exist be-
tween the Terebratula and Plumatella. The arms, the
single orifice, the tentacles, the lophophore, and the sim-
ple dorsal flexure of the alimentary canal, are necessarily
retained in his diagram of the Plumatella. All of these
are incompatible with the structure of the Ascidian, the
general characters of the homologues of these parts in the
latter being widely different. The flexure of the alimen-
tary canal in the Ascidian is not simple but twisted on
itself, the first flexure being towards the ventral instead
of towards the dorsal side as among Polyzoa ; and the only
genus, Appendicularia, in which the canal has a simple
flexure, as in Polyzoa, has the intestinal opening on the
ventral instead of the dorsal side. The lophophore,
fringed with tentacles and prolonged into brachial appen-
dages, is also so obscurely represented, that it becomes
difficult to trace out the homological parts. The construc-
tion of the sieve-like gill-sac of the Ascidian with its two
orifices for the admission of pure water, and its emission
mixed with the excrements, after passing through the
meshes of the respiratory bars, could only be imitated in
a diagram of a Polyzoon by radically altering the struc-
ture of the type.

* Allman, Op. cit.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 153

We are, also, obliged to abandon any comparison be-
tween the muscular systems, which, although so compli-
cated and prominent in the polyzoon, is entirely wanting
in the Ascidian.

No such radical differences occur in the Brachiopod.
It is only necessary to shift the positions of the various
organs and follow out to their consummation in the higher
group the structural changes indicated in the prototypical
Polyzoon. The arms, the lophophore, the tentacles, the
muscles, the simple dorsal flexure of the alimentary canal
are all present, and occupy about the same relative posi-
tions.

By means of his diagrams Prof. Allman proves, that
the organs of the Plumatella, equivalent to those of
Clavellina, are respectively as follows : the ectocyst to the
external tunic, the endocyst to the internal tunic, the
calyx to the investing membrane of the branchial sac.
the tentacles to the transverse respiratory bars of the
branchial sac, the epistome to the " languettes."

Besides the homologies already quoted from Hancock
and Huxley, I may add that the ectocyst, and endocyst
also, are found in the Brachiopod.

If a section of a Terebratula be made along the autero-
posterior axis, and compared with a similar section of an
invaginated Polyzooid, the number of tunics are the same.
The shell is identical with the ectocyst, and has besides
the columnar structure of the columnar, calcareous ecto-
cyst of Eschara, which is similarly perforated by minute
follicles.*

The mantle proper lining the shell is the same as the
endocyst, which carpets the interior of the ectocyst in
Polyzoon, and the inner side of the mantle corresponds to
the invaginated polypidal endocyst, or tentacular sheath,

* Milne Edwards. Ann. des Sciences Nat., vol. 6, 183G. The As-
cidia, also, have similar processes, but these have afferent and efferent
canals, and, as Dr. Carpenter in the Proc. Eoyal Soc., vol. 7, p. 36,
1854, has pointed out, they do not resemble them closely in structure.
The coecal tubes of Terebratula, according to Hancock (Op. cit.), are
only prolongations of the outer membrane, whereas those of Eschara
open into the visceral cavity ; thus neither in Ascidia or in Brachiopoda
are they closely alike, although probably homologous organs in both.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. V. 21 AUG., 1867.

154 HYATT,

the mouth of the shell being but an indefinitely widened
cosnoecial orifice. The innermost membrane of the man-
tle surrounds the digestive organs of the Terebratula form-
ing large blood sinuses on the O3sophagus very much as it-
does in the cavity of Pectinatella, except that in the last
no blood sinuses are defined.

The lophophore of Terebratula bends upwards at the
base of the tentacles into a muscular ridge which incloses
the mouth passing round it on the posterior side. This
serves to convey the threads of food to the mouth, and
would be the homologue of the epistome if it were
properly situated.

The epistome of Plumatella is immediately over the
ganglia and between the anus and mouth, whereas this
fold, which so nearly resembles it in other respects, is on
the opposite side of the mouth, and cannot, therefore, be
its equivalent. It may be the homologue of the calyx,
which has the same position with reference to the tenta-
cles, and is, in like manner, a fold of the lophophore.
Where there is such divergence in structure, however,
the only conclusive facts are to be found in embryology,
and until the solution of this difficulty is sought by the
study of development, it will be difficult to determine,
whether an organ corresponding to the calyx exists or not
among the Brachiopoda.

The muscles of the Terebratulse are in three sets, the
occlusors, the divaricators, and the adjusters.* These
sets are placed with 'reference to the alimentary canal
and to each other as follows : the occlusors next to the
canal, the divaricators intermediate, and the adjusters
outside. These are their normal positions within the
visceral cavity as .determined by their bases of attach-
ment. The ventral (dorsal) bases of the lower pair of
adjusters are inside of the ventral bases of the occlusors ;
but this is not their normal condition, since the dorsal or
corresponding pair of adjusters on the dorsal (ventral)
side, the pedicle ends in all the allied genera, and the
whole length of the ventral pair in Waldheimia australis

* Hancock, Op. cit.

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 155

and Ehynchonella psittacea may be looked upon as rela-
tively outside of the divaricators.

The similarity between these three sets and the
retractors and retentors of a Plumatella may be readily
shown, if we bear in mind that the invaginated specimen
compared on page 151 with a Brachiopod was rotated
towards the dorsal side. If we suppose that only the
muscles attached to the lophophore, the retractors, par-
took of -its rotation, it is evident, that the posterior
lophophoric extremities of the retractors became dorsal,
and the anterior ventral, while the retentors were left
comparatively unchanged, running in the direction of the
antero-posterior axis.

The occlusors of Terebratula are in two distinct pairs
on the ventral side, but each lateral pair blends into
one stock and inclines inwards as it passes dorsally, and
they have the alimentary canal between them. The gastric
and oesophagal retractors of Plumatella make up two
distinct pairs more or less intimately connected through-
out, but widely separated at the anterior end, and inclin-
ing towards each other as they pass posteriorly ; they
also have the alimentary canal between them.

The divaricators of Terebratula are an independent
pair next to the occlusors, spread out, however, in allied
forms into two pairs on the dorsal side.

The brachial retractors of Plumatella are also an
independent pair, spread out into numerous fibres at the
posterior end, and closely gathered together below, and
are next to the oasophageal.

The adjusters are in four pairs, arranged in nearly
parallel bauds outside of all the other muscles, and run
towards the posterior end.

The retentors of Plumatella are arranged in nearly
parallel bands, but are not separated into pairs because
the co3ncecial orifice is not Widened laterally, and, there-
fore, does not divide them into a dorsal and ventral set
as in Terebratula. They are also outside of all the
other muscles, and run towards the posterior end.

Mr. Hancock, as previously 'remarked,* also homolo-

* Hancock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1850.

156 HYATT,

gizes the parietal muscles of Paludicella with the parietal
muscles of Lingula.

The parietal muscles of the former genus are merely
local developments of the transverse muscular fibres of
the third layer similar to the less prominent bands occa-
sioning the annular folds in the ccencecium of Pluma-
tella (PI. 8, fig. 10). Mr. Hancock, although he has
pointed out the identity of the adjusters of the Brachio-
pod with the so-called opercular muscles (retentors) of
Bowerbankia and Paludicella, denies the existence of the
opercular muscles in Fredericella. He describes and
figures the retentors, but does not consider them, al-
though similarly situated in the neighborhood of the
orifice, to be the equivalents of the opercular muscles of
Bowerbankia and Paludicella on account of their great
functional divergence. I have failed to find any great
functional divergence between the muscles of the orifice
in Paludicella and Fredericella. The only difference
between them appears to be, that in Paludicella they are
fewer in number and retain two folds of the endocyst
from complete evagination instead of one, and in Bower-
bankia they do not retain any fold, only becoming active
when the polypide is invaginated. They perform nearly
about the same function in all these genera, the invasrina-

o 7 o

tion of the lower part of the evaginable endocyst, the
differences are those of degree only.

Facts of position, being always of determinate value,
are more reliable than functional resemblances, however
close they may be ; for although the latter often afford
a clue to the true homology, they furnish, in the present
state of our knowledge, but a very precarious means for
estimating the degree of similarity between the parts of
different animals. Functionally, for example, the mus-
cles of an Avicularian are as widely separable from those
of the normal forms on the same stock, as the occlusors
and divaricators of the Brachiopod from the retractors of
the Polyzooid. They open and close the valv se of a
shell instead of retracting a polypide. Such an extrava-
gant divergence between identical organs in two zooids
of the same compound form is decisive against the adop-

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 157

tion of similarity in function as a criterion for the
decision of homologies.

o

The development of the Ascidia has been deemed
closely analogous to the development of the Polyzoa, and
the separation of the walls of the branchial cavity from
those of the surrounding thoracic chamber in Ascidia has
been compared by Prof. Allman with the growth of the
lophophore in Polyzoa.

The recent investigations of Fritz Miiller show, that
at one period of its life the Brachiopod has four arms or
tentacles arranged in a radiatory manner about the mouth.
These parts are borne upon a retractile proboscis, which
has some resemblance to the evaginable tube of a Poly-
zoon.*

His researches, however, did not extend to the earliest-
periods of growth, and it remains to be seen how far
these resemblances are matters of affinity or analogy, and
to what degree the young of the Brachiopod really re-
peats the peculiarities of the adult Polyzooid.

EXPLANATION OF TABLE.

The three systems, as they are presented in the synop-
sis, may be read in two ways, either with regard to the
mutual connection of organs in the individual, or with
regard to their serial relations in the group. Thus by
reading from the top to the bottom of any one column, a
view of the structure both of the genus and of the indi-
vidual is obtainable, the organs being described in regu-
lar order, according to their place in the body, from the
anterior to the posterior pole. Or, by reading from left
to right in the usual manner, an organ or a system may
be traced through its entire series of changes in the differ-
ent genera, until we reach Cristatella.

This table was made at the commencement of my in-
vestigations, with no intention of publishing it until a

* Fritz Miiller, Archiv. fiir Anat. Reichart et Du Bois Raymond,
p. 72, 1860.

158 HYATT,

very full list of species had been consulted ; but the re-
sults so much surpassed my anticipations, that I have
given it now, hoping the logical sequence of the whole,,
rather than the perfection of the details, would justify its
introduction in this place.

The genus Lophopus i& omitted with the exception
of the "Ccenrecial Characters," which are quoted from
various European authors, every effort on my part to find
or obtain a single specimen having been unsuccessful.
Nevertheless, the Pectinatella on one side, and the Pluma-
tella on the other, show very plainly that it must have an
intermediate character with regard to the polypide and
the parts omitted. The following pages are intended as-
an explanation of the characteristics noted in the table,,
and should be read in connection with it.

CGENCECIAL SYSTEM.
CCENCECIUM.

Single or radiatory. The young colony of any one
species of Fredericella may have (1) two or more poly-
pides growing in opposite directions and simultaneously
branching, or (2) they may spring from one polypide
alone. (1) In this way a colony arises growing equally
from the centre, with at least two compound branches,
the polypides turning the open side of the lophophoric
crescent toward the centre, and is truly radiatory. (2)
By the last method, however, only one compound branch
is formed, and the colony is one-sided or single. Freder-
icella Walcotii has, perhaps, fewer radiatory colonies
than any other species of that genus, Fredericella Pul-
cherrima and Fredericella regiua being very generally
radiatory. There are, nevertheless, many single colonies
in both of the last-named species, but they are not so fre-
quently met with as the truly radiatory coenoecia.

The single colonies mingle more or less with the radi-
atory in all four of the American Plumatellas. The first
are most numerous and constant in variety a of Pluma-
tella vitrea.

All the figures of Lophopus crystallinus are radiatory,

OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 159

but it cannot be said with certainty, that all the individ-
uals of the species are the same, since no direct observa-
tions have been made upon this character. Perfect radia-
tion is essential to the structure of Pectinatella and Cris-
tatella, The internal divisions, and the regular outlines
of the coeno3cia give a more decided radiation to the colo-
nies of Pectinatella and Cristatella than to those of pre-
ceding genera.

This more perfectly radiatory arrangement is directly
traceable to the larger number of buds developed from
the original cell, since instead of one or two buds as in
Fredericella, there are five or more which spring from the
walls of the primary cells in Pectinatella, and in Crista-
tella probably even a larger number. This radiatory
character, therefore, which distinguishes individual varie-
ties in Fredericella and Plumatella, is of generic value
in Pectinatella and Cristatella.

Adherent. The hardness of the ectocyst determines
the tenacity with which the branches cling to surfaces.
The brown, horny ectocyst of the Fredericellaa anchor
them very firmly ; but there are some transparent colo-
nies in this genus, and these are not so strongly fastened ;
in Fredericella pulcherrima the latter are quite numerous.
Among the Plumatellse there are more or less of the
transparent colonies in every variety, and Plumatella
vesicularis and P. vitrea have, in all cases, transparent
ectocysts.

According to Prof. Allman, the gelatinous ectocyst of
Lophopus is easily detached, and the ectocysts of Pectin-
atella or Cristatella are by no means as tenacious of their
hold upon the surface as the ordinary brown ectocyst of
the Plumatellse. The hardness of the ectocyst, also, de-
termines the tenacity with which it and the endocyst cling
together. In Pecfmatella" the endocyst readily separates
from the gelatinous base, and Cristatella moves freely
upon the surface of its own ectocyst. The ectocyst and
endocyst of variety c of Plumatella vitrea invariably sep-
arate when treated with alcohol. In the brown varieties
of Fredericella and Plumatella such a rupture is much
more difficult to accomplish.

160 HYATT,

Thus the adherence of the endocyst to the ectocyst, and
the adherence of the latter to the surface, both depend
upon the gelatinous nature of the ectocyst, which, as we
have just seen, is characteristic of varieties in Fredericella
of some species in Plumatella, and of the genus in Pectiu-
atella and Cristatella.

Natural position erect or horizontal. The single col-
onies in any species of Fredericella are as apt to have
free and erect branches, as to have them wholly attached
and horizontal. The free branches, however, are rarely
seen in Plumatella arethusa, and I have not observed
them in P. diffusa, vesicularis, and vitrea, though it is
quite probable that they may be found more or less in the
brown variety of P. diffusa. They are also, doubtless,
found in P. nitida, which is a luxuriant growth.

Lophopus, both in this country and in Europe, is erect.
Pectinatella and Cristatella are invariably horizontal.
The position of the branches is therefore of generic value
in the last three genera, and of variable value in Frederi-
cella and Plumatella.

Branching. I have not yet found an adult colony
without branches either in Fredericella or Plumatella.
There are, however, very few branches on the colonies of
variety b of Plumatella vitrea.

Although the number of branches and branchlets in
the two lower genera are often less, they are, in the ma-
jority of the full-grown individuals, more numerous,
amounting in some specimens of P. Arethusa, P. diffusa,
and P. vesicularis to over fifty ; and in variety c, of Fred-
ericella Regina and P. Arethusa, they probably reach
hundreds.

The lobes of Pectinatella rarely exceed ten, with about
two or three branchlets to each, making in all thirty
branches large and small.

The indefinite multiplication of the branches in Pec-
tinatella is prevented by the frequency of self-division,
which limits the size of the colonies, while greatly in-
creasing their number. In Cristatella this characteristic
disappears.

MANN, FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 161

IX. Flora of the Haivaiiam, Islands,

BY HORACE MANN.
^Continued from page 144.]

Petals 5, convolute in aestivation. Stamens as many, or twice or
thrice as many as the petals (or in one group 8). — A diversified order
including several well-defined tribes, of which those represented with
us are distinguished as follows : —

GERANIE/E. Flowers regular, or nearly so. Five glands alternate
with the petals. Stamens equal in number, or 2 - 3 times as many as
the petals. Ovary of five 2-ovulecl carpels, attached to the base of an
elongated axis, to which the styles cohere. In fruit the distinct one-
seeded carpels separate from the axis, by the curling back of the per-
sistent indurated style from the base upwards. Embryo filling the
seed (no albumen). — Largely represented in gardens by the so-called
Geraniums which belong to the Cape of Good Hope genus Pelargonium,
which has slightly irregular flowers,

TROPJEOLE^E. Flowers very irregular. The lower sepal spurred.
The two upper petals remote from the 3 lower, which are stalked.
Stamens 8. — Leaves peltate. Only represented with us by the genus
Tropceolum, or the Garden Nasturtium of South America, in cultiva-
tion.

OXAIJDE^E. Flowers regular. Glands none. Stigmas capitate«
Ovary forming in fruit a flvc-lobed and five-celled and many-seeded
capsule. — Leaves compound.

1. GERANIUM Linn.

Flowers regular. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous. Glands 5, al-
ternate with the petals. Stamens 10, all anther-bearing or very rarely
5 without anthers, free or connate at the base. Ovary 5-celled, beaked,
the beak split into 5 styles with longitudinally stigmatic apexes.
Ovules 2 in each cell. Lobes of the capsule 1-seeded, septifragally
dehiscent from the placentiferous axis, the end elastically rolling up
from base to apex. Seeds without albumen : embryo with the radicle
induplicately folded into the cotyledons, or incumbent upon them. —
Herbs, rarely shrubs (in one case a small tree). Branches swollen at
the nodes. Leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate, toothed or palmate,
or rarely pinnately lobed and cut. Peduncles axillary, 1-2-rarely
many-flowered.

Subgenus, NEUKOPHYLLODES : peduncles often many-flowered ; sta-
mens wholly or nearly separate ; leaves all alternate, ovate-cuneate,
and nervose. — A remarkable group of plants, peculiar to the Hawaiian
Islands, all shrubby, and one a small tree. They are distinguished

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 22 SEPT., 1867.

162 MANN,

from all other Geraniums by their wedge-shaped or oval and parallel-
nerved leaves.

A large genus, found throughout the temperate regions, and in the mountains of the
tropics iu some parts of the globe.
Leaves green, softly hairy.

es ovate, obtuse, cuneate at fee base, ......... 1. G. multiflorum.

Lea
Lea

Leaves

•s ovate-acuminate, cordate at the base, • 4. G. arboreum.

ilky-canescent on both sides, or glabrate.

es ovate, and serrate at the apex and on the sides, . , . . . 3. G. ovati/olium.

es cuneate, serrate at the apex, and entire on the sides, . . . 2. G. cuneatum.

1. G. MULTIFLORUM Gray. (Enum. No. 60.) An undershrub ; the
branches, peduncles, leaves, &c., softly pubescent with fine and spread-
ing hairs. Leaves approximate, membranaceous, roundish-obovate,
1^' long, 1' or more wide, coarsely toothed except the more or less
euneate base, green on both sides, 7-9-nerved from the base, the
nerves more or less forked, and connected by anastomozing veinlets.
Petioles £' - 1' long. Stipules setaceous-subulate from a dilated and
connate-clasping base, minutely ciliate, scarious, brownish, 4" -5"
long. Peduncle becoming lateral by the growth of the branch, elon-
gated (3' long), bibracteolate at the middle and at the summit, where
it branches into a repeatedly trichotomous, open, loose, and many-
flowered cyme. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, subulate, scarious. Inter-
nodes of the cyme i'-l'loug; pedicels 1"- 3" long, erect in flower
and fruit. Sepals pubescent, ovate-oblong, mucronate, 3" -4" long.
Petals obovate, entire, a little longer than the calyx. Stamens 10, all
alike ; filaments distinct. Ovary and beak (!' long) pubescent.

District of Waimea, Hawaii.

2. G. CUNEATUM Hook. (Enum. No. 61.) A shrub l°-2° or more
high, much branched; branches thickly beset with the scaly and
persistent stipules. Leaves crowded, coriaceous, i'-l£' long, £'-|'
wide, wedge-shaped, the apex truncate and 3-5-toothed, tapering to
an acute base, the sides entire, strongly 5-7-nerved, nerves mostly
simple mid parallel. Petiole 2" -3" long. Peduncles terminal or op-
po>ite the leaves, short or often elongated, cymosely 5 - 12-flowered,
or by abortion 1-3-flowered; the peduncles, &c., many-bracted, the
bracts subulate, small. Pedicels i'-f long. Sepals 2" -3" long,
ovate or oblong-ovate, barely mucronate. Petals white, obovate, 4"-
5" long. Stamens as in $. multiflorum. — Var. MENZIESII: leaves
green and nearly glabrous on both sides, as is the calyx. The young
branches, petioles and peduncles, &c., minutely puberulent. — Var.
HYPOLKUCUM : plant decumbent and spreading. Leaves densely silky
below, either white or yellowish, as is the outside of the calyx; above
dark green, with silkyness on the nerves; or plant upright, leaves
green above. — Var. IIOLOLEUCUM : leaves finely silky on both sides,

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 163

white beneath, a little duller above. Branches and peduncles puberu-
lent. Pedicels, bracts, calyces, &c., white silky.

HAB. Var. 1, on the high central plateau of Hawaii. Var. 2, the decumbent form on
the summits of the mountains of Kauai and West Maul, in cold and wet soil; the upright
form from the highlands of Hawaii. Var. 3, ou the unwooded slopes of Haleakala, East
Maui, at an elevation of 7,000 feet and more.

3. G. OVATIFOLIUM Gray. (Enum. No, 62.) Shrub 2° -3° high,
branches clothed with the stipules as in the preceding species.
Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous, ovate, more or less acute, sharply
and finely serrate with mucronate teeth except towards the 'entire
base, l'-2i' long, 7-11-nerved, the upper surface somewhat glab-
rate and green with age, below whitened with a silky pubescence.
Petioles slender, i'-li' long, pubescent. Peduncles opposite the
leaves, 3-7-flowered, or sometimes only 1-flowered, about 1' long.
Sepals ovate-oblong, mucronulate, sometimes tinged with purple. Pe-
tals white with purple veins.

North side of the upper region of Haleakala, East Maui.

4. G. ARBOREUM Gray. (Enum. No. 63.) Arborescent, the trunk
<5° - 12° high, 4' or more in diameter. Branchlets squarrose with the
persistent stipules, which are like those of the preceding species, when
young pubescent wTith soft hairs, as are the leaves, peduncles, calyx,
&c. Leaves chartaceous or membranaceous, ovate or oval, obtuse or
acute, rounded and subcordate at the base, sharply serrate, about
7-nerved, greenish on both sides, more or less glabrate with age,
l'-li' long, 1', more or less, in width. Petioles 3"- 8" long. Pedun-
cles 1 - 2-flowered, or perhaps more, terminal or opposite the leaves,
£' - 1' long, subulate-bracted. Flowers larger than the other species.
Sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, abruptly awn-pointed, 6" long.
Petals red, obovate-spatulate, 8" - 10" long, the three upper more up-
right and cucullate. — A remarkable species.

Upper border of the woods above Ulapalakua, East Maui, at fi.OOO feet elevation.

2. OXALIS Linn.

Flowers regular. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Glands none. Stamens
10, free or connate at the base, all anther-bearing. Ovary 5-celled,
with a very short beak ; styles 5, distinct : stigmas terminal, capitate,
bifid. Ovules 1- many in each cell. Capsule loculicidally dehiscing,
opening at the angles of the valves which remain adhering to the
axis. — Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or cauline, alternate,
digitately or palmately 3 - many-foliolate, the leaflets entire or 2-lobed.
Peduncles axillary or radical, 1-flowered, or often cymosely or umbel-
lately many-flowered.

A large genus, chiefly American and African, witli a few Asiatic species.

MANET,

1. O. CORNICULATA Linn. (Enum. No, 64.) A decumbent, pros-
trate or ascending, much-branched delicate perennial, or sometimes
annual, more or less pubescent, of a pale green, from a few inches to a
foot long. Stipules small, adnate to 'the petiole. Leaves alternate;
the petioles about 1' long. Leaflets 3, digitate, broadly obcordate,
usually 3" - 4" long. Peduncles axillary, about the length of the peti-
oles, bearing an umbel of 2-6 small yellow flowers on reflexed pedi-
cels 3" - 4" long. Capsule column-like, £' or more long, with several
seeds in each cell.

In waste places; probably Introduced, but firmly established. A common weed in all
but the colder regions of the globe,

2. O. MAUTIANA Zucc. (Enum. No. G5.) A stemless herb, witb
a compound bulbous rhizome, covered with brown 3-ribbed scales.
Leaves radical, slightly hairy ; the petioles 4A- G' long. Leaflets 3, dig-
itate, broadly obovate-emarginate, 8" -10" long. -Peduncles radical,
rather longer than the petioles, bearing a single umbel, or more fre-
quently irregularly divided into 2 or 3 branches, each bearing 1-2 um-
bels of pale-purplish flowers. Sepals obtuse, with 2 small glands at
the tip, 2"-2i" long. Petals glabrous, 3 or 4 times as long as the se-
pals. Stamens and style pubescent.

Moist places in Nuuanu Valley, Oauu; probably escaped from gardens. A native of.
Southern Brazil.

ORDER XVIII. RUTACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; the leaves punctate with pellucid dots,
and without stipules. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Petals 4 or 5, or rarely
fewer or none. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, in-
serted on the outside of a hypogynous disk. Ovary 3-5-lobed, as
many celled, with the styles united, or distinct only at the base, or the
ovaries nearly separate, during ripening usually separating into the
component carpels, which are dehiscent by one or both sutures ; the
chartaceous endocarp separating from the woody exocarp. Seeds
few or single, mostly with albumen; and a curved embryo. — Auran-
tiacecK, an Order combined by some botanists with llutacecc, from
which it diifers in its berry-like fruit with a rind, and its seeds without
albumen, furnishes the Orange, Lime, Lemon, &c.
Leaves simple.

9tamens all free and distinct.

Petals valvate, 1. PELEA.

Petals slightly imbricate, 2. MELICOPE.

Stamens monadelphous below the middle, 3. PLATYDESMA.

Leaves pinnate, 4. ZANTHOXYLUM.

1. PELEA Gray.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 4, imbricated. Petals 4, valvate.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 16f»

Stamens 8, filaments subulate or flattened, often quite short in the fer-
tile flowers. Hypogynous disk short, entire or eight-crenulate. Ovary
4-celled (the cells opposite the petals) 4-lobed, often umbilicatc ; style
central ; stigma 4-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cell, hemitropous. Capsule
4-parted, the cocci divaricate, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds usually
2 in each cell, ovoid, with a shining, black testa. Embryo straight, in
fleshy albumen ; cotyledons oval. — Unarmed trees ; with a heavy odor.
Leaves simple, entire, opposite or whorled, coriaceous, very veiny, the
veins uniting in a more or less distinct iutramarginal one. Flowers
axillary.

A small genus, peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands (or perhaps one In the Samoau
Islands).
Leaves whorled; flowers fascicled in the axils on short peduncles.

Leaves petioled, entirely glabrous, 1. P. clusise/olia.

Leaves petioled, pubescent beneath, 2. P. sapotirfolia.

Leaves sessile by an auricled base,. 3. P. auriculxfolia,

Leaves opposite ; branches glabrous.

Leaves velvety-villous beneath ; coriaceous, i. P. Kavaiensis.

Leaves glabrous; rather thin, 5. P. anisata.

Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, oblong, petioled, 6. P. oblongifolia.

Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, orbicular, sessile, 1. P. rotundifolia.

Leaves opposite ; branches liirsute-tomentose.

Leaves oval or oblong, strongly reticulated and glabrous beneath, 8. P. Sandwicensis.

Leaves oval, beneath slightly hirsute, 9. P. volcanica.

1. P. CLUSLEFOLIA Gray. (Enum. No. G6.) A small tree, 20°,
more or less, high, as are all the species of the genus. Glabrous
throughout. Leaves verticillate in fours or threes, rarely opposite, co-
riaceous, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, more or less
acute at the base, pale, 2' -3' or more long, 8" -20" wide; veins
straight and parallel. Flowers in axillary subsessile clusters, the short
pedicels becoming 2" - 4" long in fruit. Calyx lobes ovate, membrana-
ceous, obtuse, l£" long. Petals ovate-lanceolate, 3" long, wax-colored.
Stamens shorter than the petals. Ovary glabrous, four-lobed, shorter
than the style which arises from its umbilicate apex : stigmas 4, thick
and short. Capsule obtusely 4-lobed, h' or more in diameter. The thin
and papery endocarp glabrous within.' Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, black
and shining, l£"-2" in diameter.

Mountains behind Honolulu, and Kaala Mountains, Oahu. Windward slopes of
Mauna Kea, and district of Puna, Hawaii.

2. P. SAPOT^FOLIA H. Mann. (Enum. No. 67.) The young naked
leaf-buds hirsute, as in all the species. Branches and inflorescence
glabrous. Leaves 4 iu a whorl, elongated-oblong or spatulate-oblong,
chartaceous, 4' -9' long, 2' -3' wide, attenuated or somewhat obtuse at
the base, on petioles li' long, villous-pubescent beneath, quite glab-
rous above. Flowers in axillary sessile clusters, the pedicels 2" - 3"

166 MANN,

long. Calyx lobes broadly ovate, \h'' long. Petals ovate, 2" long.
Stamens much shorter than the petals. Ovary glabrous ; style a little
longer than it, 4-parted nearly to the base, the divisions clavate, stig-
matic at and near the summit. Immature capsule puberulent and
deeply 4-grooved.

Valleys of Kealla and Hanalei, Kauai.

3. P. AURICUL^FOLIA Gray. (Enum. No. 68.) Glabrous. Leaves
verticillate in threes, coriaceous, pale, oblong-spatulate, auricu-
late at the narrowed base, sessile, 3' - 8' long. Flowers in fascicles
in the axils of the leaves, often of those which have fallen, so as
to be on the naked stem. Capsule deeply 4-parted ; the cocci oval-
oblong.

Mauna Kea, and Kohala Mountains, Hawaii.

4. P. KAVAIENSIS H. Mann. (Enum. No. 69.) Leaves oppo-
site, oval, 2£'-4' long, l£-2i wide, coriaceous, glabrous and very
conspicuously and finely reticulate-veiny above, beneath clothed with
a dense velvety villosity, which is especially thick on the midrib.
Petioles % - 1' long. Flowers small, solitary in the axils, on slender
pedicels 2" long. Calyx lobes rounded-ovate, .f " long. Petals thin,
ovate, obtuse, 14" long. Stamens short. Style about the length of
the glabrous ovary, terminated by an obtusely 4-lobed stigma. Cap-
sule 4-parted, one or more of the ovate glabrous cocci often abortive.

On the mountains above Waimea, Kauai, at an elevation of 3,000 feet, more or less,
»t " Halemanu."

5. P. ANISATA H. Mann. {Enum. No. 70.) Leaves elongated-
oval or oblong, obtuse, somewhat attenuated at the base, 2' - 7' long,
1'- 2' wide, chartaceous, loosely reticulate-veined. Petioles i'-l'
long. Flowers usually solitary in the axils, rarely 2 or 3 together, on
pedicels l"-2" long. Calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, less than 1" long.
Petals oblong or oblong-ovate, thrice the length of the sepals. Sta-
mens very short, not exceeding the calyx-lobes. Ovary glabrous and
slightly lobed. Capsule but slightly 4-lobed, i' in diameter, splitting
by a loculicidal dehiscence to the centre into four triangular segments
joined at the base. Exocarp thick and woody : endocarp papery and
smooth within.

On various parts of Kauai, but most abundant near Hanalei. Native name, " Makl-
liaua."

6. P. OBLONGIFOLIA Gray. (Enum. No. 71.) A very variable
species. Leaves oblong or oval, contracted towards the base, or ob-
tuse or even retuse at both ends, coriaceous or chartaceo-coriaceous,
somewhat shining, copiously and conspicuously feather-veined, and
minutely reticulated, 2' - 4' long, on petioles 6" - 9" or more long. Pe-

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 167

duncles shorter, or those bearing sterile flowers longer, than the
petioles, 1 - few-flowered, more or less clustered or loosely cymose.
Calyx-lobes ovate, a third as long as the ovate-lanceolate petals.
Style twice as long as the glabrous 4-lobed ovary. Capsule deeply
4-lobed, an inch, more or less, in diameter.

Mountains of Oaliu, in various parts. Kauai. Hawaii.

7. P. ROTUNDIFOLIA Gray. (Enum. No. 72.) Glabrous. Leaves
orbicular or nearly so, about 2i' - 3' in diameter, sessile, coriaceous,
rather shining, very veiny and reticulated, especially beneath. Flowers
•everal in a short-peduncled cyme. Calyx lobes ovate, more than
one-half shorter than the petals which are 3" long. Style twice as long
as the puberulent ovary. Capsule 1' in diameter, deeply 4-lobed ; the
cocoi oval. Endocarp minutely puberulent within.

Mountains behind Honolulu, Oaliu.

8. P. SANDWICKNSIS Gray. (Enum. No. 73.) Glabrous at matu-
rity or nearly so, but the new branchlets, inflorescence, &c., tomen-
tose with a hirsute pubescence. Leaves oval or oblong, 2i'-4£' long,
li'-2^' wide, very coriaceous, glabrous, or sometimes puberulent
beneath, especially on the very thick midrib, very veiny and reticula-
ted. Petioles stout, 7" -15" long. Cymes short peduncled, 3 -several
flowered. Pedicels short, annulate by the broad scars of the ovate-
subulate bracts. Flowers li" long. Calyx-lobes round ovate, half the
length of the petals. Style usually longer than the tomentose, deeply
4-lobed ovary; stigma 4-lobed. Capsule finely tomentose, l£' or
more in diameter, deeply 4-lobed ; cocci oval. The papery endocarp
finely pubescent within.

Mountains behind Honolulu, Oahu. West Maui, on the .mountains.

9. P. VOLCANICA Gray. (Enum. No. 74.) A tree sometimes 40
feet high, the trunk a foot and a half in diameter. Young branches,
&c., tomentose with a hirsute pubescence, which disappears with age.
Leaves oval, 4' -6' long, 2'-3£' wide, obtuse at both ends, coriaceous,
glabrous above, below sparsely hirsute. Petioles stout, li'- 2' long.
Peduncles axillary, i'-li' long, bearing a loosely few-flowered, pan-
iculate cyme. Pedicels stout, 1"- 2" long. Calyx-lobes ovate, canes-
cently pubescent as are the petals, though more sparingly so, and one
half the length of the latter, which are 3" long and ovate-lanceolate.
Ovary tomentose, as long as the style ; stigma 4-lobed. Capsule large,
li' in diameter or even more, one or more of the cocci often abortive.
The cocci glabrous, more or less laterally flattened, acute or carinate
at the sutures. Endocarp glabrous within.

Forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Kaala Mountains, Oahu.

1 68 MANN,

2. MELICOPE Porst.

The same in all points as Pelea, excepting the aestivation of the
corolla, which is imbricate ; and the leaves in some Australasian spe-
cies are 1 - 3-foliolate : they are simple in the Hawaiian species. (Vide
H. Mann, in Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.. Vol. X. p. 316.)

1. M. CINEREA Gray. (Enum. No. 75.) A small tree 20° more
or less in height, as are all the species of the genus, with the general
habit of Pelea. Leaves oblong, obtuse, the rounded base retuse,
coriaceous, pale, pubefulent, as also the young branches, petioles, &c.,
with a flue tomentum, which is persistent beneath ; pinnately veined,
.slightly reticulated, 4' ~5' long, l'-2' broad. Petiole 9" -10" long,
narrowly margined. Peduncles axillary, solitary, short, canescent,
several-flowered. Calyx -lobes silky, half as long as the silky petals,
which are 3" long. Ovary puberulent; style short; stigmas 4, capi-
tate. Capsule 4-lobed, i' or more in diameter.

Kaala Mountains, Oahu.

2. M. BARBIGERA Gray. (Enum. No. 76.) The younger branches,
petioles, leaves, &c., minutely puberulent. Leaves oblong and obtuse
at both ends, green, shining, and glabrous above, beneath densely vil-
lous-bearded with very long hairs along the midrib, and scattered and
more deciduous ones over the lower surface ; thin-coriaceous, curved,
nnd the upper surface convex, the lower concave. Petioles an inch or
more long, margined. Peduncle shorter than the petioles, 1- few-
flowered. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, puberulent, a little shorter
than the puberulent ovate-lanceolate petals, and 3" long. Capsule en-
tirely divided into 4 lenticular-ovoid follicles, which are divaricate,
sessile, and h' or more long.

Mountains above "Waimea, Kauai, about 3,000 feet, near " Halemanu."

3. M. SPATIIULATA Gray. (Enum. No. 77.) Glabrous. Leaves
coriaceous, elongated, spatulate-oblong, or oblanceolate, obtuse, ta-
pering to an acute base, 3' - 6' long, 1' - 2' wide, pale and dull, incon-
spicuously feather- veined. Petiole 6" -8" long, slightly margined.
Peduncle short, bibracteolate ; the 1-flowered pedicels 3" - 4" long,
bibracteolate. Calyx 3" long. Petals orbicular? glabrous (in the still
closed bud). Ovary glabrous. — The species only known by a single
immature specimen.

" Mountains of Kaual.-'

4. M. ELLIPTICA Gray. (Enum. No. 78.) Glabrous. Leaves ellip-
tical, obtuse at both ends, thin-coriaceous, the margins revolute, 2'-
3^' long, Ik' -2' wide, not strongly reticulated. Petioles 4"- 10" long,
slightly margined. Peduncles about the length of the petioles, loosely

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 169

cymosely few-flowered. Calyx tomentulose, sepals broadly ovate,
acute, 1" long, i as long as the ovate tomentulose petals. Follicles
ovoid, cinereous-tomentose, 5" long, turgid, coriaceous, 2-valved.
Seeds 1 or 2.

Kaala Mountains, in Waianae, Oalm. Woods above Makawao, East Maui,

3. PLATYDESMA H. Mann.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 4, distinct, persistent, strongly
imbricated, rotund, the larger exterior ones including the others in
the bud. Petals 4, in aestivation broadly convolute-imbricate or con-
volute, large and obovate, with recurved apexes. Disk plane, slightly
4-lobed. Stamens 8. inserted on the disk, monadelphous below the
middle ; filaments naked, ovate-lanceolate, thick : anthers sagittate,
adnate to the interior face of the filaments. Ovary 4-parted; style
central ; stigma 4-lobed. Ovules 5 in each cell, amphitropous. Cocci
erect, entirely distinct, or only united by the central style, cartilagi-
nous, by abortion usually 2-seeded. — A small tree, with a heavy odor
when bruised. Leaves opposite, simple, lanceolate or obovate-lanceo-
late, obtuse or acuminate, petioled. Cymes axillary, few-flowered .-
pedicels bibracteolate. Flowers large, white.

Genus of one species, peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.

1. P. CAMPANULATA H. Mann. (Enum. No. 79.) Leaves 3' -14'
long, l'-5' wide, coriaceous, pinnately- veined, not, strongly reticu-
lated. Peduncles and petioles £'- 2' long. Sepals 4" -5" long. Petals
8" -9" long. Capsule if in diameter, enclosed by the persistent cup-
shaped calyx.

Mountains behind Honolulu, at middle heights.

4. ZANTHOXYLUM Golden.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 3-5 cleft, imbricated, rarely obsolete.
Petals 2-5, rarely none, imbricated or valvtite. Male flowers : Disk
inconspicuous. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous. Ovary more or less rudi-
mentary. Female flowers : Stamens none, or mere scales. Disk very
short. Carpels 1-5, oblique, 1-celled; styles somewhat eccentrical,
short or elongated, free or connate above : stigmas capitate. Ovules 2
in each cell. Cocci 1-5, dry or drupaceous, obovoid, usually 2-valved,
1-seeded, the eudocarp separating or adnate. Seeds much as in Pelea,
black and shining. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen, straight or
curved; cotyledons plane and foliaceous ; radicle very short. — Trees
or shrubs, unarmed or armed with recurved prickles. Leaves alter-
nate, usually impari -pinnate, rarely 1 - 3-foliolate. Cyme usually pani-
culate, axillary or terminal, sometimes crowded.

A considerable genus, throughout the tropical and hot regions of the globe.
COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 23 OCT., 1867.

170 MANX,

1. Z. KAVAIENSE Gray. (Enum. No. 80.) A small, glabrous, and
unarmed tree. Leaves alternate, 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets membranaceous
when young, becoming coriaceous, ovate, acute, li' long, 1' wide, the
lateral ones ofteji somewhat unequal. Panicles solitary or fascicled in
the axils, shorter than the leaves, loosely few-flowered. Calyx four-
lobed; the lobes ovate-subulate, I" long. Petals in the sterile flowers
2" long. Stamens four, 1" long. In the female flowers the petals are
linear-ligulate, about 3" long, and imbricated in aestivation ; the sta-
mens are reduced to 4 glands. Ovary one-celled, stipitate ; stigma
globular. Fruit raised on stipes 2" long; the follicles short and tur-
gid, 4" - 5" long, somewhat wrinkled and punctate, two-valved from
the apex, glabrous. Seed solitary, filling the cell, oval, black, and
shining.

Kauai, on the mountains above 'Waimea. Hawaii.

2. Z. MAVIENSE H. Mann. (Enum. No. 81.) Apparently an un-
armed tree; the young branches, petioles, &c., cinereous with a fine
velutinous pubescence. Leaves 3-foliolate, about 2-' long, by li' wide,
the lateral ones very unequal, ovate, obtusish, truncate at the base,
puberulent above, quite tomentose beneath. Petioles 15" - 20" long.
Panicle several-flowered. Flowers unknown. Carpels solitary, ses-
sile, 4" -5" long, lunulate-ovoid, becoming 2-valved, dotted externally.
Seed solitary, filling the cell.

" Maui."

3. Z. (BLACKBURXIA)-:DIPKTALU:M H. Mann. (Emim. No. 82.) A
small tree, entirely glabrous. Leaves alternate, 3-7-foliolate, petioled.
Leaflets 2' -3' long, 7" -20" wide, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse,
coriaceous, pinnately veined, equal at the base, and with one or two
small (3" -9" long) foliar bodies arising from just below the lower
leaflets, which were it not for their anomalous position might be
likened to large stipules (are these, however, normal?). Panicles
axillary or terminal, cymosely many -flowered, with a very thick and
nodose peduncle and axis. Calyx small, less than 1" long, four-lobed.
Petals 2, oval, valvate, and remarkably thick, in the bud 3" -4" long,
probably caducous. Stamens four; filaments short, subulate ; anthers
oblong. Only buds of sterile flowers seen, therefore fruit, &c., un-
known.

To the tropical Order MELIACE^ (which are trees or shrubs with alternate, usually
compound leaves, destitute of stipules: a calyx of 3-5 sepals, the same number of petals,
and twice as many moiiadelphous stamens, inserted with the petals on the outside of an
hypogynous disk: a several-celled ovary, with one or two ovules in each cell, and the
styles and stigmas united into one: the fruit a drupe, berry, or capsule, with one-seeded

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 171

cells, and the wingless seeds without albumen), belongs the Pride of India tree (Melia
Azederach) much planted for ornament and use.

ORDER XIX. ILICLNE^E.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, dotless, coriaceous leaves, and small
axillary polygamous flowers. Calyx of 4 - 6 sepals. Petals 4-9, with
as many or twice as many stamens inserted on their bases, which are
somewhat united in a ring. Ovary 2 - 6-celled ; the cells with a single
suspended ovule. Fruit drupaceous, with as many hard one-seeded
pyrense (nutlets) as cells to the ovary, or fewer by abortion. Embryo
minute, in hard albumen.

1. BYRONIA Endl.

Calyx small, 3 - 4-lobed. Corolla 5 - 9-parted. Stamens of the same
number or twice as many ; filaments subulate ; anthers oblong. Ovary
globose, 10 - 18-celled ; stigma sessile and discoid. — Leaves glabrous
and shining. Cyme trichotomous.

A genus of three species, one each from Australia, Tahiti, and the Hawaiian Islands.

1. B. SANDWICENSIS Endl. (Enum. No. 83.) A much branched
small tree or large shrub, 15° -25° high. Leaves oval or elliptical,
obtuse, tapering slightly towards the base, 2£' - 4' long, about 2' wide,
reticulate-veiny, entire or occasionally serrulate. Petioles 6" -15"
long. Flowers in (often many -flowered) cymes. Peduncle 1'- 2' long.
Pedicels 2" -4" long. Calyx persistent, 4-lobed, about 1" long; the
lobes broad, crenulately toothed in fertile flowers. Corolla rotate-
spreading, the lobes rounded, li"-2" long, white. Stamens short.
Ovary sessile, in the sterile flowers small and imperfect. Stigma
radiate- with 12-18 lines. Drupe black, 3" -4*" in diameter.

In mountain woods, at medium elevations, common.

ORDER XX. CELASTRACE^E.

Shrubs or trees, with simple leaves. Calyx of 4-5 sepals, imbri-
cated in aestivation. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted under the
flat expanded disk which closely surrounds the ovary, and mostly im-
bricated in aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate
with them, inserted on the margin or upper surface of the disk. Ovary
free from the calyx. Fruit a capsule or berry, with one or few seeds
in each cell. Seeds usually arilled, albuminous, with a large and
straight embryo.

172 MANN,

1. PERROTTETIA HBK.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, triangular-
ovate, short, valvate or with the margins imbricated. Stamens in the
sterile flowers longer than the petals. Ovary free, 2-celled; style
short or elongated ; stigma bifld. Ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Berry
small, depressed-globular, 2-celled, 2-4-seeded. Seeds exarillate,
obovoid, the testa horny and many-ribbed. Embryo very small, in the
base of fleshy albumen. — Unarmed shrubs, or small trees. Leaves
alternate, petiolate, glandular-serrate. Stipules deciduous. The thyrs-
oid panicles axillary.

A genus of four species, from New Grenada, Mexico, and the Hawaiian Islands.

1. P. SANDWICENSIS Gray. (Enum. No. 84.) A small tree 20°
high, more or less ; the younger branchlets and lower surface of the
unfolding leaves more or less pubescent; otherwise nearly glabrous.
Leaves ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate, pale beneath, 2£'-3i'long,
on petioles £'-!' long. Flowers (l£" in diam.) greenish, pedicellate,
very numerous, in panicles mostly shorter than the leaves, on a puber-
ulent peduncle. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly puberu-
lent. Petals scarcely exceeding the calyx, their thin margins ciliate.
Stamens 5. Ovary in the male flowers abortive.

Mountains behind Honolulu, on the edge of the woods usually. West Maul, Hawaii ,
andKauai: not uncommon.

ORDER XXI. RHAMNACE^.

Shrubs or trees, with usually alternate simple leaves, and small
flowers. Calyx of four or five sepals, united at the base, valvate in
aestivation. Petals four or five, cucullate or convolute, inserted on
the throat of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted with
and opposite them. Ovary sometimes coherent with the tube of the
calyx, and more or less immersed in a fleshy disk, with a single erect
ovule in each cell. Seeds sometimes arilled. Embryo straight, large,
in sparing albumen. — Jujube paste is prepared from the berries of
Zizyphus Jujuba and Z. milgaris of Asia. Z. Lotus is the Lote-bush
which gave name to the ancient Lotophagi.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Base of calyx-lobes surrounding the fruit
as a ring (i. e., the ovary only partly inferior), not winged
or ribbed.

Drupe with a hard cartilaginous exocarp. Leaves mostly or en-
tirely smooth, 1. COLUBBINA.

Drupe with a dry, mealy, or corky exocarp. Leaves and cymes

more or less rusty downy, 2. ALPHITONIA.

Flowers polygamous. Fruit crowned by the persistent calyx (i. e.,

ovary entirely inferior), winged or ribbed, 3. GOUANIA.

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 173

1. COLUBRINA L. C. Rich. [Kukuku.]

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted, tube hemispherical, lobes
triangular-ovate, spreading. Petals 5, inserted on the margin of the
disk, unguiculate, hooded. Stamens 5, included in the petals. Disk
thick, filling the calyx -tube, annular, 5 - 10-lobed. Ovary immersed in
the disk, 3 -celled, terminated by a 3-parted style; stigmas obtuse,
papulose. Drupe obscurely 3-lobed, ringed below the middle by the
calyx-tube, 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscing or 2-valved. Seeds 3-
sided. Albumen thin. Cotyledons orbicular. — Erect or spreading
shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually 3-nerved from the base.
Flowers axillary, cymose or fascicled.

Genus of about 10 species, mostly from tropical and warm North America, one widely
spread throughout the old world.

1. C. ASIATICA Brongn. (Enum. No. 85.) A large shrub, quite
glabrous, with long, slender, often flexuose branches. Leaves petio-
late, ovate or broadly cordate, acuminate, 2' - 3' long, crenate-serrate,
3-nerved and penninerved, smooth and shining but scarcely coriaceous.
Cymes shortly pedunculate, rarely exceeding the petioles. Flowers
greenish, about 2" in diameter. Fruit about 4" in diameter, depressed
at the top, furrowed opposite the dissepiments, the endocarp sepa-
rating more or less perfectly into 3 or rarely 4 membranaceous cocci.

In open land, as In the vicinity of Ewa, Ac., Oahu. Also Kauai, and probably the other
Islands. A common species throughout the Pacific and tropical Asia.

2. C. OPPOSITIFOLIA Brongn. (Enum. No. 86.) At once to be
distinguished from No. 1, by its opposite, entire, coriaceous, ovate or
oblong leaves. Plant smooth throughout, with more rigid branches
than C. Asiatica. Leaves 2£' - 5' long, 1' - 3' wide. Fruit harder and
larger.

Hawaiian Islands (collected by Eemy), no localities specified.

2. ALPHITONIA Reissek. [Kauwila.]
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-lobed, spreading, with a strong

salient crest on the inside of the lobes. Petals involute. Stamens 5,
included in the petals. Disk thick, filling the calyx-tube. Ovary im-
mersed in the disk, 2- or rarely 3-celled, tapering into a shortly-lobed
style. Drupe globular or broadly ovoid, the epicarp of a dry, mealy, or
somewhat corky substance ; endocarp of 2 or 3 hard coriaceous nuts
or cocci, opening inwards by a longitudinal slit. Seeds with a shining
hard testa, completely enclosed in a membranous brown shining aril-
lus, open at the top, but with the edges folded over. Albumen cartila-
ginous or horny ; cotyledons flat. — Tree. Leaves alternate, penni-

174 MANN,

nerved. Cymes dichotoraous, many-flowered. Seeds often persisting
on the torus after the pericarp has fallen off.

Genus probably limited to one very variable species, ranging from Australia through-
out most of the Pacific.

1. A. EXCELSA Reissek. (Enum. No. 87.) A tall hard-wooded
timber-tree, the young branches, petioles, and inflorescence hoary or
rusty with a close tomentum, sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves
petiolate, varying from broadly ovate or almost orbicular and very
obtuse, to ovate or ovate-lanceolate and acute or acuminate, usually
3' -6' long, entire, coriaceous, glabrous or slightly hoary above, white
or rusty-colored beneath with a close tomentum, the parallel pinnate
veins very prominent. Flowers 2" - 3" in diameter, in little umbel-
like cymes, arranged in dichotomous cymes in the upper axils or in a
terminal corymbose panicle. Calyx tomentose, often very much so,
and rusty. Disk broad and nearly flat. Fruit 3"- 4" in diameter, or
sometimes larger.

Mountains above Waimea, Kauai, where it attains a size of nearly 100 ft. high and 2 ft.
in diameter at base. Maul, Lanai, and_probably Hawaii also. Perhaps on Waialua Moun-
tains, Oahu. A large and valuable timber-tree of which the natives manufacture their
kapa mallets, their spears, Ac. Ranges through the Pacific into Australia.' '

3. GOUANIA Jacq.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx-tube short, cohering with the ovary,
5-lobed. Petals 5, inserted on the margin of the disk, hooded. Sta-
mens 5, included in the petals. Disk glabrous or pilose, filling the
calyx tube, 5-angled or produced into 5 horns. Ovary immersed, 3-
celled. Style 3-parted : stigmas minute. Fruit coriaceous, inferior,
being crowned by the persistent calyx, 3-winged : cocci somewhat
woody, indehiscent, and separating from the axis. Seeds plano-con-
vex, obovate, testa horny and shining; albumen scanty. Cotyledons
round. — Shrubs, often climbing and tendril bearing, glabrous or to-
mentose. Leaves alternate, petioled, entire or dentate, penninerved
or 3-nerved. Stipules oblong, deciduous. Flowers small, in terminal
or axillary spikes or racemes ; the rachis often transformed into a ten-
dril.

A genus of 40 species, mostly in Central America and West Indies, a few African and
Asiatic, and a few in the Pacific, none in Australia.

1. G. vrriFOLiA Gray. (Enum. No. 88.) A shrubby glabrous
plant, climbing by tendrils. Leaves membranaceous, about 2' long by
nearly as wide, glabrous, or with a soft pubescence beneath, crenate-
toothed. Flower-spikes short or about equalling the leaves in length,
dense, especially towards the upper part which bears the sterile

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 175

flowers. Fruit when ripe moderately 3-winged or angled, about 5" in
diameter.

Dry hills, district of Waianse, Oahu.

2. G. ORBICULARIS Walp. (Enum. No. 89.) An upright or de-
cumbent shrub at once distinguished from No. 1, by having no ten-
drils, by the rather thickish oval or orbicular, obtuse or even retuse,
short petioled leaves which are entire, or nearly so, and by the
younger branches, leaves, &c., being silky pubescent. The small axil-
lary cymes scarcely longer than the petiole. Fruit much as in the last
but scarcely as large. A Var. has the petioles longer than the • leaves
and the peduncles of the cymes equalling them, and broader wings to
the fruit.

Sandy Isthmus of Maul. Lanal. The For. from Hawaii.

ORDER XXII. SAPINDACE^.

Trees, shrubs, or climbers with tendrils (rarely herbs), with sim-
ple or compound leaves ; the sepals and petals imbricated in aestiva-
tion. Stamens 5 - 10, inserted on a fleshy perigynous or hypogynous
disk. Ovary 2-6-celled, and lobed, with one or two ovules in each
cell ; the embryo curved or convolute and without albumen.

1. DODONJEA Linn. [Alii.]

Flowers polygamous or unisexual, often dio3cious. Sepals 5 or
fewer, valvate in the bud. Petals none. Disk small. Stamens usu-
ally 8, sometimes fewer, rarely 10; filaments very short. Ovary 3-4-,
rarely 5 - 6-celled, with two ovules in each cell : style short, or in some
flowers very long, lobed at the end. Capsule membranaceous or coria-
ceous, opening septicidally in as many valves as cells, each valve with
the dorsal angle often produced into a vertical wing, and in falling off
leaving the dissepiment attached to the persistent axis, or rarely the
dissepiments splitting and remaining attached to the valves, thus
closing the carpels and leaving only the central filiform axis persis-
tent. Seeds 1-2, with a thickened stalk, but not arillate; testa crus-
taceous ; embryo spirally curled. — Shrubs, often arborescent ; the
young shoots usually viscid. Leaves simple, or pinnate with small
leaflets, with or without a terminal odd one. Flowers small, axillary
or terminal, solitary, clustered, or in short racemes or panicles.

With the exception of the Hawaiian species, the first of which Is widely dispersed over
almost all hot countries, one from South Africa, and one or two from Mexico, the species
of the genus to the number of about 40 are all endemic In Australia.

1. D. VISCOSA Linn. (Enum. No. 90.) A shrub 2° -25° high,
glabrous, and more or less viscid, the young branches frequently com-

176 MANN,

pressed or somewhat triangular. Leaves simple, varying from broadly
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, and 3' -4' long, to narrow-
lanceolate, or oblong-cuneate and very obtuse, or almost linear-
cuneate, always narrowed into a more or less distinct petiole, entire
or obscurely sinuate, or rarely almost 3-toothed at the end, the pinnate
veins usually rather numerous and very divergent, sometimes scarcely
conspicuous. Sepals ovate, usually as long as, or rather longer than,
the oblong obtuse anthers. Style rarely elongated. Capsule very
variable in size, the wings continued from the base to the style, or
nearly so. Seeds rather large, dark-colored, opaque or scarcely shin-
ing. Var. SPATHULATA : usually a small and low bush, often very
viscid. Leaves shorter, obovate-oblong, oblong-cuneate, spatulate,
oblanceolate or broadly linear-cuneate, often obtuse or truncate.

Not uncommon in open land on the sides of mountains. Also Waialua Valley, West
Maul. The variety in the high regions of Hawaii and East Maul.

2. D. ERIOCARPA Smith. (Enum. No. 91.) Agreeing with No. 1
in most points, but with the leaves generally duller, and the young
branches, petioles, the capsules and margins and midribs of the leaves
puberulent with short scattered hairs. Perhaps not sufficiently dis-
tinct from D. viscosa.

In much the same places as the last species, usually in dry situations.

•

2. CABDIOSPEBMUM Linn. [Poniu.]

Flowers polygamous, Sepals 4, broadly imbricate, the two outer
ones small. Petals 4, 2 larger with a large scale, 2 smaller with a
crested scale. Disk one-sided, almost reduced to 2 prominent glands
opposite the lower petals. Stamens 8, oblique. Ovary eccentrical, 3-
celled, with one ovule in each cell ; style very short, with 3 stigmatic
lobes. Capsule inflated, membranous, more or less 3-cornered, 3-
celled, opening loculicidally. Seeds globose, with a thick stalk and
small arillus ; testa crustaceous ; cotyledons large, transversely folded.
— Herbs or undershrubs, mostly climbing. Leaves dissected. Flowers
few, small, on long axillary peduncles, which usually bear a tendril
under the panicle.

A small genus, chiefly American, of which 2 species are also spread over the old
world within the tropics, and a third is perhaps confined to the old world. The Hawaiian
species is one of those most widely diffused.

1. C. HALICACABUM Linn. (Enum. No. 92.) A straggling, or
somewhat climbing annual or perhaps perennial, attaining several feet
in length, glabrous, or slightly pubescent. Leaf-segments usually
twice ternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or lobed, the
upper leaves smaller, narrower, and less divided. Peduncles 2' - 3'
long, bearing a double or treble short recurved tendril, under the small

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 177

panicle, which is often reduced to an umbel of few small white flow-
ers. Capsule flat on the top, usually pubescent.

Scattered more or less abundantly In various parts, trailing over shrubs, or scram-
bling among the herbage. A common weed in most tropical regions. The Hawaiian form
belongs to the variety with fruits scarcely 3-4' in diameter, often considered as a distinct
species (C. microcarpum HBK.;. It is as frequent and widely spread as the form with
fruits more than 1' in diameter.

ORDER XXIII. ANACARDIACE.E.

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky, often acrid juice, which
turns blackish in drying; the leaves alternate, without stipules, and
not dotted. Flowers small, often polygamous or dioecious. Calyx of
3-5 sepals, inserted on the base of the calyx, or on an hypogynous
disk. Ovary one-celled, but with three styles or stigmas ; ovule soli-
tary. Fruit a drupe. Seed without albumen. Embryo curved or
bent. — Many species contain a caustic poison juice, but ours is innoc-
uous. To this order belong the Mango (Mangifera Indica'), the Pis-
tachio-nut (Pistacia vera'), and the Vi (Spondias dulcis) of the Southern
Pacific Islands ; also other edible and useful fruits.

1. BHUS Linn.

Sepals, petals, and stamens, 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 short styles
or stigmas. Ovule 1, suspended from an erect filiform funiculus.
Drupe small, oblique, often nearly dry. Eadicle short, curved against
the edge of the flat cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, or
sometimes simple.

A large genus, widely distributed over the temperate and tropical parts of the globe,
a large proportion at the Cape of Good Hope.

1. R. SEMIALATUM Murray. (Enum. No. 93.) A shrub or tree, 4°-
40° high, the stout branches warty, smooth, or, when developing
velvety-tomentose, as are the petioles, inflorescence, &c. Leaves pin-
nately 5 - 13-foliolate, or the upper ones sometimes trifoliolate. Leaf-
lets oval or oblong, obtuse or acuminate, 2'-6' long, l'-4'wide,
serrate, almost sessile, downy beneath, glabrous above. Panicle
terminal, very large and compound, 6' -12' long (sometimes smaller
ones in the upper axils). Flowers small, l£" in diameter, yellowish,
calyx nearly glabrous, deeply 5-cleft; the lobes oblong-ovate, min-
utely ciliate, not half the length of the oval and minutely ciliolate
petals. Stamens rather shorter than the petals. Fruit 2" in diam.,
glabrate. — E. Sandwicensis Gray.

Mountains of Oahu ; West Maui ; near Hilo, Hawaii.
COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 24 DEC., 1867.

178 MANN,

ORDEE XXIV. LEGUMINOSE^].

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate and usually compound
leaves, with stipules. Calyx of (4 or) 5 sepals, more or less united,
the odd sepal inferior. Corolla of 5 petals, either papilionaceous or
regular. Stamens perigynous or hypogynous. Ovary single and sim-
ple. Fruit a legume, which takes various forms. Seed nearly or
usually quite destitute of albumen. — An immense order, yielding many
products of great value to man ; and botanically divided into three
suborders : —

PAPILIONACE.E, which is characterized by the papilionaceous co-
rolla,— the vexillum or superior petal always external in aestivation,
— ten diadelphous, monodelphous, or rarely distinct perigynous sta-
mens, and the radicle bent on the large cotyledons. Leaves (rarely
simple) only once pinnately compound. — Familiarly represented by
the Pea (Lathyrus Pisum), and Bean (Phaseolus lunatus).

C^ESALPINE^E, in which the corolla is less distinctly papilionaceous,
and the vexillum is covered by the lateral petals in aestivation ; the'sta-
mens are distinct, and the embryo straight. The leaves are often bi-
pinnate. — To this suborder belongs the Tamarind ( Tamarindus Indi-
c?<s), which represents it well.

MIMOSA (represented with us only by the Sensitive Plant and the
Acacia) has a perfectly regular calyx and .corolla, the latter mostly
valvate in aestivation and hypogynous, as well as the stamens, which
are sometimes definite but often very numerous. The leaves are fre-
quently bi - tripinnate.

SUBORDER I. Papilionacese. — Corolla papilionaceous, the upper petal (vexillum
or standard), outside in the bud.

Leaves simple or of three digitate leaflets. Stamens monadelphous, 1. CBOTALARIA.
Leaves of 3 plunately arranged leaflets, 1. e. the two lateral Inserted
below the terminal one. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1),
rarely monadelphous.

Tree, with wings and keel of the flower very small, standard large, 7. ERYTHRINA.
Twining or sometimes trailing woody vines, with large flowers.

Standard and keel long and narrow, wings short, 8. STRONGYLODON.

Standard broad and shorter than the rest of the petals ; keel

acute, 9. MUCUNA.

Standard very broad, as long as the other petals, 10. DIOCLEA.

Twining or sometimes trailing herbs; pod not jointed.

Keel spirally twisted or coiled, 12. PHASEOLUS.

Keel incurved, often pointed.

Wings nearly free; stigma lateral, 13. VlGNA.

Wings adherent to the keel ; stigma terminal, . . . .14. DOLICHOS.
Wings free; stigma terminal ; calyx very unequal, . . 11. CANAVALIA.
Erect or spreading herbs, or woody at base.
Pod sometimes jointed.

Pod not jointed, 15. CA JANUS.

Pod jointed, joints easily separating, 5. DKSMODIUM.

FLOEA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 179

Leaves of 5 or more plnnately arranged leaflets.
Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.

Under shrubs or herbs, not twining or climbing.
Pod not especially elongated.

Stamens diadelphous; pod nearly terete, or tetra-
gonal, 2. INDIGOFERA.

Stamens partially monadelphous; pod flattened, . . 3. TEPHROSIA.

Pod elongated (6' -18' long), 4. SESBANIA.

Herbs climbing by tendrils at the ends of the leaves, . . . 6. VICIA.
Stamens all free (Sophorese), 16. SOPHOEA.

SUBORDER II. Caesalpiniese. Corolla irregular or nearly regular, imbricate in
the bud, the upper petal inside.

Leaves twice pinnate. Pod prickly or not, 17. CLESALPINIA.

Leaves once pinnate, 18. CASSIA.

SUBORDER III. Mimosese. Corolla regular. Petals small, valvate in the bud.
Leaves twice pinnate.

Stamens free and definite. Pod prickly, 19. MIMOSA.

Stamens free and indefinite. Pod smooth, 20. ACACIA.

TRIBE I. OENISTB^E.

Leaves simple, or of 3 (rarely 5) digitate leaflets, all inserted at the end of the petiole.
Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed. Stamens all united in a tube.

1. CROTALARIA Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft. Standard broad. Wings free, transversely wrinkled
above the claw. Keel with a straight or curved point or beak. Sta-
mens all united in a sheath, open on the upper side. Anthers alter-
nately ovoid and oblong. Style suddenly bent in above the ovary. Pod
inflated. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple and subsessile, or with
3 - 5 digitate leaflets at the end of the petiole. Stipules very small.
Pedicels solitary to each bract, with bractlets clcrse under or even
upon the calyx. Flowers yellow, or rarely bluish or purplish.

A large, chiefly tropical genus, with a few extratropical species in North America,
South Africa, and Australia.
Leaves simple.

Raceme without large bracts. Leaves evenly tapering at both ends, 1. C. Assamica.

Raceme with large ovate acuminate bracts. Leaves oblanceolate,

blunt, mucronulate, ' . . 1. C. sericea.

Leaves trifoliolatf, 3. C. longirostrata.

1. C. ASSAMICA Benth. (Enum. No. 95.) An erect shrub, 6° - 10°
high, with herbaceous branchlets. Leaves elongate-lanceolate, taper-
ing at both ends, glabrous above, sericeous below with soft, some-
what fulvous hairs, as also the branches and calyxes, 4' - 6' long, 1' or
more wide, very short petioled. Kacemes long and terminal, many-
flowered. Bracts subulate-lanceolate, 2" long. Bractlets about the
middle of the short pedicel. Calyx-lobes 4" - 5" long, but the lower
three joined two-thirds of the way up. Flowers |' long, yellow, a

180 MANN,

longitudinal line of fine hairs on the back of the standard. Pod gla-
brate.

Known only from Assam, elsewhere 1 Introduced Into the Hawaiian Islands.

2. C. SERICEA Eetz. (Enum. No. 96.) Stem erect, 3° -8° high,
obtuse-angled, glabrous ; leaves oblanceolate, blunt, mucronulate,
tapering at base into a short petiole, glabrous above, subsericeous
pubescent beneath, pellucid-dotted, 2' -5' long, i'-2i' wide. Stipules
sessile, semisagittate, somewhat reflexed. Racemes terminal, elonga-
ted, many-flowered, each pedicel from the axil of a large ovate acumi-
nate bract. Calyx bilabiate, £' long, about half the length of the
yellow corolla, the superior lobes ovate, inferior ovate-lanceolate. Pod
oblong, much inflated, shortly and broadly stipitate, glabrous.

Not uncommonly planted around native houses as a hedge; doubtless Introduced.
Native of the East Indies, and naturalized in the West Indies.

3. C. LONGIROSTRATA Hook. & Arn. (Enum. No. 97.) Suffruticose,
2° -3° high, branched, minutely pubescent with fine hairs. Leaves
long-petioled ; leaflets 3, obovate or oblong, obtuse or slightly retuse,
mucronulate, tapering to a somewhat cuneate base, terminal one 1' or
more long, the lateral ones smaller. Stipules, and also bracts, very
small, scarce 1" long, subulate, pubescent, deciduous. Racemes ter-
minal, becoming lateral by the evolution of the stem, many-flowered.
Flowers large, yellow. Pedicels 2" - 3" long, recurved in fruit. Keel
with a long straight beak, 7" long, exceeding the other petals. Calyx
5-lobed, the two upper lobes ovate-lanceolate, the others linear-lance-
olate, all slightly pubescent. Pod oblong, 6" -9" long, on a stipe
which is shorter than the calyx, minutely pubescent. Ovules about
10, seeds 4-6.

In waste places, road-sides, etc., near Honolulu. Doubtless introduced. Native of
the region about Acapulco, Mexico.

TBIBE II. INDIGOFERE^!.

A small tribe, almost limited to the genus Indigofera, distinguished chiefly by the an-
thers, tipped with a gland or point, from Galegess, with which they would be united, but
that the leaflets are in a few species digitate, as in Genisteas.

2. INDIGOFEBA Linn.

Calyx small, broadly and obliquely campanulate, with 5 teeth or
lobes, the lowest the longest. Standard ovate or orbicular. Keel
erect, with long claws, and a small protuberance or spur on each side
above the claw. Stamens diadelphous, the sheath slender, and usually
persistent after the fall of the petals. Anthers tipped with a small
gland or point. Ovary sessile or nearly so, with several ovules. Pod
usually slender, cylindrical or 4-angled, with transverse cellular par-
titions between the seeds, rarely flattened, or when reduced to a single

FLOKA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 181

seed nearly globular. — Herbs, undershrubs, or slender -shrubs, more
or less hoary, or sprinkled with appressed hairs, fixed by their centre.
Leaves usually pinnate, with opposite or alternate leaflets and a ter-
minal odd one, sometimes reduced to 3 or 1, and in a few African
species with 3-5 digitate leaflets. Stipules small; stipellffi occur
occasionally. Flowers usually red or purple, in axillary spikes or
racemes.

A large genus, widely spread over tropical Asia and America, but still more abundant
in tropical and Southern Africa, with a few Australian species.

1. I. ANIL Linn. (Enum. No. 98.) A shrub, 3° -5° high,. more
or less hoary, with appressed hairs. Leaflets in the more luxuriant
specimens of 8-9 pairs, besides the terminal one, and fully 1' long,
in drier situations often 2-4 pairs, and not above 6" long, all oppo-
site, from obovate to oblong, glabrous or nearly so on the upper side,
hoary beneath. Flowers scarcely above 2" long, on very short re-
curved pedicels, in short, dense, almost sessile racemes. Calyx cam-
panulate, with short, broad teeth. Pods about £' long, usually many
together and much incurved, slightly 4-edged, with 6-10 seeds.

A very common weed, though introduced but a few years since. It Is supposed to be
of American origin, but has been so much cultivated for Indigo, that it is diffused through-
out the tropics, and it Is difficult to fix its native country.

TBIBE III. OALEOE^E.

Herbs, not twining, or shrubs, trees, or woody climbers. Leaves pinnate, often stipel-
late. Racemes axillary or terminal. Stamens monadelphous or dladelphous, the anthers
obtuse. Ovary with 2 or more ovules. Pod opening in 2 valves.

3. TEPHROSIA Pers. [Auhuhu.]

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard broad, as long as or longer than the
obtuse keel. Upper stamen free at the very base, but adhering to the
sheath of the others in the middle. Style curved, glabrous, excepting
sometimes a tuft of hairs on the terminal stigma. Pod linear, com-
pressed, 2-valved, without partitions between the seeds. — Herbs, un-
dershrubs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of
opposite leaflets, and a terminal odd one, or very rarely reduced to a
single leaflet ; the veins of the leaflets numerous, parallel and oblique.
Eacemes terminal, leaf-opposed or in the upper axils, often leafy at
the base. Flowers 2 to 6 together at each bract.

A considerable genus, widely spread over the tropical regions of the globe.

1. T. PISCATORIA Pers. (Enum. No. 99.) Stock perennial and
often woody, with slender but stiff decumbent, ascending, or even
erect stems, 1° - 2° high, with spreading branches ; the younger shoots
often silky-hoary, becoming at length nearly glabrous. Leaflets in
several rather distant pairs, cuneate oblong or linear, about i' long.

182 MANN,

Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed, the lower ones often very short,
the upper ones 6' or more long, with distant fascicles of 3 - 4 usually
white flowers, each about 4" long ; the broad standard scarcely ex-
ceeding the fine subulate calyx-teeth. Pod rather more than 1' long,
glabrous or nearly so, with 6-8 seeds.

Common on or near the coast, and sometimes found more inland. Common through-
out the Pacific, and tropical Asia. Called " Auhola " or " Hola " when pounded up for use
in poisoning or intoxicating fish.

4. SESBATTCA Pers. [Ohai.]

Calyx truncate or 5-toothed. Standard roundish, patent or reflexed.
Wings falcate-oblong. Keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, the one
next the standard free. Legume linear, subsessile or stipitate, im-
pressed along both margins, many-seeded, tardily dehiscent; seeds
separated by spurious dissepiments. — Sometimes tree-like shrubs.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, with many pairs of leaflets. Stipules cadu-
cous. Racemes axillary. Flowers yellow, purple, or white, showy.
Bracts and bractlets caducous.

A small genus, but widely dispersed throughout the tropics.

1. S. (AGATI) TOMENTOSA Hook. & Am. (Enum. No. 100.) A
woody plant, with decumbent stems 15° - 20° in length ; the branches,
foliage, &c., silky-tomentose when young, but glabrate with age.
Leaves 4' -7' long, very short petioled; leaflets 8-12 pairs, oblong-
elliptical, 7" -14" long, 3" -4" wide, pale. Stipules minute. Calyx
cyathiform, about 4" long, with broad acute teeth. Petals 1' or more
long, red or yellow, brightly colored. Pod nearly terete when mature
(compressed when young) 5'- 7' long, l£"- 2" wide, constricted at in-
tervals, slightly stipitate. Seeds 8 - 20, shining.

HiB. Waianae, Oahu, and perhaps in other parts. Puna, Hawaii. Niihau.

2. S. (AGATI) GRANDIFLORA Poir. {Enum. No. 101.) A tall shrub,
10° -20° high, of very slender growth; nearly glabrous. Leaves 5'-
7' long, very short petioled; leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong, obtuse, 5"-
15" long, 3" -4" wide, pale, smooth. Stipules minute. Calyx deeply
cyathiform, as long as broad, 7" -8" long, truncate or having short
teeth. Petals 2i' - 3' long, very brilliantly variegated. Pod nearly
terete, 12' -18' long, 2" wide, torulose, at length 2-valved, tipped by
the long style. Seeds 30 - 50, rather dull. — S. coccinia, Poir.

Waimea, Kauai, in swamps, and doubtless in many other places, but apparently be-
coming killed out. Probably introduced. A native of the East Indies, but common now
in many tropical countries.

TRIBE IV. HEDYSAREJS.

Herbs, or very rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves various. Pod separating transversely
into one-seeded joints, usually indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to a single one-seeded

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 183

indehiscent reticulated joint. An artificially distinguished group, having the foliage and
other characters sometimes of the Lotex, sometimes of the Galegese, or of the Phaseolese.

5. DESMODIUM De Cand.

Calyx campanulate, with 4 acuminate teeth or lobes ; the upper one
2-toothed or 2-cleft; or rarely equally 5-cleft. Petals narrow, the
standard obovate, the wings usually adhering laterally to the keel,
which has often on each side at the point of adhesion a small oblique
membraneous appendage. , Stamens either monadelphous, with the
sheath open on the upper side, or the upper stamen more or less free.
Ovary sessile or stipitate, with two or more ovules. Style glabrous,
with a minute terminal stigma. Pod consisting of two or more flat
joints, usually reticulate, and often muricate ; the joints mostly inde-
hiscent.— Herbs or shrubs. Leaves with 1-3 leaflets. Flowers usu-
ally small, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes or panicles, or rarely
in axillary clusters.

A large genus, widely dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and Old Worlds,
with a few species in extratropical N. America, S. America, S. Africa, and Australia.

1. D. SANDWICENSE E. Meyer. (Enum. No. 102.) A decumbent or
erect perennial, l°-2° high; branches, peduncles, petioles, &c.,
pubescent with brownish hairs. Leaves trifoliplate, leaflets ovate,
obtuse or acute, glabrous above, hirsute beneath, especially on the
midrib and veins, 7"- 18" long, 3"- 10" wide, the terminal one larger
than the two lateral ones, and on a short stock. Stipules small, ca-
ducous. Racemes 3'- 6' long. Flowers 3" -4" long, on slender pedi-
cels, a little shorter than they. Calyx lobes longer than the tube,
acute from a broad base. Pod short-stipitate, 5 - 10-jointed and
seeded, 1' long, more or less, l£" wide. Joints easily separating and
adhering to anything rough, as fleece or clothes.

Common everywhere in land not too dry. An important forage plant and generally
known as " Spanish Clover," but not a true clover.

2. D. TRIFLORUM DC. (Enum. No. 103.) Stems slender, much
branched, prostrate or creeping, often not above a few inches long,
and sometimes spreading to 1° or 2° long. Leaflets 3, broadly obcord-
ate or obovate, 3" -4" or rarely 6" long and broad, glabrous or
sprinkled with silky hairs. Flowers pink, scarcely 2" long, on slender
pedicels of 2" -6" -8" long, usually 2 together opposite the leaves.
Pod sessile, 4" -7" long, slightly curved, pubescent or glabrous, the
upper edge continuous, the lower slightly indented, consisting of 3 - 6
nearly square joints which sometimes separate, but frequently remain
attached and open along the outer edge to shed their seed.

Not uncommon in grassy places ; probably introduced. Common in tropical Asia and
Africa, and in some parts of tropical America.

184 MANN,

TBIBE V. VICIEJS.

Low or climbing herbs. Leaves usually abruptly pinnate, the petiole running out Into
a tendril, rarely Imparlplnnate or simple. Stipules usually large. Flowers solitary or
racemed. Ovules 2 - many. Pod 2-valved.

6. VICIA Linn.

Calyx often oblique, teeth nearly equal, or the 2 upper shorter.
Standard wide, emarginate. Wings adhering to the keel to their mid-
dle, and longer than it. Stamen next the standard free, or more or
less united. Ovary nearly sessile or stipitate, 2, or more often, many-
ovuled. Style filiform, variously barbed or villous with hairs near the
apex, or rarely glabrous. Pod compressed, 2-valved, continuous
within. — Usually climbing herbs, rarely low and spreading. Leaves,
especially the lower ones, imparipinnate, usually with many leaflets, or
in the upper ones the midrib lengthened into a tendril. Flowers
either solitary or nearly so, in the axils, or racemed. Bracts very ca-
ducous.

A considerable genus, widely diffused, mostly In temperate regions.

1. V. MENZIESII Spreng. (Enum. No. 106.) A very large species
for the genus, climbing among shrubs ; nearly glabrous. Stems an-
gled, minutely pubescent, very leafy. Stipules foliaceous, pectiuately
dentate with long and subulate teeth, especially the lower ones, which
are rounded or flabellate, and k' to 1' in diameter; the upper half sag-
ittate and acuminate. Leaves 6' - 7' long. Leaflets 8 - 12, from Ik1 - 2k'
long, |'-1' wide, ovate-oblong, obtuse, very veiny, mucronulate, com-
monly alternate ; the lowest near the stem. Tendrils much branched,
compound. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2' -4' long, 6-9 flow-
ered; the pedicles slender, approximate, 3" -5" long. Flowers very
large, I1 -Ik' long, pale purple. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube, 3"
long, narrow, very acutely subulate, the lower one a little longer than
the others. Standard recurved, ecallose. Style minutely pubescent
all round above the middle. Stigma terminal, minute. Pod unknown.

In forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

TEIBE VI. PHASEOLEjE.

Stems usually herbaceous, twining or prostrate, rarely shrubs or trees. The leaves
with 3 leaflets rarely (5-7), the two opposite ones Inserted below the terminal one, or
rarely wanting. Inflorescence usually axillary. Stamens diadelphous, with the upper
stamen free at the base, although sometimes united with the others In the middle. Pod
2-valved.

Cliloria ternatea, a climbing vine, belonging to this tribe, is much cultivated for its
fine blue flowers.

7. ERYTHRINA Linn. [Wiliwili.]
Calyx truncate, or more or less 5-toothed. Standard large and

185

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1867. Quarterly Meeting.
JAMES KIMBALL in the chair.

Committees were appointed for holding meetings on each Monday
evening during the ensuing winter ; also such microscopic meetings
as may be deemed expedient.

Frank W. Miller, of Portsmouth, N. H., was elected a Corresponding
Member.

W. W. Eichards, of Salem, was elected a Eesident Member.

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1867. Eegular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — Massachusetts Historical Society,
Boston (Aug. 7) ; E. Hall, Athens, 111. ; Prof. H. C. Wood, jr., Phila-
delphia; E. S. Eantoul, Salem (Aug. 23); S. Jillson, Hudson; C. J.
Maynard, Newtonville (Aug. 25) ; E. N. Walton, Salem (Aug. 26) ;
Hon. Ezra Cornell, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Henry Saltonstall, Boston; B. W.
M'Lain, Eoot, Ind. (Aug. 28); D. Appleton & Co., New York; Prof.
J. Wyman, Cambridge; John C. Gray, Boston; E. N. Walton, Salem
(Aug. 29) ; Eev. James Hubbert, Kingston, C. W. (Aug. 30) ; Dr. Win.
Stimpson, Sec. Chicago Acad. of Sciences ; I. P. Langworthy, Boston
(Aug. 31) ; Museum of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh (Sept. 1) ;
D. Appleton & Co., N. Y. (Sept. 4) ; Literary and Philosophical Soci-
ety of Manchester, Manchester ; S. H. Scudder, Sec. Boston Society
Natural History ; Eichard Eddy, Libr. Historical Society of Pennsyl-
vania (Sept. 5) ; C. C. Beaman, Cambridge (Sept. 9) ; Eev. James
Hubbert, Montreal ; Prof. L. W. Bailey, University of New Bruns-
wick, Fredericton, N. B. (Sept. 10) ; Eoyal Institution of London
(Sept. 11) ; D. Appleton & Co., New York; W. G. Binney, Burlington,
N. J. ; S. Jillson, Hudson; A. Hyatt, Keesville, N. Y. ; S. E. Carter,
Paris Hill, Me. ; I. P. Langworthy, Boston (Sept. 13) ; T. S. Peace,
Manchester, England (Sept. 16); Leeds Philosophical and Literary
Society, Leeds ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College ; I. P. Langworthy,
Boston ; G. W. Pease, Salem (Sept. 17) ; P. E. Uhler, Baltimore (Sept.
18) ; Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A., Columbia, S. C. ; Prof. Eichard Owen,
New Harmony, Ind. ; Dr. H. C. Wood, jr., Philadelphia (Sept. 19) ;
Moses W. Putnam, Haverhill (Sept. 20) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale Col-
lege (Sept. 22); S. P. Fowler, Danvers; Joseph Banvard, Paterson,
N. J. (Sept. 27) ; S. E. Carter, Paris Hill, Me. ; Prof. A. E. Verrill,
Yale College; Curator of the Indian Museum, Calcutta; E. O. Hovey,
Crawfordsville, Ind. (Sept. 28) ; Charles A. Houghton, Holliston ; H.
F. Bassett, Waterbury, Ct. (Sept. 30) ; J. K. Wiggin, Boston (Oct. 1) ;
Prof. L. W. Bailey, University of New Brunswick; Dr. C. C. Abbott,
Trenton, N. J. (Oct. 2) ; P. A. McMoore, Fort Ann, N. Y. ; N. E. At-
wood, Provincetown (Oct. 3); Otis Fuller, Boston; A. B. Garber,
Easton, Pa. ; G. D. Smith, Boston ; Thomas A. Dickinson, Lewiston,

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 24 JULY, 1868.

186

Me. ; Prof. S. Tenney, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; Moses W. Putnam, Ha-
verhill (Oct. 5) ; A. H. Curtiss, Liberty, Va. ; Prof. J. Lovering, Cam-
bridge ; G. D. Phippen, Salem (Oct. 7) ; Prof. W. B. Eogers, Lunen-
burg, Mass. (Oct. 8) ; John H. Silsbee, Salem (Oct. 9) ; J. P. Cowles,
Ipswich (Oct. 10) ; Lyceum of Natural History, New York; A. Hyatt,
Watertown, N. Y. (Oct. 11) ; W. E. Merriman, President Ripon Col-
lege, Ripon, Wis. ; A. H. Curtiss, Liberty, Va. (Oct. 12) ; Dr. C. C. Ab-
bott, Trenton, N. J. (Oct. 13) ; Eev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. ; Geo.
A. Pope, Baltimore, Md. (Oct. 14) ; G. W. Smith, Grand Rapids, Mich. ;
Charles Reed, Librarian Vt. State Library, Montpelier, Vt. (Oct. 15) ;
Dr. B. Pickman, Boston; J. .Wassail, Newburyport (Oct. 17); R.
Brookhouse, Salem (Oct. 18) ; Dr. J. B. Holder, U. S. A., Fort Monroe,
Va. ; A. Hyatt, Rochester N. Y. ; Prof. L. W. Bailey, Fredericton, N.
B. ; Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, 111. ; George A. Pope, Balti-
more, Md. (Oct. 19) ; Prof. Richard Owen, Bloomington, Ind. ; Samuel
L. Ward, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Boston ; Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, D. C. (Oct. 21) ; S. Jill-
son, Hudson; H. F. Bassett, Waterbury, Ct. ; R. M. Chipman, East
Granby, Ct. ; S. L. Boardman, Augusta, Me. ; A. Hyatt, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Oct. 24); W. S. Clark, President Mass. Agricultural College; C. C.
Hitchcock, Ware ; Henry O'Reilly, New York (Oct. 26) ; Joseph Ban-
vard, Paterson, N. J. (Oct. 28) ; Naturwissenschaftlicher-Verein zu Bre-
men (Oct. 29) ; A. C. Hoyt, Boston (Oct. 30) ; L. W. Schmidt, New
York; C. J. Maynard, Newtonville; R, H. Seeley, Haverhill (Nov. 1);
E. T. Cresson, Sec. Am. Entomological Soc'y ; S. H. Scudder, Sec. Bos-
ton Society Nat. Hist. ; A. Pr Garber, Lancaster, Pa. ; Prof. A. Gray,
Cambridge (Nov. 2); Triibner & Co., London; P. R. Uhler, Peabody
Institute, Baltimore, Md. (Nov. 7) ; A. O. Dobbear, Lexington, Ky: ;
Cleveland Abbe, U. S. Naval Observatory. (Nov. 8); W. H. Dall, St.
Michaels, R. Am. ; Henry Gillman, Detroit, Mich. (Nov. 11) ; Chas.
H. Nauman, Lancaster, Pa. ; Dr. H. C. Wood, jr., Philadelphia, Pa. ;
C. Fred. Hartt, New York; Prof. O. C. Marsh, Cazenovia, N. Y. (Nov.
12); Horace Mann, Cambridge (Nov. 14).

F. W. Putnam gave an account of the explorations of several mem-
bers of the Institute to examine the Indian shell-banks at Goose Island
in Casco Bay, and at Ipswich. Many relics were found of great in-
terest to the archaeologist. An appeal was made to members of the
Institute and others who may discover Indian relics, such as arrow-
heads, axes, gouges, etc., which are occasionally ploughed up in our
fields, to forward them to the Institute. He also requested that in-
formation of the discovery of any Indian's grave be sent to the Insti-
tute, that it might be properly examined and a description of the same,
with all the accompanying circumstances, be made and deposited in
the archives.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

William H. Little, of South Danvers, and James P. Boyce, of Lynn,
were elected Resident Members.

187

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — Smithsonian Institution, Washing-
ton, D. C. (Oct. 23) ; Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ;
Trustees of the Phillips Academy, Andover (Nov. 19) ; Rev. James
Hubbert, Montreal, Canada; C. C. Hitchcock, Ware (Nov. 21); A. P.
Garber, Columbia, Pa. ; Henry Davis, Decorah, Iowa (Nov. 22) ; How-
ard Challen, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Massachusetts Historical Society, Bos-
ton (Nov. 23) ; W. W. Richards, Salem ; Peabody Institute, Baltimore
(Nov. 26).

Charles W. Felt presented several specimens of typography of beau-
tiful execution, and made a few remarks thereon.

Alpheus Hyatt spoke upon the affinities of the Beatricea, a strange
fossil from the island of Anticosti, which had a very close resemblance
to a tree. But he showed, that although previously described as such
by Mr. Billings, Paleontologist of the Canada Geological Survey, it
was not a plant, but a molluscan shell belonging to- the class Cephalo-
poda. It possessed the composite character of many of the most an-
cient fossils, and combined in its organization features which were
common to several other types. Although fossil, the cast of the ani-
mal, which inhabited one end of the gigantic conical shell, often
twenty-five or thirty feet long, and thirteen inches diameter, was well
preserved, and the form of the arms might be traced on the core.

E. S. Morse then traced the gradual development of a head among
the mollusks, and showed how it was first formed among snails, but
capable of being withdrawn within the shell, then fully formed among
Cephalopods, but incapable of being withdrawn, except among these
lowest fossil forms, where it was probably permanently held within
the shell.

A. S. Packard, jr., exhibited drawings made by Mr. J. H. Emerton
of a new and very interesting Chironomus, the larva of which live upon
the floating fragments of eel-grass in the harbor. But very few of
the larvae of Diptera are known to inhabit salt water. This larva,
although so situated and exposed to frequent submergence, is pro-
vided with air-vessels, which show that it must breathe in the air and
not in the water. It is very active in its habits, feeding on refuse
matter, and probably on the worms which also construct their cases
on the surface of the grass. The larva transforms in autumn, and ap-
pears during the month of November.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

Theodore Brown, of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

188

MONDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODEIX in the chair.

Mr. A. C. Goodell, jr., read a paper on the Progress of Sacred Mu-
sic in New England from its earliest settlement to the beginning of
the present century.

The history of Puritan psalmody begins with the Reformation, when
the great innovators of doctrines and disciplines invaded the choirs
as they had the altars, and divided the services of both between the
preacher and. the congregation.

The reformed music, though much derided by the cathedral priests,
is now universally praised by competent critics for its sublimity and
peculiar fitness. A recent principal of the Royal Academy of Music
has declared, in a critical review of music, that "the pure sacred
strains " such as the " old Hundredth psalm," and the tunes " London,"
" Windsor," etc., and those made in imitation of them, "are alone
worthy of study."

The work of the Reformation was greatly aided by them, and these
were the tunes with which our Puritan fathers were familiar, and
which they brought with them to these shores as among their most
sacred treasures.

A copy of Thomas Ravenscroft's collection of tunes dated 1621, con-
taining the autograph of Gov. Endicott, and now in the Mass. Histor-
cal Society's Library, was next described as a work showing a very
thorough and correct knowledge of musical science on the part of the
composers, as well as of the singers who used it ; and the use of this
book, several copies of which are still preserved in old libraries in
New England, as well as many other facts, were adduced to show that
the earliest settlers of New England were good musicians ; and the
Puritans of England were also shown to be proficients in music, not-
withstanding the modern opinion to the contrary. But the second
and third generations in New England lost much of what their fathers
and grandfathers knew, including the use of instruments with which
many of the first settlers were familiar, but which had become so
neglected in 1673, that the Commissioners for Plantations reported that
there were then " no musicians by trade " in the whole colony.

Music in the New England congregations was entirely vocal from
the first. At Salem, Aiusworth's psalms were used until 1667, and
in Plymouth until 1692. These were provided with tunes printed to
accompany the verses, so that it was not necessary to line out the
psalm in these places, as had been the custom in other places
where the Bay Psalm book (without music) was used. Ainsworth's
version contained forty-four tunes.

189

The "lining" or " deaconing off" the verse was an obvious impedi-
ment to perfect melody. And though strongly defended by many of
the clergy ,t was probably one of the causes that led to the rise of a
body of anti-psalmists between 1640-1660.

Music gradually grew worse ; the number of tunes used in public
worship was reduced to thirteen, and, in most congregations, no more
than three or four of these were ever attempted to be sung. The
hymn was lined and then sung by rote, as it was called, the whole con-
gregation joining, without regard to the rules of rhythm, melody, or
dynamics, and with no knowledge of, or attempts at harmony. The
confusion that ensued was ludicrous in the extreme, and is described
by a contemporary, the Rev. Thomas Walter, as sounding "like five
hundred different tunes roared out at the same time."

The date of the arrival of the Province Charter (1692) or of the rev-
olution of 1688 was described as an epoch in the history of music, as
well as in many other things enumerated. The first music printed in
New England appeared about 1690, and within about thirty years
thereafter a successful attempt was simultaneously made to introduce
"regular singing" or singing by note instead of the loose and incor-
rect rote singing which had prevailed. The action of the leaders in
this movement was narrated at considerable length.

In 1710, the first mention of the use of organs in New England ap-
pears. The unpublished diary of Rev. Joseph Green of Danvers, now
in the possession of a member of the Institute, contains the following
entry under date of May 29, 1711: "I was at Mr. Thomas Brattle's
heard ye organs and saw strange things in a microscope." And in
1713, an organ was imported for King's Chapel in Boston, which lay
seven months in the porch before it was set up on account of the pub-
lic clamor against it.

In 174'3, the first organ was set up in Salem, in St. Peter's Church;
and in 1745, Edward Bromfield, of Boston, nearly completed the first
American-made organ, which was declared a very fine instrument of
1200 pipes and two banks of keys. And the first organ used outside
Episcopal churches was set up in Providence, R. I., in 1770.

Competent musicians began to arrive here, and to spring up among
the population, and music books and books of musical instruction were
published here, — the first by Rev. John Tufts, of Newbury, in 1712.

Details of the struggle to introduce regular singing were given, and
also an account of the early engravers of music.

The American Revolution was next asserted to be another epoch in
more respects than one ; and, as it approached, a movement led by
Rev. Lemuel Hedge, of Warwick, Mass., was made to abolish the
"lining out" process which had generally prevailed up to that time.

190

This movement was, also, successful, and was one of the results of
the previous movement in favor of regular singing.

At this period, also, William Billings, of Boston, of whom an ac-
count was given, began to compose original and peculiar music, which,
for a long time, enjoyed unbounded popularity. His fugues, although
inferior music, were described as the work of a man of genius, and as
being marks of progress from the previous condition of music here.
He improved the system of singing schools started in 1720 by Rev.
Thomas Symmes, of Bradford, introduced instrumental music, and
created a popular enthusiasm in behalf of music generally.

Fugue music has been often described as of American origin, and
has been severely criticized and derided on that account ; but it was,
in fact, introduced into England from Italy as early as towards the
close of Elizabeth's reign. It has its uses in musical composition, and
has been applied with great effect by almost all great composers. But
Billings's style and his use of fugues was entirely unfitted to devo-
tional themes.

The state of music, though improved from former times was low in-
deed in New England during the last thirty years of the eighteenth
century. In England, it was, relatively, lower still. Since Billings's
day its course, here, has been steadily upward.

From 1760 to 1780, seats began to be set apart for select choirs, and
instrumental music began to be introduced. Music, after the begin-
ning of this century, began to improve. Accounts were given of the
individuals and societies prominent in this work of reform, beginning
with the Essex Musical Association of 1797, and its sister society in
Middlesex.

The struggle that ensued between the old-fashioned fuguists and
the " Old Hundred" singers (as they were called) of the New School
was depicted.

Instruments were generally introduced in the following order : first,
the pitch-pipe ; second, the tuning-fork, or the brass reed ; and third,
the violoncello, which was followed by the flute, hautboy, clarionet,
bassoon, and violin ; and, finally, the majestic organ, which, though in-
troduced here before the Revolution as previously stated, was never
used west of the Alleghanies until 1837.

Finally, the productions of our native composers were briefly com-
mented on, and the fact noticed that from Salem had gone forth the
beautiful and familiar tunes of " Supplication," " Merton," and " Fed-
eral street."

The paper closed with aji appeal for the revival of Congregational
singing, which it was declared the direction of musical progress and
the present state of musical taste and education indicated, as the next
great movement in this line.

191

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

George H. Vibert, of Rockport; Francis A. Langmaid, of Salem,
were elected Resident Members. Henry Davis, of McGregor, Iowa,
was elected a Corresponding Member.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1867. Regular Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

The chairman alluded to the arrangements for a meeting on every
Monday night during the winter.

Letters were read from, — Prof. J. S. Newberry, Columbia College
(Nov. 25) ; John C. Wetmore, Essex, Mass. ; Howard Challen, Phila-
delphia; Dr. E. Diffenbaugh, Philadelphia; Prof. E. D. Cope, Phil-
adelphia (Nov. 27) ; Dr. A. C. Foote, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Mich. ; A. L. Babcock, Sherborn, Mass. (Nov. 29) ; Dr. I. P. Trim-
ble, State Entomologist of New Jersey, Newark, N. J. ; New England
Glass Co., Boston (Nov. 30); M. C. Cooke, Secretary Quekett Micro-
scopical Club, London (Dec. 1); Dr. E. W. Hubbard, Tottenville,
Staten Island; Robert Howell, Nichols, N. Y. ; Samuel R. Carter,
Paris Hill, Me. ; Prof. Alex. Winchell, University of Michigan (Dec.
4) ; Prof. J. S. Newbury, Columbia College ; Prof. S. Tenney, Vassal-
College (Dec. 5) ; H. Willey, New Bedford, Mass. (Dec. 6) ; Prof. S.
F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution (Dec. 7).

Mr. Putnam read by title the following communication from Mr. H.
WILLEY, of New Bedford.

AMERICAN LICHENOGRAPHY.

It is proposed in this sketch to give a brief account of such works
on the subject of Lichens published in this country as have fallen un-
der the writer's observation. The study of this branch of botany,
interesting as it is, is confined to a few, who labor under great disad-
vantages, from the scattered nature of what has been published by
our own writers, and the absence of a complete American Licheuog-
raphy, brought up to the present state of knowledge, and based on
the modern views of the science. Several interesting local catalogues
have, however, been published, and Professor TUCKERMAN'S valuable
Synopsis, published in 1848, gave a full and accurate view of the
Lichen flora of the northern part of the continent, so far as known at
that time. But very much has been discovered since then, and the
use of the microscope has imparted an entirely new aspect to the sci-
ence. A fresh impulse would doubtless be given to the study, and
many botanists would engage in the investigation of the Lichen flora
of our country, so vast, and as yet so imperfectly explored, could they

192

have the assistance of such a work. The want, we hope, will not long
remain unsupplied.

ACHARIUS, the father of Lichenology, as he has been styled, pub-
lished numerous American Lichens in his Lichenographia Universalis,
Gottingen, 1810; and Synopsis Lichenum, Lund, 1814. Swartz, in his
Lichenes Americani, Norimberg, 1811, one number only of which was
published, gave an account of twenty-five American species, mostly
from the West Indies. He mentions two New England species, Par-
melia colpodes and P. congruens, the latter of which, however, is un-
known to our Lichenists, and the plant described is probably only a
form of some other plant.

The Flora Virginica of GRONOVIUS, Leyden, 1739, in which the plants
collected by Clayton are described, mentions a few Lichens. But to
come to American publications.

The Index Florae Lancastriensis, by MUHLENBURG, Vol. III. of the
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia,
1793, contains a list of thirty Lichens, concluding with the remark,
" et alii -multi novi." All these were probably included in his Catalo-
gus Plantarum Americce Septentrionalis, Philadelphia, 1818. He gives
the name of 184 species, arranged according to the Acharian System,
eighteen of which are noted as new. There are no descriptions of
the plants, but according to Professor Tuckerman in the Boston
Journal of Natural History, they are described in the sixth edition
of Eaton's Manual, 1833, a work which the present writer has not
seen.

Professor TORREY, in his Catalogue of Plants growing spontaneously
within Thirty Miles of the City of New York, Albany, 1819, enumerates
sixty species of Lichens, and gives their stations. There are no new
species in his list.

In the American Journal of Science, Vol. VI, p. 105, Professor TOR-
REY describes, under the name of Usnea fasciata, the plant called in
Tuckerman's Synopsis, U. sphacelata K. Br., and since, U. aurantiaco-
atra Jacq.

The next publication is HALSEY'S Synopsis of the Lichens near Neio
York, published in 1823 in Vol. I. of the Annals of the Lyceum of
Natural History. This is a valuable catalogue, enumerating 176 spe-
cies, with their stations, and giving brief descriptions, with colored
figures of four species. Nine are new, of which descriptions are fur-
nished by Schweinitz. Halsey alludes to a promised work on Lichens
by Schweinitz, but this was never given to the public.

The Catalogue of Animals and Plants of Massachusetts, in Professor
HITCHCOCK'S Report on the Geology, Botany, and Zoology of that
State, was published separately at Amherst in 1835. It gives 116 Lich-
ens as occurring in Massachusetts.

193

In NUTTALL'S Catalogue of Plants collected on the Pacific Coast by
Wyeth, in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy, Vol. VII, a new
lichen is described under the name of Borrera Golumbiana, which he
remarks resembles Lichen vulpinus Linn., found on the Columbia
River. It is also noticed in Tuckerinan's Enumeration, 1845 (under
Parmelia), but not since.

HOOKER'S Flora Boreali- Americana, London, 1840, though not pub-
lished in this country, may be mentioned here, as giving, according
to Professor Tuckerman, "besides a general survey of the Lichens
of that region, and descriptions of new species, many remarks- illus-
trative of the economy and the uses of these plants. . . . The part
which includes the Lichens is as valuable to the student of these
plants in this country as in England."

We come now to the writings of the distinguished botanist, who
has done more than any other in this country to advance the knowl-
edge of our Lichens, and from whom we have still much to expect,
Professor EDWARD TUCKERMAN, of Amherst. In 1835, he read before
the Boston Society of Natural History, An Enumeration of some Lichens
of North America, published in Vol. II. of its Proceedings. Three fur-
ther enumerations were published in Vols. III. and V. of the same
work, from 1843 to 1847. In the last, the whole number of known
North American Lichens is stated to be 165. These papers derive
great interest from the fact that they contain the first special notices
of the alpine Lichen Flora of the mountains of Vermont and New
Hampshire. In the last he remarks that " 127 species and four perma-
nent varieties have been enumerated, and their stations given; of
which fifty were not previously included in the United States Flora."
He proceeds to give an account of the systematic arrangement of the
Lichens up to that period, as developed in the writings of Linnaeus,
Acharius, Fries, and others, mentioning also the catalogues of Muh-
lenburg, Torrey, Halsey, and Hitchcock, above noticed, and concludes
with some remarks on the uses of Lichens. Professor Tuckerman's
remarks on the various plants he notices are full of interest, and
marked by that caution and discrimination which characterize the ac-
curate observer and the philosophical mind, and which he has so ably
manifested in his later and more difficult and profound studies.
- In Observations on some interesting Plants of New England, published
in the American Journal of Science, in 1843, Professor TUCKERMAN
mentions two Lichens, Cetraria Tuckermanii (which, however, has not
held its place as a distinct species), and Solorina saccata. This last
has not been published as occurring in New England, but the present
writer has found it in Pittsfleld.

In 1845, appeared An Enumeration of North American Lichens, by
Professor TUCKERMAN, published at Cambridge. This little work con-

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 25 AUGUST, 1868.

194

tains, an Essay on the Natural Systems of Oken, Fries, and Endlicher,
followed by a Preliminary View of the Structure and General History
of Lichens, and an Enumeration of North American Lichens, arranged
according to the Friesian system, giving the generic characters, but no
descriptions of the species. The list contains 238 species, but the au-
thor remarks that it is incomplete.

His valuable Synopsis of the Lichens of New England, the other North-
ern States, and British America, was published at Cambridge in 1848.
It was and remains as yet the only full enumeration, with descriptions,
of North American Lichens, but is partially supplemented in writings
subsequently to be noticed. Its great value lies in the excellent de-
scriptions from Fries, on whose system it is based, and to the gene-
ral principles of which the author still adheres. It enumerates and
describes 295 species, of which about twenty are here first described.

LEA'S Catalogue of the Plants of Cincinnati, Philadelphia, 1849, gives
a list of fifty-three species of Lichens, arranged by Professor Tucker-
man. AGASSIZ'S Lake Superior, published in 1850, contains a List of
Lichens collected in that region, including seventy-one species, also
arranged by Professor Tuckerman.

The American Journal of Science for 1858 and 1859, contains two
Supplements to the Enumeration of North American Lichens, of the same
author. Sixty-six species, mostly new, from the Pacific coast, Cuba,
the Southern States, and New England, are. mentioned and described.
In the latter of these the spore-character is for the first time noticed.
In 1860, he contributed to the Proceedings of the American Academy
of Science and Arts (Boston), Vol. V, Observations on North American
and other Lichens, giving a review of the genera Physcia and Pyxine.
These observations were continued in Vols. V. and VI. of the same
work, published in 1862 and 1864. In them the author shows that he
had fully kept pace with the advance of the science, which by the appli-
cation of the microscope to the study of the internal structure, and the
development of the spores of Lichens, had assumed an entirely new
aspect since the era of the older Lichenists, who studied and wrote
withhout the aid of that instrument, now indispensable to all who
would make any certain progress in Lichenology, and which, while it
opens new difficulties, adds greatly to the fascinating interest of the
study. The last two of these papers are mostly occupied with descrip-
tions of the Lichens collected in Cuba by Mr. Wright, though quite a
number of New England and other continental plants are mentioned
and described for the first time.

Professor TUCKERMAN also described the Lichens brought home by
the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, published in 1861, and accompanied
by admirable drawings of new species. The number of species men-
tioned is 104, of which four are new.

195

The next work of this author is The Lichens of California, Oregon,
and the Rocky Mountains, so far as yet known. Amherst, 1866. The
object of this work is, in the words of the author, "to show at the
beginning of careful exploration, exactly what is known of the Lichen
Flora of the west coast south of Vancouver's Island, and of the great
western system of mountains within the same range of latitude." He
also alludes briefly to his present views of system, which will be more
fully developed in a work on The Genera of North American Lichens, in
course of preparation, the appearance of which, we trust, will not long
be deferred. This catalogue enumerates 184 species, of which about
eighteen are new. An appendix gives descriptions of nine other new
species, four of which are from New England.

Following this is The Lichens of the Hawaiian Islands, in the Pro-
ceedings of the American Academy of Science and Arts, 1867, com-
prising the Lichens collected by Mr. Mann, together with those
previously known. It contains 130 species, of which seven are
new.

The Geological and Natural History Survey of North Carolina, Part
III, Botany, by Rev. M. A. CURTIS, D. D., Raleigh, 1867, contains a list
of 217 lichens of that State, with brief indications of their stations.
A note from the author says : " The list was arranged by Professor
Tuckerman some seven or eight years ago. His present views are
different." Professor Tuckerman desires it to be understood that he
declines to acknowledge it, being made up of an old list, xwith changes
and additions which he was not permitted to see.

In a paper in the American Naturalist for April, 1868, Professor
TUCKERMAN discusses the question, Can Lichens be identified by chem-
ical tests ? and expresses himself inclined to the negative opinion.

To complete the record of Professor TUCKERMAN'S labors, we have
to mention Lichenes Americce Septentrionalis exsiccati, Cambridge, 1847
-1855, a valuable collection of specimens of about 150 species of North
American Lichens, and Caroli Wright Lichenes Insulce Cubce curante
E. Tuckerman, Boston, 1864, a collection of the Lichens of Cuba, which,
as we have above mentioned, are described in the Observations.

OLNEY'S Catalogue of Rhode Island Plants, published in Vol. I. of the
Proceedings of the Providence Franklin Society, Providence, 1846,
contains a short and incomplete list of Lichens, comprising twenty-
four species. Among them are Calicium tympanellum Ach., and Bor-
re.ro, ciliaris Ach. ; but it is doubtful whether the plants thus named
were genuine specimens.

DARLINGTON'S Flora Cestrica, third edition, Philadelphia, 1853, con-
tains a list of Lichens of Chester county, arranged by Dr. Michener,
with descriptions condensed from Tuckerman's Synopsis. It enume-
rates 105 species, of which the author says : " About twenty were never

196

before published in this country, one half of which are entirely
new."

The Journal of the Essex Co. Natural History Society, Vol. I, No. 2,
1839, at page 96, contains a notice of Cladonia uncialis, var. reticulata
(the C. Boryi of Tuckerman's Synopsis), by JOHN L. RUSSELL, with
notices of six other New England Lichens. The same plant is farther
noticed in No. 3 of the same Journal, at page 125, together with C.
gracilis, var. elongata.

In the Proceedings of the Essex Institute are the following notices of
Lichens, all by Mr. Eussell :

Vol. I, p. 15, mention of some lichens occurring in Brattleborough
and on Mansfield Mountain, Vt. Among them are Parmelia ostreata
Fr., Coniocybe furfuracea Ach., and C.pallida Fr., not previously no-
ticed as occurring in this country.

Vol. I, p. 188, description of the new genus and its as yet solitary
species Hydrothyria venosa Russ., Verrucaria maura Wahl., Sphcerom-
phale atra Russ., and Verrucaria perpusilla Russ. These last two Mr.
R. now considers as doubtful.

Vol. II, p. 35, mention is incidentally made of the occurrence of Par-
melia [Pannaria'] brunnea Sw., first found in this country by Mr.
Oakes.

Vol. II, p. 134, Some Notes on the Cryptogamic Vegetation of the
Azores, contains notices of forty-five species- of Lichens, collected by
Thomas W. Higginson.

The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. X, contains a good general arti-
cle on Lichens, also by Mr. RUSSELL.

A note in the American Naturalist for October, 1867, by the present
writer, mentions the occurrence of Biatora lucida Fr. in the White
Mountains (Berlin Falls). But Verrucaria margacea Wahl., is there
erroneously mentioned as having occurred to him in Vermont.

The Annals of the Botanical Society of Canada, contain the follow-
ing notices of Lichens :

Vol. I, p. 49, abstract of a paper entitled, What to Observe in Cana-
dian Lichens, by W. LAUDEII LINDSAY, read Feb. 15, 1851.

Vol. I, p. 78, A List of Plants collected on the South and East Shores
of Lake Superior, and on the North Shore of Lake Huron in 1860, by
ROBERT BELL, mentions seven lichens, all common.

Vol. I, p. 81, a paper on The Economical Uses of Sticta pulmonaria,
by N. T. DKUMMOND.

A Provisional Catalogue of Canadian Cryptogams, by DAVID A. P.
WATT, published in Vol. II, No. 5, of The Canadian Naturalist, Octo-
ber, 1865, enumerates 156 species of Lichens, arranged after the Acha-
rian system, but without indication of stations or localities.

197

A communication from Dr. H. C. Wood, jr., of Philadelphia, On the
Phalangece of North America, was also read by title and referred to the
Publication Committee.

Dr. A. S. Packard, jr., read an extract from a letter from Mr. E. T.
Cox, of New Harmony, Ind., relative to the habits of the " Buffalo
Gnat," a species of Simulium, two or three times the size of the
"Black Fly.' (Dr. Packard's paper will be published in full in the
next Volume.)

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a series of Indian Implements, made of
stone, which had been found in various parts of Essex county ;. quite
a number of them having been recently presented. He called atten-
tion to the different kinds of stone " axes," "tomahawks," "gouges,"
" arrow-heads," and other implements to which he could give no accu-
rate name. Some of them he called " sinkers," from the fact that they
seemed well adapted for sinking a fish net or line, and also from many
of them having been found on the shore at Swampscott and other
places. These stones are generally pear-shaped, but one of them,
found in Essex and presented by John Choate, Esq., of Essex, was of
a very singular form, more nearly resembling a " humming top " in its
shape than anything else with which he could compare it. Other
stones have often been found, the use of which has not yet been ascer-
tained. Some of these are of a flattened oval form, and others are
nearly round, but all have a groove cut round them. He also called
attention to the flat smooth stones with two holes bored through them,
and which he believed might have been used in twisting strips of skin
or bark together to form a rope. Another form to which he alluded,
was that of stones of perfect finish and of various shapes, but all pro-
vided with a hole through their thickest portion, in blowing into
which (as one does into a key) a loud call or whistle could be sounded.

Among the "Arrow or Lance-heads" exhibited, was one of very
fine workmanship, 4.2 inches long, and 0.8 of an inch in width at
its base, which was unlike any he had before seen from this part of
the country. This specimen was quite recently found on the farm of
Winthrop L. Dodge, Esq., at Hamilton, and presented by Mr. Dodge
to the Institute.

A very fine and quite large Stone Axe was shown, which was found
at Danvers by John Bates, Esq., and by him presented to the Society.

Among the implements recently received were the following :

A fine Stone Gouge, from Topsfleld, presented by Jacob Kinsman, Esq.

A large Stone Axe, eight inches in length, by 4.5 inches in width;
a smaller Axe five inches in length, by 4.6 inches in width, from
Essex, presented by Robert Burnham. Esq.

The singular "Humming-top" shaped implement, from Essex, pre-
sented by John Choate, Esq.

198

A flint Arrow-head, three inches in length, from Essex, presented
by Ebenezer Stanwood, Esq.

An Arrow-head, 2.5 inches in length, from Middleton, presented
by Wm. A. Phelps, Esq.

An Arrow-head from Middleton, presented by Mr. Charles Phelps.

A Lance-head, and one of the flat oval Stones, with the groove
around it, as mentioned above, from Essex, presented by Erbridge
Perkins, Esq.

Several peculiar Stones, supposed to have been shaped by the In-
dians, were presented by Eben Perkins, Esq., of Essex, who found
them on his farm.

Mr. Putnam also exhibited to the meeting portions of two skeletons
of Indians recently received. One of them was quite perfect and the
skull was in very good condition and nearly whole. This skeleton was
lately found on the land of Jesse Peabody, Esq., of Middleton, and was
secured for the Institute collection through the kind services of Wil-
liam A. Phelps, Esq., of Middleton.

The other skeleton, which was more decayed and of which only a
portion could be saved, was kindly presented by John C. Wetmore,
Esq., of Essex, who, upon discovering it, notified the Institute of the
fact, and allowed it to remain undisturbed until it could be sent for.
This skeleton was one of six found near together on Mr. Wetmore's
farm.

The following is the account furnished by Mr. C. Cooke, who was
despatched to make the necessary observations and carefully pack the
bones, as was also the case in regard to the Middleton skeleton :

" The Essex skeletons were found from eighteen to twenty-four
inches below the surface, lying in a row running north and south, and
were six in number, with a distance between them of about five feet,
with the exception of the fifth and sixth, which were only about
eighteen inches apart.

" The bones of the fifth skeleton, although those of an adult of large
size, were much slighter than the others, especially the sixth, by the
side of which it was found. It may perhaps be that of a female.

"Beneath this skeleton were found three flat, irregular pieces of
red sandstone (a rock not found in this region), one piece placed un-
der the head, another under the middle of the body, and the third
about under the feet ; showing more care taken in the interment of
this body than of the others. No traces of implements or remains
of pottery were found with any of them. All the skeletons were
found in the same position, namely, lying faces to the west, on
the left side, with hands under the head, and the knees drawn up
against the chest. They were in a very decayed condition ; the one
brought home being the best of the lot. The place where they were

199

found is a slight slope, and has been planted for a number of years,
which would perhaps account for their being so near the surface, —
the top soil having been gradually removed."

Mr. Cooke had also called Mr. Putnam's notice to the fact, that, of
the eleven Indian graves found in Essex Co. and examined either by
Mr. Cooke or himself, within the last two years, only two of them
were found to contain implements of any kind. One of these, how-
ever, that found on Winter Island was remarkably rich in stone
implements, and the other found in Lagrange street, contained the
singular " bone spoons " and bone ornaments, of which a description
will be given at a future meeting.

Mr. Putnam also exhibited several pieces of Indian Pottery from
Lake Harney, Florida, presented by Miss M. G. Wheatland; and a
fragment of red Pottery from one of the "mounds " near Springfield,
Ohio, presented by Mr. Albert S. Kingsman, of Salem.

He said that he had taken this occasion to speak of the various In-
dian remains and relics at some length, as he wished to secure the co-
operation of members in interesting persons throughout the county,
and especially farmers, in the collection of the relics of our Aborig-
ines, that as complete a record as possible may be made of them. He
stated the necessity of obtaining a large number of each kind of im-
plement, in order that through a study of them some common charac-
ters might be found which would enable archaeologists to associate the
former inhabitants of our region, with those of other places, and thus
aid in throwing light on one of the great questions of the day, — " The
Origin and Migrations of the Human Race."

He hoped that farmers and others throughout the county and its
vicinity would search for all Indian relics, lying forgotten in their
houses and barns, and send them to the Institute, where they would
be classified and arranged, and aid in solving the most interesting
questions relating to the history and migrations of the early races of
men on our continent. He hoped that in the spring farmers would
carefully examine their grounds for all relics of the past.

If all the persons in Essex county would send every Indian relic
they have, or may find, to the Institute, it would form an unrivalled
local archaeological collection. Will not our friends unite in bringing
about this desired end?

Mr. Putnam also exhibited the other donations to the Scientific De-
partment, received since last reported.

Dr. Packard spoke of the rude way in which the Esquimaux in Lab-
rador buried their dead. He had found at Hopedale two skeletons,
male and female, laid in a fissure in a rock, on the side of a high hill.
The site of the grave was marked by an upright pole. The remains
were simply covered by stones laid over the top of the fissure, which

200

was just wide enough to admit the bodies. There was no soil to cover
them with. It was his impression that their heads pointed to the
south-west, the feet being directed towards the north-east, following
the course of the fissure. No implements or garments accompanied
the bones, which probably were sepulchred before the advent of the
Moravian missionaries, and perhaps over a century since.

The lower jaws were large and stout, and the teeth " double" all
around, i. e. the corners of those of the upper and lower jaws were
worn off square and did not overlap.

In the rather large lower jaw he was reminded of the figure of the
"fossil jaw" of "prehistoric man," and the speaker alluded to the
famous controversy between the French and English savans, regard-
ing the human jaw (lower maxillary), discovered by a quarry-man
working in the gravel-pit at Moulin Quignon, France, and brought to
the notice of M. Boucher de Perthes, "the pioneer and representative
of modern archaeology, " who " withdrew from the ground with his
own hands the entire half of a human jaw, having the second molar in
position." " Near the jaw were found a hatchet, two other teeth, and
a portion of a fourth," and afterwards the teeth of the mammoth were
picked up in a bed overlying that containing the jaw. It was con-
cluded that the possessor lived in the " stone age," and was coeval
with the mammoth.

Drs. Falconer and Bush, of London, disputed the alleged antiquity of
the bone. The majority, however, allege th'at the jaw, from its anom-
alous shape, belonged to a man of a different race from ours. Many
archaeologists refer all the bones and implements of the stone age to
a very degraded race, lower than any savage tribes known to exist in
Europe or Asia ; others refer them to races like the Esquimaux, and
assume .that the Esquimaux were the first inhabitants of Europe.
The speculations already published would fill volumes.

Dr. Harrison Allen, of Philadelphia, in the last number of the " Den-
tal Cosmos," gives a more conservative view of the "jaw" question,
saying, " certainly in the present state of our knowledge, it would be
rash to assign the Abb. eyville man to ' another ' race, or, indeed, to any
particular race, by the meagre evidence left us in a fragment of his
jaw."

Dr. Packard questioned whether the antiquity of the gravel deposits
containing the remains of prehistoric man in Europe, and the intensi-
ty of the climate of that period have not been exaggerated by writers,
judging from the age and condition of our own river gravels, and from
what must have been the climate of the Lake Period in North Amer-
ica, which could not have been much colder than that of Northern
New England two hundred years ago. The " Lake Period" overlapped
the Historic Period, and was not signalized by such a degree of Green-

201

land cold as to expel the Indian and fill their places with the Esqui-
maux.

He had seen native Esquimaux still living in the Straits of Belle Isle,
about six hundred miles north of the parallel of Boston. The mound-
builders, or " prehistoric men " of America, belong to a race much
taller and stouter than the Esquimaux, and, it would seem, better de-
veloped physically and mentally than the present Indian races. Their
mounds also seem older than the shell-heaps of our coast.

A special vote of thanks was passed to the several donors of speci-
mens.

Le Boy F. Griffin, of Beverly ; Hubbard Breed, of Salem ; Edward
H. Fletcher, of Salem, were elected Kesident Members.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — Passaic County Historical Society,
Paterson, N. J. (Nov. 15) ; B. F. Owen, Astoria, 111. ; Henry B. Daw-
son, Morrisania, N. Y. (Nov. 26) ; James W. Harris, Cambridge (Dec.
4); Smithsonian Institution; Nantucket Athenaeum (Dec. 6) ; Dr. B.
Pickman, Boston; J. H. Vibbert, Rockport (Dec. 9) ; Frank A. Lang-
maid, Salem ; Le Roy F. Griffin, Beverly (Dec. 12) ; Hubbard Breed,
Boston; Charles H. Hart, Philadelphia (Dec. 13); Prof. A.sa Gray,
Cambridge (Dec. 14).

Donations to the Library were announced.

A. C. Goodell, jr., read the continuation of his paper on New Eng-
land Hymnody and Psalmody.

Having devoted his first evening to a review of the progress of
music in New England from the first settlement of the country to the
present century, he devoted the second evening, on Monday, Dec. 16,
to a consideration of psalmody and hymnody during the same period.

Very early in the progress of the Reformation hymns and spiritual
songs had been composed for popular use by such men as John Huss
and Martin Luther, among others. In Germany the Psalms were first
metrically translated; but France brought psalm-singing universally
into fashion through the version of Marot and Beza, which was sung
by King Francis I. and his whole court.

Thomas Sternhold and John Hopkins attempted for England what
Marot and Beza had done for France ; and a sketch was given of the
history of their version, — with the names of those who assisted in this
labor, — of the popularity which it acquired, and of the means by which
it became established in use in the English church.

The leading Puritan versions were then enumerated and discussed,
including Ainsworth's, Barton's, and Rouse's ; and the later versions
of Woodford and Denham were compared with former versions.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. V. 26 AUGUST, 1868.

202

The successful version of Tate and Brady in 1696 was then discussed,
and compared with its predecessors.

While these changes were taking place in England, the congrega-
tions at Plymouth and in Salem were adhering, exclusively, to the
ancient version of Ainswoi-th, — the latter until 1667, and the former
until the union of the colonies under the Province Charter, — when
they, respectively, adopted the Bay Psalm-book, as it is usually called,
in conformity with general usage throughout New England. In Salem,
however, both versions were used together after 1667.

The Bay Psalm-book was prepared by the Rev. John Eliot, best
known as the " Apostle to the Indians," Rev. Thomas Welde, of Rox-
bury, and Rev. Richard Mather, of Dorchester. President Dunster,
of Harvard College, and Mr. Richard Lyon, revised this version, which
continued in general use in New England for more than a century, be-
sides being adopted extensively in Great Britain.

The attempts of English writers to improve upon Tate and Brady
were next traced, and the versions of Patrick and Sir Richard Black-
more were discussed.

Sir Richard Blackmore was the last of the leading versifiers in that
period, which was fast drawing to its close, when the Psalms were
considered the only legitimate subjects of sacred song; and although
he had numerous panegyrists in his day, both here and in England, he
is only preserved to fame by the accidental circumstance of his having
quarrelled with Pope, — who more than once mentions him in the
"Dunciad," — and in Dr. Johnson's biography.

The appearance of Dr. Watts's hymns was then noted as marking a
new epoch in Psalmody, and his popularity was described.

Watts's " Hymns Sacred to Devotion," appeared in 1706, and all his
earlier verses were collected and published under the title of "Horse
Lyricas " in 1709. These were read and admired on both sides of the
Atlantic.

With the verses of Tate and Brady, Denham, Patrick, Blackmore,
and especially Watts, on every lip, and with such books as the Spec-
tator, De Foe, and the Essay on Man for sale at the bookstores, New
England not only began to swarm with professed admirers of the En-
glish hymn-writers and paraphrasts, but some very excellent imita-
tors of the English school began to produce original pieces in the
same vein, and the subject of improving the psalmody attracted gen-
eral attention.

Opposed to these innovators was that never inconsiderable class of
people who venerate tradition and esteem it a merit to bow to author-
ity ; and at their head stood forth some of the more conservative of
the clergy. Two attempts to improve upon the New England version
of the Psalms of David were made by two distinguished clergymen.
The first was by Rev. John Barnard, of Marblehead, who, in 1752, put

203

forth his " New Version of the Psalms of David, fitted to the tunes
used in the churches ; with several hymns out of the Old and New
Testaments." The second was by Kev. Thomas Prince of Boston.

At this point the speaker read and compared the 137th Psalm, as
rendered in the different versions already described, including the ver-
sions of Prince and Barnard, both of whom were declared to be as
well qualified for the work of improving our psalmody as any of their1
brethren. The character, position, and abilities of these reverend
authors were described by the speaker, who proceeded then to show
that their labors were unsuccessful against the popular tastes and the
growing determination to substitute Watts's Imitations and other
hymns of secular origin for the Psalms.

In considering the movement which led to the adoption of Watts's
Imitations, Mr. Goodell referred to the Boston clergymen, Mather,
Colman, Walter, and Mather Byles, describing their several labors in
this behalf, noticing their terms of intimacy with English poetical
writers, as Pope, Watts, and Blackmore ; narrating many incidents
illustrative of the zeal with which the satirists of the period engaged
in the movement, and giving an account of the rapid decline of pure
Psalmody, the present scarcity of the old psalm books, and quoting
the very few stanzas now generally preserved out of those obsolete
versions.

The services of Kev. John Todd, of Hanover Presbytery,' Virginia,
were noticed as having had a powerful effect in producing the change.

Although hymns of secular origin had been occasionally sung in
Boston from as early as 1738, the innovation was far from general.

The Psalmody of Watts, however, we find generally introduced
some years before the Revolution ; the pioneers in this movement, as
nearly as he could ascertain, being the society under the pastoral charge
of Rev. Dudley Leavitt, of Salem.

As we approach the period of the Revolution, we find the same spirit
of enterprise which has been commented upon in the previous pape?
on Sacred Music, exhibiting itself in its action upon our Psalmody.

Billings, whom we have seen leading off with his new system of
musical instruction, and his loud and lively fugues, was the intimate
friend of the great patriot Samuel Adams, — himself also a great
singer, and was an equally ardent republican, — so for his new music
he composed patriotic verses of the most singular character, and
amongst the rest the 137th Psalm underwent the torture of a para-
phrase, beginning

' By the rivers of Watertown we sat down and wept;
' We wept when we remembered thee, O Boston I
1 As for our friends, Lord God of Heaven preserve them.
' Defend them, deliver and restore them unto us again;
• For they that held them in Bondage required of them
' To take up arms against their brethren," etc.

•204

A feeling, even, of dissatisfaction with Watts began to exhibit itself,
almost as soon as his version had begun to be generally used ; and
this feeling was traced to the general improvement in literary taste,
and to the evident superiority of the production of later writers.

Proceeding with his historical sketch Mr. Goodell referred to the
hymns and compilations of Doddridge, Hart, the Wesleys, Mrs. Bar-
bauld, Cowper, Ann Steele, and noticed the different editions of the
verses of these authors that appeared in New England, with the date
of each, commenting upon their influence here.

The selected Hymns and Psalms arranged by Joel Barlow, Timothy
Dwight, and Dr. Bentley were described and the causes which led to
these departures from the earlier editions of Watts's Imitations were
pointed out.

The speaker finally declared that we were still, "to coin a word, in
the Wattsian period." It has been estimated that fifty thousand cop-
ies of his sacred poems were, within a few years, annually sold in
England and the United States.

Four principal defects of Watts's verses were enumerated, some
one* of which the speaker declared each new edition endeavors wholly
or in part to remedy.

Our best hymns, or nearly all of them, have appeared since Watts's
day. Some of these the speaker read, and commented upon the
authors and editors of the best collectionSj alluding particularly to
some American productions.

He concluded by venturing the prediction of still further improve-
ment in hymnody, and the abandonment of much that a few years ago
was prized so highly as to lead to the overthrow and rejection of
the time-honored Psalmody of our New England fathers.

Wm. P. Upham, after some complimentary allusions to Mr. Goodell's
two papers on New England church music, and expressions of satis-
faction and pleasure which he had derived from listening to the read-
ing, moved the adoption of the following vote, which was unanimously
accepted :

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be presented to Mr. Goodell
for his able and highly interesting communications on church music
in New England, and that a copy of the same be requested for refer-
ence to the publication committee to print in the Historical Collections,
or otherwise, as may be deemed expedient

Eeuben Arey, John S. Jones, and Edward W. Jones, of Salem; J.
Franklin Ely, John A. Putnam, John E. Longley, Warren Porter,
Melvin B. Putnam, and William E. Putnam, of Dauvers, were elected
Resident Members.

205

MONDAY, DECEMBER 23, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — John C. Wetmore, Essex, Mass.
(Dec. 10) ; Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution (Dec. 16) ; Dr.
T. A. Tellkampf, New York (Dec. 17) ; M. C. Cooke, London (Dec. 19) ;
Dr. Harrison Allen, Philadelphia ; A. M. Martin, Jamestown, N. Y. ;
J. A. Allen, Cambridge, Mass. ; Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A., Columbia,
S. C. ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me. (Dec. 20) ; Messrs. Triibner
& Co., London ; Chas. G. Atkins, New England Commissioner of River
Fisheries, Augusta, Me. ; W. E. Bridges, Beverly, Mass. (Dec. 23).

Donations to the Museum were announced.

Charles K. Stevens presented some Arrow-heads and Chips found
near the site of the Atlantic Mills in Lawrence, and made some obser-
vations on the Indian relics found in that region. He also presented
some Red Coral from the Island of Goro, one of the Malta islands,
and gave a brief account of the mode of procuring and preparing the
same for commercial uses.

Edward S. Morse described the anatomical structure of this coral,
and proceeded thence to speak of some of the naked mollusks as
the Eolis, Doris, Elyria, and other genera, concluding with a succinct
notice of the different forms of respiration among this class of the
animal kingdom. >.

F. W. Putnam, in connection, alluded to the circulation and respira-
tion of fishes and reptiles.

C. W. Felt read a letter from John J. Gould, of Wenham, asking
information respecting the injury done to fruit by the puncture of
bees, and a discussion followed on the question whether the abstrac-
tion of honey from the blossoms of our fruit trees by the bees effect
in any manner the maturing of the fruit. Mr. Putnam expressed him-
self decidedly in favor of the bees, and thought that without the aid
of the bees we should often be without fruit on some of our trees.

James W. Averill, of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 30, 1867. Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Letters were announced from, — Real Academia de Ciencias, Madrid
(Nov. 12) ; British Archa3ological Association, London (Dec. 3) ; A.
G. Browne, Salem (Dec. 18) ; H. B. Dawson, Morrisauia, N. Y. ; R. M.
Chipmau, East Granby, Conn. (Dec. 19) ; Edmund F. Slafter, Boston
(Dec. 20) ; Prof. W. B. Rogers, Boston ; James R. Newhall, Lynn
(Dec. 22) ; I. T. Langworthy, Boston (Dec. 23).

Donations to the Library were announced.

James Kimball read a paper consisting of extracts from a journal

206

kept by his father, while one of a party of four Salem gentlemen trav-
elling west on a business expedition, some fifty years ago. The great
difference in modes of travel at that period and now was well por-
trayed, and exhibits the very wonderful advance that had been made.
The party sailed to Baltimore in the schooner " Angler," Capt. John
Shillaber ; and on arriving there, waggons were chartered in which to
cross the mountains to Pittsburgh. The mode of conveyance down
the river in a sort of raft called an " ark," with accompanying inci-
dents was alluded to. The largest steamboats in use at that time
were four hundred or five hundred tons, and were mentioned in the
Journal as of wonderful magnitude. The return trip occupied twen-
ty-five days of horseback travel from Athens. It can now be accom-
plished in two.

A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Kimball, and a copy requested for
publication. (Printed in Historical Collections of the Institute, Vol.
VIII.)

The Chair stated that since our last meeting Mr. W. P. Upham had
found in the Court House the Records of the Court of Common Pleas
during the time of Gov. Andros, and other ancient papers supposed
to have been lost, and spoke of the importance to our history of the
finding of these scattered links. He also gave some account of the
complaints against Andros for his oppressive innovations, such as re- .
quiring persons to take out new deeds to confirm their titles to estates.
Two of these old deeds are iu the archives of the Institute, having the
large wax seal attached.

W. P. Upham mentioned that a copy of the first book of Records of
Salem had been made, and was placed at the disposal of the Institute,
and that a copy of the Record of the First Church in Beverly had also
been made, which might be printed at some future time. Mr. Upham
hoped to be able, before long, to give a detailed account of the papers
referred to by the chair as found in the Court House. Among them
was an ancient copy of a part of the Records of the General Court.

Voted, — That the copy of the first book of Records of Salem be
referred to the Publication Committee, with authority to print such
portions as may be deemed advisable.

A. A. Abbott, of South Danvers, and Horatio G. Herrick, of Law-
rence, were elected Resident Members.

207

Additions to the Museum and Library during October,
November, and December, 1867.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

AYRY, GEORGE, Weymouth Point, Penobscot. A water- worn Stone,
closely resembling a broken stone chisel, from Weymouth Point.

BABCOCK, AMORY L., Sherborn, Mass. Nine specimens of Skins and
Skeletons of Birds, one skull of Tamia striata, and one of Sitta socia-
lis. An alcoholic collection of Salamanders, Insects, and Spiders from
Sherborn, and specimens of Lime Stone from Ohio.

BAKER, CHARLES, Wenham. Two specimens of Goniaster from
Cuba.

BATES, JOHN, Danvers. A Stone Axe ploughed up in Danvers, Mass.

BICKNELL, E., Salem. A Mackerell Shark from Portland harbor.

BLAKE, SAMUEL, Ipswich. Fossils and Minerals from Wellsburg.

BRIDGES, M. E., Bangor, Me. A fresh specimen of the Great Horned
Owl, Bubo Virginianus Bonp., from near Bangor.

BROOKHOUSE, R., Salem. A specimen of Ruddy Duck from the
Chesapeake Bay.

BROWN, AUGUSTUS S., Salem. A specimen of the common Brown
Bat from Salem.

BURNHAM, ROBERT, Essex. Two Stone Axes dug up in Essex.

CARLEN, SAMUEL, Salem. A very fine Nest of Vcspa maculata from
Beverly Woods ; a specimen of the Red-throated Diver, shot in Sa-
lem.

CHEVER, G. F., Salem. A specimen of Mica from Grafton, New
Hampshire.

CHOATE, JOHN, Essex, Mass. A Stone Sinker of peculiar form found
in Essex.

COOKE, C., Salem. Parasitic Flies from the "Great Horned Owl"
from Salem.

Cox, E. T., New Harmony, Ind. Specimens of three species of Dip-
terous Larvae from the Equality Salt Works, Indiana.

CREESY, Mrs. J. B., Beverly. A resinous substance washed ashore
at Seconset Beach.

DODGE, WINTHROP L., Hamilton. A Stone Arrow-head found on
his farm in the western part of Hamilton, differing very much in form
from those usually found in that vicinity.

EMERTON, J. H., Salem. Insects from Ipswich, collected Oct. 7, 18G7.

FOWLER, AUGUSTUS, Danvers. A fresh specimen of Whippoorwill
from Danvers.

208

FULLER, THOMAS, Bedford, Mass. A fresh specimen of Goss-hawk,
$ , young, from Boxford, Mass.

GALLOUPE, CHARLES W., Boston. A collection of Minerals, princi-
pally from the Provinces. *

GARDNER, WILLIAM F., Salem. A specimen of Necrodes Surinamen-
sis from Salem.

GILLMAN, HENRY, Detroit, Mich. A collection of Insects in alcohol
from Lake Superior.

Goss, F. P., Salem. A specimen of Belostoma sp. from ?

HADDOCK, JAMES M., Salem. The skin of a Toucan, and a Vase
made of the fruit of the Kanare-ma-kak from Cayenne.

HAMMOND, Capt. JOSEPH, Salem. A specimen of Sphyrcena (young)
from the South Atlantic Ocean.

HAMMOND, WILLIAM H. A Spider, Mygale, from Africa.

HASKELL, JOSHUA P., Marblehead. Fish and Insects from Marble-
head..

HOWELL, EGBERT, Nichols, Tioga Co., N. Y. A collection of Fos-
sils from New York, and a collection of Fishes from Nichols, Tioga
Co., N. Y.

KENDALL, Mrs. PRISCILLA, Salem. A very large and fine Nest of
Vespa maculata from Dunstable, Mass.

KILLAM, Mr., Topsfield. A fresh specimen of Goss-hawk, $ , young,
from Topsfield, Mass. <

KINSMAN, ALBERT S., Salem. Fossils from Springfield, Ohio, and a
portion of a Jar dug out of a mound near Springfield.

KINSMAN, JACOB, Topsfield, Mass. A Stone Gouge ploughed up at
Topsfield, with portions of an Indian Skeleton.

KITTREDGE, Miss HELEN M., Beverly. An ancient Lamp found among
the ruins of the palace of the Cesars ; a specimen of Coral from the
Blue Grotto at Capri.

LANDER, W. W., Salem. Specimens of Ants just swarming, col-
lected at the Salem post-office.

LINCECUM, G., Long Point, Texas. A very fine collection of Insects,
mostly Hymenoptera, from Texas.

MANNING, Capt., Salem. A specimen of the "Great Horned Owl"
killed in Salem.

MARKS, JOHN L. Specimens of Building Stone from Junction City,
Kansas.

OWEN, Prof. RICHARD, Bloomington, Ind. A collection of Fishes,
Reptiles, etc. in alcohol ; specimens of Aphides, and Oats with Aphides
still clinging to them ; also Hornbeam leaves with conical nidus of
Aphides.

PACKARD, Dr. A. S., jr., Salem. Insects, Myriapods, and Worms from
Westport, N. Y., collected Aug. 2G, 1867; also, Insects from the Adi-
rondack Mountains.

209

PARKER, E. H., Salem. A Stone Axe found on the Saganaw River,
Michigan.

PERKINS, EBEN, Essex. Several Stones probably worked by the In-
dians, ploughed up in a field in Essex ; also, one Silver and seven Cop-
per Coins of different countries.

PERKINS, ELBRIDGE, Essex, Mass. A Stone worked by the Indians,
ploughed up at Essex, and an unfinished Arrow-head found at the
same place.

PHELPS, CHARLES, Middleton. A Stone Sinker, used by the Indians,
found at Middleton.

PHELPS, WILLIAM A., Middleton. An Indian Arrow-head found at
Middleton ; portion of an Indian Skeleton dug up on the land of Mr.
Jessie W. Peabody ; and a Stone Hatchet from Middleton.

Messrs. PUTNAM, BICKNELL, and MORSE, Salem. A collection of re-
mains from the Shell-heaps on Goose Island, Casco Bay.

RICHARDS, W. W., Salem. A Monkey from the coast of ?

ROBINSON, JOHN, Salem. A Feather Cape from ?

SEARS JOHN H., Danvers. A specimen of the Common Weasel; a
living specimen of Nyctale acadica from Danvers.

SMITH, EDMUND. A fresh specimen of Blue Heron shot at Plum
Island.

SHATSWELL, JOSEPH, Salem. A specimen of Scolopendra, locality
unknown, and a piece of the Keel of a Fishing Vessel eaten by the
Toredo, in Boston Harbor, in the year 1831. . The vessel was a new
one, and was eaten to this extent in one season.

STANWOOD, EBENEZER, Essex. An unfinished Arrow-head found at
Essex.

STATEN, Mrs. D. F., Salem. Sixty-eight specimens, comprising
twenty-five species of shells from Florida,

STEVENS, CHARLES K, Salem. A piece of the Red Coral of Com-
merce from near Malta ; also several Arrow-heads and chippings of
Stone from Lawrence, Mass.

STOREY, A. E. Skeleton of a Bat found in the State House, Boston.

TABOUR, WILLIAM, Salem. A piece of Burrhstone containing a
cast of Cardium sp., locality unknown.

WAIT, FRANCIS P., Ipswich. Indian Implements found on the
County House Farm at Ipswich.

WATERS, DAVID P., Salem. A fresh specimen of the Short-eared
Owl from Salem.

WETMORE, JOHN C., Essex, Mass. Portions of an Indian Skeleton
found on his land in Essex ; also a Flat Rock, one of three, found under
another skeleton from the same place.

WHEATLAND, Miss M. G., Salem. Pieces of broken Pottery from
Indian graves at Lake Harney, Florida.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 27 SEPT., 1868.

210

WILLARD, Capt. B. J., Portland, Me. The carcass of a Black-fish
twelve feet long, from Portland Harbor.

WYMAN, THEODORE, Salem. Seeds from Hyer's Valley, Cal., and
the Isthmus of Darien ; specimens of Copper Pyrites from California.

TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

ALLEN, N. K., Salem. Manuscripts.

BANVARD, JOSEPH, Paterson, N. J. Twelve manuscript Sermons,
by Rev. Nathaniel Lawrence, Tyngsborough, Mass.

BUREAU OF REFUGEES, FREEDMEN, etc. Fourth Semi-annual Report
on Schools for Freedmen, July 1, 1867, 8vo pamph., Washington, 1867.

BUTLER, B. F., M. C. Supplemental Report on the Conduct of the
War, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1866. Land Office Report, 1866, 1 vol.
8vo, Washington, 18G7. Smithsonian Report, 1866, 1 vol. 8vo, Wash-
ington, 1867. Report upon the Mississippi River, 1 vol. 8vo, Washing-
ton, 1867. Patent Office Report, 1865, 3 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1867.
Agriculture, Report, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1866. United
States Coast Survey Report, 1865, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1867. Sur-
vey of the Illinois River, U. S. Public Document, 8vo, pamph., Wash-
ington, 1867. Letter on Rear Admiral Goldsborough, 8vo, pamphlet,
Washington, 1867. Report of Brevet Maj. Gen. Wilson, U. S. Public
Document, 8vo, pamphlet, Washington, 1867.

CLEVELAND, W. S., Salem. Manuscripts.

COOKE, JOSIAH P., jr., Cambridge. Contributions to Chemistry and
Mineralogy, from the Laboratory of Harvard College, by Prof. J. P.
Cooke, jr., 8vo, pamphlet, New Haven, 1867.

DRAKE, SAMUEL G., Boston. The Old Indian Chronicle, by S. G.
Drake, 1 vol. small 8vo, Boston, 1867.

EASTMAN, Mrs. B. G., Salem. A New Law Dictionary, by Jacob
Gates, 1 vol. folio. In the Savoy, 1739.

FELT, JOHN G., Salem. Colorado, in the United States of America.
Schedule of ores contributed to the Paris Exposition, 1867, 4to, pam-
phlet, London, 1867.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., Boston. 227 Pamphlets, two Registrator's Re-
ports.

HANAFORD, Mrs. P. A., Reading. The Reciprocal Duties of Pastor
and People, a Sermon by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford at Hingham, March 10,
1867, 12mo, pamphlet, Boston, 1867. 40 Pamphlets.

HARVARD COLLEGE, Corporation of. Annual Reports of President
and Treasurer, 1866-67, 8vo, pamphlet, Cambridge, 1867.

KILBY, WILLIAM H., East Boston. Appendix D, of the Report of
Adjutant General of State of Maine, 1864 and 1865, 1 vol. 8vo, Au-
gusta, 1866.

211

KING, JOHN G., Boston. Salem Gazette from 1800 to 1830, 14 vols.
folio. Salem Observer, 1828, 1 vol. folio.

LAPHAM, I. A., Milwaukie, Wis. Report on the Disastrous Effects
of the Destruction of Forest Trees in Wisconsin, 1 vol. 8vo, Madison,
1867.

LEA, ISAAC, Philadelphia. Index to Vol. I. to Vol. XI. of Observa-
tions of Genus Unio, etc., by I. Lea, 4to, pamphlet, Philadelphia, 1867.

LORD, ANDREW H., Salem. Cobbett's Paper against Gold, 1 vol.
16mo, New York, 1846. Herschell's Treatise on Astronomy, 1 vol.
12mo, Philadelphia, 1836. Walter's Mary, Queen of Scotts, 2 vols.
16mo, Philadelphia, 1840. Nelson on Infidelity, 1 vol. 12mo, New York,
1842. Gunnison's History of the Mormons, 1 vol. 12mo, Philadelphia,
1853. Life of Fremont, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1856. Phillip's Inventors'
Guide, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1837. Phelps's Natural Philosophy, 1 vol.
12mo, New York, 1837. De Puys' Ethan Allen and the Green Moun-
tain Heroes of '76, 1 vol. 12mo, Buffalo, 1857. Memoir of Rev. H. B.
Soule, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1852. Thompson's Recollections of
Mexico, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1846. Essay on Political Society, 1
vol. 8vo, Whitehall, 1800.

MARSH, O. C., New Haven. Contributions to the Mineralogy of
Nova Scotia, by O. C. Marsh, 8vo, pamphlet, New Haven, 1867.

MUNSELL, JOEL, Albany. Dyer's History of the Albany Peniten-
tiary, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1867.

NICHOLS, C. F., Salem. Harris's Zebulou, a Prize Essay, 1 vol. 16mo,
Boston, 1837. Smith's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 16mo, Boston, 1829. Federal
Fire Society, Rules, etc., 1 vol. 16mo, Boston, 1803. Towne's Spelling
Book, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1838. Curtis's Observations on the
British Grasses, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1812. Preston's Manual of Book-
keeping, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1829.

O'RIELLY, HENRY, Secretary, New York. Documents, Nos. 3, 4, 5,
6. National Anti-Monopoly, Cheap-freight Railway League, four
pamphlets, 8vo, New York, 1867.

OWEN, RICHARDSON, Prof. Indiana State University. Geological
Examination of Lands of Wabash Petroleum and Coal Mining Com-
pany, by R. Owen, 8vo, pamphlet, Indianapolis, 1866.

PALFRAY, C. W. 75 Pamphlets.

PERKINS, GEORGE A., Salem. 325 Pamphlets.

PUTNAM, F. W., Salem. The Wellmans of New England, by James
Wellman, 12mo pamphlet, Salem, 1867.

SHEPARD, HENRY F., Salem. U. S. Coast Survey Report, 1854, 1
vol. 4to, Washington, 1855. U. S. Coast Survey Plates to Report for
1851, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1851. Historical Collections Essex In-
stitute, Vol. VIII, No. 3, pamphlet. Catalogue des Tableaux de la
Pinacotheque a Munich, 1 vol. 16mo, Munich, 1866. Catalogue des

212

Tableaux de la Nouvelle Pinacotheque a Munich, 1 vol. 8vo, Munich,
1860. Guide to the Paintings of Imperial Museum of the Louvre, 1 vol.
12mo, Paris, 1862. Catalogue de la K. Galerie de Florence, 1 vol. 12mo,
Florence, 1860. Guide de la Galerie K. du Palais Pitti. 1 vol. 12mo,
Florence, 1860. New Guide to the Museum, etc., of Versailles, 1 vol.
16mo, Versailles. 5 Miscellaneous Guide Books.

STATEN, Mrs. D. F. New York Mirror, Vol. XIII, 1 vol. 4to, New
York, 1837.

STOKER, D. H., Boston. History of the Fishes of Massachusetts by
D. H. Storer, 1 vol. 4to, Boston, 1867.

SUMNEK, C., United States Senate. Message and Documents, 1866-
67, abridgment, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1867. Agricultural Eeport,
1865, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1867. U. S. Coast Survey Eeport, 1865,
1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1867.

SURGEON-GENERAL'S OFFICE, Washington, D. C. A Report on Am-
putations at the Hip-joint in Military Surgery, 4to pamphlet, Wash-
ington, 1867.

WHEATLAND, ELIZABETH, Salem. Blunt's American Coast Pilot, 1
vol. 8vo, New York, 1837. Clarke's Seaman's Manual, 1 vol. 8vo, Port-
land, 1830. Sawyer's Merchants' and Shipmasters' Guide, 1 vol. 12mo,
Boston, 1840. The Shipmasters' Assistant, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1794.
Seamanship and Naval Tactics, Blunt's edition, 1 vol. 8vo, New York,
1813. Gilleland's Counting-house Assistant, 1 vol. 12mo, Pittsburg,
1818. McNally's Evils and Abuses in the Naval and Merchant Service
Exposed, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1839. Fisher, George, The Instructor,
1 vol. 12mo, Worcester, 1785. Wakely's The Mariner's Compass Eec-
tifled, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1796. Webster's Spelling Book, 1 vol.
12mo, Hartford, 1808. 'Frazer's The Young Gentleman and Lady's As-
sistant, 1 vol. 12mo. New York, 1796. Fenning's Eeady Eeckouer,
1 vol., Newburyport, 1794. Merchant's and Seaman's Expeditious
Measurer, 1 vol., New York, 1833. Jameson's Domestic Medicine,
1 vol. 8vo, Baltimore, 1817. The True Masonic Chart, 1 vol. 12mo,
New Haven, 1820. Webb's Freemasons' Monitor, 1 vol. 12mo, Salem,
1818. Harris's Freemasons' Discourses, 1 vol. 8vo, Charlestown, 1801.
Biglow's Youth's Library, 1 vol. 16mo, Salem, 1803. Pike's Persua-
sives to Early Piety, 1 vol. 16mo, New York, Morse's Elements of
Geography, 1-vol. 12mo, Boston, 1798. Frost's United States, 1 vol.
16mo, Phila., 1841. Jokeby, a Burlesque on Eokeby, 1 vol. 16mo,
Boston, 1813. Streeter's Hymns, 1 vol. 16mo, Boston, 1836. Abbott's
Eollo Code of Morals, 1 vol. 16mo, Boston, 1841. Moore's Poems, 1
vol. 16mo, New York, 1821. Memoirs of Miss Eliza Perkins, 1 vol.
12mo, New York, 1823. Perry's Guide to the English Tongue, 1 vol.
12mo, Worcester. Hawker's Zion's Pilgrim, 1 vol. 16mo, Hartford,
1816. Shipwreck and Suft'erings of Mrs. Eliza Bradley, 1 vol. 12mo.
Boston, 1820. Doddridge's Life of James Gardiner, 1 vol. 12mo, New

213

London, 1784. Universal Letter-Writer, 1 vol. 12mo, Philadelphia,
1818. Walsh's Arithmetic, 1 vol. 12mo, Salem, 1825. Parsons' Sailor's
Physician, 1 vol. 12mo, Cambridge, 1820. Adams's Abridgment of
History of New England, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1805. Adams's Abridg-
ment of History of New England, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1807. Morse
and Parish's History of New England, 1 vol. 12mo, Charlestown, 1804.
Smith's Geography, 1 vol. 16mo, New York, 1795. Pierce's The Ameri-
can Citizen, 1 vol. 12mo, Kennebunk, 1804. Hall's Travels in Chili,
Peru, and Mexico, 2 vols. 12mo, Philadelphia, 1824. Weem's Life of
Washington, 1 vol. 12mo, Philadelphia, 1812. Weem's Life of Wash-
ington, 1 vol. 12mo, Philadelphia, 1823. Peyrouse's Voyage around the
World, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1801. The Book of Common Prayer, 1
vol. 8vo, New York, 1819. The Federalist, 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia,
1818. Meikle's The Traveller, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1811. Winslow
on Civil and Social Duties, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1835. Lessons for
Young Persons in Humble Life, 1 vol. 12mo, Philadelphia, 1809. Web-
ster's American Selection, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1800. Belknap's Psalms
and Hymns, 1 vol. 16mo, Boston, 1820. Liancourt's Travels in U. S. A.,
4 vols. 8vo, London, 1800. Dewey's Old World and the New, 2 vols.
12mo, New York, 1836. Smollet's Peregrine Pickle, 4 vols. 12mo,
London, 1806. Humphrey's Life of Putnam, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1818.
Cotton's Cain's Lamentations over Abel, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1796.
Branagan's The Beauties of Philanthropy, 1 vol. 16mo, Philadelphia,
1808. Scott's Lady of the Lake, 1 vol. 16mo, New York, 1810.
Thompson's Seasons, 1 vol. 16mo, New York, 1802. The School of
Good Manners, 1 vol. sm. 4to, Boston, 1775. The Book of Knowledge,
1 vol. 12mo, Haverhill, 1795. Cole's Meditations for the Sick, 1 vol.
16mo, Boston, 1837. Gregory's A Father's Legacy, 1 vol. 16mo, Phil-
adelphia, 1802. 250 Pamphlets.

WIGGIN, J. K., Boston. 6 Pamphlets.

WIIXSON, E. B., Salem. Message and Documents, 1855-6, pt. 1, 1
vol. 8vo, Washington, 1855; do. 1856-7, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington,
1856 ; do. 1858-9, 4 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1858. Eeport on the Fi-
nances, 1854^5, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1856. Patent Office Report,
1853, Agriculture, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1854 ; do. 1854, Mechanics
and Agriculture, 3 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1855 ; do. 1855, Agriculture,
1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1856 ; do. 1856, Agriculture and Mechanics, 4
vols. 8vo, Washington, 1857 ; do. 1857, Agriculture, 1 vol. 8vo, Washing-
ton, 1858 ; do. 1858, Agriculture, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1859. Massa-
chusetts School Returns, 1839-40, 1843-4, 1845-6, 3 vols. 8vo, Boston.
Massachusetts Board of Education, 20th, 22d, 24th, 25th Annual Re-
ports, 4 vols. 8vo, Boston. New York City Fifteenth Annual Report
of Board of Education, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1857. Boston City
School Reports, 1859 and 1860, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston. Smithsonian Re-

214

port, 1856, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1857. McKenny and Hall's His-
tory of the Indian Tribes in North America, 3 vols. folio, Phila., 1844.
Frank Leslie's Pictorial History of the War, pts. 1 to 31, inclusive,
folio, New York. 41 Serials. 319 Pamphlets. Spear's Essays on the
Punishment of Death, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1844. Nichols's Natural
Theology, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1831. Wayland's Moral Science, 1
vol. 16mo, Boston, 1835. Jennings on Medical Keform, 1 vol. 16mo,
Oberlin, 1847. Blagden's Pastor's Memorial, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston,
1862. Bowdler's Poems and Essays, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1827.
Spear's Titles of Jesus, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1842. Thompson's Prison
Life and Eeflections, 1 vol. 12mo, Hartford, 1849.

WYMAN, JEFFRIES, Cambridge. Observations and Experiments' on
Living Organisms in heated Water, by J. Wyman, 8vo, pamphlet,
New Haven, 1867.

YALE COLLEGE LIBRARY. Catalogue of Officers and Students of
Yale College, 1867-68, 8vo, pamphlet, New Haven, 1867.

YOUNG, STEPHEN J., Librarian Bowdoin College. Catalogue of
Bowdoin College, 1867-68, 8vo, pamphlet, Brunswick, 1867. Harris's
Inaugural Address, August 6, 1867, at Bowdoin College, 8vo, pamph-
let, Brunswick, 1867. The Bugle, Bowdoin College, Nov. 1867, 8vo,
pamphlet.

BY EXCHANGE.

ACADEMIE DBS SCIENCES, BELLES-LETTRES ET ARTS, de Bordeaux.

Actes 3e series, Annees XXVIII. 2. 4, XXIX. 1.

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Transactions, Vol. I, No. 2,
8vo, pamphlet, Philadelphia, 1867.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, Trustees of. Bulletin of Boston Public
Library, No. 1, October, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Conditions and Doings of,
May, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet, Boston, 1867.

CANADIAN INSTITUTE. Canadian Journal, September, 1867, 8vo,
pamphlet, Toronto, 1867.

EDITORS. American Journal of Science. American Mining Index.
Christian World. Essex Banner. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester
Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter.
Public Spirit. South Danvers Wizard. Triibner's American and Ori-
ental Literary Eecord.

ENTOMOLOGISCHEN VEREINE, in Stetten. Linnsea Entomologia, 8vo,
pamphlet, Leipzig, 1863.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Annals of Iowa, October,
1867, 8vo, pamphlet, Davenport, 1867.

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, 1866-67, 1 vol.
8vo, Boston, 1867.

215

MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Carver Centenary, May .1,
1867, 8vo, pamphlet, Saint Paul, 1867.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTERLICHEN VEREINES zu BREMEN. Zweiter
Jahresbericht, 8vo, Bremen, 1867.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER VEREIN fiir das Furstenthum Luneburg.
Jahreshefti 11, 1866, 8vo, pamphlet.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. The New Eng-
land Historical and Genealogical Register, October, 1867 ; January,
1868.

NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY, Trustees of. Forty-ninth Annual Re-
port, 8vo, pamphlet, Albany, 1867.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings, June,
July, August, September, 1867, 8vo, pamphlet.

QUEBEC LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Transactions, session
of 1866-67, N. S. pt. 5, 8vo, pamphlet, Quebec, 1867.

ROYAL SOCIETY, London. Proceedings, Nos. 87 to 94 inclusive, 8
pamphlets, 8vo, London, 1867.

VERMONT STATE LIBRARY. Report on the Geology of Vermont, 2
vols. 4to, Claremont, 1861. Registration Report of Vermont, 1 to 8,
8 vols. 8vo, Burlington, etc., 1859, etc. Laws of Vermont, 1856 to
1866, 11 vols. 8vo, Montpelier, 1856, etc. Journal of the Seaate of
Vermont, 1844, 1859 to 1866, 9 vols. 8vo, Montpelier, 1844. House
Journal, Vermont, 1858 to 1866, 9 vols. 8vo, Montpelier, 1858, etc.
Adjutant and Inspector Generals' Report, Vermont, 1862 to 1867, 6
vols. 8vo, Montpelier. Auditor's Report, Vermont, 1855 to 1867, 13
vols. 8vo, Montpelier, etc. Railroad Commissioner, Vermont, Re-
ports 4 to 12, 9 vols. 8vo, Montpelier, 1859, etc. Board of Education,
Vermont, 1 to 10 except 7, 9 vols. 8vo, Burlington, 1857. Quarter-
master General's Vermont Reports, 18G2-65, 4 pamphlets, 8vo, Mont-
pelier. Directory and Rules of the Senate and House, Vermont, 1862
to 1866, 16mo, 5 vols, Montpelier. Miscellaneous Documents. 25
Pamphlets. Walton's Vermont Register, 1857, 1859 to 1865, 8 vols.
16mo, Montpelier.

WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Report on the Destruction of For-
est Trees in Wisconsin, 8vo, pamphlet, Madison, 1867.

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT, Frankfurt A. M. Der Zoologische Gar-
ten, VIII. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8vo, Frankfurt, 1867.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY

It is proposed to issue several pages of this Appendix with each num-
ber of the Proceedings, in order to allow naturalists an early opportunity of
stating their wants and what specimens they have for sale or exchange ; to
give notices of proposed works on Natural History ; changes of address of
persons whose names have appeared in the Directory ; short obituary no-
tices ; new names for the Directory ; and such other matters as may be of
interest and appropriate to the work.

Notices of the change of address or the decease of any person whose
name has appeared in the Directory are especially requested, and any person
knowing Naturalists whose names have been omitted, will confer a favor
by .sending the addresses of such to the editor.

Five lines in the " Appendix " are allowed to each subscriber to the Pro-
ceedings for notices of specimens and articles for sale. When a notice of
more than five lines is inserted 10 cents per line will be charged for every ad-
ditional line. Non subscribers will be charged 10 cents per line for any ad-
vertisement of specimens for sale.

All notices from subscribers or others, except of specimens or articles
for sale, inserted free, at the discretion of the editor.

F. W. PUTNAM,

Editor.
ESSEX INSTITUTE, June 18, 1866.

2 APPENDIX

DESIDERATA

AND

SPECIMENS FOB SALE AND EXCHANGE.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

PROF. ROBERT BELL, Queen's University, Kingston, C. W.

Canadian Minerals and Geological Specimens for exchange.
HENRY D'ALIGNY, Houghton, L. S., Mich.

Has for exchange extensive collections of specimens illustrating the Ge-
ology and Mineralogy of the state of Michigan, especially of the Lake Supe-
rior Region. Gypsum, Saginaw Bay Salt, Silver Lead, Specular Iron, Pyr-
olusite, Hematite, Magnetic Iron, Native Silver, Native Copper, Character-
istic Vein Stone, Cupriferous Amygdaloids, Cupriferous Conglomerates, &c.
Rare specimens, W/iitneyite and CUorastrclite.
PROF. HENRY How, King's College, Windsor, N. Si

Minerals for exchange.
ISAAC C. MARTINDALE, Byberry, Pa.

Minerals for exchange.
REV. A. B. KENDIG, Marshalltown, Marshall Co., Iowa.

Minerals for exchange.
REV. E. N. BARTLETT, Oberlin, Ohio.

Has a few Geodes from Hamilton, 111., for sale.
J. D. PARKER, Steuben, Me.

Minerals for exchange.
CHR. C- BROOKS, 53 St. Paul street, Baltimore, Md.

Minerals for exchange.
W. M. HUNTING, Fairfield, Herkimer Co., N. Y.

Quartz Crystals from Middleville, N. Y. for sale, or exchanged for other
minerals.
JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y.

Minerals for sale. •

W. W. JEFFERIS, Westchester, Pa.

Minerals for exchange.
SAMXJBL R. CARTER, Paris Hill, Oxford Co., Me.

Cabinet specimens of the Minerals occuring at Mount Mica, Paris (Me.),
Mount Rubellite, Hebron (Me.), and vicinity, exchanged for Minerals and
Fossils from other localities.
WINSLOW J. HOWARD, 345 Grand street, New York, N. Y.

Rocky Mountain Minerals for exchange.
VINCENT BARNARD, Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa.

Geological specimens for exchange.

HIRAM A. CUTTING, Lunenburg, Vt.

Geological specimens for exchange.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 3

DR. THBO. A. TELLKAMPF, 142 West 4th street, New York, N. Y.

Wishes to obtain a few good cabinet specimens of BeryL
E. SEYMOUR, 52 Beekman street, New York, N. Y.

Dealer in Minerals.
M. Fox & Co. 10 Courtlandt street, New York, N. Y.

Dealer in Minerals.
C. W. A. HERRMANN, 607 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Dealer in Minerals.
JAMES EIGHTS, Albany, N. Y.

Dealer in Minerals.
C. G. BREWSTER, 16 Tremont street, Boston, Mass.

Dealer in Minerals.

FOSSILS.
PROF. F. S. HOLMES, College of Charleston, Charleston, S. C.

South Carolina Tertiary Fossils for exchange.
JOHN GEBHARD, JR., Schoharie, N. Y.

Offers his Palseontological collection for sale,
PROF. HENRY How, Bang's College, Windsor, N. S.

Fossils for exchange.
PROF. ROBERT BELL, Queen's University, Kingston, C. W.

Canadian Fossils for exchange.
J. G. BATTERSON, Hartford, Ct.

Dealer in Fossils.
C. G. BREWSTER, 16 Tremont street, Boston, Mass.

Dealer in Fossils.
JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y.

Fossils for sale.

BOTANICAL SPECIMENS.
ELIHU HALL, Athens, Menard Co., 111.

Eocky Mountain and Western Plants for exchange for other American
species.

DR. J. W. BOBBINS, Uxbridge, Mass.

Plants collected at the White Mountains, coast of Connecticut, Vermont,
Maryland, Virginia, Lake Superior, Texas and Cuba, for exchange.
DR. DANIEL CLARK, Flint, Mich.

Botanical specimens from Michigan for exchange.

Wants a collection of the Alpine Plants of the White Mountains.
VINCENT BARNARD, Kennet Square, Chester Co., Pa.

Botanical specimens for exchange.
ISAAC C. MARTINDALE, Byberry, Pa.

Botanical specimens for exchange.
THURE KUMLIEN, Busseyville P. 0. via Albion, Wis.

Botanical specimens for sale or exchange.

4 APPENDIX

PROF. ROBERT BELL, Queen's University, Kingston, C. W.

Canadian Plants fin- exchange.
JOHN MACOUN, Bellville, C. W.

Canadian Plants for exchange.
WINSLOW J. HOWARD, 345 Grand street, New York, N. Y.

A large collection of Botanical specimens, collected during three years
research at the Rocky Mountains, for sale.

Rocky Mountain Plants for exchange.
Dr. F. J. BUMSTEAD, 162 West 23d street, New York, N. Y.

New Jersey, New York and White Mountain Plants for exchange for
Plants from other parts of the country.
REV. JOSEPH BLAKE, Gilmanton, N. H.

Botanical specimens for exchange.

ZOOLOGICAL SPECIMENS IN GENERAL.
DR. DANIEL CLARK, Flint, Mich.

Local Zoological specimens for exchange. .
VINCENT BARNARD, Kennet Square, Chester Co., Pa.

Local Zoological specimens for exchange.
JAMES LEWIS, Mohawk, N. Y.

Has a large general collection for sale.
PROF. ROBERT BELL, Queen's University, Kingston, C. W.

Canadian Zoological specimens for exchange.

MAMMALS.

See list of Taxidermists, most of whom have skins of mammals for sale
or exchange, or can procure specimens.

BIRDS AND EGGS.

See list of Taxidermists, most of whom have skins and eggs on hand.
D. G. GUIMARES, New York, N. Y.
Dealer in South American Skins.

JOHN KRIDER, Corner 2d and Walnut streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Birds' skins and Eggs for sale and exchange.

A collection of North American Birds, consisting of 483 species and
about 1000 specimens, for sale. Price $1200. The skins are in the best
condition. Also a collection of Birds' Eggs, consisting of 290 species, 750
specimens. Price $500. Catalogues furnished on application.
S. JILLSON, Feltonville, Mass.

Native Birds' skins for sale or exchange.
A. L. BABCOCK, Sherborn, Mass.
Native Birds' skins for exchange.

Wants species from the Southern States, South America and the West
Indies ; especially Humming Birds, Parrots and Chatterers.
L. J. MAYNARD, Newtonville, Mass.
Collects local specimens for sale.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 5

DH. WM. WOOD, East Windsor Hill, Ct.

Skins and Eggs of North American Birds for exchange.
A collection of 600 mounted Birds for sale.
THURE KUMLIEN, Bussyville P. O. via Albion, Wis.

Skins and Eggs of Birds for sale or exchange.
REV. A. B. KENDIG, Marshalltown, Marshall Co., Iowa.

Birds for exchange.
B. P. MANN, Cambridge, Mass.

Birds' Eggs, principally North American, for sale or exchange ; exchange
preferred.
E. A. SAMUELS, State Collection, Boston, Mass.

Eggs of New England Birds for exchange.
WM. COUPER, Quebec, Canada.

Eggs of the following Birds for sale : Archibuteo lagopus, Surnia ulula,
Brachyotus Cassinii, Saxicola cenanthe, ^Eglothus linarius, Corvus Americanus,
Pica Hudsonica, Lac/opus Americanus, Spatula clypeata, Chaulelasmus streperus,
Histrlonicus torquatus, Melanetta velvetina.

D. ANDRADE & Co., 38 Walker street, New York, N. Y.
Himalayan Pheasant skins for sale.

INSECTS.

JAMES RIDINGS, 1311 South street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Named specimens of North American Cpleoptera tor sale.

E. SUFFERT, Matanzas, Cuba.

Cuban Lepidoptera for exchange for Lepidoptera from other parts of
the world.
DR. HERRICK-SCHAEFFER, Regensbnrg, Bavaria.

Has large collections of European Lepidoptera, especially Microlepidop-
tera, and Geometrids, well prepared and correctly determined, which he can
furnish in any quantity up to 1000 species in a lot, either by sale or in ex-
change for American specimens. He especially wishes the Californian and
American Heterocera.
DEYROLLE ET FILS, Naturalistes, 19 Rue de la Monnaie, Paris, France.

Large collections of named Coleoptera from Brazil, Antilles, Venezuela>
New Grenada, and Guyana, for sale. Priced catalogues furnished on applica-
tion.
WM. COUPER, Quebec, Canada.

Wants to procure the following Coleoptera : Omus Californicus Esch.;
Amblycheila cylindrifarmis Say, Cicindela spkndida Hentz, C. trifasciata Fabr.,
C. obsoleta Say, C. pusilla Say, C. terricola Say, Lachnophorus elegantidus
]S.ann.,Lebiagrandis'ELentz,L.pulchella Dej., Coptodera signataTtej., Thalpius
pygmceus Dej., Drepanus LeContei Dej., Scarites quadriceps Chaud., Pasimachus
punctulatus Hald., Cychrus velutinus Men.? C. tuberculatus Harris, Scaphinotus
heros Harris, S. elevatus Fabr., Sphceroderus bilobus Say, Notiophilus semistria-
tus Say, Badister notatus Hald., Dytiscus confluens Say, D. Harrisii Kirby, Ne~

6 APPENDIX

crophorus Amcricanus Oliv., N. mediatus Fabr., N. marginatus Fabr., N. pustula-
tus Illig., Lucanus elaphus Fabr., Buprestis sexnotata Lap., B. lineata Fabr.,
B. fasciata Fabr., B. decora Fabr., B. characteristica Harris. Offers to ex-
change Northern Coleopterous Insects or North American Birds' Eggs for
the above.

WILSON ARMISTEAD, Virginia House, Leeds, England.

This gentleman is engaged upon a work on the Galls and Gall Insects,
and requests specimens and observations from all parts of the world.
GEORGE C. BRACKETT, Belfast, Me.

Local Insects for sale.
JOHN AKHDRST, 9£ Prospect street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Coleoptera and Lepidoptera for exchange.
ISAAC A. POOL, 829 Washington street, Chicago, 111.

Local Insects for exchange.
W. W. CART, Coleraine, Mass.

Italian Bees for sale.
DR. A. S. PACKARD, Boston Society of Natural History.

Solicits nests containing the larvae and pupaj of Mud Wasps, Sand
Wasps, Paper Wasps ; colonies of Humble Bees, Wild Bees, &c. Any infor-
mation relative to the habits, the mode of making their cells and nests, or
to the parasites of the above insects, will be duly accredited. Especial attention
is called to the nests or cells of the Solitary Bees which make deep holes in
sunny paths and banks ; to the Wasps which tunnel the stems of the Dock,
Elder, Currant, Raspberry, Blackberry, Syringa, &c.; to those species of
Odynerus, etc., which construct mud cells in deserted galls and nests of
other insects. If desired, specimens received will be returned carefully la-
belled. The larvre and pupa; should be preserved in whiskey ( high wines)
or glycerine, and the perfect insects should be pinned. All the specimens
should be carefully labelled with the exact locality, date of collection, and
reference to the nest from which they were taken. Dr. Packard's paper on
the larvae and pupa? of the Hymenoptera is to be printed, with figures, in
the Proceedings of the Essex Institute.

MOLLUSCA.
WM. HARPER PEASE, Honolulu, Sandwich Islands.

Wants Marine Gasteropods, especially from the East Coast of Africa,
Red Sea, East Indies and West Indies. Offers in exchange Land, Fresh-
water and Marine Shells of the Pacific Islands.
R. E. C. STERNS, Lock box 1449, San Francisco, Cal.

Pacific coast and Californian Shells for exchange for species from other
localities.
DR. GEORGE A. LATHROP, Eaft Saginaw, Mich.

Has Land and Fresh-water Shells of hie vicinity for exchange for Shells
from other localities, Marine species included.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 7

ANSON ALLEN, Orono, Me.

Local species of Land and Fresh-water Shells for exchange.
GEORGE SCARBOROUGH, Sumner, Atchinson Co., Kansas.

Ohio River Shells for exchange.
REV. A. B. KENDIG, Marshalltown, Marshall Co., Iowa.

Land and Fresh-water Gasteropods for exchange.
CHARLES M. WHEATLET, Phrenixville, Pa.

Fluviatile Mollusks for exchange.

Wants, either by exchange or purchase, species of Fluviatile Mollusks
not in his collection.
REV. JOSEPH BANVARD, Worcester, Mass.

Shells for sale.
ISAAC A. POOL, 829 Washington street, Chicago, 111.

Western Fresh-water Shells for exchange.
ELIHU HALL, Athens, Menard Co., 111.

North American Land and Fresh-water Shells for exchange for marine
species.

REV. E. C. BOLLES, Portland, Me.

New England Shells for exchange for Land and Fresh-water species
from other localities.
JOHN GREGORY, 116 South street, New York, N. Y.

Shells for sale.

GENERAL DEALERS IN SPECIMENS OF
NATURAL HISTORY.

C. G. BREWSTER, 16 Tremont street, Boston, Mass.

GEO. Y. NICKERSON, 42 William street, New Bedford, Mass.
JOHN G. BELL, 339 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Kaempfer, Madison street, Chicago, 111.

JAMES EIGHTS, Albany, N. Y.

JOHN AKHUHST, 9£ Prospect street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

ILGES AND SANTER, 15 Frankfort street, New York, N. Y.

D. BOURGET, 115 Rua d' Ouvidor, Rio Janeiro, Brazil.
BUFFON & WILSON, 391 Strand, London, W. C., England.

BRTCE M. WRIGHT, 36 Great Russell street, Bloomsbury, London, W.
C., England.

ROBERT DAMON, Weymouth, Dorsetshire, England.
B. JACOBS, 68 Leadenhall street, London, England.
JAMES CARFRAE, JR., 79 Princess street, Edinburgh, Scotland.

BOEHNER, Berlin, Prussia.

A. KOENEN, Berlin, Prussia.

L. W. SCHATJFUSS, Dresden, Saxony.

DEYROLLE ET FILS, 16 Rue de la Monnaie, Paris, France.

8 APPENDIX

EDWARD VERREAUX, Paris, France.
L. PARZUDAKI, Paris, France.
Madame H. DROUET, Paris, France.

ARTHUR ELOFFER, 20 Rue de 1'Ecole de Medecine, Paris, France.
JOHN S. STEVENS, Natural History Agency Office, 24 Bloomsbury
street, London, W. C., England.

Mr. Stevens is agent for the sale of collections made in various parts of
the world, especially from the following places : Europe, Cape of Good Hope,
Natal, Gold Coast, Damara Land, Zambesi, Old Calabar, the Gaboon, Mada-
gascar, Bogota, Upper Amazons, Santa Martha, .Bahia, Nicaragua, Mexico,
Texas, New Guinea, Borneo, Celebes, Sumatra, Java, and other East Indian
Islands, Siam, Penang, Cambodia, Laos, Birmah, Himalayan mountains and
other parts of India, Ceylon, China, Japan, Philippine Islands, Swan River,
South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, North Australia,
New Hebrides, Fegee Islands, and New Zealand. Mr. Stevens will send speci-
mens for selection.

DEALERS IN NATURALISTS' APPARATUS.
AMERICAN NET AND TWINE MANUFACTURING Co., 43 Commercial
street, Boston, Mass.

Nets and Seines of all description made to order.
CODMAN AND SHURTLEFF, 13 Tremont street, Boston, Mass.

Manufacturers of Forceps, Knives and other Instruments used by Natu-
ralists.
NEW ENGLAND GLASS Co., Boston, Mass.

Glass Jars of all sizes, with glass stoppers, on hand or made to order,
for the preservation of alcoholic specimens.
DONNELL & MOORE, Old Cambridge, Mass.

Manufacturers of Tin and Copper Cans for alcoholic specimens.
J. L. BODE, 16 North William street, New York, N. Y.

Manufacturer of Birds' eyes.
C. G. REWSTER, 16 Tremont street, Boston, Mass.

Insect Pins.
THEODORE SCHRECKEL, North William street, New York, N. Y.

Has on hand and imports Insect Pins and Entomological Apparatus.
F. W. CHRI STERN, Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Imports Insect Pins.
CHARLES STODDER, 75 Kilby street, Boston, Mass.

Agent for R. B. Tolles, J. Zentmeyer, and W. Wales ; Opticians and
Makers of Microscopes.
H. M. RATNOR, 748 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Platinum Apparatus ; Tube, Sheet, Wire, &c., in all forms, for all pur-
poses. Wholesale and Retail.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 9

MICROSCOPE MAKERS.
W. WALES, Fort Lee, Bergen Co., N. J.
G. WALE, Bull's Ferry, Bergen Co., N. J.
J. GRUNOW, New York, N. Y.
J. ZENTMEYEE, Philadelphia, Pa.
K. B. TOLLES, Canastota, Madison Co., N. Y.
T. H. MCALLISTER, New York, N. Y.

*

TAXIDERMISTS.

C. G. BREWSTER, 16 Tremont street, Boston, Mass.

N. VICKARY, 262 Chestnut street, Lynn, Mass.

A. L. BABCOCK, Sherborn, Mass.

SAMUEL JILLSON, Hudson (Feltonville), Mass.

S. H. SYLVESTER, Middleborough, Mass.

L. J. MAYNARD, Newtonville, Mass.

J. C. DEACON, Chicopee, Mass.

C. L. BLOOD, Corner of Weir and First streets, Taunton, Mass.

GEORGE Y. NICKERSON, 42 Williams street, New Bedford, Mass.

JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y.

JOHN G. BELL, 339 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

J. L. BODE, 16 North William street, New York, N. Y.

JOHN AKHDRST, 9£ Prospect street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

JOHN KRIDER, Corner 2d and Walnut streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

GEORGE HENSEL, Lancaster, Pa,

C. DREXLER, Washington D. C.

ALEX. WOLLE, Baltimore, Md.

WH. COUPER, Henderson's Buildings, Louis street, Quebec, Canada.

LABELS FOR CABINET SPECIMENS.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION has printed labels of the Family
names of American Birds and Mammals, giving both the Scientific and Eng-
lish names. Also special labels for many Birds, Mammals and other speci-
mens, which it will supply at cost. It will also furnish, at cost, its Check
Lists of North American Mammals, Birds, Mollusks, Minerals, Tertiary and
Cretaceous Fossils, printed on one side for labelling.

THE ESSEX INSTITUTE is now printing labels for Corals, consisting of
the names of the Orders, Suborders, Families and Genera, after the classifi-
cation of Professor Verrill, which it will furnish at cost.

THE INSTITUTE also proposes to print similar labels for the other classes
of Radiates and for the Mollusks and Insects.

APPENDIX NAT. DIRECTOEY. 2. Sept., 1866.

10 APPENDIX

PHOTOGRAPHS OP CORALS AND OTHER
SPECIMENS.

List of Photographs of Corals, &c., prepared by Prof. A. E. Verrill
from original or rare specimens, authentically labeled : —
STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHS.

CORALS.

No. 1. Astren $peciosa Dana. Original specimen.

No. 2. Astren (Prionastrea) robusta Dana. Original specimen.

No. 8. Favia ordinata Verrill. Goniastrea aspera Verrill. Fungia papittosa
Yerrill. Original specimens.

No. 4 Ccelastrea tenuit Verriil. Pavonia complanata Verrill. From original
specimens.

No. 6. Madrepora pumtta Verrill. M.. striata Verrill, M. prolixa Verrill. From
original specimens.

No. 6. Prionastrea Chinensis Verrill. Original specimen.

No. 7. Diitichipora nitida Verrill and Stylaster elegans Verrill. From authentic
specimens.

No. 8. Fungia eoncinna Verrill. F. Haimei Verrill. From original specimens,

No. 9. Fungia valida Verrill. Original specimen.

No. 10. Allopora Californica Verrill. Original specimen.

No. 11. Madrepora effloresc ens Dana. Original specimen.

No. 12. Pocillopora nobilis Verrill. • Authentic specimen.

No. 13. Gorgonia Agassizii Verrill. G. rigida Verrill. Authentic specimens.

No. 14. Madrepora spicifera Dana. Original specimen.

No. 15. M. convexa Dana. Authentic specimen.

MISCELLANEOUS.

No. 16. Four Eggs of Falco anatum, from Mt. Tom, Mass.

No. 17. Solaster endeca and S. papposug. Eastport, Maine.

No. 18. Mastodon and interior of Prof. J. Wyman's Museum at Cambridge.

No. 19. Three teeth of Bison. Quarternary fossils, Gardiner, Mo.

No. 20. Nine species of Shells from same formation as No. 19.
PLAIN PHOTOGRAPHS, LARGER SIZES.

No. 1. Gorgonia Agassizii Verrill. Original specimen.

No. 2. G. aurantiaca Verrill. Authentic specimen.

No. 3. Four eggs of Falco anatum, from Mt. Tom, Mass.

No. 4. Twelve species of moths (Bombycidx) from original specimens
described by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr.

No. 5. Nineteen species Bombycida from original specimens of Packard.

No. 6. Samia (Platysamia) Columbia Smith, male and female, cocoon and
chrysalis from the original specimens.

No. 7. Various rare or new Insects. Collection of A. S. Packard, Jr.

No. 8. Quarternary (Drift) Shells, rare species. Coll. Packard.

No. 9. Drift shells, Maine, Labrador, &c. Coll. Packard.

No. 10. Musxa crispa Dana. Original specimen.

No. 11. Section of nest of Common Wasp.

No. 12. Three teeth of Bison. Drift fossils, Gardiner, Me.

All the preceding, except Nos. 1, 10 and 1 1, which are reduced one half, are of
natural size.

The stereoscopic sizes will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, at 50 cents each, or
the set of 20 for $8. The larger sizes at 75 cents each, or the set of 12 for 98. Ad-
dress F. W. PUTNAM, Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., or PBO». A. E. VKIUULL, Yale
College, New Haven, Conn.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 11

CORRECTIONS TO THE DIRECTORY.

No. 23. E. T. Cox. Should be North American.

No. 90. Dr. NEWBURT is now Professor of Geology in Columbia Col-
lege. For correct address see No. 341.

No. 171. Should be CHRISTIAN FEBIOBR.

No. 319. Mr. HYATT, is now residing in Salem. For correct address
see No. 482.

ADDITIONS TO THE DIRECTORY.

MINERALOGY.

243, a. . Prof. G. C. SWALLOW, (State Geologist of Missouri and Kan-
sas), Columbia, Boone Co., Mo.

201, a. J. B. KEVINSKI, Lancaster, Pa. Local.

GEOLOGY.

4, a. WILLIAM ANDREWS, Cumberland, Md. Local.
27, a Dr* JOHN DE LASKI, West Falmouth, Me. Local. Special,
Glaciers,

58, a. JAMES HYATT, Bengali, N. Y. Local.

PALAEONTOLOGY.
276, a. WILLIAM ANDREWS, Cumberland, Md. Local. >

NOTICES OP PROPOSED WORKS ON NAT-
URAL HISTORY.

TRYON REAKIRT, 335 North 3d street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Is engaged in preparing a Synopsis of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the
Rocky Mountains and Trans-Mississippi Plains. Mr. Reakirt would be
happy to receive any specimens from these regions for examination.
ARTHUR M. EDWARDS, 115 John street, New York, N. Y:

Is preparing a work on the Bibliography of the Diatomacese ; also a
List of the described species of Diatomaceas, with references to the original
descriptions and figures ; to be published in the Proceedings of the Essex
Institute. For further information address Mr. Edwards.
PROF. JAMES HUBBERT, St. Francis College, Richmond, Canada Bast.

Is preparing a work on the Botany of Canada, entitled A Handbook of
the Canadian Flora, being a description of the flowering plants, ferns and
mosses indigenous to or naturalized in Canada. A comparison of the Ca-
nadian Flora with that of Great Britain, and especially with that of the
highlands of Germany will be given, and particular attention will be paid to
the limitation of species.

REV. DR. M. A. CURTIS, Hillsborough, N. C.

Is preparing a work on the principal eatable species of Mushrooms and
other Fungi, of this country, with colored figures.

12 APPENDIX

DESIDERATA

AND

SPECIMENS FOB SALE AND EXCHANGE.

ALPHEUS HYATT, Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.

Offers to exchange identified specimens of Fresh water Polyzoa, from
various localities in New England, for specimens from any other locality.
PROF. H. C. WOOD, JR., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Solicits Myriapods or Centipedes, and Phalangidae or "Daddy-long-legs,"
from all parts of North America. The former in order to perfect his pub-
lished monograph on the North American species of the group, and the lat-
ter with the intention of monographing them. They should be preserved in
alcohol or very strong whiskey in small mouthed bottles. All collections
will be returned labeled, if desired. The smaller species are especially desired,
also any notes on the habits of any of the species. Prof. Wood has a few
copies of his monograph of the Myriapoda of North America which he will
give for really valuable collections. The Phalangidae may be distinguished
from the true spiders by the head not being distinct from the abdomen.
DB. S. C. WILLIAMS, Silver Springs, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Minerals and Local Insects for exchange.
H. G. BRTTCKHART, Silver Springs, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Local Mollusks and Coleoptera for exchange.
N. VICKART, 262 Chestnut St., Lynn, Mass. (Taxidermist and Dealer).

Has Birds and other specimens for sale or exchange.
DR. F. STEIN, Museum der k. Universitat, Berlin, Prussia.

Has for sale the following Insects from the collection of the late Dr.
Schaum. Elatrides (7 boxes), 200 Thalers; Buprestides (4 boxes), 75 Thalers;
Chrysomelides (23 boxes), 150 Thalers; Scydmaenides and Pselaphides (num-
ber not given), 120 Thalers ; Cerambycides (European), 40 Thalers.

THE WALKER PRIZES.

" The following prizes were founded by the late DB. WILLIAM J. WALKER, for
the best memoirs, and in the English language, on subjects proposed by a committee
appointed by the Council of the BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. The first
and second are to be awarded annually ; the third, once in five years, beginning 1870.

First— For the best memoir presented, a prize of sixty dollars may be awarded.
If however, the memoir be one of marked merit, the amount awarded may be in-
creased to one hundred dollars, at the discretion of the committee.

Second— For the next best memoir, a prize not exceeding fifty dollars may be
awarded at the discretion of the committee : but neither of the above prizes shall be
awarded unless the memoirs presented shall be deemed of adequate merit.

Third — GRAND HONORARY PRIZE.— The Council of the Society may award the
sum of five hundred dollars for such scientific investigation or discovery in natural
history as they may think deserving thereof; provided such investigation or discov.
ery shall have first been made known and published in the United States of America ;

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 13

and shall have been at the time of said award made known and pu Wished at least
one year. If in consequence of the extraordinary merit of any such investigation
or discovery, the Council of the Society should see fit, they may award therefor the
the sum of one thousand dollars.

Subject of the Annual Prize for 1866-7. " The fertilization of plants by the agen
cy of insects, in reference both to cases where this agency is absolutely necessary,
and where it is only accessory;" the investigations to be in preference directed to
indigenous plants.

Subject for 1867-8. "Adduce and discuss the evidences of the coexistence of man
and extinct animals, with the view of determining the limits of his antiquity."

Memoirs offered in competition for the above prizes must be forwarded on or be-
fore April first, prepaid and addressed

"Boston Society of Natural History,

for t/te Committee on the Walker Prizes,

Boston, Mass.'"

Each memoir must be accompanied by a sealed envelope enclosing the author's
name, and superscribed by a motto corresponding to one borne by the manuscript."

BOSTON, June, 1866.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP
PHILADELPHIA.

This Society, organized in the Spring of 1869, has earned for itself in the short
period that has since elapsed, a name and reputation which might be envied by many
of the oldest scientific associations in this country or in Europe. Devoted sojely to the
study of that branch of Zodlogy which its name indicates, its members have infused
a spirit of energy and progress into its proceedings, which has accomplished in a few
months more than the same number of years have effected in larger bodies endowed
with more extensive means. In fact the unavoidable expenses of accumulating and
maintaining a collection, cf publishing its quarterly journal, &c., have been borne
almost entirely by the late Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, of Philadelphia. The generous
liberality of this keen student of Nature was checked by his sudden death, after an
illness of less than a week, on Wednesday, the 15th of March, 1865. The Society
which had been the object of his benevolence had every reason to expect a continue
ation of his bounty in the form of a bequest, from frequent expressions of his inten-
tions, but his untimely death has placed them in such a position that they cannot
continue their former useful career without the aid of all well disposed patrons of
science. They are anxious to keep up the prestige of their publications, and for this
purpose they ask subscriptions to a Fund of $50 000, of which amount $10 000 has
already been realized and funded. To all subscribers of $100 and upwards, an Hon-
orary Membership is tendered, and the publications of the Society will be furnished
free of charge during the life-time of the subscriber.

The importance of the work in which this association is engaged, cannot fail to
be universally recognized at this time when our crops are yearly destroyed by new
and strange insect enemies, whose diminutive size, mysterious transformations, and
immense multitude , make us, in our ignorance of their habits, utterly powerless
before them. On this subject a monthly bulletin, called the Practical Entomologist,
is issued by the Society for distribution to any one forwarding their address and
fifty cents per year to the Secretary of the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADEL-
PHIA, No. 518 So. 13th street, Philadelphia, Pa. Any one remitting annually a sum
of not less than One dollar, to the Secretary, E. T. Cresson, will be elected a Contrib-
uting Member of the Society, and will receive a Diploma to that effect

14 APPENDIX

THE PORTLAND SOCIETY OF NATURAL
HISTORY.

We beg to call attention to the following appeal of this most unfortu-
nate society, and to urge the friends of science to give what aid they can as
promptly as possible, for every dollar received at this trying time will be
more encouraging to the society than larger sums hereafter.

AN APPEAL TO THE FRIENDS OF SCIENCE.

" For the second time, the Portland Society of Natural History has been visited
by a destructive calamity. Its new hall, with the furniture and all its collections,
have again been destroyed by fire.

The origin of this Society must be referred to the organization of the Maine In-
stitute in 1836. Though at first struggling with poverty, it was able to secure large
collections in Natural History, and a valuable library of scientific books. These
were, by the favor of the Government, placed in the Custom House, a spacious hall
in that professedly fire-proof structure being assigned to the Society's use. In 1854,
the burning of this edifice destroyed every species of property belonging to the Soci-
ety. Not a vestige of its museum or library was left to serve as a memorial of the
past.

But the spirit of the Society was not dead. A few individuals by their persever-
ing labors raised a new cabinet from the ashes of the old. The State granted one
half-township of land ; subscriptions were set on foot ; contributions flowed steadily
in ; and at last the Society was housed in a noble building, which six months ago it
had lifted so far out of debt that it could begin to call this its own. It had a splen-
did hall of exhibition, fine lecture room and laboratory; while the collections made
by some of the most faithful servants of science, or contributed from the East and
West, adorned ite walls. Publications of high scientific value had been issued from
its press. A special Curator had just been regularly engaged, a repair fund gathered,
courses of free lectures begun, new members were crowding to its ranks, all the signs
of vitality and growth were large, when, in the terrible fire that left, in twelve hours
only a desert where the commercial centre of Portland was, everything once more
vanished like a dream. The building was isolated, fire-proof apparently, and in the
judgment of all safe from harm, until the sweep of that awful tide of flame, which
no masonry could withstand, closed in ruin over the cherished results of years of
toil.

By this loss, the Society is again stripped of its all. Its insurance proved nearly
worthless. Its mortgage debt will absorb the value of the land, the charred ruins
and its remaining funds. The library and the fine picture of Humboldt, the splen-
did gift of the poet Longfellow, alone are saved. In the destitution, which these
remnants of former wealth make more painful to consider, the Society is compelled
to Implore the aid of the friends of science everywhere to enable it to continue its
work.

Brethren ! whom God has spared the double affliction with which He has visited
lis, will you grant us your help? Our first need is a home — a building that we may
re-consecrate to science. We can repair all other losses better than that. Our city
Is impoverished — our own selves involved in grief and loss — and if aid does not
come from you, we know not where to turn. Will you give us the hand of sympa-
thy— the open hand of benevolence,' that we may again have a " local habitation
and a name," and go on prosperously in the joyful work of studying and interpret-
ing the book of Nature?

\

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 15

At a meeting of the Portland Society of Natural History, held July 9th, 1866, at
the residence of Rev. E. C. Bolles, it was voted that the undersigned be a committee
to make a brief statement of facts connected with the history of the Society, and
appeal to the friends of science everywhere for aid in this critical condition of its
affairs. To this Committee, or to any officer of the Society, all communications upon
the subject may be addressed.

OIFVFIOHJRS 03=- TUB SOCIET^ST. OCy&g-MTITTBB.

WM. WOOD, President. WM. WOOD, M. D.

HENRY WILLIS, Vice President. REV. E. C. BOLLES.

E. c. BOLLES, Secretary. CHAS. B. FULLER.

EDW. GOULD, Treasurer. EDW. 8. MORSE.

The collections of this Academy were partially destroyed by fire on the
7th of June last. The following quotation from the circular issued by the
Academy gives its present condition.

"As nearly as can now be ascertained the present condition of the collection
and property of the Academy is as follows : —

About half the Mammals and Birds, and nearly all the Skulls, etc., will be saved ;
the extensive collection of Birds' eggs and nests were entirely destroyed ; Fishes and
.Reptiles are saved ; Insects all destroyed with the exception of the Lepidoptera
dried Crustacea and Echinodermata destroyed ; Shells and Fossils in great part saved.
Very singularly and fortunately, the alcoholic] collection, contained in about 2000
jars, has escaped. The Herbarium, with the exception of the series of the plants of
the North Pacific Expedition, is saved. The Library is greatly damaged by water
but most of the books will be saved by careful drying and rebinding. The plates of
the forthcoming volume of the Transactions, twenty in number, were much injured,
and some of the edition may have to be reprinted. The publication of the volume,
will not, however, be greatly delayed."

We understand that the Academy will proceed at once to erect a fire-
proof building for their collections and library, which, we trust, will, by the
aid of kindred societies and friends, soon be larger than before the disaster.

The several disasters to scientific institutions during the last year, should
warn all our Societies and Institutions having valuable collections and libra-
ries, to secure fire proof buildings for them at once.*

HE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOB THE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

The fifteenth meeting of the American Association was held at Buffalo,
N. Y., from August 15th to 21st. Since the commencement of the war these
meetings have been suspended and we are glad that they were renewed under
such pleasant auspices as attended this meeting, and that the citizens of
Buffalo so fully appreciated the value of the Society and were so cordial in
their entertainment of its members.

*The collection of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, was wholly
destroyed by the burning of the Academy of Music in May last. We wait for offi-
«ial information in regard to this Society and its future movements.

16 APPENDIX

Th3 officers for this meeting were, President, F. A. P. BARNARD, President
of Columbia College; Vice President, A. A. GOULD, M. D., of Boston;
General Secretary, Prof. ELIAS LooMis,of Yale College ; Permanent Secretary,
Prof. JOSEPH LOVERINO, of Harvard College; Treasurer, A. L. ELWYN,
M. D., of Philadelphia.

The next meeting of the Association will be held at Burlington, Vt,
commencing August 21st, 1867. The following are the officers elected for
the meeting: President, Prof. J. S. NEWBERRY, of New York; Vice Presi-
dent, Prof. WOLLCOTT GIBBS, of Cambridge; Permanent Secretary, Prof
JOSEPH LOVERING, of Cambridge ; General Secretary, Prof. C. S. LTMAN,
of New Haven ; Treasurer, Dr. A. L. ELWYN, of Philadelphia.

We think that it would, perhaps, have been more advisable to have had
the meeting for 1867 held at a more central city, which would have induced
a larger number of members from the West and South to attend, but still
we hope that, notwithstanding the extreme northern location of the meeting,
members from all the states will endeavor to be present and maintain its
character as an American Association.

OBITUAEY NOTICES.

REV. STILLMAN BARDEN, of Rockport, Mass ; well known as a mineral-
ogist, died at his residence on August 7, 1865, of consumption. Mr. Bar-
den was an active and enthusiastic collector and a thorough lover of nature.
He had gathered a large cabinet of minerals which will be kept up by his son
Edward, who has inherited his father's taste for mineralogy.

DR. SIMEON SHURTLEFF, of Weatogue, Hartford Co., Ct., a general
student of nature and especially interested in Botany, Ornithology and Con-
chology, died at his residence on December 29, 1865.

THOMAS DANIELS, of Cincinnati, Ohio, died in January, 1866. Mr.
Daniels was known to many naturalists as a student of Palaeontology.

WILLIAM GLEN, of Cambridge, Mass., died of consumption at his
home on May 25, 1866. Mr. Glen was a native of Scotland and came to this
country in 1854. For several years he was an Assistant in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge. He was a person of most remark-
able skill in his manipulations, and certainly had no superior in preparing
sections and microscopical objects. By the sad death of Mr. Glen science
has lost a careful, enthusiastic and faithful worker.

PROFESSOR HENRY DARWIN ROGERS, LL. D., F. R. S., &c., of Glas-
gow, Scotland, died at his residence in Shawlands, near Glasgow, on Tues-
day, May 29, 1866, soon after his return from a visit to the United States.
In 1857, Professor Rogers was called to the chair of Regius Professor of Ge-
ology and Natural History in the University of Glasgow, which he filled to
the time of his death. His intimate connection with the Geology of Amer-
ica, and especially his great work on the Geology of Pennsylvania, will ever
endear his name to American Naturalists. He was born in Philadelphia in
1809.

17

Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited a series of preparations of the oak-
leaf galls and remarked upon the insects by which they were formed, and
others that inhabited the galls, mentioning several parasites on the form-
er. He also exhibited Lepidopterous larvae which he had found feeding on
the pith of the galls.

Mr. Putnam exhibited a recent addition to the cabinets of a specimen of
Platurus fasciatus, from the Bay of Bengal, and remarked on the group of
Sea Snakes to which it belongs.

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

Aaron Perkins, John Janes, James Gedney King, Nathaniel G. Simonds
and E. R. Perkins, all of Salem, were elected Resident Members. Hon. Mar-
shal P. Wilder, of Dorchester ; Samuel A. Green, M. D., of Boston ; and
W. H. Niles, of New Haven, were elected Corresponding Members.

TUESDAY, MAT 1, 1866. Social Meeting at Hamilton Hall.
Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

The object of this meeting was to bring together all the microscopes
which could be conveniently obtained, for the purpose of interesting the friends
of the Institute in this department of Science ; also to celebrate in an appro-
priate manner, the ancient festival of the first of May.

The meeting proved a decided success, over three hundred members and
their friends being present, beside a number of invited guests, among whom
were Prof. O. W. Holmes of Boston ; Dr. A. A. Gould, Vice President of
the Boston Society of Natural History, and Messrs. Bouve, Wilder, Bicknell
and Sanborn, of the same Society.

The Chairman said that members of the Institute and those present who
had attended its meetings need not be informed, but those of our friends not
members of the Institute who had honored us with their presence this eve-
ning, from abroad, might be interested to learn , that the objects of our so-
ciety were two fold, historical and scientific ; and that, as we were about to
celebrate one of the most ancient gala-days of old England, it might be and
undoubtedly was expected, by some present, that an historical account of the
day and its observance would be given to-night ; but, it would be remembered
that two years ago an evening was principally devoted to this subject, and,
therefore, as the field selected for this evening's discussion was wide enough
and sufficiently interesting, it had been determined to devote the evening to
a notice of the early wild-flowers of this region, and of the history and
uses of the microscope, an instrument which had proved so useful to the bot-
anist and had so largely increased our knowledge of the structure and growth
of plants, as well as thrown light on all other branches of science. The
Chairman then introduced Mr. C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, the Botanical Curator
'of the Institute, who said that being too late to express the delightful wish of a

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX IN8T. VOL. V. 3 MAT, 1866.

18

" Happy New Year," and too early for that other, peculiar in its Yankee patri-
otism, the wish for a "Fourth of July," he would beg leave to substitute anoth-
er, to him, at least, as choice as either. In behalf of the early wild flowers that
adorned the table before him, in behalf of the fresh grass springing along the
brookside, the awakening hearts of flowers yet to gladden all our woods and
valleys, the budding wreath of every thicket, and the sprouting verdure of
every tree that, by and. by, should shade our summer walks — in the name of
all these he would cordially wish those here assembled the very best of a
" Merry May." He then proceeded to introduce the several early flowers be-
fore him, dwelling particularly on the Erythronium or Dog-tooth Violet, which
is not quite a lily, though nearly such, and bears to us the promise of other
and brighter lilies, pure as alabaster or gay in ruddy richness, that before
long shall be a joy to the whole northern hemisphere. The Wood Anemone
was also noticed, and the Vernal Saxifrage, humble and unpretending, a
dweller among the rocks, with a heart to resist the fierceness of the winter
cold, and a petal white as the snow that just now covered it. The Wild Col-
umbine is here with its gracefully nodding blossom, all gold within and ruby
without, and though the botanist has named it in remembrance of an eagle's
bloody talons, its horn-shaped petals may better represent the mimic cornu-
copias that herald the burden of autumnal fruitage. The Spicewood is here,
but its early bloom has partly faded and the representative twig is but very
small. Doubtless it was not well informed of this gathering in its honor, or
surely it would have done itself better justice. He passed it only a day or
two ago, hung with its golden mantle in the thicket, but it whispered no such
information. Forgive the shrub, on another occasion it will meet you more
fairly.

These are the precursors of a bloom that is yet to open on us in garden,
woodland and wayside. These are the earnest of the dominant spirit of life,
that, quieted but not extinct under the wintry blasts, now spring up again
to gladden all the landscape. Let us welcome them for their cheering assur-
ance. Let us take heart from the promise brought by them, that the season
of genial warmth and life shall yet return, and though we may not, as ou r
ancestors, join the Maypole dance, with sport, and song, and holiday attire,
let us not prize the less the greeting of the vernal blossoms, that hint through
their quiet loveliness the profound relations and dependencies between man
and the flowers of the field.

Prof. O. W. Holmes, of Boston, was next introduced, and after briefly
pointing out the distinction between the simple and the compound microscope,
and describing the method by which the imperfections of the latter have been
remedied within the last forty years, he proceeded to speak of the more re-
markable improvements it has received at the hands of American opticians
and philosophers.

1. Enlargement of the angle of aperture. In 1852 Mr. Quekett said
in his well known Treatise, quoting Mr. Andrew Boss, the most famous of

19

London makers of microscopes, that 135° was the largest angular pencil
which could be passed through a microscopic object glass. But long before
this an American optician had made a -| object glass having an angular
aperture of 146° , the same glass which he now held in his hand. Since that
time the same maker has made glasses with an angular aperture, thirty de-
grees and more, larger than this. Mr. Wefcb will shew you in connection
with his beautiful binocular a glass having an angle of 178° , which, as he
says, and as we should expect, is equal to the resolution of the most difficult
tests.

This audacious American who carried the angle of aperture more than
forty degrees beyond the limits of the possible (according to the highest Eng-
lish authority) was Mr. Charles Spencer of Canastota, a small town in the
midst of half-burned stumps of the forest in the interior of the State of New
York.

2. Next on the list of American inventions and improvements, comes
the inverted microscope of Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, of Louisiana, a form
of instrument universally approved and very widely adopted by chemists
as particularly fitted for their investigations.

3. The binocular microscope of Professor Kiddell, of New Orleans
which, variously improved and modified, is now extensively employed both
in England and on the continent as well as in this country.

4. Tolles' binocular eye-piece, which bids fair to supersede the double
body heretofore used.

5. The objective mirror, if we may so call it, of Professor Hamilton
Smith, which most of us know only by report as yet, but which promises to
do for the highest powers what the " Lieberkuhn" does for the lower ones.

The best known American microscope makers are Mr. Spencer, the pio-
neer among them, whose inventive genius has stimulated the opticians of the
old world to attempt feats which they considered impossible until he shewed
they could be and had been done ; Mr. Tolles, his worthy successor, whose
glasses challenge competition with any in the world ; Mr. Wales, not so long
known among us, but making first rate objectives ; Mr. Griinow, whose in-
struments of moderate cost are perhaps the best the American student can
buy, and who can make excellent microscopes of costlier pattern when requi-
red ; Mr. Zentmayer, whose stands are equal, if not superior in elegance and
workmanship to the finest of European make.

Dr. Holmes next proceeded to speak of microscopic photography. He
referred to the very remarkable photographs made by Dr. John Dean, of
Boston, from his own sections of the spinal cord.

He then shewed some specimens of the art sent him a week or two since
by Dr. Woodward, in charge of the medical department of the Army Museum
at Washington. These micro-photographs made by Dr. Edward Curtis, are
the most extraordinary in many respects Dr. Holmes had ever seen. The
object chosen was the well known test Pleurosigma angulatum. Two nega-

20

tives ^rere taken, one with a £ and amplifier made by Wales, the other with
a — of Powell and Lealand. Each of these gave an enlargement of more
than two thousand diameters. An enlarged copy of these gave them over
nineteen thousand diameters. The spots of the diatom thus magnified are f
of an inch in diameter, perfectly sharp in outline, circular in form, but ap-
pearing as if they were hexagonal when looked at from a distance.

Dr. Holmes then said that at the risk of taxing the powers of belief of
those before him he would attempt to give some idea of what is meant by an
enlargement of twenty thousand diameters, within a fraction of which these
objects are amplified.

It means that their surface, or that portion of it which you see, looks four
hundred million times as large as it really is.

If your thumb-nail were thus magnified it would cover eighteen acres
of ground.

. A fly, weighing one grain, thus magnified in surface and in like propor-
tion in thickness so as to keep his proper figure, if his weight increased at
the same rate as his bulk, would weigh as much as a million horses rolled
into one great monster horse.

A man weighs a million grains, and magnified in each dimension, as
much as these dots are enlarged, would weigh as much as a billion horses;
more very probably than ever lived on this planet, from the Adam of horse-
flesh to the present time.

Many who are here this evening remember the famous mcon-hoax of
Richard Adams Locke. It seems not impossible that the fancy of enlarging
telescopic images by the microscope so as to bring out details upon the sur-
face of the satellite may yet be realized. If the moon looks about a foot in
diameter, it would, if enlarged as these dots are enlarged, be extended to
nearly four miles in diameter, say, if you will, ^ of its actual diameter.
This would give us pictures of everything on the scale of one inch to fifty
feet, and would shew us men and women, if such there were on the moon's
surface, as exceedingly interesting little animals of about the size of certain
insects held in small esteem by the human species, and very easily seen as
well as felt.

Errors excepted, of course, in the above calculations, which are believed,
however, to be essentially correct.

Dr. Holmes then said that he had been particularly requested to bring
with him the microscope which he is in the habit of using, the mechanical
arrangements of which are of his own contrivance. The glasses shewn in
connection with it were a £, a £ and a ^ made by Spencer.

This instrument was shewn with the same test which had been exhibited
in the photographs, but magnified in it to about one thousand diameters,
shewing the dots by oblique illumination with the lamp and the small plano-
convex lens occupying one opening of the diaphragm.

21

The principal points in the simple and inexpensive arrangement to which
he called attention, were the following :

1 . Fixed wooden stand, carrying with it lamp for direct illumination,
objectives, eyeglasses and other apparatus.

2. Tube supported on two forks cut in the wood; inclined at an angle
of 35° ; rotated by turning the shade-disk, which is 8 inches in diameter, and
thus regulating the focal distance by the movement of a brass check which
bears against an inclined surface of glass, giving a rapid and medium adjust-
ment.

3. Delicate secondary adjustment, by a screw with scalloped head, placed
close to the thumb which with the forefinger moves the object stage. This
screw depresses very slightly one of two brass plates, fixed to object stage,
against which the glass object slide is pressed forward by two small springs.
This arrangement has the incidental advantages of bringing all objects to the
same level, and of affording protection to the thin glass of the slide.

4. Horse-shoe magnet for fixed stage.

5. Object stage of soft iron, 8 inches long, 1 inch and £ wide, adhering
to fixed stage by attraction, assisted by brass spring at one end, loaded
to keep it down, moves horizontally by sliding over an edge f of an
inch to the left of middle of fixed stage, and up and down in the arc of a
circle of which this edge is the centre. Requires but one hand for manage-
ment, which hand is always in position to command the fine adjustment.

6. Achromatic condenser (or any other piece of apparatus) slides in
between the branches of the horse-shoe magnet. The diaphragm is directly
behind the achromatic condenser.

7. A small plano-convex lens occupies one hole of the diaphragm and
is very useful in concentrating the rays of oblique light when that is used.

8. Although this instrument is arranged chiefly with reference to using
the direct rays of a lamp without any reflection, a mirror can be substituted
for the lamp if desired. The following is Dr. Holmes's method of arranging
this adjunct. A plano-convex lens is set in a frame, to be used as a condenser.
Two plane mirrors of the same size are cemented back to back. This double
mirror fits against the plane side of the lens, thus giving a plane mirror on
one side and the equivalent of a concave mirror on the other.

9. Dr. Holmes employs a simple indicator, made by sticking a portion
of a fine needle to the diaphragm of the eye-glass with a bit of wax. This
is a great convenience in demonstrations, it being easy to bring any particu-
lar object of examination to the point of the needle by moving the stage.

10. A very convenient complement of the instrument here shewn, is the
simple arrangement shewn by Quekett (fig. 257, 2d edition) which is especial-
ly adapted for very low powers, for dissecting, examining the circulation, etc.

Dr. Holmes said he would take occasion to mention a plan he had lately
adopted, for preserving recent preparations of soft tissues so that they could
be shewn day after day. It is simply laying them on a wet cloth, which is it

22

self placed on a sheet of india-rubber cloth, and covering them with a bell-
glass. The air being soon saturated with moisture, the preparations cannot
dry.

He then exhibited one of Mr. Lockhart Clarke's sections of the spinal
cord, and a single nerve-cell isolated and stained with carmine, prepared by
Qerlach, both of which were lent him by Dr. Dean, to whom they were pre-
sented by the distinguished anatomists of whose skill they are singularly per-
fect specimens.

At the conclusion of Prof. Holmes's remarks, the orchestra furnished
music, the seats were removed from the hall, and an opportunity was given
to all to examine the various microscopes and objects under them.

The objects were much varied in character. Dr. Holmes brought speci-
mens of the Pleurosigma angulatum, besides the sections made by Lockhart
Clarke and Gerlach mentioned above. Mr. Bicknell had several fine injected
sections of bones and teeth prepared by himself, as well as a large collection
of other objects, part of which he exhibited with a polarizer. Under Mr.
Webb's Binocular the head of a mosquito proved so attractive that no
time was found to exhibit but one or two other objects under his fine
instrument. Dr. Wilder had specimens of the silk of the Nephila plumipes,
and various parts of the spider. Mr. Sanborn exhibited a number of living
animalculce.

Under the other microscopes were series of the pollen, and sections of
the leaf and stem of the Mayflower, Anemone, Bloodroot, Dogtooth Violet
and several other early spring flowers ; a large number of insects and parts
of insects ; Trichina spiralis ; sections of spines of echinoderms ; diatoms ;
&c., as well as several specimens of microscopical photography and engrav-
ing.

The following is nearly a complete list of the microscopes that were in
the hall for use, arranged under the names of their owners.

PBOF. O. W. HOLMES, of Boston. An instrument of his own construc-
tion, previously described.

E. BICKNELL, of Boston. A large and very fine American instrument
made by Zentmayer, with Wales' objectives.

DB. B. G. WILDER, of Boston. A Smith and Beck's Student's instru-
ment. ( Dr. Dean's working instrument ).

F. G. SANBOBN, of Boston. The Mass. State Cabinet Nachet instru-
ment, of English form of stand with a lever stage.

ESSEX INSTITUTE. A Prichard Standard microscrope, formerly owned
by Mr. Cole, and presented to the Institute several years since by Mrs. Cole.
An English instrument made by Clarke, presented to the Institute by Francis
Peabody, Esq.; also a French dissecting instrument made after Mr. Peabody's
plan and presented by him to the Institute.

BENJAMIN WEBB, JR., of Salem. Smith and Beck's Binocular, Wen-
ham's invention ; and a Ladd's instrument.

23

H. F. SHEPARD, of Salem. Nachet and son's microscope. Attached to
this instrument was Nachet and son's " Chambre claire " or " Camera lucida."
To this camera can be joined, either above or below the picture, as occa-
isofl requires, a piece of blue glass to assist in rendering the view of the
pencil distinct.

DR. W. L. BOWDOIN, of Salem. An Oberhaeuser, modele No. 2.

DR. G. A. PERKINS, of Salem, a Nachet, moyen modele, and an antique
instrument made by Adams, of London, and formerly owned by the late Dr.
Treadwell, of Salem. ,

H. F. KING, of Salem. An Oberhaeuser, modele No. 2. and a Griinow's
Student's.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, Salem. A Griinow's Student's.

SALEM HIGH SCHOOL. A Mirand of English form.

DR. WM. MACK, of Salem. An Oberhaeuser petit modele.

DR. HENRY WHEATLAND, of Salem. A Fraunhofer, simple model.

CALEB ,COOKE, of Salem. A Mirand, petit modele, and a Raspail.

F. W. PUTNAM, of Salem. A simple English microscope, and a small
Scholar's instrument of American make.

JAMES H. EMERTON, of Salem. A Craig.

Several other small instruments of various kinds were also in the hall,
making thirty microscopes in all, of twenty-five different patterns.

After about an hour had been passed by the company in examining the
various objects, the Institute adjourned and a collation was partaken of, after
which the large hall was given up to social enjoyment, and the instruments
were removed to the smaller hall below, where the microscopists spent
several hours very profitably. Prof. Holmes had here an opportunity of
explaining the construction of his instrument more fully, and the fine ner-
vous sections which he brought were much appreciated and examined. Mr.
Bicknell was also able to show the capabilities of his fine instrument, and to
explain the pecularities of the stage movement, mirror adjustment, &c. Mr.
Webb also exhibited, under his binocular, gold dust and the stellate hairs on
the leaf of Deutzia scabra with fine stereoscopic effect. Considerable interest
was also evinced in the comparison of Smith and Beck's fifth with that of
Wales. The result was that no difference could be detected in the definition
of the object used, the pygidium of a flea, though from Wales' fifth being
of a larger angle it, would undoubtedly have had the advantage on lined test
objects.

MONDAY, MAY 7,1866. Regular Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

Letters were read from Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College; S. E. Wright,
Cincinnati, Ohio; Prof. Francis S. Holmes, Charleston, S. C. ; E. S. Morse,
Portland, Me.; C. W. Bennett, Holyoke Mass.; J. A. Allen, Springfield,

24

Mass.; Miss L. E. Walker, Worcester Society of Natural History; J. F,
Richardson, Portland, Me.; R. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal.; Dr. Wm.
Wood, East Windsor Hill, Ct.; Dr. B. G. Wilder, Boston ; J. A. Huntington,
Oberlin, Ohio ; Prof. G. C. Swallow, Columbia, Mo.; O. C. Marsh, New Ha-
ven, Ct.; Robert Howell, Nichols, N. Y.; E. Suffert, Havana, Cuba; G. F.
Matthew, St. John, N. B.; Maj. R. S. Williamson, U. S. Engineers, San
Francisco, Cal.; W. H. Edwards, Newburgh, N. Y.; Boston Public Library;
Massachusetts Historical Society; M. Fenollosa, Salem; R. R. Endicott,
Beverly; F. S. Pease, Albany, N. Y.; Stephen H. Phillips, Salem; Geo. E,
Brackett, Belfast, Me.; E. W. Treadwell, Boston ; Hon. Marshall P. Wilder,
Dorchester ;xCapt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown ; N. G. Simonds, Salem;
S. C. Bancroft, Salem ; Prof. O. W. Holmes, Boston ; Dr. Samuel A. Green,
Boston; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; Leverett Saltonstall, Newton; Henry Salton-
stall, Boston; D. Choate, Essex; Newburyport Public Library; Dr. James
R. Nichols, Haverhill ; C. P. Preston, Danvers.

Mr. W. P. Upham read extracts from the Records of the Essex County
Quarterly Court, in relation to the suit of John Pickering vs. Walter Price.,
and Samuel Gardner for injury to the land of the plaintiff, in consequence of
building a mill, in 1662, called "New Mills," (now know as the " City Mills"
and formerly as " Maloon Mills," &c.). Several depositions were also read.

A discussion followed on this and kindred subjects by Messrs. Goodell,
Upham, Ropes and others, and on motion of Mr. Kimball, a copy of the pa-
pers read by Mr. Upham were requested for publication in the Historical Col .
lections.

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

The Superintendent on announcing the donations to the Museum, spoke
at length on the extent and great value of those received from Capt. W. H.
A. Putnam and Capt. Joseph Hammond. The former consisted of a large
collection of Corals and other Radiates, Fishes, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals,
Crustaceans, Shells and Insects, from various parts of China and the East
Indies ; the latter principally of Corals, Echini, Fishes, Crustaceans, Mollusks
and Lichens, from the Sandwich and Falkland Islands, and Medusae and Crus-
taceans from the Gulf weed. These collections contain many species not
before in the Museum and form the most valuable additions of the year.
The cast of the humerus of the Mylodon found in Oregon, in 1839, and
described by Dr. H. C. Perkins, of Newburyport, was also announced as
presented by the describer.

A valuable historical relic, consisting of the figure head of a native war
vessel of the Kingsmills Islands, was also presented by Capt. Hammond.

The Superintendent exhibited two microscopes which had been present-
ed by the President. Ona of them was an English instrument, made by
Clarke, and the other a French Dissecting instrument made after the direc-
tions of the President.

25

On motion it was then voted; that Messrs. Rantoul, Putnam and Wheat-
land, be a committee to take into consideration the donations of the President,
and Capts. Putnam and Hammond, and present such acknowledgments as
may be deemed proper.

Mr. R. S. Rantoul, in behalf of the Committee on the Literary Exercis-
es of the May-day Social Meeting, after appropriate remarks presented the
following resolution : —

Resolved : — That the thanks of the Essex Institute be conveyed to Drs.
Holmes and Wilder, and Messrs. Bicknell and Sanborn, of Boston, for the
honor and pleasure confered by their presence with us on the evening of the
first of May, and for the interest manifested in the occasion, by their several
contributions of instruments of rare value and power to the collection of
microscopes then exhibited.

The Resolution was adopted unanimously, and it was then voted that cop-
ies of the same be sent to the several gentlemen therein named.

Messrs. Rantoul, Upham and Putnam were elected a committee to nom-
inate officers for election, at the annual meeting, on Wednesday next.

Samuel Hutchinson, of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 9, 1866, Annual Meeting.
Vice President FOWLER in the Chair.

Records of the last Annual and Regular meetings were read.

The annual reports of several of the officers were read.

THE SECRETARY stated that the occurrence of the annual meeting calls
upon the various officers and committees to review the doings of the year,
and to present an abstract of the results of their operations.

The Society is in a good condition. The receipts from the assessments of
Resident Members, the sale of publications, and all other sources were larg-
er than during any previous year, yet, at the same time, the expenditures have
been large in consequence of the increased activity of the Society and the
high prices of all articles of consumption. A donation of one thousand dol-
lars from a native of Salem, received in October last, was a most opportune
contribution to the treasury.

Fifty Resident, and thirty-five Corresponding members have been elected
during the year. Notice of the death of seven of the former and of four of
the latter have been received. The present number of members is 696 ; con-
sisting of 529 resident, and 167 corresponding.

Biographical notices of the following deceased associates will be prepared
for the Historical Collections. James B. KiAg, died at Salem, May 25, 1865.
Charles F. Williams, died at Salem, June 4, 1865. Stillman Barden, died
at Rockport, Aug. 7, 1865. Henry Coggswell, died at Salem, Dec. 12, 1865.
Harriet C. Neal, died at Salem, Dec. 16, 1865. Henry S. Lufkin, died at
Lynn, Jan'y> 1866. Nathaniel Brown, died at Salem, April 27, 1866. Isra-

PEOCEEDINGS ESSEX IN8T. VOL. V. 4. MAY, 1866.

26

el K. Tefft, died at Savannah, Ga., June 30, 1862. Joseph Willard, died at
Boston, May 12, 1865. Henry W. Ducachet, died at Philadelphia, Dec. 13,
1865. Simeon Shurtleff, died at Simmsburg, (Weatogue) Conn., Dec. 29,
1865.

Six Field Meetings have been held during the past season ; at Nahant,
Standley's Grove in Beverly, Reading, Georgetown, North Andover and
Newburyport. These meetings have been largely attended with increased
interest ; everywhere the Institute has been very kindly received and every
facility extended. Our thanks are especially due to the friends who have
welcomed us in the various towns, and also to the Directors and Superinten-
dents of the Eastern and the Boston and Maine Railroads for their ready
cooperation in furnishing the necessary accommodations ; particularly to
the former, for extra trains, when desired, and other facilities in aid of the
general objects. The quarterly and semi-monthly meetings have been held
as usual at the rooms in Plummer Hall. A new feature has been added to
the evening meetings under the form of a social gathering at Hamilton
Hall, on the evening of May-day. Some thirty microscopes were place d
upon the tables, with suitable preparations to illustrate the remarks made in
the early part of the evening by C. M. Tracy, on the flowers of May, and
Dr. O. W. Holmes, of Boston, on the history and the uses of the microscope
for scientific research. After a collation the remainder of the evening was
devoted to social recreation, thus happily blending instruction and amuse-
ment.

The Correspondence has largely increased during the year, in conse-
quence of the more extended circulation of the different publications, the
exchange of books, the receipt and presentation of numerous specimens.
Seven hundred and eighty-nine letters have been received by those having
charge of the several departments and placed on file.

The Publication of the Proceedings and Historical Collections has been
continued during the year. In addition to the above, an Historical Notice
of the Institute, with the Act of Incorporation, &c. was issued in April, and
distributed to the members, subscribers to the publications, and exchanges.

The Annual Exhibition of Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables, took place
at Mechanic Hall, on Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday, Sept. 13,
14, 15 and 16, 1865. The committee of arrangements were enabled to dec-
orate the Hall by the kind and timely assistance of the ladies, members and
friends, and they exerted themselves assiduously to sustain the exhibition,
particularly at a season of drought of unprecedented extent, when vegetation
suffered severely and many predicted that, in consequence thereof, the dis-
play would amount almost to a failure. Committees were appointed to pre-
pare a schedule of premiums, which was printed and distributed, and prizes
were awarded to the successful competitors in accordance therewith, when-
ever the specimens exhibited were worthy of such recognizance.

27

THE TREASURER presented the following statement of the financial
condition for the year ending May, 1866.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.
Debits.

Athenaeum ; Eent, half Fuel, Attendance, &c $617 €6

Collecting Assessments, $23 44 ; Gas, $20 40 43 84

Publications, $1550 84 ; Social Meeting, May 1, $210 84 1761 68

Horticultural Exhibition, Sept., 1865 757 82

Tableaux, Nov., 1865, 211 29

Express and Postage, $151 83 ; Sundries, $99 12 250 95

$1000 U. S. Bonds 7-30 1005 70

To Historical Account 142 50

To Natural History and Horticultural Account 199 96

Balance in Treasury „ ... 62 48

$5053 88
Credits.

Balance of last year's account 12 27

Dividends Webster Bank, $50 ; Coupons U. S. Bonds, $51 50. .. 101 50

Sale of Publications, $1018 21 ; Assessments, $952 „ 1970 21

Horticultural Exhibition, Sept., 1865 785 75

Tableaux, Nov., 1865 412 02

May-day Meeting, $247 ; Sundries, $15 13 262 13

Donation from a native of Salem, $1000; Sale U. S. Bond, $510 1510 00

$5053 88

NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE,
Debits.

Preservatives and Taxidermy, $111 86 ; Cases, $83 89 $195 75

Printing, $23 12 ; Sundries, $33 09. . , . 56 21

$251 96
Credits.

Div. Lowell Bleachery, $40 00 ; Div. Portland, Saco and Ports-
mouth Railroad, $12 00 52 00

•General account. , „ . . 199 96

$251 96
HISTORI-CAL ACCOUNT.

Debits.
Binding, $195 00 ; Sundries, $5 50 ..$200 50

Credits.
Div. Naumkeag Bank, $20 00 ; Coupons Michigan Central E. B.

Bond, $38 00 58 00

General account , 142 50

$200 50

28

THE LIBRARIAN reported that the additions to the Library have been
as follows ;

Octavos and Lesser fold, 394

Quartos 8, Folios 4, 12

Newspapers, Folios, 52

Pamphlets and Serials, 1526

1984

The above have been obtained, with few exceptions, wholly by ex-
change, and by donations from 20 Editors, 50 Societies, and 148 Individuals.
The Library requires more accommodation for the proper arrangement
of the books, papers, pamphlets, &c., in order to afford greater facility for
reference. The same pressing wants have previously been presented to the
attention of the Institute.

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM reported that it devolved up-
on him to present a brief account of what has been done during the past
year as regards the Museum, and to call attention to its wants.

In no year has so much been done for the increase and arrangement of the
Museum as the one which closes to day. During this period we have re-
ceived about 16,000 specimens in the Natural History Department, from 175
different persons, and in 228 separate donations. Several of these donations
have been very large and valuable, and have added much to the importance
of the Museum to the scientific student. Attention is called to the more
prominent of these, and reference to the printed quarterly lists is made for
a notice of the others. In those lists will be found recorded many donations
of valuable specimens.

To Capt. W. H. A. Putnam, the Institute is indebted for a large collec-
tion of Corals, from Singapore, consisting of nearly 400 specimens, represent-
ing about 75 species. Capt. Putnam has also brought to the Institute a fine
collection of about 75 Bird Skins, from the Spice Islands, as well as a large
number of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, Crustaceans, Mollusks,
and Eadiates, from various parts of the East Indies, China, China Sea, and
several points on his passage home.

To Capt. Joseph Hammond, we are under obligations for several spe-
cies of Corals not before in the collection, from the Sandwich Islands, and
for a large collection of Shells, several rare Echinoderms, Fishes and Crusta-
ceans, from the Falkland and Sandwich Islands, as well as a collection of the
Lichens of the Falkland Islands, and several other specimens of great inter-
est.

Dr. Benjamin Pickman has purchased the well known cabinet of Mas-
sachusetts Shells made by Mr. Joseph True, of this city, and presented it
to the Institute. This is a most acceptable donation, as nearly all the species
of our state shells are represented in the collection, which contains several
of the greatest rarity, and it will take the place of the old collection of Mas-

29

•achnsetts shells, which, from having been placed in cedar wood cases, was
entirely ruined by a deposit of oil from the wood.

The Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, has evinced his continued interest
in the Society by sending us identified specimens of. such species of Shells
as he has received or collected from time to time.

Prof. J. G. Norwood, of the Missouri State University, has kindly for-
warded a large collection, containing over 300 species, of identified Fossils,
principally from Missouri, accompanied by a section, drawn with great care,
which exhibits the position of the various strata from which they were ob-
tained.

Prof. Richard Owen, of the Indiana State University, has also sent large
and valuable collections of Western Fossils, Minerals, Shells and other
specimens.

From Mr. E. Hall, of Athens, 111., a collection of over 400 species of
Rocky Mountain and Western Plants has been received, as well as quite a
number of interesting, and to the Museum, new zoological specimens, and
several Fossils.

By the Smithsonian Institution we have been remembered, and through
the kindness of its officers we have received several very valuable collections
of Shells, Fishes and Birds' Eggs.

The Chicago Academy of Sciences has presented a fine collection of
Birds' eggs, and a number of Skins of Birds, of species not before in the
Museum.

From the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, we have received a large
collection of the Plants found in the vicinity of Buffalo.

To Dr. Daniel Clarke, of Flint, Mich., we are indebted for a collection
of Shells, Insects, Fishes and Reptiles from Michigan,

Mr. Robert E. C. Stearns, of San Francisco has kindly sent several
hundred species of shells from California, New Mexico and the Pacific coast
of America.

We have received from Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Yale College, a valuable
collection of Minerals, several Radiates, and a number of Insects, and we
shall soon receive large additions to our collection of Corals and other Radi-
ates from this gentleman, to whom we are already under great obligations
for his identification of our Corals.

To George C. Huntington, Esq., of Kelley's Island, Lake Erie, we are
indebted for a collection of the Fishes of the Lake, and for a number of
Fossils from the Island.

To the President of the Institute the workers in the Museum are great-
ly indebted for a most valuable gift of two fine microscopes ; one, a dissecting
instrument made on a peculiar plan, from his directions while in Paris, and
furnished with a set of Nachets' objectives ; the other, an English Instrument
made by Clarke, and provided with considerable apparatus and with a set of
Nachets' acromatic objectives, as well as several simple lenses, two eye pieces
camera, <ta

30

In pursuance of the plan which has been adopted for the distribution of
our duplicate specimens to such persons and Institutions as will make good
use of them for scientific purposes, tha following collections have been sent
out during the year.

To the CHICAGO ACADEMY of SCIENCES, 19 speeies, 21 specimens of
Corals from the Bust Indies, 2 species, 2 specimens of Corals from Zanzibar .

To the BOSTON SOCIETY of NATURAL HISTORY, 8 species, 8 specimens
of Corals from the East Indies, 2 species, 2 specimens of Corals from Zan-
zibar.

To the BUFFALO SOCIETY of NATURAL SCIENCES, 9 species, 10 speci-
mens of Corals from the East Indies, 1 species, 1 specimen of Coral from
Zanzibar.

To PROF. J. G. NORWOOD, MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, 12 species,
17 specimens of Corals from the East Indies, 2 species, 2 specimens of Co-
rals from Zanzibar.

To PROF. RICHARD OWEN, INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, 11 species,
13 specimens of Corals from the East Indies, 2 species, 2 specimens of Co-
rals from Zanzibar.

To DR. DANIEL CLARK, FLINT, MICH. SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE, 8 spe-
cies, 10 specimens of Corals from the East Indies.

To PROF. P. A. CHADBOURN, WILLIAMS COLLEGE, 8 species, 1") spec-
imens of Corals from the East Indies, 1 species, 1 specimen of Coral from
Zanzibar.

To G. A. BOARDMAN, MiLLTOWN, ME., 8 species, 9 specimens of Co-
rals from the East Indies, 1 species, 1 specimen of Coral from Zanzibar.

To E. L. LATARD, SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN, 95 species,
of several specimens each, of North American Shells, and 2 species, several
specimens, of Mass. Crustaceans.

To O. C. MARSH, YALE COLLEGE, 1 Ophiura from the Lias of Eng-
land, 42 specimens, several species, of Shells from the Oriskany Sandstone,
Md.

To W. W. DENSLOW, INWOOD, N. Y., 26 species of Plants from Zan-
zibar.

To THOMAS BARLOW, CANASTOTA, N. Y. 15 species, 15 specimens of
Insects from various localities.

To CABINET OF YALE COLLEGE, PROF. VERRILL, 8 species, 8 specimens
of Insects from China, 2 species, 2 specimens of Insects from Para, 1 species
Lepidoptera from Essex Co., 22 species, 60 specimens of Neuroptera from Es-
sex Co., 20 specimens of Branchiopus from Salem, 6 specimens of Asterias
from Salem Harbor.

To ROBERT E. C. STEARNS, San Francisco, Cal. 160 species of North
American and 44 species of Foreign Shells, of several specimens each.

31

The work of arrangement and identification of the specimens has been,
continued during the year, and much progress has been made in several de-
partments. In this the superintendent has been much aided by the voluntary
work of Mr. Caleb Cook who, since his return from Zanzibar, has devoted
his whole time to the Institute, and done much towards the preparation of
specimens and their arrangement, and has materially increased the good name
of the Institute by his invaluable aid in separating duplicate specimens and
preparing them for distribution.

To Dr. B. Pickman the superintendent is also much indebted for his
voluntary labor and assistance.

Mr. James H. Emerton, the Curator of Articulata, has continued to de-
vote a part of his time to the valuable and large collection under his charge,
and has always been ready to aid in the general work of the Museum.

Attention is again called to the necessity of providing increased means,
for the proper care and arrangement of the pinned Insects under the charge
of this curator, who, with the most untiring zeal, will not be able to prevent
the loss of a large number of specimens, during the coming year, unless
something is done towards providing for their permanent arrangement.

The Ethnological section of the Historical Department has received
many valuable donations from sixty-two persons. The Institute is much in-
debted to Mr. John Robinson, the curator in charge of this section, for his
faithfulness, and it is to him entirely that its present good state of preserva-
tion and accurate arrangement is due; though, from the very limited space
which is allotted to it, he is unable to fully carry out the details of his plan.

The Manuscripts have received the attention of Mr. W. P. Upham, but
untill further accommodations for them are provided this large and valuable
part of the Historical Department can be of little use to the student of histo-
ry. Attention is therefore especially called to the curator's report of this
section.

More or less work has been done in all the departments of the Museum
and its condition and arrangement has been much improved, and its value
thereby greatly increased. Much labor is still required, however, in order
to fully perfect the proposed arrangement of the whole Museum.

Prof. E. D. €ope, of Philadelphia, has agreed to furnish, for publication,
a complete catalogue of the Reptiles, and the Batrachians and Saurians are
now in his hands for identification.

Prof. H. Wood, Jr., of Philadelphia, has also kindly consented to iden-
tify the collection of Myriapodes and Centipedes, and tho specimens have
been sent to him for that purpose.

Prof. Theodore Gill, of the Smithsonian Institution, has borrowed and
safely returned the small collection of skulls of Seals which are now labeled
according to his identifications. He has also borrowed, for study, a skull,
of the Tapir.

32

The collection of Cetacean skulls and bones have been loaned to Prof.
Cope for his investigations, and have just been safely returned. Prof. Cope
has found among the skulls types of three new species of this interesting
group of mammals.

The collection of native Neruoptera has been studied by Mr. S. I. Smith,
of Yale College, and has been returned with his identifications.

Our whole collection of Hymenoptera is now in the hands of Dr. A. S.
Packard, Jr., of the Boston Society of Natural History, and of Mr. E. T.
Cresson, Secretary of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, for study
and identification, and will be much enhanced in value by being labeled by
these gentlemen. Dr. Packard is engaged in preparing a paper, which will
be published in the Proceedings of the Institute, on the Larva; of this most
interesting order of insects, and he is much indebted to our collection for im-
portant material for his work.

Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A., has identified the collection of North
American Birds, and is now preparing a catalogue of them for publication
in the Proceedings of the Institute.

The Various and increased duties of the Superintendent in the care of
the Museum and the specimens which are daily received ; the editorship of the
Proceedings and the Naturalists' Directory ; and the large amount of corre-
spondence which devolves on him (527 letters having been written by him
during the year, besides the mailing of several hundred circulars, the various
numbers of the Proceedings, £c.), makes it now no longer possible for the
Institute to continue its present activity without other regular assistants in
the Museum, and increased means for the care and arrangement of the col-
lection, now so grown that there is no longer room for it in the present cases ;
many thousand specimens being stored in boxes, drawers, cans and kegs,
awaiting case room, jars and alcohol.

Under these circumstances, you will, therefore, permit the following, sug-
gestions, for the further development of the Museum and its scientific work : —

1st. Several permanent assistants are required in the Natural History
Department, who shall have charge of the several sub-departments.

2d. A small building, about thirty feet square, should be erected in the
rear of the present building, and connected with it only by an iron door in
the place of one of the end windows of the Museum Hall. This building
should contain a room for the sole use of the persons in charge of the Mu-
seum and such students as might come to the Institute, with proper arrange-
ments in the basement for the preparation of skeletons, &c., and, in connec-
tion with its heating apparatus, a small still for the redistillation of the old
alcohol.

3d. As many cases as possible should be put into the present hall,
which will allow of table cases, about eight feet by four, between the upright
cases, making twelve cases of this size ; a railing case on the gallery for the

33

accommodation of the insects ; a few small cases under the windows, and one
or two more central cases. This amount of case room, in addition to the
present accommodations, would provide for the exhibition of the collections
of Natural History for a few years to come ; but in order to obtain room
enough for the whole of the rapidly increasing museum and library a building
occupying the whole of the land in the rear of Plummer Hall would be nec-
essary. In this connection, attention is also directed to the present very small
and insufficient accommodations for the meetings of the Society.

Such propositions as these may seem as far too vast for the Institute to
undertake to carry out ; but when the great interest manifested in the Insti-
tute, both at home and abroad, and its widely acknowledged activity and Sci-
entific standing, is taken into consideration, it must convince the most skep-
tical that our Museum and Library have arrived at that condition when
they can no longer be regarded as of local importance alone ; and the large
correspondence, and the widely spread distribution of our Publications, is a
conclusive argument of the estimation in which the Institute is held, and of
its great influence. Applications have also been received from young men,
who wish to persue Natural History as a professional study, for positions as
students in the Institute, and as soon as proper accommodations and com-
petent instructors are provided, the direct educational work of the Institute
would be largely increased.

Must another year pass without some decisive action being taken to
bring about the much desired and honorable position which we wish to main-
tain'?

Mr. Cooke, the CURATOR OF RADIATA, reported that the collections
under his charge are in good condition, and have increased to such an ex-
tent as to outgrow the present limited accommodation. The Echinoderms
and Star fishes in particular are so crowded as to make it impossible to
properly arrange them. In many instances it has been necessary to place
specimens of different genera in the same bottle. Could the whole of the
centre case in which they are now placed be given up to them there would
be no more room than is required.

Another great drawback, in the arrangement of the alcoholic specimens
of this department, is the want of jars for the Echinoderms and Star fishes,
which, to a certain extent, require to be made especially for this purpose, and
of works of reference for the identification of the specimens. This last,
however, is being gradually overcome, and could some means be found for
obtaining the requisite bottles, much could be done towards the final ar-
rangement of the collection: The two large cases occupied by the Corals
and Sponges are now much crowded, and great difficulty will be found to in-
corporate the large collections recently received.

A catalogue has been in progress for some time, and it is hoped that
during the present year it will be ready for publication.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST. VOL. T. 5 JUNE 8, 1866.

34

The additions to this department, during the past year, are of great im-
portance. 520 specimens, containing 143 species, have been received from
14 donors, as follows : Henry F. Shepard, Col. Albert Ordway, Caleb Cooke,
Edward L. Larrabee, Benj. Webb, Miss Eunice Congdon, Rev. H. W.
Foote, J. H. Emerton, C. F. Nichols, Capt. E. Haskell, Capt. W. H. A. Put-
nam, and Capt. Joseph Hammond. The two last named donations are very
valuable. That of Capt. Putnam, from the East Indies, contains 478
specimens, representing 83 species, of which 73 species, embracing 400 speci-
mens, are Corals, many of which are new to the collection. Capt. Ham-
mond's collection, though not so large, contains 43 specimens, exhibiting 15
species, from the Sandwich Islands, Kingsmills Group, and the Atlantic
Ocean, all of which, with one or two exceptions, are new to the museum.
During the past year a large number of specimens have been sent, as dona-
tions, to several societies and individuals.

The Curator begs to impress upon the members that much is still to be
done in collecting specimens from our own shores, and requests their coop-
eration in the work. No matter how many or how common the specimens
may be, they will all be used to good advantage, either in our own collection
or in supplying the deficiencies in others.

Mr. Emerton, CURATOR OF ARTICULATA, reported that the specimens
which were in the collection last year, remain, with few exceptions, as they
were at the time of the last report. It is impossible to make any better ar-
rangements for the exhibition of the specimens until our accommodations
and pecuniary means are much increased.

As new specimens come in, more care is being taken in labelling and
preserving them, so that the collection is gradually improving in usefulness,
as well as in size.

The collection of cocoons and nests of insects has increased greatly
during the last year, and when cases are obtained for their proper exhibition,
they will make an interesting addition to the cabinet.

A large number of the moths have recently been named by Mr. F. G.
Sanborn, of Boston, without removing them from the building. The native
Neuroptera, sent to Mr. S. I. Smith, of Yale College, last winter, were
recently returned, with several additions to their number, and labelled with
their systematic names. The collection of Hymenoptera is now in the hands
of E. T. Cresson, Secretary of the Philadelphia Entomological Society ; and
Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., of Boston. Dr. Woqd, of Philadelphia, has the
Centipedes and Scorpions for identification.

Particular attention has been paid to collecting the Spiders of Essex
County, of which about 150 species are now preserved in alcohol. Every
effort will be made to make a speciality of this group of insects, and speci-
mens from any locality will be most welcome.

35

Nearly 4000 specimens of Articulata, of which about one half are alco-
holic, have been received during the year, from 54 persons and collections,
nearly as follows : Hymenoptera 343, Lepidoptera 219, Diptera 250, Coleop-
tera 913, Orthoptera 30, Hemiptera 75, Neuroptera 50, Spiders 1000, Myria-
podes 50, Crustaceans 800, Worms 100.

Mr. Robinson, ETHNOLOGICAL CURATOR, reported that, since the last
annual meeting, the Ethnological Department has been added to by sixty-
three donors, who gave upwards of one hundred donations, many comprising
several articles. Of these, forty are War-relics; twelve are Ancient articles;
seven persons gave thirty Indian relics, among these are several specimens
exhumed at Salem Neck, the most curious being a pot made of soap stone
which was found in a grave with several arrow-heads and other articles.

The number of Postage Stamps has been increased from eighty to one
hundred and seventy-five, and they are now placed upon white paper iu one
of the small end cases.

During the year, one hundred and twenty-five specimens of Confederate
paper currency have been presented, besides several specimens of Continental
currency. Both the Confederate and Continental currency is to be placed, at
some future day, in books of a suitable nature for their exhibition. The
best and more curious specimens, however, have been arranged in the' small
end cases where they may be seen by all visitors.

Thus it will be seen that, although only one hundred donations have been
noticed, there has been an actual receipt of four hundred and fifty articles.

During the year the room has been cleaned and all the cases have been
kept almost entirely free from moths.

The South-Pacific war implements have been rearranged, and the South
American implements placed beside them, thereby greatly adding to the good
appearance of the room. The two models of native boats have been swung
across the room, leaving considerable space on the top of the case that they
occupied for other articles. The large table in the centre of the room has
been covered with the war relics which were too large to be placed in the cases.

The collection is in good order, and, as far as room will permit, is ar-
ranged in a proper manner.

In the last report it was mentioned that the collection was much crowd-
ed, and the accession of four hundred articles, mary of them large, makes
it still more so ; yet we shall endeavor to find room for all articles our kind
friends are willing to send.

The book in which visitors are requested to record their names is kept
in the Historical room, and it is estimated from the number of names en-
tered in the book, and from the fact that but a small proportion of the visi-
tors leave their names, that from seven to eight thousand persons have been
benefitted by the freedom of the rooms during the year.

36

The COMMITTEE ox MANUSCRIPTS would respectfully submit the fol-
lowing Annual Report : —

The collection of manuscripts is now very large and valuable, consisting
of original Charters, Commissions, Account books, Court papers, Foreign
papers and manuscripts, Almanacs with written notes, &c., besides consider-
able printed matter, which comes more appropriately under the charge of this
committee than to any other now established, and which consists of rare his-
torical tracts, maps, engravings, photographs, &c. These #re now deposited
in various places, many being arranged in drawers in the Historical room
and the ante-room to the library, while others are stored in the attic.

The collection is rapidly increasing in size and importance, but, with our
present limited accommodations, there is no room or place suitable for even
the safe keeping of that already accumulated, and it is impossible to have
the collection so disposed as to be of practical use. This is much to be re-
gretted, for there are many very valuable documents both for antiquarian
curiosity and for historical research, especially with regard to the history
and biography of this vicinity.

If these papers, some of them coming down from the earliest Colonial
times, and many furnishing details and items of information relating to indi-
viduals, public institutions, &c., which may become of the greatest impor-
tance to the future antiquarian, could be placed where they could be easily
referred to, and at the same time be safe from fire, a great advantage would
be derived from this department of the Institute, which, we regret to say, is
now impossible.

The committee, therefore, earnestly recommend that some method be
devised to accomplish this desirable object, and that a fire-proof addition' to
the present building be erected for the deposit of valuable historical relics,
and they are further able to state, that, should such an addition be made, they
have the assurance that a large number of valuable portraits and family
relics, as well as many extremely valuable manuscripts, would be made
over to the Institute, and they trust that the matter will receive the serious
consideration of the Society.

WM. P. UPHAM,

For the Committee.

The PUBLICATION COMMITTEE submit the following annual report : —
They are happy in being able to state that the success of the published
Proceedings of the Institute, for the last year, has been most encouraging.
In their last annual report this committee referred to the fact that the Messrs.
Triibner & Co., of London, in their letter of the 27 Jan. 1865, had expressed
a desire to act as agents of the Institute, for the circulation of the Proceedings
in Europe, and had requested that the title page should bear their imprint, in
connection with those of Messrs. Westermann & Co., and Wm. Wood & Co.,
of New York. Since that date arrangements have been made through the

\

37

Smithsonian Institution, for the exchange of the Procceedings with 170
Foreign Scientific Societies, from which we have every reason to expect very
valuable returns during the ensuing year. Besides these we are already in
regular exchange with 35 Societies and Publishers of Journals in the United
States and the British Provinces in North America.

It is extremely desirable that these exchanges be kept up and extended
as far as possible to other Societies. Not only do such exchanges -result in
filling our scientific library with the latest publications, containing the most
recent and valuable discoveries and suggestions in science, but they serve at
the same time to bring the Institute into favorable notice with scientific men,
everywhere, and so draw to our cabinet a larger collection of specimens.; and
they also diffuse more widely the results of the labors of our own naturalists
and thereby add to the general stock of scientific knowledge.

Your Committee recommend that every effort be made by the friends
and members of the Institute to aid the Superintendent and Editor of the
Proceedings, in continuing, punctually, the issue of future numbers, and in
enlarging, if necessary, the edition printed. Great aid can be rendered to
this end by soliciting subscriptions to the work, which already numbers upon
its list of paying subscribers probably as many names as are to be found
upon the subscription list to the publications of any other scientific society
in the country, and letters which have recently been received from scientific
men in Europe, and the request from the Royal Society of London, to ex-
change its publications for ours, show that our work is becoming known and
appreciated abroad.

The Naturalists' Directory has been received by scientific men with
marked approbation, and has been most cordially supported and encouraged.
The editor has informed us that several hundred names of foreign natural-
ists have already been received, and that as soon as the second part, now in
course of publication, is printed, the third part, containing the foreign natu-
ralists, will be ready for the press. The thoroughness of the work, which is
necessary in order to make it perfectly trustworthy, involves the editor in an
extraordinary amount of labor in its preparation for the press.

The following analysis of the list of subscribers to the Proceedings and
Naturalists' Directory shows how widely these works are scattered, and from
the almost daily receipt of new subscribers, it is more than probable that the
number will be doubled during the publication of the coming volume of
1866 and '7.

Subscribers in Massachusetts, 102; New York, 39; Pennsylvania, 20;
Ohio, 12 ; Connecticut, 9 ; Illinois,?; Canada, 6 ; Maine, 5; New Jersey,
5 ; Michigan, 5 ; California, 5 ; Missouri, 5 ; Iowa, 4 ; Indiana, 4 ; Wash-
ington, 4 ; Maryland, 3 ; New Hampshire, 3 ; Vermont, 2 ; Kansas, 2 ; Flo-
rida, 2 ; Cuba, 2 ; England, 2 ; Nova Scotia, 1 ; New Brunswick, 1 ; St.
Thomas, 1 ; Belgium, 1 ; Germany, 1 ; Wisconsin, 1 ; Kentucky, 1 ; Ten-
nessee, 1 ; Virginia, 1 ; South Carolina, 1 ; Total, 258.

38

Your Committee are obliged to express regrets that the Historical Col-
lections have not made so much progress during the past year as was hoped.
The October and December numbers of last year have not yet been, pub-
lished, though they have been for a long time going through the press. It
has been deemed advisable to continue this publication in quarterly instead
of bi-monthly numbers, as heretofore.

It is believed that an effort to enlarge the number of subscribers to this
periodical would be attended with success, if pushed forward with the assidu-
ity exhibited in the case of our Proceedings. The number of subscribers to
the Collections is now 1 12, which is 38 or 40 less than the number of sub-
scribers with which the work began, and yet it has annually increased in im-
portance to the historian and genealogist.

The Committee earnestly recommend the members of the Institute to
use their influence to obtain new subscribers to this publication, which has,
wherever it has fallen among students of our New England History and
Genealogy, been received with high encomiums as a work of great value and
interest.

A change of editors has already been arranged for the ensuing year ;
and it has been further resolved to call upon several members of the Insti-
tute to furnish regularly a certain number of pages for each number, which
will ensure a more regular supply of copy for the editor, who, in preparing
and arranging his material for the printer, would find it a great assistance to
know some time beforehand, with sufficient certainty, precisely what and how
much material his forthcoming numbers will contain, and also enable him to
communicate with contributors respecting any obscure language or irregular
arrangement in the manuscript, before the printer begins to call for copy.
Respectfully submitted,

For the Committee,

A. C. GOODBLL, JR.,

Chairman.

After the reading of the several reports, on motion of Mr. Kimball they
were referred to a special committee, to consider upon the suggestions therein
contained and prepare a condensed statement of the condition, doings and
wants of the Institute, and to present the same to the friends of the Institu-
tion with a view of obtaining such material aid as will enable it to fully de-
velop its plans in furtherance of the objects of its organization.

Messrs, llantoul, Brooks, Wheatland, Upham and Pickman were ap-
pointed a committee on nomination.

The Committee retired and then reported the following names to the
meeting: Messrs. Francis Peabody, Charles A. Ropes, R. C. Manning, Wm.
Sutton, F. W. Putnam and S. P. Fowler, and they were duly elected as the
committee.

On motion of Mr. Kimball it was also voted : that this committee be au-
thorized to fill vacancies and to add to their number.

The following Officers and Committees were elected for the ensuing
year, and until others shall be chosen in their stead : —

PRESIDENT,

FRANCIS PEABODY.

VICE PRESIDENTS,

Of Natural History — S. P. FOWLER. Of History — A. C. GOODBLL, JB,
Of Horticulture — J. F. ALLEN.

SECRETARY AND TREASURER.
HENRY WHEATLAND.

LIBRARIAN,
CHARLES DAVIS.

SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM,
F. W. PUTNAM.

FINANCE COMMITTEE,

J; C. Lee, R. S, Rogers, H. M. Brooks, G. D. Phippen, J. Chamberlain.

LIBRARY COMMITTEE,

J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. J. Cross, G. D. Wildes, Wm. Sutton

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE,

A. C. Goodell, Jr., G. D. Phippen, Benj. Pickman, C. M. Tracy,
Wm. P, Upham, R. S. Rantoul, F. W. Putnam.

LECTURE COMMITTEE,

Francis Peabody, A. C. Goodell, Jr., G. D. Phippen, George Perkins,
James Kimball, G. W. Briggs, F. W. Putnam.

FIELD MEETING COMMITTEE,

Francis Peabody, G. B. Loring, C. M. Tracy, S. P. Fowler, J. M. Ives,
G. D. Wildes, E. N. Walton, Charles Davis.

CURATORS OF NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.

Geology — H. F. Shepard. Mineralogy — C. H. Higbee and D. M.
Balch. Palaeontology — 13.. F. King. Botany — C. M. Tracy and T. L. Per-
kins. Comparative Anatomy — Henry Wheatland. Radiata — Caleb Cooke.
Mollusca — H. F. King. Articulata — J. H. Emerton and Caleb Cooke.
Vertebrata — F. W. Putnam. Microscopy — H.F.King, Benj. Webb, Jr.,
H. F. Shepard, Caleb Cooke, J. H. Emerton.

CURATORS OF HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.

Ethnology — William S. Messervy, Matthew A. Stickney, John Robin-
son. Manuscripts — W. P. Upham, 'H. M. Brooks, S. B. Buttrick, G. L.
Streeter, G. D. Wildes, E. S. Waters. Fine Arts — Francis Peabody,
J. G. Waters, J. A. Gillis, Benj. Pickman.

CURATORS OF HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Fruits and Vegetables — J. M. Ives, J. S. Cabot, R. S. Rogers, John
Bertram, G. B. Loring, S. A. Merrill, W. Maloon, A. Lackey, G. F. Brown,
C. H. Norris, C. H. Higbee, Wm. D. Northend. Flowers— Francis Put-
nam, Wm. Mack, Benj. A. West, Geo. D. Glover.

40

Mr. Upham read the following proposed amendment to the constitution,
which will have to be submitted at two quarterly meetings before final action
upon it can be taken.

Proposed amendment to Article III of the Constitution.

The following to be added to the fourth paragraph : —

" Provided that any Corresponding Member, at his or her request, and
upon the recommendation of the Directors in writing, may, by vote at any
meeting, become entitled to the privileges and liable to the duties and regu-
lations of a Resident Member."

It was then voted: — that the Curators of Horticulture be authorized to
hold exhibitions of Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables, at such times and places
as may be deemed advisable, and to adopt such regulations as may be requi-
site for the proper conducting of the same.

Letters were read from Dr. Wm. A. Nason, Chicago, 111.; Prof. S. F.
Baird, Smithsonian Institution; Eev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me.; Alpheus
Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.

Luther D. Shepard and Samuel P. Walcott, of Salem, and Joseph W.
LeFavour, of Beverly, were elected Resident Members.

MONDAY, JUNE 4, 1866. Regular Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

Elliott Coues, Asst. Surg. U. S. A. ; Sarah Ann Chever, of Melrose,
Mass. ; Burt G. Wilder, M. D., of Boston, Mass. ; Thomas D. Lovett, of
Maiden, Mass. ; Prof. Oliver Wendell Holmes, of Boston, Mass., were
elected Corresponding Members.

Caleb A. Smith, of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

THURSDAY, JUNE 7, 1866, Field Meeting at Haverhill.

The first Field Meeting of the season took place this day, several hun-
dred persons attending, of which about two hundred left Salem at 8 o'clock,
A. M., in an extra train over the Essex Road, passing through South Dan-
vers, Danvers, Topsfield, Boxford, Georgetown and Groveland to Bradford
station, near the bridge over the Merrimac, and proceeded to the Town
Hall in Haverhill, where they were welcomed by Dr. James R. Nichols, upon
whose invitation Haverhill had been selected as the place of meeting.

A small party of zoologists left the cars at Groveland station, and made
an excursion down the Merrimac to the ferry, where they crossed the river
and continued their explorations through the fields and woods to Lake Ke-
noza, the head quarters of the meeting. This party passed several fishing
stations and witnessed the capture of a few Shad, Ale wives, Suckers and
Lampreys, and they also secured several insects and other specimens found
along their route.

41

The thriving and prosperous town of Haverhill has changed much with-
in the last twenty years. . The old ship-yards that were once located above
the bridge, whither several of the time honored merchants of Salem were
wont to repair to have their vessels built, have now disappeared, and in their
stead are erected large blocks of brick buildings, from which, for the most
part, issued the busy hum of shoe manufacturing and other trades, carried
on in this hive of industry. Under the guidance of Hon. Alfred Kittredge,
some of the party were favored with an opportunity of visiting two or three
of the principal of these manufactories.

Haverhill, like all our old settlements, abounds in interesting historic
lore. For about seventy years it was one of the most exposed of the fron-
tier towns, and many a harrowing tale of Indian barbarity is among its well
authenticated legends. We need only mention the names of Rolfe and Dus-
ton to suggest scenes of martyrdom and heroism not surpassed in any annals.
And yet, for a place so rich in precious memories, the relics of the past have
not been cherished with the care that they deserved, and the visible and tan-
gible memorials are fewer than they should be, too many of them having
been suffered to perish. George W. Chase, Esq., however, in his valuable
history of Haverhill, has done much to perpetuate the remembrance of them,
and has added to our literature one of the most interesting of town histo-
ries.

From the top of the Town Hall and the residence of Dr. Nichols, very
commanding views of Haverhill and vicinity are enjoyed, including the val-
ley of the Merrimac in one of its loveliest sweeps, the surrounding territory,
and old Wachusett looming up in the dim distance.

After a short tarry at the Hall and flying visits to places in its immedi-
ate vicinity, vehicles were ready to convey the company to the beautiful grove
on the estate of Dr. Nichols, bordering on the shores of Kenoza Lake, about
a mile and a quarter from the main settlement. This lovely sheet of water,
embosomed among the hills, covers an area of about three hundred acres.
It was formerly known by the prosaic yet significant epithet of " Great Pond,"
and was always celebrated for the beauty of the surrounding scenery and the
fine fish from its waters. The point of land on the northeastern extremity
has for many years been a favorite place of resort for summer parties, and
the citizens have a perpetual right to use it for this purpose. In 1859 the
spot was improved and beautified, and the Lake formally renamed with ap-
propriate dedicatory services. To the poet Whittier, a native of Haverhill,
was entrusted the honor of selecting a name, and he christened the Pond
" Kenoza Lake," " Kenoza " being the Indian designation of " pickerel," the
species of fish most abounding in its waters. Whittier wrote a beautiful
poem for the occasion, in which he charmingly sings the praises of the Lake.

During the forenoon the company improved the opportunity for ram-
bling as their several tastes dictated, and at one o'clock reassembled on the

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST. VOL. V. 6 AUGUST 25, 1866.

42

shore of the Lake, in the fine grove, where well spread tables and rustic seats
on the sloping hill side were arranged, and a bountiful collation was pre-
pared. At 2 P. M. the meeting was called to order with

Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

The Chairman stated in brief the objects of the organization, and its
growth in membership, which has now readied to the number of 530 Resi-
dent members, and alluded to its Library, its publications, and its extensive
correspondence and system of exchanges with similar institutions in this
and foreign countries.

The following letters were announced: — from Henry A. Smith, Cleve-
land, Ohio ; William A. Williams, Salem ; W. H. Niles, New Haven, Conn. ;
A. C. Goodell, Jr., Salem (received May 9) ; A. M. Edwards, New York,
(May 10); Prof. E. D. Cope, Haverford College, Pa.; John R. Bartlett,
Secretary of State, Providence, R. I. (May 11 ); Prof. F. V. Hayden, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania ; W. H. Pease, Honolulu, Sandwich Isles ; Prof.
A. E. Verrill, Yale College; J. Smith Futher, Westchester, Pa. (May
12); J. A. Allen, Springfield; J. K. Wiggin, Boston (May 14); New
Orleans Academy of Science ; G. W. Pease, Salem ; T. H. O. P. Burnham,
Boston ("May 15 ) ; Henry d'Aligny, Houghton, Mich. ; E. S. Morse, Port-
land Society of Natural History; F. Poole, South Danvers (May 16);
Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution ; J. Carson Brevoort, Brooklyn,
N. Y. ( May 18 ) ; Brevet Major Gen. C. S. N. Crawford, U. S. A. (May
19); G. A. Boardman, Milltown, Me.; Prof. Jeffries Wyman, Cambridge;
Prof. Francis S. Holmes, College of Charleston, S. C. ; Prof. A. E. Verrill,
Yale College ; Ass't Surg. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. ( May 22 ) ; Otto Kuntz,
Boston; Smithsonian Institution (May 23); Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithso-
nian Institution; W. Merritt, Sup't Boston & Me. R. R. (May 24 ); S. H.
Scudder, Annaberg, Saxony; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College ; A. S. Tay-
lor, Santa Barbara, Cal. ( May 25 ); E. T. Cox, New Harmony, Ind. ; G.
D. Phippen, Salem ; Dr. James R. Nichols, Haverhill (May 26 ) ; Otto Kuntz,
Boston, ( May 27 ) ; Alfred Stone, Providence, R. I. ; Ass't Surg. Elliott
Coues, U. S. A. ; R. C. Greenleaf, Boston ; Prof. O. W. Holmes, Boston ;
Prof. Francis S. Holmes, College of Charleston, S. C. ; John J. Babson,
Gloucester ( May 28 ); O. C. Marsh, Yale College ; George H. Moore, Libr.
N. Y. Hist. Society ( May 29 ) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College ; Prof. O.
W. Holmes, Boston ; Dr. James R. Nichols, Haverhill ; Prof. W. P. Blake,
San Francisco, Cal. ( May 30 ); J. A. Allen, Springfield ; E. N. Walton,
Salem ; Dr. S. A. Green, Boston ; Edwin Bicknell, Boston ; W. Merritt, Snp't
Boston & Me. R. R. (May 31 ); Dr. Benj. Pickman, Highgate Springs,
Vt. ( June 1 ) ; C. C. Beaman, Jr., Washington, D. C. ; Prof. F. S. Holmes,
College of Charleston, S. C. (June 2) ; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College;
Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Sec't Chicago Academy of Science ( June 3 ) ; W. M.
Hunting, Fairfield, N. Y. ; Charles Nauman, Lancaster, Pa. ; W. Merritt,
Sup't B. & Me. R. R. ; John Ward Dean, N. E. Hist. Gen. Society (June 5 ) ;
A. C. Goodell, Jr., Salem (June 6 ).

The Superintendent made a few remarks upon the singular habits of the
Spade-footed Toad, Scaphiopus soKtarius, and read a short communication
from Mr. J. A. Allen, of Springfield, Mass., as follows : —

Springfield, May 29, 1866.

"I send you by to days express a living pair of what I take to be the
Spade-footed Toad (Scaphiopus), which 1 obtained yesterday, May 28.

43

I found the first one at night, after the heavy rain of the 27th, in a path at
the edge of a recently ploughed field, a quarter of a mile from any pond or
running water. Several were heard during the evening in various directions,
but they did not seem abundant, and the darkness prevented my obtaining
any. The next morning my brother collected a pair which he found copu-
lating in a little pool formed by the heavy rain. I visited the pool shortly
after, but found only a single female, and she had already laid her eggs.
Strings of eggs were attached to the grass growing in the water which, from
their quantity and being placed in different parts of the pool, I concluded
must have been deposited by two females. The pair obtained by my brother
I placed in water, and during the day the female deposited her spawn. I fre-
quently heard the notes of several other pairs, during the day, in different
pools of water.

You will remember that I have repeatedly asserted that Scaphiopus oc-
curred at Springfield, and that on more than one occasion I had heard their
notes, the last time I heard them was about the end of June, 1863, after a
succession of heavy showers had filled low places with temporary pools of
water, when from noon 'til 11 P. M. all such pools and ponds resounded with
their unmistakable croakings. They were then out in great numbers and
undoubtedly spawned ; but, being confined to the house by illness, I was un-
able to observe the fact or to obtain specimens.

Having observed this species spawning at Cambridge, early in the spring,
their spawning here so late as June becomes the more interesting, and I think
the time of spawning of this singular species is governed much by the wetness
or dryness of the season.

This year water has not stood before in the places here frequented by
them for the deposition of their ova. Two days ago the pool was dry, where
yesterday they laid their eggs, and no other toads or frogs were about (they
had all spawned long ago).

I shall observe the development of the eggs and tadpoles and will let you
know about them ".

Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.

A large display of native plants, the gleanings of the Botanists of the
party during their forenoon rambles, having been placed on the table, Cyrus
M. Tracy, of Lynn, was called upon, and spoke in his usual instructive man-
ner of the different species, among which, were the Nodding Trillium, Tril-
lium cernuum ; Bellwort Uvularia perfoliata ; Solomon's Seal, Pohjgonatum bi-
Jlorum ; Yellow Violet, Viola pubescens ; Indian Turnip, Arisrema tripJiyllum ;
Cranesbill, Geranium maculatum ; and then alluded to the pecularities in the
flora of this section of the county ; the excellence of the soil for developing
many rare and interesting plants, and had not conclnded his interesting com-
ments on the specimens before him when a shower commenced which in-
creased to such an extent as to compel a speedy adjournment. This was fol-
lowed by a succession of summer rainfalls which prevented the resumption
•of the business meeting, though detracting nothing from the hilarity of the
party, who sought shelter as best they could until the arrival of the carriages
which conveyed them back to the Town Hall.

The interruption of the meeting was unfortunate, as the material at hand
•afforded a variety of topics of the most interesting and instructive character.
The Zoologists had been quite successful in their collections and were pre-

44

pared to give an account of their doings. Many gentlemen from Haveihill,
Boston, and other places were on the ground, who would, if opportunity had
permitted, have furnished much useful and valuable information in regard to
the civil and natural history of this section of the county.

The attentions of Dr. Nichols continued to the moment of departure,
and to him the members of the Institute are under especial obligations for
the pleasures and comforts of the day.

To Hon. Alfred Kittredge, James Gale, Esq., formerly of Salem, and
many other citizens of Haverhill, thanks are due for kind attentions and
agreeable hospitality.

The party returned by way of North Andover, Middleton, &c., at 5.30
P. M., greatly delighted with their days experience, and the meeting was ad-
journed to Friday noon at the rooms of the Institute.

The following letter received from Mr. John Bartlett, the well known
and reliable collector of North American Naiades, is inserted here as being
most appropriate in connection with this meeting, especially as Mr. Bartlett
was present at the meeting, and would have been called upon for remarks if
the rain had not caused so speedy an adjournment. It is to be hoped that
similar lists and remarks, as these furniuhed by Mr. Bartlett, will be received
from all parts of the county. — Editor.

HAVERHILL, July 2d, 1866.
F. W. PCTNAM;

Dear Sir: I advised you by mail that you might

look out for a box of shells from me, for the Institute. I now forward it ;
but of course, from this quarter, you will not expect rare and beautiful speci-
mens ; the contents of the box will merely show you what exists in the wa-
ters of this neighborhood, and I send just what I could find, not the best
specimens however, for these now sent were all dead shells when picked up,
brought out by the musk-rats. No others could be found without dredging,
and I was not prepared for that.

We have three ponds within one mile from the Town Hall, and not
more than a quarter of a mile from each other. The largest is "Kenoza
Lake," covering, it is said, three hundred acres ; sandy bottom, with small
stones and pebbles. The next in size is " Round Pond," fed by springs, a
beautiful pond which supplies the town with water, and said to contain
eighty acres ; sandy and pebbly bottom. The smallest of the three is
" Plug Pond," said to contain seventy acres ; the eastern part is deep, sandy
and stony ; the western end shallow and muddy. Besides the above, in the
West Parish, about four miles from the Town Hall, is another pond called
" Creek Pond." I have not examined this thoroughly, but a short time
since I traversed the N. E. side ; not many shells were found ; I collected, I
suppose, a full assortment of such specimens as the pond affords. Creek
Pond is rather shallow, and, where I examined, much grass on the bottom
was found. In all the ponds I found the Unio mmplanatus Solander, perhaps
forry times more numerous than all other species put together. A few Unio
rndiatus Barnes are found. The Unio nasutua Say is very rare ; I never
picked up a half dozen specimens here in my life. I am able, however, to
send you one young shell, quite perfect, and a few odd valves ; this shell
(nasutus) is not found in Plug Pond, but in all the others. Anodons are found

45

in all the ponds, and seem all of the same species ; I have not ventured to
give the specific name ; probably they are the fluviatilis ; they are hardly
thick enough for the implicata. I could not procure good specimens, they
are fragile, and on the shores are found much broken ; in the Fall, when the
waters are low, specimens alive may be procured.

I send you also some specimens from the Merrimack River ; my range
has been about five miles on the Haverhill side, — say three above the railroad
and two below. These river shells are also " Musk-rat shells," but most of
them very fair; they werj found under bushes and covered with mud and
sand, and not injured by the sun.

What I send may not be wanted by the Institute for Cabinet specimens,
but they may serve as a hint to the society to engage persons in the other
towns of Essex County to " go and do likewise," which plan, well carried
out, would give you a complete account of all the Naiades in the County.
I should like to be engaged in making such an interesting collection. I have
my eye on the ponds in Bradford, and the Bradford shore of the river, and
it is not impossible that, after a while, I may be able to forward another box.

Some of the specimens now sent may do for the cabinet, if wanted ;
especially the U. radiatus, and the rayed specimens of U. complanatus. I
would wash the outside with a sponge dipped in muriatic acid, very much
diluted, and when dry put on the slightest possible coat of clear varnish with
a sponge ; the rays will then show distinctly.

Catalogue of Shells found in the ponds of Haverhill, Mass., and in the Mer-
rimack River near that. Town.

In KENOZA LAKE. 300 Acres. Unto complanatus Solander ; Unio
rarliatus Barnes ; Unto nasutus Say ; Anodon sp. ? ; Physa heremsfropha Say.

In ROUND POND. 80 Acres. Unio comptanatus ; Unio radiatus; Unio
nasutus ; Anodon sp. ?

In PLUG POND. 70 Acres. Unio complanatus; Unio radiatus; Ano-
don sp. :<"

I have never found U. nasutus in this pond.

In CREEK POND. 300 Acres. Unio complanatus ; Unio radiatus ; Unio
nasiittis ; Anodon sp. ?

In MERRIMACK RIVKR. Unio cariosus Say; Unio complanatus Solan-
der ; Unio radiatus Barnes ; Alasmodon undnlata Say.

In my searches recently I found no U. radiatus in the river, but a few
years since I found numbers of them ; had none on hand to put into the
box.

The Alasmodon u/iditlata is a very rare shell in the river at this locality.
,1 was fortunate in finding one whole specimen and a single valve to forward
with the others. I never found but four specimens here. Three years ago
I picked up two very fair ones.

I am uncertain about Anodons in the river. I have not seen one near
the river this season. I have examined among all the shells found in my
range and have not seen a shell or a fragment of a shell of that genus.
Some years since I collected shells in the river, but I have no list of them,
and cannot say whether Anodonta was among them or not.

Among the quantities of Unio complanatus found on the shores of the
ponds I have not seen a rayed specimen. All of this variety sent in the
box were from a sandy point, from a mile and a half to two miles below Ha-
verhill, on the shore of the river.

All the shells in the box appeared to have been dropped by the Musk-
rats a good while since, as no animal matter was found on them."
Very respectfully yours,

JOHN BARTLETT,

46

FRIDAY, JUNE 8, 1866. Adjourned Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the Chair.

On motion of the Secretary it was voted: — That the thanks of the Es-
sex Institute be tendered to our fellow member James R. Nichols, of Haver-
hill, for the kind attentions and generous hospitality extended to the mem-
bers and their friends during the pleasant and long to be remembered visit of
the Institute to Haverhill on Thursday the 7th of June, and that he be re-
quested to thank those of his fellow citizens who extended courtesies on the
occasion.

Charles S. Emmerton, of Salem, and Dr. Henry C. Perkins, of New-
buryport, were elected Resident Members.

MONDAY, JUNE 18,1866. Regular Meeting.

HENRY F. SHEPARD in the Chair.

Rev. Samuel C. Beane and Nathaniel C. Robbins, of Salem, and H. K.
West, of Haverhill, were elected Resident Members. Professor Francis S.
Holmes, of Charleston, S. C., was elected a Corresponding Member.

Additions to the Museum and Library during April, May

and June, 1866.

TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.
BY DONATION.

A FRIEND, Salem. A large and valuable collection, consisting of sev-
eral thousand Shells, and several Echinoderms and Corals, from various lo-
calities. A collection of dried Grasses and various Plants.

ATWOOD, CAPT. N. E., Provincetown. Specimens of Balistes and
Aluteres, from the North Atlantic.

BARTLETT, JAMES, Wenham. Skeleton of a Bittern, Boturus lentiyi-
nosus, from Wenham. Nest and Eggs of the Oriole, Icterus Baltimore, from
Beverly.

BEMIS, Miss CAROLINE E., Chicopee. Collection of Shells, from St.
Augustine, Fla.

CHAMBERLAIN, J. A., Salem. 24 specimens, 11 species of South Pa-
cific and West Indian Shells.

COLCORD, MRS. H. M., South Danvers, 2 specimens of Pewee, Sayornifs
fusca and nest and eggs of the same, also nest and eggs of the Chip-Spar-
row, from Danvers.

COOKE, CALEB, Salem. Embryos of the Black and White Creeper,
Parasites from the Cod. Heads of Sf>hyrcena and
Thynnus, from the South Atlantic.

CREAMER, Miss CAROLINE. Lignite, from near Hyde Park, Vt.

47

DABNEY, Miss MARGARET, Salem. Specimen of Verd Antique Mar-
ble, from Port Henry, N. Y. Kaolin or China Clay, from Monkton, Vt.
Slab containing Fossil Shells, from Lake Champlain, Vt.

EMERTON, JAMES H., Salem. Beetle from India Rhubarb Boot.
Larvae and Pupae of Gall Flies, from Oak Galls.

FELT, BENJAMIN, Salem. Polished specimen of the Oil Shale, from
the West Moreland and Albert Mine, N. Brunswick.

FELT, S, Q., Salem. A twisted Vine, from ?

GEERING, JAMES, Salem. Large Scale of a Sturgeon, from George's
Banks.

GOLDSMITH, CAPT. JOHN, Salem. Skin of a Leopard, from Africa.

GROCE, MR., Beverly. Green Feldspar, from Beverly.

GROVER, WILLIAM, Salem. 3 Skates, 3 Flounders, 1 Lobster, from
Salem Harbor,

HAMMOND, CAPT. JOSEPH, Salem. A valuable collection of Fishes,
Crustaceans, Shells and Radiates, from the Sandwich and Falkland Islands. <
Collection of Mosses and Lichens, from the Falkland Islands.

HASKELL, ELIJAH, U. S. N. Specimen of Madrepore, from Mexico.

HONTINGTON, MRS. G. C., Kelly's Island, Ohio. Minerals and "Fos-
sils, from Lowville, N. Y.

HIGBEE, C. H., Salem. 81 specimens, 42 species, of Insects ; 2 speci-
mens, 2 species, of Lizards, from Egg Harbor, N. J.

HOTCHKISS, HENRY, New Haven, Ct. 2 specimens of Blutta, from a
ship from Para.

JACOBS, MRS. H. M., Salem. Nest and Eggs of Red-eyed Vireo, from
Salem.

KEMP, SAMUEL, Salem. Lump-Fish, Cyclopterus lumpus, from Salem
Harbor.

KIMBALL, JAMES, Salem. 2 Lampreys and 2 Alausa up., from
Ipswich River. Several Minerals.

MANN, HORACE and BRIGHAM, W. T., Boston. 31 species of Ferns,
from Hawaii, Sandwich Islands.

MERRILL, J. C., Cambridge. Collection of Spiders, from Cambridge,

MULLEN, CAPT. JOHN, Salem. Synynathas sp., from the China Sea.

NICHOLS, A'NDREW, Danvers. Humming Bird, from Danvers.

NICHOLS, JOHN, Salem. Attacns cecropia, from Salem.

PEABODY, FRANCIS, Salem. Specimens of the Whitebait,
from the Thames, England.

PERKINS, DR. H. C., Newburyport. Cast of the Humerus of Mylodon
found on the Walhammet River, Oregon.

PINNOCK, THOMAS, Salem. Iron pyrites taken from slate, from Vt.

PORTER, SAMUEL, Beverly. Specimen of Striola zonata, from Beverly
Harbor.

48

PRINCE, AMOS, Salem. Young Night Heron. Nyctiardea Gardeni,
from North Salem.

PUTNAM, C. A., Salem. 2 young Linnets, from Salem.

PUTNAM, F. W., Salem. Oak Galls.

PUTNAM, CAPT. W. H. A., Salem. 3 specimens Ophiurans, from the
China Sea. 5 specimens, 5 species, of Insects, from Siam ; 9 specimens, 8
species, from Batavia. 17 Scorpions, Centipedes and Spiders, taken on
board ship. 1 Annelid, from the Gulf weed. 375 specimens, 73 species, of
Coral, from Singapore. A large collection of Fishes, from the China Sea
and Gulf weed. 7 specimens, 6 species, of Reptiles, from Anjer ; 1 speci-
men from China; 4 specimens, 3 species, from Batavia. 10 specimens, 5
species, of Birds, from Batavia and Atlantic Ocean. 78 skins, of 36 spe-
cies of Birds, from the Molucca Islands. 1 Porpoise, from off the coast of
United States. 1 Foetus of Sheep, from Anjer. 2 Rodents from Anjer.
374 specimens of Crustaceans, from the China Sea; 150 specimens, from
*Gulf weed. Several specimens of Mollusks, Holothurians, Echini and Star
fishes, from the China Sea.

PUTNAM, MRS. W. H. A., Salem. A collection of Shells, from Cal-
dera, Chili.

READ, G. F., Salem. Shells, from Nantucket. Horned Toad, from
Texas.

ROBINSON, JOHN, Salem. 49 specimens, 15 species, of Ferns, from
New England. Specimen of Madrepore, from Florida.

SANBORN, F. G., Boston. 2 eggs of Nyctiardea Gardeni, from Can-
ton, Mass.

SUFFEBT, E., Havana, Cuba. Collection of Shells, from Cuba.

TAYLOR, C. H., Salem. Fossil Shells and Corals, from a Brick yard
at Newbern, N. C. 1 Helix albolabris, from Newbern, N. C.

THAYER, E. S., Salem. Specimen of Paraphine.

UPTON, WALTER, Salem. Minerals, from Paintville, Ky.

UNKNOWN. Skull of a Black Bear.

WEST, Miss MARY E., Salem, Male and female specimens of Attacus
Luna, from near Bartholomew's Pond.

WILKINS, J., Salem. Skin of a Black Snake, from Ashburnham, Mass.

WHEATLAND, MRS. GEORGE, Salem. 3 specimens of Polished Agate,
from near Bombay, India.

WHEATLAND, Miss M. G., Salem. Living specimen of Cistvdo
Virginica ; several specimens of Corals, Sponges, Shells and Echinoderms,
and a collection of Lichens, Mosses and Fungi, from St. Augustine, Fla.

WHEATLAND, CAPT. RICHARD, Salem. Tooth of a Whale.

YALE COLLEGE, CABINET OF, New Haven, Ct. 16 specimens, 10 spe-
cies, of Neuroptera; 39 specimens, 19 species, of Orthoptera; 28 specimens,
19 species, of Lepidoptera, from Mass., Me., N. H. and Conn. Identified
specimens.

49 INSECTS. 1158-1187

1158. JOHN OSGOOD, Lynn, Mass. Local.

1159. Baron R. VON OSTEN SACKEN (Russian Consul General), No. 52

Exchange Place, New York, N. Y. Diptera. Cynipidce.

1160. Dr. A. S. PACKARD, jr. (Curator of Crustacea, Boston Society of

Natural History ; Curator of Articulata, Essex Institute ; Edi-
tor, American Naturalist), Salem, Mass. General. Special,
Ht/menoptera and Lepidoptera.

1161. TITIAN R. PEALE, Washington, D. C. Lepidoptera.

1162. CHARLES H. PECK, Albany, N. Y. Local.

1163. GEORGE WM. PECK, No. 26 Dey street, New York, N. Y. North

American Lepidoptera.

1 164. JOHNSON PETTIT, Grimsby, Canada "West. Local Coleoptera and

Lepidoptera.

1165. WM. S. PINE (Vice President, American Entomological Society),

Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

1166. JAMES H. POE, Portsmouth, Ohio. Local.

11G7. Prof. FELIPE POEY, Calle del Aguila, No. 157, Habana, Cuba. Cu-
ban Neuroptera and Formicidce. >

1168. S. S. RATHVON, Lancaster, Pa. Coleoptera.

1169. TRYON REAKIRT, No. 353 North Third street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Diurnal Lepidoptera.

1170. A. S. REBER, Bellefonte, Pa. Local.

1171. E. BAYNES REED (Secretary, London Branch, Entomological So-

ciety of Canada), London, C. W. Local.

1172. T. REYNOLDS, Montreal, Canada. Local.

1173. HARVEY J. RICH, Brooklyn, N. Y. Local.

1174. WM. J. RICHARDSON, Oxford, Miss. Local.

1175. JAMES RIDINGS, Philadelphia, Pa. General.

1176. JAMES H. RIDINGS, Philadelphia, Pa. North American Neurop-

tera and Orthoptera.

1177. A. H. RUSE, St. Thomas, West Indies. West Indian.

1178. C. V. RILEY, Chicago, 111. Local. Injurious to Vegetation.

1179. A. S. RITCHIE, Montreal, Canada. Local.

1180. COLEMAN T. ROBINSON, New York, N. Y. N. Am. Lepidoptera.

1181. Dr. G. O. ROGERS, Lancaster, N. H. Local.

1182. WILLIAM A. ROUSSEAU, Troy, N. Y. Local.

1183. ALEX. L. RUSSELL, Quebec, Canada. North American Lepidoptera.

1184. J. SACHS, West Hoboken, N. J. Local.

1185. Prof. A. SAGER (Professor of Obstetrics, University of Michi-

gan), Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

1186. JAMES SAMPSON, New Harmony, Ind. Local.

1187. F. G. SANBORN, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston,

Mass. North American.
NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 7 January, 1868.

1188-1219 INSECTS. 50

1188. Dr. E. SANGER, Littleton, N. H. Local.

1189. Dr. JOHN H. SANGSTER, Normal School, Toronto, C. W. Local.

1190. Dr. C. SAUTORIUS, Mirador, Mexico. Mexican.

1191. WILLIAM SAUNDERS, Dundas street, London, Canada West.

North American Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.

1192. MAURICE SHUSTER, St. Louis, Mo. North American Coleoptera.

1193. S. H. SCUDDER (Custodian, Secretary, Librarian, and Curator of

Entomology, Boston Society of Natural History), Cambridge,
Mass. General. Special, Orthoptera. Diurnal Lepidoptera.
fossil Insects.

1194. Dr. WILLIAM SHARSWOOD, Philadelphia, Pa. Coleoptera and

Arachnides.

1195. Prof. HENRY SHIMER, Mt. Carroll, 111. Local.

1196. GEORGE D. SMITH, No. 162 Washington street, Boston, Mass.

Coleoptera.

1197. EUFUS SMITH, North Littleton, N. H. Local.

1198. S. I. SMITH (Assistant, Museum of Yale College), New Haven,

Ct. North American. Special, Orthoptera.

1199. Dr. WILLIAM M. SMITH, Manlius, N. Y. Local.

1200. CHARLES SONNE, No. 47 La Salle street, Chicago, 111. North

American Coleoptera.

1201. Miss JULIA H. SPEAR, Burlington, Vt. Local.

1202. H. S. SPRAGUE, Buffalo, N. Y. Local.

1203. PHILIP S. SPRAGUE, Dorchester, Mass. Local.

1204. Mrs. PHILIP S. SPRAGUE, Dorchester, Mass. Local.

1205. PHILANDER M. SPRINGER, Springfield, 111. Local.

1206. SOLOMON STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass. General. Special, Diptera.

1207. E. SUFFERT, Matanzas, Cuba. Lepidoptera.

1208. Prof. F. SUMICIIRAST, Orizaba, Mexico. Local.

1209. EGBERT B. TALBOTT, New York, N. Y. Local.

1210. EDWARD TATNALL, jr., Wilmington, Del. Coleoptera.

1211. ALEX. S. TAYLOR, Santa Barbara, Cal. Local.

1212. Prof. SANBORN TENNEY (Professor of Natural Science, Vassar

Female College), Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Local.

1213. F. W. TEPPER, Brooklyn, N. Y. Local.

1214. JOHN TEPPER, Brooklyn, N. Y. Local.

1215. D. O. THIEME, Burlington, Iowa. Local.

1216. CYRUS THOMAS, Murphysboro', 111. North American Orthoptera.

1217. Prof. D. G. THOMPSON (Professor of Natural Sciences, Otterbein

University), Westerville, Franklin Co., Ohio. Local.

1218. EDWARD F. TOLMAN (Assistant Curator of Articulata, Worces-

ter Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

1219. Dr. NORTON S. TOWNSHEND, Avon, Lorain Co., Ohio. Local.

51 INSECTS. CRUSTACEANS. 1220-1242

1220. JAMES O. TREAT, Lawrence, Mass. Local Lepidoptera.

1221. Dr. ISAAC P. TRIMBLE (State Entomologist of New Jersey), New-

ark, N. J. Local. Beneficial and Injurious.

1222. L. TUOUVELOT, East Medford, Mass. Local. Special, Silk pro-

ducing BombycidcK. Zoological Artist.

1223. WILLIAM TUPPER, Brooklyn, N. Y. Lepidoptera.

1224. P. R. UHLER (Peabody Institute), Baltimore, Md. General. Spe-

cial, Hemiptera and Neuroptera.

1225. HENRY ULKE, Washington, D. C. North American Coleoptera.

1226. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College ; Cura-

tor of Radiata, Boston Society of Natural History), New Haven,
Ct. Injurious and Beneficial.

1227. SAMUEL WAGNER (Editor Bee Gazette), Washington, D.C. Api-

arian.

1228. BENJ. D. WALSH, Rock Island, 111. General. Special, Neurop-

tera and Cynipidce.

1229. Rev. Mr. WASSALL, Newburyport, Mass. Lepidoptera.

1230. J. W. WEIDEMEYER, No> 75 Gold street, New York, N. Y. . Lepi-

doptera.

1231. Mrs. H. W. WELLINGTON, West Roxbury, Mass. Local.

1232. Rev. DAVID WESTON (Curator of Articulata, Worcester Society

of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

1233. C. P. WHITNEY, Milford, N. H. Local.

1234. J. P. WILDE, Egg Harbor, N; J., in summer; Baltimore, Md., in

winter. Coleoptera.

1235. WILDEBOER, Fontanelle, Barbadoes. Local. A Collector

and Dealer.

1236. Dr. S. C. WILLIAMS, Silver Springs, Lancaster Co., Pa. Local.

1237. CHARLES WILT, No. 1306 South street, Philadelphia, Pa. General.

1238. Prof. ALEXANDER WINCHELL (Professor of Natural History, Uni-

versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. North American Lepi-
doptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera.

1239. Dr. HORATIO C. WOOD, jr. (Professor of Botany, University of

Pennsylvania), Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
Pa. North American Myriapoda and Arachnides.

1240. WILLIAM S. WOOD, No. 61 Walker street, New York, N. Y.

Coleoptera.

1241. Rev. DANIEL ZIEGLER, York, Pa. North American Coleoptera.

CKUSTACEANS.

1242. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Harvard

University; Director and Curator, Museum of Comparative
Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.

1243-1264. CRUSTACEANS. WORMS. 52

1243. CALEB COOKE (Curator of Articulata, Essex Institute), Salem,

Mass. Local. .-..-

1244. Prof. JAMES D. DAXA (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Yale

College), New Haven, Ct. General.

1245. C. B. FULLER, Portland, Me. Local.

1246. ANDREW GARRETT, care of Samuel Hubbard, San Francisco, Cal.

South Seas.

1247. Prof. L. R. GIBBES, Charleston, S. C. Southern Coast.

1248. Prof. THEODORE GILL (Librarian, Smithsonian Institution), Wash-

ington, D. C. North American.

1249. C. FRED. HARTT, Cooper Institute, New York, N. Y. TriloUf.es.

1250. Prof. O. C. MARSH (Professor of Palaeontology, Yale College),

New Haven, Ct. Fossil.

1251. F. B. MEEK, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Fossil.

1252. Gen. ALBERT ORDWAY, Richmond, Va. General.

1253. Dr. A. S. PACKARD, jr. (Curator of Crustacea, Boston Society of

Natural History ; Curator of Articulata, Essex Institute ; Edi-
tor, American Naturalist), Salem, Mass. General. Special,
North Atlantic. [Cuban.

1254. Prof. FELIPE POEY, Calle del Aguila, No. 157, Habana, Cuba.

1255. Dr. EDMUND RAVENEL, Charleston, S. C. Local and Fossil.

1256. S. I. SMITH (Assistant in Zoology, Yale College), New Haven,

Ct. General.

1257. Dr. WILLIAM STIMPSON (Secretary, and Director of the Museum,

Chicago Academy of Sciences), Chicago, 111. General.

WORMS,

1258. A. E. R. AGASSIZ (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zoology),

Cambridge, Mass. Marine.

1259. Prof. JOSEPH LEIDY (Professor of Anatomy, University of Penn-

sylvania; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences), No. 1302
Filbert street, Philadelphia, Pa. Parasites.

1260. WILLIAM C. MINOR, New Haven, Ct. Marine, Local.

1261. Dr. A. S. PACKARD, jr. (Curator of Crustacea, Boston Society of

Natural History ; Curator of Articulata, Essex Institute ; Edi-
tor, American Naturalist), Salem, Mass. North Atlantic.

1262. Dr. WILLIAM STIMPSON (Secretary and Director of the Museum,

Chicago Academy of Sciences), Chicago, 111. Marine.

1263. Dr. F. R. STURGLS, No. 103 Ninth street, New York, N. Y. Hel-

minths.

1264. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College ; Cura-

tor of Radiata, Boston Society of Natural History), New Ha-
ven, Ct. Local.

53 . WORMS. MOLLUSKS. 1265-1285

1265. Dr. J. C. WHITE (Professor of , Mass. Medical College;

Curator of Mammalia aud Comparative Anatomy, Boston So-
ciety of Natural History), Boston, Mass. Helminths.

1266. Prof. ALEXANDER WIN CHELL (Professor of Natural History, Uni-

versity of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich. Helminths.

MOLLUSKS.

1267. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Harvard

University ; Curator and Director, Museum of Comparative
Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.
12G8. TRUMAN H. ALDRICH, Troy, N. Y. Local.

1269. ANSON ALLEN, Orono, Me. Terrestrial and Fluviatile.

1270. J. G. ANTHONY (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zoology),

Cambridge, Mass. General^. Special, North American Terres-
trial and Fluviatile.

1271. KAFAEL ARANGO, Habana, Cuba. Cuban.

1272. J. W. ARNOLD (Cabinet Keeper and Curator of Mollusca, .Wor-

cester Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. Local.

1273. E. P. AUSTIN, Cambridge, Mass. Local Terrestrial and Fluvi-

atile.

1274. Rev. JOSEPH BANVARD, Patterson, N. J. Local.

1275. Rev. E. R. BEADLE (Secretary, Conchological Section, Academy

of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. General.

1276. A. S. BICKMORE, New York, N. Y.), General.

1277. B. BILLINGS, Ottawa City, Canada West. Local.

1278. E. BILLINGS (Palaeontologist, Geological Survey of Canada),

Montreal, Canada. Fossil.

1279. WILLIAM G. BINNEY, Burlington, N. J. North American Terres-

trial.

1280. THOMAS BLAND, Brooklyn, N. Y., or No. 42 Pine street, New

York, N. Y. North American and West Indian Terrestrial.

1281. Rev. E. C. BOLLES (Corresponding Secretary, Portland Society

of Natural History), Portland, Me. North American Terrestrial
and Fluviatile.

1282. A. D. BROWN, Princeton, N. J. Terrestrial.

1283. ROBERT H. BROWNNE (Recording Secretary, Lyceum of Natural

History of New York), No. 54 West Fifteenth street, New
York City ; No. 91 South Ninth street, Williamsburgh, N. Y.
General.

1284. Dr. P. P. CARPENTER, Montreal, Canada. General. Special, Pa-

cific Coast of North America.

1285. RICARDO I. CAY, Matanzas, Cuba. Cuban.

1286-1315 MOLLUSKS. 54

1286. L. E. CHITTENDEN, No. 252 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Local.

1287. Dr. DANIEL CLARKE (President, Flint Scientific Institute), Flint,

Mich. Local.

1288. Prof. H. JAMES-CLAUK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-

vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa. Anatomy.

1289. WILLIAM C. CLEVELAND, No. 46 Washington street, Boston,

Mass. North American Terrestrial and Flumatile.

1290. T. A. CONRAD, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.

Naiades and Fossil.

1291. CALEB COOKE (Curator of Articulata, Essex Institute), Salem,

Mass. Local.

1292. Dr. FRANCISCO J. CORONADO, Habana, Cuba. Cuban.

1293. A. O. CURRIER, Grand Rapids, Mich. North American.

1294. WILLIAM H. DALL, Academy of Natural Sciences, Chicago, 111.

North American. Special, Pacific Slope.

1295. HENRY DAVIS, McGregor, Iowa. Local.

1296. Dr. J. W. DAWSON (Principal, McGill University), Montreal,

Canada. Fossil.

1297. Dr. WM. H. DE CAMP, Grand Rapids, Mich. North American.

1298. A. DIETZ, St. Thomas, West Indies. General. Special, West

Indian.

1299. G. W. DUNN, San Francisco, Cal. General.

1300. DAVID W. FERGUSON, Brooklyn, N. Y. Local.

1301. Dr. A. E. FOOTE, Ann Arbor, Mich. North American Terrestrial

and Flumatile,.

1302. JONATHAN FORD, Philadelphia, Pa. Marine Gasteropoda.

1303. Dr. E. FOREMAN, Catonsville, Md. General.

1304. R. J. FOWLER, Montreal, Canada. Local.

1305. C. B. FULLER, Portland, Me. Local.

1306. ANDREW GARRETT, Care of Samuel Hubbard, San Francisco,

Cal. South Seas.

1307. Prof. THEODORE GILL (Librarian, Smithsonian Institution),

Washington, D. C. General.

1308. THOMAS A. GREENE, New Bedford, Mass. General.

1309. H. HAAGENSEN, St. Thomas, West Indies. West Indian.

1310. WILLIAM A. HAINES, No. 177 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y.

General.

1311. Prof. S. S. HALDEMAN, Columbia, Pa. North American Flumatile.

1312. Mrs. I. D. HALL, New Bedford, Mass. Local.

1313. Prof. JAMES HALL (Curator, State Geological Museum, State Ge-

ologist of New York), Albany, N. Y. Fossil.

1314. Dr. W. H. HARTMAN, Westchester, Chester Co., Pa. Local.

1315. M. W. HARRINGTON (Assistant, Museum of the University of

55 MOLLUSKS. 1316-1339

Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich. North American Terrestrial and
Fluviatile.

1316. C. FRED. HARTT, Cooper Institute, New York, N. Y. Brachio-

pods, Liviny and Fossil. , J .•;

1317. J. P. HASKELL, Marblehead, Mass. Local.

1318. THOMAS C. HASKELL, Swampscott, Mass. Local.

1319. Prof. F. V. HAYDEN (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Uni-

versity of Pennsylvania), Philadelphia, Pa. North American
fossil.

1320. Prof. F. S. HOLMES, Charleston, S. C. Southern States, Living

and Fossil.

1321. EGBERT HOWELL, Nichols, Tioga Co., N. Y. Local.

1322. Dr. S. B. HOWELL (Chairman, Committee on Cephalopoda, Con-

chological Section. Academy of Natural Sciences), Philadel-
phia, Pa. Cephalopoda.

1323. Dr. P. E. HOY, Eacine, Wis. Local.

1324. Dr. E. W. HUBBARD, Tottenville, Staten Island, N. Y. General.

1325. ALPHEUS HYATT (Curator of Paleontology, Boston Society of

Natural History; Curator of Polyzoa and Palaeontology, Essex
Institute; Editor, American Naturalist), Salem, Mass. Ceph-
alopoda and Polyzoa, Living and Fossil.

1326. J. W. JACKMAN, Newburyport, Mass. Local.

1327. U. P. JAMES, Cincinnati, Ohio. North American.

1328. Dr. JNO. C. JAY, Eye, Westchester Co., N. Y. General.

1329. Col. EZEKIEL JEWETT, Utica, N. Y. Fossil, and a Collector.

1330. FRANCISCO DE JIMENO, Matanzas, Cuba. Cuban.

1331. Prof. SAMUEL JONES (Professor of Natural Science, Jefl'erson

College), Canonsburg, Washington Co., N. Y. Local.

1332. Kev. P. P. KIDDER, Ellcottsville, N. Y. Local.

1333. Capt. H. F. KING (Curator of Mollusca, Essex Institute), Salem,

Mass. General Collection.

1334. Eev. A- B. KENDIG, Davenport, Iowa. North American Fluviatile

and Terrestrial Gasteropoda.

1335. Dr. J. P. KIRTLAND, East Eockport, Ohio ; Post-office address,

Cleveland, Ohio. Local.

1336. HENRY KREBS, St. Thomas, West Indies. West Indian.

1337. Dr. I. A. LAPHAM (President, Wisconsin Historical Society),

Milwaukie, Wis. Local.

1338. Dr. GEORGE A. LATHROP, East Saganaw, Mich. Local.

1339. ISAAC LEA (Vice President, American Philosophical Society;

Director, Qonchological Section, Academy of Natural Sci-
ences), No. 1622 Locust street, Philadelphia, Pa. Fiuviatilet
Terrestrial, and Fossil.

1340-1369 MOLLUSKS. 56

1340. Dr. JAMES LEWIS, Mohawk, N. Y. Local.

1341. Rev. SAMUEL LOCKWOOD, Keyport, N. J. Local.

1342. A. B. LYON, Aim Arbor, Mich. Terrestrial and Flumatile.

1343. W. L. MACTIKR (Treasurer, Conchological Section, Academy of

Natural Sciences), No. 132 Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.
General.

1344. WILLIAM T. MARCH, Spanishtown, Jamaica. West Indian.

1345. Prof. K. Z. MASON, Appleton, Wis. Local.

1346. E. K. MAYO, No. 82 Milk street, Boston, Mass.

1347. F. B. MEEK, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Fossil.

1348. Dr. MANLY MILES (Professor of Animal Physiology and Practical

Agriculture, State Agricultural College), Lansing, Mich. Local.

1349. HENRY MOORES, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

1350. EDWARD S. MORSE (Curator of Mollusca, Boston Society of Nat-

ural History ; Curator of Mollusca, Essex Institute ; Editor,
American Naturalist), Salem, Mass. General. Special, North
American Fluviatile and Terrestrial.

1351. Dr. WESLEY NEWCOMB, San Francisco, Cal. General. Special,

Pacific Slope of America. Achatinellce.

1352. Dr. EDWARD J. NOLAND (Conservator, Conchological Section,

Academy of Natural Sciences), Philadelphia, Pa. General.

1353. CHARLES F. PARKER (Librarian, Conchological Section, Academy

of Natural Sciences), Philadelphia, Pa. General.

1354. GEORGE H. PERKINS, Galesburg, 111. North American.

1355. JNO. S. PHILLIPS, Philadelphia, Pa. Marine Acephala.
1856. Prof. J. W. Powell, Normal, 111. Flumatile and Fossil.

1357. MANUEL J. PRESAS, Calle de Velarde. No. 5, Matanzas, Cuba.

Cuban.

1358. TEMPLE PRIME, No. 26 Broad street, New York, N. Y. CorUcu-

lad(R.

1359. Dr. EDMUND RAVENEL, Charleston, S. C. Local and Fossil.

1360. J. K. READ, New Bedford, Mass. Local.

1361. J. H. REDFIELD, Philadelphia, Pa. Local.

1362. A. B. RICHMOND, Meadsville, Pa. Local.

1363. A. H. RUSE, St. Thomas, West Indies. West Indian.

1364. T. RIMMER, Montreal, Canada. General.

1365. S. R. ROBERTS (Recorder, Conchological Section, Academy of

Natural Sciences), Philadelphia, Pa. General.

1366. C. T. ROBINSON (Curator of Mollusca, Buffalo Society of Natural

Science), No. 31 Wall street, New York, N. Y. General.

1367. HENRY ROUSSEAU, Troy, N. Y. Fossil, Local.

1368. Rev. J. ROWELL, San Francisco, Cal. Local.

1369. Dr. W. S. W. RUSCHENBERGER, Philadelphia, Pa. General.

57 MOLLUSKS. 1370-1392

1370. Prof. ABRAM SAGER (Professor of Obstetrics, University of Michi-

gan), Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

1371. JAMES SAMPSON, New Harmony, Ind. Local.

1372. GEORGE SCARBOROUGH, Sumner, Atchinson Co., Kansas. LocaL

1373. N. S. SHALER (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zoology),

Cambridge, Mass. Brachiopods, Living and Fossil.

1374. Prof. D. S. SHELDON (Professor of Chemistry and Natural Sci-

ences, Griswold College), Davenport, Iowa. Terrestrial and
Fluviatile.

1375. Dr. E. R. SHOWALTER, Uniontown, Ala. Local.

1376. SANDERSON SMITH, No. 26 Broad street, New York, N. Y. Local.

1377. ROBERT E. C. STEARNS (Vice President and Curator of Mollusca,

California Academy of Sciences), Lock box 1449. Post-office,
San Francisco, Cal. General. Special, Pacific Slope of America.

1378. J. B. STEERE (Assistant, Museum of the University of Michigan),

Ann Arbor, Mich. North American Terrestrial and Fluviatile.

1379. D. JACKSON STEWARD, No. 148 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

General.

1380. WM. W. STEWART (Custodian, Buffalo Society of Natural Sci-

ences), Buffalo, N. Y. Local.

1381. Dr. WILLIAM STIMPSON (Secretary and Director, Chicago Acad-

emy of Sciences), Chicago, 111. General. Special, Atlantic
coast of North America.

1382. FRANK W. STOWELL, No. 191 Fulton avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

American.

1383. RICHARD H. STRETCH, Virginia City, Nevada. Local.

1384. ROBERT L. STUART, No. 154 Fifth avenue, New York, N. Y.

General.

1385. JOSEPH SULLIVANT, Columbus, Ohio. LocaL

1386. ROBERT SWIFT, St. Thomas, West Indies, or care of Thomas

Bland, 42 Pine street, New York, N. Y. General. Special,
West Indian.

1387. Dr. THEODORE A. TELLKAMPF, No. 142 West Fourth street, New

York, N. Y. Ascidians.

1388. L. L. THAXTER, No. 13 Tremout street, Boston, Mass. New Eng-

land Terrestrial and Fluviatile.

1389. JOHN H. THOMSON, New Bedford, Mass. Terrestrial and Fluvi-

atile Gasteropods.

1390. Dr. J. B. TRASK, San Francisco, Cal. Californian.

1391. Dr. J. B. TREMBLEY, Toledo, Ohio. Local.

1392. GEORGE W. TRYON, jr. (Vice Director, Conchological Section,

Academy of Natural Sciences ; Editor, American Journal of
Conchology), No. 625 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa* General.
NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 8 June, 1868.

1393-1416 MOLLUSKS. RADIATES. 58

1393. J. C. TURNPENNY, Philadelphia, Pa. Marine Acephala.

1394. HENRY D. VAN NOSTRAND, No. 116 West street, New York, N. Y.

General.

1395. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College; Cura-

tor of Radiates, Boston Society of Natural History), New Ha-
ven, Ct. American.

1396. Rev. Mr. VILLENEUVE, Montreal, Canada. Local.

1397. W. E. WELLINGTON, Dubuque, Iowa. Local.

1398. CHARLES M. WHEATLEY, Phoanixville, Pa., or 42 Pine street,

New York, N. Y. Fluviatile.

1399. JOHN M. WHEATON, Columbus, Ohio. Local.

1400. J. F. WHITEAVES (Recording Secretary and Curator, Natural His-

tory Society of Montreal), Montreal, Canada. General.

1401. HENRY S. WILLIAMS, Ithaca, N. Y. Local, Living and Fossil.

1402. J. R. WILLIS, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Local.

1403. Prof. ALEX. WINCHELL (Professor of Natural History, University

of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich. Terrestrial and Fluviatile.

1404. A. YOUNG, Brooklyn, N. Y. General.

EADIATES.

1405. A. E. R. AGASSIZ (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zoology),

Cambridge, Mass. General. Special, Echinoderms and Aca-
lephs.

1406. Prof. Louis AGASSIZ (Professor of Geology and Zoology, Har-

vard University ; Curator and Director, Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.

1407. Rev. WILLIAM H. BARRIS, Burlington, Iowa. Fossil Crinoids.

1408. Prof. H. JAMES-CLARK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-

vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa. Anatomy.

1409. Prof. JAMES D. DANA (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy,

Yale College), New Haven, Ct. Polyps.

1410. P. DUCHASSAING, St. Thomas, West Indies. Polyps.

1411. CHARLES B. FULLER, Portland, Me. New England.

1412. B. J. HALL, Burlington, Iowa. Fossil Crinoids.

1413. Prof. C. FRED. HARTT (Professor of Natural History, Vassar

College), Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Polyps.

1414. JOHN G. HEYWOOD (Assistant Curator of Radiata, Worcester So-

ciety of Natural History), Worcester, Mass.

1415. Dr. J. B. HOLDER, U. S. Army. Florida Corals.

1416. Col. THEODORE LYMAN (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zo-

ology), Brookline, Mass. Ophiurans and Polyps.

59 RADIATES. PROTOZOA. PARASITES. 1417-1434

1417. Prof. JOHX McCRADY, Charleston, S. C. Living and Fossil.

1418. F. B. MEEK, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Fossil.

1419. W. H. NILES, Cambridge. Mass. Crinoids, Lidng and Fossil.

1420. Dr. WILLIAM STIMPSON (Secretary, and Director of the Museum,

Chicago Academy of Sciences), Chicago, 111. Echinoderms and
Polyps.

1421. Dr. O. THEIME, Burlington, Iowa. Fossil Crinoids.

1422. Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zoology, Yale College ; Cu-

rator of Radiates, Boston Society of Natural History), New
Haven, Ct. General. Special, Polyps and Echinoderms.

1423. Dr. CHARLES A. WHITE (State Geologist of Iowa), Iowa City,

Iowa. Fossil.

PKOTOZOA.

1424. Prof. H. JAMES-CLARK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-

vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa. General.

1425. P. DUCHASSAING, St. Thomas, West Indies. Sponges.

1426. ALPHEUS HYATT (Curator of Palaeontology, Boston Society of

Natural History ; Curator in Natural History Department, Es-
sex Institute; Ed tor, American Naturalist), Salem, Mass.
General. .

1427. Prof. O. C. MARSH (Professor of Palaeontology, Yale College),

New Haven, Ct. Fossil Sponges.

1428. Prof. ALEXANDER WINCHELL (Professor of Natural History, Uni-

versity of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

PAEASITES.

1429. Prof. H. JAMES-CLARK (Professor of Natural History, Pennsyl-

vania Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa. Vegetable.

1430. Prof. JOSEPH LEIDY (Professor of Anatomy, University of Penn-

sylvania ; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia), No. 1302 Filbert street, Philadelphia, Pa, General.

1431. Prof. J. H. SALISBURY (Professor of Physiology, Histology, and

Cell Pathology, Charity Hospital Medical College), Cleveland,
Ohio. General.

1432. Dr. F. R. STURGIS, No. 103 Ninth street, New York, N. Y. Hu'

man.

1433. Prof. J. C. WHITE (Adjunct Professor of Chemistry and Lectu-

rer on Diseases of the Skin), Boston, Mass. Human,

1434. Prof. JEFFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Anatomy and Physiology,

Harvard University; President, Boston Society of Natural
History), Cambridge, Mass. General.

1435-1454 ADDITIONS. 60

ADDITIONAL NAMES RECEIVED.

GEOLOGY.

1435. WILLIAM ANDREWS, Cumberland, Md. Local.

1436. Dr. GKO. S. BLAKIE, Nashville, Tenn. Local.

1437. W. T. BRIGHAM (Curator of Geology, Boston Society of Natural

History), Boston, Mass. General Collection. Special, Vol-
canic.

1438. Dr. A. E. FOOTE (Assistant in Mineralogy, University of Michi-

gan), Ann Arbor, Mich. General Collection.

1439. Prof. C. FRED. HAKTT (Professor of Natural History, Vassar Col-

lege), Poughkeepsie, N. Y. North and South American.

1440. Prof. HENKY Y. HIND (Professor of Physical and Natural Sci-

ences, Trinity College), Toronto, C. W. British American.

1441. JAMES HYATT, Bengali, N. Y. Local.

1442. Prof. CHARLES A. JOY, Columbia College, New York, N. Y.

North American.

1443. Prof. JOSEPH LE CONTE (Professor of Chemistry and Mineral-

ogy, University of South Carolina), Columbia, S. C. North
American.

1444. Dr. GEORGE LITTLE (State Geologist of Mississippi), Oxford,

Miss. North American.

1445. THOMAS MCFARLANE, Acton Vale, Canada East, Local,

1446. Rev. JOHN B. PERRY (Assistant, Museum of Comparative Zool-

ogy), Cambridge, Mass. North American.

1447. GEORGE L. VOSE, Paris Hill, Me. General.

1448. HENRY S. WILLIAMS, Ithaca, N. Y. Local,

PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHY,

1449. A. S. BICKMORE, Amherst, Mass. Asia.

1450. Prof. JAMES ORTON, Rochester, N. Y. Andes and Amazons.

MINERALS.

1451. EDWARD S. F. ARNOLD, Yonkers, Westchester Co., N. Y.

1452. Dr. GEO. S. BLAKIE, Nashville, Tenn.

1453. Dr. WM. H. DE CAMP, Grand Rapids, Mich.

1454. Prof. SILAS H. DOUGLASS (Professor of Chemistry and Mineralo-

gy, University of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich.

61 ADDITIONS. 1455-1476

1455. Dr. A. E. FOOTE (Assistant in Mineralogy, University of Michi-

gan), Ann Arbor, Mich.

1456. A. P. GARBER, Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa.

1457. LEVI HAGER, West Hartford, Vt.

1458. Prof. EUGENE W. HILGARD (Professor of Chemistry and Miner-

alogy, University of Mississippi), Oxford, Miss. ' . .

1459. C. C. HITCHCOCK, Ware, Mass.

1460. Prof. EDMUND O. HOVEY (Professor of Chemistry and Geology,

Wabash College), Crawfordsville, Ind.

1461. Prof. CHARLES A. JOY, Columbia College, New York, N. Y.

1462. J. B. KEVINSKI, Lancaster, Pa.

1863. Prof. JOSEPH LE CONTE (Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy,
University of South Carolina), Columbia, S. C. N. American,
1464. THOMAS MCFARLANE, Acton Vale, Canada East.
14G5. Prof. A. E. STRONG, Grand Rapids, Mich.

1466. Prof. G. C. SWALLOW (State Geologist of Missouri and Kansas),

Columbia, Boone Co., Mo.

1467. HENRY S. WILLIAMS, Ithaca, N. Y.

METALLUKGT.

1468. Prof. HENRY S. OSBORN (Professor of Mining and Metallurgy,

Lafayette College), Easton, Pa.

1469. Dr. ALBERT B. PRESCOTT (Assistant Professor of Chemistry,

etc., University of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich.

PALEONTOLOGY.

1470. WILLIAM ANDREWS, Cumberland, Md. Local.

1471. HENRY DAVIS, McGregor, Iowa. Local. Collector and Dealer.

1472. W. H. B. LYKINS, Kansas City, Mo. Local.

1473. Prof. JOHN MCCRADY, Charleston, S. C. Southern States. Spe-

cial, Echinoderms and Graptolites.

1474. EDWARD T. NELSON, New Haven, Ct. North American.

1475. G. H. PERKINS, New Haven, Ct. North American.

1476. HEJSTRY S, WILLIAMS, Ithaca, N- Y, Local.

1477-1501 ADDITIONS. 62

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.

1477. Prof. COKYDON L. FORD (Professor of Anatomy and Physiology,

University of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich.

1478. Prof. JOHN LEAMAN (Professor of Human Physiology and Anat-

omy, Lafayette College), Easton, Pa.

MIOEOSOOPY.

1479. Dr. GEO. S. BLAKIE, Nashville, Tenn.

1480. W. H. COBB, Wellsborough, Tioga Co., Pa.

1481. HIRAM A. CUTTING, Luneuburg, Essex Co., Vt.

1482. Dr. J. BAKER EDWARDS, Montreal, Canada.

1483. A. S. RITCHIE, Montreal, Canada.

1484. GEORGE B. SELDEN, Rochester, N. Y.

1485. C. A. SPENCER, Canastota, N. Y.

BOTANY.

1486. Dr. GEO. S. BLAKIE, Nashville, Tenn. Local,

1487. J. J. CARTER, Lyle, Lancaster Co., Pa. Local.

1488. A. P. GARBER, Columbia, Lancaster Co., Pa. Local.

1489. BENJ. D. GILBERT, Utica, N. Y. Local.

1490. E. L. HANKENSON, Newark, N. Y. Local.

1491. M. W. HARRINGTON (Assistant in the Museum, University of

Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

1492. JAMES HYATT, Bengali, N. Y. Local.

1493. A. B. LYON (Assistant in the Museum, University of Michigan),

Ann Arbor, Mich. Local.

1494. D. R. McCoRD, Montreal, Canada. Canadian Ferns.

1495. L. A. MILLINGTON, Glens Falls, N. Y. Local.

1496. Dr. I. S. MOYER, Plumsteadville, Pa. Local.

1497. C. S. OSBORNE (Manager, Western Union Telegraph), Suspen-

sion Bridge, Niagara Co., N. Y. Local.

1498. S. B. PARSONS, Flushing, N. Y. Local.

1499. Dr. FRANK SAWERMAN, Apalachicola, Fla. North American.

1500. Prof. G. C. SWALLOW (State Geologist of Missouri and Kansas),

Columbia, Boone Co., Mo. Western States.

1501. Prof. ALEXANDER WINCHELL (Professor of Natural History, Uni-

versity of Michigan), Ann Arbor, Mich. United States.

63 ADDITIONS. 1502-1518

AKCHJEOLOGY,

1502. SAMUEL R. CARTER, Paris Hill, Oxford Co., Me. North American.

1503. HENRY DAVIS, McGregor, Iowa. Local. Collector and Dealer.

1504. Dr. WILLIAM H. DE CAMP, Grand Rapids, Mich. Local.

1505. C. B. FULLER, Portland, Me. Local.

1506. Hon. E. L. HAMLIN (President, Bangor Historical Society), Ban-

gor, Me. North American.

1507. Prof. EDWARD HITCHCOCK (Professor of Hygeine and Physical

Education, Amherst College), Amherst, Mass. N. American.

1508. Rev. N. W. JONES, New York, N. Y. North American.

1509. E. S. MORSE (Curator of Mollusks, Boston Society of Natural

History ; Curator in Natural History Department Essex Insti-
tute) Salem, Mass. New England.

1510. F. W. PUTNAM (Curator of Fishes, Boston Society of Natural

History; Superintendent, Museum of the Essex Institute),
Salem, Mass. New England.

ETHNOLOGY.

1511. A. S. BICKMORE, Amherst, Mass. Asia.

MAMMALS,

1512. G. W. ADERHOLD, A. and M. College, Lexington, Ky. Local.

Taxidermist.

BIEDS.

1513. G. W. ADERHOLD, A. and M. College, Lexington, Ky. Local.

Taxidermist.

1514. ANSON ALLEN, Orono, Me. Local.

1515. E. A. JOHNSON, Holyoke, Mass. Local.

1516. B. F. OWEN, Astoria, Fulton Co., 111. Local.

PISHES.

1517. Dr. JAMES BLARE, San Francisco, Cal. Embiotocoids.

1518. Dr. J. C. PARKER, Grand Rapids, Mich. Local.

1519-1537 ADDITIONS. 64

INSECTS.

1519. EDWARD P. ALLIS, jr., Yellow Springs, Ohio. Local.

1520. Prof. ALBERT J. COOK (Professor of Natural History, State Ag-

ricultural College), Lansing, Mich. General Collection.

1521. E. A. JOHNSON, Holyoke, Mass. Local.

1522. T. F. McCuRDY, Norwich Town, Ct. Local. ,

1523. Dr. ALEX. F. SAMUELS, Nashotah, Waukesha Co., Wis. Lepidop-

tera.

1524. G. WICKWIRE SMITH (Corresponding Secretary, Kent Scientific

Institute), Grand Kapids, Mich. Local.

1525. Dr. G. S. WALKER, No. 1226 Washington avenue, St. Louis, Mo.

Local.

MOLLUSKS.

1526. Col. F. F. CAVADA, Trinidad, W. I. West Indian.

1527. Hon. EDWARD CHITTY, Kingston, Jamaica. West Indian.

1528. Dr. J. G. COOPER (Zoologist, California State Geological Sur-

vey), San Francisco, Cal. Pacific Slope of America.

1529. W. M. GABB (Palaeontologist, California State Geological Sur-

vey), San Francisco, Cal. Fossil.
ISSO.^W. G. W. HARFORD, San Francisco, Cal. General.

1531. Dr. JOHN C. JAY, Maraaroneck, N. Y. Local.

1532. GEORGE METZGES, Circleville, Ohio. Local.

1533. JOHN A. McNiEL, Grand Rapids, Mich. General Collector. Spe-

cial, Fresh Water. (Now collecting in Central America. Ad-
dress care of Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass.)

1534. EDWARD T. NELSON, New Haven, Ct. Local.

1535. Dr. R. A. PHILLIPPI, Santiago, Chili. Chilian.

1536. Prof. FELIPE POEY, Habana, Cuba. Cuban.

1537. HENRY STRENG, Holland, Mich. Fresh Water. LocaL

65 ADDITIONS. 1538-1573

TAXIDERMISTS.

1538. G. W. ADERHOLD, A. & M. College, Lexington, Ky.

1539. JOHN AKHURST, No. 9i Prospect street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

1540. A. L. BABCOCK, Sherborn, Mass.

1541. J. P. BATES, No. 2094 North Sixth street, St. Louis, Mo.

1542. JOHN G. BELL, No. 339 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

1543. C. L. BLOOD, Corner of Weir and First streets, -Taunton, Mass.

1544. Mrs. J. L. BODE, No. 16 North William street, New York, N. Y.
1544a. RUDOLPH BORCHERDT, Chicago, 111.

1545. C. G. BREWSTER, No. 16 Tremont street, Boston, Mass.

1546. GEORGE E. BROWN, Dedham, Mass.

1547. JOSEPH BRUNO, Philadelphia, Pa.

1548. DE SCHUTE BUCKOW, No. 27 Frankfort street, New York, N. Y.

General Collector of South American Animals and Plants.

1549. WILLIAM COUPER, Henderson's Buildings, Louis street, Quebec,

Canada.

1550. C. A. CRAIG, Montreal, Canada.

1551. J. C. DEACON, Chicopee, Mass.

1552. T. W. DEWING, Saxonville, Mass.

1553. C. DREXLER, Washington, D. C.

1554. CHARLES FELDMAN, Philadelphia, Pa.

1555. ALEXANDER GALBRAISH, No. 209 North Ninth street, Philadel-

phia, Pa.

1556. CHARLES GALBRAITH. West Hoboken, N. J.

1557. WILLIAM GALBRAITH, West Hobokeu, N. J.

1558. FERDINAND GRUBER, San Francisco, Cal.

1559. GEORGE HENZEL, Lancaster, Pa.

1560. CHARLES A. HOUGHTON, Holliston, Mass.

1561. W. HUNTER, Museum of the Natural History Society, Montreal,

Canada.

1562. ILGES & SAUTER, No. 15 Frankfort street, New York, N. Y.

1563. JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y.

1564. SAMUEL JILLSON, Hudson, Mass.

1565. JOHN KRIDER, Corner of Second and Walnut streets, Philadel-

phia, Pa.

1566. E. V. LORQUIN, San Francisco, Cal.

1567. C. J. MAYNARD, Newtonville, Mass.

1568. GEORGE Y. NICKERSON, No. 42 Williams St., New Bedford, Mass.

1569. G. ORENSHAW, No. 527 North Fifteenth street, Philadelphia, Pa.

1570. JAMES H. ROOME, No. 55 Carmine street, New York, N. Y.

1571. S. H. SYLVESTER, Middleborough, Mass.

1572. JAMES TAYLOR, Philadelphia, Pa.

1573. N. VICKARY, No. 262 Chestnut street, Lynn, Mass.
NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY. 9 Sept., 1868.

1574-1591 ADDITIONS. 66

1574. GEORGE O. WELCH, Washington street, Lynu, Mass.

1575. ALEXANDER WOLLE, Baltimore, Md.

1576. C. J. WOOD, Philadelphia, Pa.

MINERALOGY,

1577. J. Ross BROWNE, San Francisco, Cal.

1578. _W. S. KEYS, San Francisco, Cal.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.

1579. Dr. E. L. LATHROP, Boom No. 2 Newberry's Block, Chicago, 111.

BOTANY,

1580. JOHN BUTTLE, San Jose, Cal. Lo'cal.

1581. W. C. CORMACK, New Westminster, British Columbia. Local.

Special, Coniferce.

1582. LLOYD JONES, Victoria, British Columbia. Local. Special,

Ferns.

MAMMALS.

1583. Hon. JOHN D. CATON, Ottawa, 111. American Cervidce.

BIRDS.

1584. EUGENE V. LORQUIN, San Francisco, Cal. Local. Taxidermist.

1585. GEORGE O. WELCH, Washington street, Lynn, Mass. Local.

Taxidermist.

INSECTS.

1586. Dr. JONES, New Westminster, British Columbia. Local.

Special, Lepidoptera.

MOLLUSKS.

1587. ANDREW J. BENNETT, Circleville, Ohio. Local.

ARCHEOLOGY.

1588. Rev. JOSEPH ANDERSON, Waterbury, Ct.

1589. J. J- H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass. North American.

MICROSCOPY.

1590. S. A. BRIGGS, Chicago, 111.

PISHES.

1591. Dr. J. H. SLACK, Troutdale, Bloomsbury, N. J. Pisciculture.

CORRECTIONS. 67

CORRECTIONS.

GEOLOGY.
13. FRANK H. BRADLEY. Change address to (Assistant, Illinois State

Geological Survey), Wilmington, 111.
23. E. T. Cox. Change " Local " to North American.
30. Rev. E. B. EDDY. Change address to Providence, R. I.
32. Should be L. Engelbrecht.

35. C. F. ESCHWEILER. Change address to Houghton. Mich.
61. Prof. C. H. HITCHCOCK. Change address to (Professor of Geol-
ogy, Lafayette College ; State Geologist of Maine and New
Hampshire), No. 33 Wall street, New York, N. Y.
63. CLARENCE KING. Change address to United States Geologist of

the U. S. Geological Expedition of the 40th Parallel.
90. Prof. J. S. NEWBERRY. Change address to (Professor of Geology,

Columbia College), New York, N. Y.

107. Prof. JAMES M. SAFFORD. Change address to Lebanon, Tenn.
117. Prof. S. TENNEY. Change address to (Professor of Natural'His-

tory, Williams College), Williamstown, Mass.

126. Prof. J. D. WHITNEY. Change address to (Professor of Geology,
School of Mining, Harvard University), Cambridge, Mass.

MINEEALOGT,

143. W. T. BRIGHAM. Add (Curator of Geology, Boston Society of
Natural History). . .

166. Rev. E. B. EDDY. Change address to Providence, R. I.

171. CHRISTIAN FEBIYER. Change to CHRISTIAN FEBIGER.

201. Rev. A. B. KENDIG. Change address to Dubuque, Iowa.

244. Prof. S. TENNEY. Change address to (Professor of Natural His-
tory, Williams College), Williamstown, Mass. •

METALLURGY.

273. Prof. J. D; WHITNEY. Change address to (Professor of Geology,
School of Mining, Harvard University), Cambridge, Mass.

PALEONTOLOGY.

286. FRANK H. BRADLEY. Change address to (Assistant, Illinois State
Geological Survey), Wilmington, 111.

305. G. R. GILBERT. Change to G. K. GILBERT.

312. Prof. E. W. HILGARD. Cross out " (State Geologist of Missis-
sippi)."

319. ALPHEUS HYATT. Change address to (Curator of Palaeontology,
Boston Society of Natural History ; Curator in Natural His-
tory Department, Essex Institute), Salem, Mass.

68 CORRECTIONS.

PHYSICAL GEOGBAPHY.

1449. A. S. BICKMORE. Change address to Tenant's Harbor, Me.
399. CLARENCE KING. Change address to United States Geologist of

the U. S. Geological Expedition of the 40th Parallel.
419. Prof. J. D. WHITNEY. Change address to (Professor of Geology,
School of Mining, Harvard University), Cambridge, Mass.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY,
441. Dr. B. G. WILDER. Change address to (Professor of Natural
History, Cornell University), Ithaca, N. Y.

MICROSCOPY.
484. ALPHEUS HYATT. Change " Curator of Mollusca" to Curator of

Palaeontology.
461. Should be EDWIN BICKNELL.

BOTANY.

512. E. P. AUSTIN. Change address to Cambridge, Mass.

517. Dr. JACOB BARRATT. Change address to Middletown, Ct.

540. Should be J. BUCHANAN.

550. Prof. P. A. CHADBOURNE. Change address to (President, Wis-
consin State University), Madison, Wis.

553. Should be Dr. A. CLAPP.

574. Change to Dr. ELIAS DIFFENBAUGH, No. 1118 Carlton street,
Philadelphia, Pa.

652. JOHN MACOUN. Add, Special, Carices.

674. CHARLES F. PARKER. Change to Camden, N. J. North American.
Special, New Jersey.

696'. Dr. J. T. ROTHROCK. Change address to (Professor of Botany,
Pennsylvania State Agricultural College), Centre Co., Pa.

729. Prof. S. TENNEY. Change address to (Professor of Natural His-
tory, Williams College), Williamstown, Mass.

ETHNOLOGY.

1511. A. S. BICKMORE. Change address to Tenant's Harbor, Me.
778. Dr. J. C. NOTT. Change address to New York, N. Y.

BIRDS.

877. D. DARWIN HUGHES. Change " Local" to North American.
886. Rev. A. B. KENDIG. Change address to Dubuque, Iowa.
903. CHARLES H. NAUMAN. Change address to No. 195 East King
street, Lancaster, Pa. Add, Oology.

CORRECTIONS. 69

911. HENRY A. PURDIE. Change address to West Newton, Mass., and
department to New England.

EEPTILES.
966 Dr. B. G. WILDER. Change address to Ithaca, N. Y.

HSHES.

977. Dr. WM. O. AYRES. Cross out " (Corresponding Secretary, Cal-
ifornia Academy of Natural Sciences)."
987. Dr. W. P. GIBBONS. Change address to Alaroeda, Cal.
1002. Dr. WILLIAM A. NASON. Change address to Algonquin, McHenry

Co., 111.
1013. Dr. B. G. WILDER. Change address to Ithaca, N. Y.

INSECTS,

1033. JAMES S. BEHRENS. Add, General Collection.

1048. BOTTIN. Change to BOTTERI.

1077. THOMAS A. DICKINSON. Change address to (Secretary, Andros-

coggin Natural History Society), Lewiston, Me. Local. Co-

leoptera and Lepidoptera.
1081. WILLIAM H. EDWARDS. Change address to Coalburgh, Kanawha

Co., West Virginia.
1103. AUGUSTUS R. GROTE. Change address to Hastings-upon-Hudson,

N. Y., and dep't to General, Special, Lepidoptera.
1127. WILLIAM KEOSTLIN. Change to WILLIAM KCESTLING.
1151. Dr. WILLIAM A. NASON. Change address to Algonquin, McHenry

Co., 111.

1178. C. V. RILEY. Change address to (State Entomologist of Mis-
souri), No. 2130 Clark street, St. Louis, Mo. North American.

Special, Injurious to Vegetation.

1203. PHILIP S. SPRAGUE. Change address to No. 141 Broadway, South

Boston, Mass., and dep't to North American Coleoptera.

1204. Cross out Mrs. PHILIP S. SPRAGUE.

MOLLUSKS.

1276. A. S. BICKMORE. Change address to Tenant's Harbor, Me.
1289. WILLIAM C. CLEVELAND. Change address to (Professor of Engi-
neering, Cornell University), Ithaca, N. Y.
1334. Rev. A. B. KENDIG. Change address to Dubuque, Iowa.
1532. GEORGE METZGES. Should be GEORGE METZGER.
1351. Dr. WESLEY NEWCOMB. Change address to Oakland, Cal.

70 DECEASED.

DECEASED.

97. (Geology.) Prof. E. J. PICKETT, Rochester, N. Y. Died October,

1866.
333. (Palaeontology.) 998. (Fishes.) Dr. R, P. MANN, Milford,

Ohio. Died .

354. (Palaeontology.) AUGUSTE REMOND, San Francisco, Cal. Died

1867.
376. (Physical Geography.) Prof. A. D. BACHE, Washington, D. C.

Died 1866.
483. (Microscopy.) WILLIAM W. HUSE, Brooklyn, N. Y. Died 1867.

572. (Botany.) W. W. DENSLOW, New York, N. Y. Died 1868.

573. (Botany.) Prof. CHESTER DEWEY, Rochester, N. Y. Died

December, 1867.

604. (Botany.) 1308. (Mollusks.) THOMAS A. GREENE, New Bedford,
Mass. Died 1868.

INDEX

NOKTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

Aaron, Charles E., 1016.

Abbott, C. C., 970.

Abbott, Henry L., 375.

Adee, Alvey A., 1017.

Aderhold, G. W., 1512, 1513, 1538.

Agassiz, A. E. E., 276, 452, 971,

1018, 1258, 1405.
Agassiz, Louis, 1, 275, 453, 784,

953, 972, 1019, 1242, 1267, 1406.
Aiken, Wm. E. A., 2, 504.
Akhurst, John, 814, 1020, 1539.
Alcott, W. P., 505, 1021.
Aldrich, Truman H., 1268.
Aligny, Henry d'., 3, 181.
Allan, George S., 457.
Allen, Anson, 1269, 1514.
Allen, Harrison, 423, 790.
Allen, J. A., 815, 1022.
Allen, Lizzie B., 506.
Allen, Oscar D., 132, 259.
Allen, T. F., 507.
Allis, Edward P., jr., 1519.
Alma, G., 816, 973.
Ambrose, John, 817, 974. •
Anderson, C. L., 508.
Anderson, Joseph, 1588.
Andrews, E. B., 4.
Andrews, T. L., 509.
Andrews, Wm., 1435, 1470.
Angus, James, 1023.
Anthony, J. G., 1270.
Antisell, T. L., 510.
Arango, Rafael, 1271.
Arnold, Edward S. F., 1451.
Arnold, J. W., 1272.
Arnold, J. W. S., 458.
Ashburner, William, 260.

Ashton, T. B., 1024.

Atkins, Charles G., 975.

Atwood, N. E., 976.

Austin, C. F., 511. •

Austin, E. P., 512 (see corrections,

p. 68), 1025, 1273.
Auxer, Samuel, 1026.
Ayres, W. O., 977 (see corrections,

Babcock, Amory L., 818, 1027,

1540.
Bache, A. D., 376. (Deceased. See

p. 70.)

Bachman, John, 773, 790£.
Bacon, Austin, 5, 513, 1028.
Baer, O. P"., 277.
Bagg, M. M., 514.
Bagwell, G. H., 377.
Bailey, L. W., 6, 459, 515.
Bailey, S. C. H., 133.
Baird, S. F., 785, 791, 819, 954, 978.
Balch. D. M., 7.
Bannister, Henry M., 278.
Banvard, Joseph, 1274.
Barden, Edward E., 134.
Barden, James E., 279.
Barnard, John G., 378.
Barnard, Vincent, 135, 516, 820,

1029.

Barnes, Wm., 136.
Barnston, George, 792, 821.
Barratt, Jacob, 517 (see correc-

tions, p. 68).
Barris, Joseph S., 280.
Barris, Wm. H., 281, 1407.
Bassett, Homer F., 1030.

72

INDEX,

Bates, Joseph, 518.

Bates, J. P., 1541.

Batterson, J. S., 282.

Beach, Moses Y.. 460.

Beadle, D. W., 1031.

Beadle, E. R., 137, 1275.

Beal, Wm. J., 519.

Beauchamp, M. E., 520.

Beauchampj M. W., 8, 521, 822,
979.

Bebb, M. S., 522.

Beck, George, 9.

Beckett, S. B., 823.

Beckwilh, E. G., 379.

Behr, H., 1032.

Behrens, James S., 1038 (see cor-
rections, p. 69).

Belfrage, G. W., 1034.

Belknap, Aaron B., 1035.

Bell, John G., 824, 1542.

Bell, Robert, 10, 138, 283.

Banner, J. F.,. 1036.

Bennett, Andrew J., 1587.

Bennett, C. W., 825, 1037.

Bennett, James L., 523.

Bethune, Charles J. S.3 1038.

Bickmore, A. S., 1276, 1449, 1511
(see corrections, pp. 68-9).

Bicknel, Edwin, 461 (see correc-
tions, p. 68).

Bicknell, Edwin, 461 (see correc-
tions, p. 68).

Bigelow, Jacob, 524.

Bigelow, J. M., 525.

Billings, B., 526, 1039, 1277.

Billings, E., 284, 1040, 1278.

Binney, William G., 1279.

Blair, James G., 11.

Blake, Charles A., 1041.

Blake, James, 1517.

Blake, Joseph, 527.

Blake, M. P., 1042.

Blake, W. P., 12, 139, 380.

Blakie, George S., 1436, 1452, 1479,
1486.

Bland, J. H. B., 1043.

Bland, Thomas, 1280.

Bliss, J. H., 1044.

Blood, Charles L., 827, 1045, 1543.

Bloomer, H. G., 528.

Boardman, G. A., 828.

Bode, J. L., 826, 1544.

Bolander, H. N., 529.

Bolles, E. C., 1281.

Bolter, Andrew, 1046.

Bolton, John, 1047.

Booth, C. M., 530.

Booth, J. C., 261.

Boott, Wm., 531.

Borcherdt, R., 1544a.

Bostwick, E. D., 532.

Botteri, , 1048 (see correc-
tions, p. 69).

Bottiu, , 1048 (see correc-
tions, p. 69).

Bouve, T. T., 140, 285.

Bowen, , 533.

Bower, Wm., 534.

Bowker, S. H., 829.

Bowles, George J., 1049.

Bowles, Stephen W., 462.

Braches, Frederick, 1050.

Brackett, George E., 1051.

Bradford, P. D., 141.

Bradley, Frank H., 13, 286 (see
corrections, p. 67).

Brakeley, J. H., 1052.

Brano, Joseph, 830.

Breed, W. B., 1053.

Brendel, Emil, 1054.

Brendel, Frederick, 535.

Brevoort, J. Carson, 980.

Brewer, T. M., 831.

Brewer, Wm. H., 381, 463, 536.

Brewster, C. G., 142, 287, 832, 1645.

Bridges, Robert, 537, 981.

Bridgham, Joseph, 1055, 1056.

Briggs, S. A., 1590.

Brigham, E. A., 833.

Brigham, W. T., 143 (see correc-
tions, p. 67), 1437.

Broadhead, G. C., 14, 538.

Brooks, Charles C., 145,

Brown, A. D., 1282.

Brown, George C., 288, 834.

Brown, George E., 1546.

Browne, C. M., 144.

Browne, J. Ross, 1577.

Browne, Robert H., 1057.

Browne, Rufus K., 464.

Brownne, Robert H., 1283.

Brunet, The Abb6 Ovide, 539.

Bruno, Joseph, 1547.

Brush, George J., 146, 262.

Buchanan, J., 540 (see corrections,
p. 68).

Buchanan, Robert, 541.

Buck, Stewart M., 147.

Buckley, S. B., 542, 1058.

Buckow, de Schute, 1548.

NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

73

Bumstead, F. ,L, 543.
Bunker, Robert, 1059.
Burgess, Edward, 10GO.
Burk, Isaac, 544.
Burton, A. R., 148.
Bushee, James, 149.
Buttle, John, 1580.

C.

Cabot, J. Elliott, 835.
Cabot, Samuel, 836.
Calverly, Stephen, 1061.
Campbell, R. A., 837.
Canby, Win. M., 545.'
Caufield, C. A., 546.
Canfiekl, G. A., 793.
Cardeza, John, 150.
Carey, William W., 1062.
Carleton. James H., 382.
Carley, S. T., 289.
Carpenter, P. P., 1284.
Carr, Ezra L., 15.
Carson, Joseph, 547.
Carter, Francis, 548.
Carter, J. J., 1487.
Carter, Samuel R., 16, 151, 1502.
Case, L. B., 290.
Cashman, David A., 1063.
Cassells, J. Lang, 549.
Cassin, John, 838.
Caton, John D., 1583.
Cavada, F. F., 1526.
Cay, Ricardo I., 1285.
Chadbourne, P. A., 550 (see cor-
rections, p. 68). " •$.
Chapman, A. W., 551.
Chapman, Edward J.. 18, 153* 383.
Chapman, H. H., 1064.
Chaudler, Charles F., 17, 152.
Chase, Charles A., 291. •
Chase, Josepji E., 10l!5.
Cheney, T. Apoleon, 19, 292, 756.
Chickering, J. W., 552.
Childs, Chandler, 20.
Chittenden, L. E., 1286.
Chitty, Edward, 1527.
Choate, Isaac B., 154.
Christ, Richard, 839.
Christy, David, 293.
Churchill, Joseph R., 1599.
Chute, A. P., 155. [p. 68).
Clapp, A., 553 (see corrections,
Clapp, F. A., 1066.
Clark, Daniel, 554.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY.

Clark, H. James, 424, 447, 454, 465,
555, 1288, 1408, 1424, 1429.

Clark, James H., 556.

Clark, Mary H., 557.

Clark, W. S., 156, 558.

Clarke, Daniel, 1287.

Clarke, Samuel C., 840, 982 (see
corrections, p. 84).

Clay, Joseph A., 157.

dementi, V., 1067.

Cleveland, Win. C., 1289 (see cor-
rections, p. 69).

Clinton, George W., 559.

Coates, M. H., 158.

Cobb, C., 294.

Cobb, W. H., 1480.

Coffin, F. G., 159.

Colton, John, 841.

Colvin, Richard, 1068.

Commons, A., 560.

Conrad, T. A., 295, 1290.

Cook, Albert J., 1520.

Cook, George H., 21.

Cooke, Caleb, 467, 10G9, 1243, 1291.

Cooke, J. P., 160.

Cooley, , 56 1.

Cooper, J. D., 983.

Cooper, J. G., 562, 794, 842, 1528.

Cope, Edward D., 795, 955, 984.

Copeman, Arthur S., 466.

Cormack, W. C., 1581.

Coronado, Francisco J., 1292.

Cottle, Thomas, 843.

Coues, Elliott, 796, 844.

Couper, William, 845, 1070, 1549
(see corrections, p. 84).

Court, I., 563.

Cowles, Sylvester, 22, 296.

Cox, E. T., 23 (see corrections,
p. 67).

Craig, C. A., 846, 1550.

Crawford, S. W., 384.

Cresson, E. T., 1071.

Croft, Henry, 1072.

Crosier, E. S., 24, 564.

Cross, Osborne, 385.

Currier, A. 0., 1293.

Currier, Charles, 1073.

Currier, W. O., 1074.

Curtis, M. A., 565.

Curtiss, A. H., 566.

Cutting, Hiram A., 25, 1481.

D.

Dahl, Christian, 567.

10

Oct., 1868.

74

INDEX,

Dall, William H., 1294.

Dalton, John C., 425.

Dana, James D., 26, 161, 297, 786,
1244, 1409.

Darby, John, 568, 847.

Darrach, J., 569.

Davis, E. H., 757, 774.

Davis, H., 848, 1075, 1295, 1471,
1503.

Davvson, J. W., 27, 298, 787, 985,
1296.

Day, David F., 570.

Deacon, J. C., 849, 1551.

Dean, D. V., 571.

Dean, John, 420.

DeCarnp, William H., 1297, 1453,
1504.

DeForest, A. W., 1076.

Delafleld, Joseph, 162.

Delafleid. Richard, 386.

Denslow, W. W., 572. (Deceased.
See p. 70.)

DeOca, Rafael Montes, 850.

Devine, Thomas, 299.

Dewey, Chester, 573. (Deceased.
See' p. 70.)

Dewing, T. W., 1552.

Dickinson, Thomas A., 1077 (see
corrections, p. 69).

Dickson, Andrew, 28, 300.

Dieffenbaugh, Elias, 574 (see cor-
rections, p. 68).

Difl'enbaugh, Elias, 574 (see cor-
rections, p. 68).

Diety, A., 163.

Dietz, A., 1298.

Dinwiddie, Robert, 468.

Dixon, -George B., 1078.

Dobbin, George, 469.

Dodge, Charles R., 1079.

Dodge, H., 29.

Doggett, Wm. E., 575.

D'OSmieulx, T., 470.

Dorr, F. W., 387.

Dorsch, Edward, 576, 1080.

Douglass, Silas H., 1454.

Draper, John C-, 427.

Drexler, C., 851, 1553.

Drummond, A. T., 577.

DuBois, Alfred, 164.

Duchassaing, P., 1410.

Dunbar, E. M., 165.

Dunn, G. W., 1299.

Durand, Elias, 578.

Dyer, Charles B., 301.

E.

Earle, A. B., 579.

Eaton, D. C., 580.

Eddy, E. B., 30, 166 (see correc-
tions, p. 67).

Edwards, A. M., 471, 581 (see cor-
rections, p. 84).

Edwards, Henry, 1597.

Edwards, J. Baker, 1482.

Edwards, William H., 1081 (see
corrections, p. 69).

Egleston, Thomas, 167, 263.

Eights, James, 168.

Elliot, D. G., 852.

Elmore, Samuel E., 582, 853.

Elrod, M. N., 31.

Elrod, N. N., 302.

Emerson, George B., 583.

Emerton, James H., 472, 1082.

Emery, Charles A., 1083.

Emery, Rush, 584.

Emory, W. H., 388.

Endicott, W. E., 854.

Engelbrecht, L., 32 (see correc-
tions, p. 67), 1084.

Engelbrocht, L., 32 (see correc-
tions, p. 67).

Engelhardt, Francis E., 585.

Engelmann, George, 389, 586.

Engelmann, Henrv, 33, 169.

English, J. M., 1085.

Eunis, Jacob, 34, 587.

Errington, , 588.

Eschweiler, C. F., 35 (see correc-
tions, p. 67).

Evans, E. W., 36.

Everett, 0., 589.

Ewing, Samuel, 37.

F.

Fairbanks; Frank, 170, 1086.

Fairbanks, H., 855.

Farnsworth, P. J., 38.

Faxon, Charles E., 1087.

Faxon, Walter, 1088.

Fay, H. Tudor, 1089.

Febiger, Christian, 171 (see cor-
rections, p. 67), 473.

Febiyer, Christian, 171 (see cor-
rections, p. 67).

Feldman, Charles, 856, 1554.

Feldman, Henry, 1090.

Fendler, Augustus, 590.

Fenton, Joseph, 474.

Ferguson, David W., 475, 1300.

NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

75

Fernald, M. C., 172.

Feuchtwanger, L., 173.

Fiimey, N/S., 390.

Fish, William 0., 1091.

Fishbank, Judge, 1092.

Fisher, George, 174.

Fisk, D. M., 1093.

Fitch, Asa, 1094.

Flint, Austin, jr., 428.

Floyd, William H., 857.

Fogg, B. F., 956.

Foley, C., 1095.

Foote, A, E., 1301, 1438, 1455.

Foote, I., 591.

Ford, Corydon L., 1477.

Ford, Jonathan, 1302.

Foreman, E.. 592, 1303.

Foster, J. W., 39.

Fowler, Augustus, 858.

Fowler, James, 593.

Fowler, R. J., 1096, 1304.

Fowler, Samuel P., 594, 859.

Frantzius, A. von, 860.

Frazer, Robert, 1097.

Freedley, Henry, 1595.

Fremont, John C., 391.

Fritchey, J. Q. A., 595.

Frost, Charles C., 596. [1505.

Fuller, C. B., '1245, 1305, 1411,

G.

Gabb, W. M., 303, 1529.

Galbraish, Alexander, 861, 1555
(see corrections, p. 84).

Galbraith, Alexander, 861, 1555
(see corrections, p. 84).

Galbraith, Charles, 862, 1556.

Galbraith, William, 863, 1557.

Garber, A. P., 1456, 1488.

Garland, Albert S., 1098.

Garlick, William H., 476.

Garrett, Andrew, 986, 1246, 1306.

Gavit, Jno. E., 477.

Gay, C, C. F., 597.

Gebhard, John, jr., 304.

Geddes, George, 40.

Genth, F. A., 175, 264.

Gibbes, L. R., 1247.

Gibbons, W. P., 987 (see correc-
tions, p. 69).

Gibbs, George, 598, 775.

Gilbert, Benj. D., 1489.

Gilbert, C. W., 797.

Gilbert, G. K., 176, 305. [p. 67).

Gilbert, G. R., 305 (see corrections,

Gill, Theodore, 798, 988, 1248, 1307.

Gill, William L., 864.

Gilman, Daniel C., 392.

Gilpin, J. Bernard. 989.

Girdwood, G. P., 1099.

Glover, Townend, 1100.

Goessman, C. A., 177.

Goodale, George L., 599.

Gossip, William, 41.

Gould, John S., 600.

Graef, Edward L., 1101.

Gray, Asa, 601.

Grayson, A. J., 865.

Green, C., 602.

Green, Henry A., 178, 306.

Green, Traill, 179, 603.

Greene, John W., 1102.

Greene, Samuel A., 758.

Greene, Thomas A., 604, 1308.
(Deceased. See p. 70.)

Greenleaf, Richard C., 478.

Gregory, J. J. H., 180, 1588.

Grote, Augustus R., 1103 (see cor-
rections, p. 69).

Gruber, Ferdinand, 866, 1104, 1558.

Guild, C., 1105.

Gundlach, Juan, 799, 867, 1106.

Guyot, Arnold, 393.

H.

Haagensen, H., 1309.
Hadley, George, 181.
Hagen, Hermann,' 1107.
Hager, A. D., 42.
Hager, Levi, 1457.
Hague, James D., 182.
Haines, Reuben, 1108.
Haines, William A., 1310. •
Haldeman, S. S., 1109, 1311.
Hall, A., 872, 1110.
Hall, B. J., 307, 1412.
Hall, Elihu, 605.
Hall, I. D., 1312.
Hall, James, 43, 308, 1313.
Hall, Samuel R., 44.
Hamant, Richard, 309.
Hamlin, A. C., 990.
Hamlin, C. E., 868.
Hamlin, E. L., 1506.
Hammond, William A., 429.
Hanford, Henry, 869.
Hankenson, E. L., 1490.
Harbour, G. P., 606.
Harding, H. F., 183.
Harford, W. G. W., 1530,

76

INDEX,

Harmon, Isaac N., 45.

Harper, Louis, 46, 184.

Harrington, M. W., 1315, 1491.

Harrison, T. F., 479.

Hartley, Fielden, G07.

Hartman, W. H., 1314.

Hartt, C. Fred., 310, 1249, 1316,
1413, 1439 (see corrections, p.
84).

Haskell, Joshua P., 185, 1317.

Haskell, Thomas C., 186, 1318.

Haskins, Clark C., 608.

Hatheway, George H., 1111.

Haven, Samuel F., 759.

Hawn, F., 47.

Hayden, F. V., 48, 311, 609, 1319.

Hazletine, G. W., 610, 1112.

Healey, E. P., 611.

Helmuth, Charles A., 1113.

Henry, Joseph, 394.

Hensel, George, 870, 1556.

Hepburn, James, 871.

Herrmann, Chr. W. A., 187.

Hervey, E. W., 612.

Heywood, John G., 1414.

Higbee, Charles H., 188.

Hilgard, E. W., 49, 312 (see cor-
rections, p. 67), 613, 1458.

Hilgard, J. E., 395.

Hilgard, Theodore C., 614.

Hill, N. P., 265.

Hill, Richard, 800, 873, 991.

Hill, S. W., 50.

Hincks, William, 615.

Hind, Henry Y., 396, 1440.

Hines, D. S., 480.

Hinton, J. H.,481.

Hitchcock, C. C., 1459.

Hitchcock, C. H., 51 (see correc-
tions, p. 67).

Hitchcock, Edward, 430, 1507.

Hodge, James T., 52, 266.

Hodgins, John G., 397.

Hodgman, Frank F., 1114.

Hoffman, Gustave P., 1115.

Holbrook, J. E., 957, 992.

Holden, George W., 314.

Holder, J. B., 1415.

Hole, Thomas, 874.

Hollister, G. H., 616.

Holmes, E. S., 617.

Holmes, Francis S., 53, 315, 1320.

Holton, I. F., 618.

Homberger, Julius, 431.

Honeyman, 54.

Hoopes, Joshua, 619.

Horn, George H., 1116.

Horr, Asa, 620.

Hough, Franklin B., 189, 621.

Houghton, Charles A., 878, 1560.

Hovey, Edmund O., 55, 1460.

How, Henry, 56, 190, 622.

Howard, W. J., 191, 623, 1117.

Howe, Elliott C., 624.

Howell, Robert, 57, 1118, 1321.

Howell, S. B., 1322.

Howland, Theodore, 316.

Hoy, P. R., 875, 1323.

Hoyt, Charles N., 1119.

Hoyt, F. S., 192.

Hubbard, E. W., 317, 1324.

Hubbard, O. P., 58, 193.

Hubbert, James, 625, 1120, (De-
ceased. See p. 84.)

Hudson, A. T., 626, 876.

Hughes, D. Darwin, 877 (see cor-
rections, p. 68).

Huidekoper, Frederic, 313.

Hulbert, William E., 482.

Hulsa, G. W., 627.

Humphreys, A. A., 398.

Hunt, George, 628, 1121.

Hunt, M. E., 1122.

Hunt, T. Sterry, 194.

Hunter, W., 801, 879, 1561.

Hunting, W. M., 195, 318.

Huse, Wm. W., 483. (Deceased.
See p. 70.)

Hyatt, Alpheus, 319, 484 (see cor-
rections, pp. 67, 68), 1325, 1426.

Hyatt, James, 1441, 1492.

I.

Ilges and Santer, 880, 1562.
Ingraham, Robert, 629.

J.

Jackman, J. W., 1326.

Jackson, C. T., 59, 196.

Jackson, Halliday, 630.

Jackson, Samuel, 485.

James, Thomas P., 631.

James, U. P., 320, 1327.

Janin, Henry, 267.

Janin, Louis, 268.

Jay, John C., 1531.

Jay, Jno. C., 1328.

Jeffries, B. Joy, 486.

Jeffries, W. W., 197. [1563.

Jenkins, John, 60, 198, 321, 881,

NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

77

Jenks, M. L., 1123.
Jevvett, Ezekiel, 322, 1329.
Jillson, Samuel, 882, 1504.
Jimeno, Francisco de, 1330.
Johnson, Christopher, 432.
Johnson, E. A., 1515, 1521.
Johnson, H. A., 632.
Johnson, S. W., 199, 444.
Johnson, W. A., 1124.
Johnson, W. D., 323.
Johnston, Christopher, 487.
Johnston, John, 61, 200.
Jones, C. M., 883.
Jones, J. Matthew, 993, 1125.
Jones, Lloyd, 1582.
Jones, N. W., 1508.
Jones, Samuel, 112G, 1331.
Jones, Samuel, A., 488.

Jones, Dr. — , 1586.

Joy, Charles A., 1442, 1461.

K.

Ksempfer, F., 884.

Kellogg, A., 633.

Kendig, A. B., 201, 886, 1334 (see
corrections, pp. 67, 69).

Kenley, Isaac, 326.

Kent, Edward N.,269.

Keostlin, William., 1127 (see cor-
rections, p. 69).

Kessler, C., 634.

Kevinski, J. B., 1462.

Keys, W. S., 1578.

Kidder, P. P., 1128, 1332.

Kimball, James P., 62, 202.

King, Clarence, 63, 399 (see cor-
rections, pp. 67-68).

King, Henry F., 489, 1333.

King, John, 490.

Kirkpatrick, John, 635, 885, 1129.

Kirtland, Jared P., 636, 887, 994,
1130, 1335.

Kline, A. C., 203*.

Klippart, John H., 64, 445.

Knapp, James, 324.

Knieskern, P. D., 637.

Knight, J. Frank, 1131.

Knowlton, H. M., 888.

Knowlton, W. J., 204.

Koch, Albert C., 325.

Koch, Edward, 205, 1132.

Koestling, William, 1127 (see cor-
rections, p. 69).

Krebs, Henry, 638, 1336.

Krider, John, 889, 1565.

Kuestel, Guido, 270.
Kumlien, Thure, 639, 890.

L.

Ladd, Josiah, 206.

Langstroth, L. L., 1133.

Lapham, I. A., 65, 640, 760, 1337.

Lathrop, E. L., 1579.

Lathrop, George A., 66, 1338.

Lawrence, George N., 891.

Lawrence, S. L., 641.

Lawson, George, 207, 642.

Lawson, J. S., 400.

Lea, Isaac, 67, 208, 327, 1339.

Leach, J. S., 892.

Leaman, John, 1478.

LeBaron, William, 1134.

LeConte, John, 958.

LeConte, John L., 1135.

LeConte, Joseph, 1443, 1463.

Leggett, W. H., 643.

Leidy, Joseph, 328, 433, 448, 788,
959, 995, 1259, 1430.

Lemoine, James M., 893.

Leonard, A. M., 329.

Lesley, Joseph, 68.

Lesley, J. P., 69.

Lesquereux, Leo, 70, 330, 644 (see
corrections, p. 84).

Lewis, Elias, 71, 209.

Lewis, F. W., 491.

Lewis, Grace Anna, 1'602.

Lewis, James, 1136, 1340.

Lewis, Samuel, 1137.

Lincecum, G., 1138.

Lincoln, F. S., 894.

Lindheimer, Ferdinand, 645.

Lintner, J. A., 1139.

Litton, A., 210.

Little, George, 646, 1444.

Littlefleld, Adelia J., 1140.

Lockwood, Samuel, 72, 331, 647,
761, 996, 1341.

Logan, Thomas M., 401.

Logan, William E., 73.

Lombard, J. S., 434.

Long, J. E., 74, 648.

Lord, H. B., 649.

Lord, John F., 211.

Loring, Starling, 650, 895.

Lorquin, Eugene V., 1566, 1584.

Loving, Starling, 650 (see correc-
tions, p. 84).

Lowrie, J. li., 651.

Lykins, W. H. R,, 1472.

78

INDEX,

Lyman, Benjamin S., 75.
Lyman, Theodore, 997, 1416.
Lyon, A. B., 1342, 1493.
Lyon, S. L.,332.
Lyon, Sydney S., 76.

M.

Macomb, John N., 402.

Macouu, John, 652 (see correc-
tions, p. 68).

Mactier, W. L., 1343.

Mann, B. P., 896, 1141.

Maun, Horace, G53.

Mann, R. P., 333, 998. (Deceased.
See p. 70.)

March, W. T., 654, 897, 1344.

Marcy, Oliver, 77.

Marcy, Randolph B., 403.

Marsh, H. A., 999.

Marsh, O. C., 212, 334, 762, 960,
1000, 1250, 1427.

Marshall, Charles D.-, 335.

Marshall, John E., 336.

Marshall, John P., 213.

Martindale, Isaac, 214, 655, 898.

Martindale, Joseph C., 656.

Mason, R. P., 78.

Mason, R. Z., 1142, 1345.

Mathewson, E., 337.

Matthew, G. F., 79, 215.

Matthew, R., C57.

Maynadier, H. E., 404.

Maynard, C. J., 899, 1567.

Mayo, E. R., 1346.

McAllister, James W., 1143.

McAllister, Thomas H., 492.

McChesney, J. H., 80, 338.

McCord, D. R., 1494.

McCrady, John, 1417, 1473.

McCurdy, T. F., 1522.

McFarlane, R., 81, 900.

McFarlane, Thomas, 1445, 1464.

Mcllwraith, Thomas, 901.

McMillan, S. B., 446.

McNeil, John A., 1533.

Mead, S. B., 658.

Mead, Theodore L., 1144 (see cor-
rections, p. 84).

Meade, George G., 405.

Meehan, Thomas 659.

Meek, F. B., 82, 339, 1251, 1347,
1418.

Meichel, John, 1146.

Meigs, J. Aitken, 776.

Melsheimer, F. E., 1145.

Merrill, James C., 1147.

Metzger, George, 1532 (see correc-
tions, p. 69).

Metzges, George, 1532 (see cor-
rections, p. 69).

Meyer, Julius E., 1148.

Michener, Ezra, 660.

Michler, N., 406.

Miles, Manly, 435, 902, 1149, 1348.

Miller, Anson S., 83, 216, 661.

Millington, L. A., 1495.

Mills, James E., 84.

Minor, William C., 1260.

Mitchell, S. Wier, 436.

Mohr, Charles, 662.

Moore, Gideon E., 217, 271.

Moore, Joseph, 85, 663.

Moore, W. D., 340, 664.

Moores, Henry, 1349.

Morales, Sebastian A. de., 665.

Morgan, Lewis H., 777.

Morris, J. C., 1001.

Morris. J. G., 1150.

Morse, Abner, 763.

Morse, E. S., 666.

Morse, Edward S., 1350, 1509.

Morton, M. E. B., 667.

Moyer, I. S., 1496.

Mudge, Benjamin F., 86.

Muir, William, 668.

Murray, Alexander, 87.

N.

Nason, Henry B., 88.

Nason, William A., 1002, 1151 (see
corrections, p. 69).

Nauman, Charles H., 903 (see cor-
rections, p. 68).

Neal, James, 1152.

Nellis, J. V. C., 89, 218.

Nelson, Edward T., 1474, 1534.

Newberry, J. S., 90 (see correc-
tions, p. 67), 341, 669, 904, 961,
1003.

Newcomb, Wesley, 1351 (see cor-
rections, p. 69).

Nichols, George W., 1153.

Nichols, John A., 91.

Nickerson, George Y., 905, 1568,
1594.

Niets, J., 1154.

Niles, W. H., 92, 342 (see correc-
tions, p. 84), 1419.

Noland, Edward J., 1352.

Norris, D.Benjamin, 1155.

NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

79

Norris, J. P., 906.
Norris, Thacldeus, 1004.
Norton, Edward, 1156.
Norton, Sidney A., 343.
Norwood, J. G., 93, 219, 344.
Nott, J. C., 778 (see corrections,
p. 68).

O.

Olney, S. T., 670.
O'Neale, J. Kelly, 94, 345.
Ordvvay, Albert, 220, 346, 1252.
Orne, John, jr., 1157.
Orton, James, 221, 347, 1450.
Orton, J. G., 671.
Orenshaw, G., 1569.
Osborn, Henry S., 1468.
Osborne, C. S., 1497.
Osgood, John, 1158.
Osten Sacken, R. von, 1159.
Owen, B. F., 1516.
Owen, Richard, 95.

P.

Packard, A. S., jr.. 348, 1160, 1253,
1261.

Paine, Charles S., 907.

Paine, Horace M., 672.

Paine, John A., jr., 673.

Paine, Nathaniel, 802.

Parke, John G., 407.

Parker, Charles F., 674 (see cor-
rections, p. 68), 1353.

Parker, J. C., 1518.

Parker, J. 1)., 222.

Parker, W. A., 675.

Parry, C. C., 408, 676.

Parsons, S. B., 1498.

Partridge, Leroy C., 223.

Parvin, Theodore S., 96, 677.

Passmore, Frederick, 908.

Patterson, Henry S., 779.

Peale, Franklin, 764.

Peale, Titian R./803, 909, 1161.

Peasley, Frank, 224, 349.

Peck, Charles H., 678, 1162.

Peck, E., 679.

Peck, George W., 1163.

Perkins, George H., 1354.

Perkins, G. H., 1475.

Perkins, Maurice, 225.

Perry, John B., 1446.

Peter, Robert, 226, 680.

Peters, Thomas M., 681.

Pcttit, Johnson, 1164.

Phillipi, R. A., 1535.

Phillips, Jno. S., 1355.

Phippen, George D., 682.

Pickering, Charles, 780.

Pickett, E. J., 97. (Deceased. See
p. 70.)

Pine, Wm. S., 1165.

Pitcher, Zina, 683.

Poc, James H., 1166.

Poey, Felipe, 804, 1005, 1167, 1254,
1536.

Pool, Isaac A., 684.

Poole, Alfred, 350.

Poole, Stephen D., 227.

Pope, John, 409.

Porter, B. S., 685.

Porter, Thomas C., 686.

Powell, J. W., 351, 1356.

Prentiss, A. N., 687.

Prentiss, D. Webster. 910.

Presas, Manuel J., 688, 1357.

Prescott, Albert B., 1469.

Prescott, William, 98.

Preston, M. N., 1006.

Prime, Temple, 1358.

Pumpelly, Raphael, 99.

Purdie, Henry A., 911 (see correc-
tions, p. 69).

Putnam, F. W., 805, 912, 962, 1007,
1510.

R,

Rand, William H., 689.

Randall, H. S., 100, 352.

Rathvon, S. S., 1168.

Rau, Charles, 765.

Rauch, J. H., 690.

Ravenel, Edmund, 353, 1255, 1359.

Ravenel, H. W., 691.

Raynolds, W. F., 410.

Read, J. R., 1360.

Reakirt, Tryon, 1169.

Reber, A. S., 1170.

Redding, Thomas B., 692.

Redtield, J. H., 1361.

Reed, E. Baynes, 1171.

Reid, Samuel, 101, 693.

Remond, Auguste, 354. (Deceased.
See p. 70.)

Reynolds, T., 1172.

Rice, E. J., 102.

Rich, Harvey J., 1173.

Richards, James, 103, 694.

Richards, T. T., 80(i.

Richardson, William J., 1174.

Richmond, A. B., 355. 1362.

Ricksecker, L. E., 913.

80

INDEX,

Hideout, R. A., 104, 228.

Ridings, James, 1175.

Ridings, James H., 1176.

Rienecke, O., 914.

Riise, A. II., 915, 1177, 1363.

Riley, C. V., 1178 (see corrections,
p. 69).

Rimnier, T., 1364.

Ritchie, A. S., 1179, 1483.

Robbing, J. W., (595.

Roberts, S. R., 1365.

Robinson, Coleman T., 1180, 1366.

Roepper, W. T., 229.

Rogers, G. 0., 1181.

Rogers, James S., 916.

Rogers, William B., 105.

Rominger, Carl, 356.

Rood, Ogden N., 493.

Roome, James H., 917, 1570.

Root, Oren, 230.

Rosa, W. V. V., 494.

Ross, Bernard R., 807, 918.

Rothrock, Joseph T., 696 (see cor-
rections, p. 6S).

Rousseau, Henry, 357, 1367.

Rousseau, William A., 919, 1182.

Rowell, J., 1368.

Rowell, Joseph M., 106.

Ruschenberger, W, S. W., 1369.

Russell, Alexander L., 1183.

Russell, G. Peabody, 766.

Russell, John L., 697.

Rust, William L., 358.

Rutherford, Lewis M., 495.

S.

Sachs, J., 1184.

Safford, James M., 107 (see correc-
tions, p. 67).

Sager, Abram. 698, 1185, 1370.
Salisbury, J. H., 449, 699, 1431.
Salisbury, Stephen,, jr., 963.
Sampson. James, 1186, 1371.
Samuels, A. F., 1523.
Samuels, E. A., 808, 920.
Saiiborn, F. G., 1187.
Sanborn, J. G.. 231.
Sariger, E., 1188.
Sangster, John H., 1189.
Sartorius, C., 700, 921, 1190.
Sartwell, H. P., 701.
Satterlee, Livingston, 922.
Saunders, William, 702, 1191.
Sauvalle, Francisco A., 703.
Sawerman, Frank, 1499.

Scarborough, George, 704, 1372.
Sceva, George, 437.
Schaeffer, George C., 705.
Schott, Arthur, 706.
Schott, C. A., 411.
Scott, R. Robinson, 707.
Scudder, S. H., 359, 1009, 1193.
Seal, Thomas F., 708.
Sears, John H., 923.
Selden, George B., 1484.
Seymour, E., 232.
Shaffer, D. H., 360.
Shaler, N. S., 361, 1373.
Sharswood, William, 233, 1194.
Shattuck, Lydia, 709.
Shaw, Henry, 710.
Shaw, Henry, 924.
Shaw, James M., 234, 711.
Sheafer, Peter W., 108.
Sheldon, D. S., 712, 1374.
Shepard, C. U., 235.
Shepard, H. F., 496.

Sherman, , 925.

Shinier, Henry, 926, 1195.
Showalter, E. R., 1375.
Shumard, B. F., 109, 362.
Slmmway, H. L., 1010.
Shuster, Maurice, 1192.
Shute, James G., 927.
Silliman, Benjamin, 110, 236.
Simons, John P., 237.
Simpson, J. H., 412.
Sitgreaves, Lorenzo, 413.
Skinner, A. G., 713.
Slack, J. H., 809, 1591.
Smith, Aubrey H., 714.
Smith, Charles E., 715.
Smith, Daniel B., 716.
Smith, G. Wickwire, 1524.
Smith, George D., 1196.
Smith, Hamilton L., 497.
Smith, J Lawrence, 238.
Smith, John M., 239.
Smith, Rufus, 1197.
Smith, Sanderson, 1376.
Smith, S. I., 717, 928, 1198, 1256.
Smith, William A., 929.
Smith, William M., 1199.
Smith, William R., 718.
Sonne, Charles, 1200.
Southgate, William S., 930.
Spear, Julia H., 1201.
Spencer, C. A., 1485.
Sprague, C. J., 719.
Sprague, H. S., 1202.

NOETH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

81

Sprague, Isaac, 720.

Sprague, Philip S., 1203 (see cor-
rections, p. 69).

Sprague, Mrs. Philip S., 1204 (see
corrections, p. 69).

Springer, Philander M., 1205.

Squier, E. George, 767.

Stsehli, Francis E., 1600, 1601.

Starr, T. W., 498.

Stauflfer, Jacob, 721, 931, 964.

Stearns, Kobert E. C., 1377.

Stebbins, Solomon, 1206.

Steere, J. B., 1378.

Stephenson, James, 722, 932.

Stevens, George T., 723.

Stevens, E. P., 111.

Steward, D. Jackson, 1379.

Stewart, Wm. W., 1380.

Stiles, J. Cresson, 438.

Stimpson, Wm., 1257, 1262, 1381,
1420.

Stives, , 724.

St.. John, O. H., 112, 363, 1008.

Stodder, Charles, 113, 499.

Stone, Charles S., 240.

Stone, D. C., 241.

Storer, D. H., 1011.

Stowell, Frank W., 1382.

Streng, Henry, 1537.

Stretch, E. H., 114, 1383, 1596.

Strong, A. E., 1465.

Stuart, A. P., 242.

Stuart, Eobert L., 1384.

Sturbridge, William H., 243.

Sturgis, F. E., 1263; 1432.

Sturton, Samuel, 725.

Suckley, George, 810, 933, 1012.

Suffert, E., 1207.

Sullivant, Joseph, 115, 934, 1385.

Sullivant, William S., 726.

Sumichrast, F., 935, 1208.

Sumner, E. L., 936.

Swallow, G. G., 116, 364, 1466,
1500.

Swan, J. A., 727.

Swift, Eobert, 1386.

Sylvester, S. H., 937, 1571.

T.

Talbott, Eobert B., 1209.
Tatnall, Edward, 728.
Tatnall, Edward, jr., 1210.
Taylor, Alex. S., 414, 781, 1211.
Taylor, George W., 365.
Taylor, James, 938, 1572.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY.

Tellkampf, Theodore A., 450, 1387.
Tenney, Sanborn, 117, 244, 729,

1212 (see corrections, pp. 67,

68).

Tepper, F. W., 1213.
Tepper, John, 1214.
Thaxter, L. L., 1388.
Theirne, O., 366, 1215, 1421.
Thorn, George, 415.
Thomas, Cyrus, 1216.
Thomas, John G., 730.
Thomas John J., 731.
Thomas, W. H. B., 118.
Thompson, D. G., 1217.
Thomson, John H., 1389.
Thurber, George, 732.
Tolman, Edward F., 1218.
Torrey, John, 272, 733.
Townshend, Morton S., 734 (see

corrections, p. 84).
Townshend, Norton S., 734, 1219.
Tracy, C. M., 735.
Trask, John B., 120, 367, 1390.
Treat, James O., 1220.
Trego, C. B., 119.
Trembley, J. B., 1391.
Trimble, Isaac P., 1221.
Trippe, T. Martin, 939.
Trouvelot, L., 1222.
True, N. T., 245.
Tryon, George W., jr., 1392.
Tuckerman, Edward, -736.
Tufts, Charles A., 246.
Tupper, William, 1223.
Turnpenny, J. C., 1393.
Tyson, Philip T., 121.

U.

Uhler, P. E., 1224.
Ulke, Henry, 1225.

V.

Van Brunt, Cornelius, 500.
Van Nostrand, Henry D., 1394.
Van Vliet, Stewart, 416.
Vasey, George, 737.
Vaux, William S., 247, 738, 768.

Velie, , 941.

Vernor, H. G., 940.

Verrill, A. E., 122, 248, 368, 455,

739, 811, 942, 965, 1226, 1264,

1395, 1422.

Vickary, Nathaniel, 943, 1573.
Villeueuve, Eev., 1396.
Vose, George L., 1447.

11 Oct., 1868.

82 INDEX, NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

W.

Wachsmuth, Charles, 369.

Wads worth, C. F., 249.

Wagner, Samuel, 1227.

Walbridge, T. C., 123.

Walker, G. S., 1525.

Walker, L. E., 250.

Wallace and Hollingsworth, 1603.

Walsh, Benjamin D., 1228.

Ward, Henry A., 251, 370.

Ward, John W., 252.

Warder, J. A., 740.

Ware, Frederic, 944.

Warren, G. K., 417.

Warring, G., 741.

Wassail, J., 1229 (see corrections,

p. 84).

Watt, David A. P., 742.
Webb, Benjamin, 501.
Webster, Harrison E., 1593.
Weidemeyer, J. W., 1230.
Welch, George O., 1574, 1585.
Wellington, H. W., 1231.
Wellington, W. E., 253, 1397.
Wells, Walter, 418.
Weston, David, 1232.
Wheatland, Henry, 439.
Wheatley, Charles M., 371, 1398.
Wheaton, John M., 945, 1399.
White, Charles A., 125, 372, 1423.
White, J. C., 440, 812, 1265, 1433.
White, M. C., 502.
Whiteaves, J. F., 813, 946, 1400.
Whitfield, E. P., 124, 373.
Whiting, Charles B., 254.
Whitney, C. P., 1233.
Whitney, J. D., 126, 273, 419 (see

corrections, pp. 67, 68).
Whitney, S. F., 255.
Whitney, William D., 947.
Whittington, Mary, 743.
Whittlesy, Charles, 127, 769.
Wilde, J. P., 1234.

Wildeboer, , 1235.

Wilder, B. G., 441, 966, 1013 (see

corrections, pp. 68, 69).

Wilkins, Daniel, 744.

Willey, H., 745 .

Williams, Charles P., 128, 256.

Williams, Henry S., 967, 1401, 1448,

1467, 1476 (see corrections, p. 84).
Williams, S. C., 257, 1236.
Williamson, E. S., 420.
Willis, J. K., 1402.
Willis, O. E., 746.
Wilson, Daniel, 782.
Wilson, Hugh, 747.
Wilson, J. N., 770.
Wilson, Nathaniel, 748.
Wilson, Eobert, 948.
Wilt, Charles, 1237.
Winchell, Alexander, 129, 374, 968,

1014, 1238, 1266, 1403, 1428,

1501.

Winchell, N. H., 749.
Winslow, E. K., 949.
Wirt, I. E., 750.
Wistar, W. Wynne, 751.
Wislizenus, A., 771, 783.
Wolf, John, 752.
Wolle, Alexander, 950, 1575.
Wood, Alphonso, 753.
Wood, C. J., 951, 1576.
Wood, H. C., 754, 1239.
Wood, William, 952.
Wood, William S., 1240.
Woodruff, I. C., 421.
Woods, Henri N., 258.
Woodward, Eufus, 442.
Wormley, T. G., 503, 969.
Worthen, A. H., 130.
Wright, Charles, 755.
Wright, H. G., 422.
Wurtz, Henry, 274.
Wyman, Jeffries, 443, 451, 456, 772,

789, 1434.

Y.

Young, A., 1404.
Young, J. W., 1015.

Z.

Ziegler, Daniel, 1241.

Anderson, Joseph, 1592.
Andrews, W. V., 1598.

B.

Bradley, Frank H., (see correc-
tions, p. 84).

ADDITIONS. 83

"While the Index has been going through the press, the following
additions and corrections have been received.

ADDITIONS.

ETHNOLOGY.

1592. Kev. JOSEPH ANDERSON, Waterbury, Ct. American Indians.

MOLLUSKS.

1593. HARRISON E. WEBSTER, Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.

1594. GEORGE Y. NICKERSON, 36 Williams street, New Bedford, Mass.

Dealer.

1595. HENRY FREEDLEY, Norristown, Pa. General Collection.

MINEEALS,

1596. E. H. STRETCH (State Mineralogist of Nevada), Virginia City,
Nevada.

INSECTS.

1597. HENRY EDWARDS, Metropolitan Theatre, San Francisco, Cal.

General Collection.

1598. W. V. ANDREWS, West Hoboken, N. J. Lepidoptera.

1599. JOSEPH R. CHURCHILL, Milton Lower Mills, Mass. New England.

MAMMALS.

1600. Dr. FRANCIS K. ST.EHLI, (Assistant, Museum of Comparative

Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.

BIEDS.

1601. Dr. FRANCIS E. ST^HLI (Assistant, Museum of Comparative

Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. General.

1602. Miss GRACE ANNA LEWIS, Sunnyside, Kimberton, Chester Co.,

Penn.

TAXIDEEMISTS AND DEALEES.

1603. WALLACE AND HOLLINGSWORTH, No. 14 North William street,

New York, N. Y.

84 CORRECTIONS. DECEASED.

CORRECTIONS.

13, 286. FRANK H. BRADLEY. Change to (Professor of Natural

Science, Hanover College), Hanover, Ind.

840, 982. SAMUEL C. CLARKE, Change address to Jamaica Plain, Mass..
845, 1070, 1549. WILLIAM COUPER. Change to Ottawa City, O., Canada.
471, 581. ARTHUR M. EDWARDS. Change to (Professor of Inorganic
and Organic Chemistry, Woman's Medical College), No. 126
Second avenue, house 49 Jane street, New York, N. Y.
861, 1555. Should be ALEXANDER GALBRAITH.
310, 1249, 1316, 1413, 1439. C. FRED HARTT. Change to (Professor of

Geology, Cornell University), Ithaca, N. Y.
70, 330, 644. Prof. LEO LESQUEREUX. Change address to Museum of

Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
650. Should be Dr. STARLING LORING.
1144. THEODORE L. MEAD. Change department to North American

and European Lepidoptera.

92, 342. W. H. NILES. Change address to Cambridge, Mass.
734. Should be NORTON S. TOWNSHEND.
1229. Rev. J. WASSALL. Change address to Mazo Manie, Wis.
967, 1401, 1448, 1467, 1476. HENRY S. WILLIAMS. Change to (Assist-
ant in Geology, Yale College), New Haven, Ct.

DECEASED.

625. (Botany.) 1120. (Insects.) Eev. JAMES HUBBERT, Eichmond,
Canada East. Died 1868.

INDEX

TO

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. V.

A.

Additions to the Historical Department,
8, 49, 72, 97, 123, 140, 176.

Additions to the Library, 8, 49, 73, 97,
123, 147, 177, 210.

Additions to the Natural History De-
partment, 6, 46, 70, 95, 121, 14.5, 174, 207.

Agassiz, Prof. L., vote of thanks to, 140.

Agreement between the Institute and
Trustees of the Peabody Fund, 143.

Alasmodon undulata, 45.

American Naturalist, the first number
announced, 120.

Andover, Field Meeting at, 155.

Geology of, 157.

Indian remains from, 85.

Annual Meetings, 25, 134.
Anodonta, 44.

Ants, Habits of, by Sanborn, 13.

Apache Indians, remarks on, 172.

Archer, Fidelia W., notice of her dona-
tion to library, 137.

Asbury Grove, Field Meeting at, 53.

Asbury Grove at Hamilton, Mass., His-
tory of, 54.

Asbury, Francis, sketch of, 55.

Ashby, Anthony, 111.

Atlantic Telegraph, remarks on and res-
olutions passed, 60.

B.

Bartlett, John, communication on dona-
tion of shells found in Haverhill, 43.

Beatricea, remarks on, by Hyatt, 187.

Beverly, First Church Records, 206.

Beverly Farms, Field Meeting at, 161.

Black Wart of Plum trees, 107.

Blyth, Samuel, early musical instrument
maker, 85.

Boljes, E. C., letter from, relating to Dr.
Riddle's manuscripts, 120.

Boston Massacre Orations, 112.

Boston, England, remarks upon, 182.

Bowlder, singular, 16.

By-laws amended, 61, 62.

C.

Cape Ann, remarks upon History of, 66.
Carbolic Acid. Insects destroyed by, 154.
Cedar Wood Cases unsafe for shells, 29.
Chemistry of the sea, 64.
Chironomus, 187.
Chceropsis Liberiensis, 6.
Church, " First," of Salem, 4.
Cisticercus, exhibition of, 106.
City Mills, remarks upon, 24.
Clarke, H. J., on sponges, 59.

Codfish in Massachusetts history, 67.

Committee to confer with Trustees of the
Peabody Fund, 119.

Committee on the deposit of the Scien-
tific Collections with the Trustees of
Peabody Fund, 142.

Conant, Roger, 66.

Cooke, C., on Indian remains, 197.

Correspondence announced, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
13, 15, 23, 40, 42, 53, 58, 63, 65, 81, 82, 8(5,
93, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 119, 130, 132,
133, 153, 156, 162, 171, 185, 187, 191-, 201,
205.

Court Records discovered, 206.

Cowan, Robert, early musical instru-
ment maker, 85.

Cushman, Robert, concerned in the Cape
Ann settlement, 1623-4, 66.

D.

Decorah, a remarkable ice cave in, 83.
Dog-fish, 59.

E.

Endicot house, remarks on, 130.
Eozoon Canadense, 110.
Epps or Newhall house, locality of, 130.
Esquimaux, burial of, 199.

skulls of, presented etc., 134.

Exhibition, Microscopical, 17, 87.

F.

Field Meetings, 40, 53, 57, 62, 65, 152, 155,

161, 166, 180.

G.

Gardner, Samuel, an early mill owner, 24.
Gasterosteus Wheatlandii, a new species

from Nahant, 4.
Geology of Andover, 157.
Gilpin, J. B., notes on the Salmon, 107.
Girard's Reptiles of the U. S. Exploring

Expedition, thanks for, 109.
Gordius aquaticus, 120.
Gloucester, Field Meeting at, 65.

leads the world in fishing, 67.

Gorilla castaniceps, 6.

Gould, A. A., Resolves on decease of, 69.

H.

Haddock, remarks upon, by Atwood, 68.
Haverhill, Field Meeting at, 40, 152.

list of Shells found at, 45.

Hail Storm at Salem in 1815, 165.
Hamilton, Field Meeting at, 53.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, Leslie presents

one of his paintings as a mark of his
esteem for, 134.

Higginson, Rev. J., his letter concerning

ordinaries in 1670, 111.
Hook, Wm., early musical instrument

maker, 85.
Horned Pout, albino of, 109.

I.

Indian implements, mounds and re-
mains, 87. 197, 198.

Insects, destruction of, by carbolic acid,
etc., 154.

Ipswich, Field Meeting at, 180.

Ipswich, remarks on history of, 181.

K.

Kelly's Island, Fossils from, etc., 1.
Kenoza Lake, 40, 152.
King, D. P., memoir of, 93.
Kittery, Field Meeting at, 166.

L.

Lamson, record of weather kept by, 4.
Leslie, Geo., presents a painting, 133.
Liatris scariosa, 63.
Lichenography, American, 191.
Liparis, from Mass. Bay, 163.
Lodoicea Sechellarum, 106.

M.

Mackerel, remarks on, by Atwood, 68.

Maloon Mills, remai'ks on, 24.

Manchester, Field Meeting at, 57.

Marblehead, the second fishing town, 67.

Microscopes, list of, at the social meet-
ings, 22, 91.

Microscopes presented by Francis Pea-
body, 24.

Microscopes, remarks on, by Holmes, 18.

Mills, New, a law suit about, 24.

Monotropa uniflora, 55.

Morse, E. S., his course of lectures, 135.

Music in New England, 188, 201.

Musical sands at Manchester, 57.

Mycetobia pallipes, 94.

Mylodon found in Oregon, 24.

N.

Nephila plumipes, 56.
Noyes, Nicholas, sample of hispoetry,112.

O.

Oak leaf galls, 17.
Officers elected, 39, 61, 62, 139.
Ogden, John F., microscopic prepara-
tions by, 93.

P.

Peabody, Francis, notice of his decease
and Resolves passed, 104, 184. Obitu-
ary notice of (Extra sheet).

Peabody, George, his donation to Essex
county, Mass., and an agreement made
between the Essex Institute and the
Trustees of the Fund, 112, 141.

Peabody, George, his donation to Har-
vard University, 86.

Pepperrell, Sir William, notice of, 166.

Phaeton Rock, 16.

Physa heterostropha, 44.

Pimelodus, albino, 109.

Plank road in Salisbury, 65.

Plum Weevil, 107.

Portland Society of Natural History;
Resolutions relating to the great fire
passed by the Institute, 56.

Price; Walter, an early mill owner, 24.

Printing-office of the Institute estab-
lished, 136.

R.

Raja erinacea, 162.

Report of Committee on Manuscripts, 36.

.Committee on Publications, 36.

Committee to confer with Trus-
tees of the Peabody Fund, 141.

Report of Curator of Articulata, 34.

Curator of Ethnology, 35.

Curator of Radiata, 33.

the Librarian, 28, 137.

the Secretary, 25, 134.

the Superintendent, 28, 138.

the Treasurer, 27, 136.

Riddell, J. L., some of his manuscripts
saved from the paper mill, 120.

Ruck's Village, a section of ancient Sa-
lem, 105.

S.

Salem, the first fishing town, 67.

Salem, City Seal, 3.

Salisbury, Field Meeting at, 62.

Sassafras Tree, the largest in Mass., 59.

Scaphiopus solitarius, 42.

Scenopinus, remarks on, by Packard, 94.

Sequoia gigantea, 3.
Sheffield, Lc

Did, concerned in the settle-
ment at Cape Ann, 66.
Shells of Haverhill Ponds, 45.
Shot from Fort Pickering, I.
Siren lacertina, reproduction of parts, 82.
Skates, Agassiz's communication on, 162.
Social Meetings at Hamilton Hall, 17, 87.
Spinet presented, 85.
Sponges are Animals, 59.
Stage Company, Eastern, remarks on,108.
Sticklebacks, new species of, 4.

T.

Teeth, subject at the Social Meeting, 88.

Thereva, larva of, 94.

Thornton, J. W., on history of Cape Ann,
66.

Tiger Beetles, 85.

Tolles' Opapue Illuminator, 84.

Torpedo occidentalis, remarks on, 14.

Tragabigzanda, name of Cape Ann, 66.

True, Joseph, his collection of Massa-
chusetts Shells, 2, 28.

Tythingmen, remarks upon, 105.

U.

Unio cariosus, 45.

complanatus, 44, 45.

nasutus, 44, 45.

radiatus, 44, 45.

W.

Welch, Thomas, the last 5th of March

Oration by, 112.
Western tour, journal of, 205.
West's Beach, the history of, 164.
Whales, Atwood's remarks on, 110.
Wheatlund, Richard H.,anew species of

Gasterosteus, discovered by, 4.
Winter Island, shot found there, 1.
Witchcraft, papers relating to, 13.

COMMUNICATIONS, VERBAL, BY

A.

Almy, James F., 54.
Atwood, E. S., 84.
Atwood, N. E., 14, 67, 110.

B.

Babson, John J., 66, 67.
Banvard, Joseph, 173.
Benson, Samuel P., 56.
Bicknell, Edwin, 83, 84, 86,

94, 106, 109, 110, 111.
Binney, W. C., (53.
Bolles, E. C., 90, 173.
Butler, Benjamin F., 60.

C.

Calthrop, Rev. Mr., 182.
Chase, Salmon P., 60.
Cooke, Caleb, 85, 94, 106.
Coues, Elliott, 172.
Crosby, Alpheus, 155, 156,

160.

Crosby, D., 160.
Currier, W. H. B., 64.

D.

Dodge, Allen W., 56, 108,
109, 155.

E.

Eaton, Moses, jr., 64.
Emerton, James H., 17, 23.

F.

Felt, Charles W., 154, 187,

205.

Fletcher, J. C., 68.
Fowler, Samuel P., 59, 153.

G.

Goodell, A. C. jr., 4, 17, 24,
42, 54, 59, 66, 67, 112, 119,
162, 171, 181, 184, 191, 206.

H.

Hitchcock, C. H., 157.
Holmes, O. W., 18.
Hyatt, Alpheus, 59, 68, 84,

88, 89, 110, 133, 154, 157,

163, 187.

K.
Kimball, James, 38.

L.

Larabee, Mr., 161.
Loving, George B., 64, 116,
153, 156.

M.

Morse, Edward S., 2, 68, 83,
88, 89, 112, 120, 133, 134,
154, 157, 163, 173, 183, 187,
205.

Morse Nathan K., 86.

N.

Nichols, James B., 64, 152,
154.

O.

Oliver, H. K., 67.
Ordway, Warren, 155.
Osgood, J. C., 132.

P.

Packard, A. S., jr., 94, 187,

199.

Palmer, Charles K., 160.
Peabody, A. P., 165.
Peabody, Francis, 86.
Phippen, George D., 55,59,

63,86,88, 112, 132, 160, 163,

182.
Putnam, Fred. W., 1, 2, 4,

6, 15, 16, 17, 24, 56, 59, 63,

67, 82, 107, 109, 119, 120,

133, 134, 154, 163, 172, 181,
184, 186, 197, 205.

R.

Rantoul, Robert S., 60, 107,

165.
Ropes, Timothy ,24, 133, 165.

S.
Sanborn, Francis G., 13,

156, 160.

Scudder, Samuel H., 89.
Seeley, Rev. Dr., 154.
Smith, Rev. Mr., 157.
Spofford, Jeremiah, 155.
Stevens Benjamin A., 87.
Stevens, Charles K., 63, 205.
Stimpson, T. M., 184.

T.

Thayer, J. H., 155.
Tracy, C. M., 17, 43, 69,
162, 172.

U.

Upham, Wm. P., 105, 161,
182, 204, 206.

V.

Verrill, A. E., 134.

W.

Walton, E. N., 161, 165.
Wassail, Rev. Mr., 182.
Waters, J. G., 184.
Wheatland, Henry, 16, 112,

165, 184.

Wilder, B. G., 56.
Wildes, George D., 3, 4,34,

86, 173., 181.
Wyman, Jeffries, 88.

COMMUNICATIONS, WRITTEN, BY

A.

Agassiz, L., 162.
Allen, J. A., 42..

B.

Bartlett, John, 44.
Benham, Major, 1.
Bolles, E. C., 120.

C.

Cooke, C., 33, 198.
Coues, Elliott, 105.
Cox, E. T., 82, 197.

E.
Emerton, J. H., 34.

G.

Goodell, A. C., jr., 38, 188,

201.
Gould, John J., 205.

H.

Historical Society of Penn-
sylvania, 105.

K.

Kendig, A. B., 83.
Kimball, James, 13, 205.

M.

Mcllwraith. T., 59.
Morgan, William D., 133.

O.
Ober, Joseph E., 164.

P.

Packard, A S., jr., 3, 197.
Putnam, F. W., 28, 138.

R.

Rantoul, R. S., 3, 67, 108.
Robinson, John, 35.

S.
Stickney, M. A., 3.

T.

Thornton, J. W., 66.
Tracy, C. M., 16.

U.

Upham, Wm. P., 24, 36, 111,

130.

W.

Wadleigh, Samuel H., 55.
Wheatland, Henry, 25, 93,

134.

Whipple, Henry, 107.
Whipple, Samuel, 109.
Willey.H., 191.
Wood, H. C.,jr., 197.

KESIDENT MEMBEES ELECTED.

Abbott, A. A., 206.
Abbott, Thomas Scott, 57.
Appleton, Joseph, 121.
Arey, Reuben, 204.
Austin, Everett E., 132.
Averill, James W., 205.

B.

Bartlett, James, 56.
Beane, Samuel C., 46.
Benjamin, O. A., 140.
Bicknell, Edwin, 85.
Bigelow, Edwin R., 140.
Binney, W. C., 69.
Ely, J. Franklin, 204.
Boyce, James P., 186.
Breed, Henry A., 174.
Breed, Hubbard, 201.
Brooks, Horace A., 109.
Brown, Charles R., 82.
Brown, Theodore 187.
Browne, Albert G., 107.

Chase, Preston M., 166.
Clarke, N. A., 10!).
Coggswell, William, 109.
Colby, Edward P., 133.
Conant, Joseph, 69.
Oouant, William P., 109.
Cook, W. S., 134.
Cowles, John P., 183.
Cummings, S. P., 132.

D.

Dabney, J. P., 86.
Dodge Ellen M., 86.
Donaldson, Alexand'r, 106.
Dudley, Albion S., 134.

•Ci

Eaton, N. H., 133.
Emmerton, Charles S., 46.
Estes, Charles A., 69.

F.

Fletcher, Edward H., 201.
Fletcher, J. C., 183.
Fowler, George P., 132.

G.

Gale, James, 57.
Gauss, Stephen, 132.
Genn, Edwin, 57.
Griffin, LeRoy F., 201.

H.

Hardy, Temple, 144.
Harris, Nathaniel B., 15.

Haseltine, Amos, jr., 166.
Haskell, Josiah A., 94.
Hawkes, Gilbert, 6.
Hawkes, N. Mortimer, 15.
Henderson, Daniel, 140.
Herrick, Horatio G., 206.
Hervey, A. B., 107.
Hinds, Justin, 133.
Hodges, Thomdike D., 57.
Hooper, Nathan, 85.
Howe, Moses, 57.
Hoyt, Mary C., 174.
Hutchinson, Samuel, 25.

J.

Janes, John, 17.
Johnson, Amos H., 106.
Johnson, Daniel H., 106.
Jones, Edward W., 204.
Jones, John S., 204.

K.

Kimball, Jonathan, 85.
King, James Geaney, 17.

L.

Lander, W. W., 94.
Langmaid,' Francis A., 191.
LeFavour, Joseph W., 40.
Little, Wm. H., 186.
Longley, John R., 204.
Lord, Samuel A., 109.

M.

Mansfield, Ira K., 121.
Mansfield, Micajah, B., 6.
Margoles, F., 132.
McKean, Wm., 109.
Meady, Daniel F., 174.
Meklium, Nathan P.. 56.
Morrill, E., 109.
Morse, Nathan R., 82.
Mullen, John, 57.

N.

Newhall, Josiah, 109.
Nichols, Austin P., 57.
Norfolk, Walter J., 133.
Northey, William, 85.

O.

Ober, Frederick A., 107.
Ordway, Warren, 56.

P.

Paine, J. A., jr., 134.
Palmer, Charles Ray, 106.
Peabody, Alfred S., 144.
Perkins, Aaron, 17.
Perkins, Edward B., 134.

Perkins, E. R., 17.
Perkins, Henry C., 46.
Perkins, John W., 8(5.
Phelps, John P., 112.
Pickett, John, 109.
Pickett, Thomas, 109.
Poor, Alfred, 2.
Pope, Henry E., 174.
Porter, Warren, 204.
Pousland, William, 65.
Putnam, John A., 204.
Putnam, Moses W., 174.
Putnam, Melvin B., 204.
Putnam, Wm. E., 204.

R.

Reeves, Robert W., 155.
Richards, W. W., 185.
Robbins, Jesse, 144.
Robbins, Nathaniel C., 46.
Rogers, Seabury F., 05.
Rose, C. W., 183.

S.

Sanborn, Francis G.. 2.
Saul, Thomas, 106.
Scripture, James O., 3.
Sears, John H., 57.
Shepard, Luther D., 40.
Silsbee, John Henry, 183.
Simonds, Nathaniel G.,-17.
Smith, Caleb A., 40.
Smith, Henry A., 6.
Staten, Daniel F., 109.
Stevens, John V., 134.
Stiles, Dean, 133.
Story, Andrew E., 86.
Swan, Charles H., 109.
Swett, Jackson H., 69.

T.

Tapley, Daniel James, 132.
Tucker, James T., 133.

V.

Very, N. A., 144.
Vibert, George H., 191.

W.

Waite, AbramD.,183.
Walcott, Samuel P., 40.
Ward, James L., 140.
Warren, A. W., 161.
Wassail, Joseph, 183.
West, H. K., 46.
Weston, Wm. L., 57.
Williams, George W., 161.
Williams, Henry L., 174.
Woods, Henri F., 144.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS ELECTED.

A.

Agassiz, A. E. R., 5.
Andrew, John A., 3.
Appleton, Wm. Simmer,
109.

B.

Bland, Thomas, 5.
Brackett, Cyrus F., 109.
Brewer, W. H., 5.
Brush, George, J., 5.
Butterfield, W. W., 85.

C.

Caldwell, Samuel L., 62.
Chever, Sarah Ann, 40.
Clark, Alvin, 62.
Clarke, Francis N.. 6.
Clark, George H., 62.
Clarke, H. James, 6.
Conrad, T. A., 5.
Coues, Elliott, 40.
Cummings, John, jr., 107.
Cutting, Hiram A., 62.

D.

Ball, William H., 62.
Dana, James D., 5.

Davis, Henry, 191.

E.

Edwards, Arthur M., 62.

G.

Goodale, George C., 109.
Green, Samuel A., 17.
Guild, Reuben A., 62.

H.

Hall, Elihu, 6.
Henry, Joseph, 5.
Holbrook, J. E., 6.
Holmes, Francis S., 46.
Holmes, Oliver W., 40.

J.
Johnston, Christopher, 6.

K.

Kellogg, A., 6.
Kingman, Bradford, 62.
Kirtland, Jared P., 5.

L.

Lea, Isaac, 5.
LeConte, John L., 5.

Leidy, Joseph, 5.
Logan, William E., 183.
Lovett, Thomas D., 40.

M.

Meek, F. B., 6.
Miller, Frank W., 185.

. N.
Niles, W. H., 17.

P.

Perkins, Augustus T., 109.
Poole, William Frederick,
109.

Silliman, Benjamin, 5.
Swallow, G. C., 6. • 7

U.
Uhler, P. R., 6.

W.

Wilder, Burt G., 40.
Wilder, Marshall P., 17.
Whitmore, William H.,109.
Whitney, J. D., 6.

DECEASED MEMBERS.

B

Barden, Stillman, 25.
Brown, Nathaniel, 25.

C.
Coggswell, H^nry, 25.

D.
Ducachet, Henry W., 26.

G.
Gould, A. A., 69.

K.

King, James B., 25.

L.
Luf kin, Henry S., 25.

N.
Neal, Harriet C., 25.

Shurtleff, Simeon, 2'i.

T.
Tefft, Israel K., 23.

W.

Willard, Joseph, 2!i.
Williams, Charles F., 25.

Brands

1 It t \< I * l»l t ICO l» 1

of ti)t Essex Institute,

BORN AT SALEM

December 7, 18O1.

DIED AT SALEM

Octol>er 31, 1867.

OBITUARY NOTICE.

IT is our painful duty to announce the death of the President of the
Essex Institute, which took place at his residence in Salem, on
Thursday evening, October 31, 1867.

FRANCIS PEABODY was a son of Joseph Peabody, an eminent mer-
chant of Salem during the close of the last and the beginning of
the present century. Soon after leaving school he made an excur-
sion to Russia and Northern Europe, and on his return settled in
Salem, where he continued to reside until his decease, except during
occasional visits to Europe. He was early interested in the study
of chemistry and the kindred sciences, and their application to the
useful arts. He was the first President of the Board of Trustees of
the Peabody Fund for the promotion of science and useful knowledge
in the County of Essex; a member of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, and other institutions.

In November, 1827, the Essex Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons,
in Salem, of which body he was an honored member, voted to have a
course of Literary and Scientific Lectures ; about the same time the
Salem Charitable Mechanic Association appointed a committee to.
provide for the delivery of lectures before the members and their
families. Before both of the above-named institutions Mr. Peabody
delivered several lectures on the Steam Engine, Electricity, Galvan-
ism, Heat, and similar subjects. At the organization of the Salem
Lyceum in January, 1830, Mr. Peabody took a leading part, and was
on the first board of management, and delivered several lectures on
scientific subjects. These several institutions may be considered as
having made the first movement in the general introduction of pop-
ular and instructive lectures, which have been so universally adopt-
ed in this country.

About 1826 Mr. Peabody engaged in the manufacture of white lead,
which business he pursued until 1843. During that period he was also
interested in the manufacture of paper and linseed oil, and owned es-
tablishments for the refining of sperm and whale oils. From that

time, until his decease, he engaged extensively in commercial enter-
prises, in connection with one of his sons, and had recently erected a
mill for the manufacture of gunny cloth on new principles.

Mr. Peabody had a very active and inventive mind, and was always
interested in the conducting of experiments in the Physical Sciences,
or in the invention of machinery useful in the arts. He had always
been an efficient and zealous member of the Institute, and in May,
1865, was elected its President ; during his official connection with
that body he contributed very largely for the promotion of its objects.

The decease of the President will not only be a great loss to the
Institute but to the community in which he had spent an active and
useful life. His memory will long be cherished for his many virtues
and his great interest in all worthy undertakings.

At a meeting of the Essex Institute, held on Saturday, Nov. 2, 1867,
Vice-President A. C. Goodell, jr., in the chair, the following Resolu-
tions, offered by Henry Wheatland, were unanimously adopted : —

Resolved, — That the Essex Institute receives the tidings of the decease of its
President, FRANCIS PEABODY, Esquire, with profound sorrow; that in his death
it recognizes the loss, not only of its most devoted, laborious and enthusiastic chief
officer, but of a friend and patron of science and the useful arts, who, while dis-
tinguished for his accomplishments in a wide field of intellectual inquiry, was in-
defatigable in reducing the results of his investigations to practical use; a citizen
who used his liberal means to advance the welfare of his neighbors by the encour-
agement of industry and the discovery of new sources of profit; a man whose life
was characterized by untiring devotion to those studies and pursuits which lead to
the highest and most enduring prosperity of any community, and, in its more inti-
mate and private relations, was pure and blameless.

Resolved,— That, as a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased, the Rooms
of the Institute be closed to the public on Monday, Nov. 4, and that the members
assemble at this place on that day, at 12.30 P. M., to attend the funeral of their late
President.

Resolved, — That the Hon. C. W. Upham be invited to prepare a Eulogy upon the
life and character of the deceased, to be read before the members of the Institute
at such time as shall be hereafter determined upon ; and that the Trustees of the
Peabody Fund be invited to participate in the exercises of that occasion.

Resolved, — That a copy of these Resolutions be presented to the family of the de-
ceased, to whom the Institute hereby tenders its sincerest sympathy and condo-
lence; and that a copy be also forwarded to George Peabody, Esquire, of London,
who so much relied upon the deceased for the wise management of his large dona-
tion for the promotion of science and useful knowledge in the County of Essex ;
between whom and the deceased the warmest feelings of kindred and friendship
existed.

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE

VOL. VI. 1868.

ISSUED MARCH, 1870.

SALEM:

ESSEX INSTITUTE PKESS

1870.

INDEX

TO

PROCEEDINGS, VOL. VI.

Adirondacks, Geology of, 5.

American Association for Advance-
ment of Science, Committee for meet-
ing of, 27.

Ammannia lingulata from TJ. States, 6.

latifolia, 6.

humilis, 6.

Ants, Mexican, 12.

Aquaria at Social Meeting, 15.

Hardens, notice of, 43.
Bently, Dr., Life of, 56.

Papers of, 56.

Bees, Humble, habits of, 5.

loves of, 5.

Bible, old, 31.

Bicknell, E., Microscopical objects by,

2,16.

Birds, Nests of, 13.
Blue Bird, white eggs of, 14.
Botanical Lectures, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15.
Botany, Microscopical, 1, 2.

Capen house, 48.

Canker worm, 25.

Central America, Ancient implements
from, 56.

Coin, old French, found in Salem, 22.

Committee on American Association for
Advancement of Science, 27.

Committee to confer with Peabody Acad-
emy, 53.

Committee on publication of Guide to
Salem and vicinity, 54.

Constitution, Amendment to, 54.

Copper mine at Topsfield, 47.

Dredging party, 41.
Dungeon Rock, 23.

Essex, Field Meeting at, 27.

Historical sketch of, 28.

Plants collected at, 30.

Shell-heaps at, 31.

Euplectella speciosa, 11.

Field Meeting first held by Institute, 50.
Fishes of Lake Champlain, 6.
Fossils from New York, 14.
Francis Peabody, Memoir of, 33.

Geology of the Adirondacks, 5.
Glaciers, formation of, 13.
Greenhead fly, 37.

Hall, S., first printer hi Salem, 7.
Holothurians, 8,

Fish, parasites in, 9.

Humble Bees, loves of, 5.
nest of, 5.

Indian stone implements, 14, 31, 45, 51,

56.
Iron Foundry at Saugus, 24.

Jenks, Joseph, 24.

Lake Champlain, Fauna of, 6.

Geology of, 6.
Lectures, course of, 9.
Letters Received, List of, 57.
Library, Additions to, 59.
Librarians' Report, 20.

Mann, H., Lectures on Botany by, 8, 9,

11, 12, 14, 15.
Mann, H., Resolutions on Decease of,

54.
Marblehead, Field Meeting at, 41.

Sketch of, 42.

Geology of, 43.

Meetings, Annual, 16, 22.

Field, 23, 27, 35, 41.

Quarterly, 54.

Regular, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,

14, 15, 16, 27, 35, 53, 54, 55.

Meetings, Social, 1, 15.

Special, 32.

Microscopes at Social Meeting, 2, 16.

in Botanical studies, 1, 2.

Microscopical objects, 2, 16.

Natural History, its practical bearing,

39.
Naval Office, Salem, Seal of, 11.

Officers elected, 21.

Parsons, Chief Justice, life and char-
acter of, 2.

Pittsfield, invitation to Field Meeting at,
27.

Printing, first done in Salem, 7.

Rat, black, from N. H., 10.
Rowley, ancient burial ground, 38.

Field Meeting at, 35.

Historical Sketch of, 36.

Plants collected at, 38.

Salem one hundred years ago, 7.

Naval Office Seal, 11.

Saugus, Field Meeting at, 23. .

historical reminiscences of, 25.

School, Crosse's bequest to, in 1C50, at

Ipswich, 10.

(v)

VI

Schools, free, of Dorchester, 10.
School, free, in 1644, 10.
Schools of Salem, 9.
School-houses of old times, 9.
Secretary's Report, 17.
Shell-heaps at Essex, 31.
Sponges, 41.

Stage Company, Eastern, 8.
Superintendent's Report, 20.

Tawny Thrush, white eggs of, 14.

Topsfleld, Field Meeting at, 45.

Sketch of, 46.

Copper mine, 47.

Cemetery, 48.

Geology of, 52.

Treasurer's Report, 19.

Ventilation, 16.
Wardian case, 16.

VERBAL COMMUNICATIONS BY

Atwood, E. S., 31.

Huntington, A., 34.

26, 27, 31, 32, 36, 39, 45, 50,

Bolles, E. C., 1.

Hyatt. A., 5, 26, 32, 37, 44,
51, 52, 55.

54, 55, 56.

Bridge, Rev. Mr., 53.

Schouler, William, 51.

Brooks, H. M., 4.

Kimball, James, 8, 16.

Stimpson, S. M., 53.

Kimball, Jonathan, 10.

Choate, David, 29.

Tood, S., 52.

Cleveland, N., 46, 51, 52.

Loring, G. B., 55.

Tracy, C. M., 26, 27, 44.

Trask, W. B.,52.

Davis, C., 32, 40.

Morse, E. S., 6, 10, 31.

Dodge, A. W., 37, 39.

Upham, W. P., 9, 14, 22, 54.

Newhall, W. F., 23, 24, 26.

Fowler, S. P., 25, 50, 53.

Vose, G. L., 13.

Perkins, A. C., 38.

Goodell, A. C., 1, 9, 12, 15,

Perkins, G. A., 8, 9.

Walton, E. N., 26, 53.

16, 25, 27, 35, 38, 40.

Philbrick, J. D., 1.

Waters; J. G., 56.

Gregory, J. J. H., 43, 45.

Phippen, G. D., 8, 9, 12, 30,

Wheatland, H., 24, 25, 28, 33,

38, 44, 55.

36, 43, 45, 50, 55, 56.

Hagar, D. B., 16. 40.

Pike, John, 35, 39.

Holmes, C. H., 52.

Putnam, F. W., 6, 8, 14, 25,

WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS BY

Jillson, S., 14.
Kimball, Jonathan, 9.
Loring, G. B., 2.
Norton, E., 12.

Packard, A. S., 54.
Putnam, F. W., 54.

Rantoul, R. S., 8, 11.

Sears, J. H., 16.-
Shimer, Henry, 4.

Stickney, M. A., 22, 38.
Streeter, G. L., 7.

Upham, C. W., 34.
Upham, W. P., 10.

Wheatlaud, H., 9.

vii

RESIDENT MEMBEKS ELECTED.

Adams, J., 11.
Allen, B. R., 53.
Allen, N.K.,4.
Allen, W. B., 27.
Andrews, G. W., 4.
Appleton, G. B., S.

Baker, F., 8.
Batchelder, J. B., 53.
Breed, M. E., 22.
Brown, S. A., 16.
Brown, W. B., 53.

Chapman, J. R., ?7.
Cogswell, E. G., 27.
Creasy, B., 53.

Dudley, A. M., 4.
Eaton, W. W., 4.

Farley, G-, 4.
Furbush, J. W., 15.

Goldsmith, J. W., 12.
Gregory, J. J. H., 53.

Harris, M., 9.
Hall, G. B., 27.
Haskell, W. W. G., 53.
Rowland, W., 4.
Hull, W. H., 10.
Ifutchinson, E., 4.

Johnson, W. O., 8.
Jones, S. G., 41.

Kidder, J., 53.
Knowland, R., 41.

Lane, E., 16.
Larrabee, C. A., 27.
Lord, E. A., 27.
Lynde, S. A.,27.

Mudge, A., 4.

Nichols, S. R., 41.
Niven, J., 27.

Osgood, B. H., 4.
Palmer, C., 53.

Perkins, B. C., 4.
Preston, H. W., 53.

Preston, S., 53. • •

Russell, B. W., 8.

Scott, A. A., 27.
Shatswell, S. A., 27.
Smith, E. A., 4.
Smith, L. H., 12.
Smith, S. H., 8.
Snell, N. T., 27.
Spiller, L. S., 16.
Spinney, B. F., 9.

Turner, L. H. P., 27.

Warren, L. F., 8.
Waters, D. P., 12.
Wentworth, F. W., 4.
Wheatland, G. jr., 22.
Whitmore, B., 8.

DECEASED MEMBEKS.

Andrew, J. A., 17.

Denslow, W. W., 55.
Doyle, Maiy, 17.

Frye, N. A., 17.

Hartney, M., 17.
Hubbert, J., 55.

Johnson, D. H., 17.
Joselyn.H. S., 17.

Kimball, E. D., 17.
Kinsman, N. J., 17.

Mackintire, S., 17.
Mann, H., 54.

Page, C. G., 17.
Page, J., 17.
Peabody, F., 17.

Roberts, W. S., 17.
Read, G. F., 17.

Torrey, J., 17.

PROCEEDINGS

ESSEX INSTITUTE

MONDAY, JANUARY 25, 1868. — Social Meeting at Hamilton Hall.
Vice President A. C. GOODELL in the chair.

AFTER some preliminary business, and remarks by the chairman,
Rev. E. C. BOLLES of Portland was introduced and spoke of the
microscopic structure of plants.

The address was an eloquent statement of the nature, form, growth
and multiplication of vegetable cells ; full of beautiful descriptions of
the methods and operations, revealed only by the microscope, by
which from their respective germs are evolved the forms alike of the
stateliest trees of the forests and minutest mould or plant that micro-
scopy has revealed.

JOHN D. PHILBRICK, of Boston, well known from his labors in behalf
of popular education, made a few remarks on the value of Scientific
knowledge to the school teacher, and the importance of the study of
natural history in our system of instruction.

The meeting then adjourned, and the company was invited to ex-
amine the objects placed under the microscopes, illustrative of the
remarks of the lecturer. A collation and social entertainment closed
the programme for the evening.

Diagrams drawn with white and colored crayons upon the Black-
board, by Mr. E. S. MORSE, were used in illustration of the subject.
On the walls were suspended several of the magniflcient lithographs
of Allen's Victoria Regia. Around the room were arranged thirty-six
Microscopes under which were placed slides containing specimens of
transverse and longitudinal sections of exogenous and endogenous
plants ; of leaves, cuticle, spores, pollen ; and sections of coal and hard
vegetable tissue ; most of them were prepared by Mr. E. Bicknell.

LIST OF OBJECTS.

Exogens: — No. 1. Transverse section of Spruce (Abies alba},
showing cells cut through; 2. Longitudinal section of the Spruce,
radial, showing glandular dots, colored; 3. Longitudinal section of
the Spruce, tangential, showing glandular dots cut through, colored;

4. Longitudinal section of California "Big Tree" (Sequoia gigantea);

5. Transverse section of Oak (Quercus bicolor) ; 6. Transverse section
of Basswood (Tilia Americana), showing bast cells; 7. Longitudinal
section of Basswood, showing spiral cells, colored; 8. Transverse
section of Birch (Betula alba) ; 9. Transverse section of Blackberry
(Bubus villosus), colored; 10. Transverse section of Clematis (C.
Virginiana), colored; 11. Transverse section of Aristolochia (A.
sipho), colored; 12. Transverse section of Evening Primrose (Oeno-
thera biennis), showing dotted ducts.

Endogens: — 13. Transverse section of Malacca Joint (Calamus
scipionum) ,' 14. Transverse section of Bamboo Cane (Bambusa) ; 15.
Transverse section of Sarsaparilla (Smilax excelsa) ; 16. Transverse
section of Corn Stalk (Zea Mays) ; 17. Transverse section of African
Ginger Stalk (Zingiber) ; 18. Transverse section of Leaf Stalk of
Banana (Musa).

Leaves, Cuticle, Algas, etc. : — 19. Transverse section of Leaf of Ole-
ander, showing midrib ; 20. Leaf of Deutsia sc.abra, showing stellate
hairs; 21. Leaf of Geranium (Pelargonium), showing cells; 22. Leaf
of Bog Moss (Sphagnum), showing spiral cells; 23. Cuticle of Lily,
showing stomata; 24. Algae, Fresh water (Draparnaldia plumosa) ;
25. Algae, Marine (Polysiphonia urceolata) • 26. Marine (Ptilota ele-
gans) ; 27. Elaters and spores of Jungermannia ; 28. Mallow anther
and pollen; 29. Crystals from bark of Locust; 30. Crystals from
skin of Onion.

Hard Tissues: — 31. Section of Coal, showing vegetable structure;
32. Section of Vegetable Ivory (Phytelephas macrocarpa) ; 33. Hori-
zontal section of the husk of do. ; 34. Section of Prune stone ; 35.
Stellate hairs from Deutzia; 36. Section of Cocoanut shell.

MONDAY, JANUARY 13, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Dr. G. B. LORING read an able and interesting communication on
the life and character of Chief Justice Parsons.

Dr. Loring commenced by an allusion to the distinguished men of
Essex County, and to what they have performed for the elevation of
mankind and for the glory and honor of our common country ; to
Lieut. Gov. Phillips who founded the Theological Seminary at An-
dover ; to Abbott and Stuart and Woods as theologians ; to Story and
Parsons and Prescott and Putnam and Saltonstall and Pickering and
Rautoul as lawyers ; to Jonathan Jackson and Peabody and Perkins
and Pickman and Derby as merchants ; to Prescott as a historian,
Whittier as a poet, and Hawthorne as a novelist ; to Bowditch as a
mathematician. Of all these he selected Theophilus Parsons, as one
of the most remarkable. He was born in Byfleld, February 24th,

1750. His father was Rev. Moses Parsons, descended from a mer-
chant who died in Gloucester in 1689. His mother was Susan Davis,
descended from John Robinson of Leyden, the Puritan minister. The
frugal life of the early New England clergy was described — the
salary of Mr. Parsons being $280 a year, and requiring his labor
on his farm and occasional sporting on the marshes to support his
family. He was the general adviser of all matters secular and religi-
ous in his parish, when he was settled for life. Theophilus Parsons
entered college at Cambridge in 1765; was graduated in 1769; taught
school and studied and practiced law in Falmouth until 1775 ; returned
on the burning of that town by the British, to Byfleld ; met at his
father's house, Judge Trowbridge, who had fled from Cambridge for
the safe enjoyment of his toryism, whom Chancellor Kent calls "the
oracle of common law in New England," and whose library was in-
valuable to the young law student ; and in a short time settled as a
lawyer in Newburyport. Here he married Elizabeth Greenleaf, Jan.
13, 1780, built a house on Green street, lived there twenty years; re-
moved to Boston in 1800, was appointed Chief Justice of Massachu-
setts in 1806, and died Oct. 30, 1813. Not a very eventful life in a
very eventful period. While the great work of the revolution .was
going on he was a quiet lawyer in Newburyport. He had great love
of his profession, and great powers which would have distinguished
him in any sphere of life. While residing in Newburyport, in 1778,
when he was twenty-eight years old, the question of a Constitution
for Massachusetts was presented to the people. There was great
popular jealousy against all law and all lawyers — Dr. Loring read a
curious extract from a letter written by W. Syinmes, jr., of Andover,
to Isaac Osgood, Clerk of the Courts in Essex County, at that time, to
show the difficulties under which lawyers labored in those days.
While the question of the State Constitution was pending, young
Parsons called a meeting of the citizens of Newburyport, March 27th,
1778, and issued a circular to the selectmen of the several towns in
Essex County, to meet by delegates in a convention to meet in Ips-
wich in April of that year. Among the delegates appear the names
of Theophilus Parsons, Tristram Dalton, Jonathan Greenleaf, Jona-
than Jackson and Stephen Cross of Newburyport ; of Ward, Goodhue.
Andrews, Goodale and Sprague of Salem ; Putnam and Shillaber of
Danvers ; Farley and Noyes of Ipswich; Coffin and Porter of Glou-
cester ; Gould and Clarke of Topsfleld ; Dodge of Wenham ; Perley
of Boxford; and "the Hon. Caleb Gushing, Esq., of Salisbury." This
convention sent forth the famous " Essex Result," a paper written by
Parsons, and. containing sound theories of government. "It was an
earnest endeavor to discover and declare how progress and conserva-
tism, liberty and order, might be adjusted in human institutions, that
freedom should be secure, and peace and happiness be the children of
freedom." Upon its suggestions was based the first Constitution of
Massachusetts, carried as they were by the young lawyer of Newbury-
port, into the subsequent state convention, and submitted to the Bow-
doins and Adamses, and Lowells, and Pickerings, and Strongs of that
distinguished body.

After this Parsons retired from politics, was engaged in private
practice for ten years, and did not emerge again until the Constitu-
tional Convention of 1788. In this convention, when there was great
danger of rejecting the Federal Constitution, he offered his well
known " conciliatory resolution." That it might be explicity declared
that "all powers not expressly delegated to Congress are reserved to

the several states, to be by them exercised." This is the first declara-
tion of the doctrine of. State Rights. It secured the adoption of the
Constitution, and drew from John Adams the statement that " our
Constitution was made for a moral and religious people ; it is wholly
inadequate to the government of any other."

Having accomplished this work, Parsons again retired to his profes-
sion, to receive the highest honors which the law can bestow. Under
his administration as Chief Justice, the confusion and complication
which had attended the forms of practice here, began at once to dis-
appear ; and to him more than any other may be attributed the re-
formed state of the dockets ^throughout the Commonwealth, the
promptness of decisions, the regularity of trials, attesting the bene-
ficial effects of a system which he did so much to render popular and
permanent.

As a jurist he was undoubtedly among the great lawyers of this
county and state. To a citizen of Essex County the name of Story
will at once occur as a contestant for the highest judicial distinction
among us. Story and Parsons, both learned in the law, both endowed
with large intellect, both possessing a high moral tone — and yet how
different! The one diffuse, impetuous, unconstrained — the other
concise, systematic, condensed, exhausting. Parsons left the most
law — Story the most books. Parsons cut his path directly to the ob-
ject— Story led his followers through devious paths obstructed by
difficulties of which he never lost sight. Parsons loved the sharpest
analysis — Story delighted in an accumulation of all that related to
his subject. Parsons was a great thinker — Story a great talker.
Parsons gave his opinion to a jury — Story gave the argument. Par-
sons never forgot that he was a judge — Story never forgot that he
was a lawyer. Parsons was an accurate mathematician, a careful stu-
dent, a good scholar. Story's proper sphere was in the walks of his
profession. The piercing, penetrating eye of Parsons was always di-
rected upon the point aimed at — the eye of Story roamed through all
space. Both had industry, both had humor, botli had a kind humanity,
both had deep faith. Both had a certain intellectual arrogance, the
prevailing reproach of all great human powers, and both had that
genuine kindness and private affection which attend all true greatness.

Mr. H. M. Brooks, after a few remarks, moved that the thanks of
the Institute be presented to Dr. Loring for the paper read this
evening and that a copy be requested for the archives.

N. K. Allen, B. H. Osgood and E. A. Smith of Salem; B. C. Perkins,
A. M. Dudley of South Danvers ; William Rowland, of Lynn ; W. W.
Eaton, Edward Hutchinson, Augustus Mudge, Frederic W. Went-
worth, George Farley, and George W. Andrews, of Danvers, were
elected Resident Members.

MONDAY, JANUARY 20, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

The following notes, received from Dr. HENKY SHIMEK, of Mt. Car-
roll, 111., were comuuicated by Mr. Putnam:

5

On Sept. 20, 1864, about 9 A.M., a mild delightful autumn morning,
while walking in the field, I passed by a previously observed nest' of
humble bees. This in the working season had been a powerful colony.
At this time I was particularly attracted by a number of the bees flying
about the hole, or remaining poised in the air a short distance from
the hole as if in the act of fanning the opening. A little observation
convinced me that these were all male or drone bees ; I then ventured
nearer and tore the nest out of the ground. Several large female or
queen bees came out of the nest and crawled or fluttered slowly along
over the ground. Now the males, which I previously saw flying
around and fanning at the hole, eagerly darted upon these females.
Four males darted at the first female that came out of the nest piling
upon each other over the back of the female, wrestling and struggling
with might and main for the prize. One more philosophical than the
rest, observing the crowd upon her back, alighted on her side and
twisted around beneath embraced her belly to belly, and thus formed
in the midst of the excited struggling crowd the sweet nuptial em-
brace. I saw several such piles of two, three, or more males on one
female.

The faftining at the hole which I observed by the males, was either
anxious watching for the exit of the female, or their insect method of
wooing, enticing them to come out, not being willing to deprive
them of their virginity unwillingly within their habitation.

The neuters were all gone, no honey in the nest, which was full of
worms. The bees remaining manifested none of that combative dis-
position which we always observe in midsummer.

I have seen many nests of the humble bee at all times during the
whole summer, and never, however hot the day, have I seen them
fanning at the hole during the breeding seasons, 1 am, therefore,
convinced that Mr. Angus was wrong in his opinion that the fanning
was for the purpose of introducing air into the nest. If this could be
the object, then in the hottest days of midsummer it would be really
if ever, needed, but then I have never seen it, on the contrary it is
only in autumn that I have seen this interesting phenomena, the ob-
ject, of which I am well satisfied, was in all cases "which I have ob-
served, the same as I verified by opening the nest as above set forth.

Mr. A. HYATT described the geological structure of the region of the
Adirondacks and its border of fossiliferous rocks, and exhibited some
specimens gathered during the past summer from those fossiliferous
strata, and in other parts of New York State.

The central region of the Adirondacks is bordered on all sides,
except where a narrow neck of primitive rock connects with the
primitive rocks of Canada, by fossiliferous strata containing numer-
ous remains. This shows that at one time this mountainous region
was a peninsula almost wholly surrounded by water and the fossils
enable us to repeople the sea with the strange plants and shells which
then inhabited its beaches. No fishes enlivened the shallow sea, but
the bottom was carpeted by succulent, thick stemmed seaweeds, and
where stretches of bare ground intervened, crabs not unlike our horse-
shoe were strewed over the solid beds of lamp shells, now repre-
sented on our coast by only two species. The climate was mild and
there is every reason to believe that the whole surface of the penin-
sula was devoid of vegetation, an arid, barren waste, like all the other

dry land at this early period of creation. From the earliest beginning
of' life in this period until the introduction of fishes there is a series
of gradual changes in the character of the animals and plants, but no
sudden cataclysms or miraculous creations. The new forms which
appear are intermingled more or less with the old, and the whole is a
gradual progression, in which the first created and simplest are almost
imperceptibly supplanted by more highly organized beings.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM followed Mr. Hyatt, and alluded to the fact that
Lake Champlain having been an estuary of the ocean at a compara-
tively recent period, that of the Quaternary, as shown by the remains
of marine shells and other marine animals found in the clay banks of
the lake were identical with species now living on the coast of
Maine.

It is a matter of some interest to ascertain where the fresh water
fishes and other animals now inhabiting the lake came from. On
making a comparison of the fishes of Lake Erie with those of Lake
Champlain he was satisfied that the majority of the species were the
same, and that Lake Champlain had been supplied with its inhabitants
from the Great Lakes and the rivers flowing into the lake.

Mr. E. S. MORSE stated that the same faunal connection was shown
in the mollusca of that lake, and mentioned several species identical
with those of the Great Lakes and unlike any found east of Lake
Champlain.

Mr. MORSE mentioned that he had found among the collection of
shells made by Mr. Joseph True of Salem, which had been presented
to the cabinets of the Institute by a friend, several interesting speci-
mens, one of which, a species of Limnadia, belonging to the order of
Phyllopoda, appeared to be entirely new.

The following communication was received from CHARLES WRIGHT,
of Cambridge :

AMMANNIA LINGULATA, Gris. : — Mr. Grisebach established this spe-
cies on specimens from Cuba, and it may interest botanists to know
that it belongs also to the United States. The only distinctive
character assigned is the short style. This at once suggested the
idea that it might be a case of dimorphism now known to be
so common. As I have just given these plants a patient examination
I will state the conclusions to which I have come. So far as the
specimens at my disposal indicate, A. lingulata Gris. is a stout plant,
with larger flowers, larger fruit and seeds, twice the size of those of
A. latifolia Linn, as well as different in form and color. These all, of
themselves, would not be sufficient, perhaps, if the dimorphism could
be shown. But in this latter case, generally, if not always, the extra-
ordinary development of one organ or set of organs is accompanied
by the greater or less reduction of the other. In our plant such is not
the case. The stamens and style are quite hidden within the calyx,
and the filaments are very short, while in A. latifolia both are ex-
serted. It is, however, but fair to say, that in a specimen from
Illinois, I saw one or two styles somewhat lengthened. I have exam-
ined specimens of Ammannia humilis and find in them no sign of
dimorphism.
The seeds of A. latifolia are darker in color, or of a light brownish,

concavo-convex, incurved at the ends, and little, or not at all angled on
the inner (concave) side by the funiculus. Those of A. lingulata are
yellowish or pale straw color, and very perceptibly angular on the
convave side. The leaves are so much alike that a character can
hardly be drawn from them. On the whole, then, though not quite
convinced that we have allowed, all these years, two species to pass
under one name, the differences indicated above, if not sufficient to
satisfy all that we here have two well marked species, they are inter-
esting enough to excite farther enquiry, and to settle the question one
way or another.

Some one may, very naturally ask, how shall we know which is the
original A. latifolia. This I cannot tell, and I fancy it can only be de-
cided by reference to the original so named by Linnaeus. Mr. Grise-
bach's Jamaica specimen has the long stamens and style. In Cuba,
so far as I can judge by my specimen, it must be rare ; as nearly all
that I have dried there belong to A. lingulata. If Mr. Grisebach's
attention had been directed to this point when in the new Herbarium,
he might have decided it and perhaps he did.

MONDAY, JANUARY 27, 1868. — Kegular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. G. L. STREETER read a very interesting paper on Salem as it
was one hundred years ago. He described persons, places, incidents
and social customs with vividness, and presented a graphic picture of
the old town as it appeared just previous to the breaking out of the
Revolutionary War.

He commenced by an account of the establishment in Salem, in
1768, of the Printing Press of Samuel Hall, our first printer, and the
projector of the "Essex Gazette," and proceeded to give a minute
statement of the conditon of the town as it then was. He sketched
the outlines of its exterior appearance, the streets, public and private
buildings, and street scenes and daily life, describing with particu-
larity some of the more elegant residences, and giving detailed ac-
counts of the Churches, Taverns, and of the old Town House and
other public buildings on School street. He then passed to an ac-
count of the business of the place, its commercial interests, the
wharves and shipping. The state of public opinion upon religious
and political subjects was also spoken of. The social condition of the
place, the style of dress, the modes of travelling, the amusements
and recreations of the community were reviewed at length. The
principal inhabitants and social aspect of the town were touched upon
in passing.

The political status of the town with reference to the approaching
revolution was exhibited quite fully, with the purpose of showing the
violence of the contest, the nature of the feelings and sentiments in-
volved, and the progress of events. The principal persons in the
town on each side were introduced and particularly noticed. The ex-
citing events at about the time of Gov. Gage's visit here occupied
considerable attention, and he gave a personal account of the princi-

8

pal tories who were driven from the town, and also of the leading
whigs who remained to control its society.

On motion of Mr. J. KIMBALL the thanks of the Essex Institute were
tendered to Mr. Streeter for his interesting communication, and a
copy of his paper was requested for the archives.

Benjamin W. Russell, Lucy Houghton Upton, George B. Appleton,
Samuel H. Smith, Benjamin Whitmore and L. F. Warren, all of
Salem ; and Francis Baker of South Danvers, were elected Resident
Members.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. HORACE MANN of Cambridge delivered a lecture, introductory
to a course, on Elementary Botany.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. R. S. RANTOUL read a paper upon the past and present modes of
travel and conveyance, a large portion being devoted to the history of
the Eastern Stage Company, derived mostly from its records now in
the possession of the Institute, and presented a very graphic picture
of travel in the old stage coaches and life upon the road.

On motion of Mr. PUTNAM the thanks of the Institute were ten-
dered to Mr. Rantoul, and the paper was referred to the Publication
Committee.

William O. Johnson of Salem was elected a Resident Member.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1868. — Regular Meeting.

Vice President GOODELL in the chair.
Correspondence and donations announced.

The hour of the meeting was occupied by Mr. HORACE MANN of
Cambridge with his second lecture on Botany. ' ..,.

Some specimens of Seche de mer having been placed upon the
table, elicited remarks from Messrs. G. D. PHIPPEN, F. W. PUTNAM, and
G. A. PERKINS, on its natural history, and the mode of preparation as
an article of commerce with the Chinese. Mr. PUTNAM gave an ac-

9

count of a peculiar genus of flshes (Oxybeles) which have been taken
from Holothurians.
Benjamin F. Spinney of Lynn was elected a Resident Member.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

The CHAIR read the programme of a course of lectures to be deliv-
ered in the Lyceum Hall, under the direction of a committee of the
Institute, comrnencing on Thursday, March 5.

JONATHAN KIMBALL read a communication on the School Houses of
the olden times, more especially those that were found in our country
towns, contrasting the condition of things in the early period of our
history with that of the present day. The paper was one of much
interest arid value, and it enlisted the undivided attention of a large
audience.

On motion of Dr. G. A. PERKINS, the thanks of the Institute were
tendered to Mr. Kimball for his valuable communication, and a copy
of the same was requested for deposit in the archives.

The CHAIR, Messrs. I'HIPPEN, KIMBALL, UPHAM and others, made re-
marks, suggested by the paper of the evening.

Mason Harris of Marblehead was elected a Resident Member.

MONDAY, MARCH 2, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. HOKACE MANN of Cambridge occupied the hour with his third
lecture on Botany. Subject : the formation of cells in the structure
of stems.

MONDAY, MARCH 9, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Dr. HENRY WIIEATLAND read a paper containing notes on the
Teachers of the olden times ; also a brief account of female education
in the Public Schools of Salem.

Dr. W. stated yiat his subject was suggested by the highly interest-
ing communication read at the last historical meeting by Mr. Kimball,

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. VT. 2 OCT., 1868.

10

the able Superintendent of Schools in this city, on the " School Houses
of the olden time."

Rev. John Fiske was the earliest teacher. He was born in 1701, and
removed to America in 1037, and resided at Salem three years, per-
forming the double office of preacher and tutor. Among his pupils
was the famous Sir George Downing. After giving an account of Mr.
IMske and his descendants, Dr. W. mentioned the other succeeding
teachers in the early years, Edward Norris, Daniel Epes, Samuel
Whitman, John Nutting, Peter Frye, William Walter, Nathan Goodale,
John Watson, Isaac Hooker, Edward Lang, and others. In this con-
nection allusion was made to two of the old school mistresses, who
kept private schools for a long period, Mrs. Susanna Babbidge, and
Miss Mehitable Higginson.

The first provision made for female teachers in Salem, was in 1764.
In 1793 girls were first admitted to the Grammar schools, though un-
der very unfavorable conditions. In '827 the first permanent arrange-
ment was made for female education, by the establishment of two
female Grammar schools, one in the eastern and the other in the west-
ern section. From that time the new system became more fully de-
veloped. In 1845 the High school was organized and became one of
our highest and most valuable seminaries. A particular account was
given of the origin of the Normal school in Salem, dedicated in Sept.,
1854. The union of the High and Classical schools in the new build-
ing in Broad street extended the advantages of a good classical edu-
cation, which under the old system was very imperfect. The city is
much indebted to the late Hon. S. C. Phillips for awakened zeal in
these matters which still continues with unabated vigor.

On motion of Mr. E. S. MORSE, this paper was referred to the pub-
lication committee. Remarks were made by Mr. KIMBALL, Superin-
tendent of Schools, and others.

Mr. W. P. UPHAM read a copy of the earliest reference on the town
records to a free school, viz. : Sept. 30, 1644. Also a deed by John
Cross of Ipswich, dated Dec. 6, 1650, giving ten shillings a year for-
ever, for a free school in Ipswich, and binding his farm therefore.

Mr. KIMBAU, referred to the origin of free schools in Dorchester.

William H. Hull, of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

MONDAY, MARCH 16, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Among the donations particularly noticed were specimens of the
Black Rat. taken at Hancock, N. H., presented by Mr. BENJ. GOODIICE
of that place. This rat, once better known than the brown rat, is
rapidly diminishing since the introduction into its haunts of the latter
species. Its original locality is not well known. According to some
authors it was brought to this continent about the year 1544, and
spread to such a degree as to have been apparently more abundant
here than in the old world. Other authors have insisted that the spe-
cies originally came from America, but of this there is much doubt.

Another addition to the Museum deserving of special notice is a

11

beautiful specimen of "Venus' Flower Basket," Euplectella speciosa,
from the island of Zebu, of the Philippine group, presented by Capt.
DANIKL H. HUTCHINSON. This is a silicious sponge attached by its
expanded base to some marine body, supported by a skeleton, of a
cylindrical tubular form, composed of numerous elongated fibres, con-
sisting of fascicules of very long slender spicules, forming a square
network, which, with its lightness, elegance and rigidity, give the idea
of a beautiful, complicated piece of glass lace work.

Mr. HORACE MANN of Cambridge gave the fourth lecture of his
course on elementary Botany.

He spoke of the growth of the stem, the vascular tissue, medullary
rays, the bark and its uses ; cork, which is a growth of the bark of
some trees, more especially of the Quercus suber, or cork oak of
southern Spain ; the mode of collecting and preparing for commercial
uses the liber of some plants used for cordage and various textiles.
The deposit of vegetable or mineral matter in the cells gives the dif-
ferent degrees of hardness to*the wood, and hence its adaptability
for various uses in the arts. He also noticed the uses of pith, as the
Sago in some species of Palm ; Rice Paper, obtained from a species
of Aralia, and the manner of obtaining and preparing the same by the
Japanese.

He then alluded briefly to the growth of the Endogens, and de-
scribed the germination of the cocoanut, one of the largest and
noblest of this part of the vegetable kingdom, and closed his remarks
by speaking of adventitious roots, and the growth of abnormal stems,
as in the Dutchman's Pipe, one of the most simple of these aberrant
forms, consisting of alternate layers of wood and bark, the new
growth forming outside of the bark instead of pushing the bark out
and forming a layer within; another form where the growth fails on
one side of the stem and makes the increase on the opposite side, as
in some vines. The mention of other forms of peculiar growth of
the stems of plants concluded the interesting lecture.

Joseph Adams, of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

MONDAY, MAKCH 23, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Among the letters read was one from R. S. RANTOUL, Esq., tender-
ing to the cabinets the die and wax impression taken therefrom, of the
seal of the naval office for the district of Salem and Beverly. This
die was given to Mr. R. by a gentleman who bought it in Boston
with a collection of rare coins, medals, etc., and desired that it should
find its way to the Institute.

The naval office was abolished by act of Congress, approved Feb.
28, 1865. When it was established is not known to the writer. Salem
has been a port of entry since Feb. 7, 1683. The die has a pine tree
in the centre surrounded by the words "Naval Office, District of
Salem and Beverly." The pine tree was a favorite device in New
England. It was on the coinage as early as 1652, and on the flag of

12

Independence adopted by our General Court, April 11, 1776, a white
flag, with a green pine tree in the middle. This flag, the first standard
bearer of liberty, was hoisted at Salem, Felt thinks, as early as
March, 1775, and Salem was the first place reported in England as
having raised it. Mr. R. writes that no such die as this has been used
at the Custom House for many years, and is unable to give any satis-
factory account of it.

Mr. GEORGE D. PHIPPEN occupied the hour of the evening in pleas-
ant and interesting remarks on some points in botany, suggested
mainly by the lectures which Mr. Horace Mann is delivering at the
rooms of the Institute on alternate Monday evenings.

Botany may be considered under four great heads, or divisions.
Physiological, Systematic, Geographical and Palseontological. He
chose for his subject the first of these divisions, and spoke of the
cells, the vascular tissue, the circulation and the growth of plants.
Plants may be arranged under four heads : 1st, Thallogtns, as the
mushrooms, lichens and sea-weeds ; 2d, Acrogens, consisting of ferns,
lycopods, etc. ; 3d, Endoyens, or inside growers, as the grasses, corn
and lilies, etc., but characterized in the tropics by the noble palms;
4th, Exogens, or outside growers, combining our trees, shrubs and
most of the flowering plants. He concluded by speaking of the Cam-
bium and Bass tissue, the latter of which constitutes the material
used in the various textiles, and showed specimens which were ob-
tained from the Roxbury waxwork, and the milk weed. He also
alluded to the lactiferous vessels, which, however, are only found in
some plants, and from them are derived India Rubber, Gutta Percha,
etc. The most common with us are the milk weeds, celandine, and
some of the composite plants.

Lizzie H. Smith, David Pingree Waters, John Henry Goldsmith,
all of Salem, were elected Resident Member^.

MONDAY, MARCH 30, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Donations and Correspondence announced.

Mr. HORACE MANN gave his fifth lecture oh Botany. Subject : the
leaf, its development, death and fall, sensitiveness, situation on the
stem, etc., etc.

MONDAY, APRIL 6, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM was elected Secretary pro tern.
Donations and correspondence announced.

The Secretary read by title a paper from EDWARD NORTON "on
Mexican Ants," referred to the Publication Committee.
The CHAIR presented a Pitch-pipe in the name of SAMUEL DAY, and

13

remarked upon the value and rarity of the instrument, and gave an
account of its history and use. The chair also read a note from JOHN
H. SEARS, of Danvers, stating that several Hawks and Owls had com-
menced building their nests. The chair also called attention to sev-
eral hymn and other books in possession of Capt. DAY, of Salem.

Mr. GEORGE L. VOSE of Paris, Me., was introduced and gave an ac-
count of the formation of glaciers. The following is a brief extract
of his remarks : —

The existence of the glaciers depends upon the occurrence, in cer-
tain parts of the earth, of large masses of perpetual snow. The first
question then to be answered, in the study of the glaciers in their
physical aspect, is, what are the conditions under which snow lies
upon the ground summer and winter, year after year; in fine, what is
the cause of perpetual snow? In the common course of nature the
water which falls from the clouds is disposed of in three ways : by
sinking into the ground, by evaporating from the surface, and by
flowing off from the higher to the lower lands in the form of rivers,
by which it is carried to the sea; from the sea it is evaporated, to
be condensed into rain and again thrown down upon the surface of
the earth. But in order that this circulation may go on, the water
must remain in the liquid form, — it must be water. Below a certain
temperature water becomes ice, and whatever moisture falls from the
clouds, falls not as rain, but as snow, or hail or ice. The higher re-
gions of the atmosphere are in a great degree deprived of the solar
heat reflected from the earth, and enjoy only the direct heat from the
sun, which is not enough to keep water in the liquid form. What then
becomes of the snow which falls upon high mountains, where it is so
cold that it cannot melt, and thus cannot escape in any of the methods
employed for the circulation of water ? Why does it not accumulate
indefinitely upwards until the whole country is buried in everlasting
snow ? This question is answered by the existence and operation of
the glaciers. At its upper end a glacier is snow ; this snow is very
gradually compacted into an immense river of ice, which forced along
by the subsiding and pressing out laterally of the great mass of uncon-
solidated snow at the upper end, moves at the rate of from one to two
feet in a day, and thus draws the snow off in a solid form from a high
cold region where it could never melt so as to soak into the ground,
or evaporate, or flow off to the ocean, and leads it down to a low
warm region where it melts, and giving birth to a stream of water
flnds its way 'to the ocean, thus completing the circulation of moisture
above referred to.

It is at first sight difficult to understand how ice can move through
a long winding valley over all the roughness of the ground. Prof.
Tyndall, however, has shown that the hardest ice, under certain con-
ditions, behaves as a plastic mass. He actually moulded cubes of
brittle ice into rings, spheres and other figures. The requisite condi-
tions are pressure and time ; immense compression, applied in a very
gradual manner, forces the huge mass of the glacier along the wind-
ings of the valley, around the mountain spurs ; welds together several
tributaries into a main trunk, and gives to the whole mass a motion
of precisely the same quality, though far less in velocity, as that of a
river of water.

The great weight of the moving ice produces an effect upon the
rocks and the ground over which it passes, which is not only of inter-

14

est in connection with the existing glaciers of the Alps, but is ex-
tremely instructive in a geological point of view, inasmuch as a careful
study of the geological action of the glaciers of the present time gives
us the key by which to unlock a volume which has been a long time
closed; enables us to restore a picture which has long since vanished;
to see the world at a time when not only the whole northern part of
Europe, but also of America, was covered with vast fields of ice,
which grinding along, over the tops of the highest hills, gave the
finishing touches to the surface geology, and left their history plainly
recorded upon the solid rocks in the shape of a polishing and furrow-
ing of the hardest materials, and show us also that' nature uses the
same means now to accomplish her results as she did ages upon ages
ago, long before man had appeared upon the scene.

On motion of Mr. W. P. UPHAM the thanks of the Institute were
tendered to Mr. Vose for his interesting communication.

MONDAY, APRIL 13, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM appointed Secretary pro tern.

Donations and correspondence announced.

Mr. HORACE MANN delivered the sixth lecture of his course. Sub-
iect : the structure of the flower and the various methods of fertili-
zation, especially that of the orchids by insects.

MONDAY, APRIL 20, 1868. — Eegular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM appointed Secretary pro tern.

Correspondence and donations announced.

Mr. PUTNAM stated that the collection of Fossils received from
Prof. JAMES HALL, in exchange, was quite valuable, the specimens
having been identified and named by Prof. Hall.

Mr. PUTNAM read a letter from Mr. S. JILLSON, giving an account
of the nest containing the white eggs of the Tawny Thrush presented
at the last meeting. The nest was found in June, 1867, and the bird
was seen, leaving no doubt as to the species. Mr. Jillson also wrote
that he had found pure white eggs of the Blue Bird.

Mr. BENJ. S. DODGE presented a stone implement found in Rowley.
This implement combined characters of the axe and gouge with a
groove for a withe by which a handle was probably attached. In this
connection Mr. PUTNAM alluded to the different forms of stone imple-
ments that had been found in New England, and stated that he was
having drawings of the various kinds in the collection made for the

15

purpose of publishing an illustrated catalogue, and that the Institute
would be pleased to receive all the specimens obtainable in order to
render the catalogue as complete as possible.

MONDAY, APRIL 27, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
EGBERT BROOKHOUSE, Esq., in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced. .

The hour of the meeting was occupied by Mr. HORACE MANX with
the seventh lecture of his course. Subject : fertilization of ferns and
allied plants.

J. W. Furbush of Salem was elected a Resident Member.

MONDAY, MAY 4, 1868. — Social Meeting at Hamilton Hall.

The leading object at this meeting was to present a collection of
the common animals found on our seashore and in some of the
ditches and ponds of the vicinity. Very few persons in any com-
munity are acquainted with the vast field of nature that is everywhere
to be found wherever they may direct their steps. One of the most
prolific places in our neighborhood for specimens of marine animals
and plants, is around the piers of Beverly bridge, in the channel of
the river, at low tide. A visit there would well repay any one, and
even excite the wonder and admiration of the most indifferent observer
at beholding the beautiful specimens and the great variety that are
presented to his view. Several members of the Institute collected a
goodly number and variety of animals and plants which were placed in
a series of aquaria arranged on tables occupying three sides of the Hall.

The specimens were all duly labelled and from the cards we copy the
following : Hermit crabs, sea anemones, crabs, lobsters, sponges, vor-
ticella3 or cup animals, young jelly fishes, star fishes, sea urchins,
muscles, sea snails, torn cods, hydroids, etc ; also, of those living
in fresh water, were the caddis worms, leeches, perch, pout, three
species of turtles, larvae of insects, etc.

The meeting was called to order by Vice President GOODELI., who,
after a few appropriate remarks, introduced Mr. E. S. MORSE, the lec-
turer of the evening. Mr. Morse gave a brief and very comprehensive
description of the structure and habits of several of the species which
were in the aquaria, directing his attention more especially to the
mouths and the manner in which each derives its nourishment ; also
the mode in which the jelly fish is propagated, etc.

After the closing of Mr. Morse's address, an opportunity was
afforded to examine the various objects in the different aquaria. The

16

minute forms of living animals and plants, sections of the spines of
sea urchins, skin of the shark, scales of the flounder, etc., were placed
under some dozen microscopes in charge of Mr. EDWIN BICKNELL, for
the purpose of illustrating some points in the anatomical structure
peculiar to these lower forms of animal life. Many of the above
preparations were beautifully executed by Mr. Bicknell, who has ac-
quired a well deserved reputation as a skilful preparator of slides
for microscopical investigations.

There was also on the tables a Wardian case belonging to Mr.
JOHN ROBINSON, containing a beautiful collection of growing ferns
and other plants, which attracted much attention and added greatly
to the interest of the exhibition.

After a sufficient time had been appropriated for the examination of
the various specimens, the collation was announced, and while the
company were paying their attention to this portion of the entertain-
ment, the tables, aquaria, and microscopes were removed to the lower
hall, where those who desired could devote more time to farther in-
vestigations.

MONDAY, MAY 11, 1868. — Regular Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Correspondence and donations announced.

A communication was read from Mr. JOHN H. SEARS, of Danvers,
on the return of the Birds.

Mr. D. B. HAGAR made some interesting remarks on ventilation,
which he designated familiar talk. He proposed three questions : —
first, what is bad air? second, where is bad air? third, how to get
rid of bad air? The last is the most important practically, and vari-
ous methods were suggested. The subject was illustrated by several
very simple and appropriate experiments.

Discussion followed, participated in by Messrs. KIMBALL, HAGAR,
and GOODELL.

A vote of thanks was passed, with the request that Mr. Ilagar
would give these remarks in a lecture, the next season, with such ad-
ditions as may be suggested.

Edward Lane, S. Augusta Brown, and Laura S. Spiller, of Salem,
were elected Resident Members.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 13, 1868. — Annual Meeting.
Vice President GOODELL in the chair.

Records of the last annual and regular meetings read.
The Annual Reports of several of the officers were read and ac-
cepted.

17

The SECRETARY, in his report, stated that the scientific collections,
in conformity to a vote of the Institute passed at a special meeting held
in May, 1867, have been deposited with the Trustees of the Peabody
Academy of Science in the East India Marine Hall, and will be ar-
ranged with the Museum of the East India Marine Society in the new
cases made for that purpose. The Museum thus arranged will con-
stitute one of the finest in the country and in some of the depart-
ments will be unique.

The large room on the first floor of Plummer Hall formerly used for
the Museum, is now arranged for newspapers, pamphlets, and those
books not iDtended for circulation ; the area in the centre will accom-
modate some two or three hundred persons, and is well adapted for
the lectures and meetings of the Institute. The cases in the eastern
ante-room on the same floor will accommodate the Manuscripts and
Historical Collection. The western ante-room has been fitted with a
gallery for the deposit of the Periodicals and other works received in
exchange ; also for the records and publications of the Society.

MEMBERS. — Eighty resident and three corresponding members have
been elected during the year. Notices of the decease of twelve of the
former and three of the latter have been received. Fourteen of the
former have removed or retired. The present number is seven hun-
dred and eighty-five ; — five hundred and ninty-nine Resident, one hun-
dred and eighty-six corresponding.

Biographical notices of the following deceased associates will be
prepared for the Historical Collections: — Mary Doyle, died in Salem,
July 16, 1867, aged seventy-one years, nine months and four days. N.
A. Frye, died in Salem, January 5, 1868, aged fifty-two years, one
month and eleven days. M. Hartney, died at Worcester, Wednesday,
January 15, 1868. Henry S. Joselyn, died in Salem, January 26, 1868,
aged forty-two. D. H. Johnson, died in Salem, February 14, 1868,
aged sixty-four years, one month and two days. Edward D. Kimball,
died in Paris, France, September 22, 1867, aged fifty-six. N. J. Kins-
man, lost at sea. S. Mackintire, died at Salem, Wednesday morning,
January 24, 1868, aged fifty-six years. Jeremiah Page, died at Salem,
November 1, 1867, aged seventy-one years and five months. Francis
Peabody, died at Salem, October 31, 1867, aged sixty-five years, ten
months and twenty-four days. George F. Read, died in Salem, Octo-
ber 4, 1867, aged fifty-six years, eleven months and twenty-two days.
W. S. Roberts, died October 21, 1867, aged sixty years. Joseph
Torrey, died at Burlington, Tuesday, November 26, 1867, aged seventy
years. J. A. Andrew died at Boston, Wednesday, October 30, 1867,
aged forty -nine yearu. C. G. Page, died at Washington, D. C., May 5,
1868, aged fifty-six.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. VI. 3 OCT., 1868.

18

MEETINGS. — Five Field Meetings have been held during the past
season. At Haverhill, July 2 ; at Andover, July 16 ; at Beverly Farms,
August 1 ; at Kittery, Me., August 22 ; at Ipswich, October 4. They
were verjr successfull and largely attended, and at every place re-
ceived the kind attentions of the citizens and a cordial welcome. The
meeting at Kittery was the first one held beyond the limits of the
State. Our thanks are due to the friends of the Institute in these sev-
eral places, and to the directors, superintendents and other officers of
the Eastern and Boston and Maine Railroads for the courtesies ex-
tended on these occasions.

The Quarterly and Regular Monday Meetings have be*en held during
the wintry months as usual. Two Microscopic Meetings, of a social
character, one on Monday evening, January 6, the other on Monday,
May 4, were well attended and passed off very pleasantly.

LECTURES. — A course of seven lectures on Botany by Mr. Horace
Mann of Cambridge, was delivered in Plummer Hall on alternate
Monday evenings during the months of February, March and April.
These lectures were repeated before the Boston Society of Natural
History. Mr. Mann treated his subject in a very lucid manner and
gave evidence of becoming one of our most instructive lecturers on
the study of Botany.

Also a course of seven lectures in the Lyceum Hall : first, on Thurs-
day, March 5, by Mr. E. S. Morse of Salem, on the different modes
in which animals eat, commencing with the lowest forms among the
radiates and tracing the gradual modifications which the organs of
mastication assume in the several classes of the animal kingdom.
Second, on Thursday, March 12, by Mr. M. G. Farmer of Salem,
with experiments illustrating the various discoveries that have been
made in Electricity, Electro-magnetism and the kindred subjects.
Third and fourth by Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, on Fishes
and the Fisheries, on Thursday, March 19 and 26. Fifth, by A. C.
Goodell, jr., Esq., of Salem, on the History of Church Music, Thursday,
April 9. Sixth, by A. C. Goodell, jr., Esq., Thursday, April 16, on
Church Psalmody and Hymnody previous to the present century.
Seventh, by General H. K. Oliver, of Salem, Thursday, May 4, on An-
cient Music. The last three lectures were interspersed with illustra-
tions by an excellent choir and orchestra. Many of the old favorite
fugues and other tunes were sung with great skill and excellent effect,
and in the Coronation, St. Martin's and Federal Street, the whole
audience were requested to join. The success of these musical lec-
tures encourages the hope that similar lectures, with illustrations,
may hereafter be acted upon by the Institute.

THE CORRESPONDENCE continues to increase in consequence of the
more extended circulation of the different publications. The letters

19

have all been arranged into volumes and indexed so that they are ac-
cessible for reference.

THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS and the PRO-
CEEDINGS have been continued as in past years. They are well
received by kindred societies with whom a system of exchange has
been established. It is desirable that these should be maintained to
a high standard, and to do so additional efforts should be made to
provide suitable means for this desirable object.

THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS were omitted the past season in
consequence of the scarcity of fruit and the presumed uncertainty of
having a display that would be creditable to the cultivators in this
county.

THE TREASURER presented the following statement of the financial
condition for the year ending May, 1868.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

Debits.

Athenaeum ; Rent, half Fuel and Librarian $42088

Publications, $1265 07 ; Salaries, $820 65 ; Gas, $12 . . . 2097 72

Express, etc., $172 05; Sundries, $231 08 403 13

Two shares in Printing office, $200 ; Social Meetings, $293 36. 493 36

To Historical account 53 15

$3468 24
Credits.

Balance of last year's account ' f 29 92

Dividends of Webster Bank, $45 ; Sundries, $28 52 ... 73 52
Field Meetings, $36 95; Social Meetings, $381; Lectures

$271 05 689 00

Peabody Academy of Science, services of Janitor, $299 33 }

" " " on account . . . 250 00 > 64333

Salem Athenaeum, for Janitor's services .... 94 00 )

Donations : — F. Peabody, $100; J. S. Cabot, $50; J. Bertram,

$100; J. G. Felt, $10; Adams & Richardson, $11 13 . 271 13
Sale of Publications, $631 74; Assessments, $1028 . . . 165974
Natural History and Horticultural Account ...... 6 30

Balance Account 95 30

$3468 24

NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE.

•

Debits.

Preservatives and Taxidermy $65 70

Deposit in Savings Bank 100 00

To General Account 6 30

$172 00
Credits.

Lowell Bleachery dividend $160 00

Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Railroad 12 00

$172 00

20

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.

Debits,
Binding, $108; Repairing, $3 15 $11115

Credits.

Naumkeag Bank dividend $2000

Michigan Central Railroad 38 00

From General Account . . . .' 53 15

$111 15

THE LIBRARIAN reported that the additions to the Library have
been as follows :

Folios 20 ; Quartos 32 52

Octavos and Lesser fold 344

Pamphlets and Serials ....-.: 2559

The above have been obtained, with few exceptions, by exchange
with editors and kindred institutions, and by donations from members
and friends. These contributions have been received from two hun-
dred and twelve different individuals and institutions, and may be
classed as follows : — Editors, nineteen ; Societies, sixty-eight ; others,
one hundred and twenty-five. A portion of the Library, consisting of
the newspapers, pamphlets and many of the books of reference, not
intended for circulation, has been deposited in the lower hall, thus
furnishing accommodations for a suitable arrangement of this de-
partment.

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM stated that arrangements
are in progress for carrying out the details of the agreement for the
deposit of the scientific collections with the Trustees of the Peabody
Academy of Science, and having the same properly arranged in the
East India Marine Hall, in connection with the Museum of the East
India Marine Society. The rearrangement is a laborious undertaking
and it will be some time before sufficient progress will have been made
to have the same open to public inspection. Several important addi-
tions have been made during the past year, and have been duly no-
ticed at the regular meetings. The receipts in the various departments
may be classified as follows : twenty-seven donors have contributed
eighty-nine specimens of Indian implements of stone and bone, and
other Archaeological and Ethnological specimens ; ten, thirty-four in
the department of Comparative Anatomy ; thirteen, eighteen of Mam-
malia; twenty-seven, fifty-six of Birds; four, twenty-nine of Bird's
nests and eggs; eleven, fifty-six. of Reptiles; nine, about one thous-
and of Fishes ; thirty-nine, about two thousand five hundred of In-
sects; six, fifteen of Crustacea; four, twenty of Worms; sixteen,
about two thousand of Mollusks ; twelve, one hundred and two of

21

Radiates ; four, six of Sponges ; six, thirteen Geological ; eighteen,
about one thousand eight hundred Fossils ; seventeen, about ninety of
Minerals; ten, fifty to the Herbarium. Thus nearly eight thousand
specimens have been received in the Natural History department.

Some twenty donations have been made to the Museum of the His-
torical department, not including the manuscripts and books.

While the collections are in this transition state a farther report
cannot readily be made.

The following OFFICERS were elected for the year ending May, 1869 :

President.
HENEY WHEATLAND.

Vice Presidents.

Of Natural History — S. P. FOWLER. Of Horticulture — WM. BUTTON.
Of History — ABNER C. GOODELL, JR.

Recording and Home Secretary.
A. H. JOHNSON.

Foreign Secretary.
A. S. PACKARD, JR.

Librarian.
ALPHEUS HYATT.

Superintendent of the Museum.
F. W. PUTNAM.

Finance Committee.

J. C. Lee, E. S. Eogers, G. D. Phippen, James Upton, S. Endicott
Peabody, Eobert Brookhouse.

Lecture Committee.

James Kimball, A. C. Goodell, jr., Wm. C. Endicott, George Perkins,
G. D. Phippen, E. S. Morse.

Field Meeting Committee.

G. B. Loring, Samuel P. Fowler, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, Charles
Davis, A. W. Dodge, J. E. Nichols, H. C. Perkins.

Publication Committee.

A. C. Goodell, jr., William P. Upham, F. W. Putnam, C. M. Tracy,
E. S. Eantoul, A. S. Packard, jr., E. S. Morse, Alpheus Hyatt.

Library Committee.
J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, James Chamberlain, Henry J. Cross.

22

Curators of Historical Department.

W. P. Upham, Henry M. Brooks, M. A. Stickney, John Robinson,
R. S. Rantoul, W. S. Messervy, James A. Gillis.

Curators of Natural History Department.

H. F. King, G. A. Perkins, C. M. Tracy, James H. Emerton, Caleb
Cooke, G. Peabody Russell, Edwin Bicknell, E. S. Morse, Alpheus
Hyatt, A. S. Packard, jr., Benjamin Webb, jr.

Curators of Department of Horticulture.

John M. Ives, J. S. Cabot, R. S. Rogers, G. B. Loring, John Bertram,
S. A. Merrill, Win. Maloon, Andrew Lackey, G. F. Brown, C. H. Hig-
bee, E. S. Rogers, John F. Allen, Francis Putnam, Wm. Mack, B. A.
West, G. D. Glover, A. W. Dodge.

Voted, That the election of Treasurer be deferred, and that the
Treasurer of the preceding year be requested to act until a successor
shall be chosen.

The following amendments to the By-laws were adopted :

CHAPTER II. To be added to first paragraph (of President) " He
shall be ex-officio a member of all Standing Committees."

Third paragraph, before the word "Secretary" insert "Recording
and Home."

The following to be added as a new paragraph :

" The Foreign Secretary shall have charge of the Foreign Corre-
spondence and Foreign Exchanges of the Publications of the Insti-
tute."

CHAPTER III. The three first sections to be expunged.

George Wheatland, jr., of Salem, and Mary E. Breed of Lynn, were
elected Resident Members.

MONDAY, JUNE 1, 1868. — Adjournment of Annual Meeting.
President in the chair.

Records of last Meeting read.

Donations and correspondence announced.

Mr. W. P. UPHAM presented a coin, in the name of Mr. E. G.
JOHNSON, and read the following account of the same prepared by
Mr. M. A. Stickney.

"It is a double Tournois of Louis XIII, 1639, found near the Salem
Horse Railroad Office, near the tunnel, in excavating for the new
aqueduct in 1868. This piece was coined at Tournage, France, and
was, at that time (1639), of double the value of one of the earliest
French coins called the Denier, from the Latin Denarius, a silver piece
of the value of a penny and which at that time had decreased so
much as to be represented in copper."

Mr. UPHAM stated that the coin was probably used and lost near the
time of the coinage by one of the early French settlers.

After the transaction of some general business the meeting ad-
journed.

23

THURSDAY, JUKE 11, 1868. — Field Meeting at Saugus.

This day a small but zealous representation of the members of the
Institute met at the Eastern Railroad station, according to appoint-
ment, at 10 A.M., to start for Saugus to hold the first Field Meeting of
the present year. A lowering sky strongly hinted the propriety of a
postponement, but with unextinguished ardor the happy few took the
train for the field.

Arrived at Saugus they were conducted to the Town Hall, where
Mr. WILBUR F. NEWHALL and others gave information concerning
the various places of interest in the town, and proffered guides to any
parties that might be formed to visit them. Several parties were
formed and succeeded in making their chosen tours, and in returning
to the Hall before it rained. This was a matter for general congratu-
lation, which heightened into unusual satisfaction when it was found
that the objects of the different excursionists had been, for the most
part, attained and that the friends had, with much liberality, provided
for the hospitable entertainment of their visitors in welcome additions
to the usual collation.

One party had an opportunity to visit Dungeon Eock, where Mr.
Hiram Marble and his son are still engaged, under the direction of
clairvoyants, in searching for the traditional Pirate's Cave and hidden
treasure, said to have been buried by the great earthquake of 1658.
The story of the pirate's retreat and fate, for which there is no re-
corded authority older than that of the late Alonzo Lewis, in his his-
tory of Lynn, is too familiar to need repetition here. Those who wish
to peruse the story in full can consult Mr. James R. Newhall's valu-
able edition of Lewis' History of Lynn, which is greatly enriched by
the editor's additions and comments.

The elder Marble was not at home on Thursday, but his son did the
honors of the Dungeon Rock very acceptably. The excavation which
they have made in the solid rock extends along an irregular opening
into the bowels of the earth, some two hundred feet, more or less,
when lighted' by lanterns at suitable intervals, admitting of a not diffi-
cult passage, to any one who wishes to explore its recesses, upon the
payment of an admission fee of fifteen cents. They have been en-
gaged seventeen years in their labors and their patience is not yet ex-
hausted. Their blasting processes are only carried on in the winter,
when they expend the funds they receive from visitors in the summer,
the direction being determined by the instructions conveyed through
the spiritual mediums consulted by them. The spot is very romantic
and picturesque, and well worth a visit, aside from any traditional in-
terest with which it is supposed to be invested. There is a good road
to the foot of the hill, if you only succeed in finding the right one,
and the view from the summit of the rock is extensive and beautiful.
Several portraits, photographs, drawings and relics, are shown, and a

24

pamphlet, purporting to be a (spiritual) history of the place and its
former occupants, as well as some of the photographs, can be pur-
chased for a suitable consideration. The visitor may believe as much
or as little of what he reads and hears as his credulity will allow, but
he cannot fail to be interested during the time spent there, and
charmed with the wild and romantic beauty of the scenery, and the
extensive panorama spread out before him.

At the hour appointed for the addresses and discussions the hall
was well filled by an auditory consisting largely of the residents of
Saugus.

The meeting was called to order at 2.45 P.M. by the PRESIDENT.

Records of the last meeting read ; donations and correspondence
announced.

The President called upon WILBUR F. NEWHAIX, Esq., to give
some information concerning places of interest in Saugus.

Mr. Newhall accordingly entered upon an interesting narrative, m
the course of which he stated that the first foundry in this country
was established at Saugus by Joseph Jenks, in the years 1643-4. A
company was first chartered in London, and Joseph Jenks, who was a
skilled workman, and a man of inventive genius, conducted its busi-
ness successfully. There remains a bank of cinders extending from
the foundry to the mill-pond marking the extent of the business. The
ore was smelted from what is commonly called bog-ore, taken from
a neighboring meadow. The foundry produced from eight to ten tons
of iron per week. The first casting is said to be an iron pot, now or
recently in the possession of the family of the late Alonzo Lewis, the
historian of Lynn. Mr. Lewis, we believe, was a descendant of this
Joseph Jenks. The present dam is fifteen feet lower than the old
dam. At first a dam was built this side of the present, but finding an
insufficiency of water they built farther down the stream. Joseph
Jenks continued the foundry business for over forty years.

He made the first dies for coining money in the colony, which con-
sisted of the pine-tree shilling, and six and three penny pieces, bear-
ing the date of 1652. These are highly valued by the coin collectors
of the present day. Other inventions, which were highly esteemed
by the colonists of that early period, are attributed to him.

[A son of Mr. Joseph Jenks, jr., who was born in England, came to
this country a few years after his father, worked for some time in
Lynn, then removed to Pawtucket, R. I., where he built a forge, the
first in that colony, which was destroyed in King Philip's war. He
lived to a good old age and was highly esteemed. Some of his de-
scendants, in the second and third generation, were persons of note ;
one of them for five years occupied the Gubernatorial chair. The late
Elias Jenks, of Salem, a noted shipbuilder some thirty years since in
this city, was a descendant, and was born in Rhode Island. He came
to Salem when a youug man, and possessed many of the traits of
character, especially the mechanical genius, of the emigrant ancestor.]

25

Mr. Newhall also alluded very appropriately to some of the changes
that had taken place since the meeting of the Institute at Saugus in
1859, and spoke of several persons interested in that meeting, who
have since been enrolled among the departed worthies of that ancient
town.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM of Salem, exhibited several zoological specimens
found during his rambles, such as the eggs of the wood turtle, several
species of frogs, dor-bugs, etc., etc. In answer to inquiries which
were made, he gave some highly interesting information concerning
the habits of the specimens exhibited, and also spoke of the damage
done to vegetation by insects, alluding to the ravages of the canker
worm for several years, and its apparent disappearance the present
season in several localities where it had been very abundant for a
few preceding years. This he accounted for by the parasitic insects
which feed upon the worm and consequently check its increase for a
time.

The PRESIDENT remarked that the present season has been very fa-
vorable to all vegetation; the fields never looked greener than at
this time ; the specimens of flowers were abundant and looked finely.
Flora appears to be in the ascendant. The collections of botanical
specimens were very large. He called upon Mr. C. M. TRACY of Lynn,
who greatly instructed the audience with his comments upon many of
the plants and flowers, taking up the several species and narrating the
peculiarities of each.

Mr. S. P. FOWLER of Danvers, being called upon, said that he
wished to speak of the value of old books and papers, " just the stuff
we make history of," and offered a vote of thanks to Mrs. Jonathan
Newhall, of Saugus (who had that day presented several old volumes
to the Library of the Institute) which was unanimously adopted.

Mr. A. C. GOODELL, jr., of Salem, spoke of the historical reminis-
cences, and detailed his visit to an old house which was undoubedtly
built by one of the early workers at the foundry. He mentioned sev-
eral interesting facts in connection with the iron works ; also of the
coining of money in the colonies ; and commented upon the appropri-
ate names given by the early colonists to several places in this vicipr
ity Thus, Brooksby was applied to what is now Peabody, being the
place where several brooks were united; Hammersmith, to that part
of Saugus near the old foundry, etc. Mr. Goodell, in graceful and
fitting terms, spoke of Saugus as a favorable region for the Field
Meeting of the Institute. Being at the junction of the fresh and salt
water, it furnished specimens for the zoologist. Its fields were fruit-
ful to the botanist ; its geological opportunities were excellent and it
was an interesting historical region. Two hundred and twenty years
ago the sound of the trip hammer ranged through these fields and

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. VI. 4 NOV., 1868.

26

hills, and the work and name of Joseph Jenks filled no mean place in
New England history. Mr. Goodell exhibited some pieces of iron
which he found at the bank of cinders near the mill-pond, presumed
to be fragments of castings from the old furnace.

Mr. W. F. NEWHALL followed Mr. Goodell and gave some additional
facts about the "old house."

Mr. AI-PHEUS HYATT, in response to a call from the President, re-
ported that he had made an unsuccessful search for polyzoa. The
species for which he was in quest being nomadic and capricious in
their habits of life, he had, as often before, returned without them.
A specimen of horse-tail rush upon the table led him to offer some in-
teresting remarks upon the ancient vegetation of which this was
a representative.

Mr. C. M. TRACY had examined the specimens of Iron presented by
Mr. Goodell, and having had some practical knowledge of founding
iron, was able to identify them as the sprue formed upon all castings,
by the hole in the mould through which the moulten iron is poured.
This is broken off when the mould is opened and thrown away.

Mr. E.N. WALTON of Salem, spoke of the pleasure it gave him to come
once more to this favorite spot, and especially of his interest in the
beautiful river running through and bearing the name of the town.
He had often visited the source of the river, where at South Reading
it starts from the lake in that town, a modest brook, and then flows on
through Lynnfield forming for some distance the boundary line be-
tween that town and South Reading, acquiring strength from springs
and numerous little streams, occasionally furnishing motive power
for manufacturing establishments, and here, at the point of joining
the tide water of the ocean, it gives life to the woolen mill where so
many of the party had to-day witnessed the transformation of wool
into flannel while the proprietor had kindly explained the successive
processes of the manufacture.

Mr. W. alluded to the large number of children present at the meet-
ing, and took occasion to speak of the value of object teaching, and
was glad to learn that the excellent school teachers of the town had
adopted this most efficient method of imparting instruction. Botani-
cal text books were rendered immeasurably more valuable by practi-
cal illustrations and personal examination of the objects treated of.
A better idea of geology could be planted and retained in the mind,
by a single Field Meeting experience, than by weeks' of weary study
of dry technicalities. And the principle holds good indefinitely as we'
take up one science after another. In addition to the intellectual
advantages to be derived from the Field Meeting, the physical benefit
arising from an occasional day of health-giving ramble in wood and
dell, creating new life and vigor, could not be over estimated.

Mr. PUTNAM spoke of the interest now felt in the collection of relics

27

of the Indian race, and urged the importance of preserving such ar-
rowheads and stone implements as may have been or may hereafter
be found, and depositing them in the cabinets of the Institute.

Business of the Institute being in order, on motion of Mr. PUTNAM,
a committee was chosen to take into consideration the subject of in-
viting the " American Association for the Advancement of Science"
to hold its meeting of 1869 in Salem, and to have full power to act
and make the necessary arrangements.

Mr. GOODELL read a letter from Pittsfield inviting the Essex Institute
to hold a Field Meeting with the Natural History Society in that place
during the present season. Action on this motion was reserved for
a future occasion.

After some discussion of other incidental topics, and the transac-
tion of miscellaneous business, the Institute adjourned, having first
adopted, with entire unanimity and cordiality, the following vote of
thanks, offered by Mr. TRACY.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute are hereby most sincerely
presented to our friends in Saugus, who have furnished the various
pleasant and comfortable features of this day's entertainment, inclu-
ding Messrs. J. D. Lawrence, A. A. Scott, E. P. Robinson, Everett E.
Wilson, Wm. Stocker and Wilbur F. Newhall, for their exertions in
our behalf; also, to Mrs. John Armitage, Mrs. Benjamin Parker,
Mrs. E. P. Robinson, Mrs. Tyler, Mrs. Follett, and other ladies, for
their very kind attentions ; also, to the Selectmen of Saugus for the
use of the Town Hall, and to all others, who, although not known to
us, have helped to make this meeting so agreeable.

FRIDAY, JUNE 12, 1868. — Adjourned Meeting.

President in the chair.

S. Augustus Shatswell, G. B. Hall, N. T. Snell, Eliza G. Cogswell,
Sarah A. Lynde, all of Salem, were chosen Resident Members.

MONDAY, JUNE 15, 1868. — Regular Meeting.

President in the chair.

William B. Allen, James R. Chapman and Charles A. Larrabee, of
Beverly ; Edward A. Lord and L. H. P. Turner, of Danvers ; Andrew
A. Scott, and James Niven, of Saugus, were duly elected Resident
Members.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 1868. — Field Meeting at Essex.
Those members and friends of the Institute from Salem, who at-
tended the meeting went, with a few exceptions, in two parties. One,
and that much the largest, left Salem at 8, the other at 11. 15 A.M.

28

The route chosen was by cars to Manchester, and thence by vehicles,
four and a half miles, over a pleasant road through the woods to Essex.
These woods, famous as they are for former contributions to the her-
baria of eminent botanists, tempted the lovers of flora among the
pedestrians to turn frequently from the path to gather specimens.

Those who rode directly to the appointed town, set out on their
explorations in different directions. Some to visit the antiquarian
relics of this old settlement. The old burying ground is a curious
place and the visitor will be likely to pause at the tablet which marks
the resting place of Kev. John Wise the first minister. There are
other stones more than a century old, and one which "perpetuates
the singular virtues of Rev. John Cleaveland, who died April 22, 1799,
which day completed his seventy-seventh year."

From the belfry of the North Church a fine view may be had, in-
cluding nearly all parts of the town. The bell in this steeple bears
the mark "Revere, Boston, 1797."

The vestry of the First Church, kindly granted by the society,
was used as the common rendezvous. At this place a committee of
ladies, members of the Institute, took charge of the lunch baskets out
of which they spread the usual pic-nic repast, after which the assem-
bled company removed to the North Church to hold the customary
meetings for reports and discussions.

At 2. 25 P.M., the meeting was called to order by the President.
Records of last meeting read. Donations and correspondence an-
nounced.

THE PRESIDENT introduced the literary exercises of the meeting by
remarking, that ten years ago the Institute held a Field Meeting at
Essex ; a meeting of marked interest, greatly enjoyed by those who
participated, and which had left pleasant memories of the hospitality
of the Essex people. The history of Essex well repaid examination.
It was set off from Ipswich in 1679 as a separate parish and called
Chebacco Parish. The setting off of the new parish gave rise to
troubles similar to those very generally experienced in those times,
when such divisions occurred. Chebacco Parish was incorporated as
the town of Essex in 1819. Salem had furnished two ministers to
Essex. Theophilus Pickering, son of John and Sarah (Burrill) Pick-
ering, of Salem, a graduate of Harvard College in 1719; in 1725, on
account of the sickness of Rev. John Wise, was invited to assist
him. He was ordained and settled over the Chebacco Church in
October, 1727, and until the year 1742 labored harmoniously among
the people. About this time Whitfield's preaching occasioned exten-
sive revivals and church controversies and division, in which Mr.
Pickering and his people shared. He died in 1747.

Rev. Robert Crowell, son of Captain Samuel and Lydia Crowell, of

29

Salem, a graduate of Dartmouth College, in 1811, was settled in Essex
in 1814. Among other valuable services rendered to the town he
wrote a history of Essex printed in 1853, which his son, Prof. E. P.
Crowell of Amherst College, is about to supplement and republish.*

The President remarked that at the previous meeting in Essex, the
members of the Institute were much instructed by remarks from Hon.
David Choate, who is present on this occasion and could interest us
still farther by giving information concerning this town and its inhab-
itants.

Thus called upon, Mr. CHOATE in thoughtful and sprightly terms
addressed the meeting.

He said that in ten years a town ought to have made progress, but
he feared their visitors to-day could not see the signs of life and
growth they have been wont to notice in many of the towns in
Essex County which they had recently visited ; they were on the line
of railroads, but Essex was too remote from these facilities of com-
munication. Here we should see the same river, the same vessels
built and sent to the same market ; yet he thought there were some
things in their natural history of interest. He believed in the. exist-
ence of rich deposits of iron from the fact that in certain localities
the magnetic needle was more deflected than by the mines consid-
ered so valuable at Canaan Mt., in Connecticut. There are also nat-
ural paint mines, although at present unwrought.

At the former meeting much was said concerning various specimens
belonging to natural history, but he did not remember that anything
was said about the people. There was a great deal to be said con-
cerning the early settlers of Essex, then the Agawam or ancient Che-
bacco district, which the present generation should keep in remem-
brance. When the records of the last Field Meeting of the Institute
were read, he realized that we were doing a good work in keeping
fresh and present the useful facts of the past, and in instructing the
communities we visited, especially the younger members of them con-
cerning their local history.

Our people have had an opportunity to shew their patriotism in the
late war, and twenty-four of our citizens gave up their lives in the
country's cause. Essex furnished one hundred and ninety -five men
for the war, of whom one hundred and forty-three were her own citi-
zens. Most of the twenty-four who gave up their lives were shot
down on the battle-field. Since the last Field Meeting here we have
had a railroad chartered, this being the third. It was chartered two
years ago; and he humorously alluded to a threat he had received

* This book was published in the latter part of the year 1868, with sketches of
the soldiers in the war of the rebellion, by Hon. David Choate, 1 vol., 8vo, pages

488. Essex, 1868.

30

that there should be an injunction to stop the operations, in the name
of the Commonwealth, unless a report was made. In the name of the
town officers he thanked the Institute for this visit. He said there
was a veil between us and the past which he hoped this learned so-
ciety would help to lift. He eulogized the Kev. John Wise, the first
minister, whose resting place was visited with interest, both by poli-
ticians and ministers. He said by politicians, because the doctrine of
no taxation without representation was first uttered by the man who
sleeps in the tomb of John Wise. Mr. Wise took an interest in our
young country. The first training in old Chebacco was in 1683, and
John Wise was there, and here the military character of old Chebacco
began. In this connection he told the story of the Essex boy, who
having come across the cubs of a bear was finally pursued by the old
bear herself but killed her by thrusting a pine knot into her open
mouth — an act which showed the courage to which he had been
trained, Mr. Wise having had a large influence in the training.

Mr. Choate also exhibited a copy of an old Genevan bible, printed
in 1579, which was brought over by Capt. John Low and has remained
in the family ever since. It was translated by Miles Coverdale, aided
by John Eogers the martyr, and was printed over sixty years before
the first cup of coffee was used in England, and eighty -seven years be-
fore the first cup of tea. There have been twelve crowned heads in
England, down to Victoria, since the book was printed. He also ex-
hibited a long cane with ivory head and silver mounted, which is said
to have been made in 1578, a year before the book was printed. This
also had been in the family of Lows, and it derived additional interest
from the fact that the venerable Daniel Low had leaned upon it. It
bore the inscription, engraved upon the silver, "Owned by the family
in England, about 1578;" and above, "D. L., U. S. of America, Mch.
14, 1803."

Mr. GEORGE D. PHIPPEN, of Salem, was next introduced, and he
described the region of the Essex woods where Dr. Cutler had ram-
bled, led by the scent of the magnolia, as had the learned Oakes, the
genial Nichols and Osgood, with whom several of us have made excur-
sions. He then exhibited and described some of the specimens of
flowering plants which had been collected, among which were the
Linnosa borealis, named for the distinguished botanist, Linnaeus;
Diervilla Canadensis, belonging to the same family; Medeola Virginica,
or cucumber plant ; Viburnum, several species ; Prinos glabra, or ink-
berry; Cypripedium acaule; Mitchella repens, or loveberry, having
always two blossoms to one fruit ; Lysimachia quadrifolia, having four
leaves around the stem, some varieties having more ; Pyrola rotundi-
folia, or round leaved pyrola; several forms of the Potentilla, the
Kalmia, etc. He also exhibited specimens of the holly and heath

31

families, concluding by speaking of the part which flowers bear in
propagating the plant, and of the influence of insects, such as bees,
in stirring up and distributing the pollen. If by this partial account
of a few specimens he had succeeded in exciting in the minds of some
of his young auditors wonder, he hoped they would investigate these
subjects still farther, for wonder was only the shadow of the temple
of knowledge.

Mr. EDWARD S. MORSE of Salem, described the shellheaps found
in this vicinity, and which, in fact, have been found all along the
coast away to Labrador. These deposits of clams and oyster shells
were very ancient, and are to be taken as among. the evidences of art
which mark the period when they were deposited. There are but few
stone implements found with these shells, and the evidence is that
the shellheaps belong to an earlier period than the stone implements.
Some of the latter he described, including the gouges. Some of the
banks of oyster shells are twelve, fifteen and even twenty feet deep,
indicating great antiquity. In Ipswich had been found the bones of
the moose, deer, elk, and other animals.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM of Salem, calling attention to the fact that the
shellheaps probably belong to an earlier time than the stone period,
said he had paid some attention to the stone period. The stone relics
are similar in character even when found in different parts of the world ;
going to show that capacity is similarly developed everywhere.

He exhibited several specimens which had been presented, in-
cluding a jasper spear head and a gouge from Mr. NOAH STORY of
Essex, and a stone war club from Mr. J. S. DODGE of Beverly, who
found it at Lynn. He described the instruments of the ancient Peru-
vians, and spoke of the way of indicating the uses of these various
relics, which is largely a matter of conjecture. A hint concerning the
uses of these implements is gained from examining those in use
among the South Sea Islanders. The Institute is trying to perfect
its collections of these curiosities and he appealed to the Essex
people to brlog out such specimens as they might have in their gar-
rets or out of the way places. Each specimen will be duly figured,
and labelled with the name of the donor. It is important to obtain
a large collection of these implements that we might if possible learn
from them concerning the migration of tribes. He concluded by call-
ing attention to "The American Naturalist," which has now about
two thousand subscribers, but must have one thousand more in order
to pay its expenses.

Rev. EDWARD S. ATWOOD of Salem, in response to a call from the
chair addressed the meeting, giving some interesting facts about the
edition of the old bible which had been exhibited. This Genevan
book, though old, is not uncommon. The first two editions of the

32

bible were in manuscript, and, though some of us may have a poor
opinion of cards, it was nevertheless to the first printing of cards
that the first printed specimens of the Scriptures were due. He then
described the invention of cards with their various characters for the
amusement of a French king. These were at first painted, but after-
wards, as their use became common, the idea was conceived of print-
ing them from blocks of wood. From this suggestion, detached
verses and extracts from the bible were put forth, on yellow paper, in
a similar manner, and in this fragmentary way we have the first
printed specimens of the bible. This edition before us was printed in
Geneva for the use of the English exiles banished there. Christopher
Barker was made the sole printer of it. He thus became very rich
and was made a Baronet. Mr. Atwood also spoke of the exquisite and
clear printing which these ancient books reveal, many of them not
being surpassed by the best printing of the present day.

Mr. ALPHEUS HYATT had again sought for polyzoa with but small
success. He had found one interesting animal upon a piece of sea-
weed, which he exhibited in a small phial. It was one of the Tubulif-
era, a compound animal, originally a single cell; by a budding and
branching growth it gains at last a common body, out of which and
upon which many animals grow having an individual life. He de-
scribed the minute anatomy of these animals, calling especial atten-
tion to the recently proven fact of the branching of the nervous
system from the common origin, through the common body to all the
members of the composite animal.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM exhibited a specimen of stone with a tuft of
hair attached, which had been sent in for explanation ; and called upon
Mr. E. S. Morse to explain it. Mr. MORSE then described the process
by which the muscle adheres to the rocks by throwing out minute
hairs which it spins itself. These brown hairs on the specimen be-
fore us, though having the appearance of being human are not human,
but are really formed in this way.

On motion of Mr. CHARLES DAVIS of Beverly, it was
Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be tendered to the
committee of the First Parish Church and the committee of the Uni-
versalist Church, for the use of their respective houses of worship for
our meetings this day. Also to Norman Story, EcJ. Lander, Leavitt
Burnham. John S. Burnham, Dr. Hall, Daniel W. Bartlett, Grover
Dodge, Horace Burnham, Leonard Burnham, Caleb Burnham and
others for attentions and hospitalities shown us this day.

SATURDAY, JULY 18, 18G8. — Special Meeting.

The President in the chair.

A Special Meeting was held this day, in Plummer Hall, at 3 P.M., to
listen to the reading of a memoir, prepared by Hon. CHARLES W.

33

UPHAM of Salem, at the request of the Institute, on the life and char-
acter of its late President, FRANCIS PEABODY.

The services were opened by the President with the following brief
remarks : —

We are assembled this afternoon to listen to the reading of a me-
moir prepared by Hon. Charles W. Upham at the request of the Insti-
tute on the life and character of our late President, FRANCIS PEABODY.
He was from the beginning a constant friend of this Institution, and
for the last two and a half years the president. In his last effort for
the cause of science in this community he was only permitted to take
a few of the initiatory steps, leaving the furtherance, of the plans to
be accomplished by the surviving associates in the trust, or by his
or their successors.

On occasions of this nature the mind involuntarily runs back into the
past and calls to recollection those who have in their day and genera-
tion been instrumental in the moulding of the various institutions
which have for their objects the amelioration of man.

Some one hundred and ten years since at a meeting of the Monday
Evening Club composed of the leading spirits of that day, the
Brownes, Pickmans, Ornes, Higginson, Lyndes and Olivers, the plan
of organizing the Social Library was matured. Some twenty years
later the Philosophical Library was called into existence by Holyoke,
Prince, Barnard and Orne of Salem, Willard and Fisher of Beverly,
and Cutler of the Hamlet, now Hamilton. Thirty years pass away
and we behold Bowditch, Story, Pickering, Silsbee and Putnam, or-
ganizing the Athenaeum, taking the two libraries above named, as the
basis of the new Institution. Ten years later, White, Tucker, Salton-
stall, King and Ward are interested in the formation of an historical
society, to preserve the rich materials everywhere then abundant to
elucidate the history of this section of our good old Commonwealth.
Another decade of years pass, Peabody, Webb, Cole, Phillips and Peir-
son are preparing courses of lectures on literature and science adapted
to the popular mind, and hence arose that system of lectures which has
been so prevalent throughout the country for the past thirty or forty
years and which has been a great auxiliary to the cause of general
education. After the lapse of some three or four years Nichols of
Danvers, Oakes of Ipswich, Perry of Bradford, Page and Ives of Salem,
laid the groundwork for a society of natural history to develop a
taste for this study and to extend researches into the various depart-
ments of nature.

In this connection let us allude to the labors of Hodges, Lambert,
Carpenter, Osgood, Crowninshield, Nichols and others in organizing
the East India Marine Society in 1799, and consequent thereupon the
forming of the valuable Museum which has had a world renowned
reputation, and which, with the scientific collections of this society,
is being rearranged in the East India Marine Hall, recently obtained
and fitted up with galleries and cases for their reception through the
liberality of a sou of Essex, whom governments and crowned heads
delight to honor.

Some of the above named persons were interested in several of
these institutions ; thus, for instance, the venerable Dr. Edward Au-
gustus Holyoke was one of the original members of the Social Library
in 1760, and at the time of his death in 1829, was president of the
Athenaeum and also of the Historical Society, having held that office

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VO^, VJ. 5 NOV., i868,

34

in both of these institutions from their respective organizations,
thus taking an active part in the institutions of this place for a period
of seventy years.

These have all passed away, leaving deep traces of their influence
upon the institutions of this day, which are modifications of the pre-
ceding to conform to the wants and requirements of the age.

Although much has been accomplished, yet we have only entered
upon the threshold of the domain of science. More remains to be
done before the objects which these pioneers have labored for, can be
said to be in a good working condition. This duty is never finished ;
the more an institution does the wider the vista opens and a greater
amount of labor is found necessary to be done, increasing as it pro-
gresses in a geometrical ratio. It is a law of nature when any in-
stitution or organic object ceases to grow, decay commences and a
gradual dissolution follows.

Let all who revere the memory of the departed and desire to have
accomplished, or at lefist greatly advanced, the objects that were dear
to them, come forward and extend a helping band to those who bear
the heat and burden of the day. Though dead they yet speak in the
recollection of their zeal and energy in all worthy undertakings ; truly
their good works follow them.

Allow me to introduce Mr. UPHAM, who will give a graphic ac-
count of the untiring devotion of our deceased friend to the study of
the sciences and their application to the useful arts, and a delineation
of his character in the various relations of life.

Mr. UPHAM then proceeded to the delivery of his Memoir.*

Preceding the personal narrative was a very full and interesting ex-
position of the influences that made the Society, and the subject of the
eulogy ; what they have been, and brought him into the relation he
sustained, as their chosen leader and head.

Glancing briefly at the influence of the presence of persons of
marked impressiveness of mental traits among the first settlers, Mr.
Upham traced the origin of the Institute directly to the Social Even-
ing Club, designed to promote literature and philosophy, which was
in existence in Salem about the middle of the last century, and by
which a taste for literature and knowledge, a zeal in the prosecution
of scientific studies, was imparted to the community, of which we can
distinctly trace the imprints and monuments through all our subse-
quent history.

Filling up this sketch, with a fulness and accuracy of detail which
perhaps no other person in our community is competent to supply,
Mr. Upham passed on to the biography of Col. Peabody, dwelling on
his strongly marked characteristics, his early love for and acquisitions
in science, his agency in establishing and strengthening institutions of
learning, and his many-sided attainments and activities.

At the close of the address, Hon. ASAHEL HUXTINGTON expressed

* This Memoir has been printed in the Historical Collections of the Essex Insti-
tute, vol. ix.

35

the grateful appreciation by the audience of its great interest and
value, and moved its reference to the appropriate committee of the In-
stitute, for publication. This motion was seconded by Vice President
A. C. GOODELL, jr., and unanimously adopted, and the company dis-
persed without farther formality.

The Trustees of the "Peabody Academy of Science," of which Mr.
Peabody was chairman at the time of his decease, met in the fore-
noon for organization under the Act of the Legislature, and were
present at Plummer Hall, in the afternoon, to listen tp Mr. Upham's
discourse.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 22, 1868. — Field Meeting at Kowley.

The third Field Meeting of the present season was held by the
Institute at Rowley.

A dredging party consisting of six officers of the Institute left
Salem the morning previous. They were hospitably welcomed and
entertained by Messrs. Brookhouse, Ives, Johnson, Kinsman, arid
Frye, of Salem, at their camp house on Rowley river. This party
spent the afternoon and evening of Tuesday in searching the shores
and creeks of Rowley river, and in dredging near the mouth of Plum
Island river. They continued explorations during the forenoon of
Wednesday. The region proved to be, for the most part, too sandy
to be very fruitful in specimens.

By the five minutes past eight train on Wednesday morning, mem-
bers and friends of the Institute, a party numbering about one hundred
and fifty persons, left Salem for Rowley ; their number was enlarged
by some who came by the quarter past eleven, and others who took
the one o'clock train from Salem.

The residents at Rowley generously provided for the comfort of
their visitors. They furnished carriages free of charge to take all
who did not prefer to walk to the appointed rendezvous, a mile and a
half distant.

Rev. JOHN PIKE, D.D., met those who arrived by the first train at
the Town Hall, and in behalf of his fellow citizens, in a neatly turned
address, welcomed the Institute to their town. He at the same time
pointed out the various places and objects of interest, and tendered
the services of guides who were waiting to lead parties wherever they
might wish to go.

Several parties were formed and went in various directions over the
town. At the appointed hour .all assembled again at the Town Hall
to partake of the collation prepared by a committee of ladies from the
contents of the numerous baskets. Here substantial additions to the
usual plain repast, and the presence of the Rowley Brass Band to en-

36

tertain the company with fine music, gave still farther proof of the
cordial hospitality of the citizens.

After the collation the Institute assembled for their discussions in
the Congregational Church. Previous to the opening of the meeting
they were cheered with music by the band.

The meeting was called to order by the PKESIDENT at half-past two
o'clock.

The records of the last meeting were read by the Secretary. Mr.
ALPHEUS HYATT announced the donations to the library. Since the
last meeting there had been forty-four donors ; among whom deserv-
ing a particular notice was Mrs. GEORGE CHOATE of Salem, whose gift
of books and pamphlets was large and valuable.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM announced donations to the cabinets.

The usual announcement of the recent correspondence was deferred
until the next meeting.

The PRESIDENT, in a brief introductory address, stated that this was
the second Field Meeting held by the Institute at Rowley : the first was
held in 1862. He called attention to the antiquity of the town, saying
that during the period of early emigration to America, extending from
1620 to 1640, four thousand families, representing about twenty
thousand persons, came to these shores. Near the close of this period
in 1638 Ezekiel Rogers with sixty families arrived, and in April,
1639, commenced the settlement of Rowley. Among these early set-
tlers were many clergymen and persons of eminent learning, and
celebrated scholars. The early boundaries of the town included the
sea-coast between Ipswich and Newbury, and extended from the ocean
to the Merrimac river, embracing the present towns of Rowley,
Georgetown, Boxford, Bradford and Groveland. The streets were
from the first laid out so that each house might adjoin or be near to a
brook. They remain but little changed to the present time.

In concluding, the President called upon Mr. F. W. PUTNAM to give
an account of the specimens secured by the dredging party. Mr.
Putnam exhibited specimens of the hydroid form of the jelly fish, and
remarked on the law of alternate generation. The egg of this ani-
mal, furnished with cilia, moves through the water until it becomes
attached to some stone or sea plant, when it commences a growth
resembling a thickly branching sea-weed. After a time the branches
bud, and these buds develop into minute animals, furnished with cilia
and tentacles by which they obtain their necessary food. Having
attained to a sufficient development, the Medusa buds sever their con-
nection with the parent growth, and assume an independent life as
the well known jelly fish.

He also exhibited a large collection of hermit crabs, sticklebacks,
minnows, two species of star-fish, and specimens of polyzoa.

37

In compliance with a special request, Mr. Putnam discoursed upon
the " Greenhead." So numerous are these flies upon the Ipswich and
Eowley marshes, so bloodthirsty their disposition, so fierce their
onset, so unforseen and overwhelming their attacks, that the citizens
of Rowley listened feelingly to a minute description of the green eyes,
of the bodily structure, and especially of the lance and blood-sucking
tube with which their inveterate foe tortures his victims.

To indicate more exactly its character, Mr. P. spoke of the classifi-
cation of Dipterous insects, stating that this fly belonged to the same
family as the common horse-fly. In reply to a question, Mr. Putnam
also spoke of the bot-fly, its method of development in the stomach
of the horse, and its effect upon that animal.

He concluded by exhibiting the skull and other parts of an Indian
skeleton, presented by Mr. WM. JOHNSON, and with the request that
the present or future owners of Indian relics would send them to the
cabinets of the Institute.

Mr. ALPHEUS HYATT, continuing the description, commenced by Mr.
Putnam, of specimens collected by the dredging party, exhibited some
strips of eel-grass upon which were incrustations resembling groups
of dots united by delicate white lacework. In the openings of this
lacework lived minute animals which were beautiful objects when
viewed through the microscope. They are called polyzoa. Although
so minute and transparent, yet the whole living process can be seen
carried on in them as perfectly as in larger beings. Mr. Hyatt had
seen them manifest emotion in the irritation produced when one
would interfere with another's comfort. . From an enthusiastic de-
scription of these microscopic animals, the speaker passed to some
general remarks upon the lower forms of animal life, saying that
every animal has a head, but in the lower animals this head is gener-
ally at the point of its attachment. It is not the seat of the govern-
ing power, and has not a high development. Still it is now well
established that every animal has a head, or nervous centre. From
a study of these lower animals one cannot but be strongly impressed
with the unity of design shown by a similar plan of structure in all
grades of animal life.

Mr. Hyatt also spoke of the deltas formed by the Merrimac, Ipswich
and Rowley rivers, and described the methods by which deltas are
formed. The probable depth of vegetable accumulations upon the
delta forming the Rowley marshes is about two feet.

Mr. ALLEN W. DODGE having asked whether the clam had under-
gone any change since it was first known and used by man, Mr.
PUTNAM stated that the clamshells in the ancient shellheaps were
heavier than those upon clams now living. This, perhaps, indicated a
deterioration and a possible future extinction of the clam.

38

Mr. Phippen introduced Mr. ALBERT C. PERKINS of Lawrence, -who,
he hoped, would speak for the botanical department.

Mr. Perkins described his visit to Prospect Hill, and exhibited sev-
eral plants which he had there, and on the way thither, collected,
among which were the Azalea or Swamp apple, Pyrola rotundifolia,
Lysimachia striata, Orchis, Lobelia, the high and low Blueberry, etc.
He was much impressed with the extensive prospect from this emi-
nence, which partook of the character of a mountain view, revealing
the village below, and a picturesque section of surrounding country,
which included the hills of Boxford, Topsfleld, and Hamilton, and
Plum Island and part of Essex. The results of the researches in nat-
ural history, he said, were now within the reach of all, and the com-
munities visited were much indebted to the young men, the speakers
to-day, for the aid they were rendering in the study of natural his-
tory. He commended the work of the Institute and spoke of the
"American Naturalist" as a publication of great value.

Mr. GEOKGE D. PHIPPEN followed with farther remarks on the
plants gathered. He prefaced his description by declaring that the
naturalist felt that he had a certain right in every locality, because of
the various natural objects which excite his interest and require his
examination. The Institute had come to Rowley with that feeling,
and acted accordingly. Taking up the plants upon the table he com-
mented on the Alisma plantago ; Thalirum cornuti; Asclepias cornuti,
the fibrous inner bark of which had been tested and prepared for the
manufacture of thread and cloth; Hypericum perfoliatum, Spiraea,
Geum, Pyrola, etc. He closed with some remarks upon the general
plan of structure and distinctive characteristics of plants.

Mr. A. C. GOODELL, jr., of Salem, speaking for the Historical De-
partment, said that the Institute greatly enjoyed a visit to such an
old historical locality as Rowley. Its ancient burial ground was a
place of great interest. Having quoted from Thomas Gray the lines :

" Beneath those Bugged Elms, that yew trees shade

Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap,
Each in his narrowed cell forever laid
The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep."

The speaker said that our forefathers could hardly be called rude.
They were largely men of culture and distinction, having among them
many ancient divines and scholars. He mentioned that the remains
of Ezekiel Rogers were interred in the Rowley cemetery and eulo-
gized his character.

He read a paper prepared by Mr. MATTHEW A. STICKNEY, of Salem,
concerning the descendants of WILLIAM STICKNEY, one of the first
settlers of Rowley, who died in 1664.

39

Mr. Goodell then called upon Rev. Dr. PIKE, of Rowley, to inform
the Institute concerning a certain epitaph said to have existed in
Rowley Cemetery, which ran as follows :

" Oh Rowley, Rowley, thou hast sinned sore,

Thou hast lost thy Deacon Jewett and will never see him— again."

Dr. Pike, in reply, stated that no such epitaph could now be found
in the grounds, nor could he find an authentic account of its having
existed there. He defended the poetry of Rowley from the slander
implied in the ridiculous rendering which some had given, by giving
the true rendering of the epitaph as follows :

" Oh Rowley, Rowley, Rowley, thou hast sinned sore,
Thou has lost thy Deacon Jewett and will never see him more."

Dr. Pike still farther entertained the audience with accounts of
some of the early inhabitants of Rowley, and spoke in complimentary
terms of the labors of the Institute.

Hon. ALLEN W. DODGE, of Hamilton, raised the question " Cui
bono?" What is the use of these studies of the naturalist? This
question he answered in part, but he wished it to receive a more com-
plete illustration. He would like to know what is the use of learning
all about these bugs and the ravages of insects if we were not told
how to get rid of them. A general knowledge of natural science, he
admitted, was useful to public speakers. Some speakers and authors
had been guilty of gross mistakes, in selecting illustrations from nat-
ural history, for lack of accurate knowledge of the objects to which
they referred. He asked the same question concerning the tracing of
one's ancestry. He thought we had much better ask what are we
ourselves than who are our ancestors.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM, in reply to Mr. Dodge, remarked that the power
of scientific men to arrest the ravages of insects was limited to in-
forming the public as to the best method and the best period in the life
of the insect for effecting its destruction. But what is needed is the
general adoption and carrying out of the suggestions of the naturalist
by the farmers. The failure of a few to do their part, keeps alive a
sufficient number of breeders to make the efforts of many, to destroy
insects injurious to vegetation, futile. To secure the cooperation of
the farmers the legislature must enact the necessary laws and appoint
agents to enforce their execution. To show the difficulty of obtain-
ing such legislation he alluded to the fate of a proposition, made by an
entomologist to Congress, to suppress the ravages of the Hessian fly,
which had destroyed millions of dollars worth of grain, by importing
its parasites. The proposal was ridiculed and rejected as an absurd-
ity. On the other hand the French Government had arrested the

40

destructive work of a species of beetle by offering a few sous a quart
for the grubs.

Mr. D. B. HAGAR, Principal of the Normal School at Salem, found
that the Essex Institute caught speakers as they caught bugs, by
pouncing upon them unawares. He added to the illustrations of the
uses of scientific studies given by Mr. Dodge. Science was of value
aside from its material uses. Whatever brings good thoughts, good
emotions, is useful. He believed that to lift the rising generation out
of its selfish struggle for money we should encourage the study of the
natural sciences. The speaker pleasingly and happily illustrated these
thoughts. He contrasted the real enjoyment of the liberally educated
mind with the poor pleasure of the avaricious money seeker. He
spoke of the happy influence of the Institute. He remembered the
time when the Institute members were contemptuously called bug-
hunters. This term and the tones in which it had been spoken had
given him a poor opinion of the Institute and its work. But a more
intimate acquaintance with its doings had brought him to count it
an honor to be numbered among these bug-hunters.

Mr. A. C. GOODELL, jr., in reply to remarks previously made by Mr.
Dodge, asked that Mr. Dodge would apply the doctrines of stock
breeding which he advocated at agricultural meetings, to the human
race. Then he must admit that it was of some importance from
whom we are descended. This occasioned an amusing discussion,
brief and sharp, which the lateness of the hour arrested.

The following vote of thanks, on motion of Mr. CHARLES DAVIS of
Beverly, was unanimously adopted : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to the citizens
of Rowley for the use of the Town Hall, and their most generous and
courteous reception of us, notwithstanding we have chosen this busy
season of the year for our Field Meeting with them ; to the officers of
the first Congregational Society for the use of their meeting house ; to
Ilev. John Pike and his thoughtful partner for their assiduous attentions
during the clay; to Messrs. Benj. H. Smith, John Boynton, A. Boyn-
ton, Joseph Hale, William C. Foster, George Kimball, John S. Prime,
Moses T. Whitney, Mark R. Jewett, John Richards, Thomas Prime,
Edward Smith, and Mrs. Kilham, and Miss Anna Titcoinb, who have
furnished us with carriages to convey us to and from our place of
gathering, and have acted as guides ; to Capt. B. H. Smith, Capt. A.
M. Hill, M. R. Jewett, John Harris, Frederic Todd, Gorham Smith
and wife, Mrs. B. Cressey, Mrs. Blodgett, Mrs. M. R. Jewett, and
Mrs. D. B. Prime, who have s.erved us at the table, and provided us
with many comforts at our collation ; and lastly to the Rowley Band,
who have surprised us as much by their fine appearance and excel-
lent music, as by their great kindness in offering their services for
this occasion.

Resolved, That this day will be long remembered by us, and is
another enduring testimonial to that spirit of brotherhood and good-
will which the Essex Institute ever deems it one of its highest objects
to promote among all citizens of the county.

41

Samuel R. Nichols and Samuel G. Jones, both of Salem, and Rich-
ardson Knowland, of Marblehead were elected Eesident Members.

THURSDAY, AUGUST 6, 1868. — Field Meeting at Marblehead.

According to the Programme, this meeting, the fourth of the pres-
ent season, commenced at the Eastern Railroad Station, at 9.15
A.M. ; the majority of the members and friends of the Institute who
attended the meeting, numbering more than four hundred persons,
taking the cars at the above named hour.

Several of the members embarked on the yacht America, at Derby
wharf, in the early morn, to collect marine specimens by dredging and
grappling. The boat was headed first for the Beverly shore to re-
ceive Prof. S. F. Baird of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington,
and Rev. Joshua A. Swan from Kennebunk, Me. On the way some
eelgrass was picked up, thickly coated with hydroids and bryozoa.
The whole number of persons expected being received on board,
the morning's work began.

Strickly speaking, this was not a dredging, but a grappling party,
on their way to search the kelp-grounds in and around Salem harbor.
For this purpose they were furnished with a suitable grapple consist-
ing of an iron bar about fourteen inches long, with a loop of iron on
one side, and four groups, each containing four stout iron hooks on
the other side. By the iron loop this contrivance is attached to a
stout rope, while a heavy iron weight is attached about five feet above
the hooks. When thrown overboard the weight drags along the bot-
tom, while the bar comes trailing after, lying upon its side and pre-
senting the points of its hooks to catch whatever lies in its course.

The yacht was sailed over kelp-grounds, the. grapple thrown over,
and after dragging a short distance was drawn up loaded with the
kelp weed. A hungry rush of eager naturalists and soon the hooks
were cleared, and each man sat searching the leaves, the stems, and
especially the roots of the weed with one eye, while he guarded the
material he had appropriated for his personal examination with the
other. This latter work was much less effectively and successfully
done than the former. Meanwhile the grapple was thrown again.
The kelp market soon became glutted. Then a more peaceful and
quiet enjoyment of the many fine and beautiful specimens of marine
animals took place. The glass jars were rapidly stocked with strange
and elegant forms of life, conspicuous among which were brilliantly
colored worms with fringed extremities. Thus was kept the promise
of the proverb to early birds.

PROCEEDINGS KSSKX INST., VOL. VI. G NOV., 1869.

42

A net was occasionally used to capture some medusae as they floated
by, and beside the more common form (Aurelia flavidula), one (Idyia
roseola') was secured, of oval form, whose pink, radiating tubes, cov-
ered with beautiful fringe in constant motion, gave it great beauty.

On landing at Marblehead, about noon, sufficient time remained be-
fore the hour for the afternoon discussions to permit of a visit to
some Indian shellheaps situated in a grove on the northern shore of
the town. With recovered vigor this expedition was entered upon
and accomplished with much pleasure but little profit. Those who
arrived at Marblehead earlier in the forenoon, rendezvoused at the
Town Hall, divided into companies as is customary, and some with,
and some without guides, went in various directions to explore the
town. One party, with patient and laborious digging examined the
shellheaps above mentioned.

Many went to the Neck, crossing in boats, and visited the camps
where people from Nashua, Lowell, Worcester and other places are
"dwelling in tabernacles," and enjoying the delights of the sea-shore.
There are several hundred of these summer residents now on the
Neck, and their camps are known by the names of the places whence
their occupants came, such as "Nashua Village," " Camp Worcester,"
etc. A few wooden houses have been erected for the accommodation
of summer visitors, but the great majority live for the few weeks of
the heated term in canvas tents, and as cold weather approaches they
"take up their beds and walk" or ride to their distant and more per-
manent homes. Some of the land on the Neck appears to be in a high
state of cultivation, and the portion leased and improved by Mr. ELIAS
HAM attracted special notice for the excellent vegetables growing
thereon. Many interesting Indian relics have been found here, and
Mr. Ham presented several valuable specimens to the Institute.

Others of the party went to Fort Sewall, where they were received
with polite attention by the officer in charge. The government
works were admired for their beauty and for the manifest care still
bestowed upon them.

The fine old mansion of Dr. DANIEL GILE attracted many visitors,
who were permitted by the genial proprietor to inspect the identical
room where Vice President Elbridge Gerry first saw the light.

The magnificent geological, miueralogical and archaiological col-
lections of Mr. JAS. J. H. GREGORY were also visited at his residence.

The excellent Reading-room of Dr. J. WELLMAN attracted many
who desired to book themselves up in the news of the day, and to
whom the proprietor sent a kind invitation to give him a call.

A few antiquarians accepted the invitation from GLOVER BROUGH-
TON, Esq., the Town Clerk, to inspect the ancient town records. The
old deed, conveying "the towue ship of Marble Head" from certain

43

unpronounceable Indian 'names to certain English named trustees,
dated in 1684, was an object of special interest; the grantors hail of
Natick, in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay.

The old Bank building was examined by many of the party, who
were interested in the peculiar architecture and decorations of an
aristocratic residence of a century ago ; even the paper on the walls
was imported from England. This structure is supposed to have
been built in 1768, for Col. Jeremiah Lee, and, like the Sparhawk and
Pepperrell houses at Kittery, is a fine specimen of the palatial man-
sions of the nabobs of the last century. The venerable cashier, JOHN
SPARHAWK, Esq., who occupies a portion of the building, very kindly
received the company and politely permitted them to inspect the
premises.

The old Burying Hill, and indeed many other places of interest,
were not forgotten or neglected by the Institute party.

At one o'clock all gathered at the Town Hall, where a pic-nic colla-
tion, arranged from the baskets by a committee of ladies, was quickly
transferred from the tables to the hungry mouths of the rovers.

From the Town Hall went all to the Universalist Church, where the
customary meeting for reports and disscussions was called to order by
the PRESIDENT at half past two o'clock. The records of the last
meeting and the correspondence were read by the SECRETARY. Do-
nations to the library were announced by Mr. ALPHEUS HYATT, and
donations to the cabinet by Mr. F. W. PUTNAM.

After a brief allusion to a former Field Meeting of the Institute held
at this place ten years ago, and to the part which a former pastor of
this church, Rev. Stillman Barden,* had taken in the proceedings
at that time, the PRESIDENT invited Mr. JAMES J. H. GREGORY of
Marblehead, as one well versed in the geology of the region, to im-
part to the audience the information he had acquired. In response,
Mr. Gregory gave a very clear and interesting description of the geol-
ogy of the town. It is for the most part composed of sienite and
greenstone, cut by veins of trap. At the north part of the town the
greenstone cuts the sieuite ; at the south they blend. At the lower
part of the town is a rose-quartz, which would make excellent build-
ing material. At Burlington, Vt., he had seen a church built of alter-
nate blocks of quartz and limestone, and the effect produced was very
pleasing. The solution of the question as to the probable method by
which the trap was formed, was contained in a single vein of trap in

* Rev. Mr. BAKDEN was an active member of the Institute, a frequent attendant
upon these meetings, and a zealous mineralogist and geologist. He died at Hock-
port, August 7, 1865, to which place he removed in August, 1861. A memoir of
Mr. Barden by Rev. Mrs. P. A. HANAFOKD is printed in the seventh volume
of the Historical Collections of the Essex Institute.

tlie town, in which a block of greenstone was so imbedded as to show
that it fell in while the trap was in a molten state. There is a mag-
nificent development of porphyry at the Neck which runs submarine
and appears at Tinker's Island, then runs submarine and again emer-
ges at half-way rock. The back of the Neck is porphyry and sienite
with greenstone. The latter is here and there washed out so that
great chasms are thus produced. He accounted for the crookedness
of the streets of the town by stating that they followed the natural
valleys. Moreover, nearly all their cellars have been made by blast-
ing. The rock in which they are formed is very hard, so that to save
expense houses have been placed where the cellar could be most
easily obtained. Their pastures are excellent, and although used
through several generations grow better instead of poorer. This is
owing to the fact that the nourishment for the vegetation is furnished
largely by the disintegration of the stones abounding in them.

Mr. C. M. TRACY of Lynn, described in a very happy style, some of
the plants that had been gathered. Among which were the orchis,
cleaver, wild bergamot, button-bush, etc. The collection of botanical
specimens was very large and Mr. Tracy felt compelled to give place
to others before a small portion only had been described.

Mr. ALPHEUS HYATT commenced a description of the large number
of marine specimens collected from the kelp. Remarking that it is
not generally known that we have native sponges, he exhibited a
specimen of sponge attached to the root of a kelp weed. He ex-
plained the structure, growth and method of development of sponges,
saying that they were compound animals, that is, a community of ani-
mals, living in a common investing membrane. The utility of the
sponges of commerce is owing to the development of horny fibre in
this membrane, in the place of calcareous spicula? which form the
framework of our native sponges.

Upon a muscle shell exhibited was a gelatinous spot which proved
under the microscope to be a community of animals belonging to the
class of Mollusks. and named Ascidians. They are similar in general
structure to the clam. A question here being asked concerning the
clam, Mr. Hyatt described its anatomical structure. He also passed
around in a bottle and described some specimens of the Bryozoa or
moss animals, as illustrating the composite animals call Polyzoa.

Mr. GEORGE D. PHIPPEN of Salem, continued an account of the
plants. On his way to the meeting he had collected the common
weeds, and he proceeded to give an interesting account of their intro-
duction and classification. The greater part of them were introduced
foreigners, the gypsies of vegetation. A weed had been defined to
be " a plant out of place," but a true weed was more than that, being
troublesome and useless.

45

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM continued a description of the marine specimens.
He said that Mr. Hyatt had spoken concerning representatives of the
Protozoa and Mollusks. Between these two classes is another called
the Radiates. Belonging to this class were the star-fishes, the sea-
urchins, the brittle stars, and the jelly-fish. The distinctive charac-
teristic of these animals is that the different parts of their structure
all radiate from the mouth. After a minute account of their anatomi-
cal peculiarities, he gave an interesting description of the various and
multitudinous forms of life found on the roots of kelp. He had found,
to-day, upon them, representatives of all the classes of "the animal
kingdom, excepting mammals, birds, reptiles and insects. In conclud-
ing he announced the donation to the Institute of an Indian gouge by
Mr. R. RAMSDELL.

Mr. GREGORY of Marblehead, in reply to request from the President,
gave an account of a valuable collection of Indian relics, numbering
upwards of two thousand, made by himself during the last eighteen
or twenty years. Marblehead, he believed, was, to the Indians, a
manufacturing centre. This was indicated by the number of imper-
fect and half-formed implements and the numerous chippings of stone
found. Here also was an Indian fort, whose identity he considers as
thoroughly established. Salem, he said, had appropriated the name
of Naumkeag, when it more properly belonged to Marblehead. The
Indian name meant " good-flshing ground;" therefore inappropriate
to Salem, for when Salem people went " a fishing" they came over to
Marblehead.

The PRESIDENT, after brief allusion to the ancient history of the
town, announced that the hour for closing the meeting had nearly
arrived. Whereupon the following resolution of thanks was unani-
mously adopted : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute are hereby presented
to the Proprietors of the Universalist Church for the use of this place
of meeting ; to the Sutton Light Infantry for the use of their tables ;
to the Selectmen for the use of the Town Hall : to Messrs. J. J. H.
Gregory, J. P.. Haskell, R. Knowland, J. E. Hiler, Mason Harris, Wil-
liam Gilley, jr., John Sparhawk, A. Lackey, Mrs. M. H. Reynolds, and
John W. Reynolds, for polite attentions ; and to many other citizens
of the town for many acts of courtesy to our party during the day.

THURSDAY, SEPTEMBERS, 1868. — Field Meeting at Topsfield.

The fifth Field Meeting of the present Season was held at Topsfleld.
The number in attendance was large, the Eastern Railroad furnishing
an extra train to connect with the regular train over the Danvers and
Georgetown road. On the arrival of the party at Topsfield, they
assembled at Union Hall under the Methodist Church, where they were

46

welcomed to the ancient town by Prof. NKHEMIAH CLKAVELAND, who
alluded to the characteristics of the place, particularly to some fea-
tures of its history. He spoke of the Indian name of the place, Shene-
wemedy, and said that its unwritten Indian history was of course
almost unknown. There were no mounds or cemeteries giving defi-
nite memoranda of what the place was prior to the advent of the
white race. No Indian relics had been found, excepting a few rude
utensils which are frequently dug up, as stone chisels, hammers, arrow-
heads, etc., etc.

The first white settlers came here from Salem and Ipswich, the
earliest official record bearing date of 1639, when what is now Tops-
field was included in Salem Village. In 1(542, New Meadows seemed
to comprise a portion of Salem Village, and this conflict of boundaries
appears to have created a serious dispute, which in witchcraft times
had produced the most bitter hatred between the contestants. In the
first records of New Meadows it is shown that John Endicott owned
500 acres of land in what is now the western part of Topsfleld, and a
grandson and two of his sons settled here. Simon Bradstreet
owned 500 acres in what is now the eastern part of the town, and one
of his descendants is still living on the hill. It was through the in-
fluence of Mr. Symonds, who came here from Ipswich, that the name
of Topsfleld was adopted, from the parish in England whence he
came. The; town was incorporated in 1650. In 1692, Abigail Hobbs
of Topsfleld was one of the earliest accusers in the witchcraft prose-
cutions, her own parents even being among her victims. Mary Esty
of Topsfleld was arrested and released, and again arrested, convicted
and executed. B. W. Crowninshield subsequently occupied the
house in which Mary Esty had lived.

Among the old families of Topsfleld we find the names of Gould,
Perkins, Peabody, Wildes, Porter, Dwinnells, etc., whose large pos-
terity are widely scattered over the country. Mr. Cleaveland claimed
that Topsfleld was a pleasant town, though not striking. The hills af-
ford interesting views of the ocean, of several mountain peaks and of
the surrounding towns. Ipswich river runs through Topsfield, and
there are several smaller streams. The "mudsills" of some of the
brooks had in former times been a fruitful source of dispute and liti-
gation. Among the ponds, that known as Pritchard's, or recently as
Hood's pond, is most worthy of mention.

In 1648, Gov. Endicott discovered copper on his farm, and three
attempts have, at different periods, been made to render the working
productive, but the yield is not sufficient to be profitable.

Mr. Cleaveland also alluded to some of the old buildings in the
town, tracing the ancestry of Joe Smith, of Mormon notoriety, to a
house still standing in Topsfleld. The house in which Capt. Thos.

47

Perkins was born was also pointed out. In concluding his remarks,
he stated that agriculture was the principal productive industry of the
town, although there were several extensive shoe manufactories, a
wagon manufactory, etc., all of which enjoyed a reputation for good
work.

The company then separated into small parties, and under the direc-
tion of kind guides, visited the several localities of interest ; many
ascended the "Great Hill" and enjoyed the extensive and beautiful
views from that eminence ; some visited Hood's Pond ; some went to
the Academy, some to River Hill, the cemeteries, etc., while the great
majority at some time during the day called at the old Capen House,
which is said to be over two centuries old, and whose proprietor has
returned so far as practicable to the original plan and finish of the
house throughout ; while the farm bequeathed to the Essex Agricul-
tural Society by the late Dr. John G. Treadwell, was not neglected.
The farm is now carried on by Mr. A. H. Gould, who, in accordance
with the provisions of the Treadwell will, is conducting a series of
experiments in practical agriculture.

The Great Hill is well named, its massive dimensions fully justify-
ing the title. Quite a number of the party visited it and toiled up its
tedious ascent. From its summit a magnificent panorama of Topsfleld
and the surrounding country is spread out, the scenery presenting a
picturesque combination of village, house dotted hills, woods and iso-
lated settlements. As the eye sweeps the horizon, distant mountains
present their cloud-like outlines, while the settlements at Beverly,
Wenham and Hamilton, and the white beach at Ipswich are plainly
in sight.

The high lands and bald hills of the surrounding towns are con-
spicuous, the meeting-house at Linebrook parish, within the limits of
Ipswich, appearing conspicuously and apparently at the foot of one
them. At the foot of Great Hill, on the eastern side, there is quite
a little village, and not far from this locality, there are numerous
hollows and remains of cellars where it is supposed the original set-
tlers of Topsfield dwelt. This locality is called "the College," be-
cause the town officials and like dignitaries, are said to have resided
there.

The locality of the copper mine is in the south-west side of the
town, near the Danvers and Middleton lines. In July or August,
1839. it was opened, with what was then thought a fair promise of
success, both as to the quantity and quality of the metal ; but nothing
came of the effort, and nothing remains of the mine more valuable than
its traditionary reputation. The story which led to the effort to work
it in 1839, is substantially this : — Seventy years before, an Englishman,
named Bunting, of a scientific turn and solitary habits, while rambling

48

about, discovered evidences of copper ore, some of which was ob-
tained by excavating. He made known his discovery to the owner of
the land and entered into an agreement to work it at his own cost, giv-
ing the owner one-sixteenth of what was obtained. A vessel load was
dug and shipped to England, but Bunting, who accompanied it, was
taken sick and died, and no one knew what became of the ore. In pro-
cess of time the affair was forgotten except by one or two of the " old-
est inhabitants." Subsequently one of Bunting's descendants, finding
the old agreement of his ancestor concerning the ore, and thinking
there might be wealth in store, came to tlie "Province of Massachu-
setts, North America," and found an old man in Topsfleld who remem-
bered the affair. There is no record, however, that the young English-
man saw a prospect sufficiently flattering to attempt to work the
mine. But this tradition is supposed to be at the bottom of the
attempt to work it thirty years ago.

The Capen House is one of the old houses alluded to by Mr. Cleave-
land. It is situated close to the meeting-house, and was consequently
visited by a large number of the party. Mr. CHAKLES H. HOLMKS, the
owner and occupant, was quite attentive in showing the visitors
around and pointing out the peculiarities of the old place, which is
now not far from two hundred years old. It is supposed to have been
a garrison house in the days of Indian troubles, and, though not built
by him, was soon owned by Mr. Capen, a minister of the place for a
period of forty-two years. The house has been in the Emerson
family, with which Mr. Holmes is connected, for upwards of one hun-
dred and fifty years. It possesses all the peculiarities of the struc-
tures of the early period, and the visitors, when they contemplated the
fact that the entire stud of the first story was required to accommo-
date Mr. Holmes from head to toe, were unanimous in the opinion
that the original builders must have been unmindful of the dimensions
that would require shelter under its roof two centuries afterwards.

Topsfleld, as Mr. Cleaveland remarked in the morning, has three
burying grounds ; one of which, the cemetery on the Georgetown road,
was visited. Here lie buried three of the old ministers of the town,
Capen, Emerson and Huntington. To the Rev. Asahel Huntington
a granite monument is erected, on which are inscribed the names of
other deceased members of the family. Here too,- re-pose the remains
of Thomas Perkins, the eminent Salem merchant, who was associated
with the late Joseph Peabody, and who bequeathed the Franklin
Building to the Salem Marine Society. His modest tombstone bears
this inscription :

In memory of THOMAS PERKINS, Esq., an eminent merchant. His industry,
temperance and enterprise raised him from poverty to immense wealth, which he
enjoyed without pride or ostentation, and dispensed with justice and benevolence.
He was dilijrent and faithful in business, pure in his life and convei>iition; of a
sound and vigorous mind, and of an integrity and fortitude which neither pros-

49

perity or adversity could shake or corrupt. He was an affectionate son, a kind
relative, and a lirm friend. He was a Christian above sectarian prejudice, and a
man above fear and without reproach. He was born in Topsfield, April 2, 1758,
and died Nov. 24, 1830."

The inscription which denotes the resting place of the remains of
Kev. Joseph Capen, who owned the old house above referred to, reads

thus : —

" Here lyes Buried the Body of the Reverend Mr. Joseph Cnpen A Faithful Min-
ister of Christ who lined an ordained Pastor of ye Church in Topsfield 42 years &
Departed this Life ye last day of June 1725, aped 66 years.

Dear Mr. Capen tlvit renered man, who did the Faith of Christ maintain. A
Learned Man and Godly too. None will Denie this who him knew." '

Mrs. Capen, his wife, ie thus commemorated: —

" Here lies Buried the Body of Mrs. Priscilla, ye wife of ye Rev. Joseph Capen,
who died Oct. 18th, 1743, in tlie 8Gth year of her age."

If the poetry of Mr. Capen's inscription is of doubtful excellence, it
is not more striking, in this respect, than the following effort to im-
mortalize Mr. David Balch : —

MEMENTO MORI.

"This monument, as a mark of filial respect, is raised to the remembrance of
DAVID BAIXH, who bid adieu to the delusive and transitory scenes of this world
on the 22 of July, 1812, yE. 59. Whose last dying words were, ' To the war.'

' Non ille pro caris amicis

Ant patria timidus perire.'
Sweet Jesus was resigned to the
Father's will,
Indeed so was he who lies here still."

Mr. Balch died by suicide. In the Latin inscription above given,
his eulogist aimed to convey to the world the idea that he was not
afraid to die either for his dear friends or his country.

Another queer inscription is that upon a stone erected by Amos
Lefavor, of a family of scattered Acadians, to the memory of Mary
Lefavor, who died May 28, 1797, aged 74. It runs thus : —

" Reader pass on, ne'er waste your time
On bad biography and bitter rhyme; •
For what I am, this cumbrous clay ensures,
And what I was, is no affair of yours."

There are many other things of interest connected with this town
which might be named if our limits served.

With all the attractions and associations of the place, and the kind
attentions of the citizens, the party found no difficulty in deriving
pleasures from their rambles and knowledge of their good country
neighbors, who, at the collation, which took place at one o'clock in
the basement of the Methodist Church, spared no efforts to promote
the substantial comfort of the guests, furnishing delicious tea and
coffee as well as more substantial elements, in addition to the contents
of the baskets carried by the visitors.

At 2 o'clock, the meeting for reports, discussions and speaking was
held at the Methodist Church, which was crowded with an attentive
audience ; many people of the town were present to listen to the ex-

PBOCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. VI. 7 NOV., 1869.

50

ercises. The PRESIDENT in the chair, and in the absence of the Secre-
tary Mr. PUTNAM was appointed to the place; the record of the
preceding meeting was read ; the donations to the library and cabi-
nets since the last report, and the correspondence, were announced
by the proper officers.

The PRESIDENT in opening the meeting made a few remarks, al-
luding to this place as the geographical centre of the county
and before the introduction of railroads very often selected for the
assembling of conventions of various kinds, political, educational,
religious, etc. The Agricultural Society held its first cattle show in
this town in 1820, when Dr. Andrew Nichols of Danvers delivered
the address; an important meeting for organizing Lyceums in this
county was held in 1829, when the Hon. D. A. White delivered a very
valuable and instructive lecture ; the meeting for the completion of
the organziation of the Essex County Natural History Sock-ty, incor-
porated in 1848 with the Essex Historical Society, under the name of
the Essex Institute, was held in April, 1834. The first Field Meeting
of the Institute, under Us present system, was held in the Academy
building in June, 1856, another meeting was held in 1860, and this is
the fourth time that the society has assembled in this place. .

Mr. SAMUEL P. FOWLEU, who was present at the first meeting, was
called upon and gave a very interesting account of that first gathering
of a few devoted friends of natural history, including Dr. A. Nichols
of Danvers, Win. Oakes of Ipswich, Rev. G. B. Perry of Bradford, B.
H. Ives of Salem, and others, who have long since been gathered to
their fathers ; and contrasted that day of small things with the meet-
ings of the present time.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM described his experience while on his way to the
pond, having picked up some zoological specimens under the fallen
trunk of an old pine tree, consisting of spiders, two or three spe-
cies of centipedes, including the common earwigs, and crustaceans
represented by the sow-bug and pill-bug, and specimens of several
kinds of snails. Three species of salamanders were also collected
under the log. On turning over a stone, a tree-toad jumped forth.
This animal, which he exhibited to the audience, will change its color,
like the chameleon, and has the power of walking up a Dane of glass
as easily as a fly. Mr. Putnam described the large yellow spider, of
which he had several specimens, which has the habit, on the approach
of an intruder, of making its web vibrate so rapidly as hardly to be
seen. He also explained the structure of spiders generally, and com-
pared them with other insects, and described the interesting process
by which they spin their thread. He likewise spoke of the beetles
found on the potato vines here, which are not, as has been feared, the
much dreaded Colorado potato bug. He also exhibited a collection

51

of Indian implements that had been presented, and spoke of their
peculiarities and probable uses.

Among the specimens presented to the Institute, were a small stone
gouge from J. W. BATCHELDER; club-stone, gouge and small axe,
from J. ARTHUR LAMSON; a large stone gouge, from Z. GOULD.
These were all found in Topsfield where the donors reside. Dr.
Charles Palmer presented from GEORGE CALDWELL of Ipswich, seven
stone implements, among them a singular and unique implement, and
a fine corn-smasher and peculiar form of a small gouge. EBEN H.
LAKE of Topsfield, placed several stone implements on the table for
exhibition. ,

Mr. NEHEMIAH CLEAVELAND, during Mr. Putnam's remarks, asked
whether the common house adder was a venomous reptile ; to which
the latter replied that the rattlesnake was the only venomous snake
found in this locality. He was aware that the house adder and the
water adder were called venomous, and it is true they will show fight
and bite on provocation ; but they are not provided with poison fangs
and their bite is harmless.

Mr. ALPIIEUS HYATT spoke of the felspar, quartz, and mica which
composed the rocks of Salem and vicinity, and alluding to the mass
of disintegrated rock near by, inferred, from its northwest dip, that
it was a rock in place and was not transported there as had been sup-
posed, by glaciers during the drift period. He thought this rotten
rock might be occasioned by the presence of iron, the rust of which
has a disintegrating effect. He said we know nothing, comparatively,
of the geology of New England compared with that of the states
west of the Hudson, and explained the glacial theory, in tracing the
cause of the formation of gravel beds.

In describing his collection of animals at the pond, he spoke of the
Polyzoa, or moss animals, which inhabited the surface of floating
boards and the stems of the lilies. He also described the club moss,
in its geological relations as a representative of ancient life.

In answer, to a question, Mr. Hyatt illustrated on the blackboard
the process of the formation of the North American continent.

The PRESIDENT, after alluding to his faithful and arduous services
as Adjutant General of the state, introduced Gen. WILLIAM SCHOULER
of Lynn, who responded by saying that he Jiad been interested and
instructed at what he heard and would gladly listen to others, being
ignorant of science, and the subjects treated of being so different
from his customary pursuits, he would be unable to edify the meeting.
It was his first visit to Topsfield, and his first meeting with the Insti-
tute, but he trusted that it would not be the last. He expressed the
interest he had felt in listening to the remarks of the previous
speakers, his appreciation of the beautiful town and his gratification

at the warm reception and kind attention extended by the citizens.
These meetings were fraught with valuable information, and he hoped
they would long continue to exert their salutary influence.

The venerable Dr. J. SPOFFOUD of Groveland, gave some interest-
ing reminiscences from his own recollections of the earlier history
of Topsfleld and vicinity, and alluded to the Capen house which had
attracted so much attention during the former part of the day. He
then gave a genealogical history of the Capon family, and a descrip-
tion of the house occupied by them, now some two hundred years old,
and named some of its occupants who had become somewhat famous
in local history. He said that he was somewhat puzzled to know why
they built the second story with a projection, and also with a higher
stud than the lower.

Mr. CHARLES H. HOLMES explained the projection as being the
style of architecture prevailing in Holland, whence the builders of this
house emigrated, and said that it was out of respect to their Dutch
proclivities that they introduced the practice here.

Dr. SPOFKORD thought that explanation might do pretty well, but he
wanted to know why the Dutch built in that style.

Mr. WILLIAM B. TRASK of Dorchester, editor of the "Genealogical
Register," read the inscription on the tombstone of Rev. Mr. Capen
for whom the Capen house is named, and gave an historical sketch of
the Capen family, and traced its connection with an ancient Dorches-
ter family of that name.

Mr. SAMUEL TODD of Tospfield, differed from Mr. Hyatt in his
opinion (expressed during the early part of the meeting) that the dis-
integrated rock was an original bed. He had had much experience
among the rocks in this vicinity, and said one could not dig anywhere
in the village deeper than from nine to twelve feet without getting
water. This, with the fact that he had taken sand from under parts
of this bed, led him to believe that this rock was deposited here, and
that the drift period was the agency that formed the town of Tops-
field.

Mr. HYATT complimented Mr. Todd, by saying he wished the Insti-
tute could meet with more of such men at their meetings, and also
remarked that it was rare tp find so many men as they had met with
here, well versed in geology. Nevertheless, he was confident that Mr.
Todd was in error in his supposition that this mass drifted hither,
and adhered to his proposition that this rock, in its general formation,
conformed to every rule which marked the fixed rocks of adjacent
localities.

The subject was continued briefly, by Mr. NEIIEMIAH CLEAVELAND,
who coincided with the tievvs advanced by Mr. Hyatt regarding the
character of the rock.

53

Rev. Mr. BRIDGE of Topsfield, expressed the gratification afforded
to himself and the citizens of the town at the visit of the Institute.

On motion of Mr. SAMUEL P. FOWLER of Danvers, the following
vote was passed : —

Whtreas, in view of the almost total lack of interest felt in the pres-
ervation of ancient buildings ;

fiesolvcd, That the thanks of the Institute are due to Mr. Charles H.
Holmes for so well preserving the " Capen house";

Resolved, That the Institute will do all in its power to build up a
public sentiment in this direction.

On motion of Mr. T. M. STIMPSON of Peabody, warmly seconded by
Mr. E. N. WALTON of Salem, the following resolution was unani-
mously adopted : —

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be presented to
Messrs. Richard Phillips, jr., Nehemiah Cleaveland, B. P. Adams, Ezra
Towue and Chas. J. Peabody; Mrs. A. H. Gould, Mrs. Jacob Foster,
Mrs. Samuel Adams, Mrs. Richard Ward, Mrs. T. K. Leach, Mrs..
Richard Phillips, Miss Abbie Cleaveland and other friends who have
contributed to render this meeting so interesting and profitable. Also
to the Methodist Society for the use of their church.

The meeting then adjourned to Friday.

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 18C8. — Adjourned Meeting.

The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Mrs. Bradstreet Cressy of Rowley ; Benjamin R. Allen, Wm. W. G.
Haskell, William B. Brown and James J. II. Gregory, all of Marble-
head, were duly elected Resident Members.

MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1868. — Regular Meeting.

The PRESIDENT in the chair.
Adjourned to Tuesdaj', September 8.

TUPSDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1868. — Adjourned Meeting.

The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Charles Palmer of Ipswich, Samuel-Preston and Harriet W. Preston
of Danvers, Joseph Kidder of Salem, and James B. Batchelder of
Marblehead, were duly elected Resident Members.

MONDAY, OCTOBER 19, 1868. — Regular Meeting.

The PRESIDENT in the chair.

A committee was appointed, consisting of Henry M. Brooks, W. P.
Upham, George Perkins and John Robinson to confer with a com-
mittee of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, relative to

54

receiving on deposit by the Institute, Historical Specimens, Books,
Pamphlets, etc , in the custody of the Peabody Academy of Science.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 18C8. — Quarterly Meeting.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Voted, That a committee often persons, consisting of the President,
1st Vice President and Secretary, together with Messrs. F. W. Putnam,
R. S. Kantotil, W. P. Upham, E. H. Quimby, A. Hyatt, G. D. Phippen,
and James Kimball, be hereby appointed to publish a Guide to Salem
if they may deem it expedient, with full powers to add to their num-
bers as may seem to them necessary.

Dr. A. S. PACKARD, jr., in compliance with a request made at a pre-
vious committee meeting, proposed a plan for an Annual Report on
the Progress of Entomology in America.

On motion of Mr. PUTXAM : — Voted, to recommend the substitution
of the word three, or the word five, before the word dollars, for the
word two, in article seven of the Constitution.

The following Amendment to the Constitution was adopted: —

Article II. Substitute for the word "Secretary" the following
words, — A Recording and Home Secretary and a Foreign Secretary.

James T. Hewes of Salem, was elected a Resident Member.

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1868. — Regular Evening Meeting.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Records of last meeting read ; correspondence and donations an-
nounced.

The PRESIDENT announced that tidings had been received of the
death of Mr. HOKACE MANN of Cambridge, a gentleman well known
to many of the members of the Institute as the acceptable and instruc-
tive lecturer on Botany before the Institute during the past spring.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM stated that Mr. Maun died on Wednesday last.
He was an accomplished and rising botanist. He was appointed as
the substitute of Prof. Gray, in Harvard University, during the Pro-
fessor's absence in Europe. Albout two years since he visited the
Hawaiian Islands and collected a vast amount of material, illustrative
of the Flora of those Islands, which he was preparing for publica-
tion, a portion having already appeared in the Proceedings of the
Institute.

Mr. Putnam read the following resolutions, which were adopted :

Resolved, That the members of the Essex Institute most deeply
sympathize with the family and friends of their late associate, HORACE
MANN, whose sudden death not only casts a deep sorrow on the hearts
of those who were near and dear to him, but also into the scientific

55

bodies with which he was connected, and deprives his loved science
of botany of one of its most devoted and conscientious investigators,
and of one, who, had it been permitted, would, from his purity and
depth of thought, undoubtedly have made one of the leading botan-
ists of his generation.

Resolved, That the Secretary be requested to transmit a copy of
these resolutions to the family of our late associate, and to tender to
them our condolence and sympathy in this bereavement.

Mr. ALPHEUS HYATT feelingly alluded to the great loss which had
been sustained in the death of Mr. Mann and proposed the following
resolution, which was adopted :

Resolved, That Dr. A. S. Packard, jr.,* be requested to prepare a
memoir of Mr. Mann to be inserted in the Proceedings of the Insti-
tute. ;~

Dr. GEORGE B. LORING stated that he had known Mr. Mann as a
boy. We are apt to pass boys, but this boy arrested his attention.
When lecturing in Salem last winter Mr. Mann had been the speaker's
guest. He was theft struck with his accuracy of information ; his
wisdom of thought and propriety of expression. He partook emi-
nently of the nature of a scholar. He had come to us as the result of
the training of his father and the educational institutions of this Com-
monwealth.

Mr. PUTNAM announced the recent decease of two other botanists,
corresponding members of the Institute, W. W. DEXSLOW of New
York, better known as a collector than as an investigator; and the
Rev. JAMES HUBBERT of St. Francis College, Canada, who prepared a
" Catalogue of Canadian plants." Both were enthusiastic workers for,
and correspondents of the Institute.

The PRESIDENT exhibited a blotter, a donation from Dr. Samuel A.
Green of Boston, and read an extract from the "Boston Traveller,"
which gave an account of a tornado by which this book with other
articles were carried many miles through the air.

Mr. A. HYATT gave an interesting account of his observation of the
Meteoric Shower of Nov. 13, and mentioned many interesting specu-
lations to which the Meteoric Phenomena had given rise in the ancient
and modern efforts to explain the nature and course of their bodies.

A discussion followed, participated in by Mr. G" D. PHIPPEN, Dr. G.
B. LORING and others.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1868. — Regular Evening Meeting.

The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Records of last meeting read ; correspondence and donations an-
nounced. [The violence of a storm had so interfered with the as-

*Another friend of Mr. Mann's has prepared a memoir, in place of Dr. Pack-
ard, which has been printed in the "Bulletin of the Essex Institute," Vol. i, Nos.
2 and 3.

56

sembling of the members that the reading of the communications
were deferred to the next meeting.]

MONDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1868. — Regular Evening Meeting.
The PRESIDENT in the chair.

Records read and correspondence and donations announced.

The PRESIDENT stated that during the past season he, in company
with a friend, had visited the American Antiquarian Society's Hall
at Worcester, and by the politeness of the officers in charge, had the
privilege of examining the journals and other papers kept by the late
Rev. Dr. Bentley. These manuscripts comprise about twenty closely
written volumes, containing an account of the leading events which
occurred in Salem during the time of Dr. Bentley. He read several
extracts from them, exhibiting somewhat the fulness with which the
leading events in Salem during the period of his pastorate were de-
scribed. This period covered a very important era in the history of
Salem, from 1783 to 1819.

Hon. J. G. WATERS narrated, in a very happy and graphic manner,
many facts illustrative of the life, character and writings of the cele-
brated Dr. Bentley, whose name is held in great respect by all his old
parishioners and their families, and who has an extensive reputation
as a scholar and a theologian.

Mr. F. W. PUTNAM exhibited a stone pan and roller which were
used by the natives in Central America to mash the corn. This was
obtained by Mr. McNeil, who has recently returned from an expedi-
tion into that country, bringing a large and very valuable collection
of specimens illustrative of its natural history and its archaeology,
forming a valuable addition to the Museum of the Peabody Academy
of Science. Mr. P. made some interesting remarks in relation to this
subject, and called the attention of the meeting to the important
results of these investigations by Mr. McNeil.

57

LIST OF LETTERS RECEIVED

DURING THE YEAR 1868.

Agnew, Samuel, Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 15; Akhurst, John, Brooklyn, N. Y., Apr.
18; Akklimatisations Verein in Berlin, Feb. 18; Allen, Anson, Orono, Me., Feb. 5;
American Entomological Society, Feb. 1; Anthropological Society of London, Mar.
18; Atkins, Charles G., Augusta, Me., Dec. 24, 30, Feb. 28, Mar. 28, Apr. 3, May 15;
Atkins, E.J., Augusta, Me., May 1C; Atwood, N.E.,Provincetown,Mao.'. 10, Boston,
Mar. 1C; Baird, S. F., Smithsonian Institution, Dec. 26, 28, May 20, June 22; Baker,
Francis, South Danvers, Jan. 29; Banvard, Joseph, Paterson, N. J., Dec. 28; Bar-
nard, Henry, Hartford, Conn., Dec. 25, 28, Jan. 1, 23, 27, Feb. 5, 26, Mar. 6; Bartlett,
John, Haverhill, Apr. 27; Bell, S. D., Manchester, N. H., Apr. 30; Bertram, John,
Salem, May 23; Bibliotheca Universitatis, Lugduno Batavae, Oct. 22; Binney, W.
G., Burlington, N. J., Mar. 18; Blake, W. P., New Haven, Conn., Jan. 27; Board-
man, Samuel L., Augusta, Me., Feb. 5; Boll, Dr. E., Mecklenburg, Sept. 26; Bolles,
Rev. E. C., Portland, Me., Jan. 2, 4, 10, Feb. 15, 22, Mar. 2, 3, Apr. 2, 3; Boston
Society of Natural History, Mar. 27; Bosworth, Mrs. G. W., Lawrence, May
27; Breed, Dr. Mary E., Lynn, June 4; Brewster, C. G., Boston, Jan. 3;
Brown, E. N., Boston, May 20; Brown, N., Boston, May 21; Brown, S. A., Salem,
June 10; Buffalo Historical Society, Mar. 11 ; Burnham, W., Essex, Apr. 21; Bush-
nell, Charles J., New York, May 19; Buswell, E. W., Boston, May 5, 7; California
Academy of Science, Jan. 13, 18; Challen, Howard, Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 7; Mar.,
May 18; Chase, J. E., Holyoke, Jan. 23; Chicago Academy of Science, Feb..28;
Cloutman, W. R., Charleston, S. C., July 11; Codman & Shurtleff, Boston, Feb. 18;
Cogswell, Miss E. G., Salem, Jurie2'J; Colburn, J., Boston, June 13; Colles, J. A.
Purefoy, Officiating Curator of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Apr. 16; Cook,
Henry, Boston, Mar. 16; Cope, Prof. E. D., Philadelphia, Pa., May 29; Corporation
of Yale College, Mar. 11 ; Cones, Dr. Elliott, Columbia, S. C., Apr. 3, 14, May 27, 28,
June 1; Cowles, John, P., Ipswich, Mar. 17; Crosse, H., Paris, Sept. 1; Davis,
Henry, McGregor, Iowa, Dec. 20, Feb. 6, May 26; Dawson, Henry B., Morrisania,
N. Y., Dec. 27; Denslow, W. W., In^ood, N. Y., Feb. 11, 27; Die Gesellschaft Nat-
url'orschender Freunde zu Berlin, Feb. 7; Die Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wis-
senschaften zu Gottingen, Oct. 10; Die Naturhistoriche Gesellschaft zu Hanover;
Feb. 2; Dinwiddie, Robert, New York, June 1; Eaton, W. Winslow, Danvers, Jan.
20; Edwards, A. M., New York. Apr. 20; Faxon, Walter, Cambridge, Mar. 5; Felt,
C.W., Salem, Jan. 24; Felt, John, Salem, May 12; Fowler, James, Richibucto, N.
B., May 21, 29; Garrison, W. P., New York, May 27; Gilbert, G. K., Rochester, N.
Y., Dec. 28; Gillis, J. A., Salem, May 15; Goodell, A. C., jr., tf>alem, Dec. 28, Feb.
4, May 15, 24; Gould, J. J., Wenham, Apr. 13; Green, Dr. S. A., Boston, Mar. 28;
Hall, Prof. J., Albany, N. Y., Apr. 14, 16; Hanaford, Mrs. P. A., Reading, Mar. 17;
Hart, Charles H., Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 31 ; Hartt, C. Fred , New York, Feb. 1 ; Has-
kell, J. P., Marblehead, Aug. 3; Henry, Prof. Joseph, Smithsonian Institution, May
2, June 1, 13; Higbee, Charles H., Salem, June 8; Higginson, T. W., Newport, R. I.,
Jan. 3; Holden, N. J., Salem. Aug. 5; Holland, A., Boston, Mar. 9; Holmes, John
C., Ypsilanti, Mich., Feb. 6; How, Moses, Haverhill, Mar. 16; Howard, C. J.,
Mount Vernon, N. Y., Feb. 10; Howard, Winslow, J., West Swansey, N. H., Jan.
29; Howlancl, William, Lynn, Jan. 18; Hughes, D. Darwin, Marshall, Mich., Jan.
30; Institut National Genevois, Geneve, Nov. 17; Iowa, Sec'y of the State of, Des
Moines, Iowa, June 23; Iowa State Historical Society, loAva City, Apr. 13; Jeffries,
B. J., Boston, Apr. 13; Jefferis, W. W., West Chester, Pa., Feb. 3; Jillson, S.,
Hudson, Apr. 13; Johnson, D. C., Newburyport, May 11; Kaiserliche Akademie

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. VI. 8 NOV., 1869.

58

der Wissenschaften in Wien, Nov. 12; Konigliche Kaiserliche Zoologisch bota-
nische Gesellschaft, Wien Nov. 29; Konigliche Bayerische botanische Gesells-
chaft, Regensburg, Sept. 28; Lackey, A., Marblehead, Apr. 9; Atkinson, May 27;
Lander, VV. W., Salem, Aug. 3; Lea, Isaac, Philadelphia, Pa., May 7; Lewis, E. A.
Batavia, N. Y., Feb. 4; Lord, Melvin, Boston, Dec. 27; Loring, Francis W., Boston,
Feb. 29; Lowry, W., New York, May 21, 27; Lyceum of Natural History, New York,
May 19, 20; Lynde, Miss Sarah A., Salem, June 22; Maine Historical Society, Feb.,
Mar.; Mann, Horace, Cambridge, Jan. 22; Manning, J. A., Salem, Apr. 2; Marsh, O.
C., New Haven, Conn., Dec. 30, Feb. 12; Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston,
Apr. 15; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Jan. 27, May 20; McCoy,
John F., New York, Mar. 3; Mead, S. B.,' Augusta, 111., Apr. 10; Medical and Sur-
gical Reporter, Philadelphia, Pa., May 5, June 20; Mercantile Library Association,
Secretary of, New York, June 17; Miller, George D., lliverdale, N. Y., June 3;
Milroy, John F., New York, May, 11; Minnesota Historical Society, Mar. 8; Mo-
ravian Society, Nazareth, Pa., May C; Nation, New York, May 26; New Bedford
Public Library, Feb. 3; New .England Historic Genealogical Society, Mar. 10; New
Jersey Historical Society, Mar. 15; New York State Library, Albany, Mar. 30;
Nichols, Samuel R., Salem, July 28; Niven, James, Saugus, June; Norton, E.,Farm-
ington, Feb. 8; Noyes, Amos, Newburyport, Mar. 20; Oliver, J. E., Lynn, Mar. 26;
Ordway, Albert, Richmond, Va., Apr. 18; Orton, James, Rochester, N.Y., May 1,19;
Osborn, C. S., Suspension Bridge, N. Y., Apr. 11; Peabody, S. E., Salem, May 15;
Peirson, Jonathan, Schenectady, N. Y.. May 12; Perkins, Benj. C., Salem, Jan. 16;
Perkins, Henry C., Newburyport, Jan. 16, May 15; Phillips, R. jr., Topsfleld, July 13;
Phippen, George D., Salem, May 16; Poey, Felipe, Havana, Cuba, Apr. 6; Poole,
Isaac A., Chicago, 111., Feb. 7, June 23; Preston, C. P., Danvers, Jan. 13, June 11;
Putnam, W. E., Danvers, Jan. 2; Rantoul, R. S., Salem, Mar. 23; Reakirt, Tryon,
Philadelphia, Pa., Apr/4; Redwood Library, Librarian of, Newport, R.I., June 27;
Reilly, P. T. O., Worcester, Feb. 8; Rice, Henry B., Boston, Oct. 16; Rice, Joseph
W., Providence, R. I., Mar. 6; Richards, T. T., St. Louis, Mo., Apr. 10; Robinson,
C.,New York, Feb. 27; Robinson, John, Salem, Jan. 29; Rogers, William, B., Boston,
Dec. 28; Royal Academy, Munich, Mar. 31; Rue, Charles B., Danvers, Jan. 17;
Ruyner, H.M., New York, Jan. 31; Salisbury, J. H., Cleveland, O., Feb. 10; Samp-
son, Davenport & Co., Boston, Mar. 3; Sampson, George, Boston, Apr. 16; Scott,
Andrew H., Saugus, June; Scudder, S. H., Boston, Mar. 10, 13; Secretary of State
for Canada, Ottawa, Mar. 2 ; Shatswell, J. Augustus, Salem, June; Smith, Edward
A., Jan. 20; Smith, Lizzie II., Salem, Mar. 30; Smith, Samuel II., Salem, Feb. 11;
Smithsonian Institution, Dec. 11, Feb. 4, Apr. 18, May 18, 19; Snelling, S. G., Bos-
ton, July 10; Societe Imperial des Naturalistes de Moscou, Nov. 4, 16; Society of
Antiquaries of London, Nov. 25; Spooner, Thos., Reading, O., Jan. 20; Stimpson,
Wm., Chicago, 111., Mar. 13, 14; Stone, Edwin M., Providence, R. I., Aug. 4; Story,
Norman, Essex, June 22; Swallow, G. C., Columbia, Mo., Jan. 6; Tellkampf, T. A.,
New York, Feb. 8; Tenuy, S., Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Apr. 3; Tracy, C. M., Lynn,
Jan. 29; Treadwell, E. W., Boston, Apr. 12, May 21; True, N. T., Bethel, Me., Jan.
7; Upton, Lucy H., Salem, Jan. 30; Veatch, Charles, Keytesville, Mo., Dec. 25;
Venable, Edward, Paducah, Ky., Apr. 20; Victor Meunier, Paris, France, Oct. 29;
Vose, George L., Paris, Me., Apr. 13; Wassell, J., Newburyport, May 12; Waters,
J. Linton, Chicago, 111., July 9, 31; Watt, David A. P., Montreal, Canada, Apr. 4.
June 26; Wheeler, E, S., Savannah, Ga., Apr. 17, Berlin, N. Y., May 11; White, C.
A., Iowa City, June 3; White, W. O., Keene, N. H., Mar. 18, 23; Whitmore, W. H.,
Boston, Jan. 25; Williams, Chauucy K., Rutland, Vt.; Wilson, John & Son, Cam-
bridge, Jan. 2; Wood, Dr. H. C., Philadelphia, Pa., June 19; Woods, Thomas N.,
Rockport, June 10.

59

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY FOR THE YEAR 1868.

BY DONATION.

AGASSIZ, Prof. LOTUS, of Cambridge. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Imp. 8vo. Cambridge, 1865.

ALMY, JAMES P., of Salem. Hymns for the Sanctuary, 1 vol. 8vo. Salem Di-
rectory and Almanac for 1850, 1 vol. 12mo, Salem. Boston Almanac for 1851, 1 vol.
12mo, Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

ANTIOCH COLLEGE. Catalogue of Officers and Students for 1867-68, 8vo. Yellow
Springs, 1868.

APPLETON, WILLIAM F., of Boston. Memorial of the Cranes at Chilton, sm. 4to.
Cambridge, 1868.

BAIRD, Prof. SPENCER P., of Washington, D. C. Discussion of the West India
Cyclone, Oct. 29, 30, 1867, 8vo, pamph. Washington, 1868.

BAKER, NATHANIEL B., Adj. Gen. of the State of Iowa. Report of the Adjutant
General of the State of Iowa, for the years 1863 to 1868, 8vo, 8 vols. Des Moines,
1863-1868.

BARNARD, HENRY, of Washington, D. C. Report of the Committee of the De-
partment of Education, for 1867-68, 1 vol. 8vo. Washington, 1868.

BARNARD, JAMES M., of Boston. Murray's Hand Book for Travellers in the
East, 1 vol. 16mo. London, 1840. Report of the Special Commissioner of the
Revenue, Jan., 1868. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 64.

BERTRAM, JOHN, of Salem. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 45.

BOARDMAN, SAMUEL L., of Augusta, Me. Twelfth Annual Report of the Secre-
tary of Maine Board of Agriculture, 1 vol. 8vo. Augusta, 1867. Agriculture and
Industry of County of Kennebec, Maine, with Notes upon its History and Natural
History, 8vo, pamph. Augusta, 1867. Legislative Documents, 13 numbers.

BOARD OF STATE CHARITIES, Secretary of. Fourth Annual Report, 1 vol. 8vo.
Boston, 1868.

BOLLES, Rev. E. C., of Portland, Me. Science-Gossip for 1867, 1 vol. 8vo. Lon-
don. 1867. R. B. Thomas' Almanacs, 20 numbers. Mayor's Address and Annual
Reports of the several departments in Portland, 8vo, pamph. Portland, 1868.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 64. ,' t

BOWDOIN COLLEGE, Brunswick, Me. Catalogue of Officers and Students for
1867-68, Svo, pamph. The Bugle for June and November, 1868, 8vo, pamph. Pro-
gramme of the Exercises of Commencement Week, 1868.

BROOKS, HENRY M., of Salem. Sermon in North Church, Salem, Feb. 2, 1868,
by Rev. E. B. Willson, Svo, pamph. Salem, 1868. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 19.

BROOMALL, Hon. J. M., M. C. Life and Services of Gen. U. S. Grant, Svo, pamph.
Washington, 1868. Proceedings of the National Union Republican Convention, at
Chicago, May 20, 21, 1868, Svo, pamph.

BROWNE, Capt. ALBERT G., of Salem. Files of the National Era, 1848-1851, folio.

BUREAU OF REFUGEES. Fifth and Sixth Semi-Annual Reports on Schools for
Freedmen, Jan. 1, July 1, 1868, Svo, pamphlets. Washington, 1868.

BURNHAM, HORACE C., of Salem. New England Weekly Journal for Apr. 8,
1728. Boston Gazette, Mar. 12, 1770. New York Morning Post, Nov. 7, 1783.

BUSHNELL, CHARLES I., of New York. A Narrative of the Life and Adven-
tures of Lev! Hanford, Svo, pamph. New York, 1863. Memoirs of Tarlton Brown,
Svo, pamph. New York, 1862. Journal of Solomon Nash, Svo, pamph. New York,
1861. Narrative of John Blatchford, Svo, pamph. New York, 1865.

60

BuTLF.n, Hon. B. F., M. C. Speech of H. Maynnrd in Honee of Representa-
tives, Dea. 12, 18:i7, on Reconstructed Tennessee, 8vo, paniph., Washington, 1808.
Speech of F. A. Pike in the House of Representatives, Dec. 17, 1867, on Taxing of
National Bonds, 8vo, paraph., Washington, 18(i8. Speech of W. Lawrence in the
House of Representatives, Dec. 13, 18157, on Impeachment of the President, 8vo,
pamph., Washington. Speech of C.C. Washburne in the House of Representatives,
DM. 11, 18IJ7, on the Purchase of Russian America, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1867.
Puine's Speech on Payment of Soldiers Bounties, Jan. G, 18<;8, in U. S. Congress,
8vo, pamph. Stewart's Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan. 1(5, 1838, on the Bill to Estab-
lish a National School of Mines, 8vo, pamph. Broomall's Speech in the House of
Representatives, Dec., 1867, on the National Finances, 8vo, pamph. Boutwell's
Speech on Reconstruction, in the House of Representatives, Jan. 17, 1838, 8vo,
pamph. Farnsworth's Speech on Reconstruction, in the House of Representatives,
Jan. 15, 18 "8, 8vo, paniph. Judd's Speech in the House of Representatives, Feb.,
1838, on Rights of American Citizens, 8vo, pamph. Report of the Special Com-
mittee of Revenue, Jan., 1838, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1808. A Review of Jay
Cooke's Financial Letter, 1868. Speeches of Hon. D. McCarty and Hon. S. M. Cul-
lom, in the House of Representatives, March 2, 1838, on Impeachment of the Pres-
ident, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1808. Speeches of lions. E. D. Washburn and
G. S. Boutwell in the House of Representatives, Feb. 22, 18G8, on Impeachment of
the President, 8vo, pamph. Speeches of Hon. W. D. Kellcy and J. A. Logan in
the House of Representatives, Feb. 22, 18C8, on Impeachment, 8vo, pamph.
Speech of Hon. J. Harken in the U. S. Senate, Feb. 10, 1868, on Reconstruction,
8vo, pamph. Speech of lion. B. F. Butler in the House of Representatives, Feb.
2t, 18C8, on Impeachment, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. J. Lyon in the House of
Representatives, March 7, on National Finances, 8vo, f>amph. Speech of Hon. F.
C. Beaman in the House of Representatives, Feb. 22, on Impeachment, 8vo, pnmph.
Speech of Hon. T. D. Eliot in the House of Representatives, March 11, on Freed-
men's Bureau, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. F. C. Beaman in the House of Repre-
sentatives, March 18, on Reconstruction, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. B. F. Butler
in the House of Representatives, on Impeachment, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon.
J. M. Broomnll in the House of Representatives, March 18, 8vo, pamph. Speech
of Hon. B. F. Butler in the House of Representatives, Apr. lli, on Impeachment,
8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. Wm. Lawrence in the House of Representatives,
Feb. 25, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. F. A. Pike in the House of Represen-
tatives, May 7, American Shipping, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. B. C. Cook in
the House of Representatives, May 8, on Conflict between President and Con-
gress, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. W. D. Kelly in the House of Representatives,
June 1, on Internal Revenue, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. Charles Sumner in
U. S. Senate, June 10, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. R. C. Schenck in the House
of Representatives, June 1, on Internal Tax, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. O. Fer-
ris in the House of Representatives, July 1, on the Purchase of Alaska, 8vo,
pamph. Speech of Hon. B. F. Butler in the House of Representatives, July 14,
8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. J. A. Logan in the House of Representatives, July
16, on the Democratic Party, 8vo, pamph. Congressional Globe and Appendix,
1st session 40th Congress, 1 vol. 4to, 18G7. Message and Documents, 1867-1-8,
abridgement, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1867. Paris Universal Exposition, 1837, 8vo,
Washington, 18S8. Argument of G. S. Boutwell in the U. S. Senate, Apr. 22, 23,
8vo, Washington, 1868. Argument of Thos. Williams in the U. S. Senate, Apr. 27,
1868, on the Trial of A. Johnson. Message and Documents, War Dep't, 1867-C8,
2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 18(>7. Argument of J. Bingham before theU. S. Senate, at
the Trial of A. Johnson, May 4, 5, 6, 1838, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1838. Internal
Tax Bill in the U. S. House of Representatives, May 12, 1868, 8vo, pamph. Mr.
Eliot's Report from the Committee on Freedmen's Affairs, 8vo, pamph. Monthly

61

Reports of the Department of Agriculture for April, May and June, 1868, Svo,
paniph., Was-hington, ISiiS. Report on the Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1 vol.
Svo, Washington, 18(58. Mr. Banks' Report on the "Treaty with Russia," Svo,
pamph. Butler's Report, Raising of Money to be used in Impeachment, 8vo,
pamph., 18G8. Tarifl' Bill in U. S. House of Representatives, July 1, 1868, 8vo,
pamph. Internal Tax Laws, 8vo, pamph. Report submitted to U. S. House of
Representatives, June, 1868, by Mr. Morrill of Penn., 8vo, Washington, 1868. Im-
peachment of A. Johnson, 3 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Message and Documents
for 18U7-68, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1868.

BUTLER HOSPITAL, Trustees of. Annual Report, Jan., 1868, 8vo, pamph., Provi-
dence, 1868.

CHASE, G, C., of Salem. Friends Review, 33 Nos.

CHENEY, T. APOLEOX, of Havana, N. Y. Historical Sketch of the Chemung
Valley, 8vo, pamph., Watkins, N. Y., 1868.

CHEW, R. S., U. S. Department of State. The Production of Iron and Steel
in its Economic and Social Relations, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1868.

CHOATE, Dr. GEORGE, of Salem. Medical Repository, 1st Decade 6 vols. 8vo.
2nd Decade, 6 vols. 8vo. 3rd Decade, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1798 to 1810. Smellie's
Midwifery, 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1763. Dewee's Treatise on Diseases of Females,
1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1831. Burns' Midwifery, 1 vol. Svo, New York, 1810. Denman's
Midwifery, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1821. Thomas' Practice of Physic, 1 vol. 8vo,
New York, 1822. London Practice of Midwifery, 1 vol. 8vo, Concord, 1826. Thach-
er's Modern Practice, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1817. Tytler on Plague and Yellow Fever,
1 vol. 8vo, Salem, 1799. Mann's Medical Sketches, 1 vol. 8vo, Dedham, 1816. Be-
gin's Therapeutics, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1829. Morgan's Practice of Physick, 1 vol.
8vo, London, 1735. Cullen's Clinical Lectures, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1797. Bateman's
Synopsis of Cutaneous Diseases, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1824. Memoir of James Jack-
son, jr., M.D., 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1835. Burns on Inflammation, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany,
1812. Pharmacopoeia of U. S. A., 1vol. Svo, Boston, 1820. Murray's Materia Medica,
1 vol. Svo, Phila., 1808. Eberle's Materia Medica, 2 vols. Svo, Phila., 1825. Bige-
low's Sequel to Pharmacopoeia of U. S. A., 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1822. Thacher's
American New Dispensatory, 1 vol. Svo, Boston. Pharmacopoeia Batrana, 12mo,
1 vol. Londini, 1688. New York Medical Journal, 3 vols. Svo, New York, 1809, '10,
'11. London Medical Journal, vols. 8, 9, Svo, London, 1787, '88. New London
Medical Journal, 1 vol. Svo, London, 1792. Eclectic Repertory, 10 vols. Svo, Phila.,
1811-1820. American Medical Recorder, 3 vols. Svo, Phila., 1819, '20, '22. American
Medical Review, 2 vols. 8vo, Phila., 1825, '26. Medico Chirurgical Review, 14 vols.
Svo, New York, 1828-1833, 1842 and '43. Williams Medical Biography, 1 vol. Svo,
Greenfield, 1815. Transactions of American Medical Association, 9 vols. Svo,
Phila., 1848, etc. Blackall on Dropsies, 1 vol. Svo, Phila., 1820. Medical Clinic, 1
vol. Svo, Phila.,'1838. Rush's Lectures, 1 vol. Svo, Phila., 1811. Paris' Pha'-maco-
logia, Svo, New York, 1825. Report of Portsmouth Relief Association, 1 vol. Svo,
Richmond, 1858. Numa Pompilius second Roi de Rome par Florian, 12mo, Paris,
1820. Report on Spasmodic Cholera, 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1832. Sequel to "First
Lessons in Latin," 12mo, Boston, 1834. North's Treatise on Spotted Fever,
Svo., New York, 1811. View of the Science of Life, 1 vol. Svo. Gazetteer of the
U. S., 1. vol. Svo, Hartford, 1833. Mitchell's Reference Map of U. S., Svo, Phila.,
1834. Currier's Politicial Text Book, Svo, Holliston, 1841. Smith's Dissertation
upon the Nerves, Svo, London, 1768, Edwards against Chauncy, 12mo, Boston,
1824. Palfrey's Sermons, 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1834. Heeren's Researches on An-
cient Greece, 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1842. Bichat on Pathology, 1 vol. Svo, Phila.,
1827. Spear on Capital Punishment, 12mo, Boston, 1844. Anatomist's Vade-
Mecum, 12mo, Boston, 1801. Corvisart's Essay on the Heart, Svo, Boston, 1812.
Select Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, Svo, 1830. Gardner's Observations on

62

Animal Economy,' 1 vol. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1784. Scudamore's Treatise on Gout
and Rheumatism, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1819. Brodie on the Joints, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila.,
1821. Good's Study of Medicine, 5 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1826. Chisholm's Essay on
Malignant Pestilential Fever, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1799. Fordyce on Fever, 2 vols.
8vo, London, 1794, 1798. Boyer on the Bones, 8vo, Phila., 1805. Darwin's Temple
of Nature, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1804. Key's Surgery, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1805.
Abernethy's Lectures on Surgery, 1 vol. 8vo, 1830. Marcy's Exploration of the
Ked lliver, 8vo, Washington, 1854. Edrehi's Account of the River Sambatyan,

1 vol. 8vo, London, 1855. By-Laws and Orders of Massachusetts Medical Society,
8vo, Boston, 1850. Smith's Essay on Typhous Fever, 8vo, New York, 1824. Report
on Spasmodic Cholera, 8vo, Boston, 1832. Teale on Neuralgic Diseases, 8vo,
Phila., 1830. Fordycc's Five Dissertations on Fever, 8vo, Boston, 1815. Smellie's
Philosophy of Natural History, 8vo, Dover, 1808. Armstrong on Fevers, Consump-
tion, etc., 8vo, Hartford, 1823. Barnard's Tribute to Gallaudet, 8vo, New York,
1859. Illustrations of Pulmonary Consumption, 8vo, Phila., 1834. Williamson on
Climate, 8vo, New York, 1811. Armstrong on Typhus Fever, 8vo, Phila., 1821.
Desault's Surgery, 2 vols. 8vo, Phila., 1814. Mass. Medical Society Communica-
tions, 0 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1790, etc. Library of Practical Medicine, 3 vols.Svo, Bos-
ton, 1842, etc. Hitchcock's Report on Geology, Mineralogy, Botany and Zoology, 1
vol. 8vo, Amherst, 1833. Copeland's Medical Dictionary, 4 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1834,
etc. Beaumont on the Gastric Juice, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1834. Cabanis Essay on
the Certainty of Medicine, 8vo, Phila., 1823. Burlingame on Laws, 2 vols. 8vo, Cam-
bridge, 1807. Dyspepsy, Forestalled and Resisted, 8vo, Amherst, 1830. The Amer-
ican Herbal, 12mo, Walpole, 1801. Huxham on Fevers, 8vo, Lond., 1767. Home, on
Ulcers, 12mo, Phila., 1811. Brown's Elements of Medicine, 12mo, Fairhaven, 1797.
Chase on Radical Cure of Hernia, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., ^836. Smith & Tweedie on
Fever, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1831. Pearson's Surgery, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1832. Mac-
kenzie on Diseases of the Eye, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1833. Green on Diseases of the
Skin, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1839. Dissertations on Direct Exploration, 1 vol. 8vo,
Boston, 1836. Dr. Sewall's Lectures on Phrenology, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1837.
Rush's Medical Observations, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1798. Currie on Fevers and other
Diseases, 1 vol. 8vo, 1811. Shnttuck's Dissertations, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1808.
Faithhorn on Liver, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1818. Gardner's Abridgement of Leverett's
Lexicon, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1840. Channing on Slavery, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1835.
Pharmacopoeia of U. S., 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1820. Alcott on Vegetable Diet, 1 vol.
Boston, 1838. Worcester's Fourth Reading Book, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1839. Spirit
Manifestations Examined and Explained 1 vol. 8vo, New York. Jackson's Sylla-
bus of Lectures at Massachusetts Medical College, 8vo, 1 vol. Principles of Health,

2 vols. 8vo, Baltimore, 1819. Philip on Indigestion, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1822. Formu-
lary for Employment of New Medicines, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1828. Murray's
English Exercises, 16mo, Boston, 1836. Dissector's Guide, or Student's Com-
panion, 8vo, Boston, 1833. Christian Examiner, 24 vols. School Journal, 12 vols.
Monthly Journal, 13 vols. Monthly Miscellany, 36 Nos. Monthly Religious Maga-
zine, 158 Nos. College pamphlets, 69. Mass. Medical Society pamphlets, 49,
Boston Almanacs, 24. Salem Directory, 9 vols. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 350.

CITY OF BOSTON. Boston City Documents for 1867, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1868.
Reception and Entertainment of the Chinese Embassy, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1868.

CLOUTMAN, WILLIAM R.. of Charleston, S- C. Regulations for the Army of the
Confederate States, 1 vol. 8vo, Richmond, 1862.

COLE, Mrs. N. D., of Salem, Files of the Daily Evening Traveller, Jan. to Aug.,
1867. Files of the Salem Gazette for 18B7. 1 vol. folio.

COLUMBIA COLLEGE. Catalogue of Officers and Students for 1867-68, 8vo,
pamph.

COLUMBIAN ASSOCIATES, Salem. Files of the Portland Transcript for 1867, Jan.,

63

Feb., March, 1868. Files of tho New York Ledger, Mar., Apr., May, 1866. Several
numbers of the New York Mercury.

COOK, JAMES P., of Salem. China Directory for 1834, 1 vol. 8vo, Hong Kong, 1864.
COOK, WILLIAM S., of Salem. Phonetic Alphabet for the Canton Dialect of the
Chinese Language, 8vo, pamph.

COCES, ELLIOTT, Surg. U. S. A., of Columbia, S. C. A Monograph of the Alcidae
by Elliott Coues, 8vo, pamph., Phila., 1868.

Cox, P. L., of Lynn. Several numbers of Lynn Reporter to complete early
volumes.

CKOSSE, H., of Paris, France. Un Mollusque bien Maltrite, par H. Crosse, 8vo,
pamph., Paris, 1866. Descriptiones de Coquilles Nouvelles, par H. Crosse, 8vo,
pamph. Note sur le genre Dibaphus par H. Crosse, 8vo pamph., Paris, 1867.
Diagnose d'unc Espece Nouvelle d'Helix par O. Debeaux, 8vo, pamph. , Paris,
1867.

CROWELL, E. P., of Amherst. History of the Town of Essex from 1634 to 1868,
by Robert Crowell, 1 vol. 8vo, Essex, 1888.
CURWEN, JAMES B., of Salem. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 35.
DALRYMPLE, JAMES, of Salem. Sailor's Protection, 1811. _;„.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. Catalogue of Officers and Students for 1868-69, 8vo,
pamph., Hanover, N. H., 1868.

DAY, Capt. SAMUEL, of Salem. Village Harmony, Exeter, N. H., 1800. Law's
Musical Primer,

DERBY, GEORGE, of Boston. An Inquiry into the Influence upon Health of An-
thracite Coal, by G. Derby, 16mo, Boston, 1868.

DODGE, ALLEN W., of Hamilton. Triennial Catalogue of Theological Seminary,
Andover, Mass., 1867, 8vo, pamph., Andover, 1867. Addresses and Obituary No-
tices commemorative of the late J. Colman of Newbury, died March 23, 1866, 1
vol. 16mo, Newburyport, 1868.

DREER, FERDINAND J., of Phila. Philadelphia Directory for 1835, 1839, 1842,
1849, 1856, 1857, 6 vols. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 133. Engravings, 46. Sev-
eral Specimens of Confederate Bonds.

DROWNE, CHARLES, of Troy. Annual Registers of the Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, 1867 to 1869, 8vo, 2 pamphs., Troy, 1867, etc.

EDDY, Miss HARRIET, of Salem. Charter and Ordinances of the City of Roches-
ter, 1850, 1 vol. 8vo, Rochester, 1850. Proceedings of the City Council of the City
of Rochester, 1 vol. 8vo, Rochester, 1849. Act to Incorporate Rochester, 1 vol.
12mo, Rochester, 1839. Directory of Rochester, 1 vol. 12mo, Rochester, 1844.
Twenty-second Annual Report of Public Schools of Rochester, 8vo, pamph.,
Rochester, 1865. The Infantry Exercise of U. S. Army, 1 vol. 12mo, Poughkeepsie,
1817. ft

EDWARDS, Prof. A. M., of New York. Note on a Point in the Habits of the
Diatomaceae and Desmidiaceae, 8vo, pamph., 1868.

EMILIO, LEWIS F. Fifteenth Annual Report of -Mercantile Library Association
of the City and County of San Francisco, 8vo, pamph. San Francisco, 1868.

ENDICOTT, WILLIAM C., of Salem. Littell's Living Age, 81 Nos. Harper's
Monthly Magazine, 5 Nos. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, 23. Blackwood's Edin-
burgh Magazine, 3. Athenaeum, 1. Museum of Foreign Literature and Science, 1.
Historical Magazine, 30. New England Historic and Genealogical Register, 1.
Christian Examiner, 2. Southern Review, 1. American Monthly Magazine, 1.
Liberal Preacher, 4. U. S. Literary Gazette, 1. Elmore's Indian Directory,! vol.
4to, London, 1802. Landing at Cape Ann, 1624, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1854. The Wor-
cester Family, 1 vol. 8vo, Lynn, 1856. Review of the War in Mysore, ] vol. 8vo,
London, 1800. History of the Island St. Helena, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1808. Simple
Cobbler of Agawam, 8vo, Boston, 1843. Stevens on Average,! vol. 8vo, Phila.,

64

1817. Playfair's Geometry, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1814. Simpson's Geometry, 1 vol.
8vo, London, 1800. Keith on the Globes, 1vol. 8vo, New York, 1811. Aikin's Geo-
graphy, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1807. Morse's Universal Geography, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston,
1796. Shey's Book-keeping, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1818. Lex Mercatoria Ameii-
cana, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1802. Journal and Life of Richard Mather, 12mo, Bos-
ton, 1850. Acts and Laws of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, 4to, Boston, 1714.
Pamphlets, 17.

FAHNESTOCK, GEORGE W., of Phila. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 414. McElroy's
Philadelphia City Directory for 1859 and 1865, 2 vols. 8vo, Phila., 1859 and 1865.

FARMER, MOSES G., of Salem. American Compound Telegraph Wire Company,
8vo, pamph., Boston, 1838.

FARNHAM, Mrs.E. T., of Salem. Universal Magazine for August, 1764, 1 vol. 8vo.
The Imperial Magazine for April, 1761, 1 vol. 8vo. Annual Register, or a view
of the Histoiy, Politics, and Literature for 1779, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1780. Theo-
bald's Shakespeare, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1757. The Gleaner, by Constantia, 1 vol.
12mo, Boston, 1798. Painting Personified, by A. Bicknell, 12mo, 1 vol. London,
1790.

FELT, JOHN, of Salem. Weekly Messenger from 1811 to 1815, 2 vols. folio.
Columbian Centinel for 1811, 1 vol. folio. Boston Gazette for 1808, 1 vol. folio.

FIRST CONGREGATIONAL SOCIETY, of Salem. C. W.Upham's Address at the Re-
dedication of the First Church in Salem, Dec. 8, 1867, 8vo, pamph., Salem, 1867.

FOLGER, WILLIAM C., of Nantucket. Report of the Fourth Conference of Teach-
ers and Delegates from the Friend's First Day Schools in U. S., at New Bedford,
1867.

FOOTE, CALEB, of Salem. Files of several County Papers for 1868.

FOSTER, ISAAC P., of Salem. Pamphlets, 5. . •

FRYE, Mrs. ANNA, of Vassalborough, Me., Account of Joshua Buffum from 1680
to 1704, 1 vol. 4to. Minutes of the Births and Deaths of the Buffum Family,
12mo.

GERRY, Mrs. M. S., of Lynn. Manuscript Papers of Rev. John Bartlett, late of
Marblehead.

GILLIS, JAMES A., of Salem. Campaign Sketches by Winslow Homer, 4to
pamph., Boston.

GOODWIN, W. F., of Richmond, Va. The Constitution of Virginia, framed by
the Convention at Richmond, Dec. 3, 1867, 8vo, pamph., Richmond, 1868. The Cen-
tral Water-Line from Ohio River to the Virginia Capes, 8vo, pamph., Richmond,
1868.

GOULD, JOHN H., of Topsfield. Numismatic History of England from 1066 to the
Present Time, 8vo, pamph., Liverpool, 1867. Specimens of Fractional Currency
of Baltimore Bank Notes and Baltimore Savings Institution.

Goss, FRANCIS P., of Salem. Two copies of the Ulster County Gazette, Jan. 4,
1800.

GRAVES, Prof. A. S., of Cazenovia, N. Y. Catalogues of Oneida Conference
Seminary for 18.38 to 18S8, 20 pamphlets.

GREEN, Dr. SAMUEL A., of Boston. Essais d' Hygiene et de Therapeutics Mili-
taires by T. W. Evans, 1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 1865. American Journal of Medical
Sciences, 12 Nos. Report of the School Committee of Boston for 1867, 8vo, 1 vol.
Boston, 1868. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 542.

HANAFORD, Mrs. P. A., of Reading. Receipts and Expenditures of the Town of
Reading for 1867-68, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1868.

HART, CHARLES H., of Philadelphia. Forty-ninth Annual Report of Board of
Controllers of Public Schools of Pennsylvania, 8vo, pamph., Phila., 18C8. Com-
munication from the Mayor, J. T. Hoffman, to the Common Council of New York,
8vo, pamph., New York, 1868. Annual Report of State Treasurer of Penn. for 1867,

65

8vo pamph., Harrisburg, 1808. Auditor General's Report for 18(57, Svo pamph.,
Harrisburg, 1867. Report of Committee 011 the Judiciary (General) of Senate of
Penn.. 8vo, pamph., Harrisburg, 1868. Memorial of Wm. II. Prescott, sm. 4to,
Boston, 1868. Philadelphia Directory for 1847 and 1848, 2 vols. 8vo. Memoir of T.
B. Wilson, M.D., 8vo pamph., Phila., 1865. The Corn-planter Memorial, 8vo
pamph., Harrisburg, 1807. Hart's Historical Sketch of National Medals, 8vo
pamph., Phila., 1867. Hart's Remarks on Tabasio, Mexico 8vo pamph., Phila.
1867. " The Bar," a Sermon by Rev. M. Dix, May 18, 1806, 8vo pamph., New York,
1866.

HAVEN, Rev. E. O., D.D., of Ann Arbor, Mich. Address, " The Legal Profession
in America," 8vo, Ann Arbor, 1866. Baccalaureate Sermon, "Public Education
and Religion." 8vo, Ann Arbor, 1867.

HERVEY, Rev. A. B., of Peabody. Monthly Journal of American Unitarian
Association, 30 Nos. Every Saturday, 17 Nos. New York Weekly Magazine, 15
Nos. Universalist Register, 7 Nos. National Freedman, 6 Nos. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, 168.

HOLMBOE, C. A., of Christiana. Om Civaisme i Europa, pamph., Christiana, 1866.
Om Tallene 108 og 13, pamph., 8vo, Christiana, 1866. Et par Fund af Norske
Mynter, 8vo pamph., Christiana, 1866. Om ni-Tallet, 8vo pamph., Christiana,
1867. Norges Mynthistorie senere end 1814, 8vo pamph., Christiana, 1866.

HOTCHKISS, Miss SUSAN V., of New Haven. New Haven Directory for 1866, 1
vol. 8vo, New Haven, 1866.

HUBBARD, WILLIAM, of Topsfleld. Result of the Convention of Delegates at
Ipswich on the Constitution and Form of Government, 8vo pamph., Newburyport,
1778.

HUFF, SANFORD W., Secretary Iowa State Historical Society. The Annals of
Iowa, January, 1868, 8vo pamph.

HUGUET, LATOUR, L. A., of Montreal, C. E. Journal de L' Instruction Publique,
vols. 3, 4, 4to, 1859 and 1860. Journal of Education, vol. 6, 4to, Montreal, 1802.

HYATT, ALPHEUS, of Salem. Hedge's Elements of Logic, 12mo, Boston, 1824.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16.

INSTITUTE OF 1870. Catalogue of Officers and Members of Institute of 1770 of
Harvard University, Svo pamph., Cambridge, 1868.

JOHNSON, Mrs. LUCY P., of Salem. Monthly Journal, 7 Nos.

KIMBALL, JAMES, of Salem. Proceedings of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of
Massachusetts, Svo pamph., Boston, 1868. Proceedings of the Supreme Council
or the Northern Jurisdiction, Svo pamph., New York, 1868. The Bible in Our Com-
mon Schools, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1854.

KLIPPART, JOHN H., Secretary of Ohio State Board of Agriculture. Eighteenth,
Nineteenth, Twentieth and Twenty-first Annual Reports of Ohio Sf/tte Board of
Agriculture, 4 Vols. Svo, Columbus, 1864 to 1867.

LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. Catalogue of Officers and Students for 1867-'68, Svo
pamph., Easton, 1868.

LANDER, Miss ELIZABETH, of Salem. The English Pilot, 2 vols. folio, London,
1763, 1767.

LANDER, W. W., of Salem. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 22.

LANGWOKTHY, I. P., of Boston. Minutes of the General Assembly of the Pres-
byterian Church in U. S. A., for 1820 to 1863, Svo pamph., Phila., etc. Miscellane-
ous pamphlets, 6.

LEA, ISAAC, LL.D., of Phila. Descriptions of several species of Shells by Isaac
Lea, LL. D., Svo pamph., Phila., 1868. Lea's Notes on some Members of the Feld-
spar Family, Svo pamph., Phila., 1866. Lewis' Suggestions to Collectors, Svo
pamph. Lea's Publication of Recent Conchology, Svo pamph., 1861.

LEDYARD, L. WALTERS, of Cazenovia, N. Y. Democratic Almanac for 1867.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX INST., VOL. VI. 9 NOV., 1869.

66

The Evening Journal Almanac for 1864. Laws of New York passed at 33rd and 34th
Sessions, 1810 and 1811. Proceedings of Democratic State Convention at Albany,
1801. Acts relating to the Village of Cazenovia, 1859. Manual of the Legislature
of New York, 1857, 1 vol. 16mo, Albany, 1857.

LEE, GEORGE C., of Newton. Newton Directory, 1868, 1 vol. 8vo, Newton,
1868.

LEE, JOHN C., of Salem. Commercial Bulletin for 1868, 1 vol. folio.

LESQUEREUX, LEO, of Columbus, O. Catalogue of Pacific Coast Mosses, 4to
pamph., San Francisco, 1868.

LEWIS, WIN-SLOW, of Boston. Fourth Annual Report of the Trustees of Boston
City Hospital, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1868.

LORD, N. J., of Salem. Files of Boston Daily Post for 1868, 2 vols. folio.

LORING, G. B., of Salem. Files of Boston Daily Post for 1867, 2 vols. folio.

LOWVILLE ACADEMY. Catalogue of Officers and Students for year ending Aug.
1, 1867, 8vo, Utica, N. Y., 1867.

MACK WILLIAM, of Salem. Speech of Gen. Butler in U. S. Senate, Apr. 16, 1868,
on the Impeachment, 8vo pamph. Speech of Hon. F. A. Pike in U. S. House of
Representatives, May 7, 1808, on Decadence of American Shipping 8vo pamph.
Specimen copies of several papers. Raftsman Journal, 1864 and 1865, folio, 48 Nos.
Clearneld, Penn. The M'Kean Miner, 1864 and 1865, folio, 71 Nos., Smethport, Penn.
The Elk Advocate, 1864 and 1865, folio, 47 Nos., Ridgway, Penn. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, 53.

MACKINTIRE, Mrs., of Salem. New Englander, 2 vols. 8vo, New Haven, 1843 and
1844.

MALLETT, Rev. J. W. Lecture before University of Virginia, May 30, 1868, 8vo
pamph., Lynchburg, 1868.

MANN, HORACE, of Cambridge. Catalogue of the Phaenogamous Plants of the
U. S. east of the Mississippi, 8vo pamph.

MANSFIELD, MICAJAH B., of Salem. The Atlantic Monthly, 35 Nos.

MARSH, Prof. O. C., of New Haven. Origin of the so-called Lignilites on Epso-
mites, 8vo pamph., 1887.

MAUPIN, Prof. S., of the University of Virginia. First American Catalogue of
Officers and Students in West Virginia Agricultural College, 1867-«8, 8vo pamph.,
Morgantown, 1868. Inaugural Address at Agricultural College, June 27, 1867, by
Rev. A. Martin, D.D., 8vo pamph., Morgantown, 1867. Report of Board of Vis-
itors of Agricultural College, 8vo pamph., Wheeling, 1868. Catalogue of the Uni-
versity of Virginia for 1867-.68, 8vo pamph., Wytberville, 1868.

MCCARTER, JAMES J., of Columbia, S. C. The Planters Guide, 1 vol. 8vo.
Charleston, S. C. Cuba for Invalids by R. W. Gibbs, M.D., 1 vol. 8vo, New York,
1860. The Hireling and the Slave and Chicora, 1 vol. 8vo, Charleston, S. C., 1856.

MEADY, DANIEL F. A Journey from Bengal to England by George Foster, 1 vol.
4to, London, 1798.

MERRILL, GEORGE S., of Lawrence, Mass. Minutes of the Second Anniversary
of S. S. Convention of Merrimack River Baptist Association, June 10, 1868, 8vo
pamph., Lawrence, 1868.

MORSE, EDWARD S., of Salem. R. B. Thomas' Farmer's Almanacks from 1821 to
1828, 7 pamphlets, 8vo. T. G. Fessenden's New England Farmer's Almanack for
1828, 8vo pamph.

MUNSELL, JOEL, of Albany, N. Y. Pamphlets, 11.

NEWHALL, JONATHAN, of Saugus. Three Old Books without Titles.

NEW YORK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. Tenth Annual Report for the year 1867-68,
1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1868.

NICHOLS, GEORGE, of Salem. The American Bee Keeper's Manual, 1 vol. 8vo,
N. Y., 1851. Andrews and Stqddard's Latin Grammar, 1 yol. 8vo, Boston, 1859.

67

Colburn's Arithmetic and its Application, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1856. Bancroft's His-
tory of the United States, vol. iii, 8vo, Boston, 1840. Harris' Book-keeping, 1 vol.
8vo, New York, 1860. Murray's English Reader, 1 vol. 12mo, Phila., 1846. Hil-
liards' Third* Reader, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1857. Swan's Primary School Reader, pt.
3rd., 1 vol. 12mo, Phila., 1846. Independent Class Reader, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1857.
Robinson's University Algebra, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1860. Robinson's New
Elementrary Algebra, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, I860. Thomson's Seasons, 1 vol.
12mo, Boston, 1841. Mother's Scripture Question Book, 1 vol. 12mo, New York,
1859. Busby's Visit to Vineyard's of Spain and France, 1 vol. 8vo, New York,
1835. Stories for the Young, by Miss M. A. Fox, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1849. The
Legion of Liberty, 12mo pamph., 1842. The Universal Preceptox, 1 vol. 12mo,
Phila., 1819. Memoir of Napoleon Bonaparte, vols. 1 and 2, 2 vols. 12mo, Boston,
1833. Watt's Select Hymns, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1838. Johnson's Dictionary, 1 vol.
8vo, Boston, 1852. A Wreath for the Tomb, 1 vol. 12mo, Amherst, 1839. The Illus-
trated'Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology, 8vo pamph., New York. The
Complaint of Peace, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1813. Lowe's Columbian Class Book, 1 vol.
8vo, Worcester, 1825. Bullion's Practical Lessons in English Grammar, 2 vols.
8vo, New York, 1856. The Practical Farmer, by Buckminster, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston,
1840. GreenleaPs Common School Arithmetic, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1858. Wells'
Lawyer and U. S. Form-book, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1851, Goodrich's History of
the U. S., 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1858. Williams' History of Vermont, 2 vols. 8vo, Bur-
lington, 1809. Friend of Peace, 1 vol 8vo, Hartford, 1815.

OLIVER, HENRY K., of Salem. Historical Memoir of the Western Railroad, by
George Bliss, 8vo pamph., Springfield, 1863. New Harmony of Sion, London, 1760.
Genealogy of Descendants of Thomas Oliver, 8vo pamph.

PACKARD, ALPHEUS S., jr., M.D., of Salem. A Guide to the Study of Insects.
Parts 1, 2, 3, 8vo pamphlets, Salem, 1868.

PAGE, CHARLES G., of Washington, D. C. The American .Claim to the Induc-
tion Coil, 8vo pamph., Washington, 1867.

PALFRAY, C. W., of Salem. Federal Harmony, Boston, 1790. Christian Har-
mony, Exeter, N. H., 1805. New Harmony of Zion, Boston, 1767. New England
Weekly Journal, Apr. 8, 1728. Edinburgh Quarterly Review, 1858-65. Westmin-
ster, London, and North British Reviews for 1858, 1865, 8vo. Grand Lodge Juris-
dictional Claim, on War of Races, by Lewis Hayden, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1868.

PALMER, Rev. CHARLES R., of Salem. The Nation, vols. 4, 5, 2 vols. 4to.

PEABODY, WM. L., of Lynn. Williams' Universal Psalmody.

PEASE, GEORGE W., of Salem. Annual Report of Receipts, etc., of Rowley,
1868, 8vo pamph. Sermon of Rev. J. M. Hoppin at Ordination of H. Eider, 8vo, Sa-
lem, 1868. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 43.

PICKERING, Miss MARY O., of Salem. Literature of American Local History, by
H. E. Ludewig, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1846. Account of Columbia College Cele-
bration, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1837.- Address of J. A. Andrews to the Legislature
of Massachusetts, Jan. 8, 1864, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1864. Isidore Morales, Joseph
Comentario, 1 vol. 8vo, Madrid, 1796. In Memoriam, C. W. Thomas, M.D., born
February 14, 1816, d. March 28, 1866, 8vo pamph. Sermon on death of Rev. S.
Dana, by B. R. Allen, August 21, 1864, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1864. Fremont's Nar-
rative of Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 8 vo pamph., New York,
1846.

POOLE, WILLIAM F., of Boston. Paper on Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft,
12mo pamph., Boston, 1868.

PRATT, HENKY J., of Salem. Sermon at Ordination of Rev. Hugh Elder, by Rev.
A. J. Sessions, Jan. 29, 1868, 8vo pamph., Salem, 1868.

PUTNAM, FRED. W., of Salem. Several Catalogues of Scientific books. Cos-
mos, pt. 1, 8vo pamph., New York, 1845. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 152.

68

PUTNAM, JOHN, of Salem. American State Papers, 1789 to 1815, 8 vols. 8vo, Bos-
ton, 1815. Manuscript Papers on the Rise of the Tides at Salem, 1825 and 1826.

PUTNAM, W. H. A., of Salem. Melbourne Directory, 1861, 1 vol. 8vo, Melbourne.

QUAHITCII, BERNARD, of London. A General Catalogue of Books'arranged in
Classes, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1868.

QUELELET, ENN. Memoire sur la Temperature de 1'air, a Bruxelles, 1 vol. 4to,
Bruxelles, 1867.

RANDALL, STEPHEN, ot Providence, R. I. Publications of the NarragansettClub,
vol. iii, sm. 4to, Providence, 1867.

REYNOLDS, M. H., of Marblehead. Practical Discourses on the Parable of the
Ten Virgins, by Benj. Colmau, D.D., 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1747. Davidson's Virgil, 2
vols. 8vo, London, 1760.

RHODE ISLAND NUMISMATIC ASSOCIATION. Constitution and By-laws, revised,
12mo pamph., Providence, 1868.

RICHARDSON, E. S. L., of Chicago. Chicago Directory for 1855-6, 1858, 1859, 1860,
18(52, 1863, 1864, 8vo. 8 vols. Chicago Business Directory for 1857 and 1858. Will
County Directory for 1859-60, 12mo. Chicago, 1859. Thomson's British Annual
for 1839, IGmo. London, 1838. Smith's Medical Almanac, 1841, vol. iii, 16mo.
Boston, 1841. Scenes of Childhood, 16mo., Phila. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 80.

ROBINSON, JOHN, of Salem, Miscellaneous pamphlets, 119.

ROPES, R. W., of New York. Fifth Annual Report of Long Island Historical
Society, May, 1868, 8vo pamph. Brooklyn, 1868.

ROPES, W. L., of Andover. Catalogue of Andover Theological Seminary, 1867-8,
8vo pamph. Andover, 1808.

SAMPSON, DAVENPORT & Co., Boston. New York State Directory for 1867,
1 vol. 8vo. Providence Directory for 1867, 1 vol. 8vo. Lynn Directory, 1867, 1 vol.
8vo. Lowell Directory, 1866, 1 vol. 8vo. Massachusetts Register, 1867, 1 vol. 8vo.
Salem Directory, 1866, 1 vol. 8vo. Manchester Directory, 1866, 1 vol. 8vo. New-
buryport Directory, 1866, 1 vol. 8vo. Lawrence Directory, 1866, 1 vol. 8vo. Milwau-
kie Business Directory, 1867, 1 vol. 8vo. Oneida County Directory, 1866-67, 12mo.
Boyd's Business Directory of Washington, Georgetown and Alexandria, 1867, 1
vol. 8vo. New Hampshire Annual Register, 1865, 1 vol. 16mo. Williams' Dayton
Directory, 1860, 1 vol. 8vo. Dayton, 1860. Williams' Toledo Directory, 1860, 1 vol.
8vo. Toledo, 1800. Scott's Toledo Directory, 1866 and 1867, 2 vols. 8vo. Toledo,
1866-67. Edwards' Milwaukie Directory, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Milwaukie, 1865. Clark's
Detroit City Directory, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Detroit, 1865. Farrow & Dennett's Mobile
City Directory, 1861, 1866, 2 vols. 8vo. Mobile. Schenectady Directory, 1864, 1 vol.
8vo. Schenectady, 1864. Williams' Wheeling Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. 8vo. Wheel-
ing, 1867. Stedman's Norwich Directory, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Norwich, 1865. Central
N. Y. Business Directory, 1861, 1 vol. 8vo. New York, 1861. Wilson's N. Y. Busi-
ness Directory, 1866-67, 1 vol. 12mo. New York, 1866. Boston Directory, 1862,
1865, 1867, 3 vols. 8vo. Boston, 1862, etc. Nashua Directory, 1864-5, 1 vol. 8vo.
Nashua, 1864. Portsmouth Directory, 1864, 1 vol. 12mo. Portsmouth, 1864. Havana
Directory, 1859-60, 1 vol. 8vo. Havana. St. John and Fredericton Business Direc-
tory, 1862, 1 vol. 8vo. St. John, 1852. Galesburg City Directory, 1861, 1 vol. 8vo.
Galesburg, 1861. Springfield Directory, 1864-5, 1 vol. 8vo. Springfield, 1864. In-
dianapolis Directory, 1866, 1867, '2 vols. 8vo. Indianapolis, 1866, etc. Indiana
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SCHOULER, WILLIAM, of Lynn. History of Massachusetts in the Civil War,
1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1868. Report of the Adjutant General of Arkansas for 1861-86,
1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1867. Butler Correspondence and Agents appointed by
Gov. Andrew. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

SCUDDER, SAMUEL H., of Boston. Entomological Notes, 8vo pamph., 1868.
Notes on the Stridulation of some New England Orthoptera, 8vo pamph. Sup-

69

plement to a List of Butterflies of New England, 8vo pamph. Supplement to De-
scriptions and Figures of Araneides of the United States, by N. M. Hentz, 8vo
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SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF YALE COLLEGE. Third Annual Keport, 1867-
68, 8vo pamph., New Haven, 1868.

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Boston, to the City Council, Jan. 6, 1868, 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1868.

SIBLEY, JOHN L., of Cambridge. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Harvard
University for 1867-68, Svo pamph., Cambridge, 1868. Forty-second Annual Report
of the President of Harvard University lor 1867-68, Svo pamph. Cambridge, 1868.

SMITH, Miss SUSAN S., of Pembroke. Communion of Churches one with an-
other, 12mo pamph.

SPOFFOKD, JEREMIAH, of Groveland. Reminiscences of Seventy Years, a Dis-
course in Groveland, June 22, 1867, 12mo pamph. Haverhill, 1867.

STATEN, DANIEL F., of Salem. Books containing patterns of Gas Fixtures.
Hayden, Gere & Co.'s Illustrated Catalogue of Plumber's Brass Work, 1 vol. Svo.
New York, 1866. Hayden, Gere & Co.'s Price List of Water and Steam Work,
1 vol. Svo, New York, 1866. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 198. Papers, 5.

STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, Wilmington, Del. First Annual Report, Svo
pamph., Wilmington, 1867.

STEARNS, Mrs. W., of Salem. R. B. Thomas' Almanacs, 25 numbers.

STONE, B. W., of Salem. McElroy's Philadelphia City Directory for 1867, 1 vol.
Svo, Phila., 1867. J. W. Mallet's Lecture before University of Virginia, May 30,
1868, Svo pamph. Lynchburg, 1868.

STONE, Dr. JOHN O., of New York. Second Annual Report of Metropolitan
Board of Health of the State of New York, 1 vol. Svo, New York, 1868.

SUMNER, Hon. CHARLES, M. C. Navy Register. U. S., 1867, Svo pamph. Mes-
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uments, State Department, 1866-67, 3 vols. Svo, 1867. Message and Documents,
.Interior Department, 1866-67, 1 vol. Svo, 1866. Message and Documents, Navy and
Post Office Departments, 1866 and 1867, 1 vol. Svo, 1866. Message and Documents,
Abridgement, 1867-68, 1 vol. Svo, Washington, 1867. Message and Documents,
War Department, 1867-68; Pts. 1 and 2, 2 vols. Svo, 1868. Message and Docu-
uments, State Department, 1867-68; Pts. 1 and 2, 2 vols. Svo, Washington, 1868.
Message and Documents, Interior Dep't, 1867-68; Pts. land 2, 2 vols. Svo, Wash-
ington, 1868. Message and Documents, Navy Dep't, 1867-68; Pts. 1 and 2, 1 vol.
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1 and 2, 1 vol., Svo, Washington, 1868. Message of President of the United States
and Report on Indian Peace Commissioners, January, 1868, Svo pamph., Washing-
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Stanton, Svo patnph., Washington, 1868. Speech of Hon. H. W. Corbett on
"Funding Bill," in U. S. Senate, March 11, 1868. Speech of Hon. J. Sherman on
"Funding Bill," in U. S. Senate, Feb. 27, 1868. Speech of Hon. J. S. Morrill on
'• Funding Bill," in U. S. Senate, March 3, 1868. Speech of Hon. J. B. Henderson
on "Funding Bill," in U. S. Senate, March 4, 1868. Speech of Hon. Charles
Simmer in U. S. Senate, June 10, 1868, Svo pamph. Speech of Hon. Richard
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U. 8. Sen., Apr. 22, 23, on the " Trial of A. Johnson," Svo Washington, 1868. Letter
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THAYER, C. T., of Boston. Bi-Centennial Address at Beverly, Oct. 2, 1867, 8vo
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THORNTON, J. WINGATE, of Boston. Abstract of an address of Edward Crane,
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TUCKER, JONATHAN, of Salem. Lowell as it was and as it is, 1 vol. 12mo, Low-
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1858. Second Annual Report upon the Natural History and Geology of the State
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ton, 1854. Dictionary of Chemistry, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1777. Life of Samuel
Tucker, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1868. The Columbian Orator, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1817.
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1825. Worcester's Elementary Dictionary, 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1840. Sophocles
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1852. Jacob's Greek Reader, 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1833. Robbins' Outlines of His-
tory, 1 vol. Svo, Hartford, 1848. Beauties of the English Stage, 1 vol. 12mo, London,
1756. Hentz's French Reader, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1825. Eaton's Arithmetic, 1
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York, 1835. Young Mother's Delight, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1840. Wayland's Moral
Science, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1847. Mather's Essays to do Good, 1 vol. 12mo, Dover,

1826. Thomson's Seasons, 1 vol. 16mo, Brookfleld, 1807. Weld's Latin Grammar,
1 vol. 12mo, Portland, 1842. Cunningham's Infidelity Portrayed, 1 vol. 12mo, New
York, 1836. First Lessons in History of U. S., 1 vol. Svo, Boston, 1856. Olmstead's
School Philosophy, 1 vol. Svo, New Haven, 1846. Willard's History of U. S., 1 vol.
Svo, New York, 1850. Quackenbos' First Lessons in Composition, 1 vol. Svo,
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Felix Holt, the Radical, a novel, Svo, New York, 1866. Land at Last, a novel, Svo,
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the eighth census, 1860, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1862. Bruce's New York Type
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. Catalogue of Officers and Students for 1867-68, 8vo
pamph., Ann Arbor, 1868.

UNKNOWN. Fifty-fourth Annual Report of Massachusetts General Hospital,
1867, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1868. The Financial Economy of the United States, Il-
lustrated, etc., by J. A. Ferris, 1 vol. 12mo, San Francisco, 1867.

VERRILL, Prof. A. E., of New Haven, Conn. Catalogue of University of Wis-
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WARD, CHARLES, of Salem. Files of the Essex Statesman, 1 vol. folio, Salem,
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WALTON, EBEN N., of Salem. Minutes of the Twenty-first Session of the Sab-
bath School Convention of Salem Baptist Association, June 2, 1868, 8vo pamph.,
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WATERS, E. STANLEY, of Kanawha, West Va. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 18.

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1762. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 31.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Chicago: Past, Present, Future, 1 vol. 8vo,
Chicago, 1868. Tenth Annual Statement of the Trade and Commerce of Chicago
for 1868, 8vo pamph., Chicago, 1868. Report of Chicago and North Western Rail-
way Company for year ending May 31, 1868, 8vo pamph., Chicago. Report of Illi-
nois Central Railroad Company, Dec. 31, 1867. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 44.

WELLS, D. FRANKLIN, of Des Moines, Iowa. Biennial Report of the Superinten-
dent of Public Instruction, 1 vol. 8vo, Des Moines, 1868.

WESTERMANN & Co., B. Catalogue des Livres publics en Langues E'trangeres
par 1' Academic Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 8vo, St. Petersbourg,
1867.

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N. H., 1859.

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gress by the State Geologist, 1 vol. 8vo, Des Moines, 1868. Catalogue of Iowa
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ton, Me., during the Pastorate of Rev. Paul Coffin, D. D., 8vo paniph., Cambridge,
18(58.

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of Public Instruction, 1 vol. 8vo, Des Moines, 1868. The Census of Iowa as re-
turned in the year 1867, 1 vol. 8vo, Des Moines, 1867, Public Documents, 12 pamph-
lets, 8vo, Des Moines, 1867-.68.

WYMAN, Prof. JEFFRIES, of Cambridge. Symmetry and Homology in Limbs
by J. Wyman, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1867.

YALE COLLEGE, New Haven, Conn. Catalogue of Officers and Students for 1868-
69, 8vo pamph., New Hayen, 1868, Catalogus Collegii Yalensis, Triennial 8vo
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YEQMANS, WILLIAM H,. First and Second Annual Reports of the Secretary of

72

the Connecticut Board of Agriculture, I860, 1867, 2 vols. 8vo, Hartford, 1867 and
1868. Public Documents of the State of Connecticut, 16 pamphlets, Svo. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 12.

BY EXCHANGE.

ACADEMIC DBS SCIENCES, BELLES LETTRES ET ARTS. Actes do 1'Acaddmie
Imp<h-iale des Sciences. Belles Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux, 3e serie. Annee 29,
4, 1867, 8vo, Paris, 1867.

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, of Phila. Proceedings for Mar., Apr., May
18G8, 8vo pamph., Phila., 1868.

ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES. Bulletins de l'Acade"mie royale des Sci-
ences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Tome xxiv. 2 Series, 1867, 8vo,
Bruxelles, 1867. Annuaire de 1' Academic royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des
Beaux- Ai-ts de Belgique, 12mo, Bruxelles, 1868.

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Memoirs, vol. ix, pt. 1, N. S.,
4to pamph., Boston, 1867. Proceedings, vol. vii, page 185 to 344, 8vo pamph.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings at a Special Meeting at Wor-
cester, June 2, 1868, on the death of Hon. L. Lincoln, 8vo pamph., Worcester, 1868.
Proceedings at Semi-annual Meeting, Apr. 29, 1868, 8vo pamph., Worcester, 1868.
Proceedings at Meeting, Oct. 21, 1867, 8vo pamph., Worcester, 1867.

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Transactions, vol. 1, Nov. 3, 8vo pamph.,
Phila., 1868. Catalogue of Library, 8vo pamph., Phila., 1868.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, vol. x, No. 78, 8vo pamph.,
Phila., 1868.

ARCHIV FUR ANTHROPOLOGIE. Zeitschrift fur Naturgeschichte und Urgeschi-
cht des Menschen. Heft. 1, Bd. II., Heft., 1, 2, 3, Bd. 2, 4to pamphlets, Braunschweig,
1866, 1867, 1868.

BIBLIOTH£QUE UNiVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles Nouvelle Pei-iode. Tome xxxii. Nos. 125-28, 8vo, Geneve,
1868.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Bulletin for June, Sept., Nov., 1868, 8vo pamph.
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Trustees, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1867. American
Part of the Collection of the Prince Library, 8vo pamph.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, Conditions and Doings of. 8vo
pamph., Boston, 1868. Annual, 1868-69, Svo pamph., Boston, 1868. Memoirs read
before, being a new series of the Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. i, pt. 3,
4to pamph., Boston, 1808. Proceedings, vol. xi, sigs. 7-30, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1868.
Hentz' Araneides of U. S. A., ed. by S. H. Scudder, Svo pamph., Boston, 1868.
Proceedings, vol. xii, sigs. 2-10, Svo pamph.

BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Buffalo Directory for 1866, 1 vol. Svo, Buffalo,
1866.

BUFFALO YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION. Thirty-second Annual Report of Ex-
ecutive Committee, Svo, Buffalo, 1868.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Memoirs of. Vol. 1, pts. 1 and 2, 4to, San
Francisco, 1868.

CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, Transactions. Vol. 1. pt. 1, Svo, Chicago, 1867.

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Tenth Annual Statement of the Trade and
Commerce at Chicago, Svo, Chicago, 1868. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Board
of Education of Chicago, 1 vol. Svo, Chicago, 1867.

CHRISTIANA OBSERVATORY. Meteorologiske Jagttagelser, Christiana, 1867,

CINCINNATI MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Thirty-third Annual Report,
for 1867, Svo pamph.

CINCINNATI PUBLIC LIBRARY. Rules, By-laws, Annual Report, 1867, Svo
pamph.

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EDITORS. American Entomologist. American Farmer. American Journal of
Couchology. American Journal of Science and Arts. American Literary Ga-
zette. American Messenger. Book Buyer. Canadian Journal of Industry, Sci-
ence and Arts. Canadian Naturalist. Child's Paper. Christian World. Cosmos.
Essex Banner. Galaxy. Gardener's Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Guardian
of Health. Hardwicke's Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Inside Track.
Land and Water. Lawrence American. Lippincott's Magazine. Lynn Reporter.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Naturalists' Note Book. Peabody Press. Port-
land Daily Press. Quarterly Journal of Science. Revolution. Sailor's Magazine
and Seaman's Friend. Triibner's American and Oriental Literary Record.

ENTOMOLOGISCHE VKKEiN zu STETTIN. Entomologische Zeitung, Jahrg. 28,

1867, 1 vol. 8vo.

FIUE LANDS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Fire Lands Pioneer for June, 1868,
8vo pamph., Sandusky, 1868.

GESELLSCHAFT FUR BEFORDERUNG DER NATURWISSENCHAFTEN. Berichte
uber die Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg i. B.
Band iv. Heft. iv. 8vo, Freiburg, i. B. 1867.

GEOLOGICAL AND POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY of West Riding, Yorkshire. Report
of the Proceedings, 1867, 8vo pamph., Leeds, 1868.

IMPERIAL ACADEMY DE BORDEAUX. Actes, 3 serie, 29 Annee, 1867.

INSTITUT HISTOHIQUE DE FRANCE. L'Investigateur, Journal de le iv, Serie,
March, Apr., July, Aug., Nov., Dec., 1868, 8vo pamph., Paris, 1868.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annals of Iowa for April, July, October,

1868, 8vo pamph., Davenport, 1868.

KONGELIGE NORSKE UNivERSiTET i Christiana. Fordhandlinger Videnskabs-
Selskabet i Christiania, Aar. 1858-1866, 8vo, Christiania, 1858. &c., !) pamphlets. Mor-
kinnaskinna udgiven af C. R. Unger, 1 vol. 8vo, Christiania, 1867. Det Kongelige
Norske Fredericks Universitets Aarsberetning for Aaret, 1866, 8vo pamph., Chris-
tiania, 1867. Index scholarum in Universitets Reg. Fredericks, Jan., Aug., 1867, 2
pamphlets. Etudes sur le A Ilmites Chimiques par Gulberg and Weiuge, 4to pamph.,
Christiana, 1867.

LEEDS PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY. Annual Report for 1867-8,
8vo pamph., Leeds, 1868.

L'INSTITDT NATIONAL GENEVIS. Memoires, Tomfc Onzieme, 1866, 4to, Geneve,
1867. Bulletin de, Nos. 30, 31, 1866-67.

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Historical Collections, vol. viii, 4th
series, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1868.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Transactions for 1867, 8vo pamph.,
Boston, 1868.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Third Annual Catalogue of
Officers and Students, 1867-8, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1867.

MECHANICS INSTITUTE, Ohio. Fortieth Annual Report of Directors, 8vo
pamph., Cincinnati, 1868.

MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION of Boston. Forty-eighth Annual Report,
8vo pamph., Boston, 1868.

MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION of San Francisco. Fifteenth Annual Re-
port, 8vo pamph., San Francisco, 1868.

MERCANTILE LIBRARY COMPANY of Philadelphia. Forty-fifth Annual Report,
8vo pamph., Philadelphia, 1808.

MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annual Report at Meeting, Jan. 20, 1868,
8vo pamph., St. Paul, 1868.

MONTREAL SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Canadian Naturalist and Geolo-
gist, for Feb., May, Dec., 1866, 8vo pamph.

MORAVIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Transactions, 8vo pamph., Bethlehem, 1868.

PROCEEDINGS ESSEX IN ST., VOL. VI. 10 JUNE, 1870.

74

MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY or GREAT BRITAIN. Geological Report on
Londonderry and Parts of Tyrone and Fermanagh, 1 vol. 8vo, Dublin, 1843. Geo-
logical Report on Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1839.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and of the Museum of Eco-
nomic and Practical Geology, 4 vols. 8vo, London, 1840, &c. Memoir on the Geol-
ogy of Edinburgh. 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1861. 'Mineral Statistics of Great Britain
for 1801-18U7, 8vo, London, 1862-1807. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the
United Kingdom. Figures and Descriptions Illustrative of British Organic Re-
mains, Decades 1 to 13, 12 pamphlets, 8vo, London, 1849-18(56. Descriptive Cata-
logue of Rock Specimens in Musei^m of Practical Geology, 8vo pamph., London,
1802. Catalogue of Mineral Collections in Museum of Practical Geology, 8vo
pamph., London, 1864. Description of Models in Museum of Practical Geology,
8vo, London, 18(!5. Catalogue of the Fossils of Museum of Practical Geology, 8vo,
London, 18(i5. Descriptive Guide of the Museum of Practical Geology, 8vo, Lon-
don, 18157. Geology of Parts of Berkshire and Hampshire, 8vo pamph.. London,
1802. Geology of Parts of Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire,
and Surrey, 8vo pamph., London, 1864. Geology of the Country around Chelten-
ham, 8vo, London, 1857. Geology of the Country around Oldham, including Man-
chester and its suburbs, 8vo, London, 1804. Geology of Stockport, Macclesfleld,
Congleton and Leek, 8vo pamph, London, 18(>0. Geology of Leicestershire Coal-
field, 8vo pamph., London, 18(50. Geology of Warwickshire Coal-field, 8vo pamph.,
London, 1859. Geology of Isle of Wight Coal-field, 8vo pamph, London, 1802.
Tertiary Fluvio-Marine Formation of the Isle of Wight, 8vo, London, 1856. Report
on Geology of Trinidad, 8vo pamph., London, 1860.

NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT zu GORLIK. Abhandlungen der Naturfor-
schenden Gesellschaft zu Go'rlik, 8vo, Gorlik, 1868.

NATURFORSCHENDER VEREIN. Correspondenzblatt des Naturforschenden Ve-
reins zu Riga, Jahrg, xvii, 1867, 8vo, Riga, 1807. (

NATURHISTORISCHER VEREIN DER PREUSSISCHEN RHEINLANDE UND WESTPHA-
LENS. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen "Vereines der preussischen Rhein-
lande und Westphalens, Jahrg, xv, xxiv, 1858, 1867, Bonn, 8vo.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT. Berichte iiber die Thatigkeit der
St. Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft wiihrend des Vereinsjahres,
1866-67, 8vo, St. Gallen, 1867.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE GESELLSHAFT Isis. Sitzungs-Berichte der Natur-
wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, "Isis zu Dresden, Jahrg, Nos. 4, 6, 9, 8vo, Dres-
den, 1868.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER VEREIN FUR SACHSEN UNDTHURINGEN IN HALLE.
Zeitschrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, Herausgegeben von dem
Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine fiir Sachsen und Thuringen in Halle, Bd. xxiv-
xxxi, Jahrg, 1866-1868, 8vo, Halle, 1868.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN VEREIN zu BREMEN. Abhandlungen herausge-
geben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen, Bd. 1, Heft, iii, 8vo. Bre-
men, 1808.

NEW BEDFORD FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. Sixteenth Annual Report of the Trus-
tees, 8vo pamph., New Bedford, 1808.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. New England Historic
and Genealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal, vol. 22, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 8vo
pamph., Boston, 1868. Discourse commemorative of Hon. J. A. Andrews, LL. D.,
8vo pamph. Boston, 1838.

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, vol. 1, No. 1, 2nd series, for
1867, 8vo. pamph., Newark.

NEW YORK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. Centennial Celebration at Irving Hall,
April 6, 8vo, New York, 1868.

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NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Address at Sixty-third Anniversary, by C.
S. Henry, D. D., Dec. 19, 1867, 8vo, New York, 1868, pamph. Fitz Green Halleck,
— a Memorial, by F. S. Cozzens, 8vo, New York, 1868.

NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Annals, vol. viii, Nos. 15, 16, 17,
8vo, New York, 1867.

NOVA SCOTIA INSTITUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings and Transac-
tions, vol. ii, pt. 1, 1886-67.

PEABODY INSTITUTE, OF BALTIMORE. The Founder's Letters and Papers Rela-
ting to its Dedication and its History, 1 vol. 8vo, Baltimore, 1868.

PEABODY INSTITUTE, OF PEABODY. Sixteenth Annual Keport of the Trustees,
Svo pamph, South Danvers, 1868.

PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. First An-
nual Report of Trustees, 8yo pamph, Cambridge, 1868.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for October, No-
vember, December 1867, Janury, February, 1868, Svo pamph.

REDWOOD LIBRARY AND ATHENAEUM, Newport, R. I. Report made to the Com-
pany, Sept. 25, 1867, Svo pamph., Newport, 1867. Early Recollections of Newport,
R. I., from 1793 to 1811, by G. G. Cbanning, Svo, Newport, R. I., 1868.

ROYAL ACADEMY OF MUNICH. Sitzuiigsberichte derKonigl. Bayer. Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Miinchen, 1866, 1st series, pts. 1, 2, 3, 4, 2nd series, pts. 1, 2,
3, 4; 1807, 1st series, pts. 1, 2, 3, 4.

ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol.
xvi, Nos. 95=-100, 6 pamphlets, Svo.

SOCIETY VAUDOISE DBS SCIENCES NATURELLES. Bulletin de la Societe Vau-
doise des Sciences Nafurelles, vol. ix, Nos. 57, 58, Svo, Lausanne, 1867-8.

SPRINGFIELD CITY LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Annual Report, 8vo pamph.,
Springfield, 1868.

STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, Wilmington, Del. Second Annual Report and
Catalogue, Svo pamph., 1868.

ST. Louis ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Transactions, vol. 2, 1861-68, Svo pamph., St.
Louis, 1868.

TIDSSKRIFT for Populaere Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben, for 1859-1867,
Svo, Kjobenhavn.

VERMONT STATE LIBRARY. Early History of Vermont, 1 vol. Svo. Albany,
1868. Vermont House Journal for 1867, 1 vol. Svo, Montpelier, 1868. Vermont Senate
Journal for 1867, 1 vol. Svo, Montpelier, 1868. Vermont Legislative Documents for
1867, 1 vol. Svo, Montpelier, 1868. Laws of Vermont for 1867, 1 vol. Svo, Montpelier,

1867. Ninth and Tenth Registration Reports for 1865, 1866, 2 vols. Svo, Montpelier,
1867, 1868. Directory, Rules and Manual for General Assembly, 1867, 1868, 2 vols.
12mo, Montpelier, 1867, 1868. Eleventh Annual Report of Vermont Board of Edu-
cation, Svo panrph., Burlington, 1867. Second Annual Report of Trustees and Offi-
cers of State Reform School for 1866-67, Svo, pamph., Montpelier, 1867.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, of Worcester. Annual Report for

1868, Svo pamph., Worcester.

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. Der Zoologische Garten, Jahrg. 1-6, Svo, Frank-
tttrt, A.-M., 1868.

DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM DURING THE YEAE 1868.

ALCOTT, JOHN, Peabody. Fresh specimen of Marsh Hawk from Peabody.
ALLEN, J. F., Salem. Canary Grass raised in Salem.

AUSTIN, E. E., Salem. Specimen of Fish Isinglass made from the Sounds ol a
Haddock.
AYLWARD, GEORGE, Salem. Heads of Gambetta flavipes, shot in Salem.

76

BOLLES, Rev. E. C. Fossils from Cincinnati, Ohio, and Insects and Diatoms from
various localities.

BROOKHOUSE, R., Salem. Specimens of Coleoptera from Marblehead.

CARLEN, 8., Salem. Insects and Spiders, and a Muskrat, all from vicinity of
Salem.

CHOATE, Dr. GEORGE. Saw-flsh's Saw; Jaws of a Shark; Skin of a Manis;
specimens of Reptiles and Insects from unknown localities; also a Scarf from one
of the Pacific Islands.

CLOUTMAN, Jos. P., Salem. A collection of Gold Ores from the Gregory and
President Mines, Colorado.

CLOUTMAN, WM. R., Charleston, S. C. Minerals from the vicinity of Aiken. S.C.,
and a Bottle of Water from Artesian Well, No. 2, corner of Wentworth and Meet-
ing streets. Charleston, S. C.

COOK, WM. P., Salem. Specimen of Dendroica aestiva, killed in Salem. Clear-
ance of American Bark Benefactor for Shanghai, at the Custom House at Kana-
gawa, written in Chinese, and a Six-Shilling Bill, Provincial Currency, dated 1776.

CREAMER, GEORGE, Salem. Embryo Rats.

CUMMINGS, WILLIAM. A Three-Dollar Bill of Continental Currency.

DANIELS, G. P., Salem. Cicada from Salem.

DODGE, A. JUDSON, Danvers. Fossil Coral from Illinois.

DODGE, ALLEN W., Hamilton. A specimen of Eudryas grata from the Grape-
vine, taken in Hamilton.

DODGE, J. S., Beverly. A Stone Pestle found in Lynn.

FELLOW, T. J., Salem. The smaller Claw of a Lobster, Homarus Americanus.
The Claw weighed four pounds. The Lobster was taken at Cape Porpoise, Maine,
and weighed fifty-one pounds.

FISKE, Capt. . Specimen of Vicar of Wakefleld Pear raised in California

and brought here around Cape Horn.

GOLDTHWAIT, J. A., Salem. Specimen of Epiera diadema from Salem.

GOODELL, A. C., jr., Salem. Two pieces of Cast Iron made at Saugus from Bog
Iron found .at that place.

GOODHUE, B., Hancock, N. H. Five Black Rats from Hancock.

GOODHUE, WM. Skull and portions of Human Skeleton from Zanzibar.

Goss, F. P., Salem. An Old-fashioned Bit Stock.

GOULD, CHARLES, Topsfleld. Insects from the Woods in Topsfleld.

GOULD, THOMAS, Beverly. Specimen of Pimpla from Beverly.

GOULD, Z., Topsfield. A Stone Gouge from Topsfleld.

HALL, Prof. JAMES, Albany, N. Y. A collection of Fossils consisting of one
hundred species, three hundred specimens, from the Niagara, Hamilton and Tulley
Limestone and Chemung Group, in New York and Indiana.

HAWS, ALDEN, Beverly. Saw of a Saw-fish.

HOLMES, JOHN C., Ypsilanti, Mich. Local, Land and Fresh Water Shells.

HOOPER, N. Specimens of Copal from the West Coast of Africa.

HUING, WM. PRESCOTT, Salem. Dragon Fly taken in Salem.

HUNT, T. FRANK, Salem. A series of the New Silver Hong Kong Currency of the
denomination of one dollar, twenty, ten and five cents, and one cent copper.

HUTCHINSON, Capt. DANIEL, Salem. Specimens of Euplectella aspergillum;
Venus Flower Basket from the Island of Zebu, Philippine Islands.

IVES, JOHN M., Salem. Four Eggs of Gull from the Outer Gooseberry, Salem
Harbor.

JACKSON, Dr. J. B. S., Boston. Four specimens of Flying Fish.

JOHNSON, C. W., Salem. Larvae of Thyreus, from the Grape-vine.

JOHNSON EDWIN G. A. " Double Tournois," a French Copper Coin of Louis
XIII, date 1639— dug up near the Horse Railroad office in, Salem, May, 1868.

77

JONES, G. W., Salem. A specimen of Ampelis cedrorum from the vicinity of
Salem, and Insects from Africa.

KIMBALL, JAMES, Salem. Specimens of Belostoma from Coy's Pond, Beverly;
a Stone Adze and Nest and Eggs of the Chickadee from unknown locality; Eggs
of Pyrula from Cape Cod; and two Moths from vicinity of Salem.

KIMBALL, Miss MARY. A Longicorn Beetle from Columbus, Ga.

LAMSON, J. ARTHUR, Topsfleld. A Stone Gouge, small Axe and a Sinker found
in Topsfleld.

LANDER, W. W., Salem. A specimen of Clytus sp. taken in Salem.

LOCK, N. C. Specimen of Nyctiardea Gardenii shot in Salem.

LOUD, J., Salem. Deer Mouse, taken in Broad street, Salem.

LUNGREN, Mrs. Dr. HENRY, Volusia, Fla. (through Miss M. G. WHEATLAND, Sa-
lem). Head, Feet, Wings and Tail of Picus pileatus. Three Heads of the Flor-
ida Parrot, and a specimen of ^Eschna sp. from St. Augustine, Fla.

MACK, DAVID, Jr., Salem. Three specimens of Cyprea sp. from Ceylon.

MACK, Dr. WILLIAM, Salem. Fossils from Trenton Falls, and Sharon Springs;
Salamander, Fishes, Mollusks and Insects from Sharon Springs ; Reptiles and In-
sects from Aiken, S. C., and a specimen of Lycosa sp. found in Salem; also Min-
erals from various localities.

MACK, Miss HARRIET O., Salem. Fruit of the Tamarind from South Carolina,
and Larvae of Philampelus sp.

MANNING, ROBERT, Salem. Eleven specimens of Minerals from Caldere, Chili.

MANNING, J. H. A portion of Corwin Rock in Boston Harbor.

MARGOLLES, F., Salem. Fine specimens of Carbonate of Lime from El Templo
Grotto, Cuba; Reptiles and Insects from Cuba.

MAYO, E. R., Boston. Specimen of Condylura cristata from Boston.

McGRANE, WM., Salem. Dragon-fly taken in Salem.

MEADY, Mr., Salem. Caterpillar of the Hawk Moth.

MILBURN, Mrs. JANE, New York. Alcoholic specimens of Locust from Aspin-
wall.

MOODY, HENRY D. Bowl of a very old Spoon found between the outer boards
and the mop-boards in the old building where Mr. Webster kept a hat store on
Washington street, taken down at the building of the Tunnel.

MORSE, WILLARD S., Ware, Mass. Case of the Cadis Worm, Phryganea sp.
from Ware, Mass.

MUSEUM or YALE COLLEGE, New Haven, Conn. Forty-six specimens of Shells
from various localities.

NEILSON, Dr. WM., Salem. Pieces of Wood from the Frigates Congress and
Merrimac.

NEWHALL, S., Saugus Centre. A Stone Axe found in that place.

NICHOLS, C'.«F., Salem. A collection of Insects.

NICHOLS, F. W., Salem. Thirty species of Insects from Washington, D. C., and
a twig containing Eggs of the Seventeen-year Locust.

NICHOLS, Mrs. GEORGE, Salem. Portion of a Stone Pestle found in the vicinity
of Salem.

NICHOLS, WM. H., 3d. A small slab of White Marble with lines cut around and
across it, found on a seat in a Church in Senafe, Abyssinia, by Lieut. William
Mackie, 2d Queente Royal Regiment, during the late war in that country.

OSBORNE, LEWIS S., Salem. Imago and pupa of the Seventeen-year Locust.

OSGOOD, CHARLES C., Salem. Specimens of the Jute Plant.

OSGOOD, Miss HATTIE, and PIERSON, Miss DAISEY, Salem. Specimens of
Woolly Larvae of a Saw-fly found on the Butternut Tree, taken in Salem.

PAINE, J. A-, Salem. A Stone Pestle having a groove cut around it at one end,
and portions of Bones of various Animals, found in a Shellheap at Pine Grove.

78

Specimen of Sphynx quinquemaculiita, taken in Salem, and a piece of Fossil Wood
from unknown locality.

PAGE, Miss ANNIE L., Danvers. Spider from that place.

PALFREY, C. W., Salem. Two Eggs of Mocking-bird, laid in a cage. Samples
of Cloth from the Society Islands.

PEABODY, ALFRED S., Cape Town, C. G. H. Skull of Wild Boar; Horns of two
species of Antelope; Eggs of Albatros and King Penguin, and two Botanical
specimens, all from the Cape of Good Hope.

PERLEY, Miss Mary E., Topsfleld. A Lonigcorn Beetle from Topsfleld.

PERLEY, THOMAS W., Topsfleld. Insects from Topsfield.

PERRY, Mr., Danvers. Specimens of Eacles imperiulis.

PHIPPEN, G. D., Salem. An Indian Stone Implement from •. — .

POLLARD, GEO. A. Stone from a Temple at Ninevah, bearing inscription.

POUSLAND, GEO. W., Salem. Two specimens of Kryolite from Greenland, with
Labradorite, Yellow Copper Pyrites, Galena and some Iron Pyrites.

PRICE, Mr., Manchester. A Holothurian from near Baker's Island, Salem
Harbor.

PULSIFER, DAVID, Boston. The Dress of an Indian Chief from California, made
from the Intestines of the Seal.

PUTNAM, Mrs. EBEN, Salem. Several Insects from vicinity of Salem.

PUTNAM. JOHN, Salem. A dried specimen of Holothurian.

RAMSDELL, F. G., Marblehead. Portion of a Stone Gouge found at Marblehead.

REED, Mr. , Salem. A curiously shaped Radish.

ROBERTS, DAVID, Salem (by request). An Oil Portrait of himself.

ROBERTS, Miss E. K., Salem. Specimen of Corydalis from the vicinity of Salem.

ROBERTS, Mr. Red-shouldered Hawk killed in Salem.

ROBINSON, JOHN", Salem. Specimens of Corals from various localities; Arrow-
heads from Fort Ticonderoga, Eastern Virginia, Andover and Salem; Cells of the
Tailor Bee from Farmington.

ROPES, JOSEPH. Sketch of the old Capen House at Topsfleld.

RUSSELL, 8. S. C., Boston. Shells and fragments of Coral from the Harbor of
Havana, Cuba.

SALTONSTALL, Miss CAROLINE, Salem. An Ancient Mirror and Dish belonging
to the Leverett family.

SCOTT, A. D., Salem. Specimen of Actias luna taken in Salem, June 20.

SEARS, J. H., Danvers. Specimen of Buteo lineatus shot in Danvers, and Eggs
of the same; also specimens of Julus sp. and of Helix alternata from Danvers.

SHATSWELL, Jos., Salem. Egg of Black Spanish Hen, weighing 3\ oz.

SHELDON, AUGUSTUS, Salem. Insects from vicinity of Salem.

SHEPARD, HENRY F., Salem. Copal from the East Coast of Africa; also Fossils
from various localities; two specimens of Cassis from Zanzibar?, and a specimen
of Oxide of Iron from the Island of Elba; Head of Fox from vicinity of Salem;
Turd u s migratorius, having a curious malformation of the Upper Mandible; three
Heads of Bonasa umbellus from New Hampshire; two Fire Buckets used by his
father, Michael Shepard, bearing the date 1783.

SHEPAHD, S. A. D., Boston. Alcoholic specimens of Reptiles and Insects from
various localities.

SILSBEE, WM., Salem. Java Sparrow; two specimens of Loligo from Salem
Harbor.

SILVER, Miss MINNIE, Salem. Specimen of Oryzia sp. with its Eggs, from
Rowley.

SIMONDS, G. W., Salem. Cicada scptemdecem from Fallstown, Md.

SMITH, L. P. Section of the Trunk of a Palmetto Tree from Paradise Island,
Wondo Rifer, S. C.; also section of a Fig Tree from same place.

79

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C. Nineteen specimens of Birds,
consisting of eleven genera seventeen species from Lower California, Mexico,
Central America, West Indies and Brazil.

STRILEY, JACOB, Salem. Four malformed Claws of Homarus Americanos from
Salem Harbor.

STORY, NOAH, Essex. Stone Arrowhead and Gouge found at Essex.

TEAGUE, Mr., Salem. Malformed Egg of Common Fowl.

TORZ, JOHN H. Model of an Esquimau Kyak.

TUCKER, SAMUEL, Salem. Malformed Claw of Homarus Americanus from Salem
Harbor.

TURNER, L. P. H., Danvers. Two living specimens of Atacus Cecropia, female,
from Danvers.

TUTTLE, F. W. Salem. Two specimens of Black Rat, from Hancock, N. H.

UPTON, HENRY. Pieces of a Stalactite from the Cave of De Belamar at Matan-
zas, Cuba.

WARD, ANNIE GOODHUE, Salem. Case of Phrygania sp. from Ware, Mass.

WARDr J. L., Salem. Two specimens of Sygnathus from Collins' Cove, Salem.

WATERS, D. P. Salem. Specimen of Prionus taken in Salem.

WEBB, W. G., Salem. Specimens of Coleoptera from Pompeii and Naples.

WHEATLAND, Dr. H., Salem. Specimen of Dyticus marginalis from Salem.

WHEATLAND, Miss M. G., Salem. Larvae and Pupa of a Beetle allied to Cassi
das, found on the Raspberry, in Salem, and four specimens of Gorgonia from
Florida.

WILKINS, JOSEPH, Salem. A Longicorn Beetle taken in Salem.

COMMUNICATIONS

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE

VOL. VI. 1867-7O.

TWO PARTS WITH THE PROCEEDINGS.

SALEM :

PUBLISHED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.
1871.

PRINTED AT

THE SALEM PRESS,

Corner of Derby and Liberty Streets,

F. W. PUTNAM, Proprietor.

COMMUNICATIONS.

I. EDWARD NORTON. Description of Mexican Ants noticed in the
American Naturalist, April, 1868. Illustrated by 11 cuts.
[Communicated April 6, 1868. Author's copies issued July,
1868. Regular issue, March, 1870]. pp. 1-10.
II. HORATIO C. WOOD, Jr. On the Phalanges of the United States
of America. Illustrated by 16 cuts. [Communicated Dec. 9,
1867. Author's copies issued Aug., 1868. Regular issue,
March, 1870]. pp. 10-40.

III. A. S. PACKARD, Jr. On Insects Inhabiting Salt Water. Illus-

trated by 6 cuts. [Communicated Dec. 7, 1867. Author's
copies issued April, 1869. Regular issue, March, 1870], pp.
41-51.

IV. A. E. VERRILL. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North

Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold
and Capt. John Rogers, U. S. N., from 185$ to 1856. Col-
lected by Dr. Wm. Stimpsou, Naturalist to the Expedition.
Part IV, Actinaria. Illustrated by 2 plates. [Concluded
. from Vol. V, p. 330, etc. Author's copies issued Nov., 1869.

Regular issue, March, 1870]. pp. 51-104. Plates. 1-2.
V. HORACE MANN. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. [Concluded
from Vol. V, p. 248. See Editorial Note on p. 112. Reg-
ular issue March, 1871]. pp. 105-112.

VI. T. MARTIN TRIPPE. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. [Com-
municated Jan., 1871. Regular issue, March, 1871]. pp. 113-
119.

VII. R. T. KNIGHT. Note on the Earth Worm. [Communicated

1870. Regular issue March, 1871]. p. 120.

VIII. THEODORE GILL. Synopsis of the Primary Subdivisions of the
Cetaceans. [Communicated December, 1870. Author's copies
and Regular issue, March, 1871]. pp. 121-127.
IX. ELLIOTT COUES. On the Myology of the Ornithorhynchus.
[Communicated December, 1870. Author's copies and reg-
ular issue, May, 1871]. pp. 128-173.

NOTICE.

With this volume of the PROCEEDINGS AND COMMU-
NICATIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE the publication is
brought to a close.

The proceedings at the meetings of the Institute since
the close of the year 1868 have been published in the
monthly BULLETIN of the Institute, in which journal the
communications made at the meetings have also been
printed in full or by abstract.

The Bulletin of the Institute is a monthly sheet of
about 16 pages and is distributed free to members, or
mailed to any address on the receipt of the subscription
of $1.00 per annum. — EDITOR.

COMMUNICATIONS

OF THE

o in.

I. Description of Mexican Ants noticed in the American
Naturalist, April, 1868.

BY EDWARD NORTON.

[Communicated April 6, 1868.]

Camponotus (Formica) esuriens Smith.

SMITH, British Museum Catalogue. Hymenoptera. VI, p. 54, No.
196, 1858. Major and minor workers. Mexico.

Mr. Smith describes the two workers. I find among
my specimens the worker major, the male, and female. .,

The worker major agrees with Mr. Smith's description ;
the ocelli are wanting.

Female. Length, 0.50 in. Face below ocelli black ;
the radicle of antennae, lower margin of face, and greater
part of mandibles ferruginous ; mesothorax and scutel
with variable piceous, or pitch-colored spots. Declivity
of metathorax abrupt ; node depressed, almost truncate
above ; abdomen black ; wings hyaline ; veins ferruginous.

Male. Length, 0.28-32 in. The head, mesothorax,
and abdomen piceous black. Nasus, remainder of thorax,
node, and legs piceous ; trochanters yellowish. Node
truncate, slightly emarginate ; ocelli prominent and sep-
arated.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 1 JULY, 1868.

NORTON,

Camponotus (F.) fulvaceus Norton (nov. sp.)-

Worker major. Length, 0.30-32 in. Color ochre-
yellow. Scape black ; flagellum,
mandibles, a band near the apex
of each segment of abdomen, and
the legs below the apex of femora
piceous. Apex of antennae yel-
lowish. A carina down the nasus ;
ocelli wanting. Head subquad-
rate, slightly hollowed behind.
Thorax compressed behind, de-
clivity not abrupt ; node rounded,
moderate. Body covered with
long, scattered, pale hairs. The
head is somewhat wider than the
thorax.

Worker minor. Length, Of30 in. The head of this
form is nearly as large, but is slenderer, and is more
rounded behind the eyes. (Four major workers ; two mi-
nor workers.)

Camponotus (P.) nitidus Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker. Length, 0.25 in. Piceous black, slender,
polished, shining. Antennae ferruginous, each set in a
larger basin near to a very short inner carina or ridge ;
nasus not distinctly carinate, with a deep hollow on each
side at base of mandibles ; a slender impressed line down
the middle of face. Mandibles striate, rufous. Head
about one-third wider than thorax, not emargiriate behind.
Thorax compressed, declivity abrupt ; node rounded, flat
behind. Abdomen polished, margin of segments pale,
legs rufous. A few scattered hairs on the face, none on
the bod}1". (Three workers.)

In this and the next, the legs are not as long as in the
two previous species.

Camponotus (F.) nacerdus Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker. Length, 0.22. Dull black; the face below
the antennae rufous. The whole body slender, dull black,

DESCRIPTION OF MEXICAN ANTS. 3

with delicate punctures. (Antennae wanting.) Head
subquadrate, hardly emarginate and truncate behind,
corners distant. Eyes subovate, small. Face not rugose ;
a distinct ridge down the nasus, continuing an impressed
line above. The whole face below the antennae rufous.
Thorax compressed behind ; node rounded, not thickened,
flattened behind. Abdomen dull black, covered with a
silky pile, visible in certain lights. Head and body with
a few scattered long hairs. Legs piceous black, the
anterior larger than the others. (Two workers.)
This is somewhat like the F. corusca of Smith.

Camponotus (Tapinoma) piceatus Norton (nov. sp.).
Worker major. Length, 0.20 in. Color entirely red-
dish piceous. Antennas pale. A carina on the nasus,
an impressed line above. Head one half wider than tho-
rax, square, not hollowed behind, and, with the thorax,
dull with delicate punctures. Thorax compressed behind,
declivity abrupt, incisures distinct. Node rounded, con-
vex behind, so as to fit closely into the concavity of abdo-
men. Abdomen shining, not polished, base of segments
darker, apex narrowly margined with pale gold. Body
covered with sparse whitish hair. Legs shorter than in
those of the previous genus. (Five workers.)

Camponotus (T.) tomentosus Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker major. Length, 0.28 in. Dull blackish, with
ferruginous tints ; the abdomen sericeous, with a greenish
pile. Head quadrate, large, nearly
twice as wMe as abdomen, dull, with
dense fine punctures ; eyes small,
subovate ; antennae black, inserted
beneath the raised inner carina which
partly overlaps the radicle ; nasus
hardly carinate ; mandibles wide,
with about three inner teeth, outer
tooth sharp. Thorax narrowed be-
hind, faintly ferruginous. Node
rounded, slightly convex behind, rather large. Abdomen
black, the apical margins of segments narrowly polished,
golden, the node and abdomen closely covered with shin-

4 NORTON,

ing yellowish green hair. Legs black, and with the body
sparsely covered with short pale erect hair.

Worker minor. Length, 0.22 in. The head about
half the size of the preceding, slightly wider than thorax,
somewhat rounded and scarcely emargiuate behind ; man-
dibles formed as in the major workers, but not so wide.
(Four majors ; three minor workers.)

Polyrhachis arboricola Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker major. Length, 0.20 in. Color dull black;
form short and stout. Head nearly twice as wide as tho-
rax, deeply emarginate behind, distinctly
and closely punctured ; eyes round. An-
tennse inserted below the line of eyes ;
joints of flagellum incised, basal radicle
and flagellum ferruginous. Thorax with
a strong spine on each side before, mid-
dle lobe prominent, quadrate, with dis-
tinct edges ; metathorax subtriangulate,
widest behind, with sharp angulate cor-
ners, but no spines, abrupt on all sides.
Node oval, emarginate, with one sharp
spine on the summit. Abdomen almost round, covered
with abundant silky hair, the whole body with long whit-
ish hair. Anterior legs below the knees piceous.

Polyrhachis strigata Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker major. Length, 0.16 inch. Color black, the
antennsB and legs honey-yellow. Antennae inserted low
down the face, widely separated. Head rounded behind ;
eyes round. Mandibles rufous, triangular. Thorax ovate,
contraction behind gradual, separation of lobes indistinct.
Node nearly spherical ; basal segment of abdomen as long
and wide as the next. The whole body from nasus to
anal segment covered with coarse longitudinal striae ; they
pass around the node, the circles diminishing to the sum-
mit. Legs short, pale at joints ; femora and tibiae
swelled in middle.

Var. Color wholly ferruginous. The antennae and
legs honey-yellow.

DESCRIPTION OF MEXICAN ANTS. O

Ectatomma ferruginous Norton (nov. sp.)-

"Worker major. Length, 0.40 in. Color ferruginous ;
mandibles yellowish. Eyes round, widely separated.
Head longitudinally rugose,
basin of antennae very large,
touching the eyes and ex-
tending to top of head ;
three carinae between the
antennae, down the face ; be-
tween these, over the inser-
tion of antennae are two
shining tubercles. Mandi-
bles with fine striae. Head
transverse behind. Thorax
advanced, with a sort of tu-
bercle before, and a short
stout spine at each corner ;
scutum large and circular, with two tubercles on each
side, one on mesothorax, and one on the adjoining piece,
or parapsides ; two short separated spines on the declivity
of metathorax ; the pro and mesothorax with circular and
longitudinal, the remainder with transverse coarse striae.
Node subquadrate, prominent before, truncate above,
with circular striae ; first segment canaliculate through the
middle, with delicate diverging striae ; a deep incision be-
tween this and the next segment, which is covered with
very fine diverging striae ; apex of following segments
shining. Hinder tibiae and tarsi each one-third longer
than those preceding ; claws with a small inner tooth near
the middle.

Male. Length, 0.40 in. Color piceous, varying to
black. Antennae set in a line with the bottom of eyes,
the summit of the basin in a line with top of eyes ; scape
short, about half as long as third article. Back of head
truncate, about one-third narrower than at eyes. Pro-
thorax distinct. Mesothorax trilobate as in Tenthredo,
rounded before, thorax with numerous longitudinal striae,
running (seen from behind) from the right down to the
left side. Node rounded, transversely striate, with a
short spine on each side before. Abdomen as in the

tf NORTON,

workers, the striae finer and remaining segments delicately
punctured. The whole body more or less sericeous with
fine whitish hair. Wings as in E. tuberculata. Claws
bifid. (Four workers, one male.)

Eciton brunnea Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker minor. Length, 0.37 in. Color of head and
thorax black, metathorax indistinctly ferruginous. Abdo-
men and legs from honey-yellow to ferruginous. Head
narrower and mandibles broader than in E. Mexicana.
Eyes rather larger. Basin of antennae surrounded by a
carinae, except on upper side ; an impressed line down the
face. Mandibles with a distinct inner tooth, and their
basal half finely denticulate. Head narrowed behind,
with a short bent spine on back of the hinder angles. A
distinct flattened space with subangulate margin down the
thorax, ending in middle of metathorax in two spines ; a
single sharp spine beneath first node bent backwards, and
a tooth on apex of second node beneath pointing forward.
Abdomen ovate, wholly yellow-red. The whole insect
sprinkled with pale hair. Claws with a single inner tooth
near the middle. (Five specimens.)

This is more like E. rapax Smith, than any other spe-
cies known to me.

*

Eciton Sumichrastii Norton (nov. sp.).
Worker minor. Length, 0.15-17 in. Black ; antennae,
abdomen, and legs, reddish piceous. Head one-half
wider than thorax, somewhat contracted behind, deeply
emarginated, with sharp slightly recurved angles. An-
tennae somewhat clavate. Mandibles short and stout ;
eyes minute. The whole head and thorax
covered with large deep pits, rather con-
fluent longitudinally upon the last. Su-
tures between parts of thorax distinct.
Nodes of peduncle of equal size, the first
coarsely punctured ; no spines beneath ;
abdomen shining, polished. The whole
body sprinkled with pale hair, most abun-
dant on abdomen. All the tibial spines
pectinate. Claws simple. (Seven specimens.)

DESCRIPTION OF MEXICAN ANTS.

Eciton Mexicans Roger.
EOGER, Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 1863, sp. 97.

Worker major.
Length, 0.50 in.

Worker interme-
dia. Length, 0.40
in.

Worker minor.
Length, 0.25-0.35
in.

The worker major
has long smooth
sickle-shaped man-
dibles (fig. a) . Man-
dibles of the other
workers as usual ;
their surface smooth,
biting edge without
teeth. Eyes pearly
white, small, angles
at back of head,
not acute ; spinose
projections on each
side of metathorax
distinct. First node
of abdomen nearly
as wide as long.
Joints of flagellum
rather long and slen-
der. Head dull, not
polished ; color of
head in major work-
er creamy white ; of
abdomen blackish,
remainder of body
ferruginous ; color
of second series fer-
ruginous, abdomen Worker minor.
black ; of third series, black with the flagellum and tarsi
ferruginous. This so closely resembles E. hamataFsib.,
that it is thought by many to be identical with it.

8 NORTON,

Pachycondyla Orizabana Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker. Length, 0.37. Color dull black, with the
radicle and apex of antennae, mandibles, and legs below
tips of knees, ferruginous. Head subquadrate, long, emar-
ginate behind; eyes small, round, placed below the
middle of face. Antennae inserted below the line of eyes,
their basin small. Mandibles polished, with a few punc-
tures near the teeth ; teeth numerous. Head and thorax
with somewhat confluent longitudinal stria3. Thorax
compressed behind, the sides of mesothorax abrupt and
margin angulate ; separation of scutel and mesothorax
obsolete. Node subquadrate, abrupt before, as high as
next segment, not as wide ; first segment as large as the
second, margin of all the segments indistinctly ferrugin-
ous. Tergum dull, shining, without punctures or striae.
Spines of four hinder tibia simple, those of the anterior
pair pectinate. Claws simple. (One specimen.) This
may prove to be the worker of P. Montezumia Smith.

Pseudomyrma thoracica Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker. Length, 0.25 in. Color, ochre-yellow, with
the final segments of abdomen banded with fuscous, and
the femora and tibiae blackish in the middle. Eyes large ;
ocelli fuscous, mandibles tipped with black, strongly den-
ticulate within, the first largest. Head once and a half
times wider than thorax, slightly emarginate behind.
Thorax flattened above ; metathorax subquadrate, declivity
abrupt, margins of sides almost angulate, a slight tubercle
on each side near the front. A blunt tooth near the apex
of first node beneath and near the base of the same.
Abdomen with fuscous spots, on the hinder segments with
blackish bands. The femora and tibia, except at base
and apex, blackish. Claws bifid. (Ten specimens.)

Pseudomyrma bicolor Gu6rin.

GU£RIN, Icon. K6g. anim. Ill, 427. Brazil, Panama,
Mexico.

Worker. Length, 0.30 in. This is quite va-
riable in color. The specimens examined are
black, with the antennae except lower half of
scape, the protiiorax, first node, and legs below
the knees yellow-red.

DESCRIPTION OF MEXICAN ANTS.

CEcodoma Mexicans Smith.
SMITH, Brit. Mus. Cat. Hym. Vol. VI, p. 185.

Female. Length, about 1.00 in. Exp. wing, 2.00
in. Thorax one
half wider than
head, hairy,
without spines ;
side angles of
second node
acute : color

ferrugin-

dark

ous; wings

smoky yellow ; costal margin blackish.

Worker major. Length, 0.50 in; Worker minor, 0.15
in. A spine on each lobe of back of
head. Two spines on thorax before ;
two projections between and two spines
on metathorax ; a spine on pleura,
above the anterior coxae. Mandibles
with about eight teeth ; color, dark fer-
ruginous ; color of minor worker yel-
low-red. Worker major.

Cryptocerus nmltispinosus Norton (nov. sp.).

Worker major. Length, 0.27 in. Color black, the
head and whole body dull with sparse coarse punctures,
from each of which arises a short shining white
hair. The produced sides of face, the anterior
angles of thorax, tips of all the spines and an-
terior corners of abdomen testaceous. Mar-
gins of head and of cheeks each angular, partly
covering the eyes, and extending forward above
in a sort of scale as far as the margin of nasus,
making the head nearly as wide before as behind ; nasus
and back of head emarginate ; corners of head angulate,
two spiuose tubercles on the occiput, which has an abrupt
declivity to hinder margin. Antennae short, setaceous,
base testaceous. Thorax twice as wide before as behind,
emarginate in middle, with two spinose angles on each
side, with a raised subangulate transverse connection ; a

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI.

JULY, 1868.

10 WOOD,

short blunt spine on each side of middle lobe ; metathorax
contracted behind, with a strong angle at its upper cor-
ners, its concavity without setae ; each node transverse,
with a sharp spine, curving backward on each side, those
on second node longest. Abdomen subcordate. Legs
short, stout, black ; tips of femora, tibiae, and final tarsal
joint testaceous, or yellowish horn-color.

Worker minor. Length, 0.20 in. This has the tuber-
cles on occiput subobsolete, and the declivity behind less
abrupt ; the anterior angles of thorax nearly coincident,
with no transverse connection.

II. On the Phalangeoe of the United /States of America.
BY HORATIO C. WOOD, JR., M. D.

[Communicated December 9, 1867.]

INTRODUCTION.

THE PHALANGES, or Opilionina, as they are sometimes
called, are a suborder of the Trachean Arachnids of the
same rank as the Pedipalpi of the Pulmonary Arachnids.

The external skeleton, the tegument, contains chitine,
as does indeed that of all the arachnids, remaining firm
although becoming transparent, when the animal is soaked
in a solution of caustic potash. It is variously orna-
mented with tubercles or spines, and more rarely punc-
tated or excavated. Good specific characters can fre-
quently be drawn from it.

The cephalothorax and abdomen are closely fused
together, although in most cases the line of separation is
more or less distinct. The cephalothorax is never, at least
in any species the author has seen, at all segmented ; it is
generally smaller than the abdomen, but in the family
Gonyleptidte, it is expanded into a broad plate, entirely
overshadowing the very small abdomen. The latter is in
all the Phalanges, more or less distinctly segmented.

Near the centre of the cephalothorax is a more or less
prominent abrupt elevation pr large tubercle, upon which
the eyes are situated. This tubercle, or as I have called

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 11

it, eye eminence, in our species is mostly dark-colored,
and more or less spinate or tubereulate. The eyes are
two in number, rather large, simple. Near the anterior
margin of the cephalothorax, on each side is an oblique
stigmata. These have been mistaken for eyes, but are
openings through the dermal skeleton.

The spiracles from which proceed the principal trachean
trunks in the " Harvest-men " are placed between the pos-
terior pair of coxae and the abdomen.

All of the Arachnida have four pairs of feet, which in
the Phalangidte are chiefly remarkable for their length,
and the number of their tarsal joints. The coxae are
large, conical, and converging towards the sternum. They
are almost completely hid by the body of the animal.
The next article, the trochanter, forms with the coxa a
sort of ginglymoid joint. The trochanters are small,
but often afford good specific characters. The femora are
long and slender, and are distally connected with the
shorter tibiae, which in turn give attachment to the numer-
ous series of short tarsal articles. In the Gonyleptida3,
the last pair of feet are the longest. In the Phalangidae
proper, the first and third pairs are about the same length
and much shorter than the others ; the fourth pair is not
quite so long as the second.

The question here naturally presents itself, are the
most anterior pair of feet true feet, i. e. sternal append-
ages, or in other words are the so called octopodous insects
really eight-footed. The use of these organs as feet is of
course no argument at all as to their homologies. Besides,
in many Arachnids, such as the Phrynidae and Thelypho-
nidae, they are used almost exclusively as feelers, almost
replacing the autennie in function, and probably in very
many other genera and families they answer the double
purpose of limb and palpus. If a true spider be exam-
ined, the anterior pair of feet will be seen to be articu-
lated to the sternum, and in all respects similar to the
others. Nevertheless, I cannot think they are true
sternal appendages, for the following reasons. If they
be so, the thorax must consist of four segments instead
of three, as in the true insects. In the Spiders, in Scor-
pions, Harvest-men, etc., the segments of the cephalo-

12 WOOD,

thorax are so fused together, that it is impossible to find
any distinct sutures ; but in the genus Galeodes, which in
respect to the separateness of the head, thorax, and
abdomen approaches somewhat the hexapods, the thorax
is pretty distinctly divided into three segments. Again,
although the attachment of the first pair of legs in many
arachnids is apparently to the sternum, yet in others it is
very distinctly not so. Thus in the Thelyphonidae, it is
placed on an entirely different plane from that of the truly
sternal legs and the bases of the first pair of legs are
indeed partially covered by the base of the maxillee. In
the Phrynidse this is even more marked.

For these reasons, it would seem that the anterior legs
of octopodous insects are really appendages of the ce-
phalic segments.

In the mouth of a rapacious arachnid the most anterior
organs are the so-called cheliceres, which project forwards
or downwards from immediately under the labrum, or
anterior edge of the cephalothorax. Latreille was, I
believe, the first to regard these organs as modified
antennae. Siebold, who follows him in this, assigns as
his reasons, the cerebral origin of their nerves, and the
fact that they never act like the mandibles of the other
Arthropoda in a horizontal direction.* The first of these
reasons is not at all conclusive ; for if the antennae were
absent, it would seem, a priori, most probable that the
cerebral ganglion, not being called on to supply them
with nerve power, would send a nerve to some of the
mouth organs, and to which more naturally than to the
most anterior ? It is very doubtful whether such anatom-
ical facts are of any aid whatever in tracing homologies ;
are the arms of man any the less appendages of the occip-
ital vertebra, because they do not receive their nervous
supplies from it? Again, the cheliceres of some arachnids
do act in a horizontal direction, in the true. Scorpions
for example. The value of such a character is shown by
the fact, that in one order, the Pedipalpi, the Scor-
pions have their cheliceres acting horizontally, whilst
amongst the Phrynids they are vertical. Farther, the

* Anatomy of the Invertebrates. American edition by Burnett, p.

3^O
10.

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES.

13

cheliceres occupy the same place and perform the same
functions as the anterior maxillae or mandibles of Coleop-
tera, so that the burden of proof certainly rests very
strongly on those who assign them as the homologues of
the antennae. If, as stated by Professor Owen, some
species of Galeodes have the rudiments of the antennae
attached to the cheliceres, it will strengthen the position
that the latter are the homologues of the mandibles rather
than weaken it. No such rudiments exist in the North
American species, Galeodes subulata Say, which is the
only one that I have seen specimens of ; but in certain of
the Harvest-men, there are two small processes placed
superiorly and anteriorly to the mandibles, which must
be regarded as the rudiments of the antennas.

The mandibles or cheliceres in the Phalangidae are two-
jointed, the distal, larger article, being vertical and armed
with a pair of forceps, one finger of which is fixed, the
other movable.

The ligula is scarcely perceptible in the Phalangeae.

The second prominent mouth-organs of the rapacious
arachnids are those which form
the large arm like weapons of
the Scorpions. They are the
homologues of the maxillae and
palpi of the Coleoptera.
the Harvest-men they
have much more resemblance to
the corresponding hexapod or-
gans than is general. Their basal-
joints, the representative of the
maxillae proper, are large, and
so opposed as to act as jaws.
The palpi are four-jointed, and
strictly retain the form and use
of palpi.

Such are the organs, which
are most obviously parts of the
mouth. Professor Owen sug-
gests in his anatomy of the In-
vertebrates that the anterior pair of feet are modified
labial palpi. This seems to be the most probable view

their
Among

Phalangitim ventricosum.

a, troclianter; 6, femora; c, palpus;
d. mandibles.

14 WOOD,

of the subject. They appear to be cephalic appen-
dage.s, for the reasons before given, and, if so, can hardly
be other except labial palpi or antennas. The presence of
the rudiments of the latter on the cheliceres of certain
Galeodes, and the total absence of any proof, are sufficient
reasons for not considering them as misplaced antennae.
Again in certain arachnids, they not only perform solely
the tactile function of both of these organs, but occupy
very closely the position of the former. Thus in the
Phrynidae, they are placed just posteriorly and superiorly
to the maxillae. No distinct labium is acknowledged as
existing among the arachnids, but if these organs are the
labial palpi, in the Scorpions the two processes, which
project forward from their bases, may be looked upon as
a split labium. Such appears to me the most probable
view of the homologies of these parts, but embryological
studies can alone settle these completely. Among the
Phalangese the anterior pairs of legs are attached just in
front and on the same plane as the others.

HABITS. The Phalangidce, Harvest-men, "Daddy Long
Legs," or "Grab for Gray Bears," as they are called in
northern New York, appear to live equally well about the
habitations of men and in the most lonely forests. I have
seen hundreds of them running over the bushes and ground
amongst the recesses of the Alleghanies, and every coun-
try lad has noticed them with wonder about out-buildings.
I believe they are most active in the very early morning
and evening, preferring twilight to the bright sun-glare.
They are carnivorous, feeding on small insects, and are
said to be especially addicted to aphis eating. The true
spiders, and, indeed, nearly all of the rapacious arachnids,
content themselves with sucking out the juices of their
victims, but the Harvest-men appear to devour them, for
which the opposing maxillae seem to fit their mouths. I
have seen one running with a half-devoured insect in
its mouth ; and Tulk, according to Siebold, has found
fragments of insects in their alimentary canal.

The eyes of the Harvest-men, placed as they are on a
prominence near the centre of cephalothorax, cannot
enable them to see beneath them, or in fact to discern any
near object much below their own level. The Phalan-

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 15

gium, however, when he walks, does not generally raise
his body much above the ground, but so bends his long
legs that their extremities are near the surface, whilst
their central portion is high in the air. As a consequence
of this the body of the animal is almost in the same plane
as his prey, which he is thus enabled to watch during his
approach. I have never seen a Harvest-man seize his
victim, but, according to Herbert, "Sie springen und
sturzen auf die Beute wie die Katze auf die Maus und
halten sie mit den Palpen wie mit Handen selbst."*

Mr. A. Tulk,f speaking of the habits of Phalangium
Opilio, says, "The harvest-spiders, at least the present
species, are nocturnal in their habits and capture their
prey, consisting of flies, mosquitoes, and small lepidop-
tera, by stealing cautiously towards it, and making a
gliding spring upon the victim when within reach. I
have repeatedly seen individuals of P. cornutum, when in
confinement, pursue each other with the utmost perti-
nacity, the larger generally pouncing upon the former,
and having brought them within reach of the chelicerse
and palpi by grappling them with their long legs, proceed
to devour the body, leaving the extremities untouched.
They use one of their legs occasionally to support the
food to their mouth." In our northern climates, proba-
bly but few Phalangians survive the winter. Dr. Lin-
cecum writes that large numbers winter in Texas, in the
long moss (Tillandsia usneoides). In the spring, all of
the specimens to be found in this neighborhood are evi-
dently very young, just hatched. They are small, very
soft and tender, and have not the coloration and other
specific characters well pronounced. Towards the close of
summer no more young specimens are to be met with.
All of the females are then full of eggs. The eggs are
said to be laid in the autumn in protected crevices, under
dry stones, etc., hatching out in the spring.

CLASSIFICATION. In regard to the classification of this
group, there is no doubt but that its value is that of a
suborder, and that is naturally divided into two families,

* They spring and pounce upon their victim as the cat upon the
mouse, and seize it with their palpi as if with hands,
t Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, p. 246.

16 WOOD,

the Phalangidce proper and the Gonyleptidce, and that
each of these groups is composed of several genera. A
large number of so-called genera have been named by
Koch in the work "Ueber sicht des Arachniden systems ;"
but have nowhere been described by that writer, at least
in no place that I have been able to find. A careful study
of the diagnoses of these genera as given by Meade,* has
produced grave doubts as to their distinctness ; and, cer-
tainly, it is impossible to rely upon the characters given
as separating natural, or even artificial groups. Phalan-
gium cornutum may be taken as the type of the Linnsean
genus Phalangium, since the only species preceding it, in
the 12th edition, is not well known. Most of our Pha-
langidse are members of one large generic group, and for
this the name Phalangium has been retained, since, in
the absence of specimens of P. cornutum, I have not been
able to find any characters distinguishing its members
generically from that species, although it is very possible
such characters exist.

There has come under my notice but a single North
American species of the Gonyleptidee, which appears to
be a member of the genus Gonyleptes of Kirby.

The specific characters are drawn from the spines,
tubercles, etc., on the surface of skin ; — from the pattern
of coloration ; peculiarities of eye eminence ; of legs,
especially the trochanters : from the size ; comparative
lengths of the body and legs ; and in the males, from the
genital appendage. There appears to be something
peculiar in the male organ of each species. For this
reason, although not proposing here to discuss the inter-
nal anatomy of the Phalangese, it seems necessary to say
a few words as to the genitalia. The rather long, slit-like
genital openings in both sexes exist just posteriorly to
the point of attachment of the last pair of legs. The
penis, inclosed in a very pronounced sheath, extends
along the median line for nearly the whole length of the
abdomen. It is best exposed by slitting open the under
surface of the abdomen at the sides and turning back the
tegument like a flap. The sheath will then appear, and

* Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1855.

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 17

»

must be cut open before the organ itself will come into
view. In the genus Phalangium the penis is made up of
two portions, the body and a second piece, generally
very small, and ending in a sharp point. The body of
the male organ is traversed by the continuation of the
spermatic duct or the ductus ejaculatorius, which opens
at or near the distal end of the smaller article. In the
latter part of summer many male Harvest-men may be
found, in which the organ, with its sheath massed about
its base, is extruded from the body.

Occupying a corresponding position with the last, in
the female is a long, firm, almost cartilaginous, more or
less annulated tube, the ovipositor, into the base of which
opens the oviduct. This, like the penis, is capable of
extrusion, and is provided with a sheath.

SUBORDER PHALANGES.

Respiration trachean. Thorax not distinctly articu-
lated. Mandibles very conspicuous, free, terminated by
a didactyle forceps. Abdomen annulate ; no metamor-
phosis.

FAMILY PHALANGID^.

Abdomen distinct superiorly. Coxse of posterior pair
of feet not more developed than the others, and radiating
at about the same angle as the others. Tarsi multiartic-
ulate.

Genus I. PHALANGIUM LINN.
Palpi without spines. Eyes two on a tubercle.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 3 JULY, 1868.

18

WOOD,

1. Phalangium dorsatum SAY.

1 a, female (natural size) ; I b, male (nat. size) ; 1 c, penis ; anterior and lateral view.

P. DORSATUM Say. Journ. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1st se., Vol. 2, p. 66.

Dorsum minutely granulate ; its general color grayish brown, with
often a sort of a golden tint ; anterior to the eye-spot, ornamented
with a somewhat v-shaped or irregularly parallelogrammatic black
marking on each side. At the eye eminence commences a dark black-
ish central marking, which is at first quickly expanded, then very
much contracted, and afterwards gradually somewhat expanded, and
then similarly again contracted, so as to form a strongly pronounced
central vase-shaped marking extending from the eye-spot to the pos-
terior extremity ; besides, there is on the flanks a more or less dis-
tinct blackish band, and the surface of the abdomen is more or less
spotted with black. Segmentation of the abdominal scutum well
marked. Eye eminence prominent, scarcely at all crenulate. Palpi
long, slender, grayish or reddish brown, more or less pubescent in the
male with their under surface and lateral edges furnished with rows

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 19

of small black spinous tubercles. Ventral surface a grayish brown,
tuberculate, with the abdominal segmentation strongly pronounced.
Coxae smooth or slightly tuberculate, grayish. Trochanters black.
Legs brownish, darker in the male, with blackish rings at the articu-
lations generally relieved by a whitish tipping. Spines on the feet
small, not very numerous Penis very slender, not very much flat-
tened, distally bent nearly at right angles to itself, and ending in a
long, thin, very acute point.

Length of Body, ?,0.3; $, 0.2. Length of Legs, $, (1) 1.4, (2) 3,
(3) 1.4, (4) 1.9; $, (1) 1.4, (2) 2.4, (3) 1.4, (4) 1.9.

REMARKS. I have seen a number of specimens of this
form collected in various localities near Philadelphia. It
appears to be an outdoor species ; most of the specimens
in my possession were, if I am correctly informed,
taken on black and raspberry bushes in gardens. The
male and females are quite different. There are not only
the usual differences of size and form, but the female is
Jighter in general color with little or none of the reddish
hue so general in the male, the flank markings more dis-
tinct, the palpi grayish (rarely reddish) , and the feet of
a lighter brown ; the crenations of the palpi are also less
strongly pronounced and often not easily made out from
their grayish tint. I have never seen these two forms
actually in coitu, but am led to refer them to the same
species by their general agreement of characters, and the
facts that they have been found together, and the one are
always male, the other female specimens. I have a sin-
gle specimen from Elizabethtown in Northern New York,
collected by my brother, George B. Wood, Jr. Also a
large number caught near Washington, by Mr. Austin.

Mr. J. H. B. Bland, of Philadelphia, has given some
small Harvest-men taken by him early in the spring,
which appear to be the young of this species. In these
the gray color of the adult is almost a milk-white ; the
eye eminence is also white.

20

WOOD,

2. Phalangium vittatum SAY.

2 a, male (natural size); 2 b, female (natural size); 2 c, palpus (magnified); 2 d, a
portion of the under surface of the abdomen dissected off, and raised up so
as to show the position of the penis (magnified); p, penis; m, muscles; c, first
joints of legs; s, abdominal segments.

P. VITTATUM Say. Journ. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1st se. Vol. 2, p. 66.

MALE. — Dorsum varying from a rich yellowish brown to a strongly
reddish brown, with a central dark vase-shaped marking, commencing
at the eye eminence, as in the preceding species, but without any
well pronounced black marginal markings ; very hard, covered with
closely placed, numerous, moderately small granules. Cephalothorax
marked with dark brown. Eye eminence pronounced, brownish with a
central dark band, furnished with a row of rather distant, but pretty
well pronounced spinous tubercles over each eye. Palpi very long,
light brown, with numerous spinous tubercles, similar to. but rather

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 21

more pronounced than in P. dorsatnm, distally pubescent. Segmenta-
tion of the abdominal scutum pretty well marked, especially poste-
riorly. Ventral surface light brown, with the abdominal segments
very distinct, without tubercles, save a few anteriorly. Coxae of
the same color as the belly, but covered with numerous close tuber-
cles, tipped with white. Trochanters, light brown. Legs very slender,
light brown, with black annuli at the distal femoral and tibial joints,
which in some specimens involve the whole article, furnished with
numerous small, black, spinous tubercles. Penis very slender, not
flattened, distally bent at right angles to itself, into a moderately
short, very sharp point.

FEMALE. — With the general characters of the male, but much
larger, and the palpi much shorter. The dorsal stripe not nearly so
pronounced as in the male, and very often interrupted posteriorly.
The legs not so dark.

Length of Body, ?, 0.4; $, 0.25. Length of Legs, ?, (1) 1.7, (2)
3.2, (3) 1.6, (4) 2.3; $, (1) 1.7, (2) 3.2, (3) 1.6, (4) 2.1.

REMARKS. This species is closely related to P. dor-
satum, the principal characters separating the two are to
be found in the differences in. coloration of the dorsum
and legs, the trochanter not being black in P. vittatum,
and the much greater hardness and roughness of the
upper surface of the southern species.

The color varies considerably. Some two or three
specimens are nearly white.

This species was originally described by Mr. Say as an
inhabitant of the Southern States, and may be looked
upon as the southern representative of its nearest ally,
P. dorsatuni, of which I have never seen any specimens
from farther south than Washington City. Most of the
specimens of P. vittatum, which have come under my
notice, were collected by Dr. G. Lincecum in Texas,
where it appears to be abundant. Like many other ani-
mals of the Neo-tropical fauna of North America, its
range extends up into Nebraska, for I have a number of
specimens collected last summer by Prpf. F. V. Hayden,
during his geological explorations of that State.

22 WOOD,

3. Phalangium nigropalpi WOOD (nov. sp.).

3 a, male (natural size) ; 3 b, female (natural size) ; 3 c, under surface of body,
showing the penis protruded (magnified), d, body of penis, e, its sheath.

Dorsum reddish brown ; in the males of a nearly uniform tint,
with some obscure grayish specks ; in the females of a darker color,
with a more or less obsolete central vase-shaped marking, and some
grayish specks; with very minute tubercles, giving rather a velvety
than rough appearance to the unaided eye. Segmentation of the
abdominal scutum not marked. Eye eminence prominent, black, with
a double row of rather small and distant spinous tubercles. Palpi
rather long ; in the male black, excepting the distal article, which is
mostly brownish, with very few spinous tubercles, save a row on the
inner side of the distal article, very pilose, with none of the angles
prolonged ; in the female brown, without the row of spinous tubercles
on the distal article, but with the others perhaps more pronounced

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 23

than in the male, and with the distal angle of the second article pro-
longed into a more or less prominent blunt process. Ventral surface
mostly of a similar, but little lighter color than the dorsum. Coxce
of the same color as the ventral surface, tipped with white. Tro-
chanters blackish. Legs in the males black ; in the female dark brown.
Penis rather stout, flattened, at its distal extremity contracted and
bent upwards, ending in a short acute point.

Length- of body, #,0.2; ?, 0.3. Length of Legs, $, (1) 1.6, (2)
3.1, (3) 1.6, (4) 2.1; ?, (1) 1.6, (2) 3.6, (3) 1.6, (4) 2.2.

REMARKS. I have a large number of specimens of this
species captured by myself in the woods in Huntingdon
Co., Pennsylvania. They were in great numbers running
over the dried leaves, stones, bushes, &c. The males
.were much more numerous than the females, in fact I saw
six times as many of them as of the latter. I was not so
fortunate as to find any in coitu, but believe the two forms
to^be different sexes of the same species on the same
grounds as mentioned in the remarks on a former species.
• The females are to be distinguished by their larger size,
the brown color of their legs and palpi, as well as the
darker and less uniform color of the dorsum, which also
frequently loses almost all of the reddish tint.

4. Phalangium exilipes WOOD (nov. sp.).

Dorsum very closely, minutely granulate, of a dark blackish or a
olden brown ; with a pair of longitudinal, whitish, irregular bands
commencing at the eye eminence and running an-
""' teriorly to the margin of the cephalothorax, where
they are bent at right angles and prolonged into a
teri'n-av1ew8ll(nia"- uarrow marginal band ; each abdominal scutum with
nifled). a more or less regular transverse series of very

distinct whitish dots, which are often placed at equal distances from
one another so as to form longitudinal as well as transverse series,
but on other specimens the distance between those of the posterior
scuta is only half that between those on the anterior scuta. Cephalo-
thorax with a pair of grooves on each side anteriorly, somewhat
parallel to the margin, behind the eyes with four very distinct trans-
verse straight impressed lines and corresponding ridges. Eye emi-
nence pronounced, remarkably smooth, slightly constricted at the

24 WOOD,

base, grooved above, with the somewhat conical eyes so placed as to
give the appearance of two eye eminences joined together rather than
of a single one. Palpi with nqne of their angles prolonged, rather
short, proximally dark, distally light brown, with their proximal arti-
cles densely beset with very numerous spinules and with their maxil-
lary portion furnished with two lobe-like processes. Abdomen very
distinctly separated from the cephalothorax, distinctly segmented.
Venter proper smoothish, light grayish brown. Pectus and coxce with
very numerous small spines, of the same color as venter. Trochan-
ters dark brown with their inferior angles prolonged into a small incon-
spicuous spinous process. Legs very slender, proximally light brown,
distally somewhat darker, beset with numerous small blackish spin-
ules. Penis robust; distally rapidly expanded into a broad portion
whose very thin margins are bent upwards, so that with an equally
thin central keel they form a pair of grooves on the upper surface ;
afterwards contracted into a robust but finally slender acute point
placed at a slight angle to the main body of the organ.

Length of Body, $ ?, 0.25. Length of Legs, $ ?, (1) 1.8, (2) 2.7,
(3) 1.8, (4) 2.1.

REMARKS. Of this species I have seen one specimen,
taken by Dr. Leconte on the coast of California, Lat. .
30°, 33' ; also two collected by Mr. William M. Gabb, of
the California State Geological Survey, in Nevada. The
measurements given above are taken from Dr. Leconte's
specimen, which was in such a condition that I could not
determine the sex positively. The other individuals were
males.

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 25

5. Phalangium cinereum WOOD (nov. sp.).

5 a, male (natural size); 56, female (natural size); 5c, penis, lateral and
anterior views (magnified).

Body large. Dorsum with small, acute spinous tubercles on the
abdomen arranged in transverse series generally one row to each seg-
ment ; the base of these little tubercles are whitish, their acute apices
blackish ; color of dorsum grayish with a central darker vase-shaped
marking commencing at the head; the flanks more or less mottled.
Cephalothorax not distinctly separated from the abdomen. Segmen-
tation of the abdominal scutum distinct. Eye eminence not very prom-
inent, light-colored, with a row of tubercles similar to those on the
dorsum surmounting each of the black eyes. Palpi light brown, mod-
erately long, with numerous, short, rigid, black hairs, which are more
pronounced in the male than in the female. Legs very long and slen-
der, with numerous black spines arranged in rows, which are more
pronounced in the male than female, light brown with darker annuli,
which are, however, often obsolete especially in the male. Coxce
as well as ventral surface smooth, grayish brown, with darker irreg-
ular spots. Trochanters grayish, with small spines. Penis broad,
rather thick, with distally two lateral oval openings, and immediately
contracted into a short, blunt, obtuse process, which is bent at an

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 4 JULY, 1868

26

WOOD,

acute angle to the main process, and has projecting from it a very
slender, acute point.

Length of body, ?, 0.35; $, 0.3. Length of Legs, ?, (1) 1.2, (2)
2, (3) 1.2, (4) 1.5; $, (1) 1.6, (2) 2.6, (3) 1.6, (4) 1.9.

REMARKS. I have a large number of specimens of this
species, collected by my brother, George B. Wood, jr.,
at Elizabethtown, in Northern New York; they were
found in outhouses.

The males differ from the females in their more uniform
and darker tint, and in the absence, or faintness, of the
annuli on the limbs.

6. Phalangium calcar WOOD (nov. sp.).

MALE. — Dorsum dark reddish brown with minute spots of light
brown, densely covered with small obtuse blunt black tubercles.

Cephalothorax with two impressed
lines posteriorly. Eye eminence well
pronounced, black, with two rows of
acute robust spines. Palpi very robust
and crooked, the second and third
joints making an arch, the fourth joint
another ; these three, blackish, pilose
and very much roughened by acute
robust spines ; the second joint armed
near the middle of its inferior surface
with a very large obtuse spur-like pro-
cess; the distal article slender, light
brown, very hairy, but without spines.
Abdomen very distinctly separated
from the cephalothorax by a curved
impressed line, the segmentation not
well marked anteriorly. Ventral sur-
face reddish, with a few scattered
granules on the pectus, none else-
where. Legs very long and slender

. with rows of small spines. CoxtK red-
6a, male, upper view (nat. size); 66 .,

palpus, showing spur (magnified). ' dish, the first two on each side with a

row of spinous tubercles on their anterior margins. Trochanters
reddish brown. Penis robust, flattened, very strongly curved, distally
somewhat expanded and then abruptly contracted into a slender
hook with a very acute point.

Length of body, $, 0.25 inches. Length of legs, $, (1) 1.2, (2)
2.2, (3) 1.3, (4) 1.8.

6 a.

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 27

EEMARKS. I have seen but a single male of this spe-
cies, which was received from Prof. E. D. Cope; who
found it among the mountains of South-western Virginia.
It is, I believe, an out door species living in the woods,
and may possibly prove to be the southern representative
of P. nigropalpi; bearing the same relation to it that P.
vittatum Say does to P. dorsatum of the same author.

I have also received from the same source as the last
two female Harvest-men, which I refer, with a good deal
doubt, to the same species. They were taken in the same
locality as the last, at a different time. They differ from
the male especially in the absence of the spur-like pro-
cesses on the palpi, as well as in the color of the tro-
chanters. They may represent an undescribed species.
The following is a description of them :

PHALANGIUM sp. ?

Dorsum darkish or very dark brown, with lighter spots especially
upon the sides, and with a more or less obscure central vase-shaped
marking extending throughout its whole length, covered with small
tubercles. Cephalothorax with two impressed lines posteriorly. Eye
eminence very prominent, blackish, with two more or less irregular
rows of spines. Abdomen distinctly separated from cephalothorax,
its segmentation rather distinct. Palpi light brown, their basal joints
roughened with numerous rather large robust spinules, aggregated,
scattered or in rows. Ventral surface reddish brown, smooth. Coxae
reddish brown, distally tipped with whitish, their basal ends areolated,
their anterior inferior borders each with a row of small tubercles,
more or less obsolete on the posterior two pairs. Trochanters black,
roughened with numerous small black spines. Legs light or dark
brown, roughened with very numerous small black spines.

Length of body, 0.35. Length of Legs, (1) 1, (2) 1.8, (3) 1, (4) ?

28 WOOD,

7. Phalangium bicolor WOOD (nov. sp.).
FEMALE. — Dorsum blackish, of a nearly uniform tint, with an obscure

lighter central line ; furnished with a triangular patch of close, small,

black tubercles on the cephalothorax,
the base of the triangle being at the
eye prominence ; posterior to and sep-
arated from this by an intervening com-
paratively smooth space, is a transverse
linear patch of similar tubercles, pos-
terior to which is still another broad,
large patch covering the central portion
of the abdominal scutum, and posterior
to this again are two or three transverse
raised patches. Cephalothorax not at all
distinct from the abdomen. Segmenta-
tion of the abdominal scutum not dis-
tinct. Eye eminence prominent with a
double row of rather distant and well
pronounced spinous tubercles. Palpi
very light brown, somewhat pilose, with
rather numerous scattered spinous tu-
bercles on their basal articles. Ventral
surface a whitish brown, granulate.
Coxce of the same color as the ventral
surface, closely tuberculate, not tipped

Female (natural size). The third leg with black. Trochanters grayish. Legs
was off the specimen. very siender, brownish, with more or

less pronounced blackish rings at the joints.

Length of body, ?, 0.2. Length of legs, ?, (1)?, (2) 2.1, (3)?,

(4) 1.5.

REMARKS. I have seen but two specimens, both fe-
males, for which I am indebted to Prof. Cope, who cap-
tured them near Haverford College, Delaware Co., Pa.

8. Phalangium favosum WOOD (nov. sp.).
FEMALE. — Dorsum almost a square level surface, with a sharp pro-
jecting angle at the sides ; grayish brown with blackish spots, and the
indications of a central vase-like marking ; coarsely rudely punctate
so as to have a worm-eaten, almost honey-combed appearance.
Cephalothorax with two dark converging lines anterior to the eye
eminence, and a short central one on its most anterior portion. Eye

PHALANGE J3 OF THE UNITED STATES. 29

eminence slender, rather high, light brown, with several robust acute
spines, which are at their bases gray, but are tipped with black. Palpi
rather slender, moderately long, without processes, but roughened
by numerous small blackish spines. Ventral surface light gray, rough-
ened by numerous small obtuse tubercles. Coxae very large, gray,
laterally dotted with black, very strongly roughened with large,
obtuse tubercles. Trochanters blackish, often mottled with gray, with
rather large spines, similar to those on the eye eminences. Feet prox-
imally blackish, distally often grayish, sometimes tipped with' blackish,
roughened by numerous small acute spines.

Length of body, ?, 0.3. Length of legs, ?, (1) 1, (2) 1.7, (3) 1.1,
(4) 1.3.

REMARKS. I have seen but a single specimen, a female,
caught by Prof. F. V. Hay den, in Nebraska.

9. Phalangium verrucosum WOOD (nov. sp.).
MALE. — Dorsum hard, of a nearly uniform golden tint, with indi-
cations of a blackish central marking behind the eye spot, thickly cov-

^^-> ered with small tubercles. Eye eminence

prominent, blackish on top, with a row of
prominent, spinous tubercles surmounting
each black eye. Cephalothorax with a slight
impressed line immediately behind the eye
set on the body (magnified), eminence, and a second very strongly
marked one posterior to this, very distinctly separated from abdomen
by a curved impressed line. Segmentation of the abdominal scutum
very marked posteriorly, not so much so anteriorly. Palpi slender,
grayish, with none of their angles prolonged, beset on their upper
surface with numerous small spines irregularly arranged in rows.
Ventral surface light gray, with the coxae closely studded with large
prominent tubercles, giving under the glass a sort of warty appear-
ance. Trochanters blackish, more or less covered with similar tuber-
cles. Legs reddish brown, rather long and slender, armed with series
of small blackish spines. Penis of the male very broad, rather short,
nearly straight, thickened and somewhat dilated distally where it is
alate, abruptly contracted into a rather robust end, which finally ter-
.minates in a very acute point, which is bent at an angle to the shaft,
and furnished with two pairs of small lateral hooked spines at the
base of the slender portion.

Length of body, $, 0.2. Length of legs, $, (1)? (2) 1, 6, (3) 1.7,
(4) 1.3.

REMARKS. I have seen only some males, in the collec-
tion of Essex Institute. Locality unknown.

30 WOOD,

10. Phalangium formosum WOOD (nov. sp.).
FEMALE. — Dorsum perfectly smooth, grayish, more or less ob-
scurely margined with dark brown, and ornamented with a broad
vase-shaped central, dark marking, which
commences on the anterior portion of
the cephalothorax, and terminates ab-
ruptly near the junction of the middle
and posterior third of the abdomen ; the
whole of the dorsum which is anterior
to the posterior third of the abdomen
has more or less of this peculiar brown-
ish tint. Eye eminence moderately prom-
inent, smooth. Palpi slender, without
spines, distally minutely pubescent. Seg-
mentation of the abdominal scutum not
pronounced, except posteriorly. Ventral
Female (natural size). surface grayish brown not tuberculate.
Coxae of the same color. Trochanters black. Legs light brown, annu-
late with dark brown, provided with very minute spinous tubercles,
especially on their femora.

Length of body, ? , 0.3. Length of legs, ? , (1) 0.6, (2) 1.3, (3)
0.6, (4) ?.

REMARKS. I have seen four specimens of this hand-
some species from the District of Columbia, collected by
Mr. Austin, and have received a number from Mr. J. H.
Bland, collected in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The
latter, with the exception of a single -female, are very
immature ; the former are all females. All the indi-
viduals which have come under my notice are remarkable
for their softness and fragility.

11. Phalangium pictum WOOD (nov. sp.).
FEMALE. — Dorsum light gray, with a strongly pronounced central
dark marking, which is broadest anteriorly, involving almost the
whole of the cephalothorax, at the posterior edge of which it is rap-
idly contracted, then sharply expanded and again contracted into a
nearly square space on the abdomen, finally running as a stripe
to the anus ; the surface smooth generally, furnished before the eye
eminence with a curved series of acute, black, very small spines
on elevated bases, and a similar short transverse row ; behind the eye

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 31

eminence, with a rather pronounced transverse series, and several
more or less obsolete ones on the abdominal sur-
face, also with a few similar scattered spines.
Eye eminence light brown, with a couple of
more or less irregular series of spines similar
to those on the body. Palpi hispid, mot-
tled, with their femoral joint somewhat en-
larged at its inner distal angle, and the next
two articles short and swollen. Cephalothorax
not at all distinctly separated from the abdomen.
Segmentation of the abdominal scutum not at all
marked. Ventral surface a light grayish brown,
hispid. Coxce covered with spinous hairs. Tro-
chanters light brown. ^ Legs short, moderately Female (natural size),
robust, roughened with rows of small sharp black spines.

Length of body, ? , 0.2. Length of legs, ? , (1) 0.6, (2) 1.1, (3)
0.7, (4) 1.

REMARKS. I have seen but a single specimen, a female,
in the collection of the Essex Institute, which was taken
near Salem, Massachusetts.

12. Phalangium maculosum WOOD (nov. sp.).
Body large. Dorsum dark ferruginous brown, with an often obscure
central vase-shaped darker marking, and numerous very small light
spots arranged on the abdomen, more or
less irregularly, in transverse series, closely
granulate ; in some specimens the dorsum
is grayish, with a well pronounced vase-
shaped marking and dark transverse bands
in which are the light spots. Cephalo-
thorax not very distinctly separated from
the abdomen. Segmentation of the ab-
dominal scutum not very distinct ante-
riorly, posteriorly more so. Eye eminence
black, with a double crest of small moi*e or
less obsolete crenulations. Palpi brown-
ish, mottled and tinged with black ; with
the inner angles of their second and third
joints slightly prolonged ; with not very nu-
merous very small black spiny tubercles,
more pronounced at the joints; distally Female (natural size),
pilose. Ventral surface light brown, obscurely tuberculate. Coxce light
brown, tuberculate, frequently with a little black spine on their distal

32 WOOD,

end. Trochanters black. Legs dark brown. Penis robust, somewhat
flattened, distally alate, bent through its entire length with a double
bow-like curve ; at its distal extremity blunt, not bent, with a sharp,
slender, straight, projecting point.

Length of body, $ , 4. Length of legs, ? , (1) 1, (2) 1.6, (3) 1,
(4) 1.3.

REMARKS. In this species there are no marked differ-
ences between the males and females. I have found them
in the woods in different parts of Pennsylvania. I also
have specimens collected in Western Virginia, by Prof.
E. D. Cope.

13. Phalangium ventricosum WOOD (nov. sp.).
FEMALE. — Body large. Dorsum reddish brown, with a blackish,
vase-shaped central marking, sometimes strongly pronounced, some-
times obsolete, and minute lightish spots,
which, on the abdomen are more or less
irregularly arranged in transverse se-
ries ; closely granulate. Cephalothorax
about as distinctly separated from abdo-
men as in previous species. Eye emi-
nence moderately pronounced, black with
a double crest of rather small black acute
tubercles. Palpi light brown, rather
long and slender, furnished with minute
spiny tubercles, which are more pro-
nounced at the joints and on their prox-
imal portion, pilose, not branched, their
angles not prolonged. Segmentation of
the abdominal scutum not very marked,
more so posteriorly than in P. maculo-
sum. Ventral surface smooth, light brown
with abdominal segments often bordered

posteriorly with a lighter, and anteri-
7. Supposed male (natural size). orly with a darker tint> CQX(R lig]lt

brown tipped with white, tubercular, fur-
nished at each lateral inferior margin with
a row of minute spiny tubercles. Tro-
chanters light brown, spiny. Legs long and
slender, light brown, furnished with rows la. Penis, front and lateral
of small, black acute tubercles.

Length. — Pennsylvania specimen, $, body, 0.4; legs, (1) 1.3, (2)
2.5, (3) 1.3, (4) 2.

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 33

Nebraska specimen, ?, body, 0.4. Legs, (1) 1.2, (2) 2.1, (3) 1.2,
(4) 1.7.

REMARKS. I have seen a single female of this species,
taken near this city, from which the above description
has been drawn up. In the collection made by Dr. Hay-
den, in Nebraska, were a number of female Harvest-men,
which present apparently the same specific characters as
the former, except that the legs are a little shorter.
Suites of specimens from the two localities would, how-
ever, probably show them to be distinct. The processes,
which I believe to be the rudiments of the antennae, are
in the Nebraska specimens remarkably large. I have
never received any males in the same collection as the
females, but append a description of a male Phalaugium,
which may be referable to this species. Prof. E. D.
Cope collected two specimens in Western Virginia, and
a third has been received from the Essex Institute, from
an unknown locality.

P. VENTRICOSUM?

MALE. — Dorsum ferruginous brown, covered with numerous tuber-
cles, with a very obscure central marking. Eye eminence moderately
pronounced, blackish, smooth, with a faint, median, brown line, with-
out crenulations or with very obscure ones. Cephalothorax, with a
very deep, transverse line behind the eye eminence. Abdomen very dis-
tinctly separated from the cephalothorax by a strongly pronounced,
curved, impressed line, remarkably conical. Ventral surface light
brown, covered with small tubercles. Coxce of the same color, dis-
taily tipped with white, much roughened on the inferior surface with
small spinous tubercles, with a row of the same on the lateral bor-
ders. Trochanters brownish. Legs very slender, of the same color as
the dorsum but darker, with very small blackish spines. Palpi slen-
der, moderately long, roughened with small spinous tubercles, their
angles not prolonged. Penis flat, nearly straight, slender at the basal
portion, gradually widening, and distally rather quickly expanded into
a broad alate portion, and then abruptly contracted into a moderately
robust slightly curved point, which is placed at an angle to the rest of
the shaft ; at the base of the point a marked notch in the end of the
shaft.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 5 AUG., 1868.

34

WOOD,

Length of body, 0.25. Length of legs, (1) 1.3, (2) 2.2, (3) 1.2,
(4) 1.7.

14. Phalangium grande SAY.

"Body oval, covered with short spines; ocular tubercle spinous; feet
rather short.

"Body oblong oval, scabrous, with approximated, robust, short acute
spinules ; rufo-ferruginous, two impressed transverse lines before the
middle ; ocular tubercle prominent, slightly contracted at base, crowned
with numerous, robust, acute spinules ; clypeus hardly elevated ; feet
rather short; pectus with numerous, minute acute granules; venter
with but few.

"Length of female, nearly seven-twentieths of an inch. Inhabits the
Southern States."

REMARKS. I have never seen any specimens of this
species. The description given is the original one of Say.
See "The Complete Writings of Thomas Say, on the
Entomology of North America, ed. by Dr. J. L. Le^-
conte." New York, 1859, vol. ii, p. 14.

15. Phalangium nigrum SAY.

P. NIGRUM Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1st Series, vol. 2, p. 66.

Dorsum very firm and hard, its general tint brown, with lighter
spots, covered with small black tubercles. Segmentation of the abdom-
inal scutum not very well
marked. Eye eminence moder- / J

ately prominent, covered with \r.,^/f ( (}
tubercles like those on the
dorsum, brownish. Palpi
moderate, distally pubescent,
not very spiny, their distal
joints in the male with rows
of small spinous tubercles on
their inner surface, which 15 «. 15 b.

tubercles are obsolete in the 15 «, Variety. Male (nat-

15, Female (natural

size).

female in whom the nrox- ural size); 156, Penis,
i wnom uie prox- anterior and lateral

imal joints are more spiny than in the male. Ven- views (magnified).
tral surface reddish brown. Coxae, with the proximal portion of the
femora, of the same color ; distal end of the femora with the next two
articles, blackish brown. Legs granulate, without spines, save very

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 35

small ones on their distal portion, especially at the metatarsal joints.
Penis slender, proximally subcylindrical, then flattened, and slightly
expanded, then rapidly expanded into a broad, somewhat circular,
very thin, alate portion, then suddenly contracted and bent at an
obtuse angle, ending in a very fine point.

Length of body, #,0.25; ?,0.3. Length of legs, $, (1) 0.5, (2)
0.8, (3) 0.5, (4) 0.7; ?, (1) 0.6, (2) 0.9, (3) 0.6, (4) 0.8.

The ground color of the dorsum of this species is a rather light
brown, but the numerous black tubercles give it a much darker appear-
ance ; where these are wanting, the light brown appears as little dots
or spots. The sexes do not differ materially, except in point of
size. /

REMARKS. I have received a large number of speci-
mens of this Harvest-man, collected by Dr. Lincecum, in
South Texas, also two or three specimens taken in Ne-
braska, by Prof. F. V. Hayden. With the Texan speci-
mens were three phalangia of very different appearance,
which, however, appear not to be specifically distinct.
The size is much less than in the others, and the dor-
surn and proximal portions of the palpi and legs are of a
deep uniform black ; otherwise, the characters are as in
the preceding.

The form just described has been recognized as P.
nigrum Say, but as there are some slight disagreements
with the description of that authority, and the localities
are widely separated, it is possible that it is a distinct
species. Eor this reason the essential portion of the
original description of Say is appended.

"Body ovate, a little dilated each side behind the posterior feet,
blackish, with a few obsolete paler spots, above and beneath granu-
lated, granules spherical, irregularly placed in somewhat reticulated
lines ; ocular tubercle destitute of spines, with obtuse granules ; cly-
peus prominent, somewhat elevated ; feet short, fuscous, whitish at the
.base; second pair hardly four times as long as the body, and, with the
first pair, armed with a prominent, cylindric, obtuse spine behind the
basal joint; third pair with a similar spine before; pectus whitish;
venter blackish.

" Length, female nearly one-fifth of an inch. Not uncommon in the
Carolinas and Georgia."

36 WOOD,

Genus II. ACANTHOCHEIK LUCAS.

PHALANGODES Tellkampf. Archive f Ur Natiirgeschichte. 1844, p. 320. Non Gervais.

Palpi spiny. Eyes none.

Under the name of Phalangodes armata Dr. T. Tell-
kampf has described a Phalangiurn from the Mammoth
Cave, Kentucky, which is evidently generically distinct
from our ordinary species. Unfortunately the generic
name had been previously applied by Gervais to a genus
of the Gonyleptidse, and hence Lucas* has substituted
the name which is here adopted.

16. Acanthocheir armata Lucas.

"Diesespinne unterscheidet sich von den mir bekannten Phalan-
giern durch die armirten Fiihlerftisse (palpi) und durch den Mangel
der Augen.

Brust und Hinterleib sind nicht getrennt, letzterer deutlich geringelt.

Oberkiefer (mandibula) scheerenformig, vorn behaart, Unterkiefer
nicht stark hervorragend. Fiihlerftisse 6 gliedrig mit langen zum Theil
gegliederten, dornformigen Fadeu bewaflnet. Das letzte Glied in eine
scharfe Spitze auslaufend. Augen fehlen.

Beine 4 mal so lang als der Korper; am vorderen Fusspaare ein
einfaches Hakchen, an den beiden letzten Fusspaaren (die 2ten fehlten
an unserm Exemplare) drei Hakchen, durch eine Membran verbunden,
welche bei der Stellung einen hohlen Beutel bildet; die hinterste
Klaue ist aber beweglich, wie ich bei einigen Fiissen sah, wo dieselbe
nach vorn, zwischen den beiden seitlichen Hakchen eingeschlagen
war, wodurch dann die dazwischen liegende Membran eine Flache
bildete.

Bei dieser Anordnung kann die Membran, nach Analogic der Saug-
warzen wirken, wenn namlich die drei Hakchen in einer Ebeneaufgelegt
und dann das hintere erhoben wird ; liegt der Band der Membran fest,
so ensteht dadurch ein luftleerer Raum.

Korper kurz eiformig, unten ziemlich stark behaart. Farbe weiss.
Lange des Korpers £'". Lange der Beine 2'".

Die Lange der Beine differirt wenig, die vordersten sind zwar etwas
kiirzer als die beiden hintersten Paare, aber die differenz ist doch nur
195 : 205. Obwohl die Kleinheit des Thieres die Vermuthung erwecken

* Ann. Soc. Entomol., vol. viii, 1860, p. 977.

PHALANGE JE OF THE UNITED STATES. 37

konnte, dass die Augen ubersehen sind, so bin ich doch von deren
Mangel iiberzeugt, da die helle Farbe des Thieres eine sehr gute Be-
leuchtung von oben gestattete, so dass eine Vergrosserung von 100
raal im Durchmesser mit grosser Deutlichkeit angewandt werden
konnte." — Tellkampf.

FAMILY GONYLEPTID^E.

Cephalothorax very much enlarged, and more or less
completely overshadowing the abdomen. Coxse of the
posterior pair of feet directed backwards, very much
enlarged. Tarsi not multiarticulate.

Genus I. GONYLEPTES KIRBY.

GONYLEPTES Kirby. Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xii, p. 452.

"Mandibles chelate. Palpi unguiculate. Tarsi 6-10
articulate."

The characters of this genus here given are those of
Mr. Kirby.

17. Gonyleptes ornatran SAY.

G. ORNATUM Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1st Series, vol. 2, p. 68.

Dorsum smooth, of a dark ferruginous color, darker in the central
portions and at the position of the eyes, and often with a pair of
nearly black spots on the posterior third of a

the cephalothoracic portion. Cephalothoracic
scutum bordered with small spines, which are
more or less obsolete anteriorly, also furnished
with an irregular transverse series near its
posterior edge, and with two central, widely
separated, pairs of obtuse spines or tubercles
in its middle and posterior thirds respectively.
Abdominal segments bordered with equidistant,
tuberculous spines. Eye eminence scarcely per-
ceptible, without spines. Eyes widely separa-
ted, black. Palpi of the same color as the body,
or a little lighter, without spines, but with the surface (natural size) ; c,
margins of their third and fifth joints with

obtuse crenulations, besides scattered ones on other joints ; third and
fifth joints widely dilated. Legs dark brown, roughened with more
or less pronounced, small, obtuse spines; their metatarsal joints

38 WOOD,

roughly pubescent. Ventral surface smooth. Penis straight, cylin-
drical, clistally much enlarged and abruptly truncated, its end fur-
nished on each side with three curved, hook-like spines.

Length of body, 0.2. Length of legs, (1) 0.45 (2) 0.55, (3) 0.45,

(4) 0.7.

REMARKS. The specimens which I have agree in most
respects well with Mr. Say's description, but are all of a
uniform ferruginous color. Of the two pairs of spines
on the dorsum, the posterior are the larger. They were
collected by Dr. Lincecum, in Texas. It is possible that
a comparison with Florida specimens might show them to
be distinct. As Mr. Say's description may not be acces-
sible to some entomologists, and the identification is
somewhat doubtful, I append the original description of
G. ornatum.

" Ocular tubercle hardly elevated, unarmed; hind feet remote ; two
erect spines behind. Body ovate, reddish ferruginous, destitute of
granules ; edge slightly contracted over the insertion of the fourth and
fifth pairs of feet ; two small acute tubercles on the middle of the disk,
and two large, prominent, erect, acute spines on the hind margin; no
impressed line before the middle ; an anterior arcuated yellow trans-
verse Hue connected to a posterior undulated one by a yellow line,
which is crossed near the middle by two obsolete yellow bands. Ocular
tubercle slightly raised, unarmed; distance between the eyes much
greater than their diameters, orbits black. Clypeus abruptly some-
what acute in the middle of the tip. Mandibles rather small, the
fingers subequal, and crossing each other at the tip. Palpi robust,
and when at rest concealing the mandibles. Penultimate articulation
dilated on the exterior side, and elongated and depressed. Terminal
joint half as long as the preceding, cylindrical. Terminal nail elonga-
ted, movable, capable of being inflected. Feet short, not three times
as long as the body, three anterior pairs before the middle, posterior
ones behind the middle, and remote from the others ; fourth and fifth
pairs with double nails. Abdomen, segments with a series of equidis-
tant, minute tubercles.

"Length one-fifth of an inch.

" This remarkably distinct species, we first discovered on Cumber-
land Island, Georgia, and subsequently many specimens occurred in
East Florida, where it appears to be common. It is not an inhabitant
of the Northern States."

PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 39

SYNOPSIS OF THE KNOWN NORTH AMERICAN
PHALANGES.

Family PHALANGID-SJ.
GENUS I. PHALANGIUM Linn.
Cephalothorax with two eyes.

* Second pair of legs over 2.25 inches long.

1. P. DORSATUM Say. Dorsu/n somewhat tuberculate, reddish
brown or grayish with a strongly pronounced blackish central mark-
ing. Palpi reddish brown, with edges strongly crenulate. Tro-
chanters black. Length of body, ?,0.3; <J, 0.2. Length of second
pair of legs, ?,3; $, 2.4.

2. P. VITTATUM Say. Dorsum as in last, more tuberculate, harder.
Palpi very 'long, reddish brown, edges strongly crenulate. Tro-
chanters reddish brown. Length of body, ?,0.4; $, 0.25. Length of
second pair of legs, ?, 3.2; $, 3.2.

3. P. NIGROPALPI Wood. Dorsum reddish brown, in male uniform ;
in female with an illy pronounced central marking. Palpi, in male,
blackish; in female brownish, not strongly crenulate. Length of
body, ?,0.3; <?,0.2. Length of second pair of legs, ?,3.1; $, 3.1.

4. P. EXILIPES Wood, $. Dorsum reddish brown, uniform, or with
light spots, minutely tuberculate. Palpi light grayish brown, with
very small blackish tubercles. Trochanters dark reddish brown.
Length of body, 0.25. Length of second pair of legs, 2.7.

5. P. CINEREUM Wood. Dorsum with spinous tubercles, grayish,
with a central dark vase-shaped marking. Palpi light brown, with
numerous short rigid black hairs. Trochanters grayish. Length of
body, ? , 0.35 ; ~$, 0.3. Length of second pair of legs, ? , 2.00 ; $, 2.6.

** Second pair of legs not more than 2.25 inches long.

6. P. CALCAR Wood, $. Second joint of palpi with a long robust
spur-like process. Dorsum reddish brown. Length of body, j).25.
Length of second pair of legs, 2.20.

7. P. BICOLOR Wood, ? . Dorsum blackish, uniform. Ventral sur-
face whitish. Palpi with scattered tubercles. Length of body, 0.2.
Length of second pair of legs, 2.1.

13. P. VENTRICOSUM Wood, $ % Dorsum reddish brown, with an
obscure central marking. Trochanters light brown. Length of body,
0.4. Length of second pair of legs, 2.2.

40 WOOD, PHALANGES OF THE UNITED STATES.

14. P. GRANDE Say. Body covered with spines. f

*** Second pair of legs less than 1.75 inches in length.

8. P. FAVOSUM Wood, $. Dorsum grayish, deeply punctated or
pitted, flat. Length of body, 0.3. Length of second pair of legs, 1.7.

9. P. VEKUUCOSUM Wood, $ . Dorsum golden or reddish, densely
tuberculate, with an obscure central marking. Trochanters blackish.
Length of body, 0.2. Length of second pair of legs, 1.7.

10. P. FORMOSUM Wood, ? . Dorsum smooth, with a dark central
marking involving more or less the whole anterior surface, termi-
nating abruptly near the junction of the middle and posterior third of
the abdomen. Trochanters black. Length of body, 0.3. Length of
second pair of legs, 1.3.

11. P. PICTUM Wood. Dorsum smooth, with some spinous tuber-
cles, grayish with a strongly pronounced dark marking, extending to
the end of the abdomen. Trochanters light brown. Length of body,
0.2. Length of second pair of legs, 1.1.

12. P. MACULOSUM Wood. Dorsuni dark brown, with an obscure
darker marking. Trochanters black. Palpi sharply tuberculate.
Length of body, $, 0.4. Length of second pair of legs, 1.6.

15. P. NIGRUM Say. Dorsum black. Var. ; dorsum dark brown, with
minute grayish brown spots. Trochanters black. Palpi sharply tuber-
culate. Length of body, $ , 0.3. Length of second pair of legs, 0.9.

GErfus II. ACANTHOCHEIR Lucas.
Cephalothorax without eyes.

16. A. ARMATA Lucas.

Family GONYLEPTID-ffiS.
GENUS III. GONYLEPTES Kirby.

17. G. QRNATUM Say.

f I a^n uncertain whether this species belongs in this or some other of these arti-
ficial groups.

ERRATA. — In explanation of figure on page 13, read c, mandibles (not palpus),
and <t palpus (not mandibles).

PACKAKD, ON SALT WATER INSECTS. 41

III. On Insects Inhabiting Salt Water.
BY A. S. PACKARD, JR.

[Communicated Dec. 7, 1867.]

THE occurrence of insects living in brine or salt water
has been noticed by several authors in this country.

In 1852, Mr. T. R. Peale writes to Capt. H. Stans-
bury (Report on the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of
Utah, p. 379) that in a mass of exuviae of insects brought
from the shores of the Great Salt Lake there was an
abundance of the larvae and exuviae of the pupae of Chi-
ronomus and fragments of other Tipulidae.

In the same year, Dr. J. L. LeConte described two
species of Staphylinids, Thinopinus pictusluec. (Annals of
the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. v.,
p. 215), from the shore of the Pacific at San Diego, Cali-
fornia; and T. variegatus Lee. (List. Col. N. Amer., p.
23 ; Smithsonian Misc. Coll.), from San Francisco, Cal.,
and Alaska? Dr. LeConte states in the "American Nat-
uralist" (vol. ii, p. 329), that they are " found below high
water mark on the wet sand. From the variegation of
pale yellow and black they are singularly Crustacean-like,
both in the larval form and in the perfect state."

In the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History for Dec. 26, 1866 (vol. xi, p. 3, 1867), Prof.
A. E. Verrill states "that the Museum of Yale College
had received some dipterous larvae from Mono Lake in
California, a^.body of water not only excessively salt, but
also strongly alkaline ; together with them had been found
a species of Artemia, a genus of Entomostraca allied to
Branchipus, which had hitherto been known only in the
salt-pans of Europe. The dipterous larvae [Ephydra]
were found in immense numbers, but the fly had not been
reared. He had also received eggs, apparently of the
same group of insects, from Salt Lake in Texas ; the stick
upon which they were laid was covered with salt crystals."

In Europe, numerous species of Coleoptera have long
been known to inhabit saline places and the shores of the

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 6 MARCH, 1869.

42 PACKARD,

ocean, but Dr. Loew, in 1864,* has been the first to
notice at any length insects of other suborders found in
brine. He has found the following species of Diptera
living in the brine of the salt works of Diirrenberg,
Saxony : — Ephydra riparia Fallen (Halmopota salinaria
Loew) , Lispe crassiuscula Loew, Thinophilus flavipalpis
Zetterstedt, Medeterus tenuicauda, Loew and Atissa sp.

Chironomus oeeanicus, n. sp.

While dredging on the first of August in Salem harbor,
our attention was called to numerous larvse, which had
apparently attained their full size, and were creeping
briskly over the surface of the floating leaves of the eel-
grass, Zostera marina ; while others were concealed in a

* I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. H. A. Hagen for the following additional

bibliography of.this subject.

AHKENS (A.). Uebersicht aller bis jetzt auf salzhaltigem Erdboden und in dessen
Gewiissern entdecten Kaefer. Isis, 1833. Pars, vu, p. 642-648.

GEKMAK (E. F.). Der salzige See der Grafschaft Mansfeld. Thon's Archiv, 1829
T. 2. Heft. 1, p. 11-12. Maden im Kochsalze. (Piophila aceti.) Stettin. Ent.
Zeit., 1841, T. 2, p. 120.

HAKUIS (T. W.). Upon the natural history of the Salt-marsh Caterpillar (Arctia
pseudermmea). Mass. Agricxiltural Repository, 1823. Vol. i, No. 4, June, p.
322-331. New England Farmer, 1823. Vol. i, No. 49, July 5, p. 385-386. Des-
cription of a remedy against the Caterpillar which destroys grass in Salt-
meadows. New England Farmer, 1823. Vol. i, p. 238.

LOEW (II.). Ueber zxi Diirrenberg beobachtete halophila Dipteren Naturges-
chichte voii Halmopota salinaria, Zeitschrift f. d. giseust. Naturwiss. Halle.
1857, T. 23, p. 336-347.

LEPRIEUR (C. E.). Lettre sur les Colcopteres qui se trouvent dans les marais
salans der environs de Dieuze. Annal. Soc. Entom. Paris, France, ser. 2, 1845.
T. 3. Bullet., p. 94.

VON HEYDEN (C. H. G.). Ueber Insekten, die an den Salinen leben. (Coeuia
halophila.) Stettin. Ent. Zeit., 1843, T. 4, p. 227-229. 1844, T. 5, p. 200-205.

PAULINI (C. T.). De vermibus in sale. Ephemerid. Acad. Natur. Curios., 1677.
Dec. I. Ann. VIII, Observ. 62, p. 80.

RENDSCHMIDT (F.). Elmis im Steinsalz von Wiliczka. Arbeiten d. Schlesischen
Gesellsch. f. vaterlaend. Ciiltur. Breslau, 1837, p. 102.

SCHAUM (H. R.). Beitrag zur Kenntniss der nord deutschen Salzkaefer. (29 spe-
cies.) Germar, Zeitschr. f. Entom., 1843, T. 4, p. 172-193.

SCHILLING (P. S.). Ueber den Salzbohrkaefer (Ptinus salinus.) Arbeiten d. Schles-
ischen Gesellsch. f. vaterlaend. Cultur. Breslau, 1843, p. 179. (separate p. 9.)

TAUSCHEU (A. M.). Der Salzsee Inderskoe und seine Umgebung in der Kir-
gisischen Steppe Asiens. Neues Lausitzisches Magazin, 1822. T. 1, p. 27-51.
(p. 48 Salzinsecten.)

WAHNSCHAFFE (M.). Ueber einige salzhaltige Lokalitaeten und das Vorkom.
men vou Salzkaefern. Berlin Ent. Zeit., 1861. T. S. p. 185-187.

ON SALT WATER INSECTS.

43

rude case or tube, almost wholly submerged, formed of
the debris collected upon the surface of the leaves.
The larva was exceedingly active, moving briskly about ;
or, if in its case, rapidly drawing its body in and
out, and snapping with its long curved mandibles at
the vegetable refuse within reach. b

It also fed upon the fine sea-weeds,
such as the green filamentous spe-
cies, and a species of Ceramium ;
and occasionally eat into the side of
a Terebella-like worm, also found
living on the surface of the leaves.
Its food, then, mainly seems to con-
sist of sea-weeds, the red kinds rig. i.
coloring the intestine and faeces brown, but it also prob-
ably consists in part of animal matter.

The body (Fig. 1, a, enlarged about three times) is cyl-
indrical, slightly diminishing in size towards the end. The
head is slightly flattened, and quite free
from the thorax. The pair of prothoracic
legs are very extensile, but retracted almost
within the body when the head is bent upon
. X « the breast. The three thoracic rings are a
Fig. 2. little larger than the adjoining abdominal
ones, and the sutures of all the segments are but faintly
marked. The pair of anal legs are long and well devel-
oped, and terminate in a single crown of a
hooks (Fig. 2 ; a, portion of the dorsal
vessel), which can be entirely retracted
out of sight. In the forelegs the hooks
are much more numerous (Fig. 3, a), and
arranged in longitudinal rows, about
twenty-five in number, those on the upper
side of the tip being much the largest ;
those at the base being minute. The tra-
cheae were distinct, the two main branches
extending along the whole body, from the
last abdominal to the prothoracic segment.

It is pale whitish in color, the thoracic rings being
tinged on the harder parts with green. It is .22 to .25
of an inch in length.

Fig. 3.

44 PACKARD,

On the 24th of September some young larvae, one-
fourth the size of the adult, were found, at which date,
however, most of the larvae were pupating, the semipupee
being found in the thin cases. On the same date several

O

pupse were found in which the fly was nearly ready to
appear. A male imago appeared Oct. 9, and a female
Oct. 14, 1867. During the last of April of the present
year (1868) we found the same larva in abundance among
the green filamentous weeds at low-water mark, so that
there are undoubtedly two broods in a year ; the first
brood of flies. appearing in the early summer, the second
brood appearing late in the autumn, and the species
undoubtedly passes the winter in the larva state.

The head seen from above is nearly square, being a
little longer than broad, with a pair of simple eyes of
unequal size situated a third of the distance from the
anterior to the posterior end of the head, and with a few
bristles on the head. The two-jointed antennas (Fig. 1,
«) are well developed, the basal joint being quite stout.
The labrum (Fig. 1, 6) is transversely ovate; the man-
dibles (Fig. 1, c) are long, much incurved, and serrate on
the inner edge ; the maxillae are obscurely developed,
forming a fleshy, two-jointed tubercle. The labium
(Fig. 1, d) is somewhat triangular and multidentate on
the anterior edge (indicates the oesophagus.) This larva
differs from a fresh-water larva of this genus from Lake
Champlain, in not having the three 3-jointed filamentous
appendages inserted just above the anal legs. (See also
Westwood's figure 124, in his Classification of Insects,
vol. ii.)

After the larva has become mature and ceases eating,
it retires within its rude case, and there awaits its trans-
formations. The first signs of the presence of the grow-
ing pupa are the enlargement of the thoracic segments,
especially the mesothoracic, and at the same time the
compound eyes of the fly can be seen just behind the
two simple eyes of the larva, and the legs of the fly can
be seen through the transparent larva-skin. They are very
long and doubled up on the sides of the body. The
pro-thoracic legs are quite separate from the two posterior

ON SALT VVATEK INSECTS.

45

pair, which latter are seen beneath the mesothorax of
the larva. At this time, also, can be seen the secondary
tracheal branches, a pair for each abdominal segment. At
a later stage, just prior to the moulting of the larval skin,
the head and all the limbs and the wings are free from the
body. After the skin is moulted the head of the pupa (Fig.
3, $ , front view) is bent down upon the breast, and the
limbs and wings folded closely to the body. The short
antennae are curved beneath the eyes, while the long slen-
der legs are folded and curved up beneath the extremities
of the wings. The body of the pupa is straightened out,
the long slender abdomen being but very slightly curved.
The head is sunken in the full, much rounded thorax. The
wings are rather
narrow, and the
abdomen rather
slender. There are
no thoracic fila-
ments, nor is the
abdomen termi-
nated with hairs,
but the genital ar-
mor is well devel-
oped, as shown in
our figure. In
these respects the
pupa seems to dif-
fer from what we Fig. 4.
suppose to be the typical forms of Chironomus.

Imago. $. (Fig. 4, with head of ?.) The antennae
of the male are about as long as the thorax, arising from
a large knob-like basal joint; the joints are of even
length, and from each one arise long, delicate hairs,
which in our specimens were somewhat appressed to the
antennae, as shown in the figure, but we think it was
owing to the immaturity and dampness of the specimen,
and that the hairs stand out as usual in the genus. The
lingua is short; palpi well developed, incurved; eyes
large, globose, prominent, black. The body is through-
out pale testaceous ; on the anterior half of the thorax

46 PACKARD,

is an oblong light-brown spot, and an irregular lanceolate
oval spot on each side of the posterior half of the abdo-
men extending to a. point opposite the insertion of the
wing. On the under side of the mesothorax is a broad,
flattened corneous area, the forelegs being widely sepa-
rated from the two posterior pairs. The sides of the
thorax are pale with a few dusky spots. The legs are long
and very slender, the middle and hind tibiae and tarsi
dusky. The wings are white, reaching when folded to
the end of the third segment from the end of the body.
The abdomen is dusky-brown, paler at the tip, with a
dusky spot on each side of the two last segments ; on the
under side is a faint greenish tinge. The tip is flattened,
the anal forceps are large with the tip bent in, forming
a V ; and meeting on the median line of the body.

Compared with what is apparently a true Chironomus
from Labrador, and other species living in Massachusetts,
the thorax of the present species is longer, and less glob-
ular, the mesosternum presents a longer area, and the
antennae are longer and slenderer. The wings are un-
spotted ; there is no transverse costal veinlet at the base
of the wing ; the costal vein terminates beyond the middle
of the wing, and the first subcostal veinlet terminates on
the outer third of the wing, differing in these characters
from the more typical Chironomi. The abdominal hairs
are also shorter.

The female (Fig. 4, head), has short, seven-jointed
antennas, of which the terminal joint is nearly twice as
long as the one next to it ; they are slightly hairy. The
female of our species differs from the other true Chironomi
in the shorter and stouter antennae and shorter and smaller
palpi. The eyes are much as usual, as is the size of the
head in proportion to the thorax. Our ? specimen was
too incomplete for further description.

Ephydra halophila, n. sp.

The next saline insect we describe comes from the
Equality Salt Works, of Gallatin county, Illinois. Spec-
imens were forwarded to the Institute by Mr. E. T. Cox,
with the following notes on their occurrence : —

ON SALT WATER INSECTS. 47

"I send you the larva and pupa of a dipterous insect [Ephydra],
found in the salt brine at the salt works near Equality, Gallatin Co.,
111., in such prodigious quantities as to fill up the wooden conduit
pipes. These larvae [puparia] are gregarious, collecting in masses,
and form great rope-like bunches by clinging around small fibrous
roots on the sides of the little ditch that conveys the brine from the
first "Graduation or Thorn house," to the pump at the furnace. The
brine as it comes from the well has a strength equal to 7 3-10 Baume,
and is graduated after the German plan, by showering it successively
over thorn bushes arranged on beams from top to bottom of three sepa-
rate frames, from forty to forty-five feet high, called "Graduation or
Thorn houses." What is remarkable in this is, that the above larva?
can nowhere be found except in the brine after first graduation, that
is, passed over the first house, when they are found in such quantities
as to prove a great nuisance. Neither in the fresh water, weak brine,
or brine of second and third graduation can they be found at all.
The people at the works believe that they are generated by some
peculiar property in the water acquired after first graduation. I send
them in their favorite brine."

The pupa of another species of fly (Eristalis ?) was found in the same
place. "The fly [identified by Baron Osten-Sacken as a species of
Ephydra] of the first worm sent you was seen in great abundance on
the pool at the bottom of the Graduation house. When alarmed they
will fly up a few inches from the water, then alight upon it again in
another place, and will glide about upon its surface with rapidity and
the greatest ease. I think the worms come from a small egg, de-
posited by the fly, which sinks to the bottom of the water, where it is
hatched, and the first visible stage of life is a very small white mag-
got, that ciawls, or rather wriggles about on the bottom until the
pupa is matured ; they then attach themselves by a thread-like
appendage to sticks and roots and to one another, forming great
knots or ropes. In this way they remain fixed until the fly is fledged.
I send you some of the small white maggots. You have already some
of the matured larva?, and empty cases."

The specimens of the larvae sent by Mr. Cox in the
brine were too much decayed for identification, so that at
present we can only describe the puparium and imago.
The body of the puparium (Fig. 5, b} is rather long,
cylindrical, but flattened towards the thorax and head,
with the tip so recurved that the anal, or last pair
of abdominal feet, curve inwards touching the abdomen
under the sixth pair of feet. From the tergum of the last
segment is thrown off a long breathing tube, terminating
in two widely diverging, slender, filiform branches. The
head is not more corneous than the remaining part of the
body, and is continuous with the thorax, being trans-
versely flattened, oblong, and half as long as broad. The
mouth-parts and eyes are obsolete. The thorax is much

PACKARD,

flattened above, the posterior portion of the third thoracic
ring being cylindrical and continuous with the abdomen,
the flattened portion beginning near the posterior margin
of the segment, and being regularly rounded, the edge of
this flattened portion extending diagonally forwards on
the sides. The under surface of the thorax is convex and
rounded continuously with the abdomen ; the 1-4 abdom-
inal rings are equal in size and length ; the fifth is much
smaller, with very large feet ; the sixth segment is half
as thick as the fifth, and the legs are reduced to mere
booklets, like those on the basal segments of the abdo-
men. The respiratory
tube arises from the
base of the seventh seg-
ment; it is directed a
little backwards, while
posteriorly the seventh
segment curves around
to the insertion of the
large anal feet which
are crowned with a cir-
cle of hooks. There is
one pair of thoracic
tubercles armed with
black hooks. The mid-
dle pair of abdominal
feet, or tubercles, are
placed a little farther
apart than the others. On the back of the second thoracic
segment is a pair of narrow black stripes, extending
faintly to the middle of the next segment, and on the
2-5 abdominal segments is a pair of irregular squarish
black spots, united into one on the fifth segment. The
color is a pale horn ; there are very minute hairs giving
the skin a finely shagreened appearance. Length of body
.38; of the respiratory tube .12; total, .50 of an inch.
The pupa can be seen, with the head of the future fly
beneath the last thoracic segment of the puparium, while
the tip of the body of the pupa rests beneath the fifth
abdominal segment.

Fig. 5.

ON SALT WATER INSECTS. 49

The imago (Fig. 5 ; a, wing) is coppery green, legs
testaceous ; femora with a greenish tinge above ; tarsi fus-
cous. On the vertex is a broad, shining bluish-green
area, very free from hairs ; a similar bluish-green spot
just in front of the antennae. Front very full, rounded
convex, pale green, with a pale, almost yellowish 'tinge,
concolorous with the under side of the head; except
beneath the 'eyes and behind the mouth, where it is
darker green ; a few long hairs on the vertex. Thorax
and abdomen green, with scattered black hairs. The
antennae blackish-green, three-jointed, the third being
minute and sunken in the head; the second joint large
and spherical. Length .15 of an inch.

As this subject is so interesting, and as I have been
unable to obtain any of the larvse, I condense Loew's
description of that of E. riparia (H. salinaria) in order
that they may be recognized, and their habits farther
studied in this country.

The larva is white, nearly six lines long, nearly cylin-
drical, pointed anteriorly, and acutely pointed behind,
with two long extensible respiratory filaments on the
terminal segment of the body. Beneath, are seven pairs
of short, somewhat wrinkled fleshy tubercles, beset with
black bristles. The three anterior segments of the body
are formed into a cone, the anterior very small, with the
mouth-opening a little turned up, with a pair of small
curved mandibles partly concealed, with one-jointed rudi-
mentary palpi, and two-jointed antennae. On the second
body-segment (prothoracic ?) are the anterior stigmata
which project out like a short, cylindrical spigot. The
body is covered with very minute hairs. It lives in the
bottom of the pools of brine, and creeps out of the water
to transform, when the body shortens, the two last seg-
ments becoming united into a conical tube, while the
respiratory tubes themselves remain unchanged, but be-
come directed almost perpendicularly, and the under
side of the abdomen is more arched. The larvae were
infested by a Chalcid, perhaps identical with Pteromalus
satinus, which seems to destroy many of the larvae.

I have also collected the puparium of an Ephydra at

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 7 MARCH, 1869.

50 PACKARD, ON SALT WATER INSECTS.

Square Island, Labrador, where it probably occurred in
a fresh-water or brackish- water lake, for the specimen
slipped into my collecting bottle without attracting notice,
though had it been found on the sea-shore, it would at
once have gained special attention. It differs very slightly
from the Illinois puparium, chiefly in the larger abdom-
inal legs, i. e. the hooked fleshy tubercles.

During the past year Mr. J. H. Emerton has detected,
at Marblehead, Mass., the puparia of another species of
this genus in a salt water pool containing ulvse, etc.
.They are a little larger, but otherwise closely allied to
the Illinois species. I have also received from Dr. T.
d'Oremieulx of *New York, a puparium, scarcely distin-
guishable from the Illinois specimens, which he found
under the sea-weed on the shores of Narragansett Bay.

The species from Mono Lake differs much from the
others in having much larger tubercles, the two last pairs
being large and prominent. The body
is longer and larger, and the segments
more convex than in any of the species
mentioned above."

A puparium of a fly allied to Eris-
talis (Fig. 6) was also received from Mr. Cox, who states
that it is found in the brine of the Equality Salt Works
associated with Ephydra.

We can record another salt water Eristalis, a puparium
having been found Sept. 5, 1865, by Mr. C. A. Putnam
in the salt water canal (of the Naumkeag Factory) lead-
ing into Salem harbor. The specimen is in the collection
of the Essex Institute.

It is evidently a ffelophilus, agreeing closely with
Westwood's figure 131 (8) in his "Modern Classification
of Insects," vol. ii. The body of our specimen is cylin-
drical, a little flattened beneath, and the cephalic end is
somewhat truncated, the tergum sloping rapidly to the
head. Just behind the head is a pair of horny slender
tubercles, about three times as long as thick, the more
anterior pair of tubercles seen in the figure of Eristalis ?
(fig. 6) are obsolete in the present specimen. The body
is covered with dense fine hairs, and on the under side are

VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF POLYPS AND CORALS. 51

minute transverse tubercles, and a pair of larger ambu-
latory tubercles are situated on each ring. The respira-
tory tube is simple, not divided ; - the filiform simple
terminal portion being about '£ as long as the whole tube.
Length of the whole body .90 ; of the tube .48 inch.

NOTE. — The excellent drawings illustrating this paper .were made
by Mr. J. H. Emerton. My description of the mouth-parts of Chiron-
omus (Fig. 1.) were taken from his drawings, made from the larva
when alive. The drawings of Chironomus and details were all made
from living specimens.

IV. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North
Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C.
Ringgold and Copt. John Rodgers, V. S. N., from
1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson,
Naturalist to the Expedition.

BY A. E. VERRILL.

PART IV. ACTINARIA. With three Plates.
[ Continued from Vol. V, p. 330. ]

SUBFAMILY, SAGARTIN.E Verrill.

Family, Sagartiadce Gosse, 1858; Actin. Brit., p. 9, 1860.

Column perforated by small openings (cinclidae) from
which long slender filaments (acontia) are emitted, more
or less abundantly, when unusually irritated. These
acontia are chiefly composed of nettling organs, and appear
to serve as organs of defence. They are withdrawn after
the disturbance has ceased. Surface of column either
smooth or with minute contractile suckers. Tentacles
numerous, usually slender and pointed, diminishing in
length towards the margin ; very contractile, like the disk
and column.

METRIDIUM Oken.

Metridium Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturg., Ill, p. 349, 1815 (non
Ehrenberg, 1834, Dana, 1846, Gosse, I860.)

52 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

Actinoloba (pars') Blainv., Diet, dcs Sci. nat., 1830 ; Gosse, Actinolo-
gia Brit., p. 11, 1860.

Cribrina (pars) Ehr., Corall., rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834.

Metridium Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, I, p. 252, 1857; Verrill,
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I, p. 21, 1864; Trans. Connecticut Acad-
emy, I, p. 478, Feb., 1869.

Form very changeable, sometimes as broad as high, at
other times very much elongated, pillar-like, the disk
broader than the column and undulated or frilled at the
margin. Basal disk broad, well developed, highly mus-
cular. In contraction the form is usually that of a low
cone or hemisphere. Surface of column smooth, with a
distinct thickened fold near the top, above which the in-
tegument is thinner than below. Cinclidee scattered over
the sides, not very numerous, inconspicuous, without
raised borders. Acontia abundant, but not often emitted
except when much irritated. Tentacles small, very nu-
merous, scattered on the disk, the inner ones at a consid-
erable distance from the margin and much the largest;
the outer ones very small and crowded at the margin,
where they form a dense fringe.

METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM Verrill, these Proceedings,
Vol. IV, p, 151, 1865; Trans. Connecticut Acad., Vol.
I, p. 478, 1869.

Harbor of San Francisco, Cal., adhering to the lower
surface of floating timber, October, 1855. Dr. William
Stimpson. Puget Sound. Dr. C. B. Kennerly.

METRIDIUM sp.

A species which has a well-marked submarginal fold,
but with the marginal tentacles larger than usual in the
genus.

Port Jackson. Dr. "Wm. Stimpson.

CEREUS Oken.

Cereus Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturg., Vol. Ill, p. 349, 1815. (Type,
C. bellis.)

Actinocereus Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat., Vol. LX, p. 194, 1830.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 53

Cribrina (pars) Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834.

Cereus (pars) Echv. and Haime, Coralliaires, Vol. I, p. 263, 1857.

Sagartia (pars) Gosse, Actinologia Britannica, p. 25 and 123, 1860.

Cereus Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 58, 1864; Eevision
Polyps E. Coast U. S., p. 24, 1864; Keview of the Corals and Polyps
of W. Coast, in Trans. Connecticut Academy, Vol. I, p. 480, 1869.

Column very changeable in form, highly contractile, its
surface uninterrupted by a fold below the margin ; its
upper portion provided with contractile suckers. Cin-
clidee, or lateral pores scattered, well developed, but in-
conspicuous, emitting many long, thread-like acontia.
Disk broad, often undulate at the edge. Tentacles very
numerous, conical, the inner ones largest, scattered on
the disk, outer ones small and crowded.

The reasons for restricting this name to the group hav-
ing C. bellis for its type have been given by me in the
works quoted above.

CEREUS STIMPSONII Verrill, sp. nov.

Disk broad, the margin not undulate. The inner ten-
tacles much the largest, conical, rather short, pointed,
forming two rows of fourteen each ; the rows near to-
gether but the tentacles distant in each. The inner row
placed a little more than half way from the mouth to the
margin. Outer tentacles crowded in many indistinct
rows, much smaller, short and pointed. Mouth narrow,
elongated, with many lateral folds upon the large lips.
Acontia long, thrown out profusely in an alcoholic speci-
men. Color of disk varied with alternating radiating
streaks of darker and lighter lead-color, brownish yellow,
and white ; column colored in a similar manner. Ten-
tacles lead-color, the larger ones tipped with vermilion.
Diameter of disk, in expansion, 1.25 inches ; longest ten-
tacles .25 of an inch in length.

False Bay, Cape of Good Hope, on rocks in twenty
fathoms. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

The same or a similar species occurs abundantly on
rocks in the littoral zone.

This species appears to be closely allied to C. bellis

54 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

Oken. In alcohol it contracts into a low cone, the sur-
face strongly corrugated and roughened with small ele-
vated portions, the openings (cmclidce) at the summit of
small verrucas, not very numerous, scattered over the
surface.

CEREUS SINENSIS Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate 2, figure 3.

Base expanded, adherent to shells. Column in full ex-
pansion much elongated, smallest in the middle. Disk
not much exceeding the column. Mouth surrounded by
numerous small folds. Tentacles about one hundred and
twenty ; the inner row of twelve little more than half way
from the mouth to the margin, considerably larger than
the rest. Outside of these the tentacles become succes-
sively smaller and more crowded to the margin, forming
three or four rows. All the tentacles are rather long
and slender, the outer ones not becoming so short as in
many other species.

Color of column pale grayish, with twelve longitudinal
stripes of purple. Mouth and disk fawn-color ; the latter
radiated with streaks of purplish, yellowish, etc. Ten-
tacles yellow, annulated with six rings of purple, the
basal band being purple. Among the submarginal ten-
tacles are six conspicuous white ones.

Off the China coast, near Hong Kong, in ten to thirty
fathoms, on a large Valuta, May, 1854. • Dr. William
Stimpson.

The affinities of this species are with C. parasitica of
Europe, and C. sol of the Carolina coast.

In alcohol, some of the specimens are contracted into a
broad, nearly flat disk, the edges very thin, others form
hemispheres and rounded cones. The surface is smoother
than in the preceding species. Cinclidee inconspicuous.

CEREUS sp.

A species resembling the preceding in form and struc-
ture, but unaccompanied by notes upon the color, etc.
Ousima, Japan. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 55

SAGARTIA Gosse (restricted) .

Sagartia (pars} Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc., XXI, p. 267, 1855; Actin.
Brit., p. 25 and 122, 1860.

Paractis (pars) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, I, p. 248, 1857.

Sagartia Verrill, Keview of the Polyps of the West Coast of Amer-
ica, in Trans. Connecticut Academy, I, p. 482, March, 1869.

This genus, as here intended, includes those species
considered as most typical by Gosse.

These have fewer and more elongated tentacles than the
preceding genera, and the tentacles are also more con-
centrated towards the margin, leaving a broader naked
area around the mouth. The wall of the body is nearly
smooth, with inconspicuous suckers, which are, perhaps,
wholly wanting in some species. The acontia are present
in different quantities in the various species.

Some of the following species here included may not
really belong to the genus, since the presence of acontia
has not been demonstrated, but they are in such cases
placed here on account of their resemblance to known
species in structure and habits.

SAGARTIA RADIATA Verrill, these Proceedings, Vol. V,
p. 50, 1866.

Actinia radiata Stimpson, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Natural Sci-
ences, 1855, p. 375.

Vol. F, plate 1, figures 5, 5a, 5b.

Base expanded, oblong, always attached to small, elon-
gated spiral shells. Column in expansion forming a low
cone; the disk much smaller than the base; in contraction
much depressed, radiated with Avhite. Tentacles slender,
tapering, pointed, arranged in two close alternating rows
at the margin, about forty in number.

Longest diameter of base .5 of an inch.

Color of body light brown, with radiating stripes of
chalk-white, which gradually widen towards the base.
Mouth radiated. Disk spotted with flake-white around

56 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

the mouth. Tentacles pale brown, with spots of dark
brown and flake-white, in pairs.

In alcohol contracted to a low cone. Mouth everted.
Tentacles not concealed, rather stout, conical. Column
strongly corrugated and uneven with raised portions.
Cinclidae not observed.

Kagosima Bay, Japan, twenty fathoms, shelly bottom.

Found in considerable numbers attached to a small
Pleurotoma, Jan., 1855. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

SAGARTIA NIGROPUNCTATA Verrill.

Actinia nigropunctata Stimpson, 1. c., p. 375, 1855.

Plate 2, figures 2, 2a, 2b, 2c.

Base expanded, broader than the column, which is
moderately elevated, subcylindrical, smooth, with five
longitudinal lines towards the base. Disk small, with the
long pointed tentacles arranged closely around the mar-
gin. Mouth small, oblong, with small folds on the
sides, and a spot at one end. Two of the tentacles,
corresponding with the long diameter of the mouth,
are longer than the others, and one of them has a flake-
white spot on each side of the base. Diameter .75 of an
inch.

Color of body pale orange-yellow ; two rows of dis-
tant, small, black, alternating spots, ten in each row,
surround the column. Tentacles dark at the inner side
of base, forming a dark grayish ring around the disk.

Ousima, Japan, in' crevices among rocks adhering to
stones, in the lower part of the littoral zone, generally
partly buried in gravel, January, 1855. Dr. William
Stimpson.

In alcohol contracted to a low cone. Surface nearly
smooth. Tentacles only partially contracted, short, coni-
cal, pointed, much crowded. No cinclidse were observed,
but acontia protruded from the ruptured base of one
specimen.

According to Dr. Stimpson "this species appears to
have little or no variation in its characters. It adheres

POLYPS AND CORALS. 57

to the fingers by its tentacles, which can be very much
elongated at times."

SAGARTIA (?) PAGURI Verrill, sp. nov.

Carcinophilus Paguri Stirapson, MS.

Base always attached to a smooth round space upon the
outer side of the large claw of a species of Pagurus.
Column low. Tentacles short and blunt ; ten of them
larger, forming an inner row ; outside of these are about
fifty smaller ones, crowded at the margin.

Color pale orange, in contraction cream-colored above,
brown below. Tentacles pale, annulated with two or
three gray rings ; inside blackish.

In alcohol contracted to nearly a flat disk, surface
smoothish. Tentacles wholly withdrawn. Openings,
which appear to be cinclidae, are sparingly scattered over
the surface, arranged in imperfect lines.

China Sea, N. lat. 23°, in twenty to thirty fathoms,
sand, April, 1855. Always parasitic on Diogenes Ed-
wardsii St. Dr. William Stimpson.

SAGARTIA LINEATA Verrill, sp. nov.

Column elongated, at about the middle of the body
forming a kind of sheath into which the upper part and
the tentacles can be withdrawn. Tentacles in three con-
fluent rows, the outer ones somewhat smallest.

Color of column dark green, the longitudinal sulcations,
opposite internal lamellae, still darker green, sides longitu-
dinally striped with twelve crimson lines at regular inter-
vals. Upper portion of body, above the fold, clear dark
green. Tentacles bright yellow.

Hong Kong harbor ; common on stones and pebbles
among gravel, in the lower part of littoral zone, March,
1855. Dr. William Stimpson.

The color seems to be remarkably constant, being the
same in all the specimens examined, except one, which
had pale grass-green tentacles, and two pairs of whitish
lines between the pink lines of the sides.

COMMUNICATIONS OP ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 8 JULY, 1869

58 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

SAGARTIA sp.

An extremely simple species. Color pale brown, in-
clining to olive around the margin of the disk.

Port Lloyd, Bonin Islands, under stones in the lower
part of the littoral zone, October, 1854. Dr. William
Stimpson.

SAGARTIA (?) NAPENSIS Verrill.

Actinia napensis Stimpson^ 1. c., p. 376, 1855.

Plate 2, figures 4, 4a.

Base wider than column, which is smooth, elongated
and subcylindrical in full expansion ; in contraction form-
ing an elevated cone, broadly rounded at top. Disk
broad, about equal to diameter of column. Tentacles
not very numerous and rather large, pointed, arranged in
two rows near the margin. Mouth protruded, with the
lips strongly lobed ; margin of disk crenulated. Height
of column 1.5 inches. Color of column fawn-colored be-
low, greenish above. Disk around mouth mottled with
yellowish and spotted with white. Mouth within streaked
with yellowish. Tentacles dark green with rhomboidal
white spots on the inner surface.

Napa-Kiang, Loo Choo Islands, attached to pebbles
beneath the sand, and expanding its tentacles at the sur-
face, in the second region of the littoral zone. Common,
November, 1854. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

CANCRISOCIA Stimpson, 1. c., p. 376, 1855.

Base dilated, secreting a firm, thin, horn-like or chit-
inous membrane, which covers the carapax of Dorippe,
and is held in place by the posterior legs of the crab.
Column elevated in expansion, contracting into a very
thin disk. Tentacles numerous, long and slender, crowcted
near the margin. Cinclidse not observed.

This genus is closely allied to Adamsia and Cereus.
From the latter it differs in the presence of a basal secre-
tion and the more marginal position of the nearly equal

POLYPS AND CORALS. 59

tentacles. From the former it differs in its elevated
column, regular form and large size of the disk, elon-
gated tentacles, and the absence of conspicuous cinclidse
near the base.

It is the only genus of Actinidce, except Adamsia (A.
pattiata), in which a solid secretion is formed by the basal
disk. In Cancrisocia it has a concentrically striate struc-
ture, the striae being evidently lines of growth. The
mode of formation seems to be this. The crab when very
young selects a very small fragment of shell or pebble,
which it holds upon its back by its posterior claws, as
other species of crabs (fft/poconcha) do a valve of Pec-
ten or some other bivalve shell. Upon this small shelly
or stony fragment the very young Cancrisocia finds a
congenial abode, but soon growing too large for its
station it enlarges its support by depositing a layer of
horn-like material, secreted by the base, around its cir-
cumference, and this process is continually repeated in
proportion to its own growth and that of the crab that
carries it. In this way there is soon formed a broad thin
pellicle, having its concentric elements arranged around a
nucleus of stone or shell, which is usually excentric, the
increase having been more rapid in front than behind.
This basal secretion is held upon the back of Dorippe by
its recurved posterior legs, in the same manner as the
original bit of shell.

o

CANCRIJSOCIA EXPANSA Stimpson, 1. c., p. 376, 1855.
Plate 2, figures 1, la.

Base very broad, oblong oval, the sides somewhat
curved and the ends sub-truncate and rounded ; margin
creuulated. Basal secretion tough, brownish, strongly
striated concentrically, the nucleus usually excentric.

Column smooth, in expansion elevated, diminishing
rapidly from the base to the middle, above which it ex-
pands again to the disk, which is smaller than the base ;
the diameter of the middle of the column equalling half

60 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS CXF

the length of the base and two-thirds the diameter of the
oval disk ; in contraction a flat disk. Tentacles long,
slender, tapering, subequal, arranged in two or three con-
fused rows around the margin, the exterior ones some-
what smaller and more crowded. Mouth usually raised
on a considerably elevated, broad cone, the lips with
about eight strongly marked folds on each side and a sul-
cus at each end. Longest diameter of base two inches.

Color of column pale brownish, longitudinally lined
with white. Tentacles pale brownish yellow, shaded with
blackish about the middle. Mouth brownish within, the
lips bright green with yellow grooves. Disk brownish
yellow, radiated with blackish. One specimen varied
from the usual coloration, in having the parts about the
mouth pure, transparent white.

Near Hong Kong, China, only on the back of Dorippe
facchino ( ?) which was common in six fathoms, mud,
April, 1854. Dr. William Stimpson.

SUBFAMILY, BUXODIN^E.

Actinines verruqueuses Edw. and Haime, Corall., I, p. 2G3, 1857.
Family, Bunodi<>ce Gosse, 1858; Actinologia Britannica, p. 183, 1860.
Family, Cerece Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, in Mem.
Reale Accad., XXIII, p. 124 (30), 1866.

Sides of column with permanent verrucse or suckers,
which are either rounded or concave at summit, usually
imperforate, but in some cases some of them are perforate
and emit a jet of water when the body suddenly con-
tracts. Tentacles usually numerous, elongated and thick ;
mostly contractile. Basal disk well developed.

BUNODES Gosse.

Bunodes Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc., XXI, p. 274, 1855; Actinologia
Britannica, p. 189.

Cereus (pars) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, I, p. 263, 1857 (non
Oken).

Anthopleura (pars) Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, p. 31,
1864 (not of 1860).

Bunodes Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I, p. 15, 1864;
Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 467, 1869.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 61

Column of uniform texture, without a distinct fold, cov-
ered with persistent verrucas, arranged in vertical lines,
usually decreasing in size and number towards the base,
the upper one in each row more prominent, and forming
a row. of pustuliform verrucas, or of swollen denticula-
tions around the margin below the tentacles. .Tentacles
elongated, contractile, numerous. Verrucas usually, but
not always, adhesive, often concave at summit but not
perforated.

BUNODES INOENATA Verrill.

Actinia inornata Simpson, 1. c., p. 37G, 1855.

Plate 1, figures 4a, 4b, 5.

Base broad, larger than column, which is short, cylin-
drical, about as broad as high. Surface of column covered
with permanent, oval verrucas, which are not very numer-
ous, rather distantly arranged in vertical rows, most nu-
merous above, many of the rows gradually disappearing
at about the middle and but few reaching the base, where
the verrucas become more distant and less prominent.
Tentacles long, curling, loosely arranged, in two or three
mixed rows close to the margin, about seventy in number.
They are highly contractile, not retractile, but can be
enclosed by the contraction of the margin of the disk
and column. Mouth elevated, with numerous lateral
folds and a well developed sulcus at both ends, each bor-
dered by a prominent, rounded lobe. Disk with a broad
space between the mouth and tentacles. Height two
inches.

Color dark olive, paler above, slightly brownish on the
lower part of the column, darkest around the mouth.

Near Hong Kong, on a stone in gravel, at low-water
mark, April, 1854. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

In alcohol the body has a hemispherical form, the sides
strongly sulcate, and minutely wrinkled transversely.
The upper verrucas are distinct, and concave ; those below
inconspicuous.

62 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

BUNODES JAPONICA Verrill, sp. nov.

Column with very prominent warts or verrucas ; when
contracted taking the form of a thin fleshy membrane,
with verrucas arranged around a central depression. Ten-
tacles arranged in two rows, so crowded as to encroach on
each other and placed very near the margin of the disk ;
twelve are more prominent than the rest and nearer the
mouth. Disk broad, flat. Mouth small.

Color variable, but generally uniform on all parts of the
same specimen. Some are dark green, others oliVe, ver-
milion, or dark red. One was radiated with two colors.

Hakodadi Bay, Island of Jesso, Japan, on stones at
and just below low-water mark, June, 1855. Dr. Wil-
liam Stimpson.

URTICINA Ehrenberg.

Urtmna Ehr., Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 33, 1834.

Tealia Gosse, Ann. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, I, p. 417, 1858; Actinologia
Britannica, p. 205, 18(50.

Bhodactinia Agassiz, Coraptes-rendus, XXV, p. 677, 1847 (without
description) ; Verrill, Revision Polyps, E. Coast U. S., p. 18, 1864.

Cereus (pars) Edwards and Haime, Corall., I, p. 2G3 (non Oken).

Urticina Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. I, p. 469, 1869.

Column low and broad, with a more or less distinct fold
below the tentacles. Surface covered with small, scat-
tered, often inconspicuous verrucas, which are sometimes
adhesive, but not perforate. Tentacles numerous, large,
stout, contractile, or at least partially so. Mouth with
large folds, often everted, and exposing the stomach.

URTICINA CRASSICORNIS Ehrenberg, op. cit., p. 33.

Cereus coriaceus Edw. and Haime, I, p. 264, PI. 1, C. I, fig. 4.
Tealia crassicornis Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 209, PI. IV, fig. 1, 1860.
Rhudactinia Davisii Agassiz, 1. c., p. 677, 1847.

Numerous very large specimens, which do not appear to
differ from the common European and north Atlantic form,
were brought home by the Expedition. These were col-
lected by Captain Eodgers in Behring's Straits and the
Arctic Ocean. Specimens having the same appearance
were obtained in Puget Sound by Dr. C. B. Kennerly.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 63

It is probable that Actinia elegantissima and A. Laur-
entii of Brandt are identical with this species, but the
descriptions are insufficient for identification. It is also
probable that Rhodactinia Davisii Agassiz, of the New
England coast, is not distinct from the European form.

URTICINA- COCCINEA Verrill.

Rhodactinia coccinea Verrill, these Proceedings, Vol. V, p. 50, 1866.
Plate 1, figure 6, and Vol. V, plate 1, figure 6.

Column cylindrical, short, equalling the base ; sides
nearly smooth, with few, slightly prominent, inconspicu-
ous verrucse ; below the tentacles forming a distinct fold,
its upper edge with low rounded verrucas, formed by the
inflation of the skin between the radiating lamellae. Tenta-
cles about one hundred in number, crowded in about four
rows on the disk between the mouth and margin, nearly
equal in size, the interior a little larger, rather long, mod-
erately thick, pointed. Mouth with many folds upon the
lips.

Color of column uniform deep crimson ; disk and ten-
tacles lighter.

Kagosima Bay, Japan, on rocks in the second region of
the littoral zone, January, 1855. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

In alcohol the tentacles are not withdrawn, but are con-
tracted to a short, thick, conical form, closely crowded in
four or five rows. The stomach is partially everted.

The figure (PL I, fig. 6) does not represent a suffi-
cient number of tentacles. They are also stouter and
less marginal than there figured.

PHYSACTIS Verrill, gen. nov.

Base as broad as the disk. Column short, cylindrical,
with a fold below the margin, beneath which its sides are
covered with prominent and persistent scattered verrucas ;
above the fold the texture is softer and smoother, and the
surface is crowdedly covered with small, inconspicuous,
soft papillas or verrucse arranged in vertical lines. Ten-

64 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

tacles not very numerous, stout, fusiform or conical,
pointed, apparently not contractile and not capable of in-
volution. Mouth prominent, strongly lobed.

Closely allied to Urticina, but differs from both that
group and Bunodes in the soft and peculiar structure of
the upper part of the column and in its non-contractile
tentacles. The former character also separates it from
Bolocera.

PHYSACTIS MULTICOLOR Verrill.

Actinia multicolor Stimpson, 1. c., p. 376, 1855.

Plate 1, figures 4, 4c.

Base expanded, wider than the column or disk. Column
subcylindrical, low, about as broad as high, in expan-
sion, capable of contracting to less than half its usual
height, upper margin nearly smooth, the fold situated
about .12 of an inch below the margin, the part above this
nearly smooth in full expansion, of a soft texture, and
strongly contrasting in color with the rest of the body ;
in contraction covered with lines of small, soft, rounded
papillae, which are closely crowded. Below the fold the
texture is firm, and the surface covered with many large,
prominent, rounded verrucas, which are scattered and not
distinctly arranged in vertical rows, disappearing towards
the base. Mouth raised on a prominent cone, the lips
often everted and covered with many snlci, the oppo-
site angles with very conspicuous grooves. Tentacles
short and stout, somewhat fusiform, being constricted,
somewhat, at base, and dimishing from below the middle
to the ends, which are bluntly pointed and distinctly per-
forated, not contractile, but the margin can be contracted
over and conceal them. They ,are arranged in two or
more crowded rows, often so crowded as to become alter-
nate in each row ; about one hundred in the largest speci-
men. Height of column, in expansion, about one inch.

Color of the column above the fold, pink, with deep
crimson, zigzag, vertical lines ; below the fold purplish
orange, with ten whitish longitudinal stripes ; the upper

POLYPS AND CORALS. 65

verrucas reddish brown/ the lower ones blue. Mouth,
disk, and tentacles bright pink or pale flesh-color.

Ly-ce-moon Passage, near Hong Kong, China, in
twenty-five fathoms, gravel, April, 1854. Dr. William
Stimpson.

When contracted, so as to conceal the tentacles, this
species has the form of a low, broadly truncated cone,
covered with verrucas, with an expanded base, and sur-
mounted by another smaller cone, formed by the smoother
submarginal area, with a concave summit. The speci-
mens preserved in alcohol have contracted in various
forms, but all have the tentacles fully exposed, though
contracted in length to a stout conical form. One spec-
imen retains nearly the normal form, as figured, others
have the stomach so everted as to conceal the disk and
even most of the column. The verrucas of the walls are
very conspicuous.

ANTHOPLEURA Duch. and Mich.

Anthopleura Duch. and Mich., Corall. des Antilles, p. 48, PL VII,
flg. 13, 1860; (pars) D. and M., in Supl. Corall. des Antilles, p. 31, 1864.

Column elongated, subcylindrical. The walls with ten-
taculiform papillas near the upper margin, and below with
verruciform suckers arranged in vertical rows, diminish-
ing in size and number towards the base. The papillas
and some of the upper verrucas appear to be perforated
and have the power of ejecting water when the body con-
tracts, while the others are concave but imperforate, and
serve to agglutinate fragments of shell, sand, etc. Disk
narrow, tentacles rather few, long, rather stout.

The known species live buried to the tentacles in sand.

This genus is closely allied to Aulactinia of the Caro-
lina coast, which has the same habit of living buried in
sand, and a similar arrangement of suckers and tenta-
cles, but in the latter the marginal appendages have a more
complex character, becoming tri-lobed and crenulated,
thus approaching Oulactis more nearly.

Duchassaing and Michelotti in their later work, have
modified the characters of their genus so as to include a

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 9 AUGUST, 1869.

C6 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

species (Cladactis? granuliferaVevYiW) with verrucas that
are neither perforated nor adhesive, and another (Buno-
des pallida V.) in which they are adhesive but not perfo-
rated. The latter appears to agree in all respects with
Bunodes, and differs generically from A. Krebsii D. and
M. , which was the original type of the genus. As the
genus is characterized in the later work it does not differ
essentially from Bunodes.

f

ANTHOPLEURA STIMPSONII Verrill, sp. nov.

Base well developed, as wide as, or wider than, the
column, which is elongated, cylindrical in expansion, but
capable of contracting into a subglobular form. Suckers
numerous, the upper ones elongated papilliform, crowded,
becoming less prominent downward ; those more than a
quarter of an inch from the margin verruciform, with
concave summits, not crowded, forming regular vertical
rows, which are mostly traceable to or below the middle,
when they gradually disappear ; some of them, however,
extend to the base, where they become distant and
scarcely prominent. Tentacles nearly equal, about sixty-
four in number, in three rows, which crowd upon each
other. In the first are eight prominent ones, in the sec-
ond twenty-four, alternating by threes with those of the
first row, in the outer row thirty-two, alternating with
those of the other rows. Disk not very broad. The
largest specimen, partially contracted in alcohol, is about
one inch in diameter and two high ; tentacles nearly .5
of an inch long. When living it doubtless becomes, in
expansion, several inches higher and more slender.

Color of column pale, with a sand-colored epidermis.
Mouth and disk fawn-color, with two large flake-white
spots indicating the antero-posterior diameter. Tentacles
of a pale whitish hue, spotted on the inside with broad
flake-white blotches at the outer side of the base of each
tentacle of the inner row, and at the inner base of the two
adjacent outer tentacles.

Hong Kong harbor, in the fourth region of the littoral
zone, attached to stones far beneath the surface of the

\

POLYPS AND CORALS. 67

coarse sand, but rising atbove it when extended, March,
1855. Dr. William Stimpson.

ANTHOPLEURA, sp.

A species resembling the preceding. Simoda, Japan.
Dr. William Stimpson.

FAMILY, THALASSIANTHID^;.

Thalassianthidce Verrill, these Proceedings, IV, p. 148, 1865 ; Trans.
Conn.,Acad., I, p. 461, 1869.

This family includes a great variety of forms, remark-
able in having branchiform organs which arise from the
disk, either within or outside of the circle of simple ten-
tacles, intermixed with them, or even wholly taking
their place. These organs may be simple or variously
lobed tubercles, or they may be elongated and variously
branched and subdivided, foliaceous or arborescent, and
often much larger than the true tentacles.

SUBFAMILY, PHYLLACTIN^E.

Phyllactince Edw. and Haime, Corall., I, p. 291, 1857; Verrill, 1. c.,
p. 462.

Actinians having both simple tentacles, and compound,
arborescent or foliaceous, tentacle-like, organs on the disk,
among the simple tentacles, or at the margin of the disk,
and homologous with the marginal verrucae of JBunodes,
and other" genera. These probably have the nature of
branchiae.

AMPHIACTIS Verrill, gen. nov.

Base broad. Column covered with prominent verrucae,
arranged in vertical lines. Simple tentacles in several
rows submarginal, with compound and much subdivided,
short, tentacle-like organs both outside and inside of
them; the latter covering the disk more or less com-
pletely.

This genus differs from Oulactis in having complex

68 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

tentacles (branchise ?) within the circle of simple tenta-
cles in addition to those outside. Rhodactis has the com-
pound tentacles between two circles of simple tentacles.
Actinotryx has only the compound tentacles within the
circle of simple ones. Actinodactylus has the simple and
compound tentacles intermingled, and the structure ot
the latter is quite different. The genus, Actinoporus Duch.
and Mich., resembles this genus somewhat, but lacks the
simple tentacles, the compound ones occupying the whole
surface of the disk.

This genus is, therefore, of much interest, since it com-
pletes one of the series of possible combinations of char-
acters proper to this subfamily.

AMPHIACTIS ORIENTALIS Verrill, sp. nov.

Base broad, divided at the edge into irregular lobes.
Column of firm texture, subcylindrical, covered over its
whole surface with elevated, papilliform verrucas, which
are capable of contracting to low, nearly flat suckers,
with concave tops. These verrucse are most numerous
and apparently more elevated on the upper parts, and
are arranged in regular vertical rows, many of which can
be traced to the base, the verrucas below the middle
becoming more distant and mostly contracted. The up-
per part of the column forms a distinct fold, denticu-
lated or crenulated on its edge. The outer compound
tentacles are numerous, short and much subdivided, the
lobes being small and rounded. The simple tentacles
are elongated, moderately stout, tapering, arranged in
about three crowded rows, and quite numerous. The in-
terior compound tentacles are numerous and resemble the
exterior ones, but are less subdivided, those nearest the
mouth being the smallest. They cover most of the disk
between the mouth and the circle of simple tentacles.
Mouth large, with prominent lips, having many lateral
folds. The tentacles are not contracted in alcohol, but
the disk is so much withdrawn that the margin of the
column partially conceals them. Height of alcoholic
specimen 1.25 inches; diameter of base .1 of an inch.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 69

Color, in alcohol : lo1 wer part of column yellowish
brown ; upper part greenish brown ; disk and tentacles
dark olive-green.

Bonin Islands. Dr. William Stimpson.

The above description has been made from a specimen
well preserved in alcohol. It is doubtless somewhat con-
tracted, but retains nearly the normal form, and all the
organs are well shown.

SUBFAMILY, DISCOSTOMIN^E.

Discostomince Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 461, 1869 (non Dis-
cosomfR Duch. and Mich., Supl., p. 27, 1864).

Column apparently without verrucae or lateral open-
ings. Tentacles numerous, short, often verruciform or
with globose ends. Disk broad, with verruca, papillae,
or small tentacle-like organs, arising from the same radi-
ating chamber with the corresponding tentacle, and often
scarcely differing from it in form.

This singular group is remarkable in having the tenta-
cles but little developed in length and often confounded
with verrucse or other organs which arise between the
mouth and tentacles, and are usually arranged in radia-
ting lines. These appear to agree in everything, except
position, with the verrucas, papillae, and similar organs
that arise from the sides of the radiating chambers along
the lateral surface of the body, below the tentacles, in
BunodeSi'Anthopleura, and many other genera.

In addition to Discostoma, and the other forms here de-
scribed, it appears to include Ricordea Duch. and Mich.,
which becomes compound by fissiparity ; Draytonia D.
and M., with colored tubercles outside the tentacles ; and,
probably, Corynactis Allman. Other described genera
may belong here, but since authors in describing these
animals have not stated whether the "tentacles," scat-
tered on the disk, arise each from a distinct chamber,
like true tentacles, it is impossible to determine their
true affinities with certainty. The genus, Aureliania
Gosse, may belong here, as also Capnea Forbes, but

70 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

the published figures are insufficient to determine satis-
factorily.

DISCOSTOMA Ehrenberg, 1834.

Discosoma Leuck. (non Discosomus Oken, 1816 ; nee Discosoma
Perty, 1830).

Discosoma (pars') Edw. and Haime, Corall., I, p. 255.

f

Column low, smooth, smaller than the disk and base.
Disk very broad, covered with numerous rounded ver-
rucre or tubercles, which are arranged in regular radiating
lines, apparently a single series in each line, each line
corresponding to the top of a single internal chamber.
Tentacles not distinct from the tubercles of the disk.
Type, D. nummiforme Leuck.

DISCOSTOMA FUNGIFORME Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate 1, figure 7.

Base thin, broadly expanded, nearly as large as the
disk. Column much narrower, low, smallest in the mid-
dle, expanding rapidly to the margin of the broad expla-
nate disk, which has a thin, regularly scalloped and slightly
undulated edge. The central region of the disk is sunken,
and from the depression arises a cone, having the small
sub-circular mouth at its summit. The mouth has a nar-
row, revolute border, which is marked by many slight
sulcations. The entire disk, including the surface of the
cone even to the lips, is closely covered by an immense
number of small rounded tubercles, which are subequal
and arranged in many narrow radiating series, between
which the internal lamellae may be seen through the disk-
membrane, as narrow, dark, radiating lines. The tuber-
cles are mostly closely crowded in a single row in each
series, but in some cases are so crowded as to form two
alternating rows. Breadth of disk, in alcohol, .8 of an
inch; height .3 of an inch.

The above description has been prepared from speci-
mens preserved in alcohol. The disk and tentacles do
not appear capable of contracting. Young specimens,

\

POLYPS AND COEALS. 71

.25 of an inch across the disk, are relatively higher, but
the disk considerably exceeds the column. The tubercles
are much fewer and relatively larger and plainly arranged
in single radiating series.

The figure, though drawn from life, represents the base
as altogether too narrow and the tubercles not sufficiently
numerous.

Color variable, usually purple, often light green.

Port Lloyd, Bonin Islands, attached to branches of
Madrepora, in one fathom. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species resembles Ricordea florida D. and M., but
the latter becomes compound, having^several mouths when
adult.

HOMACTIS Verrill, gen. nov.

Column low, cylindrical, with a distinct fold near the
margin, substance firm, surface smoothish. Disk not
much wider than the column, concave, the whole surface,
except a narrow region about the mouth, covered with
small, rounded, perforated tubercles, arranged in wide
radiating series, in which they are crowded in several
transverse rows. Tentacles marginal, in life longer, with
imperforate tips ; in alcohol scarcely different from the
tubercles in appearance. Mouth large.

HOMACTIS EUPICOLA Verrill, sp. nov.

In alcohol the base is equal in width to the column,
which is' -low, cylindrical, with many strongly marked
transverse folds due to contraction, which are crossed by
fine longitudinal wrinkles. Just below the tentacles is a
well marked fold ; substance firm. Disk broad, but
scarcely exceeding the column, deeply concave, covered
by about fifty broad, radiating groups of very small and
numerous, rounded, perforated tubercles, which are closely
crowded and form four or five irregular transverse rows
in each radiating band. These radiating groups corre-
spond with the internal chambers, and the principal ones
extend from near the mouth to the circumference. Be-
tween these are smaller ones, some of which extend half

72 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

way to the centre and others much less. The marginal
tentacles can scarcely be distinguished from the other
tubercles in the alcoholic specimen, but in life are "longer,
flattened, with broad, white, imperforate tips." Mouth
large, with thickened lips, which have many small folds,
with two rounded tubercles at one angle. Height, in
alcohol, .5 of an inch; diameter .1 of an inch.

Sides of column, in life, greenish gray, streaked with
pinkish brown towards the base. Disk greenish gray,
with the margin of the mouth white. Marginal tentacles
with white tips.

Hong Kong, attached in crevices of the rocks in the
fourth region of the littoral zone, March, 1855. Dr. Wm.
Stimpsou.

STEPHANACTIS Verrill, gen. nov.

Column subcylindrical, somewhat elongated, not verru-
cose, substance firm and dense. Disk exceeding the
column, covered with regular radiating lines of short,
unequal tubercles. The outer tubercles or tentacles are
largest and divided into several ( three to five ) short
rounded lobes ; those next within are two or three lobed ;
the innermost are simple, rounded or papilliform verrucae.
The disk and tentacle-like organs do not appear to be
capable of contraction, being fully expanded in alcohol.

This genus resembles in general appearance Actinopo-
rus Duch. and Mich., but does not have the tentacular
organs subdivided as in that genus, nor the Avails perfora-
ted by vertical rows of pores (suckers?). The tentacle-
like tubercles resemble, in form and arrangement, those
of Aureliania Gosse, but are more numerous, and the
latter is said to be highly contractile in all parts, and ap-
pears to differ in other characters from the present form.
It may, however, eventually prove to be the same genus.

STEPHANACTIS INDICA Verrill, sp. nov.

In alcohol the base is narrower than column, the latter
is largest in the middle, decreasing towards the summit,

POLYPS AND CORALS. 73

N

longer than broad ; its texture firm and dense, its surface
longitudinally sulcate, with rather wide ridges, which are
crossed by deep transverse wrinkles due to contraction, the
surface closely lined by fine vertical wrinkles. Edge of
disk exceeding the column and a little revolute, the upper
surface covered by about forty radiating rows of short
unequal tubercles, five or six in each row, the rows being
alternately wider and narrower, the wider ones projecting
beyond the outer edge more than the narrower ones, and
terminating in a three-lobed or triclentate tubercle, the
middle lobe being longest ; upon the inner side of this
are two small rounded median tubercles, followed by a
deeply bilobed tubercle, which is succeeded by three or
more, simple, verruciform tubercles, extending to near the
mouth. The narrower rays terminate outwardly in a
shorter and much smaller tubercle, with a pointed central
lobe, the two lateral ones being scarcely developed ; on
the inside of this are two small, median, rounded tuber-
cles, often slightly bilobed, followed by a more elevated
bilobed tubercle, which is succeeded by three or more
small, usually simple, rounded tubercles. Mputh in the
alcoholic specimen much protruded and everted. Height
of the preserved specimen .6 of an inch; diameter of
column .4 of an inch.

Selio Island, Gaspar Straits, February, 1854. L. M.
Squires.

CORYNACTIS Allman, 1836.

Corynactis (pars') and Melactis Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, I,
pages 258 and 260, 1857.

Column smooth, versatile in form. Disk much ex-
panded, convex or concave, with the mouth depressed or
elevated on a cone, according to the state of contraction.
Tentacles more or less scattered on the disk, the outer
ones largest, with a pedicel and an enlarged or globose
tip. Whether more than one of these organs arise from
the same chamber, I am, at present, unable to determine,
but this seems probable from the figures.

The following species, and also O. viridis of Europe,

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 10 AUGUST, 1869.

74 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

protrudes and retracts the mouth at will, therefore the
genus, Melactis E. and EL, which was based on the prom-
inent mouth of C. vas and C. globulosa, as figured by
Quoyand Gaimard, must be dropped, unless sustained by
other characters at present unknown.

CORYNACTIS ANNUL AT A Verrill.

Melactis annulata Verrill, these Proceedings, Vol. V, p. 50, PI. 1,
figs. 8, 8a, 1866.

Base expanded, entire or lobed. Column smooth, at
times short cylindrical, in full expansion usually smallest
in the middle, gradually enlarging both to the base and
summit. Disk in full expansion wider than the column,
sometimes convex, at other times concave. Mouth small,
rounded, either depressed or raised on a prominent cone,
the lips with many radiating folds. Tentacles occupying
the outer half of the disk, the inner ones short, tubercu-
liform, scattered, the outer ones much larger, somewhat
elongated, the pedicel nearly as thick as the slightly en-
larged, rounded end. Height, in expansion, .4 of an inch ;
diameter of disk .32 of an inch. Color of column light
rose, with a narrow ring of bright vermilion just below
the tentacles, at the margin. Mouth, disk, and tentacles
nearly white, tinged with rose.

False Bay, Cape of Good Hope, abundant on stones
and shells on rocky bottoms, in fifteen to twenty-five fath-
oms, October, 1853. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 75

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

SINCE printing the earlier parts ot this Synopsis sev-
eral changes in the genera have become necessary, while
some additional specimens have been found, belonging to
the collection, which were previously overlooked. In
order to illustrate more fully the coral faunae of some of
the localities visited, I have also added a few species not
collected by the Expedition, which are new or little
known. These are all in the Museum of Yale College.

ALCYONARIA.

GORGONID^E.

LITIGOGIA CUSPIDATA Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., I,
p. 403, = Leptogorgia cuspidata V. (Vol. IV. p. 186).

GORGONIA ALBICANS Kolliker. — The peculiar specimen
mentioned under Lophogorgia palma E. and H. (p. 187)
proves to belong to this species.

PLEXAURID^E.
EUPLEXAURA Verrill, gen. nov.

The species referred doubtfully to Plexaura friabilis
Lamx., has spicula that differ widely from those of Plex-
aura, and although they approach those of Plexaurella
more nearly, they differ so much as to render it impossi-
ble to refer the species to that genus without modifying
its character considerably. Therefore I propose to con-
sider it the type of a new genus.

In external characters it resembles Plexaurella, with
rather targe, open cells. The spicula are mostly short,
stout, blunt, warty spindles, of rather small size, with a

76 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

few small, simple double-spindles, and rarely, small, irreg-
ular crosses.

Plexaura differs in having long, acute spindles, some
of which are usually very large, mingled with others that
are much smaller, and small warty clubs. Plexaurella has
mostly rather small, warty double-spindles, mingled with
numerous warty crosses of similar size, with central naked
bauds.

EUPLEXAURA CAPENSIS Verrill, sp. nov.

Plexaura friabilis Verrill, Vol. IV, p. 186; (pars') Lamouroux?

This is not the P. friabilis of Edw. and Haime, Duch.
and Michelotti, Kolliker, and other modern writers, and
may not have been known to Lamouroux. It is probable,
however, that he confounded more than one species under
that name, and his East Indian specimens may be this
species. As the name is generally given to a West Indian
Plexaura, it seems best to give a new one to this.

Spicula small, mostly short, oval or oblong, and crowd-
edly covered with large, very rough warts, which are
mostly dilated and echinulate at the summits. Others are
similar, but shorter, and approach the form of warty
heads. Others approach the form of short, thick double-
spindles, with two wreaths of large rough warts near the
middle, and a terminal cluster of smaller ones at each
end. Occasionally there are compound cross-spicula,
about as broad as long, the ends thickly covered with
large, very rough warts, and rather obtuse or truncated.

The stout spicula measure .204 millimetres by .108 mil-
limetres ; .180 by .108 ; .180 by .096 ; .180 by .084 ; .168
by .096; .156 by. 096; .144 by .108; .144 by .096.
The stout double-spindles .156 by .108; .144 by .072;
.132 by .096 .120 by .072. The crosses .120 by .120;
.144 by .108. Heads .144 by .108.

PRIMNOID^E.

The recent discovery of several genera intermediate
between Muricea and Primnoa (HJchinogorgia, Paramu-
ricea, Acts, Thesea, etc.) renders it necessary to unite the

POLYPS AND CORALS. 77

two groups in one family. The Plexauridce, would then
include only Plexaura, Eunicea, Plexaurella, and allied
forms.

MURICEA FLEXUOSA Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, Vol.
45, p. 412, May, 1868, = Lissogorgia flexuosa V. (Vol.
IV, p. 187).

The genus, Lissogorgia V., based upon the Gorgonia
cancellata Dana, seems unnecessary, since the typical
species proves to belong to Paramuricea Kolliker, a genus
established at nearly the same time and based upon more
important characters. Villogorgia and Blepharogorgia
(pars) Duch. and Mich, appear to be other synonyms,
but the typical species of the latter may, perhaps, form
a distinct genus. (See American Jour. Science, Vol. 45,
p. 413 and Vol. 46, p. 143.)

In this Family the forms and structure of the spicula
appear to be the safest guides to the true affinities of the
species. In the recent very valuable and important work*
of Dr. Albert Kolliker, the spicula of most of the genera
are beautifully illustrated.

ASTROGORGIA Verrill.

American Journal of Science, Vol. XLV, May, 1868, p. 414.

Cceneuchyma and surface of verrucas granulous and
composed of rather small spindles, closely united to-
gether, with some irregular, small, rough double-heads
and clubs. Verrucse prominent, eight-rayed in contrac-
tion, the spicula being arranged in eight groups. Tenta-
cles often not wholly retracted, their bases strengthened
by eight groups of conspicuous, fusiform spicula, similar
to those of the ccenenchyma, arranged in V-shaped lines.
When the tentacles are nearly withdrawn the basal spic-
ula form a stellate figure at the mouth of the cell.

ASTROGORGIA SINENSIS Verrill, op. cit., p. 412, = Mu-
ricea Sinensis V. (Vol. IV, p. 187, Plate 5, figure 5, 5a.)

The verrucse in this species form broad, low, rounded
cones, or are nearly hemispherical. The spicula in the

* Icones Histiologicse, zweite Abtlieiluiig, Leipzig, 18C5.

78 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

bases of the tentacles are red and conspicuous, like those
of the cceuenchyma. Spicula mostly light red with some
grayish yellow. Longer spindles long, often bent, grad-
ually tapering to the ends, which are slender and acute,
covered over the whole length, with rough truncated pro-
jections, which are largest in the middle and diminish
to each end. Shorter spindles considerably stouter, with
more crowded projections, often with one end obtuse and
the other acute, smaller spindles slender, rather acute,
with unequal scattered warts. Irregular spicula fre-
quently composed of a slender axis, naked in the middle,
with an irregular group of four or five large, rough, some-
what subdivided warts at each end ; others have similar
warts scattered over the whole length ; others have large
rough warts at one end, which gradually diminish towards
the other end, where they are quite small, thus producing
a somewhat club-shaped form. A few very small, simple,
cross-shaped spicula occur.

The longer spindles measure .420 millimetres by .090.
millimetres ; .372 by .084 ; .360 by .096 ; .348 by .084 ;
.324 by .096 ; .300 by .072. The stouter ones .288 by
.084 ; .288 by .072 ; .264 by .084. The smaller ones .228
by .084; .216 by .042; .180 by .060; .180 by .048.
Irregular ones .144 by .072 ; .108 by .060 ; .108 by .048 ;
.096 by .060.

ANTHOGORGIA Verrill, op. cit., p. 412.

Verrucas prominent, tubular, the summit eight-rayed in
contraction, formed by a thin integument, in the surface of
which, large, long, mostly bent spindles are imbedded at
various angles, and so interlaced as to form a sort of net-
work of spicula, with depressions between. Cosnenchyma
thin, granulous, filled with large, warty spicula, similar to
those of the verrucas, but usually shorter and stouter.

ANTHOGORGIA DIVARICATA Verrill, op. cit., p. 412, =
Muricea? divaricataV. (Vol. IV, p. 188, Plate 5, fig.
6, 6a.}

The enlarged figure of the verrucas (Plate 5, fig. 6a)
does not represent the spicula properly. They should be

POLYP& AND CORALS. 79

much more numerous, covering the whole surface, and
interlaced at all angles, leaving small, often nearly square
depressions between. Spicula white, mostly long, rather
slender, often curved spindles. The longer ones taper
gradually towards the ends, which are not very acute ;
they are covered on all sides with closely crowded, rather
regular, conical warts. Some of the smaller spindles
have the warts less crowded and more regular. The
stouter spindles are frequently somewhat oblong in out-
line, being of nearly uniform size to near the -ends, where
they taper abruptly ; their warts are larger, rough, often
lobed, unequal, and closely crowded. Besides these
there are many short, thick, irregular spicula, covered
with very unequal, rough, irregular warts.

The longer spindles measure .552 millimetres by .108 ;
.516 by .084; .504 by .072; .492 by .096; .480 by .096 ;
.480 by .084. The stouter spindles .540 by .120 ; .456 by
.144; .420 by .096; .432 by .120; .324 by .072. The
irregular spicula .252 by .108 ; .204 by .120.

ECHINOMURICEA Verrill.

American Journal of Science, Vol. 47, p. 285, March, 1869.

This genus has been established for the following
remarkable species, which appears to be sufficiently
distinct from Acanthogorgia and Paramuricea, to both
of which it is allied. It is peculiar in having the ver-
rucse surrounded at base by numerous very long,
stout, thorny and branched, spine-like spicula, which
are crowded and somewhat imbricated, not placed in
whorls.

ECHINOMURICEA COCCINEA Verrill, 1. c., p. 285,=
Acanthogorgia coccinea V. (Vol. IV, p. 188, PL 6, fig.
7, 7a).

ISIDJB.

PARISIS LAXA Verrill, Vol. IV, p. 190.

This species occurs, also, as I am informed by Dr. Lut-
ken, in Formosa Channel.

gO VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

MOPSELLA JAPONICA Verrill, Vol. IV, p. 190.

Specimens of this species, from Hakodadi and Bay of
Yeddo, recently received from Mr. W. H. Dall, differ
somewhat from the type.

They are more densely -branched, the branches less
divergent and often coalescent, leaving large irregular
openings. The branches and branchlets are also stouter,
crooked, obtuse at the ends. Verrucse mostly crowded
on the edges of the branches, often entirely covering the
smaller branchlets but generally scattered or wanting on
the sides of the larger branches. They are relatively
larger, rather prominent, round, with depressed and con-
cave summits, showing in the centre a cluster of converg-
ent, bright yellow polyp-spicula. Ccenenchyma finely but
roughly granulous with small rough spicula.

One specimen is bright lemon-yellow, the others deep
red.

One specimen is 2.25 inches high and 2.75 broad;
another is 3 inches high and 1.5 broad. -Diameter of
larger branches at internodes .10 to .12 of an inch; of
branchlets .06 to .08 ; length of terminal branchlets rarely
more than .30; distance between branches usually .25 to
.35 ; diameter of verrucse .04 to .05.

ALCYONIUM? Verrill, Vol. IV, p. 191, = Lobularia
Verrillii Gray; Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 4,
Vol. 3, p. 121, Feb., 1869.

This species is, as yet, known only from a small and
imperfect specimen. Not having had an opportunity to
examine its spicula, I am unable to refer it to its proper
genus. It cannot belong to Lobularia as defined by Dr.
Gray. Sea of Ochotsk.

NEPHTHYID^E.
EUNEPHTHYA Verrill.

American Journal of Science, Vol. 47, p. 284, March, 1869.
This genus, established for the following species and
E. glomerata from Greenland, is peculiar in having the

POLYPS AND CORALS. 81

verrucse prominent and covered with rough, thorny, club-
shaped or branched spiciila, with the ends projecting from
the surface.

Nephthyx has the verrucas covered with long, regular,
or curved, warty spindles, appressed to the surface.

EUXEPHTHTA THTRSOIDES Verrill, 1. c., p. 284, =
Nephthya thyrsoidea V. (Vol. IV, p. 192, PL 6, figs. 8,
8a, 8b).

Spicula mostly long, thorny, club-shaped, .600 of a
millimetre to 1.00 long, by .100 to .200 thick; and
stouter very thorny clubs, .300 to .500 long, by .125 to
.250 broad; and rough, sharp, three-pronged spicula,
.275 to .325 long, by .150 to .250 broad. The thorny
ends of these spicula project from the surface of the ver-
riicge, especially towards their summits, giving it a very
rough appearance.

Dr. G-ray, in the work cited above, erroneously places
this species as a synonym of Verrilliana thyrsoides Gray
(Ammothea thyrsoides Ehr.) , from which it differs widely.

SPONGODES CAPITATA Verrill (Vol. IVr p. 193),=
Spoggodes capitata Gray, op. cit., p. 128.

SPONGODES GRACILTS Verrill (1. c.), = Spoggodia gra-
cilis Gray, op. cit., p. 128.

The genus Spoggodia Gray (non Dana), has been sep-
arated from the typical species, owing to the more scat-
tered arrangement of the polyps, "prominent from the
sides or forming the tips of the branchlets." These char-
acters seem to me insufficient for the establishment of a
genus. Moreover /S. giganteaV. (Vol. IV, p. 192) com-
bines the characters of the two groups, having both single
polyps scattered on the sides of the branchlets and others
clustered at the ends and surrounded by large, spine-
like spicula.

According to the generally accepted rules of orthog-

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 11 SEPTEMBER, 1869.

82 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

raphy, the name of this genus should be Spongodes (or
Spongodia) not Spoggodes, or JSpoggodia.*

CORNULARID^.

TELESTO RAMICTJLOSA Verrill (Vol. IV, p. 194),=
Telesco ramidosa Gray, op, cit., p. 22.

TELESTO? NODOSA Verrill (1. c.), = Telescella nodosa
Gray, op. cit., p. 22.

Dr. Gray has proposed for this doubtful species the
subgenus, Telescella, based on its peculiar mode of branch-
ing. This appears quite unnecessary, especially until the
species is better known.

A microscopic examination of one of the original speci-
mens recently received from the Museum of Comparative
Zoology shows that, in all probability, it does not belong
to the Alcyonaria, since there are no spicula whatever.
When treated with caustic potash the tubes are seen to
consist of an amorphous membranous basis, with various
foreign substances — minute grains of sand, Foraminiferse,
Diatoms, etc., — imbedded in it, the annulations of the
tubes being thicker ridges of the amorphous material,
which is insoluble, or nearly so, in caustic potash. In
some parts there are minute, nearly spherical, nucleated
cells, either scattered, or closely grouped in a single layer.

The condition of the specimens does not admit a reli-
able determination of their nature. They may be tubes
of some annelid, or small crustacean, since many genera
of Amphipods, like Cerapus, make similar tubes.

There appears to be no sufficient reason for Dr. Gray's
change in the spelling of this generic name.

* See Section 14 of the Rules of Zoological nomenclature adopted
by the British Association, 1865 ; also reprinted in the American Jour-
nal of Science, July, 1869.

POLtPS AND CORALS. 83

MADREPORARIA.

MADREPORID^E.
MADREPORA MICROPHTHALMA Verrill, sp. nov.

Corallum numerously divided, somewhat afborescent,
the branches subpinnate, spreading mostly in one plane,
proliferous towards the ends, covered with small, unequal,
tubular corallites, which have very small, circular, regu-
larly stellate cells, surrounded by thickened borders.

The main trunk gives off branches subpinnately on two
sides, which diverge rapidly and are usually less than a
quarter of an inch apart. A few smaller branches also
rise from the front and back sides of the trunk and main
branches, which do not conform to the common plane of
the other branches ; the secondary branches and branch-
lets arise somewhat irregularly from the larger branches,
varying from .12 to an inch or more apart below, but
becoming crowded and strongly divergent near the ends.
The branches and branchlets taper rapidly to the tips,
which are subacute and terminated by a small, slightly
prolonged terminal corallite, of quite porous but firm text-
ure, rounded at tip and perforated by a very small cell,
which is regularly stellate with six primary septa that
meet at the centre and other rudimentary septa of the
second cycle between them. Lateral corallites very un-
equal in size and elevation, diverging at an angle of
about 45°, tubular, somewhat tapering, truncated a little
obliquely- at summit and rounded, the border of the cell
considerably thickened, especially on the outside, the text-
ure firm but very porous and spongiform, the surface
evenly echinulate, not costate. The cells are very small,
regularly stellate, with six, well-developed, equal septa,
which nearly meet at the centre. Ccenenchyma firm,
finely echinulate.

Height 4.25 inches; breadth 6 ; diameter of larger
branches .45; of terminal branchlets .25 to .30; length
of the latter .50 to .75 ; length of terminal corallites .10 :
diameter .08 to .10; diameter of cell .02; length of lat-
eral corallites .02 to .15, the average about .10; diaine-

84 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

ter .02 to .07, average about .06 ; diameter of largest
cells about .015.

Loo Choo Islands. Eev. S. W. Williams.

This species is allied to M.formosa Dana; M. brachi-
ata Dana ; M. laxa Lam. ; and M. gracilis Edw. and
Haime, but differs from all in having much smaller cells,
as well as in its mode of branching. The tirst has lon-
ger, more slender and acute, and scarcely proliferous
branches, with much longer and more slender corallites,
which are more nearly equal and not crowded nor thick-
ened, with much larger cells. The surface is more
porous and more coarsely granulous. M. brachiata has
much stouter and less subdivided branches, with much
longer corallites, which are crowded, less unequal, and
obliquely truncated at summit, with oval and large cells.
M. laxa differs in its mode of branching and larger ver-
rucas and cells. M. gracilis has nariform corallites.

M. arbuscula resembles it somewhat in mode of branch-
ing, but has stouter branches and much larger cells and
corallites, and its surface is coarsely porous and scabrous,
costate on the corallites.

MONTIPORA EXESA Verrill, sp. nov.

Montipora foliosa? (Vol. V, p. 25), non Edw. and Haime.

Since describing this coral I have been able to exam-
ine a large and tine specimen of M. foliosa and must
regard it as a distinct, though allied, species.

This resembles it in the character of the lower surface,
and probably, also, in its mode of growth, but differs in
having oil the upper side much coaser, thicker, and
round-topped papillss, most of which are united more or
less into groups, crests, and long ridges, which are united
by thin cross ridges, so as to form very unequal and irreg-
ular deep pits over the whole surface, which give it a
rough, eroded and. excavated appearance. The cells are
inconspicuous, very small (scarcely .02 inch), and situ-
ated at the bottom of the pits and often among isolated
papillae. They have six larger septa alternating with six
very rudimentary ones. The external surface is very

POLYPS AND COEALS. 85

porous and spongy, not papillose, and covered with more
distinct and larger cells (about .03 inch), which are sur-
rounded by a thickened, roughly spinulose and porous
border, somewhat elevated above the general surface.
They are numerous but irregularly scattered, and have
twelve distinct septa, six of which are larger.
Gaspar Straits.

MONTIPORA FOLIOSA Edw. and Haime.

Madrepora foliosa Pallas, 1766 (non Ellis and Solander, 1786, nee
Esper, Tab. LVIII B, tig. 1, 2, 1797).

Porites rusacea Lamarck, 1816 (non Lamouroux, Plate 52).

Montipora foliosa Edw. and Haime, Corall., Vol. 3, p. 212 (non Porites
foliosa Ehr., nee Manopora foliosa Dana).

A specimen of this species, in the Museum of Yale
College, consists of a large cluster of very broad, thin,
convolute, unequal fronds, which are arranged somewhat
like the petals of a half-blown rose, but are somewhat
irregular in form and position. There are three fronds
between the centre and the outside on nearly all parts.
The spaces between the fronds at the summit, vary from
2 to 3.5 inches. Some of the fronds are 20 inches
broad, and over 12 wide. The entire height of the coral
is 14 inches ; diameter 18. The fronds are thin through-
out, scarcely exceeding .25 of an inch in any part, and
usually about .12 at one or two inches from the margin,
which is much thinner and translucent. Texture very
porous, rather fragile. On the outside the surface for an
inch or more from the margin is nearly destitute of cells
and not papillose, but crossed by irregular and very
unequal, distant, vertical ridges. Below this the cells
gradually become more numerous and crowded, and the
surface more uneven. The cells are between .02 and .03
of an inch in diameter, slightly elevated, and surrounded
by small, rounded, rough papillae, and with similar minute
papillae between. Septa small, six distinct. On the inner
surface the cells are of about the same size, but are sur-
rounded by much higher, very slender, rough papillae,
while similar but shorter papillae are thickly crowded
over the whole surface between the cells. Towards the

8 6 VEERILL , SYNOPSIS OF

margin the papillae form longitudinal rows, or narrow
crests. Septa twelve ; six larger, alternating with very
small ones.

( ?) Ceylon. Rev. G. A. Apthorp.

This tine species has been so often confounded with sev-
eral others that are similar in form or mode of growth,
that it seems useful to add the above particulars from a
specimen that appears to agree with the typical form
described by Pallas, and also by Edwards and Haime.
The Montipora grandifolia of Dana, of which the origi-
nal specimen is before me, is very closely allied to this
and may be only a variety of it. The character of the
upper surface is identical in nearly all respects, but the
lower surface has more numerous cells, which extend to
the margin, or nearly so, and are somewhat more promi-
nent and a little larger, with the septa more developed,
the primary ones a little thickened, alternating with six
narrower secondaries. The texture appears firmer and
the surface less rough and scarcely papillose, even around
the cells.

The species described as Parities foliosa by Ehrenberg,
and afterwards adopted by Dana, appears from the de-
scription to be quite distinct.

MONTIPORA LICHENOIDES, Verrill, sp. nov.

Corallum encrusting below, explanate above, rising into
irregular, thin, more or less contorted, plicate or crispate
fronds. Near the margin the fronds are about .05 of an
inch thick, the exterior for about an inch from the margin
is covered with irregular vertical ridges or plications, with
small scattered papilliform processes, which become more
numerous and larger below, where they frequently unite
into larger compound papillae, between which are smaller
rounded ones thickly scattered over the surface. The
cells are very small, about .01 of an inch, and are irregu-
larly scattered among the smaller papil.te, on the b.ises
of the larger ones, or elevated among the summits of the
compound ones ; towards the margin they are remotely
scattered over the surface and wholly immersed. Septa

POLYPS AND CORALS. 87

twelve, six well developed and a little thickened, alter-
nating with six very narrow ones. The upper surface of
the frond is covered, on the lower part, with very unequal,
densely crowded, slender, round-topped papillae, which
are mostly united in irregular clusters ; towards the upper
part of the fronds the papillae stand in vertical rows or
clusters, which near the margin unite and form thin, ele-
vated costse or crests, the edges of which are divided more
or less into thin and compressed, or round and slender
papillae, which have rounded summits, sulcated sides, and
a minutely roughened surface. The cells of the upper
side are not numerous, distantly scattered among the
papilla? and between the crests, quite small and inconspic-
uous, but larger than those of the lower surface ; diameter
about .02 of an inch. Their septa are well developed, as
in those of the lower side.

The only specimen seen is about four inches in breadth
and the same in height, the free portions of the frond
rising about two inches. It encrusts the branches of a
dead Madrepora.

Loo Choo Islands. Rev. S. W. Williams. Museum of
Yale College.

This species is allied to M. foliosa, M. exesa, M. grand-
ifolia. The cells are, however, much smaller than in
either of those species, especially upon the lower side,
and its texture is more firm and solid, while its lower sur-
face is more papillose. Its upper surface is quite unlike
any except M. exesa, but even that species has the
papillae more regular and the surface more distinctly
divided into areolations by the elevations, while the
papillae themselves are much shorter, thicker, more obtuse,
and more completely united.

MONTIPORA PATULA Verrill, sp. nov.

Corallum thin, partially explanate, attached and en-
crusting at the centre, the edges free and nearly hori-
zontal for a width of four inches or more. The coral-
lum at half an inch from the edge is .15 of an inch thick ;
at 3 inches, .30 ; texture very porous but tolerably firm.

88 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OP

The lower surface is destitute of papillifrtrm processes,
and nearly even, composed of a very porous spongiforra
tissue, roughened with minute sharp points. The cells
are very small (.01 inch), regular, wholly immersed, sur-
rounded by a circle of small spinules, thickly scattered
over the surface, except towards the edge where they
are generally more distant and often larger, usually with
twelve very small, rudimentary septa. Upper surface
very porous, somewhat undulated, a little uneven, thickly
covered with small, unequal, prominent, round-topped
papillae, which have a very open spongifonn texture, their
surface covered with rough projections. Sometimes these
papillae are less developed and appear like small rounded
clusters of spongy trabiculse, which project all over the
surface and are lacerately divided. Cells thickly scat-
tered over the surface, each usually surrounded by a clus-
ter of four or five of the larger papillae, considerably
larger than those of the lower side (about .03 of an
inch), with six quite distinct septa, which extend about
one-fourth across the cells. Towards the central parts
of the coral the cells are generally somewhat larger and
have twelve septa, six very narrow ones of the second
cycle alternating with the six larger primary ones.

Close to the edge the papillae sometimes form radiating
rows, or unite into short, thin ridges. The largest pa-
pillae are scarcely .02 of an inch in diameter, and about
.04 in height.

Hawaiian Islands. Museum of Yale College. Numer-
ous specimens are also in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, which were collected by Mr. A. Garret.

This species appears to grow in broad horizontal fronds,
having an undulated surface, and attached or encrusting
in the central parts, the edges becoming free. In the
character of the upper surface it resembles somewhat M.
grandifolia Dana, and M. expansa Dana, but has a much
more porous texture and thicker and rounder papillae,
but both the latter species have a very different lower
surface, with prominent cells, which are three or four
times broader, and their fronds are thinner and firmer.
The even, nearly smooth lower surface, with minute punc-

POLYPE AND CORALS. 89

tifonn cells, is quite unlike that of most other known
species.

TURBINARIA DICHOTOMA Veirill, Sp. 11OV.

Corallum large, dichotomously branched. . Branches
stout, subcylindrical, often flattened at the end, covered
with large, somewhat prominent corallites, which open
upward and are uniformly scattered on all sides of the
branches, but become crowded and unequal at the ends,
where many small corallites are seen among the larger
ones, from which they appear to rise by interstitial or
extramarginal budding. The lateral cells are about a
quarter of an inch broad, shallow, nearly circular, and
arranged in five or six, irregular, vertical or somewhat
spiral rows, those in the same row mostly from .3 to .4
of an inch apart, while those of adjacent rows are often
less than their own diameter apart. The cells are ele-
vated on low, broad eminences, which spread at their
bases and are so closely appressed to the sides of the
branches that the cells open obliquely upwards. Ccenen-
chyma roughened with papilliform and small spinous pro-
cesses, intermingled with others which are of various
irregular forms, often crest-like, or variously convoluted,
narrow ridges. Among the interstices of these are nu-
merous irregular pores, which are larger than in most other
species. Septa in four cycles, usually, in the larger cells,
with some rudiments of the fifth cycle, the number vary-
ing from fifty to sixty ; those of the first two cycles nearly
equal, about one fourth as wide as the cell, the inner
border perpendicular or a little concave, the summit
obliquely truncated, not exsert, the upper end joining the
margin and becoming confused with the irregular, spi-
nose processes of the coenenchyma, which cover the exte-
rior of the corallites and form the border of the cells.
Septa of the third cycle about one quarter narrower;
those of the fourth and fifth cycles very narrow and often
rudimentary, alternating with the wide ones of the pre-
ceding cycles. Columella broad, occupying about half
the breadth of the cells, its surface convex, formed by

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 12 OCTOBER, 1869.

90 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

numerous small, rough, convoluted, and intricately united
trabiculae, with small, irregular openings among them,
the free ends of rough papilliform processes forming the
surface. Color of the unbleached coral dark brownish
black. Diameter of the terminal branches 1 to 1.25
inches; diameter of lateral cells .20 to .25; depth .08
to .10. The terminal cells are mostly smaller and rela-
tively much deeper.

Locality unknown, most probably Bonin or Loo Choo
Islands. Dr. Win. Stimpson.

POCILLIPORID.E.

Observations upon the polyps have shown that this
family has the structure of the Madreporaria, and no
affinity with Milleporidce and similar Hydroid corals.*
The twelve well-developed and regular septa, seen in
such species as P. elongata, P. stettata, P. pUcata, etc.,
also give ample evidence of their intimate relations to
the true Polyps, and are inconsistent with Hydroid struc-
ture. Occasionally a cell divides by fissiparity, and in
that case has twenty-four septa just before division. The
transverse plates have a concentric structure and are often
seen incomplete, with a round or oval opening through the
centre. It appears worthy of separation from Favositidcv
on account of the imperforate walls, abundant coenen-
chyma and other characters.

POCILLIPORA GRACILIS Verrill, sp. nov.

Corallum csespitose, low, and densely branched, the
branches slender round, rarely with intervals of a quarter
of an inch between the branchlets. The branches and
branchlets are dichotomous and diverge at acute angles.
The terminal branchlets are rarely a quarter of an inch
long, about .08 of an inch in diameter, with obtuse or
rounded tips. Cells shallow, .03 of an inch in diameter,
or a little less, with a small, prominent columella, and

* On the Affinities of the Tabulate Corals, by A. E. Verrill, Proc.
of the American Association for Advancement of Science, 1867, p. 148.

POLYPS AND CORALS. . 91

twelve very narrow, rudimentary septa, six of which can
usually be traced across the bottom of the cell to the
columella. Spaces between the cells usually less than
their diameter. Surface of the coeuenchyma covered with
very small, scattered, rough points. Color of unbleached
coral light brownish yellow. Height 2.5 inches ; breadth
about the same ; diameter of the main branches .25 of an
inch.

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.

This species is allied to P. ccespitosa Dana, from the
Sandwich Islands, but the latter has larger cells, which
are much more closely crowded near the ends of the
branchlets, leaving only a thin wall between, therefore
becoming polygonal, and the columella is not distinct.
The terminal branchlets are also more angular and
pointed, more irregular, and have the cells opening
obliquely upward. P. bulbosa Lam. has much longer
and stouter branches, which are less subdivided and
more angular at the ends. Its cells are still larger and
towards the ends of the branches they are oblong-polyg-
onal, with only thin walls between them, and open
obliquely upward.

POCILLIPORA C^SPITOSA Dana.

Pocillopora brevicornis (pars') Dana ; Edw. and Haime (now Lamarck).

The Museum of Yale College possesses a large and fine
series of this species from the Hawaiian Islands, collected
by Mr. Horace Mann, and also several of the original
specimens described by Prof. Dana. One specimen from
the U. S. Exploring Expedition, labelled P. brevicornis
by Dana, differs from the ordinary form in having the
branches shorter and thicker, with the branchlets shorter
and more crowded upon their enlarged ends, thus pro-
ducing a thicker and lower clump than usual. But in the
series there are various intermediate forms between this
and those with long branches and slender spreading
brauchlets. Like most specimens of this species from the
Hawaiian Islands, it has the large, flat, open bulbs made
among its branches by Harpalocarcinus marsupialis Stinip-

92 • VEERILL, SYNOPSIS OF

son,* which renders it probable that this specimen was
from that locality. I am not aware that P. brevicornis has
been attributed to those Islands by any other author, and
hence infer that the species does not really occur there,
since it was not in the extensive series of Pocilliporae col-
lected by Messrs. H. Mann and W. T. Brigham, nor the
large collection made by Mr. A. Garret at the same place
for the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

POCILLIPORA BREVICORNIS Lamarck.

Pocillopora brevicornis (pars) Dana, Zo5ph., p. 526, PL 49, fig. 8 ;
Edw. and Haime, Vol. 3, p. 304.

Two specimens from Ceylon, collected by Rev. G. A.
Apthorp, are in the Museum of Yale College. These are
the original Ceylon specimens described by Dana. They
agree well with the later description by Edwards and
Haime, and appear, therefore, to represent the typical
form of this species. They are also quite distinct from
the specimen referred to the last species, with which they
were probably not directly compared by Prof. Dana,
since that specimen was not sent here until long after his
work was published.

This species differs from P. ccespitosa in its branches,
which are much more equal and regular in length and
size, and rise more nearly parallel, leaving more uniform
spaces between, and are also longer and less subdivided,
the branchlets taking the form of ascending, elongated,
sometimes proliferous verrucse, which are often oppressed
on the sides, but are shorter and crowded on the summits
of the branches. The cells are larger and much more
crowded on the sides of the branches, seldom becoming
circular. The septa are rudimentary, and the columella
usually wanting, 'the cells on the sides of the branches
being usually shallow, with a nearly flat bottom.

* For an account of this singular parasite, see the American Jour-
nal of Science, Vol. 44, p. 126, 1867. I have noticed a similar parasite
on P. elongata Dana, from Ceylon, near the top of one of its very
thick branches, but never among the thick-branched Pocillipores of
the Hawaiian Islands.

POLYPS AND CORALS. 93

The texture is less firm, and the coral is more cellular
and lighter than in P. ccespitosa.

One specimen has a bulb similar to those made by
Harpalocarcinus marsupidlis, but belonging, probably, to
another species of the same genus, since it differs consid-
erably in form. The aperture is closed, except a few
small openings above. A similar bulb occurs en P. elon-
gata Dana, from Ceylon.

POCILLIPORA DANSB Verrill.

Pocillopora favosa (pars') Dana, Zooph., p. 528, Plate 50, fig. 1 (non
Ehr. ; Edw, and Haime).

Pocillopora Dance Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoology, p. 59, 1864.

Under the name of P. favosa, Prof. Dana included
specimens both from the Feejees and Hawaiian Islands.
A careful examination of his original specimens, and com-
parisons with large series more recently collected, have
convinced me that the specimens from these two locali-
ties really belong to distinct species, both of which
appear to differ from the typical specimens described by
Ehrenberg from the Red Sea. The Feejee species may
be distinguished by the following characters.

Branches moderately stout, variable both in size and
length, quite irregular, the ends usually enlarged, often
compressed and lobed, the summits very cellular, usually
with subobsolete verrucee, but the younger branches
often terminated by prominent ones. Sides of the branch-
es with rather large, prominent, obtuse, irregularly scat-
tered verrucas, which rise obliquely and are scarcely
appressed. Ccenenchyma compact, with very fine spin-
lule-like grains evenly scattered over the surface. Lat-
eral cells between the verrucee rather small, circular, with
the septa and columella scarcely distinct, though in some
cells near the base twelve very narrow septa are visible.
Texture rather firm.

Feejee Islands. J. D. Dana. U. S. Expl. Expedition.

POCILLIPORA ASPERA Verrill, sp. nov.

Pocillopora favosa (pars') Dana, loc. cit. (non Ehrenherg).
Pocillopora plicata (pars) Dana, op. cit., p. 534.

94 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

Corallum branching much as in the preceding, forming
dense hemispherical clumps, often more than a foot in
diameter ; often having a rather rough and ragged appear-
ance, owing to irregularity of the branches and promi-
nence of the verrucse. Branches very variable in different
examples, and often even in the same specimen ; some-
times quite slender and not more than half an inch in
breadth and varying in length from one to four inches,
strongly compressed at the ends, or even tapering; more
commonly much and irregularly subdivided, the ends
enlarged and variously lobed, and often conspicuously
verrucose at summit ; sometimes the branches are stouter,
less subdivided, compressed, one to two inches in breadth,
three to six thick and three to five long, some with the
ends verrucose, others scarcely so. The lateral verrucas
are generally distant, irregular, often elongated, rising
very obliquely, or more or less appressed to the surface ;
in other cases small, but little prominent, or even sub-
obsolete, especially below. Cells large, those at the
summit much crowded, deep, separated by thin walls ; the
lateral ones mostly circular, not distant, usually with a
prominent cominella and twelve distinct septa, one of
which is wider and joins the columella. Coanenchyma
between the lateral cells not very abundant, the surface
thickly covered with very rough, coarse, spinulose grains.

The largest specimens are more than a foot in diameter.

Hawaiian Islands. Horace Mann ; W. T. Brigham ;
J. D. Dana.

VAR. LATA Verrill.

Pocillopora plicata (pars') Dana, loc. cit.

One specimen (referred to P. plicata by Dana) has
the branches stouter, .3 to .5 of an inch thick, and one to
three inches or more broad, variously plicate, with the
summits lobed and mostly naked, the smaller ones often
verrucose, but in the characters of the lateral verrucse and
cells it scarcely differs from the large specimens of the
ordinary variety. The lateral cells, however, generally
have the septa less developed, and the surface between

POLYPS AND CORALS. 95

them is not so strongly spinulose. But some of the outer
branches have the stellate cells and rough surface of the
ordinary form. The lateral verrucas are rather distant,
not very prominent, very oblique and somewhat appressed
to the surface. The naked ends of the branches are cov-
ered with large, crowded, deep cells, separated by thin
walls. The summits of the branches are separated by
quite regular intervals, .3 to .4 of an inch broad. The
specimen is about twelve inches broad and six high.

Hawaiian Islands. Rev. Mr. Baldwin, Museum of Yale
College.

POCILLIPORA LIGULATA Dana.

Zoophytes, p. 531, pl.[50, fig. 2, 2a; Edw. and Hairae, Corall., Ill,
p. 306.

The two original specimens, described by Prof. Dana,
are in the Museum of Yale College.

In mode of branching and form of the verrucas, they
resemble some forms of P. aspera, though the branches
are more regular and unusually divergent and distant.
The longer branches are much compressed, thin and
mostly dilated at the ends, .4 of an inch to 1.5 broad,
and .3 to .4 thick. The larger branches have very cellu-
lar, naked summits ; some of the younger branches are
strongly verrucose at the end. The lateral verrucas are
well developed, not crowded, ascending, and mostly par-
tially appressed to the surface. The lateral cells are
rather distant, quite small, neatly stellate with twelve
well-developed septa, one of which joins the small,
prominent columella. The cosnenchyma is firm, between
the cells covered with small, spinule-like grains. The.
specimens are about six inches high and broad.

Hawaiian Islands. Rev. Mr. Baldwin.

This species is evidently closely allied to .P. aspera,
from which it differs chiefly in its smaller and more dis-
tant cells, more fully developed septa, and the finer
granulation of the coeneuchyma. With a larger series of
specimens it might, perhaps, be possible to unite the two,
but as yet I have observed no intermediate forms.

9G VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

POCILLIPORA PLTCATA DailR.

Podllopora plicata (pars) Dana, Zooph., p. 534, pi. 50, fig. 7, 7a to
7d.

A comparison of the original specimens shows that the
typical form from the Feejees is quite different from the
Hawaiian specimen described above (P. aspera, var.
lata), although so similar in its b'ranches and mode of
growth that, without a direct comparison, especially of the
cells, they would naturally be confounded, as was done
by Prof. Dana. In this species the coral is very porous,
and the cells are but little filled up below by solid matter,
so that the transverse plates are often distinct through the
whole length. The lateral cells are well separated, circu-
lar, rather large, stellate, having twelve unusually well
developed septa and a small columella. The ccsnen-
chyma between the cells is evenly covered with small
spinules, much less rough than in P. aspera. The
verrucee are also more appressed and less numerous.

Feejee Islands. J. D. Dana. U. S. Expl. Expedi-
tion.

This species may best be distinguished from P. aspera,
var. lata by the more distant cells, more highly developed
septa, the finer and more even granulation of the surface,
and the more porous texture.

i

POCILLIPORA FRONDOSA Verrill, sp. nov.

Coralluin light and unusually porous, forming hemi-
spherical clumps, consisting of numerous elongated, irreg-
ular, often crooked, compressed, frond-like branches,
with expanded and variously lobed and plicate ends.
The branches are from .3 of an inch to 1.5 broad, and .3
to .5 thick, except at the summits, which are scarcely .25.
The verrucas are nearly obsolete, both upon the sides and
ends of the branches, being represented upon the lateral
surfaces only by distant and slightly elevated, irregular
prominences and low ridges, which are often wholly
wanting. Cells large and deep, rather crowded, the
spaces between seldom equal to half their diameter even

POLYPS AND CORALS. 97

low down on the sides of the branches. Septa twelve,
quite distinct, though narrow, one of them joining the
columella, which is usually distinct, but low down in the
cell ; surface of coenenchyma rough, thickly covered with
rather coarse spinules.

Hawaiian Islands. W. T. Brigham.

This species is nearly allied to P. aspera.by the struc-
ture of the cells and surface of the co3iienchyma, but is
remarkable for its peculiar frond-like branches, destitute
of distinct verrucas. It is possible, however, that it may
eventually prove to be only an extreme variety of that
species. P. informis Dana differs in its irregular mode
of growth and in the absence or rudimentary condition
of the septa.

POCILLIPORA NOBILIS Verrill.

Pocillopora verrucosa (pars) Dana, Zooph., p. 529, Plate 50, fig. 3,
3a, 1846 (non Lamarck ; Edw. and Haime).

Pocillopora nobilisVerrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoology, p. 59, 1864.

Corallum firm and dense, forming large round-topped
or hemispherical clumps, often a foot or even eighteen
inches in diameter. Branches nearly equal in length,
separated by regular intervals of .4 to .5 of an inch,
elongated, often nearly round, .6 to .75 of an inch in
diameter, regularly forking and not enlarged at the ob-
tusely rounded ends ; in other cases, even in the same
specimen, dilated at the ends to a breadth of two or
three inches and more or less plicated. Summits of the
branches generally strongly verrucose, the verrucas simi-
lar to those of the sides, but usually smaller and more
crowded. Lateral verrucas very numerous, rather
crowded, the intervals being usually less than their di-
ameter, small, regular, spreading obliquely, or even stand-
ing at right angles to the surface, tapering and somewhat
rounded at the end, but angular and containing but few,
quite large cells. Between the verrucse the cells are
rather large, numerous, usually less than half their own
diameter apart. Septa but little developed, very narrow,
usually indistinct, or wholly obsolete. Columella very
small or wanting. Surface of the coeuenchyma regularly

COMMUNICATIONS OF ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 13 NOV., 1869.

98 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

covered with rather small spinuliform granules. Color
of the unbleached coral deep yellowish brown.

Hawaiian Islands. J. D. Dana; Rev. Mr. Baldwin;
A. Garret; Horace Mann; W. T. Brigham.

Var. TUBEROSA.

One specimen, which I refer with doubt to P. nobilis,
.is peculiar in having much larger and more prominent
lateral verrucas, which are rounded and often swollen at
the end, or even obovate. Towards the base the verrucse
are less prominent and even hemispherical. The ends of
the branches are enlarged, often lobed, and thickly
covered with prominent verrucse. The lateral cells are of
medium size, not crowded, with the septa and columella
but little developed. Surface between the cells closely
granulous.

Hawaiian Islands. W. T. Brigham.

A species closely allied to P. nobilis occurs at Zanzibar,
of which there is but one broken specimen in the Museum
of Yale College. Its mode of growth and form of
branches and verrucas are the same, but it has smaller
and less crowded cells, and the surface is much less gran-
ulous, with finer grains. The septa and columella are
little developed, except in some of the cells near the
base, where they become more distinct.

PociLLiroRA M^EANDRINA Dana.

Zoopli., p. 533, Plate 50, fig. 6, 6a, 6b, 1846.

The original specimen of this species is in the Museum
of Yale College. It is closely allied to P. nobilis, but
has mostly broad, plicated and convoluted, short, frond-
like branches, with nearly naked summits. The verrucas
are rather small and closely crowded. The cells are
somewhat smaller than is usual in P. nobilis, and the
septa are in general very narrow, or scarcely apparent.
The surface is finely granulous. Its resemblance to P.
nobilis is so great as to suggest the possibility that it
may be only an extreme variety of that species.

Hawaiian Islands. Rev. Mr. Baldwin.

POLYPS AND COKALS. 99

POCILLIPORA ELONGATA Dana.

Zoophytes, p. 531, Plate 59, fig. 4, 4b, 1846.

The original specimen of this fine species is also in the
Museum of Yale College. It consists of very long,
stout, furcate, rounded branches, about an inch in diame-
ter, and often six inches or more long. The ends are
obtuse, generally not much dilated, the longer ones with-
out terminal verrucas, the shorter ones with prominent
ones. The lateral verrucas are quite regularly scattered
throughout, usually at distances greater than their diame-
ter, prominent sub-conical, rounded, often standing nearly
at right angles to the surface. The cells are neatly
stellate, not large, well separated below, towards the ends
of the branches becoming polygonal, separated often by
a slight suicus and a single row of spinules, and appear-
ing sunken below the surface. The twelve septa are well
developed, the six primaries often wider and thicker than
the secondaries. The spaces between the septa are
usually somewhat filled up and the edge of the cells is
enlarged or excavate, giving them a sunken appearance.
The collumella is small, but prominent and acute, often
wanting. Surface of the ccenenchyma rough, with rather
large, sharp, conical, spinule-like granules, which are
evenly scattered, not crowded. Texture rather porous,
the cells but little filled up below, and often show the
transverse plates throughout. The whole height of the
coral is about fifteen inches.

Ceylon. Rev. G. A. Apthorp.

POCILLIPORA CAPITATA Verrill.

Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoology, p. 60, 1864.

Socorro Isles ; Acapulco ; La Paz ; Pearl Islands, Pan-
ama Bay.

Var. POROSA, nov.

Corallum forming large rounded clumps, twelve to fif-
teen inches in' diameter, with more or less elongated, sub-
parallel, angular branches, which are from .25 to .75 of

100 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

an inch in diameter, and one to three long, often flattened
and truncate at the end. Verrucas large and prominent,
ascending, the tipper ones appressed, wholly obsolete on
the ends of the larger branches. Lateral cells crowded,
large and deep, with twelve to twenty-four distinct, but
narrow and nearly equal septa, which are a little exsert
and acute at summit. Coenenchyma between the cells not
abundant, often thin, the surface finely spiuulose. Cells
but little filled up below by solid deposits.

Near La Paz, Gulf of California. J. Pedersen.

POCILLIPORA LACERA Verrill, sp. nov.

Corallum forming irregular rounded clumps, six to
eight inches in diameter and height, consisting of vari-
ously and irregularly divided, crooked branches, usually
digitately lobed, or lacerately divided, at the ends.
Branchlets short, irregular, often like elongated verrucas.
On the larger branches the verrucas are small, irregular,
and distant. Cells rather large, rounded, not crowded ;
sometimes with twelve to twenty-four very narrow septa,
which are often abortive. Columella rudimentary or
wanting. Coenenchyma abundant, firm, the surface finely
and evenly spinulose.

Acajutla and Pearl Islands. F. H. Bradley.

SERIATOPORA sp.

A species allied to $. subulata, represented only by a
fragment. The branches are slender, coalescent and
reticulated. The cells are small and in series ; borders
scarcely prominent.

Groper Shoal, Coral Sea. Dr. "Wm. Stimpson.

Note on Gorgonidce. — Having recently had an opportunity to study
a large series of spicula, many of them prepared from authentic and
original specimens in various European Museums, and sent by Dr.
Kolliker, I have found it necessary to change the names of several
genera and species (see Amer. Journal Science, Nov., 1869, p. 419).
The names of species described in this Synopsis, which have been
changed, stand as follows : —

Eunicella venosa Verrill = Gorgonia venosa Val.

E. palma Verrill = G. albicans Roll.

Leptogorgia flammea V .= Lophogorgia palma E. and H. (non Pallas).

Leptogorgia cuspidata V. = Litigorgia cuspidata V.

POLYPS AND COKALS.

101

GEOGEAPHICAL LISTS

SPECIES ENUMERATED IN THIS SYNOPSIS.

Eunicella venosa V.

MADEIRA.

| Comactis flagellifera E. & H.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

Euplexaura Capensis V.

Leptogorgia flaramea V.

Eunicella palma V.

Eunephthya thyrsoidea V. (False
Bay).

Balanophyllia Capensis V. (Si-
mon's Bay).

Halo^ampa Stimpsonii V.
Halocampa Capensis V.
Cereus Stimpsonii V.
Corynactis annulata V. (False
Bay).

PORT JACKSON, AUSTRALIA.
Plesiastrsea Urvillei E. and H. | Metridium, sp.

CORAL SEA.

Madrepora globiceps (?) Dana.

(Groper Shoal).

Madrepora hebes Dana.
Choo?).

Pocillipora Danae V.
Pocillipora plicata Dana.

Turbinaria, sp.

Seriatopora, sp.
TAHITI.-

(Loo

Madrepora tubicinaria Dana.

FEEJEES.

Fungia lacera V.
Pacliyseris monticulosa V.

EBON ISLAND.
Paracyathus Ebonensis Verrill.

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Montipora patula V.

Ccenopsammia Mannii V.

Pocillipora caespitosa Dana.

P. aspera V. and var. lata V.

P. ligulata Dana.

P. frondosa V.

P. nobilis V. and var. tuberosa V.

P. informis Dana.
P. masandrina Dana.

?) Coslastrsea tenuis V.

?) Astrsea Hombronii V.
( ?) Astrsea rudis V.
Leptastraea stellulata V.
Cyphastrsea ocellina E. and H.

102

VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF

Loo CHOO ISLANDS.

Spongodes gracilis V.
Telesto (?) iiodosa V.
Madrepora turgida V.
Madrepora raicroplithalma V.
Montipora poritiformis V.
Montipora lichenoides V.
(?) Porites tenuis V.
Psammocora parvistella V.
Dendrophyllia Cecilliana E. and H.
Pocillipora gracilis V.

Plesiastrsea indurata V.
Galaxea fascicularis ( ?) Oken.
Fungia papillosa V.
Pavonia complanata V.
Stephanoseris lamellosa V.
Zoanthus, sp.
Zoanthus, sp.
Palythoa, sp.
Sagartia ( ?) Napensis V.

BONIN ISLANDS.

Tubipora rubeola (?) Q. and G.
Madrepoi-a pumila V.
Montipora rigida V.
Euphyllia undulata V.
Cerianthus Stimpsonii V. »
Paranthea minuta V.

Phellia (Paraphellia) inequalis V.
Phellia, sp.
Sagartia, sp.
Amphiactis orientalis V.
Discostoma fungiforme V.

OUSIMA.

Madrepora teres V.

Madrepora prolixa V.

(?) Madrepora striata V. (Loo

Choo?).
( ?) Pavonia foliosaV. (Loo Choo?).

Diaseris pulchella V.

Phellia clavata V.

Phellia, sp.

Cereus, sp.

Sagartia nigropunctata V.

EAST INDIES AND CEYLON.

Madrepora nobilis Dana. (Gaspar
Straits).

Moutipora exesa V. (Gaspar Str.).

Montipora foliosa E. and H. (Cey-
lon?).

Pocillipora elongata Dana. (Cey-
lon).

Pocillipora brevicornis Lam. (Cey-
lon).

Heterocyathus alteruata V. (Gas-
par Straits) .

Stephanoseris sulcataV. (Ceylon).

Stephauactis Indica V. (Gaspar
Straits).

HONG KONG AND CHINA SEA.

Pteromorpha expansa V.

Virgularia pusilla V.

Veretillum Stimpsonii V. (H. K.
and China Sea).

Kophobelemnon clavatum V.

Muricea flexuosa V.

Astrogorgia Sinensis V.

Anthogorgia divaricata V.

Echinomuricea coccinea V.

Juncella levis V.

Parisis laxa V. (H. K. and For-
mosa).

Alcyonium ?

Nephthya aurantiaca V. (23° N.
Lat.).

Spongodes gigantea V.
Spongodes capitata V.
Anthelia lineata St.
Telesto ramiculosa V.
Sarcodictyon, sp.
Madrepora tumida V.
Porites, sp.
Turbinaria Sinensis V.
Dendrophyllia gracilis E. and H.
Pachypsammia valida V.
Goniastrsea aspera V.
Co3loria Sinensis E. and H.
Astrsea ordinata V.
Prionastrsea Chinensis V.
Paracyathus porcellana V.

POLYPS AND CORALS.

103

Cerianthus orientalis V.
Halocampa brevicornis V.
Actinia? timida V.
Paranthea armata V.
Ammonactis rubricollura V.
Phellia collaris V.
Cereus Sinensis V.

Sagartia Paguri V. (23° N. Lat.).
Sagartia lineata V.
Cancrisocia expansa Stirapson.
Bunodes inornata V.
Physacti,s multicolor V.
Anthopleura Stimpsonii V.
Homactis rupicola V.

JAPAN AND NORTH CHINA SEA.

Mopsella Japonica V.
Sarcophytum agaricum V. (Kag.

Bay).
Madrepora arbuscula? Dana. (Kag.

Bay).
Eupsammia Stimpsoniana V. (25

fathoms).
Ctenactis, sp. (young).

Stephanoseris Japonica V. (Kag.

Bay).

Edwardsia cretata V. (Kag. Bay).
Sagartia radiata V. (Kag. Bay).
Bunodes Japonica V. (Hak. Bay).
Urticina coccinea V. (Kag. Bay).
Anthopleura, sp. (Simoda).

Veretillum baculatum
fathoms).

OCHOTSK SEA.
V. (25

Alcyonium? (Lobularia Verrilli
Gray).

BEHRING'S STRAITS AND ARCTIC AMERICA.
Primnoa compressa V. (Aleut. I.). Phellia arctica V. (Arctic Ocean)

Alcyonium rubiforme Dana.

Urticina crassicornis Ehr.

PUGET SOUND AND CALIFORNIA.

Ptilosarcus Gurneyi Gray. (Puget
Sound).

Metridium flmbriatum V.
Sd. and San Francisco).

(Pug.

PANAMA, LOWER CALIFORNIA AND GULF.
Leioptilum undulatum V. (Gulf). Pocillipora capitata V.

Leptogorgia cuspidata V.

St. Lucas).
Allopora Californica V.

Phellia Vernonia V.
Phellia Americana V.

(Cape

var. porosa V.
P. lacera V. (Panama).

WEST INDIES.

Phellia cricoides V.
Phellia Coreopsis V.

UNKNOWN.

Turbinaria clichotoma V. (Bonin
or Loo Choo?).

Flabellum, sp.
Fungia, sp.

104 VEREILL, SYNOPSIS OF POLYPS AND CORALS.

OIF1

PL ATE 1 .

Figure 1. EDWARDSIA CRETATA Stimpson, much enlarged; 1 a, one
of the tentacles, showing arrangement of color-bands.

Figure 2. PHELLIA COLLARIS Verrill, natural size ; 2 a, one of the
tentacles enlarged.

Figure 3. PHELLIA CLAVATA Verrill, natural size ; 3 a, one of the
inner tentacles enlarged ; 3 b, one of the outer tentacles, showing the
arrangement of colors.

Figure 4. PHYSACTIS MULTICOLOR Verrill, natural size ; 4 e, profile
view of mouth and two of the tentacles.

Figure 5. BUNODES INORNATA Verrill, view of the disk from above ;
4 a, one of the outer tentacles ; 4 &, one of .the inner ones.

Figure 6. URTICINA COCCINEA Verrill, natural size.

Figure 7. DISCOSTOMA FUNGIFORME Verrill, natural size.

PLATE 2 .

Figure 1. CANCRISOCIA EXPANSA Stimpson, natural size in its normal
position on the carapax of Dorippe ; 1 a, enlarged view of the mouth
and part of the disk and tentacles, as seen from above.

Figure 2. SAGARTIA NIGROPUNCTATA Verrill, natural size ; 2 a, view
of the disk and tentacles from above, natural size ; «, the long, odd
tentacle in the plane of the longer axis of the mouth ; 2 b, one of the
shorter tentacles, enlarged; 2c, one of the longer inner tentacles.

Figure 3. CEREUS SINENSIS Verrill, natural size.

Figure 4. SAGARTIA ( ?) NAPENSIS, Verrill, natural size ; 4 a, a tenta-
cle much enlarged.

MANN, FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 105

V. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.
Br HORACE MANN.

[Concluded from vol. v, p. 248.]

1. PAPAYA Tourn. [Milikana Hei.]

Genus (which, with another, forms the small tribe of Papayacece)
with unisexual flowers, differing from the rest of the order in that the
flowers are destitute of a crown, the stamens distinct and in 2 series,
inserted on the throat of the corolla ; the ovary sometimes spuriously
5-celled ; and the species being small trees with milky juice. Male
flowers : Galyx small, 5-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, funnel-shaped,
limb 5-lobed. The 5 stamens opposite the corolla lobes sessile, the 5
alternate ones with short filaments. Female flowers : Calyx as in the
male. Petals 5, linear-oblong, erect, deciduous. Style very short;
stigma dilated radiately 5-lobed or simple. Fruit baccate, 1-celled,
with a firm rind, pulpy, inside. — So'ft- wooded trees, with palmately
many-lobed or rarely entire leaves, in terminal clusters. Peduncles
axillary, the male one many-flowered, racemed or corymbed, the fe-
male ones few-flowered.

A small tropical American genus.

1. PAPAYA VULGARIS, D C. (Enum. No. 147.) A small tree, usually
with a simple erect trunk, but sometimes branching ; the trunk be-
coming hollow with age and containing a large quantity of fluid.
Leaves clustered at the summit of the trunk or branches, petioled, 1°
more or less, in diameter, palmately many-lobed. Flowers white or
whitish. Fruit large, orange-yellow, edible.

Much planted and now run wild in many places. Commonly called Papaya, Pawpaw
or Papaw. Native of tropical America, but common now in most tropical countries.

ORDER XXXV. CUCURBITAOE.

Tender or succulent herbs, climbing by tendrils; with alternate,
palmately veined, or lobed, rough leaves, and monoecious (in all our
species) or dioecious flowers. Calyx of 4 or 5 (rarely 6) sepals, united
into a tube, and in the fertile flowers adherent to the ovary. Petals
as many as sepals, commonly more or less united into a monopetalous
corolla, which coheres with the calyx. Stamens 5 or 3, or rather two
and a half, i. e. two with 2-celled anthers, and one with a 1-celled an-
ther, inserted into the base of the corolla or calyx, either distinct or

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 14 Feb., 1871.

106 MANN,

variously united by their filaments, and long, sinuous or contorted an-
thers. Ovary 1-5-celled; the thick and fleshy placenta? often filling
the cells, or diverging before or after reaching the axis, and carried
back so as to reach the walls of the pericarp, sometimes manifestly
parietal ; the dissepiments often disappearing during its growth, some-
times only one-ovuled from the top ; stigmas thick, dilated or fringed-
Fruit (pepo) usually fleshy, with a hard rind, sometimes membranous.
Seeds mostly flat, with no albumen. Embryo straight; cotyledons
foliaceous.

The species Cucurbita pepo, the Pumpkin, Winter-squash, &c.; (7. maxima, the
squash; Citrullus vulgaris, the Watermelon; Cucumis melo, the Musk-melon; and C.
sativus, the Cucumber, are much cultivated for their edible fruits.

1. LAGKENARIA Ser. [Ipu.]

Elowers solitary. Male flowers long peduncled. Calyx-tube cam-
panulate or funnel-shaped, with 5 lanceolate or subulate, spreading
lobes. Petals 5, free, spreading, obcordate or obovate, retuse, mucro-
nate. Stamens inserted on the calyx-tube, the filaments free ; anthers
slightly cohering, the cells tortuous. Ovary wanting. Female flowers
short peduncled. Calyx and corolla as in the male. Stamens, none.
Ovary oblong, ovoid, or cylindrical, with 3 placentae; style short,
thick, with 3 two-lobed stigmas ; ovules indefinite, horizontal. Fruit
"of various shapes, woody, indehiscent, with a soggy meat. Seeds
compressed, margined. — Climbing or trailing pubescent herbs, with
ovate- or reniform-cordate, or nearly orbicular, large, dentate leaves,
the petioles with two glands near the apex. Tendrils bifid. Flowers
large, white.

Species 1, native of tropical Asia and Africa, cultivated throughout the tropics.

1. LAGENARIA VULGARIS Ser. (Enum. No. 140.)

2. CUCURBIT A Linn. [Ipu.]

Flowers solitary. Male flowers : Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-lobed.
Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 3, inserted on the base of the
calyx ; filaments free ; anthers linear, compacted in a head, the elon-
gated cells flexuose. Ovary wanting. Female flowers : Calyx and
corolla as in the male. Rudiments of stamens 3. Ovary oblong, with
3 placenta? ; style short, with 3 two-lobed or two cleft stigmas ; ovules
numerous, horizontal. Fruit fleshy, usually with a rind, indehiscent.
Seeds ovate or oblong, flat. — Herbs with annual or perennial roots,
cordate and lobed large leaves, 2 -many-cleft tendrils, and large yel-
low flowers. The fruit often gigantic.

A small genus, native of tropical regions.

1. C. MAXIMA Duck. (Enum. No. 141.) Stems long, spreading, or

FLORA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 107

climbing by means of tendrils. Leaves cordate, roughened, or hispid
petioles. Calyx-tube obovate, constricted in the throat. Fruit glo-
bose, large, yellow or greenish or reddish.

Cultivated from time immemorial by the natives ; probably introduced. Native coun-
try impossible to designate, as this species has been cultivated by man in most all tropical
regions for so long a time.

3. SIOYOS Linn. [Palunu.]

Male flowers racemed or corymbed. Calyx-tube very broadly cam-
panulate, with 5 small teeth, or entire. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, the
segments triangular-ovate and whole confluent with the calyx. Sta-
mens confluent by the base of their filaments in a short column; an-
thers 2-5, sessile at the apex of the column, connate in a head or
more or less free, the cell curved or very flexuose. Ovary wanting.
Female flowers usually in the same raceme as the male, at the apex of
a more or less elongated peduncle, rarely solitary. Calyx above the
ovary and corolla as in the male. Stamens none. Ovary ovate or sub-
ulate, sometimes long-beaked, setose or aculeate, or rarely smooth, 1-
celled; style short, with 3 stigmas; ovule one, hanging from the apex
of the cell. Fruit leathery or somewhat woody, angled. Seed with a
membranaceous testa. — Glabrous or pubescent-scabrous, climbing or
prostrate herbs, with angled, lobed, or cleft membranous leaves; 3-
cleft tendrils, minute flowers, and small fruit. — The Hawaiian species
belong to .the section or

Subgenus SICYOCARYA. Fruit ovate-pyramidal or oblong, 4-6-
(rarely 3-) angled, unarmed, and more or less beaked ; the pericarp
much thickened. Anthers 2-5, contorted and adnate at their bases;
the connective narrow.

A small genus, mostly found in the hot parts of America, the subgenus peculiar to the
Hawaiian Islands.

Leaves nearly or quite glabrous, large; fruit more than 3 lines long.
Leaves lobed, cordate at the base. Male flowers 1 or 2 lines in

diameter. • S. pachycarpus.

Leaves barely lobed. Male panicles umbellate or a long pedun-
cle; flowers 5 lines in diameter when expanded S.macrophyllus.

Leaves barely or very deeply lobed. Male panicles long peduu-

cled, 3-branched ; flowers 3 or more lines in diameter. . . S. cucumerinus.
Leaves hispid or papillose scabrous, especially beneath, small. Flowers

very small, as are the fruits which are 2 lines long. . S. microcarpus..

1. S. (SICYOCARYA) PACHYCARPUS Hook and Am. (Enum. No. 142.)
Stems slender, angled, nearly glabrous, sometimes with glandular-
tipped hairs. Leaves membranaceous. 3'- 5' in diameter, rounded and
cordate-angled, 3 - 7-lobed, the terminal lobe the longest ; the margin
of the leaf remotely denticulate, the lower surface somewhat papil-
lose-scabrous; petioles l'-2' long. Male flowers small, a line or two
in diameter, in racemose, simple or compoundly branched panicles.
Female flowers numerous in a small head at the summit of the'pedun-

108 MANN,

cle. Fruit ovate-pyramidal, several usually ripening in the head,
closely sessile, 5" -7" long, 5-6-angled, pointed with a slender beak.

Kaala mountains and district of Waianae, Oahu, mountains of "West Maul.

2. S. (SICYOCARYA) MACROPIIYLLUS Gray. (Enum. No. 143.) Stem
strongly angled, pubescent or quite glabrous. Leaves rounded-cor-
date, slightly or more deeply 3-5-lobed, often large, 3' -10' in diam-
eter, membranaceous, glabrous or softly puberulent underneath, not
scabrous, the margin sharply toothed with short callous-tipped teeth ;
petioles 3' long. Male panicles umbellate at the summit of a long and
slender peduncle (5' -7' long) glandular-puberulent as are the flower
buds, on pedicels 4"-5'"4ong, which are often fascicled. The peri-
anth becoming 5" in diameter when expanded. Female flowers clus-
tered at the summit of a short peduncle. Fruit ovate, 5-6-angled,
nearly glabrous, conspicuously beaked.

Forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

3. S. (SICYOCARYA) CUCUMERINUS Gray. (Enum. No. 144.) Stem
strongly angled, glabrous. Leaves broadly cordate, or sometimes
almost kidney-shaped, undivided and scarcely lobed 3i'-6j' in diam-
eter, glabrous, membranaceous, the margin sharply denticulate. Male
flowers in a three-branched racemose panicle on a short or long (2'-4')
peduncle, the perianth 5-cleft to the middle, about 4" broad when ex-
panded. Female flowers on the summit of a shorter peduncle; the
ripe ovaries a few together at the summit of the peduncle, sessile,
oblong, an inch long, 5-6-angled but not sharply so, and with a long
beak which often breaks off. One variety presents leaves which are
slightly lobed, and another variety leaves which are palmately 3-lobed,
nearly to the base, the lobes being again more or less lobed, and all
sharply toothed, and sometimes scabrous.

Hawaii, in forests on Mauna Kea; the varieties also from the mountains above
Waimea, Kauai.

4. S. (SICYOCARYA) MICROCARPUS H. Mann. {Enum. No. 165.)
Stem strongly angled, glabrous. Leaves papillose-scabrous above,
hispid below, on slender petioles of more than their own length, l'-2i'
in diameter, angled, deeply cordate at the base, thin membranaceous.
Male panicles three-branched, on slender peduncles exceeding the
leaves in length, flowers very small. Female flowers 30-40 in a head
on a peduncle only 3" or 4" long; the fruits 2" long, sessile, and
crowded, several angled by mutual pressure, short-beafked.

Oahu.

ORDER XXXVI. BEGONIACEJB.

Succulent herbs or under shrubs, with scattered or two-ranked, or
rarely somewhat verticillate entire, lobed, or digitately-parted, inaequi-

FLOKA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 109

lateral leaves, with 2 free, usually caducous stipules, and axillary,
peduricled, bracted cymes, bearing one or both sexes of flowers.
Flowers monoecious, asymmetrical, white, "red or yellow, and very
showy. Male flowers : Perianth segments 2 or more, the exterior
usually 2, sepaloid, opposite, valvate, the interior petaloid, imbricated,
or none. Stamens indefinite ; filaments free or connate. Ovary want-
ing. Female flowers: Perianth segments 2-5, rarely mose, variously
disposed. Ovary more or less inferior, 1- many-celled, but usually
3-celled and 3-angled. Styles 2-5, more or less joined, usually 2-cleft.
Ovules very numerous. Fruit capsular or berry-like. Seeds minute,
with thin or no albumen.

Many species of Begonia, — in which the male flowers have the 2 outer perianth-
leaves sepaloid, the 2 inner petaloid, or rarely more than 2 or wanting, the stamens in-
definite, free or monadelphous; female flowers with usually 6 leaves to the perianth, of
which the 2 outer larger ones are sepaloid, a usually 3-celled inferior ovary, with as many
2 -many-cleft styles; the placentae usually in the axis of ovary; fruit usually capsular,
and septicidally or loculicidally dehiscent, — are cultivated for their showy flowers and
bracts.

1. HILLEBRANDIA Oliver.

Male flowers : Sepals 5, nearly equal, broadly ovate, acute. Petals
5, alternate with the sepals, small, spathulate, and hooded. Stamens
indefinite, free. Female flowers : Calyx tube hemispherical, wingless,
adnate to the ovary, with a 5-lobed limb. Petals as in male flowers.
Stamens represented by numerous minute stipitate perigynous glands.
Ovary open at the free apex, imperfectly 5-celled, with five bilamellar
placentae, projecting into the cells ; styles 5, opposite the calyx-lobes,
2-cleft. Capsule membranaceous, wingless, dehiscing by a broad
opening at the top between the styles. — - A branched, hairy, succulent
herb, with oblique-cordate-rotund irregularly 5-9-lobed sharply ser-
rate petioled leaves, and many bracted, peduncled cymes, bearing both
sexes of flowers.

Genus of one species, peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.

1. HILLEBRANDIA SANDWiCEXSis Oliver. (Enum. No. 147.) A large
herb 3° -6° high.

Valleys behind Lahaina, "West Maui, where it was first discovered by Mr. Dwight
Baldwin. Waioli Valley Kauai. Mountain above Waimea, Kauai, often on cliffs by the
side of cascades or on the moist banks of brooks high in the mountains.

ORDER XXXVII. UMBELLIFEILE.

Herbs, with hollow stems, and alternate, dissected leaves, with the
petioles sheathing or dilated at the base. Flowers in simple or mostly
compound umbels, which are occasionally contracted into a kind of
head. Calyx entirely coherent with the surface of the dicarpellary

110 MANN,

ovary ; its limb reduced to a mere border, or to 5 small teeth. Petals
5, valvate in aestivation, inserted, with the 5 stamens, on a disk which
crowns the ovary ; their points inflexed. Styles 2 ; their bases often
united and thickened, forming a stylopodium. Fruit dry, a cremocdrp,
consisting of 2 united carpels, at maturity separable from each other,
and often from a slender axis (carpophore), into two achenia, or 'ineri-
carps : the face by which these cohere is called the commissure : they
are marked with a definite number of ribs (juga), which are sometimes
produced into wings :' the intervening spaces (intervals), as well as
the commissure, sometimes contain canals or receptacles of volatile oil,
called vittce. Embryo minute, in hard or corneous albumen.

Aquatic herb, with peltate or shield-shaped leaves, 1. HYDROCOTYLE.

Land herbs.

Bristles of the fruit hooked; leaves palmately-lobed or parted, 2. SANICULA.

Bristles of the fruit barbed; leaves twice pinnate, .... 4. DAUCUS.

Fruit not bristly, 3. FCENICULUM.

1. HYDROCOTYLE Tourn. [Poe, Pohi.]

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-
shaped, the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often form-
ing a thickened margin: oil tubes none. — Low and smooth marsh
perennials, with slender stems creeping or rooting in the mud, and
round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves. Flowers small, white, in
simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous.

A considerable genus, dispersed over the greater part of the globe.

1. H. INTERRUPTA Muhli. (Enum. No. 149.) Leaves peltate in the
middle, orbicular crenate ; peduncles about the length of the leaves,
bearing clusters of few and sessile flowers interruptedly along its
length ; fruit broader than long, notched at the base.

In marshy and wet places; frequent near two ponds. Also native of North America.

, 2. SANICULA.

Calyx teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels
not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked
prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes. — Perennial herbs, with palmately-
lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long petioled. Umbels
irregular or compound, the flowers capitate in the umbellets, perfect,
and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and iuvolucels few-
leaved.

A small genus, mostly found in North Temperate regions.

1. S. SANDWICENSIS Gray. . (Enum. No. 150.) Root fusiform, (J'-10'
long. Stem l°-2° high, angular glabrous, as is the whole plant.
Leaves roundish, 2' in diameter, . palmately 3 - 5-parted or almost

FLOEA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Ill

divided; the cuneate segments 2-3-cleft and incised, sometimes
5-cleft. The lobes oblong, or of the upper leaves, lanceolate or
oblong-linear, very sharply and incisely serrate, with bristle-pointed
teeth ; the uppermost leaves sessile ; involucres two-leaved. Umbels
of 3-5 rays which are longer than the involucels. Umbellets 2i" in
diameter, exceeding the oblong-lanceolate and entire divisions t>f the
involucel, globular, densely many-flowered. Flowers .yellow, the
male flowers short pedicelled and exterior ; the female flowers sessile ;
their filiform styles exserted and recurved. Fruit ovate, 2" long,
echinate throughout with long and stout hooked prickles.

Hawaii and East Maul, on the mountains.

3. FCENICULUM Adans.

Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals entire. Fruit oblong, somewhat
cylindrical ; the carpels rounded on the back ; the 5 primary ribs thick
and prominent, and the oil-tubes under the intervening furrows. —
Biennial or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound
leaves, the segments linear; compound umbels with no involucres
and yellowish flowers.

A small genus ; one or more of the species now widely dispersed.

FCENICULUM VULGARE Gr&Hn. Stock perennial. Stems erect,
branched, 2° -3° or more high. Leaves 3 or 4 times pinnate, with
very narrow linear or subulate segments. Umbels of 15, 20 or more
rays. Fruit about 3 lines long, the oil-tubes very conspicuous.

Abundantly introduced and naturalized in many places.

i '

4. DAUCUS Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the
carpels scarcely flattened on the back, with 5 primary slender bristly
ribs, two uf them on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less
winged secondary ones, each bearing a single row of slender bristly
prickles : an oil-tube under each of these ribs. — Biennials, with
finely 2 - 3-pinnate or pinnatifld leaves, cleft involucres, and concave
umbels, dense in fruit.

A small genus mostly of the warm parts of America, and the Mediterranean region.

DAUCUS PUSILLUS Michx. (Enum No. 151.) Annual : stem rough
with reflexed hairs ; leaves twice pinnate, with the divisions linear.
Umbels long-peduncled. Bristles of the fruit barbed.

Highlands of Hawaii, probably introduced. Native in the warm parts of North America.

Leaves (pinnate, with 7 large ovate leaflets) only, of a large umbelliferous plant, were
gathered on the mountains of Kauai, by the Naturalists of the United States South Pacific
Exploring Expedition.

NOTE.

After a delay of about two years we find that it will be
impossible to complete Mr. Mann's "Flora of the Ha-
waiian Islands" in this volume, as we anticipated doing
at the time of the decease of our lamented friend. We
are therefore obliged to close the "Flora" at the end of
the TJmbelliferse.

While regretting that the work is not to appear in a
complete form in the " Communications of the Institute,"
we have the satisfaction of announcing that the Govern-
ment of the Hawaiian Islands, appreciating Mr. Mann's
labors in developing the Flora of the kingdom, have
made an appropriation for the publication of the com-
pleted work with illustrations. At Mr. Mann's death
the manuscript of the monopetalous orders was nearly
ready for the press. This was placed in the hands of
William T. Brigham, Esq., Mr. Mann's companion in
Hawaiian Explorations, who has since nearly completed
the phsenogamous portion of the Flora. — EDITOR.

(112)

TRIPPE, NOTES ON BIRDS OF MINNESOTA. 113

VI. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota.
BY T. MARTIN TRIPPE.

THE following notes on the Birds of Minnesota were taken during
the past year (1870) while the author was engaged in various railroad
surveys in that State. They do not profess to contain a complete list
of the avi-fauna of that region; indeed, probably not more than
three-fifths of the species are mentioned, — and are merely the result
of such facts as came under my observation while at work in the field.

The district embraced extends between Otter-tail Lake and Lake
Mille Lacs. The period of observation was between April and
December.

Although four hundred miles further north, most of the migratory
species arrive in this region nearly as early as they de in the vicinity
of New York. The Robin, Bluebird, and others that migrate ou the
appearance of spring, appear, it is true, some weeks later; but the
great mass of birds, the Warblers, Flycatchers, Thrushes, etc., arrive
nearly or quite as early. The season, indeed, is quite as far advanced
here by the 10th of May, as it is in the neighborhood of New York.

The nomenclature is from Audubon's Synopsis.

1. Cathartes aura. Abundant; breeds. The Turkey Buzzard usu-
ally selects the hollow, prostrate trunk of a large tree for its nest. I
found young birds scarcely fledged as late as the 29th of July. There
are usually two young; occasionally but one. This bird is capable
of withstanding considerable cold. I saw it on the 24th of October,
and again on the 8th of December.

2. Buteo borealis. Not common.

3. B.-lfiyopus. Seen a few times in the fall.

4. Haliaetus leucocephalus. Rather common, especially in winter.

5. Pandion haliaetus. I saw but A single pair of these birds. They
had fixed their nest in the top of a tall, dead pine on the banks of the
Mississippi; and at that date, June 30th, the young were just hatched.

6. Nauclerus furcatus. Rather common, especially in the immedi-
ate vicinity of the Mississippi. It arrives early in June, and remains
all summer. I saw this bird 30 miles north of Mille Lac, — lat. 47°.

7. Falco peregrinus. Seen a few times in autumn.

8. F. sparverius. Common ; breeds. Found hatching in May.

9. Circus cyaneus. Common; breeds.

10. Ulula Tengmalmii? This, or a very similar species, was not un-
usual in the spruce and hemlock woods.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 15 Feb., 1871.

114 TEIPPE,

11. Syrnium nebulosum. Not abundant.

12. Bubo Virginianus. Not common.

13. Caprimulgus vociferus. Very abundant. It arrives in the first
week of May, and was seen as late as the 21st of September.

14. Chordeiles Virginianus. Abundant. Arrives about the middle of
May, and leaves towards the close of August.

15. Chcetura pelasgia. Not common.

16. Hirundo purpurea. Uncommon.

17. H. bicolor. Seen in great numbers in May, near the Leaf River,
but not observed elsewhere.

18. H. riparia. Very common.

19. Muscicapa tyrannus. Very abundant. Arrives in the middle
of May.

20. Tyrannula minima? Abundant. Possibly an allied species,
though I think not. I saw also another species of Tyrannula which
I took to be

21. T. flaviventris, though I might have been wrong. It was not
very common. »

22. Muscicapa virens. Common, especially near the Mississippi.

23. M. ruticilla. Seen once or twice in May.

24. Sylvicola coronata. Abundant. It appears towards the close of
April, remaining for two or three weeks, then passing north. It re-
appears in the latter part of August, on its southward migration.

25. S. Pennsylvania. Rather rare; breeds.

26. S. pinus? Not common; breeds.

27. 8. cestiva. Rare.

28. S. petechia. Abundant in the early part of May ; goes further
north to breed.

29. S. virens. Common; breeds.

30. S. Americana. Rare. Seen only towards the latter part of
August.

31. S. Canadensis. Not common; breeds.

32. Trichas Marilandica. Abundant. Appears in the middle of May.

33. T. Philadelphia. Abundant; breeds. The Mourning Warbler
haunts the edges of tamarack swamps, and the damp thickets that
adjoin them. I made frequent search for its nest, but was not fortu-
nate enough to find it, though I repeatedly saw the old birds feeding
the young in the latter part of June and early in July. They are similar
in their habits to the Maryland Yellow-throat, but are not so exclu-
sively devoted to thickets and underbrush, frequently ascending to
the tops of the tamaracks, for which they show a great predilection.
The Mourning Warbler has a very agreeable song, very similar to
that of the Water Thrush, Seiurus Novceboracensis.

34. Mniotilla varia. Common.

NOTES ON BIRDS OF MINNESOTA. 115

35. Certhia familiaris. Not very common ; breeds in the tamarack
swamps. A nest found May 9th, contained six eggs on which the bird
had just begun to set. They were white with a very faint tinge of
buff, and sprinkled with small spots of reddish brown, which are
most numerous towards the larger end.

36. Troglodytes Bewickii. Common ; breeds. I found a nest with
seven young just hatched, on the 3d of July. The song of this bird
is very similar to that of the House Wren, while in its habits it re-
sembles the Winter Wren.

37. T. cedon. Possibly the preceding species was mistaken for this.
The different Wrens are so similar in color and general appearance
that it is very difficult to distinguish them except by close examina-
tion.

38. T. hyemalis. Not common ; breeds.

39. T. palustris. Abundant; breeds. If not this species, one that
agrees very closely with it in notes, habits and general appearance.

40. T. stellaris. Abundant; breeds.

41. 'Parus atricapillus. Abundant.

42. Eegulus satrapus. Uncommon ; does not breed.

43. R. calendulus. Uncommon ; does not breed.

44. Sialia sialis. Abundant. The Bluebird breeds in great numbers
in the interminable pine barrens and tamarack windfalls that extend
over the greater portion of the northern half of Minnesota.

45. 0)-pheus rufus. Common.

46. Turdus migratorius. Rather common. It frequents the pine
barrens, where it finds ample facilities for nesting. It avoids the
tamarack regions.

47. T. mustelinus. Common. The cool, damp woods adjoining the
tamarack marshes, are a favorite resort of this and other species of
Thrushes.

48. T. Wilsonii. Common ; breeds.

49. T. Swainsonii. Rather rare. Does not breed.

50. T. solitanus. Common. Does not breed.

51. Seiurus aurocapiUus. Common'.

52. Anthus Ludomcianus. Common, appearing by the first of Sep-
tember.

53. Alauda alpestris. Common.

54. Plectrophanes Lapponicus. Abundant. The Lapland Longspur
arrives about the middle of September, and remains until December,
when it moves further south, its place being supplied by the Snow
Bunting. During the depths of winter and early spring it is very
numerous in Southern Iowa, where the Snow Bunting is compara-
tively rare. The Longspur remains until the middle of May, and very
probably breeds within the State.

116 TRIPPE,

55. P. nivalis. Abundant. Arrives in the latter part of November
and remains till May.

56. Emberiza graminea. Abundant, breeding in great numbers in
the pine barrens.

57. E. socialis. Common, frequenting similar situations with the
preceding.

58. E. Canadensis. Not very common. In early winter it is ex-
tremely abundant in Southern Iowa, but it removes further south
during the severest weather. Not observed during summer.

59. Niphcea hyemalis. Common ; breeds. The Snowbird usually nests
in the pines, or on a brushy hillside. The nest is placed on the ground,
and is very artfully concealed. The young are able to fly by the middle
of June. The Snowbird goes further south in winter; very few re-
main, even in Southern Iowa, during the most inclement season.

60. Ammodromus palustris. Common.

61. Linaria minor. Very abundant. The Lesser Redpoll appears
iu vast numbers, about the middle of October, and remains during the
entire winter, proceeding northward, however, some weeks before the
Snow Buntings and Longspurs. In its habits, it very strongly resem-
bles the Yellowbird; its notes, too, are very similar, and on their
first arrival, the males may sometimes be heard singing the same
pleasing song that the Yellowbird sings in May or June.

62. L. pinus. Observed in great numbers in the fall. Migrates
south in winter.

63. Carduelis tristis. Uncommon.

64. Fringilla iliaca. Uncommon. A few seen in spring and fall.

65. F. melodia. Abundant. The Song Sparrow breeds in great
numbers in the brush prairies and along the river valleys, but avoids
the pine and tamarack regions. Like the Robin, Bluebird and Chip-
ping Sparrow, it is a far shyer and wilder bird here than in the set-
tled parts of the country.

66. F. Pennsylvania. Abundant. Breeds in the tamarack swamps
and windfalls.

67. F. leucophrys. Common near the Leaf River, where it breeds.

68. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Common.

69. Erythrospiza purpurea. Abundant in fall ; not seen during sum-
mer.

70. Corythus enudeator. Appears about the middle of November,
and remains throughout the winter, feeding on the buds and seeds of
the alder, birch, etc., as well as of the weeds that abound on the
prairies. As with the Redpoll and Snow Bunting, there is a much
larger proportion of old birds than there is in the flocks that visit the
vicinity of New York, though the adult males are still far outnum-
bered by the females and young.

NOTES ON BIRDS OF MINNESOTA. 117

71. Loxia curvirostra. Very abundant; breeds. I never saw it out
of the pineries.

72. Coccoborus Ludovicianus. Rather common.

73. Pyranga rubra. Common.

74. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Not common.

75. Molothrus pecoris. Rare.

76. Agelaeus xanthocephalus. Seen rarely, and only in spring.

77. A. phceniceus. Not very common.

78. Icterus Baltimorensis. Rather common. Its favorite haunts are
among the tall Norway pines. Arrives about the middle of May.

79. Quiscalus versicolor. Abundant; breeds.

80. Q. ferrugineus. Very abundant as far west as the Red River,
lit disappears about the middle of May, and returns in September.

81. Sturnella neglecta. Common on all the prairies. Whether this
bird is really distinct from S. Ludovicianus. seems to be rather doubt-
ful. The notes of the Western Lark are certainly widely different
from the Eastern; and this difference appears to be the main distin-
guishing point between them. In Southern Iowa both varieties are
to be found; and a series of careful observations satisfied me, that,
while 8. neglecta rarely utters the ordinary whistle of S. Ludoviciana,
the latter, in turn, though inhabiting the same fields with the former,
never gives utterance to its peculiar, warble. Here, the S. neglecta
alone is to be found, and I have never heard it whistle in the manner
of the Eastern bird.

82. Corvus Americamts. Common." None remain during winter.
In Southern Iowa it is quite common at that time.

83. Garrulus cristatus. Common. Resident.

84. Cr. Canadensis. Common; breeds. In summer it haunts the
dense gloomy tamarack and spruce swamps, where it breeds. Al-
though it is so abundant, I could not find its nest ; but I have rea-
son to believe it builds in the tops of the thickest spruce and fir trees.

85. Lamus borealis. Common in spring and fall.

86. Vireo solitarius. Not very common; breeds.

87. V. Novceboracensis. Not common.

88. V. olivaceus. Uncommon.

89. V.flavifrons? Rare.

90. V. gilvus? Possibly V. Philadelphicus. Not common.

91. Bombycilla Carolinensis. Abundant.

92. Sitta Carolinensis. Abundant; breeds.

93. S. Canadensis. Abundant. Less so, in summer, but many re-
main to breed.

94. Trochilus colubris. Rather common.

95. Alcedo alcyon. Abundant.

96. Picus pileatus. Not common.

118 TEIPPE,

97. P. mllosus. Abundant; resident.

98. P. pubescens. Less abundant than the preceding.

99. P. arcticus? Not common; "breeds.

100. P. erythrocephalus. Abundant. I was much surprised to find
that the Red-bellied Woodpecker, P. Carol inus, does not inhabit this
region. During winter it is exceedingly abundant in Southern Iowa,
from which section great numbers migrate on the approach of spring.
I had supposed that it crossed over the prairies of Iowa and the
southern part of Minnesota, and passed the breeding season in the
woods of the northern part of the latter State. I found this to be a
mistake, however, as I did not see a single individual during the
whole year.

101. P. auratus. Very abundant. In spring, the Golden-winged
Woodpeckers frequent the prairies in great numbers, venturing many
miles from the nearest timber.

102. Coccygus Americanus. Possibly the following species.

103. C. erythrophlhalmus. Not common ; breeds.

104. Ectopistes migratoria. Very abundant.

105. Ortyx Virginiana. The Quail is very abundant in the southern
portion of the State, and is gradually extending northward as the
country is settled. In the new settlements it is rare; beyond the
settlements, wholly unknown.

10G. Tetrao umbellus. Abundant. The Ruffed Grouse in this part
of the country has the rufous chestnut of the back and tail more or

•less replaced by ashy gray. In four out of five birds, there is no trace
of red whatever on the tail, while on the back and scapulars it is
more restricted, and not as bright as in southern and eastern birds.
This is interesting, as showing an approach to the Gray Ruffed Grouse,
T: umbelloides, of the Rocky Mountain region. The Deer, Genus

- Virginianus', and the Red Squirrel, Sciurus Hudsonius, are also far

•more gray than southern specimens.

107. T. Canadensis. Abundant.; breeds.

108. T. phasianellus. Very common. In its habits and notes, this
species bears a very strong resemblance to the Pinnated Grouse,
which it replaces on the prairies of the Upper Mississippi and its
tributaries. I never saw the Pinnated Grouse in this part of the
State, nor could I learn that the Sharp-tailed Grouse ever visits the
southernmost counties, where the former species is very abundant. .

109. Fulica Americana. Abundant ; breeds.

110. Eallus Virginianus? Not very common ; breeds.

111. Grus Canadensis. Very common; breeds in extensive swamps.

112. G. Americanus. I saw but few White Cranes, though I was
told that they are quite common at certain seasons of the year, and
that they occasionally breed here.

NOTES ON BIRDS OF MINNESOTA. 119

113. Charadrius vociferus. Common.

114. Tringa Bartramia. Abundant.

115. Totanus macularius. Common.

116. T. solitarius. Uncommon.
, 117. T. flavipes. Common.

118. T. vociferus. Common.

119. Limosa fedoa. Abundant in spring.

120. Scolopax Wilsonii. Rather common, but not observed to breed.
It arrives in the latter part of April, and remains until the middle or
close of October. I did not see the Woodcock, though the country, in
many places, is admirably suited to its peculiar habits.

121. Numenius longirostris. Seen once or twice in spring.

122. Ardea lentiginosa. Common; breeds.

123. A. virescens? Rare.

124. Anser Canadensis. Abundant. A few breed around the marshes
and lakes.

125. A. albifrons. Common in spring and fall.

126. A. hyperboreus. Common in spring and fall.

127. Ci/gnus buccinator. Not common.

128. Anas boschas. The most numerous species of Duck. The
greater number go north to breed, but many remain, nesting in the
marshes and bogs.

129. A. acuta. Not common.

130. A. sponsa. Very abundant.

131. A. Carolinensis. Abundant in spring and fall, but not observed
during the breeding season.

132. A. discors. Common.

133. JFuligula rufitorques. Common.'

134. F. albeola. Abundant.

135. Pelecanus Americanus. Common in spring and fall.

136. Sterna nigra? Several species of Terns and Gulls breed
around the lakes and ponds.

137. Colymbus glacialis. Abundant; breeds.

138. Podiceps Carolinensis. Very common.

120 KNIGHT, NOTE ON THE EARTH WORM.

*

VII. Note on the Earth Worm.
BY R. T. KNIGHT.

I flnd that the Earth Worms leave their holes just before dark.
When mated they appear double the thickness a"nd about ten inches
long. I have seen several of that length, and they are generally con-
sidered as one worm.

The mouth is at the anterior extremity, and is an opening large
enough to enable the worm to swallow grass clover, and to carry
pellets of earth fully as thick as its body. It turns the mouth
down so as to resemble that of the sucker fish, and it seems to use
the upper part of the mouth as the elephant does the prehensile tip
of his trunk.

Recently I saw two large worms united at or near one end, both
tails were in the ground ; the one on the ground had a concavity ex-
tending for several inches on the upper side. The upper worm being
connected at the other end, raised the forward part of the body (say
nearly two inches long) half an inch above this concave portion
and drew it back, then depressing itself till it laid in the groove and
pushed itself forward, thus rubbing over the sensitive portion of the
worm which was of a yellowish red color, and the groove was cov-
ered with a garish fluid. This motion I saw repeated about ten times
in succession.

GILL, PRIMARY SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CETACEANS. 121

VIII. Synopsis of the Primary Subdivisions of the
Cetaceans. '.:•>

BY THEODORE GILL, M.A., M.D., Ph. D.

THE interest that is now being manifested in the Cetaceans has in-
duced me to submit for publication, in advance of similar series for
all the mammals, the following series of dichotomous tables of the
subdivisions of the order, so far as the suborders, families, and sub-
families are concerned. In the compilation of these tables, I have not
only made use of all the material at my disposal, but have availed my-
self of all the publications on the order as a whole, as well as on its
various members. But more especially have I been indebted to the
various publications of Professor William Henry Flower, from whose
views I have rarely ventured or found cause to dissent.

There are probably few, if any, modern naturalists who have seri-
ously studied the Cetaceans, who do not now consider those animals
to be most nearly related to the Carnivores, or Ferae. Between the
latter and the Cetaceans of the present age, the gap does indeed appear
to be very great, but it is bridged over, to a very considerable extent,
by the Zeuglodonts of the Tertiary epoch, and those forms so resemble
in some features the Pinnipeds, that the two groups have been com-
bined by more than one naturalist — but notably by Giebel — in the
same order. They may indeed be considered as derivatives from the
same original stock, and from the Zeuglodont stem have probably de-
scended, in different directions, the Toothed and Whalebone Whales.
While the former, in some features, such as the general form of the
skull, the teeth, etc., appear to deviate less from ordinary mammals,
the latter, in other respects, but especially in the development of the
olfactory organ and of the nasal bones, depart less than they from
the typical forms. It would therefore seem probable that the Denti-
cete have become differentiated as now recognized, little or not at all
in advance of the Mysticete, or in other words, that the latter are not
offshoots from the former, but both from one original stock.

A list of the genera is appended to enable the reader to understand
the range of the groups, but no pretense to critical accuracy is made
in its behalf, some generic names being admitted for groups which are
scarcely of generic value, while other genera, based on extinct species,
are omitted, chiefly on account of the doubts relative to their rela-
tions.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 16 March, 1871.

122 GILL, SYNOPSIS OP THE

§ 1. SYNOPSIS.
SUBORDERS.

I. Intermaxillaries expanded forwards, normally inter-
posed between the maxillaries, and forming the ter-
minal as well as anterior portion of the lateral mar-
gin of the upper jaw. Nasal apertures produced
more or less forwards. Teeth of the intermaxilla-
ries apparently in normal number (3+3), conic; of
the maxillaries, 2- or 3-rooted. ZEUGLODONTIA.

II. Intermaxillaries narrowed forwards, forming only
the point of the lower jaw, and underlaid by the
maxillaries, which form the entire lateral alveolar
margins of the jaw. Nasal apertures far back, near
the vertex. Teeth (when present) all single rooted.

1. Teeth persistent after birth. Upper jaw without

baleen. Kami of lower jaw united by a symphi-
seal suture. Olfactory organ rudimentary or ab-
sent ; the nasal bones being appressed on the fron-
tals and overlapped distally. DENTICETE.

2. Teeth absorbed and disappearing before birth. Up-

per jaw provided with plates of baleen. Kami of
lower jaw not united by suture. Olfactory organ
distinctly developed ; the nasal bones projecting
forwards, and free at their distal ends. MYSTICETE.

ZEUGLODONTIA.

FAMILIES.

I. Anterior nares open forwards ; nasal bones elongated.

BASILOSAURIIXE. (I.)
II. Anterior nares open far behind ; nasal bones short.

CYNOHCIIXSS. (H.)
I. BASILOSAUEIDJE Cope.

II. CYNORCro^E Cope.

DENTICETE.

FAMILIES.

A. Rostrum of skull with a rounded apex.
I. Upper jaw rostrated and attenuated, or ledge-like
around the margin. Skull with the vertex pro-
duced forwards. Supraoccipital not projecting

PRIMARY SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CETACEANS. 123

forwards laterally above the temporal fossae.
Frontals visible above only as elongated hook-
shaped borders producer! backwards around the
maxillaries.

a. Costal cartilages not ossified. The tuber-

cular and capitular articulations of the ribs »
blending together posteriorly. (Flower.)
Lachrymal bones coalesced with the Ju-
gals. Orbit very small. PLATANISTID^B. (in.)

b. Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior

ribs losing their capitular articulation, and
only uniting with the transverse processes
of the vertebrae by the tubercle. (Flower.)
Orbits moderate. DELPHlNnxas. (IV.)

c. Costal cartilages not ossified. The hinder

ribs losing their tubercular, and retaining
their capitular articulation with the verte-
brae. (Flower.) Lachrymal bones distinct
from the Jugals. ziPHinxs;. (V.)

II. Upper jaw not rostrated or marginated ; snout high
towards the front and projecting beyond the
mouth. Skull raised behind and retrorsely con-
vex. Supraoccipital projecting forwards laterally
above the temporal fossae. Frontals visible above
as erect triangular or retrorsely falciform wedge
between the maxillaries and supraoccipital.

PHYSETERID^E. (VI.)

B. Rostrum of skull prolonged into a slender, straight
beak, the premaxillary and maxillary bones forming
a cylinder, bearing teeth on its proximal portion.

RHABDOSTEID^;. (VII.)

in. PLATANISTIDuE Flower.
SUBFAMILIES.

1. Maxillary bones with crests null or little developed.
Many of the teeth with a complete cingulum, or a
distinct tubercle at the base of the crown,
a. Postorbital and zygomatic processes discon-
nected. Jugal with a well developed, curved,
ante-orbital process. Maxillary not contract-
ed, without crest, and with convex free mar-
gin at suborbital region.

124 GILL, SYNOPSIS OF THE

6. Postorbital process and zygomatic process of
squamosal connected. Frontal with a little
developed ante-orbital tubercle. Maxillary
contracted, with a crest and free margin over
suborbital region. PONTOPORIIN.E.

2. Maxillary bones with large bony incurved crests.
Teeth without cingulum or tubercles. (Visual
organs rudimentary. External respiratory appara-
tus longitudinal.) PLATANISTIN-*:.

IV. DELPHINrD^E Flower.

SUBFAMILIES.

1. Digits with not more than 4-5 phalanges to each.

a. Cervical vertebrae all distinct. DKLPHINAPTERIN^E.

6. Cervical vertebrae more or less (2 to 7) consol-
idated. DELPHININJE.

2. Digits with numerous phalanges. GLOBIOCEPHALIN.E.

V. ZIPHIID.E Gray.

SUBFAMILIES.

I. Maxillaries with no incurved lateral crests. ZIPHIIN^:.

II. Maxillaries with greatly developed incurved crests. ANANARCIN^E.

VI. PHYSETERID^E Gray.
SUBFAMILIES.

1. Head very large, truncated in front. Blow-hole near

the edge of the snout. Cerebral cavity declining
downwards. Jugal and zygomatic process of squa-
mosal connected. PHYSETERIN^E.

2. Head moderate, conic in front. Blow-hole frontal.

Cerebral cavity inclining upwards. Jugals and

zygomatic processes of squamosals remote. KOGHN^E.

VII. RHABDOSTEID^ Gill.

MYSTICETE.

I. Cervical vertebrae separated in whole or in part.

DigifS 4. BAL^ENOPTERID^E. (VII.)

II. Cervical vertebrae coalesced. Digits 5. BAluENnxE. (IX.)

VIII. BAL.ENOPTERIDJE Gray.

SUBFAMILIES.
I. Throat not plicated. Dorsal fin null. AGAPHELIX.E.

PRIMARY SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CETACEANS. 125

II. Throat longitudinally plicated. Dorsal fln developed.

a. Dorsal fln hump-like. Pectorals very long,

with the four digits segmented into many
phalanges. MEGAPTERIN.E.

b. Dorsal fln high, erect, falcate or subfalcate.

Pectorals moderate, with the four digits,
each having four to six phalanges.

IV. BAL^NID^E Gray.

§2. LIST OF GENERA.
A. ZETTGLODONTIA.

I. BASILOSAURID^E.

Basilosaurus Harl. = Zeuglodon Owen.

II. CYNOECID^B.

Cynorca Cope. Colophonodon Leidy.

Squalodon Grat. Stenodon Van Ben.

B. DENTICETE.

III. PLATANISTIDJE.
PONTOPORIIN^E.

Pontoporia Gray. Lophocetus Cope (extinct).

INIIN.S.
Inia D'Orb.

PLATANISTIN^E.
' Platanista Cuv.

GENERA INCERT^E SEDIS.

Tretosphys Cope (extinct). Priscodelphinus Cope (extinct).

Zarhachis Cope (extinct).

IV. DELPHINIDJG.

DELPHINAPTERIN^;.

Delphinapterus Lac., IA\\^.=Beluga Gray. Monodon Linn.

Delphinus Linn. Pseudorca Rcinh.

Tursiops Gerv. = Tursio Gray. Orca Gray.

Lagenorhynchus Gray. Orcaella Gray.

Sotalia Gray. Phoccena Gray.

Steno Gray. Neomeris Gray.

Leucorhamphus ~Li\]j.=Delphinap- Sagmatias Cope.
terus Gray (not Lac.).

126 GILL, PRIMARY SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CETACEANS.

GLOBIOCEPHALINJE.

Globiocephalus Gray.

v. ZIPHIID^E.

ZIPHIIN.E.

Ziphius Cuv. (=Epiodon Gray).
Berardius Duv.
Mesoplodon Gerv. (=Ziphius Gray).

Dioplodon Gerv.,
et al. (extinct).

ANARNACINJS.
Anarnacus ~Lac.=Hyperoodon Lac.

VI. PHYSETERID^.

PHYSETERINJE.
Physeter IAnn.=Catodon Gray + Physeter Gray + ? Meganeuron Gray.

KOGIINJ3.

GENEKA INCERTJE SEDIS.

Kogia Gray.
Orycterocetus Leidy.

Callignathus Gill.
Ontocetus Leidy.

Hhabdosteus Cope.

Agaphelus Cope.
Megaptera Gray.

Physalus Gray.
Sibbaldius Gray.

Balcena Linn.
Eubalcena Gray.

VII. RHABDOSTEID^E.

C. MYSTICETE.

VIII. BALJBNOPTEEID^B.
AGAPHBLIN^E.

MEGAPTERIN^E.
BAL^ENOPTERIN^E.

Shachianectes Cope.

Eschrichtius Gray.

Balcenoptera Lac.

IX.

Hunterius Gray.
Palceocetus Seeley (extinct).

COUES, MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS . 127

IX. On the Myology of the Ornithorhynchus,
BY ELLIOTT COUES.

ALTHOUGH the Ornithorhynclius has been repeatedly dissected in
Europe, such is not the case in this country; where, moreover, no
treatise on its anatomy is generally accessible. We publish, there-
fore, notes of a recent dissection of the muscles, rather with the
design of partly supplying a want that many students must have felt,
than with the idea of advancing anything new or specially important;
although, we should add, some of the muscular homologies are dis-
cussed upon a hypothesis of antero-posterior symmetry not yet gen-
erally received. We are indebted to Prof. Agassiz for the use of a
specimen from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
received through the kind attentions of Prof. Wilder; an adult male,
in good condition, except that the head was severely shattered by a
charge of small shot.

We find it convenient to group the muscles in the following man-
ner, which probably, also, is not entirely unnatural : —
I. CUTANEOUS MUSCLES.

II. VERTEBRAL MUSCLES.

a. Of the Head.

b. Of the Neck.

a'. Anterior vertebral.

b'. Posterior vertebral — and not upward prolongation of
dorsal muscles.

c. Of the Back.

d. Of the Tail.

III. CERVICAL MUSCLES: — superficial, not connected with vertebra

or scapula.

IV. THORACIC MUSCLES. (Intrinsic.)
V. ABDOMINAL MUSCLES. ( " )

VI. PEUIN^AL MUSCLES. ( " )

VII. MUSCLES CONNECTING THE SHOULDER-GIRDLE WITH THE BODY.
VIII. MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR EXTREMITY.

a. Acting upon the humerus.

a'. — From the body ; " long."

b'. — From the scapular arch ; " short."

b. Acting upon the forearm.

a'. — From the body ; " long."

b'. — From the scapular arch; — "long."

c'. — From the humerus ; — " short."

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 17 March, 1871.

128 COUES,

c. Acting upon carpo-metacarpus, from humerus or forearm.

d. Acting upon digits.

a'. — From humerus or forearm,
b'. — From carpo-metacarpus.

IX. MUSCLES CONNECTING THE PELVIS WITH THE BODY.
X. MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR EXTREMITY.

a. Acting upon the femur.

a'. — From the body; "long."
b'. — From the pelvis ; " short."

b. Acting upon the leg.

a'. — From the body; "long."
b'. — From the pelvis ; "long."
c'. — From the femur; "short."

c. Acting upon the tarso-metatarsus from femur or leg.

d. Acting upon the digits.

a'. — From femur or leg.

b'. — From tarso-metatarsus.

The intrinsic muscles of special organs belong rather to a treatise
upon those organs than to one upon the general muscular system, and
are not included in the present memoir.

I. CUTANEOUS MUSCLES.

The animal may be said to be tied up in a fleshy sack, with six prin-
cipal openings for the head, tail, and four limbs. This muscular tunic
is remarkable not only for its great extent, but for its thickness in
most parts, the various directions of its fibres, and the number and
diversity of its accessory slips and their attachments. It is every-
where intimately adherent to the skin ; so closely, that in fact it is dif-
ficult or impossible to dissect it cleanly from the integument. On the
other hand, its connection with the body is correspondingly loose,
through the medium of copious areolar tissue especially lax and abun-
dant over the back, chest and sides, dwindling over the episternum and
front of the neck, and giving out on the limbs. Practically it will be
found best to raise the panuiculus with the skin in large, well defined
flaps (taking care to note its several definite bony attachments),
clear off the cellular tissue, and study it from the inner side. It will
be found to descend upon the' limbs nearly to the wrists and ankles,
where it is drawn tight, like the wristband of a sleeve. The muscle
may be further described in detail as follows : —

Panniculus carnosus. — It begins behind by a pointed extremity on
either side of the tail near its base, made up by several (about four)
fleshy digitations arising from as many transverse processes of coc-
cygeal vertebra? — the first or anterior digitations being opposite the
great caudo-tibial muscle. The two sides of the muscle soon come
together over the back of the tail, there forming a deep reentrant an-
gle ; after thus joining, the single plane, at once becoming very thick,

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 129

runs up the back and sides with uninterrupted longitudinal fibres. On
the ventral surface of the tail, there is a similar coalescence of the
two sides, at a point just in front of the anus, or just behind where
the intertibialis crosses from one side to the other ; the plane, thinner
than that on the back, runs uninterruptedly up over the belly.

Some distance behind the leg, the longitudinal fibres part on the
side of the body preparatory to forming the leg-opening. But across
the triangular space that would thus be left, semicircular loops are
thrown, with less and less belly from behind forward, until they
are nearly transverse just at the back of the leg; these sweep around
the leg on both sides, embracing it and then coming together again in
front of it; the opening thus made is pyriform in shape, with the point
forward. A little above the heel, the muscle and skin together are
pretty firmly attached, not only to a naked space on the tibia, but by
dense areolar or fascial extensions, containing much fat, betwixt
the tendons of the muscles.

Where the intertibialis crosses, this is firmly connected with the
panniculus, though not to any special detached slip of the latter that
we could discover.

Uninterruptedly surrounding the whole body, and with simple lon-
gitudinal fibres, the muscle runs up to the neck. The provision for
the arm-opening is essentially the same as that for the leg-hole, only
the point of the pyriform orifice is directed backward ;. the muscle de-
scends on the arm; some fibres have definite attachment to the lower
third of the ulna ; others less definite fascial connection on the other
side, with the lower end of the radius, and with the septa betwixt the
flexor tendons of the wrist.

A few longitudinal fibres are continued from the breast up to the
neck; with the exception of these, and of the hyoid fasciculus, to be
presently noticed, the fibres are here transverse, without a median
raphe, and. sweep over the sides of the neck; they extend quite to the
back, and overlie the cheek-pouches. These transverse fibres, and in
general, all of the muscle upon the ventral aspect of the body, are thin-
ner than those on the dorsal ; and there is a remarkable thickening, as
a longitudinal band, along the side of the neck, formed in a manner
noticed below.

Its special slips and their attachments. — An hyo-dermal muscle is thus
formed : Over the episternal bar, a curved fan- or horn-shaped set
of fasciculi are developed from the inner surface of the panniculus ;
these curve inward as they pass forward, narrowing to definite fleshy
insertion into the body of the os hyoides, on either side of its median
line, in mutual apposition. A brachio-dermal is formed over the latis-
simus and side of the thorax generally, by a heavy reenforcement to
the inner surface of the muscle, of a broad, fan-shaped plane growing

130 CODES,

thicker and narrower as it passes forward to definite insertion (fleshy,
or by a very short tendon) into the pectoral crest of the huraerus,
alongside the insertion of the pectoralis major. The anterior border
of this dermo-brachialis corresponds in a general way with the poste-
rior border of the great pectoral. A third distinct slip, large and im-
portant, forms what may be called the costo-dermal fasciculus. It
arises by two definite fleshy digitatious from the 12th-13th ribs, respec-
lively 1' and li' from the back-bone, and forms a long, slender, flat rib-
bon, that runs straight up the side of the body along the anterior
border of the lower trapezius, underneath the main plane of the pan-
niculus, lying upon the latissimus, to the shoulder; passing just behind
the elbow, widening over the shoulder, becoming then blended with
the panniculus along the side of the neck, then separating again, and
finally inserted into the back part of the cheek-pouch.

In considering the form and uses of this great muscle, probably
representing the extreme case of its development in the mammalian
series, we are struck first with its nearly equal and essentially sym-
metrical presence on both the anterior and posterior halves of the
body. Acting as a whole we see how, in connection with the thick
skin, dense fur, and subjacent flocculeut areolar tissue, it contributes
to fill up the various irregularities of the surface of the body, and pro-
duce a shape offering least resistance in passing through the water ;
while, moreover, this everywhere contractile tunic must largely assist
in producing the various undulatory motions of a body suspended in a
fluid of nearly its own specific gravity. Its two lateral caudal prolon-
gations resemble tiller-ropes to guide the side motions of the rudder-
like tail ; its two lateral costal slips bend the whole body sideways.
The hyoid slip is a retroductor of that bone, in action intermediate
between sterno- and omo-hyoid. The brachial fasciculus acts like
an accessory pectoralis major. The cheek-pouch slip pulls that organ
directly backward, and appears to be in antagonism with the special
orbicular muscle that surrounds and contracts the pouch ; while the
transverse fibres that spread over the latter compress it and assist
the orbicular muscle in emptying it. (The dissection was here a little
obscure, owing to laceration of the parts; but we believe such is
the arrangement.) Finally, the fascial attachment of the muscle at the
lower arm and leg, where the limbs protrude through the orifices,
renders the panniculus an accessory mover of the limbs in various
directions.

II., VERTEBRAL MUSCLES.
a. Of the Head.

Unfortunately, the shattered state of the parts prevented any satis-
factory dissection here.

6. Of the Neck.

(a'. — Anterior vertebral.)

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 131

Scalenus. — There is but one — a small insignificant slip proceeding
to the first rib, to be inserted opposite the origin of the first digita-
tion of the serratus magnus. It lies on the extreme side of the
neck, just in front of the cervico-scapular muscle, and appears to
begin there, with attachment at the middle of the neck; but it is really
continuous by a slight tendinous intersection, with a portion that runs
higher up, with attachments all along to its real origin, definite, at
the apex of the spur of the hypapophysis of the atlas.

Longus colli. — An upper portion is not demonstrably distinct from
the lower; its place is apparently taken by the unusually large muscle
next succeeding. The muscle lies upon the bodies of the vertebrae,
with attachments by slips as usual to 5-G processes, from first dorsal
upward ; below, it terminates inside the chest.

Rectus capitis anticus major. — Large; arising both tendinous and
slightly fleshy from the basioccipital just in front of the articulation,
passing down over the hypapophysis of the atlas without attachment
thereto, in apposition with its fellow; forming a distinct fleshy fusi-
form belly, traversing the whole length of the neck in front, with at-
tachments by slips to the anterior aspect of transverse processes,
more or less blended with the similar digitations of the longus colli.

H. c. a. minor?, or lateralis? (possibly neither, as it has no origin
from the atlas). — A rather large muscle, arising fleshy from the whole
length of the transverse process of the axis, passing upward across
the atlas, between its transverse process and its hypapophysial spur,
narrowing as it ascends, to the head (insertion destroyed in the
specimen). Just back of this muscle, and appearing like a prolonga-
tion of it, interrupted by the transverse process of the atlas, a little
muscular plane runs from the process just named to the roots of the
spinous processes of 3d-4th cervical vertebra?. This is entirely dis-
tinct from the series of cervical intertransversales.

(b'. — Posterior vertebral — and not upward prolongation of dorsal
muscles.)

The two recti capitis postici, if these occur, were completely de-
stroyed.

Obliquus inferior. — Of great size, as in some marsupials that, like
Didelphys, have greatly developed cervical spinous processes; and
resembling a second complexus, but of course without cranial attach-
ment. A bulging fleshy mass, arising muscular from the sides of the
spinous processes of axis and next 3 vertebrae, by 4 digitations ;
passing obliquely upward and outward to be inserted fleshy into
the whole upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas.
A powerful rotator of the head, as in the action of shaking it
sideways.

0. superior. — A small terete muscle, arising fleshy from the poste-

132 COUES,

rior corner of the edge of the transverse process of the atlas, and
proceeding straight up to (the head? — insertion destroyed).

Splenius. — (Upper half much mutilated) ; apparently no distinc-
tion of S. "capitis" and " colli." Below, a large, rather thin, fleshy
plane, passing a little obliquely from the head downwards toward the
middle line of the neck ; terminating about opposite the last cervical
vertebra, where, and for a little distance below, it is united with its
fellow by a tendinous raphe. Superficial, with the usual relations to
all deep-seated muscles.

Complexus. — (Destroyed above) ; below, an oblique plane, of rath-
er small size, just internal to the trachelo-mastoideus • inserted by
about 4 fleshy cligitations into the spinous processes of as many lower
cervical vertebrae.

Bivenler. — (Mostly destroyed) ; but, as well as we can determine
from the mutilated remains, differentiated from the complexus; a
terete fascicle along the median line of the back of the neck, with no
tendinous intersection.

Trachelo-mastoideus. — (Destroyed above; arises from mastoid. —
Owen) ; below, a mostly distinct and rather terete than digitate mus-
cle, separating complexus from " transversalis colli," and somewhat
blended with the latter. No tendinous intersections observed; inser-
tion by about 3 closely approximated, and in fact, blended, thick, fleshy
digitations, into the bases of the transverse processes of as many
lower cervical vertebrae.

c. Of the Back (with their cervical prolongations).

Not to enter upon details alike tedious and fruitless, we may rather
briefly notice the conformation of the special muscles of the back.

Disregarding for the time the caudal prolongation of the longissi-
mus, the erector spince may be said to begin over the pelvis opposite
the tip of the ilia; it is at the outset completely differentiated into
"longissimus dorsi," or erector proper, and •' sacro-lumbalis" or " ilio-
costalis;" the latter, separate in its whole extent, is not further di-
vided into a " musculus access, ad s.-lumb. ;" it continues up the neck
as " transversalis colli and cervicalis ascendens," which are separated
by the trachelo-mastoid and complexus from the corresponding cervi-
cal prolongations of longissimus proper, viz., semi-spiualis dorsi et
colli, and multifldi. To this general indication we may add the fol-
lowing descriptions :

Longissimus. — In the loins a remarkably distinct, flattened terete
belly, almost wholly muscular, without dense aponeurotic investment,
and with only a few (3-4) distinct fasciculi or digitations, that arise
from lumbar transverse processes. Already differentiated, as just said,
from sacro-lumbalis, the muscle runs upward with a nearly uniform
width, and straight, somewhat free, outer border; opposite the last

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 133

rib it becomes invested with a glistening aponeurosis, at first sight
plain and single, but readily resolvable (more especially a little higher
up) into a series of oblique fascial tendons running inward and up-
ward, with pretty definite insertion into apices of successive trans-
verse processes ; the arrangement is clearest at the top of the thorax
but is essentially the same throughout. Now on raising 'the outer
border of the whole muscle, and dividing successive costal attach-
ments so as to reflect it over towards the spine and expose its under
surface, a perfectly regular series of tendino-muscular slips is brought
to view. Counting 2-3 lumbar ones, there are about 14 in all, arising
distinct and tendinous, from transverse processes, passing obliquely
upwards and outwards. These are best displayed along the middle
of the back; they terminate opposite the 3d and 4th ribs, at least as
far as longissimus dorsi is concerned, being transferred to the outer
(costal) branch of the erector (i. e., cervical prolongation of sacro-
lumbalis = "transversalis colli")- Above this point the longissimus
dwindles into characters of semi-spinalis dorsi et colli ; and the few
muscular-tendinous fibres pass obliquely downward and outward, in-
stead of upward and outward, like those of the back. External to
these, "transversalis colli" lies along the side of the neck, betwixt
the digitate insertion of the trachclo-mastoid and the " cervicalis
ascendens," blending with both of these. It may be said to arise from
the most prominent transverse processes of cervical vertebra?, by ten-
don scarcely separable from that of the c. ascendens ; it passes down-
ward and obliquely backward, ending with longissimus opposite the
3d and 4th ribs, with fascial attachments all the way.

Sacro-lumbalis. — This is the outermost of three different planes
that may be distinguished in the loin (longissimus making a fourth).
It is there a thin fan-shaped plane, taking definite origin from the
tip of the ilium, and passing upward spreading over the ribs. This
costal expansion' is continuous over the whole length of the thorax
(with no differentiation into "muse, accessorius"), and entirely sep-
arate from any part of the longissimus ; it is wholly costal, without
vertebral attachment. It is an inch and a half broad at its widest
part ; its outer border is very convex, and runs a little back of the
line of the digitations of the obliquus abdominis ; its inner or pos-
terior border is straight, and corresponds with the outer border of
the longissimus ; the plane is very thin, and intimately attached to
each rib as it passes over it ; to the eye, in fact, it resembles a set
of supernumerary intercostals, with perpendicular instead of oblique
fibres ; we should judge it to be more of a respiratory muscle than ;i
back-straightener. Towards the top of the thorax it grows narrower,
and becomes, on the neck, cervicalis ascendens, differentiated from
other nuchal muscles by the intervention of trachelo-mastoideus, and

134 COUES,

lying the most laterally of any of them. It finishes by insertion, by
an aponeurosis of blended tendons, into the 4-5 lower cervical verte-
bra, at the apices of their transverse processes.

A second lumbar plane is thicker and narrower; like the last, it
arises from the apex of the ilium, and runs to the last rib; it may .
be a disintegration from the sacro-lumbalis ; but it seems to represent
lumbar continuation of a series of 'levatores costarum'?

Quadratus lumborum. — This is rather thin, subtriangular, arising,
like the two last, from the iliac extremity and passing to the last
and next to the last, rib, with attachment also to vertebrae on its way.

Thus there is no very remarkable deviation from a usual standard,
nor any specially interesting conformation of the cervico-dorsal ver-
tebral muscles. Among notable absentees, however, the serrati postici
may be mentioned. As a whole, the back muscles are not very large ;
those of the nape exceed them, comparatively ; and these again are
surpassed in development and complexity of structure by the caudal
muscles destined to move the great heavy thick-skinned, fat-laden tail
that acts as a rudder when the animal is swimming.
d. Of the Tail.

Levator caudce. — This is the uninterrupted prolongation of the lon-
gissimus to the tip of the tail. As the muscle passes down over the
back of the sacrum, it forms a single thick terete fleshy belly on either
side, filling the deep groove between the ilium and vertebral spines,
soon tapering and filling the similar groove on either side between
spinous and articular processes of caudal vertebras, with attachments
all along its course. These last consist, on the upper part of the tail
at least, of distinct tendons terminating the muscular fasciculi that are
given off; they are implanted into zygapophyses. Towards the tip
of the tail, such definite arrangement is scarcely or not demonstrable.

Extensor lateralis. — The median extensor of the tail is small com-
pared with this lateral one that forms the chief bulk of extending
muscle. The latter is incompletely divisible above into two portions ;
the larger one arises from the back of the iliac extremity ; the smaller
and more lateral portion lower down on the same bone ; the two are
afterward blended. The superior part mostly fills the fossa between
articular and transverse processes, lying upon the latter. Its upper
surface is invested with a strong dense fibrous sheath, that may be
split into numerous tendons, each of which arises from a partly dif-
ferentiated muscular fasciculus. Tendons thus extend to the tip
of the tail, but most of them pass a little obliquely inward towards
the median line for insertion,'— an arrangement most obvious along the
middle of the tail. The lateral bundle of the muscle gives off from
its border and under surface about 6 distinct tendons from muscular
fasciculi, that pass to definite insertion into the tips of the transverse

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 135

processes of as many caudal vertebrae; beyond, it is indistinguishable
from the rest of the muscle.

Flexor later alis.— The smaller of the two perfectly distinct caudal
depressors is wholly ischio-coccygeal, arising definitely from the tu-
berosity of the ischium by a broad fleshy origin,. It is a somewhat
square, entirely fleshy plane proceeding obliquely outward and down-
ward to be definitely inserted by about 3 digitations into the trans-
verse processes of as many coccygeal vertebra, just in advance of the
origin of the caudo-tibial muscle.

Depressor caudce. — The principal flexor of the tail is the largest of
all, as well as the most complex in structure ; and doubtless, to judge
from the obliquity of its segregated fascicles, it subserves other
movements of the member. It arises, first, inside the pelvis just
behind the .acetabulum, and at the junction of the haunch-bone with
the sacrum ; it may be said, further, to take continuous origin thence
to the tip of the tail, from the apices and under surfaces of all the
transverse processes. The fibres are very oblique ; except at first, in
fact, it may be regarded as a series of many such diagonal slips, partly
blended together. The under surface is invested with an extremely
dense glistening aponeurosis, made up of a number of obliquely set,
overlapping or imbricated laminae of fascia, each of which is the broad
flattened tendon of a muscular fasciculus. These aponeuroses com-
bined are the tendon of insertion of the muscle into the vertebral
bodies from near the base to the extreme tip of the tail.

Besides the foregoing caudal muscles, there is a series of well
developed intertransversales ; and another set of smaller slips runs
along the articular eminences. The tibio-caudal muscle, although
attached to transverse processes, as it passes by them, extends to the
median line of the tail underneath, by a thin, broad, flat tendon that
lies external to the main flexor of the tail.

III. CERVICAL MUSCLES : — Superficial, and not connected with ver-
tebrae or scapula.

Under this head will be noticed the sterno-mastoid and principal
muscles of the hyoid apparatus. The first named is double on each
side, unless one portion is " cleido-mastoid." The hyoid muscles ex-
hibit a remarkable tendency to run together, both by lateral blending
and by end-to-end joining, in several cases where among most animals
they are distinct.

Sterno-mastoid. — The superficial portion is the larger: it arises by
a short flattened tendon from — ("the mastoid" — Owen; inser-
tion destroyed), and forms a stout, somewhat flattened belly that
descends obliquely inward, exactly parallel with, and contiguous to,
the anterior border of the trapezius, to be inserted fleshy and by a

136 COUES,

very short tendon, into the episternum, a little below and in front of
the edge of the bar, on either side of the median line, in apposition
with its fellow. It forms, as usual, the letter X with the omo-hyoid.
The deep portion is much smaller ; it has a separate but contiguous
tendon of origin "from the mastoid," and in the neck lies directly
beneath, and in apposition with, the other for its whole length.
Though thus entirely covered, its course, particularly below, is a
trifle oblique to that of the superficial portion, whereby it gains, at
length, the outer border of the latter, becomes superficial, and is in-
serted into the border of the episternal bar, at junction of first and
middle thii'd, where the insertion of trapezius ends.

Hyoid Muscles. — The fleshy band that lies upon the wind-pipe is
barely or not separable, without forcing the dissection, into right and
left halves ; there is no distinction whatever of a sterno-thyroid from
sterno-hyoid ; nor is a thyro-hyoid demonstrable. The common band
of muscle arises inside the thorax on the median line, from the lower
part of the inner surface of the manubrium sterni (not from the
episteruum), and runs uninterruptedly up the trachea to the larynx.
The median part of the band is attached above to the thyroid carti-
lage, while the lateral portion passes up without attachment to be
inserted into the .side of the os Jiyoides, and especially into the
enlargement of the greater cornu ; this portion, moreover, appears
continuous with hyo-glossus. In like manner mylo-hyoid and omo-
hyoid are connected, if not continuous, at the hyoid bone ; there is
trace of a tendinous intersection, but the hyoid insertion (into the
side of the body of the bone) of the two is identical, and some
at least of the muscular fibres are not interrupted. The mylo-hyoid
passes a little outward as it goes to the jaw, and is inserted fleshy
upon the outside of the ramus, partly overlapping the latter, and
being itself partly overlapped by a muscle to be presently noticed (a).
There is no evident distinction of genio-hyoid from yenio-hyo-ylossus ;
though these are united (or separated, if the term be preferred) by a
tendinous intersection ; but the genio-hyo-glossus, on the other hand,
is mostly distinct from the hyo-glossus. The genio-hyoid runs obliquely
forward and spreads outward, partly in apposition with its fellow,
to be inserted along the greater part of the ramus of the lower jaw,
like the mylo-hyoid, instead of culminating at the symphysis menti.
The genio-hyo-glossus forms as usual a vertical plane, in apposition
with its fellow on the median line ; behind, it has the ordinary attach-
ment to the os hyoides, and is considerably blended with the hyo-
glossus ; its anterior connections are rather with the genio-hyoid than
with the jaw itself. The hyo-glossus is the longest and most distinct
muscle of the three, though continuous behind with the sterno-hyoid?
as already stated ; it forms a terete bundle on either side of the under
surface of the tongue.

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 137

(a).— A small muscle somewhat resembling another mylo-hyoid,
arises with its fellow from the hyoid on the median line, and proceeds
forward and outward, spreading over the jaw at its narrowest part,
to be inserted into the lower lip.

Another little muscle lies upon the outside of the ramus of the lower
jaw, taking definite origin, fleshy, from the fossa at the end of the
groove in the bone ; it is distributed to the integument of the lip.
Transverse fibres of the panniculus, and the muscle a, also contribute
to the. fleshiness of the part.

Other muscles of this region could not be dissected owing to the
condition of the specimen.

IV. THORACIC MUSCLES proper.
These were not dissected.

V. ABDOMINAL MUSCLES.

The muscular walls of the belly conform to the usual marsupial type
in the great size and fleshiness of the obliquus externus, extreme thin-
ness and verticality of the obliquus interhus, fleshiness of transver-
salis, thoracic prolongation of rectus, and extent of pyramidalis.
They are chiefly noticeable for the absence of inguinal opening. The
quadratus lumborum, often referred here, has been already considered.

Obliquus abdominis externus. — Arises by fleshy digitations from all
the vertebral ribs except the two first — the first digitation being con-
tinuous with the lower slip from the serratus magnus ; and separation
into digitations becoming obsolete on the last 2-3 ribs ; with origin
also from lumbar fascia and tip of the ilium. The posterior border of
the muscle presents a concavity towards the spine, the most distant
point being at the middle of the thorax, about 3 inches from the
vertebrae. Except at the extreme lower portion the muscle is fleshy,
with the us«al direction of its fibres ; these continue as far forward as
the outer border of the rectus. The insertion is aponeurotic into the
whole linea alba, and symphysis pubis ; and fleshy into whole length of
marsupial bone, its upper edge ; at the tip of the latter, there is also
an aggregation of fleshy fibres of insertion. There is no arrangement
for abdominal rings or 'pillars.'

Obliquus internus. — Extremely thin, and with some difficulty de-
monstrable from the transversalis, even in its muscular portions ; but
on holding the wall up to the light, the fibres may be distinctly seen
decussating with those of the transversalis nearly at right angles.
The aponeuroses of the two are blended and completely inseparable
after passing beyond the tolerably well defined 'linea semilunaris,'
• where the muscular fibres of both end. The fleshy part arises mostly,
if not wholly, from the iliac extremity, and passes upward with little,

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 18 March, 1871.

138 COUES,

if any, obliquity, terminating at the broad oval cartilages of the floating
ribs, as high up, at least, as the 10th from the last.

Transversalis. — Larger and better defined than the last; arising from
the whole lower margin of the thorax, internal to the oval cartilages,
by slips interdigitating with the diaphragm, from the xiphoid cartilage
to the last rib, and thence from the innermost lumbar fascial septum
(and so from transverse processes of vertebra?) to the apex of the
ilium. The muscle is thickest above, where some fibres reach quite
to the linea alba, for 3-4 inches below the xiphoid ; further down these
cease at the linea semilunaris in the broad thin aponeurosis of median
insertion common to this muscle and the foregoing. All the muscular
fibres are directly transverse.

Rectus abdominis (inter-nits'). — Is thoracic as well as abdominal — a
long continuous ribbon from episternum to pubes. It arises fleshy at a
point at the top of the thorax where epicoracoid, coracoid, episternum,
mauubrium and first rib meet, taking attachment from all these bones,
and also slightly from the next rib as it passes down. On the thorax it
rests a little on the sternum, but mostly lies along the ends of the ribs,
overlaid by the pectoralis major, and crossed at bottom of the ster-
num by the obliquus abdominis (some of the fibres of which appear
to blend with the outer border of the rectus without reaching the
median line). The abdominal portion is a rittle wider and thinner,
in apposition with its fellow along the linea alba, separated from the
obliquus externus by interposition of the pyramidalis, and lying
wholty exterior to the conjoined aponeurosis of obliquus internus and
transversalis — these not forming a sheath below, as in man. The in-
sertion is into symphysis pubis and brim of that bone as far outward
as the termination of the articulation of the ossa marsupii. There are
no 'line* tendineae transverse.'

Pyramidalis, s. Rectus externus. — Of great length; and broad at base,
in consequence of the outward divergence of the marsupial bones,
from the whole length of which (their anterior border), and from the
symphysis, the muscle arises. The outer border represents a line
from the tip of the marsupial .bones to the xiphoid; the inner corre-
sponds to the liuea alba. The lowermost fibres are almost directly
transverse ; the others become successively less oblique to the axis
of the body, and finally are nearly longitudinal; the muscle runs to a
point above, and is fleshy throughout. It approximates and appresses
the marsupial bones, counteracting the obliquus exteruus, which divari-
cates them. It is thus in indirect subservience to the reproductive
process, in an early state of the young; and similarly, the thoracic
prolongation of the rectus interims furthers the bending of the animal
in voluntary self-assistance durhjg parturition and subsequent care of
the young, as in ordinary marsupials.

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 139

VI. PERIN.EAL MUSCLES.
Not dissected.

VII. MUSCLES CONNECTING THE SHOULDER-GIRDLE WITH THE BODY.

Of the several muscles connecting the scapular arch with the body,
the deep portion of the sterno-mastoid, which is really essentially
clavicular in its insertion, has been already considered. The omo-
hyoid, as usual, forms the direct muscular band between the haemal
arches of consecutive cranial vertebrae, in this repeating an ordinary
intercostal. The others are in three sets, arising from a, spinous pro-
cesses of vertebra? along the median line, b, processes of cervical
vertebra? along the side of the neck, and c, from the thorax. Trape-
zius is in two parts, one of which is thoracic, while rhomboideus is
single ; the cervico-scapular plane, answering to ' levator anguli
scapulae,' is double ; besides which, there are, as in ordinary marsupials,
two perfectly distinct atlanto-scapular levators. The costo-scapular
plane (serratus) is small and slight, and differs from that of some
(all?) marsupials in being entirely distinct from levator anguli proper ;
there are also other thoracic muscles passing to the shoulder appara-
tus. As a whole, the scapular arch is much less mobile than usual, in
consequence mainly of the episternal attachment and coraco-sterual
articulation.

Omo-hyoid. — As already stated, continuous with the mylo-hyoid, at
its hyoid point of insertion ; and there is no division into two bellies
by a tendinous intersection, nor any confining of the muscle in its con-
tinuity by an aponeurotic pulley. Above it is partly divisible into two
fasciculi, the smaller internal one of which is inserted lower down
on the hyoid than the other, and is distinct from mylo-hyoid. The
muscle forms a single flat ribbon, at first descending nearly straight
down the neck, then passing obliquely outward, crossing behind the
s.-mastoid,' Jbetween this and levator anguli scapula?, and dipping
beneath the episternal bar, to be finally inserted on the scapula, partly
fleshy and partly tendinous, just below the acromion, in a notch half
way between clavicular and humeral articulations. The ordinary
action.

Trapezius. — Large; distinct from deltoid, as in claviculate animals
generally, and further resolved into two entirely distinct portions, as
if by disappearance from the back between and in advance of the shoul-
ders, of the part corresponding to the aponeurotic space of the human
subject. The anterior part arises from the occiput (precise limits of
origin not visible in the specimen), and thence down the median
line of the neck, by an aponeurosis common to it and its fellow, with
, only secondary connection with cervical spines, to a point opposite
the most prominent part of the scapula, to which the lower border

140 COUES,

of the muscle runs transversely ; the anterior border folds around the
side of the neck parallel and in apposition with the s.-mastoid ; the in-
sertion is partly fleshy, partly tendinous, into the scapular spine, and
border of episternal bar, as far to the front as the insertion of the deep
s.-mastoid. The posterior part arises from the lOth-llth ribs by two
fleshj' digitations situate respectively 1' and li' from the back-bone,
and from a broad, oval, dorsal aponeurosis common to it and its
fellow. The muscle has the form of a narrow scalene triangle;
its lower border approaches the spine about the middle of the back,
and is there contiguous with its' fellow ; the anterior border passes
straight up the side of the chest, lying upon the latissimus, past the
back of the arm ; the acute apex is inserted by a very short, thick
tendon into the end of the scapular spine, in connection with the
posterior corner of the insertion of the anterior trapezius, and of the
deltoid behind — the latter curving down in front of the arm, which
is thus set in a deep recess betwixt these two muscles. Under this
portion of the trapezius, in the deep hollow of the back between the
shoulders, the large gland lies embedded in copious lax areolar tissue.
When the two parts of the ti'apezius act together the effect is much
the same as if they were not disjoined ; the special effect of their dis-
sentaneous action, if they have such, is not so evident.

Bhomhoideus. — Single ; of large size, and thick. It arises in appo-
sition with its fellow along the median line of the neck behind (dis-
position above, and cranial attachment, if any, not seen) ; the lower
border passes transversely to the scapula, and a little downward ; the
insertion, broad and fleshy, is into the apex behind, and about J' along
the posterior border of, the scapula. Has the usual action.

Costo-scapularis ; serratus magnus s. anticus. — Perfectly distinct from
the cervico-scapular plane, from which it is separated by a triangular
interval an inch wide in front, narrowing behind as the two muscles
mutually approach towards the apex of the scapula. The muscle is
unusually small, consisting of only three short digitations from lst-3d
ribs, rapidly lengthening from first to third, the last almost perfectly
continuous with the first slip from the obliquus abdomiuis ; the three
fascicles remain distinct near to their insertion, which is by a short
terete tendon into the very tip of the scapula. Has the usual action.

Pectomlis minor? — Besides the serratus, another plane of muscle
connects the shoulder apparatus with the top of the thorax; it has
somewhat the situation and relations of an 'intercostal' betwixt first
rib and the bones above. It is divisible into two parts. One of these,
costo-coracoid, is larger and thicker than the other; it arises from the
first rib, from, the origin of the serratus magiius slip to the sternal
articulation, and is inserted mainly into the base and inner surface
of the coracoid. A smaller, thinner plane, manubrio-cpicoracoid.

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 141

expands upon the internal surface of the epicoracoid plate. The first
of these may be pectoralis minor; the second, subclavius?

The cervico-scapular attachments are several, and rather compli-
cated. We have, first, two distinct muscles, both arising from the
spur of the atlas hypapophysis, but with separate scapular attach-
ments ; each of these is a single belly. Then there are two planes of
digitate muscles, each arising from several cervical processes, and
with different scapular insertions. These last probably represent
duplicate levatores anguli scapulae proprii ; while the two first named
(also occurring in marsupials and other animals) are "protractores
scapulae."

" Attanto-acromialis." — A single thick stout muscle, lying superficial
and somewhat to the front, as well as on the side, of the neck, nearly
parallel with the orao-hyoid, crossed above by the sterno-mastoid, and
overlaid by the trapezius. With the tendinous origin above men-
tioned (hypapophysial process of atlas) it soon swells to a large
belly, and is inserted fleshy into the antero-interior aspect of the scap-
ular crest, and thence in a line behind the episternal articulation as
far as the insertion of the omo-hyoid. It draws the shoulder-blade
towards the head, and a little to the front.

" Atlanto-scapularis." — Origin with the preceding, and in like man-
ner; and overlaid by it in the upper part of its course. It passes a
little more obliquely as it descends, lying upon the deeper muscles of
the back of the neck. It has somewhat the appearance of an enlarged
and distinct fasciculus of levator proper, with which it is inserted,
fleshy, into the antero-interual surface and upper border of the scapu-
la near its apex. Action nearly the same as that of the foregoing,
but more oblique.

Levatores anyitli scapulae. — A double plane, with common digitate
origins, but separate insertions. Each numbers about 6 slips of origin
from the transverse processes of the first dorsal and all the cervical
vertebrae except the atlas and axis ; the slips are separable nearly to
their insertion. The posterior, or internal plane lies directly upon
the muscles of the back of the neck ; it is quite flat, fan-shaped, and
converges from its broad origin to be inserted fleshy, into the pos-
terior extremity of the scapula, from the apex one-half inch up the
blade. The digitations are all terete, and lie in the same plane. The
other muscle lies anterior to the last ; its digitations are broader and
flatter, enlarge as they pass to the scapula, and are packed obliquely
against each other. The lowermost slip does not reach the scapula,
ending in tendinous insertion into the next above ; the other five have
fleshy insertion into the autero- internal surface of the bone, chiefly
on a line near the edge of the crista. The action of both planes is
much the same ; they draw the bone around to the front and upwards,
rotating it a little.

142 COUES,

VIII. MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR EXTREMITY.

The arrangement indicated in the beginning seems to us fully as
convenient as, and much more natural than, grouping the muscles of
the limbs upon, and naming the several sets after, the parts upon
which they lie, instead of those on which they act.

The humerus, like that of the mole, an animal which uses its fore-
limbs in corresponding manner, is short, thick and extremely irregular
in superficies, with strong elevations and depressions for advantageous
arrangement of the muscles. The bone may be regarded as a knotty
osseous nodule interposed between shoulder and elbow-joint for the
strong movement of the forearm in several directions ; itself moving
through little space, but capable of being very powerfully pulled in
every direction, and thus laying the foundation, as it were, for the
various strong movements of the forearm. It is acted upon, from
the body, by the dermo-brachial slip already described, and by the two
following muscles : —

a. Acting upon the humerus.

(a'. — From the body.)

Latissimus dorsi. — Notable for its extensive costal, and correspond-
ingly slight spinal, origin. It arises by aponeurosis from about G
dorsal vertebra? (4th-9th), beginning above at a point just opposite
the shoulder, to which, therefore, the upper border passes directly
transverse ; most of this spinal portion is thicker than the costal.
The latter origin is by a series of fleshy slips from the 7th to the 14th
ribs, in a slightly irregular curved line the convexity of which is for-
ward ; the digitations are separable for some distance, especially the
few lower ones. No aponeurosis connects this costal with the spinal
portion ; such fascia having apparently been appropriated bjr the lower
trapezius and costal slip of panniculus, already described. The
lower, outer border of the muscle ascends very obliquely ; before in-
sertion, there is a complete twist, as usual, the upper fibres becoming
lower by twisting outwards; and conversely. Insertion by a short,
wide, thin, flat tendon in an oblique line upon the humerus, half-way
up the pectoral crest, and thence along the entocondylar ridge to the
elbow. The muscle has its ordinary action, very advantageously
effected by its extensive and low insertion.

Pectoralis major. — Of remarkable extent. Its origin is in a line from
the acromion and whole episternal bar, and thence down the manu-
brium and sternum and liuea alba to within a couple of inches of the
pubes. Along the front of the chest it has thick fleshy origin from
the ends of the ribs as well as from the breast bone. The abdominal
portion is extremely thin — thinner than the same part of the pannic-
ulus ; the muscle thickens rather abruptly as it passes over the lower

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS . 143

edge of the thorax, and there, near the median line, a slight cellular
interval may occur between thoracic and abdominal portions. The
chest portion is of nearly uniform, and great thickness ; there is no
evident distinction of a deep-seated from a superficial part ; but the
outer half of the episternal portion and the acromial portion are to-
gether * separable from the sternal portion, by a slight cellular interval
along a line representing the posterior border of the muscle below
described as the anterior part of the deltoid. (This last named muscle
is crossed at right angles, overlaid, and mostly hidden by the pec-
toralis.) The rather thin outer border of the pectoralis is nearly in a
straight line from the symphysis pubis to the shoulder ; the thoracic
part of this border lies nearly parallel with the anterior border of the
obliquus abdominis. The thick convex anterior border dips down
over the posterior border of the deltoid to the humerus. All the fibres
of this great muscle converge without twisting to an extensive linear
insertion by a short stout tendon into the pectoral ridge of the hu-
merus. The acromio-episternal bundle of fibres is set in much lower
down than the others, from which they are virtually separated by the
insertion of the slip from the panniculus. The pectoralis has the
usual action, carried to a high degree; it is also, owing to the great
development of the pectoral crest, an unusually powerful rotator of
the humerus, an action in which the latissimus assists. The purpose
here subserved is evident on reflection upon the way the paddle-like
hands should strike the water when the whole arm is forcibly extended
in giving the backward stroke.

(b.' — From the scapular arch.)

Deltoid. — (According to high authority, the deltoid is double, and
the two muscles about to be described may constitute its two halves ;
but the anterior of these, which is overlaid and covered by the pec-
toralis, would hardly recall a deltoid by any physical feature.) The
posterior part is of pyramidal shape, with thick fleshy origin from
the most anterior (highest) part of the scapula, and a low insertion
on the humeral crest by a rather long tendon. Some of its fibres of
origin appear almost continuous with those of the posterior trape-
zius ; while it is almost blended with the pectoralis at its insertion.
The anterior portion lies upon the epicoracoid plate, conforming

* These portions together are in the ordinary position, and have much the
appearance, of a deltoid— in fact, they resemble one much more than the muscle,
below described as " anterior deltoid," does. We are in doubt of the accuracy of our
identification of the muscle we describe as anterior portion of the deltoid, but can
come to no more satisfactory conclusion, without identification of what is described
in a preceding paragraph as " Subclavius ? Pectoralis minor?"— a determination
that we cannot at present make. One of the inner pectorals of birds may furnish
the clue.

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 19 April, 1871.

144 ' COUES,

in contour with the latter; fleshy fibres take origin from the whole
surface of that bone. The muscle narrows and curves a little as it
passes down, directly overlying the shoulder-joint, and in relation
anteriorly with the long epicoracoid head of the biceps, to be inserted
fleshy into the most prominent part of the pectoral crest of the
humerns, above the insertion of the posterior deltoid. When these
two muscles act together, they would have the usual effect in elevat-
ing, or abducting, the humerus ; acting separately, they have little of
this eflect, but are respectively extensors and flexors of the bone,
with a slight rotating power in opposite directions.

Independently of the foregoing, there are the usual number of
scapulo-humeral muscles; but owing to the singular shape of the
shoulder-blade, position of its faces, and other causes, it becomes
somewhat of a question what names are to be applied to them. We
describe them accurately, and if mistaken in identification there will
be no trouble in rectifying the error. We determine subscapularis,
both spinati, no teres minor, and double teres major, making five in
all, as usual.

iSupraspinatus. — A slender, straight fascicle, much the smallest of
the three that more especially occupy the shoulder-blade. It arises
fleshy in the depression between the most prominent point of the
scapula and the glenoid — that is, about half-way betwixt these two
points, and partly around on the antero-internal aspect of the bone
(owing to the reflexion of the latter), close by the insertion of the
omo-hyoid; it passes straight to the joint, which it directly overlies,
and is inserted by a short, flat tendon into the anterior tubercle at the
head of the bone, just opposite the proximal beginning of the inser-
tion of the epicoracoid part of the coraco-brachialis. It rotates the
humerus outward, as usual directly opposing the subscapularis.

Infraspinatus (and teres minor? or the latter wanting?). — Largest
of the three. Occupies, and arises fleshy from, the whole of the
scapular plate below the spinous elevation, that is, between the last
named and the origin of the scapular head of the triceps ; narrowly
fan-shaped and slightly curving, to be inserted, partly fleshy and
partly tendinous (tendon superior and muscular part infero-external),
into the posterior aspect of upper part, of pectoral crest, just below
insertion of the preceding, which it powerfully aids in rotating the
humerus outward.

Subscapularis. — This is in what would be for most animals the
usual position of "infraspinatus," and might be taken for the latter,
were it not for its widely distant insertion into the other side of the
head of the humerus. A rather small subterete fascicle, arising
fleshy from that part of the scapula which lies between the glenoid
and head of the triceps extensor brachii ; crossing to the shoulder-

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS . 145

*

joint behind to be inserted, chiefly fleshy, into the posterior tubercle
upon the head of the humerus. It rotates the bone inwards, feebly
counteracting the two preceding muscles.

Teres major. — Double ; both portions of great size, and perfectly
distinct. The lower, or teres major proper, arises fleshy from the
posterior extremity of the scapula for about one-third of an inch ; it
lies at first upon the serratus magnus, and then along the superior
border of the latissimus, forming a great pyramidal muscle running
between the last and the upper teres, rapidly narrowing to a rather
long, stout, flattish tendon that passes behind (mesiad of) the scapular
head of the triceps, to be inserted in the posterior ridge of the hume-
rus, one-half inch or more above the insertion of the latissimus. On
its deep surface muscular fibres reach nearly to its insertion ; on the
superficial aspect, the large glistening tendon radiates nearly half way
to origin. The upper portion is still larger, and has more extensive
and complicated origin from both " sides " of the scapula, which is
thus, as it were, embraced by the muscle. The outer origin is from the
postero-external aspect of the scapula, from the origin of the lower
teres to that of the scapular head of the triceps ; the inner origin is
thinner and more extensive and fleshy, from the whole surface of
bone between the insertions of the two digitate sets of levatores scap-
ulae. The muscle is pyramidal in shape, like, and with the general
aspect of, the preceding, and with precisely similar tendinous arrange-
ment. But it is inserted much higher up, in immediate relation with
the shoulder-joint, into the posterior tubercle of the humerus, along-
side the insertion of the muscle above called subscapularis. N. B.
Its tendon contains an articular sesamoid bone.

Two perfectly distinct muscles besides the one above called "ante-
rior deltoid" proceed from the coracoid apparatus to the humerus;
they have together been considered as coraco-brachialis, but the
name is properly applicable to only one of them.

Coraco-brachialis proper. — This is the posterior, and the longer and
slenderer of the two. It arises by a very short tendon in common
with the larger moiety of the biceps, from the sternal extremity of
the coracoid ; quickly enlarges to form a flattened-fusiform muscular
belly, representing the postero-internal margin of the arm ; it is over-
laid by the greater moiety of the biceps, itself overlying at first, the
muscle next below described, and afterwards the tendon of the la-
tissimus, which it crosses at right angles. Its insertion is fleshy and
with a very short tendon, into the lower part of the entocondylar
ridge of the humerus, nearly opposite the foramen : its outer surface
of insertion is in relation with the pronator radii teres.

Epicoraco-brachialis. — Much larger than the other, and with differ-
ent origin, course, relations and insertion ; lying partly upon and

146 COUES,

»

partly under, the whole coracoid apparatus, and upon the posterior
aspect of the proximal moiety of the humerus. Viewed at first from
the outside, superficially, it appears to arise from coracoid proper,
and to descend thence upon the humerus. But its real origin is much
more extensive, from the whole, or nearly all, of the under (internal)
surface of the epicoracoid lamella, as a thin expanded plane, whose
contour is determined by that of the bony plate just named. It
gains the outside by curving around the coracoid proper, reminding
one of the escape of the iliacus over the pelvic brim, or of oblurator
internus over the border of the ischium. It has a broad fleshy in-
sertion into the expanded surface of the humerus, upon the aspect of
that bone above noted, as far down as the insertion of the latisshnus.
These coraco-humeral muscles adcluct and retroduct the arm, bring-
ing it upon the breast, as in the act of clasping ; and have further-
more somewhat the action of internal rotators of the bone.

This extensive and somewhat complicated disposition of the coraco-
brachial muscles, and their perfect differentiation into two, are in
striking contrast with the singularly small and simple condition of
the (single) muscle in some animals of the next order above, as the
opossum for instance. It is the nearest approach of which we are
aware, to the ordinary condition of the antitypic muscles of the
hind limb, which are always differentiated into several adductores
femoris.

6. Acting upon forearm.

Only one forearm muscle comes from the body : it is the slip from
the latissimus. Of the other " long " brachial muscles, the biceps is
doubled above, and has a singular disposition ; the scapular head of
the triceps ("long" extensor cubiti) is entirely discrete from both the
other ("short " extensors) heads, for a reason we disclose below. The
brachialis anticus ("short" flexor cubiti) is not remarkable. Per-
haps the most interesting point regarding the muscles of this part is
the remarkable development of the anconaeus, and the presence of
another antagonistic anconaeus, both in subserviency to the peculiar
motion that the elbow-joint permits in lieu of pronation. The pro-
nator teres — that very constant muscle in higher vertebrates — is
present under ordinary conditions, although there is no pronation pos-
sible in the forearm ; so also are the two supinators (but the prona-
tor quadratus is wanting?).

Before proceeding to consider the muscles that act upon the fore-
arm, we may notice the method of adapting the whole limb for use
as a paddle. The humerus, as we have already seen, is extremely
short and thick, and is especially broad across the condyles, where
the width is but little less than its whole length. We have also seen
that the principal muscles that extend, i. e., retroduct, the humerus,

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHOKHYNCHUS. 147

in the act of giving the stroke to propel the body through the water,
are so inserted as to have a strongly rotating effect upon the bone,
twisting the limb in such a manner as to throw the elbow up and
away from the body. Now the two bones of the forearm are in mutual
apposition for their whole length, and so closely bound, that relative
motion upon each other is abrogated ; the forearm is conflne'd perma-
nently in a state of semi-pronation. But it is evident that the broad
surface of the webbed hand must strike the water in the backward
stroke, and that the thin edge of the palm must cleave the water in
the bringing forward of the member ; that is, there must be perfect
virtual pronation and supination during each stroke and return to
position for the next one. With the forearm bones stiffly bound to-
gether to ensure strength and fixity of the wrist and hand, this requi-
site rotation of the forearm and change through 180° of the plane of
the webs is effected by the construction of the elbow-joint, and dispo-
sition of the muscles that act from the humerus and scapular arch
upon the proximal end of the forearm. The elbow, instead of being
the most strict ginglymus in the body, as usual among mammals, is
largely amphiarthrodial, permitting free rotation or lateral rocking of
the forearm upon the humerus. This compound motion seems to be
very nearly like what would occur as a resultant if, in man for in-
stance, the rotation of the head of the radius in its ulnar socket
should enter as a component of, and be merged into, the to-and-fro
swinging of the forearm upon the humerus. In a word, the animal
feathers its oars at the elbow-joint — not at the wrist.

In studying the action of the several muscles concerned, we see
clearly how this is effected -and find the reason for certain peculiari-
ties in their disposition. We have only to add further, in this con-
nection, that the articular facet of the humerus is not directly at the
end of the main axis of the bone, but displaced to one side, so as to
be at the Base of the immensely developed ectocondylar process ;
that both the widely divaricating condylar processes ofl'er salient
points-d'appui for the muscular tractions that rotate the forearm ; and
that the olecrauon is a very broad plate curving far up behind the
humerus, with widely expanded corners, in subserviency to the varied
action of different parts of the triceps and anconaeal muscles.

(a'. — From the body.)

Dorso-epitrochlearis. — The forearm slip from the latissimus is well
developed. It is given off obliquely from the lower border of the
muscle, a little more than an inch from its humeral insertion, and
mounts upon the back of the forearm, crossing the limb over the
most prominent ridge of the latter. It appears to end in fascia over
the middle of the back of the forearm ; but may be traced, without
unduly forcing the dissection, to pretty definite insertion into the

148 CODES,

ulna itself, at about the middle of the bone. The slip is of a nearly
uniform width of about a third of an inch, and is thin and flat ; it has
the usual action.

(V. — From scapular arch ; " long.")

Biceps. — The coraco-radial flexor is in two parts, with rather unu-
sual disposition; one of the " heads " is much larger than the other,
and the two arise far apart ; but they are implanted together upon the
radius. The anterior part — epicoraco-radialis — arises fleshy high up
on the epicoracoid plate from its border and postero-interior moiety,
Where it is overlaid by the episternum, and soon forms a slender
terete fascicle, which passes outward in relation with the origin of
the rectus abdominis, subsequently overlies the anterior portion of
the coraco-brachialis, and then comes in relation of contiguity with
the other moiety of the biceps, which it separates from the pectoral
crista humeri. Passing this last, it changes to a long terete tendon
that represents the anterior border of the biceps where this dips be-
twixt the forearm muscles. The posterior and larger part — coraco-
radialis — arises from the sternal extremity of the coracoid in com-
mon with one head of the coraco-brachialis, and immediately swells
into a great, broad, flattish, fleshy belly that passes down the arm lying
a little obliquely upon both the coraco-brachiales, and subsequently
upon the tendon of the latissimus dorsi. It becomes penniform by in-
sertion into the tendon of the other head of the biceps ; posteriorly,
the muscular fibres nearly reach the radius. The common insertion
of the two is by a broad flat tendon into the middle third of the
radius.

(The other (ulnar) flexor cubiti is noticed under the next head, c').

Triceps, its long head. Rectus humeri ! — The " long" or scapulo-ulnar
extensor of the forearm is remarkably distinct from the two humeral,
or " short" heads. It arises fleshy from the posterior concave bor-
der of the scapula, from the glenoid an inch or so backward. It is
thus a rather thin broad plane, that passes between and separates the
two teretes majores (see above) from the other scapulo-humeral mus-
cles ; as it descends the back of the arm, it narrows in one transverse
direction, and thickens in the other, so that here its greatest diameter
is at right angles with the same diameter above. The anterior
(glenoid) edge of the muscle is at first in apposition with the poste-
rior surface of the brachialis interims ; after the above mentioned
change in the long diameter of the muscle, its broad flat surface is
similarly applied to the equally expanded surface of the brachialis
internus. In place of the tendinous inscriptions that commonly
unite this scapular head below with both the humeral heads, we have
them separated by cellular intervals. Neither is there an aponeurotic
investment of the muscle below; but it has a wholly fleshy, thin,

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS . 149

broad from side to side, insertion with the remarkably wide posterior
border of the olecranon.

(c'. — From the humerus ; " short.")

Triceps, its internal head. Vastus internus humeri ! — This muscle
is of large size, and wholly distinct from the foregoing; it is not
divisible into fasciculi. It is fleshy throughout, and of a somewhat
pyramidal shape, being broadest below. It lies almost directly pos-
terior upon the humerus, and fills up what would otherwise be a great
fossa between the head of the humerus and the olecranon. Its rela-
tions are — behind, to the scapular head of the triceps, which is
applied flat to its whole surface ; in front, mostly to the humerus
itself, but also in greater or less part to the brachialis anticus, ori-
gins of both inner and outer bundles of forearm muscles, and to the
muscle below described as antanconseus ; to the outer side, to exter-
nal head of triceps ; to the inner side, to lower part of brachialis
anticus, and tendon of latissimus. It takes fleshy origin from the
whole of the upper half of the back of the humerus, and is inserted
fleshy into the whole width of the edge of the olecranon. At the
innermost point, some fibres are collected into a slightly separable
bundle, which has more especial and partly isolated insertion into the
inner corner of the olecranon.

Triceps, its external head. Vastus externus humeri ! — Like both
the foregoing, entirely distinct, and remarkable for its comparatively
small size, its isolation from the humerus in its continuity, its defi-
nite tendinous origin and insertion, and peculiar, independent action.
The muscle is fusiform in general shape, but somewhat prismatic in
a transverse section; it lies entirely away from the humerus, upon
the outer aspect of the arm, in a bed formed between the brachialis
anticus and inner head of triceps. It arises by two tendons; one is a
narrow, flat, strong band from a recess behind the "greater tuberos-
ity" of the humerus; the other a broader, shorter, more diffuse and
aponeurotic-like fascia from what would be "neck" of an ordinary
humerus. It is inserted by a short, definite tendon into the extreme
outer corner of the transversely expanded olecranon.

This last division of the triceps, while extending the forearm like
the other two, more especially pulls upon the outer corner of the
olecranon, and tips it up sideways, thus producing (in connection
with the anconseus) the remarkable rotation of the forearm that
answers instead of pronation. The inner head has the reverse action
less plainly marked, while the scapular head is the direct extensor ; but
both these two last have so broad a fleshy insertion into the olecra-
non, that if they contract unequally in their different parts, they may
have corresponding effect in tipping the olecranon sideways. The
several actions of the triceps, as a whole, are furthered by the follow-

150 COUES,

ing muscles — one of which is an immensely developed anconaeus, and
the other its peculiar antagonist : —

Anconccus. — Of remarkable size and partly divisible into two por-
tions. One of these occupies the lowest part of the humerus behind,
somewhat in the position of what is called subanconsus in anthro-
pptomy; it lies beneath the internal head of the triceps, filling the
fossa between the olecranon and the humerus below, arising from all
the broad depression between the two condylar ridges. It is triangular
in outline, but really tetrahedral in shape, and entirely fleshy. Its fibres
pass downward, backward, and very obliquely outward, directly over
the back of the elbow-joint, to be inserted into the whole of the supe-
rior surface of the olecranon ; but some are continuous with the other
part of the muscle, or ancona?us proper, passing for this purpose
through the deep notch between the ectocondyle and the outer angle
of the olecrauon. The superficial portion of the muscle, however,
has pretty distinct origin from the ectocondyle, and thence spreads
out fan-shaped, to be inserted fleshy ftito the whole outer and back
surface of the ulna as far along as the origin of the abductor pollicis
longus (except just along the edge and at the tip of the bone, which
are reserved for origin of extensor carpi ulnaris). The attachments
and oblique traction of this muscle make it a powerful rotator of the
forearm upon the humerus, as well as an extensor. It is opposed by

Antanconceus. — A muscle of considerable size that lies very ob-
liquely across the inner side of the back of the elbow. It arises from
the tip of the entocondyle in connection with the pronator and car-
pal "flexors," and immediately forms a thick, bulging fleshy belly
that rather suddenly contracts to a short, stout, rounded tendon to be
definitely inserted into ttye prominent tubercle at the inner corner of
the olecranon. The muscle lies mostly upon the expanded inner
condyle and fills up what would otherwise be an hiatus between the
inner head of the triceps below and the ulnar head of the "flexor"
carpi ulnaris. It subserves the rotary motion of the forearm, as well
as extends the latter ; producing a movement corresponding to supi-
nation, and thus directly counteracting the foregoing.

Brachialis anticus. — (Flexor cubiti ulnaris.) Returning now to
the flexor set, we find that the " short" or humero-ulnar flexor of the
forearm is large and lies rather outside, than in front, of the humerus,
in consequence of the singular shape of that bone ; it only gains the
front more than half way down, and runs up the outside of the bone
nearly to the shoulder-joint. Arises, fleshy, from all the depressed
space between the great pectoral crest and the prominent ectocondylar
ridge ; it is overlaid, above, by the external head of the triceps.^
Becoming anterior, at length, between the condyles, it dips down be-
tween the widely separated bundles of forearm-muscles, and narrows

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS . 151

by lateral flattening to be inserted tendinous into the ulna, along the
radial edge of that bone from scarcely beyond the elbow-joint half
way to the wrist (there being no corouoid process for its definite
insertion).

Thus the two flexors of the forearm, ulnar and radial — inner and
outer — preserve ordinary relations in the forearm ; the biceps not
splitting below to have part of its insertion into the ulna, as in cer-
tain marsupials. There are only two other muscles that act upon the
forearm, viz. : the round pronator and short supinator ; for the square
prouator is absent, and the long supinator, as usual among mammals,
is a humero- carpal muscle. The arrestation of this muscle on its way
to the carpus and its insertion into the styloid process of the radius,
is a teleological modification only found among the very highest
mammals.

Pronator radii teres. — Although the forearm is fixed in semi-prona-
tion, this . constant muscle is well developed. It is not, however,
superficial, and so determining the contour of the part, nor does it
arise first or highest up on the entocondyle, but it is deep-seated, and
overlaid in greatest part by the "flexor" carpi radialis. It is a single
terete subfusiform belly, with origin from the entocondyle next below
the last named muscle, passing obliquely to be inserted into the mid-
dle third of the radius by a rather long, flat tendon, in relation, on its
radial aspect, with the tendons of biceps and brachialis anticus. Its
function is limited to steadying of the parts.

Supinator brevis. — A deep-seated, triangular plane of moderate
size; its outer, free border stretches in a straight line between the
tip of the ectocondyle and the middle of the radius, and the. body of
the muscle fills the depression between these points. It has no ulnar
origin ; but arises from the anterior border and tip of the ectocon-
dyle, and has definite, fleshy insertion into the upper half of the
radius — ending Justin advance of a point opposite the insertion of
the pronator teres. It counteracts this last, but its action must be
very limited.

c. Acting upon carpo-metacarpus, from humerus or forearm.

The contour of the forearm is that of a flattened flask, broad above,
and rather suddenly contracting to a narrow neck towards the wrist.
Above, the fleshy bundles are widely separated, by the whole distance
between the tips of the expanded condyles of the humerus ; they are
thick and bulging, which may be said also of the muscles upon its
back. As usual, the aggregate bulk of the muscles upon the front is
greater than that of those upon the back; but the latter are more nu-
merous. The disposition of the muscles is simple, compared with
that of most higher unguiculates, and there are several notable ab-
sentees, as will be stated further on.

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152 COUES,

Before noticing the individual muscles that act upon the wrist, we
should explain the necessity of changing the names of the so-called
flexors and extensors. The morphological position of the forearm is
with the bones uncrossed in strong supination. Then the palm looks
forward and downward, with the nails uppermost and pointing back-
ward; and in this position the hand is "symmetrical" with the foot,
the sole of which looks backward and downward, with the nails
pointing forward and upward. " Flexion" of a segment is its bend-
ing in the contrary direction to that of the segment above ; as all
admit in the case of the foot, where " flexion " is decreasing the an-
gle formed between the front of the leg and the instep ; but the fact
has been strangely overlooked by most anatomists in the case of the
hand, where apparently its customary pronation has deceived them.
"Flexion" of the hand is the bending of that segment in the direc-
tion opposite to flexion of the forearm : that is, backward, remem-
bering the supine position of the member. The muscles that do this
lie upon the back of the forearm and hand, and correspond to those
upon the front of the leg and instep ; they are those called in anthro-
potomy the " extensors," but their function is flexion. We restore
their proper name, and similarly call the "flexors "of anthropoto-
mists, lying upon the front of the forearm, by their proper name of
extensors.* There is to be no change in the digital flexors and ex-
tensors.

The extensors (i.e., "flexors" of anthropotomy) of the wrist are
only two, ulnar and radial ; both of large size.

Extensor carpi radialis. — The first muscle on the ulnar side of the
pronator, interposed between this and the flexor digitorum com-
munis; large, and of singularly flattened 'shape from side to side; very
broad above, rather abruptly contracting to a very short and stout
tendon. It arises both fleshy and tendinous from the tip of the en-
tocondyle, and thence in a line across the bottom of the humerus in
front (dipping into the deep fossa there found) to the radial articula-
tion; and slightly from the head of the radius itself. The tendon,
barely one-third of an inch long, mounts a little way up the radial
border of the muscle : it is inserted by expanding upon and grasping,
as it were, the most prominent carpal bone upon the radial border of
the wrist. The usual action.

* Consult further in this connection —

BUKT G. WILDER, On Morphology and Teleology, especially in the limbs of Mam-
malia. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. I. 1865.

JEFFRIES WYMAN, On Symmetry and Homology in Limbs. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., p. 277. 1867.

ELLIOTT COUES, Antero-posterior Symmetry, with special reference to the Muscles
of the Limbs. New York Medical Record. July, 1870, et seqq. ; pp. 149-152, 193-195,
222-224, 272-274, 297-299, 370-372, 390-391, 4*1-440.

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS . 153

Extensor carpi ulnaris. — Of very remarkable size, and bicipital
above; whence those who believe in the "serial" homology of the
muscles of the limbs might be led to infer that it is the homologue of
the gastrocnemius. Its two separate portions above both lie flat and
superficial ; the outer determines the contour of the forearm at the
part, the inner is appressed in its whole extent against the flexor dig-
itorum, from which it is separated by a slight cellular interval. The
larger (ulnar) portion arises fleshy from the very edge of the ulna,
its upper three-fourths, and still more extensively from the edge, tip,
and outer face of the olecranon; it is flattened-ovate in shape, and
and has an upper free edge that traverses across the notch between
the inner corner of the olecranon and tip of entocondyle, where it is
in relation with the " antanconseus." The smaller (humeral) portion
takes origin from the whole length of the base of the entocondyle.
These two parts only fuse just before changing into the stout tendon
common to both ; the ulnar portion overlaps the condylar. The ten-
don is longer than that of the extensor carpi radialis ; it expands as
usual to embrace the pisiform bone. The usual action.

Upon the back of the forearm there are three wrist flexors (i. e.,
"extensors" of anthropotomy) ; one upon the ulnar side as usual, and
only two upon the radial, instead of three (the number when the
" supinator longus"is, as it should be, enumerated wtih this set).
Of these two radial flexors the humeral origins and general arrange-
ment at first favor the supposition that they are the "longior"and
" brevior " of anthropotomy, and that there is no supinator longus;
but the much more important indication afforded by their insertions
below determines pretty conclusively, that one of them is supinator
longus, and that either the other represents combined longior and
brevior, or that one of these last is missing.

Supinator longus. — Here seen in its usual character as a humero-
carpal, not humero-radial, muscle. Above, it occupies somewhat the
position of the flexor carpi radialis brevior, being shorter than, and
wholly overlaid by, the other radial flexor. It arises fleshy from the
anterior aspect of the external condyle, below the origin of the fol-
lowing muscle, lying at first upon the humerus and head of the radius,
and then upon the supinator brevis ; finally, upon the back of the
radius ; when, becoming tendinous, it passes by the expanded foot of
the radius, and is immediately inserted into the carpus, its radial side.
It is a pure flexor carpi.

Flexor carpi radialis (longior or brevior, or more probably both ?). —
Rather the largest muscle of the parts, and wholly superficial, overly-
ing both the supinators ; apposed externally against extensor dig-
itorum, and on the other side in relation with brachialis anticus and
biceps. It arises fleshy from the ectocondylar ridge; from the tip up-

154 COUES,

ward for one-third of an inch ; becomes tendinous about the middle of
the forearm, passes behind the foot of the radius and over the in-
sertion of supinator longus, to spread into a broad fascial tendon, by
which it is finally inserted into the bases of the 2d, 3d and 4th
metacarpals. From its very high origin upon the humerus, this
muscle is the principal passive or indirect flexor of the hand when the
forearm is extended.

Flexor" carpi ulnaris. — While all the other muscles lying upon the
forearm, are in greater or less part condylar in origin, this arises
wholly from the ulna. It is a-flat muscle, lying superficial upon the ulna
behind ; its posterior border corresponding to the edge of the bone
and arising therefrom in greatest part, but also having extensive
olecranar origin. It becomes tendinous near the wrist, and is in-
serted into the base of the 5th mctacarpal, partaking somewhat of the
general tendency to aponeurotic expansion that characterizes all
the tendons coming down upon the back of the hand. As somewhat
of a corollary of the last statement, it may be here observed, that the
tendons along the back of the wrist and hand are pressed close to
the bones, while those upon the front of the wrist and the palm are
away from the bones, and are separated by deep distinct interstices of
areolar tissue containing much fat.

The other muscles of the forearm all act upon digits, either sepa-
rately or in common.

d. Acting upon digits.

(a7. — From humerus or forearm.)

There is only one digital flexor upon the front of the forearm.
The superficial or " perforatus " flexor is confined to the hand, as the
corresponding flexor of the toes is to the sole. Of extensors upon
the back of the forearm there are, besides the one common to the
fingers, two special ones for the thumb and little finger respectively.

Flexor digitorum communis (profundus s. perforans). — Lies be-
tween the radial and ulnar extensores carpi ; a muscle of large size,
flattened shape, and somewhat complicated structure. It has exten-
sive origin, both from humerus and forearm bones. Its humeral ori-
gin corresponds with that of the extensor carpi radialis, but is a little
lower down upon the inner condyle and more external ; this part of
the muscle is larger than the other; it has aponeurotic investment
upon both sides, and mainly contributes to form the stout tendon
that runs someway up in its substance, and is thus, as it were, em-
braced by two muscular valves. The tendon flattens at the palm, in
a direction contrary to the flattening of the muscle above. The ulnar
portion of the muscle arises from all of the upper three-fourths of the
surface of the bone — excepting a small line along the ulnar ridge
which is occupied by the origin of extensor carpi ulnaris — up to the

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNOHUS. 155

very tip of the olecranon ; it is thus longer than, but not so broad nor
strong as, the humeral portion, and is wholly muscular without ten-
dinous intersection. It joins the other portion at the common tendon
below.

Between these two portions, and partly separating them, a small
distinct fusiform muscular belly lies embedded. It has tolerably defi-
nite and distinct origin from the little tubercle qn the base of the
humerus just internal to the ulnar facet; it runs along in the sub-
stance of the digital flexor for an inch or so, and then contracts into
a delicate thread-like tendon that we traced distinctly to the wrist,
and there lost without making out special insertion. We found
what we take for the same muscle in the opossum (D. virginianus) ;
there it has precisely the same disposition and relations. It cannot
be flexor digitorum superficialis, because we find the latter confined to
the palm ; nor flexor longus proprius pollicis, since this last must be
represented in the portion of the common flexor that corresponds to
the first tendon going to the thumb. We take it to be palmaris
longus.

The common flexor of the fingers splits at the palm into five, not
four, equal and similar tendons. Morphologically speaking, we hold
" flexor longus proprius pollicis," when this exists independently, to
be merely a differentiation from the common " profound " or perforat-
ing set of flexing tendons. Here the deep flexor remains intact, and
there can be no dissentaneous motion of the thumb, even did the close
webs permit it. The single great tendon passes the wrist flanked on
either hand by the wrist extensors (radial and ulnar), filling up the
depression between the two prominent carpal bones, to which the
tendons of the muscles last named are attached. It fills the palm to a
level, forming a thick indissoluble tendinous band, permeated with
several small irregular gritty specks, like imperfect sesamoids — one
for tendons" of little and ring fingers, one for middle and index, with
a thumb moiety lying a little to one side of the last. A little beyond
the bases of the metacarpals, the tendon divides into five, as already
stated. These pass each to the base of the ungual phalanx of a digit,
bound down in their course, not only by the ordinary digital sheaths,
but by a small stout transverse fibrous band opposite each node.
Each perforates, as usual, a tendon of the superficial flexor, and has a
lumbricalis, as noticed in detail below.

Extensor digitorum communis. — Arising from the outer condyle next
after the origin of the flexor carpi radialis ; a subfusiform, laterally
flattened muscle wedged between the last named and the extensor
minimi digiti, with only one border becoming superficial. With defi-
nite pointed origin from the very apex of the ectocondyle, it quickly
becomes tendinous ; opposite, or a little above the wrist, the tendon

156 COUES,

grows broad, thin and flat, and expands still more upon the back of
the hand. Individual tendons may of course be traced to the tips of
the digits ; but they are so blended in one common fascial expansion
upon the back of the hand, and upon the digits are so intimately con-
nected with the fibrous sheaths, that they require to be forcibly and
somewhat arbitrarily cut apart. Extension of the digits is absolutely
consentaneous, so far as this muscle is concerned.

In the muscle is formed a small, distinct, muscular belly, with a
delicate abortive tendon, not traceable to definite insertion. This
unquestionably represents one of the deep (special) extensors — either
extensor indici or of a pollical internode ; more probably the former.

Extensor minimi digiti. — Lying next to the preceding, as large as
it, and perfectly distinct; in greatest part superficial, overlying the
last described, and itself partly overlaid by the flexor carpi ulnaris,
a short, stout, spindle-shaped muscle arising from the ectocoudylar tip,
and passing to the tip of the little finger. Its tendon is very distinct
to the back of the hand, where it partakes of the general fascial ex-
pansiveness, and is scarcely distinguishable except by arbitrary dis-
section.

The constancy of this muscle is as remarkable as that of the exten-
sor longus proprius pollicis of the foot, and is specially interesting
in such a case as the present, when proper thumb muscles abort or
disappear. It goes far towards substantiating the antitypy that we
hold exists between the little finger and great toe.

Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. " Abductor pollicis longus." — While
the foregoing extensors are superficial, this, like the supinator brevis,
is deep-seated, being entirely overlaid above. It is the only special
thumb muscle — others going to the internodes being wanting. It
lies upon the back of both bones of the forearm, arising fleshy from
both, but mostly from the ulnar shaft, its middle third, as high up as
the elbow joint and insertion of ancona3us; its radial origin is only
from the head and a trifle of the shaft of that bone. The muscle be-
comes tendinous a little below the middle of the forearm, where its
obliquity increases to enable it to gain the radial side of the limb; it
passes under the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis, and over that of
supinator longus, across the foot of the radius, and thence runs to
the base of the first metacarpal, where it is more definitely inserted
than the other extensor tendons are. From its insertion and the ob-
liquity of its tendon, it is a pure abductor, or web-spreader, rather
than an extensor.

Although this muscle is inserted into the base of a metacarpal, in-
stead of into a digital internode, it is essentially one of the digital ex-
tensor set ; and as explained at greater length below, we refer to the
" peroneus tertius" of anthropotomy (a muscle that, in some animals,

MYOLOGY OF THE OENITHORHYNCHUS. 157

becomes a pure extensor of the little toe) for its posterior antitype.
We hold that the digital extensors of both members are, like the
flexor sets, essentially two, a deep, or "long," " perforans," and a
superficial, or "short," or "perforatus." Extensor minimi digit!
manus, and extensor lougus hallucis pedis are differentiations from
one set, and mutually antitypic ; while extensor indicis, and e'xtensors
of the pollical internodes, are representatives of the other set, cor-
responding to the short extensor that remains upon the instep in the
human subject, but which, as in the opossum, may be carried up the
leg as one of the peroneal group. " Peroneus tertius " is another of
the same group, corresponding with extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis.
We recur to the subject again in speaking of foot muscles.

(b'. — From carpo-metacarpus.)

There are no digital muscles, except the dorsal interossei, arising
from the back of the hand ; on the contrary, several are found upon
the palm, among them the flexor digitorum perforatus, as well as
the short special thenar and hypothenar muscles, the lumbricales,
and palmar interossei.

Flexor digitorum sublimis s. perforatus. — This muscle lies wholly
in the palm, as the corresponding " short" flexor of the toes of man
does in the sole; and, like the same muscle of, for instance, the opos-
sum's foot, it arises upon and from the common tendon of the " long "
or profound flexor digitorum. It is a small muscle, in some danger of
being overlooked without due care ; but its tendons may be demon-
strated to have the essential characters and relations of those of a
perforatus set in the customary exhibition of the latter as a muscle
of the forearm. It arises as a flat fleshy mass upon the palmar (su-
perficial) aspect of the conjoined tendon of the deep flexor, and
speedily splits into fascicles that terminate in delicate tendons that
pass to the bases of the fingers, and are mostly inserted into the ten-
dons of the 'deep flexor a little beyond ; but the tendons also spread
like two "perforatus" tendons, into an expansion joining the digital
sheaths, on either side of tendons of the deep flexor, which are thus
embraced in the usual way.

Lumbricales. — Four of the five tendons of the deep flexor muscle are
accompanied and reinforced by four accessory muscles, that arise from
the dorsal (interior) aspect of the conjoined tendon before it splits,
and pass to be inserted as usual into the digital sheaths at the sides of
the fingers.

Thenar and hypothenar muscles. — These are nearly alike, of small
size, and not dissimilar in general aspect to interossei; but their
mode of insertion exposes their character. The short special flexor
of the thumb is a small, flat fasciculus arising pretty definitely from
the most prominent carpal bone on the radial side, lying along the

158 COUES,

same aspect of the palm, and distinctly inserted into the front of
the base of the first phalanx of the thumb. This muscle is single, and
not separable into adductor, abductor, etc. ; but on the hypothenar
side we find what we take to be both these muscles acting upon the
little finger. An abductor (or short flexor?) arises rather broadly from
the outer side of the pisiforme, and runs along the ulnar aspect of
the fifth metacarpal, to a little beyond the base of the first phalanx
of the little finger, where its tendon is lost in the digital sheath.
An adductor is smaller, a mere thread, arising from the centre of the
palm, and running along the inner side of the fifth metacarpal to ter-
minate opposite the other on the side of the little finger.

In this animal, the thumb cannot be distinguished by any function
that it has from the little finger; nor by any intrinsic physical
character, except its being only two- instead of three-jointed; and
the special muscles of these two digits are nearly identical. In
" archetypal " condition we hold these digits to be physically identi-
cal, and their subsequent differentiation in mobility, direction of axis,
number of joints, and muscles acting upon them, to be purely teleo-
logical. Originally we may perhaps hold the thenar and hypothe-
nar muscles to be modified interossei, and to be represented each
by a single muscle ; though as a matter of fact we ordinarily have,
from two to four (most commonly three ; an adductor, abductor, and
flexor brevis) muscles into which each interosseus may have been
differentiated. It is interesting to observe, that in this case of the
Ornithorliynchus, with thumb and. little finger so similar, as far as func-
tion is concerned, what little difference in the number, etc., of spec-
ial muscles there is, is in the favor of the little finger, a condition the
reverse of usual.

Interossei. — Each of the digits except the two lateral ones has a
palmar interosseus; the three are quite similar. They arise almost
together from the middle of the palm, and divaricate thence upon the
second and fourth fingers. They lie directly upon the palmar aspect
of the metacarpals and proceed to split upon the basal phalanges of
the fingers, terminating on either side on the digital sheaths. The
dorsal are faintly developed.

IX. MUSCLES CONNECTING THE PELVIS WITH THE BODY. — Only one
muscle actually passes from the body to be " inserted " in the pelvis,
and this, in its action at any rate, is rather a muscle of the back. The
numerous other body-muscles that have pelvic attachment, are only
incidentally, as it were, connected with that arch? and really belong
elsewhere, as to abdomen, perinseum, etc.

Psoasparvus. — Large, much exceeding the other. It arises from
vertebral centra (except the last two lumbar) up to about the eighth

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 159

and ninth dorsal from below, and by digitations from the contiguous
portions of ribs, especially a few of the lower ones. Its flattened
tendon, dense and glistening, extends upward upon its anterior bor-
der. It has definite insertion into the pectinseal eminence.

X. MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR EXTREMITY.

On reflecting the skin and panniculus, the whole limb down nearly
to the heel, is seen to be enwrapped in three large, broad muscles ; on
the outside lie the enormous ectoglutseus and the remarkably ex-
panded biceps ; on the other side lies the great gracilis, second only
to the glutseus itself in size and strength.

a. Acting upon the femur.

Perhaps the most notable peculiarity is the absence of glutceus max-
imus from this group, this muscle's insertion being carried down to the
leg below. Psoas magnus and iliacus are much blended, and have re-
markably extensive fleshy insertion ; the same may be said of the two
smaller glutcei. We can find no trace of scansorius nor of tensor fas-
ciae latce. There are three perfectly distinct adductores femoris besides
the pectinceus, making a fourth. Pyriformis is present ; so are quad-
ratus femoris, and the two obturatores, though the latter has no origin
within the pelvis (being shut off by the ischio-coccygeal muscle) and
does not develop gemelli. There is another little ischio-femoral mus-
cle that we do not identify. Further details will be found under spec-
ial heads of the muscles ; but we may add here, that the femur, like
the humerus, is extremely short, thick, strong, and irregular in super-
ficies, contributing by its shape to forcible, rather than extensive,
movements of the limb. It has scarcely a "neck;" its large head
is embedded between two expanded trochanters of nearly equal size,
projecting like ears or wings on opposite sides ; below these the bone
rapidly narrows to expand again into large condyles, whereof the
outer is especially developed for extensive flbular connections. It is
curious to find that there is no noticeable groove between the con-
dyles in front, although there is a very large and well-formed patella ;
this is contrary to the general proposition, that depth of groove
and size of patella are reciprocal or complementary, if, indeed, they
have not a relation of cause and effect. The enormously expanded
peronecranon reaches half way up the femur. The thigh is perma-
nently abducted and rotated outward.

(a'. — From the body ; " long.")

Discretion of ectoglutseus from the femoral group leaves only the
following muscles to be considered in this connection : —

Psoas magnus. — Small, with distinct origin above, from the two
lowest lumbar vertebrae ; but inseparably blended, before passing the
brim of the pelvis, with the iliacus. (Description resumed below.)

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 21 April, 1871.

160 COUES,

Pyriformis. — A thin flat triangular muscle that arises by three digi-
tations from the fascia over the caudal vertebrae, and so, in effect,
from the coccygeal spines themselves; it is wholly overlaid by the
great glutseus ; it lies, itself, upon lateral caudal muscles, proceeding
directly transverse, narrowing as it goes, to be inserted by a thin
narrow definite tendon into middle of femur behind, at foot of ecto-
trochanteric ridge, opposite the termination of the glutceus minimus.
It abducts, and slightly rotates inward.

Quadratus femoris. — Below and behind the preceding, smaller, and
ribbon-like. It arises from the two most prominent transverse proc-
esses of coccygeal vertebrae, in the septum betwixt the dorso-lateral
and ischio-coccygeal caudal muscles, and proceeds outward and for-
ward just behind the ectotrochanter, to be inserted into the middle of
the back of the femur, opposite the insertion of the foregoing. It
chiefly retroducts the thigh with slight abduction and inversion.

(b.' — From pelvic arch ; " short.")

lliacus. — With the usual position and relations ; above of small
size, owing to the dimensions and contour of the ilium ; but below,
after fusion with the ps. magnus, remarkable for its great fleshy mass,
that fills the interval between the ilium and pectinseal eminence, and
its unusually extensive and fleshy insertion into the entotrochanter.
After passing the hip-joint, which it directly overlies, it lies along the
inner aspect of the femur, overlaid by the pectinseus, separated from
the glutaei by interposition of rectus femoris. The insertion contin-
ues along the entotrochanter and thence down the bone nearly to the
inner condyle. The usual actions of flexion and eversion are here
very strongly displayed.

G-lutcei (medius et minimus'), -r- Though somewhat blended, still
mostly separable, with due care, into an anterior (minimus') moiety,
that is partly overlapped by a posterior and more superficial division
(medius) ; both are completely separated from ectoglutceus. They arise
together from the whole surface of the narrow ilium, from apex to
acetabulum ; and they are inserted, fleshy, a, mesoglutceus, chiefly, if
not wholly, into the apex of ectotrochanter, and, b, entoglutceus, into
the same trochanter and into the ridge descending thence for one-half
inch down the shaft. These muscles are flexors from their origin and
line of traction, while they also invert, from their insertion.

Adductor magnus. — The muscle which we thus homologize from its
posterior position and extensive femoral insertion is smaller than
either of the other adductors proper, although surpassing in size the
pectinseus. It arises from the ischio-pubic ramus just in advance of the
origin of the semi-tendinosus, by a rather long, thin, flat tendon;
forms a thin, narrow triangle, passing outward to the thigh to be in-
serted in a line along the postero-internal aspect of the femur from

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 161

the middle of that bone quite to the inner condyle. Above, its inser-
tion is in relation with that of the pectinseus ; below, with femoral
head of gastrocnemius and insertion of the semi-tendinosus. It is
almost a pure extensor, having little adductorial action, if any.

Adductor longus. — A prismatic muscle, with one surface superficial
(except that it is covered by the gracilis~)r and one edge and two sur-
faces wedged down between adductor magnus and brevis. It arises
by itself from the horizontal ramus of the pubis, a little toward the
median line from the articulation of the marsupial bone, and very
near the symphysis. It has definite abrupt insertion by a short ten-
don into the inner condyle, between the insertions of the last and the
next. It is a pure adductor, and a strong one.

Adductor brevis. — A flattened fusiform muscle, lying anterior to the
last, upon the pectinceus, which separates it from ps. magnus and
iliacus. It arises from the process upon the horizontal ramus pubis
at outer corner of articulation of the marsupial bone, and runs straight
to a definite insertion, by a short, roundish tendon, into the inner con-
dyle, just above the insertion of the last. A pure adductor.

Pectinceus. — A very small, flattened-oval muscle arising by a terete
tendon from the deep notch at base (in front) of the remarkable pec-
tinseal eminence, passing outward and backward upon the psoas mag-
nus, overlaid by adductor brevis, to be inserted, by a rather long,
narrow, thin, fascia-like tendon into the postero-internal ridge of
the femur, near the middle of the bone. It is a flexor, and evertor
femoris, with action not very different from that of psoas, but feeble.

Of these four adductorial muscles, it may be said briefly, that the two
middle ones are adductors proper, the action of which may merge into
either flexion or extension, in extreme postures of the thigh ; that the
first described is always extensor and barely adductor, while the last
is always flexor and barely adductor.

It will be observed that the usual essential arrangement of four
adductorial planes is preserved, the hind extremity offering no such
deviation in this respect as the fore does in its division of coraco-
brachialis into two, and their high development; a circumstance
highly favoring the reference of the four adductors to coraco-brachialis
and pectoralis major, that has been made by Wilder. * The question
whether the adductors are, or the pectinaeus is, to be referred to pec-
toralis, and conversely, probably finally hinges upon determination of
pubis as == coracoid, or as = clavicle. The present indication, from
the extensive development of two coraco-brachiales, is, that these are
represented in the hind limb by the adductors proper, leaving pecti-
nseus as the correlative of the pectoralis.

*Op. cit. p. 32.

162 COUES,

Three ischio-femoral muscles remain to be described; their de-
termination may be attended with difficulty. One ( a, see below) is
pretty obviously obturator externus; another (6) appears like a par-
tial segregation from a ; the third (c) should represent obturator in-
ternus, although it is cut off from the inner surface of the ischium, has
no radiation of tendon, and is unaccompanied by gemelli. All three
proceed to the back part of the femur, at the expanded intertrochan-
teric surface, instead of conniving at a "digital fossa."

a. — With broad rounded origin from the whole outer surface of
the ischium and obturator membrane, narrowing as it passes straight
outward and forward across the back of the hip-joint to definite inser-
tion (see above) between the insertions of b and c.

b. — Like a part of the preceding, and somewhat blended therewith,
but mainly distinct. It arises fleshy from the base of the ischio-pubic
ramus along and below the articulation of the marsupial bones, and
from the upper margin of the obturator foramen ; passes back of the
hip-joint and entotrochanter to a broad, fleshy insertion into most of
the expanded intertrochanteric space. This and a extend and evert
the femur.

c. — Arises fleshy from the whole of the thickened concave posterior
border of the ischio-iliac ramus, from tuber ischii to acetabulum ;
passes outward and forward across the back of the hip-joint to the
ectotrochanter, where it is inserted fleshy into the border and back
surface of that process just below its apex. Its action is similar to
those of the two preceding.

In examining the operations of the muscles that collectively act
upon the femur, there is probably not much to note, after we have
seen the permanent abduction and eversion of the thigh. The gen-
eral preponderance of extensors over flexors, etc., is in relation to
the force of the backward stroke in swimming. The more interest-
ing features of the hind limb are shown mainly from the knee down-
ward.

b. Acting upon the leg.

The most remarkable thing about the crural muscles is the pres-
ence of the intertibialis (a feature unique in mammalian myology?).
Probably the next most so, is the entrance of the enormous ecto-glu-
tceus into the crural instead of the femoral group, its low insertion at
the foot, and its connection there with a caudo-tibial extensor. Al-
though the latter muscle occurs among marsupials, here we have it
under special conditions. The gracilis is second only to the great
glutseus in bulk, and sends a peculiar slip backward to the cloaca-
The biceps is large and though rather unusually thin and fan-shaped,
is exhibited in the normal condition of that muscle ; that is, with only
one (anischial) head, and no femoral attachment — its bicipital dis-

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 163

position, with a femoral head, being an accident of higher mammals.
The rectus, as usual among lower beasts, is discrete from the vasti;
these are blended together, with no evident crurceus. The sartorius is
a flexor cruris, and, therefore, not in its normal office ; but it is inter-
esting to note, that its origin is relegated to the pelvis, and placed
lower down than in some animals, as marsupials, above this *mono-
treme ; whereas, a higher, even a vertebral origin would have been
anticipated, in view of the animal's ornithic tendency. The motions
of the leg at the knee-joint, and actions of the muscles, will be noted
after the special descriptions.

(a'. ^-From the body; "long.")

We cannot demonstrate any satisfactory distinction between the ec-
toglutaeus and the " flexor accessorius a cauda adtibiam tendens," nor
between this last and the " intertibialis." With howmuchsoever dif-
ference in their origin, course, and function, the three blend in some
or another part of their extent. They form collectively an enormous
flexor cruris, effecting a powerful backward pull (extension) of the
whole limb. Ectoglutaeus is also an outward rotator and abductor
of the limb; the caudal muscle a direct retroductor (and flexor cruris),
while the slip passing from one tibia to the other, is an adductor draw-
ing the heels together under the tail, besides being a flexor cruris.
The details of this singular arrangement, which probably, from its
advantageous traction, acts more powerfully, for its size, than any
other muscular apparatus of the limbs of mammals, are these : —

Ectoglutaeus arises along the median line over the back of the sa-
crum and several anterior coccygeal vertebrae, in apposition with its
fellow, in a straight line from the apex of the ilium downward to a
point on the tail opposite the origin of the panniculus. Except in be-
ing overlaid by the last named, it is wholly superficial, resting above
upon the other two glutsei, the pyriformis, and the dorso-lateral caudal
extensor ; farther down, lying upon the last mentioned, and part of
the biceps, from the origin of which, however, it is separated by the
width of the tail at the part. The upper fibres run very obliquely
backward ; the others have successively more and more transverse di-
rection, and finally the lowermost run outward and a little forward.
At the posterior extremity of origin occurs an interval, equal to the
distance between the spinous and the transverse processes of the coc-
cygeal vertebras ; then a stout bundle of fibres — the flexor accessorius —
takes fleshy origin from the tip of the transverse processes of two or
three vertebrae, and soon blends with glutaeus proper. From the an-
terior border of flexor accessorius, intertibialis becomes differentiated
about an inch from the leg, and passes directly transverse across the
tail below, rather more than an inch in front of the anus, to be con-
tinuous with its fellow of the other side ; it is attached to the pannic-

164 COUES,

ulus where it crosses the median line. The insertion of this exten-
sive apparatus is rather diffuse, and may not always be exactly as we
made it out in this specimen. Glutseus proper becomes tendinous, or
jather fascial, dips among the tendons of the back of the leg just
above the heel, and thus has indefinite insertion, but is mainly pro-
longed over base of the spur, and heel, to be continuous with plantar
fascia. The caudal part, on the other hand, has definite insertion into
the tibia; twisting for that purpose, much as latissimus or pectoralis
major does, so that the most anterior fibres (those that give off the
intertibialis) are inserted lowest down. The insertion is in the mid-
dle third of the tibia behind, for about half an inch, opposite the in-
sertion of the gracilis. The plantar attachments doubtless cause the
muscle to act somewhat as an extensor of the foot — in obvious sub-
serviency to advantageous action in giving the back-stroke.

(b'. — From the pelvic arch : " long.")

Biceps. — The external or fibular flexor cruris is a single-headed
broadly triangular muscle, without femoral origin. It arises definitely
from the tuber ischii, at first overlaid by the ectoglutaeus ; as it
emerges from under which, it rapidly widens into a broad and com-
paratively thin plane that spreads over nearly all the leg, in apposi-
tion, at first with the tibial flexores cruris that also arise from the
ischiatic tuberosity, and afterwards with the great fibular head of
the gastrocnemius and other peroneal muscles. Partly in conse-
quence, very likely, of the burial of the fibula in muscle, the biceps
has no actual insertion into that bone, except just at the upper mar-
gin of the spatulate peronecranon. Muscular fibres terminate, in a
curved line corresponding to the outer border of the calf of the leg,
in a broad dense aponeurosis that sweeps over and envelops the
whole front of the leg, with final definite insertion into the crest of
the tibia from the patella two-thirds way down the leg, besides send-
ing below sundry fascial prolongations between the tendons of an-
terior tibial muscles. This actual insertion of the outer (fibular)
flexor cruris into the inner bone of the leg occurs in marsupials also,
as, for instance, in the Didelphys virginiana, where it offers a highly
interesting analogy to the ulnar insertion of one foot of the biceps
brachii of the same animal. The actions of the Ornithorhynchus'
biceps cruris are several ; firstly, it retroducts the femur and extends
the whole limb ; secondly, it is a flexor of the leg ; and thirdly, it is a
powerful external rotator of the limb below the knee, turning the
heel directly towards, and the claws away from, the body. The
mechanism of the knee-joint, as explained below, allows this action,
which is furthered by the way the apoueurotic tendon of insertion of
the biceps laps over the swelling muscles of the calf, as a band over
a pulley.

MYOLOGT OF THE ORNITHORHYlSrCHUS. 165

Gracilis. — Of great size. Arises fleshy, in apposition with, its fellow
for the whole length of the symphysis pubis, and greater part of
outer surface of marsupial bone. Above, it is connected with the
symphyseal aponeurosis of the obliquus externus abdominis ; below,
with a slight tendinous intersection, it sends straight backward the
peculiar slip that goes to the cloaca. The muscle passes nearly trans-
versely outwards, overlying all the other tibial flexors as well as the
femoral adductors. Its posterior border is curved and somewhat
tucked under, while the anterior border is straight ; the muscle con-
verges and grows at the same time thinner, to be inserted by a short,
flat, broad tendon into the shaft of the tibia, for half an inch along
the middle third of the bone. Primarily, the gracilis is a strong direct
adductor of the whole limb ; next it flexes the tibia, and finally ro-
tates the leg inward.

Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus have continuous origins and
insertions, parallel and contiguous courses, and similar functions :
neither displays the physical structure that led some one to encumber
anatomy with two of the most unhandy and inept names in the sci-
ence. Both are direct flexors of the leg, and extensors of the whole
limb, with a little inwardly rotating action. The one-half membrano-
sus is the posterior of the two ; it has definite origin from the tip of
the ischium next to the biceps ; is of a flattened terete shape, taking
straight course to the leg, where it has extensive fleshy insertion for
half an inch along the upper third of the tibia, just to one side of
its crest. The one-half tendinosus, has more extensive and chiefly
tendinous, but also partly fleshy origin from the ascending ramus of
the ischium, between the origin of the foregoing and that of the adduc-
tor. It forms a prismatic muscle, owing to its flat under and super-
ficial, and bevelled posterior, aspects; the one-half membranosus
resting on the latter. It converges abruptly to a point, with definite
tendinous insertion into the head of the tibia, at the most internal and
projecting point of the latter.

Sartorius.— Here its true office as an extensor cruris and flexor fem-
oris is contravened, and we find the muscle, much as in man, at
once a flexor of two consecutive segments. Its low, instead of high,
pelvic, or even vertebral, origin has been already mentioned. It
arises from the apex of the pectinseal eminence, in connection with
the insertion of the psoas parvus, by a round cord-like tendon ; passes
outward upon the inner aspect of the limb, overlying pectinaeus and
adductors, expanding remarkably as it goes, into a flattened, triangu-
lar muscle. Narrowing somewhat, it becomes aponeurotic just below
the internal condyle of the femur, and is attached to the naked space
in front of the tibia above, though really continuous with the some-
what similar fascial expansion of the biceps. It is, firstly, an adduc-

166 COUES,

tor of the whole limb ; secondly, a flexor femoris ; thirdly, a flexor
cruris ; and finally, it rotates the leg a little inward.

Bectus femoris. — Entirely distinct from the rest of the " triceps ex-
tensor cruris," which, as a whole, is not very highly developed. Rec-
tus has definite origin by a stout, flattened.tendon from the bottom of
the iliac shaft, just above and in front of the acetabulum. The ten-
don radiates upon the surface of the muscle, and helps to keep it dis-
crete from vasti. The muscle enlarges below, forming a pyramidal
belly that passes between and separates iliacus and glutseus minimus.
Farther on, it partly separates in two; a superficial portion, the
larger, has virtual insertion into the patella; the deep portion, smaller
and thinner, runs down fleshy over the face of this sesamoid, to be in-
serted with the ligamentum patellae into the head of the tibia by a fas-
cial expansion. A pure extensor cruris.

Vasti. — There is no " crurseus," although with the exercise of the
ingenuity that anthropotomy has developed, such might perhaps be
invented. The two vasti form a single fleshy mass t>f moderate size,
arising from the whole of the broad anterior femoral surface, from
the insertion of psoas and iliacus on one side to that of glutagi on the
other. The insertion is fleshy, into the patella, its whole width. The
great size of this bone, and its remarkably distinct ligament for tibial
attachment, give it less appearance of a sesamoid than usual. The
vasti are pure extensors.

Both crural bones articulate extensively with the femur ; and the
conformation of the knee-joint in other respects, is such, that the leg
enjoys rotatory movements equivalent to pronation and supination,
and more closely resembling those of the elbow than is usual in
the mammalian series. The oar that the foot makes, like that of
the hand, is feathered at the joint above. Examination of above de-
scribed actions of muscles moving the leg will show how this is
accomplished ; while certain motions at the ankle, to be readily ap-
preciated from the notice of the leg muscles that here follows, fur-
ther the design of bringing the limb forward with the edge of the
web cutting the water, and carrying it backward with directly op-
posed broad plantar surface.

Poplitceus. — The proper rotator of the leg is of large size, and, as
usual, deep-seated at the back of the knee-joint and leg. It arises
fleshy from the inner corner of the crest of the fibula for a third of
an inch; passes obliquely across the joint, and downwards, to the
tibia, gaining some fibres of origin from the articular head of the fib-
ula as it passes that point; but we made out no femoral attachment.
It is inserted fleshy into the broad flat space on the back of the tibia,
just below its head.

If this muscle really is poplitseus. here we have it without femoral

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 167

relations, and more nearly resembling in its attachments, course and
function, the " interosseus cruris" of some animals, which is not de-
veloped in the present instance.

This muscle is decidedly not to be referred to the pronator radii
teres.

c. Acting upon tarso-metatarsus — from femur or leg, or both.

The great size of the spoon-shaped peronecranon, from which nearly
all the muscles of the foot arise, either wholly or in part, effects (a)
greater power of such muscles, in consequence of actual increase of
contractile mass, (&) advantageous rotatory operation, and (c) a very
peculiarly shaped calf. On the front and outer side of the leg, the
muscles rather suddenly contract to tendons at about the middle ;
those behind run nearly to the heel ; all are very closely packed above,
while below, the tendons are much separated by intervention of fascial
and adipose tissue.

We may note, at the outset, that " peroneus tertius " occurs here in
its true character of extensor minimi digiti pedis — a common, if not
the customary condition of the muscle in animals below the highest ;
our notion of its antitypic relations with a muscle of the fore limb is
given further on. The digital extensor set is double in the leg ; i. e.,
the deep set, that in man, etc., is restricted to the instep, here runs up
the leg. In some marsupials, e.g., opossum, the same muscle is
peroneal, and deflects behind the malleolus externus before distribu-
ting its tendons to the digits. Here it comes directly down the front
of the leg and is clearly displayed as one of the true digital extensors,
corresponding to the special extensores pollicis and indicis, in the
hand. Extensor longus hallucis is present and of usual characters.

Flexor tarsi tibialis; h. e., TiUalis anticus.—The innermost muscle
upon the front of the leg; large; superficial; arising by two heads.
The smaller of these takes fleshy origin from the tibial shaft in front,
from its head half way down ; and is divided by a cellular interspace
from the other, the larger, head which arises from the patella and a
corner of the peronecranon in apposition with the extensor hallucis.
The two join and become tendinous at the middle of the leg ; the stout
tendon passes in front of the inner malleolus, most internal of any,
to its customary insertion into the base of the first metatarsal. The
usual action.

Extensor tarsi tibialis; h. e., Tibialis posticus. — A large, very deep-
seated muscle upon the back of the leg, filling the wide interrosseus
space, but having no tibial origin. It consists essentially of two
parts ; the shorter and thicker of these arises from the articular head
of the fibula, and a ridge thence two-thirds way down the tibial as-
pect of that bone ; the longer and thinner part from the back of the
shaft of the fibula and most of the posterior surface of the perone-

COMMUNICATIONS ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOL. VI. 22 April, 1871.

168 COUES,

cranon. It is overlaid by the plantaris, has the flexor longus dig-
itorum to the outside, and the poplitseus to the inside. Its tendon
passes behind the inner malleolus to be inserted at the most prom-
inent point of the inner aspect of the tarsus.

Plantaris. — A muscle of great size, comparatively. It arises
fleshy from the posterior surface of the peronecranon, and its crest,
between poplitseus and tibialis posticus, and lies in a sort of bed
formed by the last named. It continues fleshy two-thirds way down
the leg ; then its stout tendon, instead of passing with tendo Achillis
to the os calcis, glides behind the inner malleolus, and expands into
a strong plantar fascia.

Gastrocnemius. — Of rather remarkable conformation ; its two heads
are widely separated, and very different in shape ; one is much larger
than the other. The larger arises fleshy from the outer one-half or
two-thirds of the flbular crest, and immediately forms an immense
bulging mass that rivals, proportionally, the human calf itself; this
lies upon the outer side and back of the leg, mostly upon the fibular
flexor of the toes. It forms a stout tendo Achillis at the lower third
of the leg, with the usual calcaneal insertion. The tendon has apo-
neurotic expansion upon the outer surface of the muscle. The smaller
head arises fleshy from the inner femoral condyle, at its back, just
above the capsular ligament of the knee-joint. It is thick at first,
but soon becomes flattened into a ribbon-like muscle that passes
very obliquely outward down the leg, to join the outer gastrocnemius
at the middle of the leg with a sort of tendinous intersection — one
side being as it were partly laid over the outer gastrocnemius, the
other directly continuous. This construction, though in evident rela-
tion to rotatory powers of the leg, is barely a foreshadowing of that
complete separation of the two gastrocnemii, and presence of two
tendones Achillis, that obtains in some marsupials.

Peroneus longus. — A large superficial muscle upon the antero-exter-
nal aspect of the leg, lying upon " peroneus tertius " and extensor
longus digitorum, in relation internally with extensor hallucis. It
arises fleshy from the outer moiety of crest and adjoining anterior
surface of the fibula ; forms a thick spindle-shaped belly, and becomes
tendinous just below the middle of the leg. Its tendon proceeds
along the outer aspect of the outer malleolus, a little in front of it, if
anything, rather than behind it, gains the side of the ankle in front,
and dips below the base of the 5th metatarsal. It then, as usual,
traverses a groove obliquely across the sole, along the conjoined
heads of the metatarsals, to be inserted into the base of the 1st.

Extensor hallucis. — The next muscle to the tibialis anticus ; a long,
roundish, but somewhat compressed belly arising from a tubercle on
the outer aspect of the tibial head, and from contiguous portions of
the peronecranon. Its tendon, which forms about the middle of the

MYOLOGY OF THE OENITHORHYNCHUS. 169

leg, passes at first obliquely across the middle of the instep, and
thence more laterally to gain the great toe, upon the surface of which
it runs to the base of the ungual phalanx. It is a large muscle,
wholly superficial, and, like the tibialis anticus, is partly separable
into tibial and fibular heads of origin.

Extensor " longus !" digitorum. — Smaller than either of the muscles
upon the direct front of the leg, with a short belly and a long tendon ;
it is deep-seated, covered over by the preceding, and in apposition
with the peroneal muscles proper. Its origin is wholly fibular, by a
short, stout tendon, from a tubercle on the articular head of the fibula,
and it lies wholly upon this bone. Its long slender tendon passes a
little obliquely down upon the fibula, then along the groove between
the bone and the tibia, just internal to the tendon of the next de-
scribed muscle. On the instep it spreads into a fan-shaped fascial
expansion that covers most of the dorsum, and is then differentiated
into 4 tendons that supply, in the usual way, all the digits except the
great toe.

Extensor "brevis !" digitorum. — This is the muscle that in man oc-
cupies the instep ; here carried up the leg ; not, however, as in opos-
sum, etc., to form a peroneal muscle passing behind the outer mal-
leolus, but coming obliquely down the leg in front, crossing the fibula
below, gaining the groove between this bone and the tibia, alongside
the tendon of the foregoing. The muscular part is the most deep-
seated of any on the front of the leg, and the smallest of all ; a thin
little plane arising from, and lying upon the expanded surface of the
fibula opposite and a little above the articular head of this bone.
The tendon that it soon forms is flat, and, with the course just men-
tioned, spreads, after passing the ankle, into a large fan-shaped plane,
similar to, and lying underneath the plane of extensor longus. It is
difficult of being distinguished into tendons, but with some care may
be demonstrated to proceed to all five digits, and nearly or quite
to their tips. In its digital course, it is closely connected with the
sheath of the toes, and it runs rather along their sides than directly
upon their dorsal aspects.

Extensor minimi digiti. Peroneus tertius. — The third peroneal or
flexor tarsi fibularis of anthropotomy is a muscle of considerable
size, that lies upon the extensor "brevis" digitorum, on the front of
the fibula, and is overlaid by the p. longus. It is a flattened strip
that arises fleshy from the crest of the fibula and contiguous anterior
surface, narrowing regularly as it descends, and becoming tendinous
a little below the middle of the leg. Crossing the tendon of p. longus,
its tendon gains the outer border of the foot, at base of the 5th ineta-
tafsal, and thence runs along the little toe to be inserted into the
base of its ungual phalanx. It is an abducting extensor of that digit.

This muscle, which, in man, is inconsiderable and appears like an ofl-

170 COUES,

set of the common long extensor of the digits arrested at the base of
the fifth metatarsal, here appears in what we hold for its true character.
It has the same disposition and relations in some marsupials. We
consider it the antitype of the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. At
first sight, especially in view of its running to the extremity of the
little toe, one might think it rather referable, if to any of the thumb
muscles, to one or both of the extensors of the pollical internodes,
when these are present, as in man. But these last appear to be de-
cidedly dismemberments of a common deep extensor set, of which
the special extensor indicis is another ; and these are already amply
accounted for by the extensor brevis digitorum pedis.

Flexor digitorum longus (fibularis). — There is no tibial flexor of the
toes ; the fibular flexor gives off part of the large tendons that go to
terminal phalanges, the others being supplied by a muscle of the sole,
that occupies the situation of the human "flexor accessorius." The
flexor is a very large muscle that arises fleshy from the outer aspect
of the shaft of the fibula, its upper half, and thence up along the back
surface of the ridge that runs up the crest ; and from the outer corner
of the crest itself; it is partially contained betwixt the gastrocnemius
externus and the peroneus longus. At the lower third of the leg, it
develops a stout tendon that runs some .way upon its outer surface,
giving a dense glistening aponeurotic investment. The tendon passes
behind the middle of the heel, in a deep groove alongside the cal-
caneum, where it becomes flattened, and soon splits into only three
tendons. Two of these, that appear to be the most direct continua-
tions of the original tendon, run to the ungual phalanges of the first
and second toes; the third divaricates more, and passes between the
two heads of the flexor brevis minimi digiti to its insertion into the
base of the ungual phalanx of the little toe. Thus the 3d and 4th toes
are so far unsupplied with large tendons, from this muscle.

Flexor sublimis (brevis') digitorum pedis. — We should judge from its
appearance in the specimen that it might be larger, and even supply
more digits, than we found to be the case in this instance. It forms
a short, flat, fleshy belly, lying upon, and arising wholly from, the flat-
tened tendon of the foregoing, with no osseous origin. It divides
below into two tendons only, that are lost in the digital sheaths of the
2d and 3d toes near their bases.

This appears to be the antitype of the muscle of the same name
in the hand. The muscle has a similar disposition, and arises in
the same way from the tendon of the main flexor, in the opossum,
although in this animal it is carried half way up the leg.

Thus far, we have seen no tendon going to the 4th digit. This is
supplied by a little muscle of the sole that lies in the position of
flexor accessorius of anthropotomy, though decidedly not to be mor-
phologically identified therewith. We hold it on the contrary to be

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORHYNCHUS. 173

really a dismemberment of the long common fibular flexor, restrained
to the foot, just as the muscle that sends the single tendon to the
opossum's great toe is. Ordinarily, perhaps, in unguiculate mammals
at least, there are two long deep digital flexors, one tibial, the other
fibular, the distribution of the individual tendons of which is variable.
Thus in man, one goes to the great toe alone, the other to all the rest
of the digits; and the two seem to have, as it were, exchanged places,
since their tendons cross to reach their respective destinations. In
the next animal, viz., the gorilla, it is the other muscle that gives off
the most tendons. In the opossum, for example, the flexor hallucis
OCCURS, and is on its proper, viz., tibial, side of the leg; but its tendon
aborts at the heel, being there fastened to the common tendon ; and
its place is supplied by a little plantar calcaneal muscle that crosses
the foot obliquely and gives off a tendon as large as any from the
common flexor; this tendon runs between the heads of the flexor
brevis hallucis, and is inserted in the usual manner into the base of
the distal phalanx of the great toe. Now in the Ornithorhynchus with
only one long deep flexor digitorum, we have a similar arrangement,
though with a little variation. The plantar dismemberment of the
common long deep flexor digitorum forms a short, fleshy belly that
arises from the side of the os calcis, and soon becomes tendinous, di-
viding into two tendons that pass to terminal phalanges of the 3d and
4th digits. These tendons are fully as large as those coming down
from the leg, and have identical disposition upon the digits.

All that has just been said has reference only to the subdivisions of
one — the long deep — set of digital flexors ; that is, it is without bring-
ing into the discussion the above described flexor "brevis" or sub-
limis. The latter corresponds to the muscle of the same name in the
hand. The former (flexor longus digitorum) is so variously differ-
entiated into two muscles and several tendons in the mammalian
series, that it is safest, as well as most philosophical, to regard it
as a morphological integer, susceptible of varying dismemberments,
which, as a matter of fact, supply different digits in different animals.
The corresponding muscle of the hand is probably in most unguicu-
lates single, with five identical tendons; when, as in man, it is differ-,
entiated into two, one of these is flexor longus pollicis, the other
flexor digitorum profundus. In the foot, the muscle is probably
usually divided into two that have, with different animals, different
digital distribution, as just stated. It will be found best to distinguish
these two simply as respectively 'fibular,' and 'tibial,' without refer-
ence to the particular digits that either supplies.*

*In drawing antitypes of the deep digital flexors of man, it must be remem-
bered, that, as above mentioned, the human flexores tibialis and fibularis have, as
it were, changed places, so that flexor hallucis is the correlative of the flexor digi-
torum profundus, and flexor longus digitorum pedis of the flexor propriue pollicis.

172 COUES,

(b.' — From tarso-metatarse.)

Although the little calcaneal muscle, just discussed, really lies wholly
on the sole, yet it belongs to the last group, and we only now come to
muscles of the digits that may be properly called tarso-metatarsal. As
usual, these are more numerous and bulky upon the plantar than upon
the dorsal aspect of the foot. They are chiefly the special muscles of
the great and little toes. We find but one for the hallux, while on the
other hand, three may be demonstrated upon the little toe. In this
animal, there is absolutely no specialization of external form, etc.,
of the thumb and great toe ; while these digits are, if anything, less
favored with special muscles than either the little finger or little toe
is. Here, at any rate, nothing but the difference in the number of the
internodes stands in the way of the correlation of the little toe with
the thumb, and conversely, of the great toe with the little finger.

Flexor brevis hallucis. — A very small and insignificant muscle lying
upon the first metatarsal; it arises near the base of this bone, and is
inserted by two heads into either side of the base of the great toe,
with a pair of sesamoids. We can distinguish no other muscle upon
the ball of the great toe. It directly flexes.

Flexor brevis minimi digiti. — A short, plump muscle, almost entirely
fleshy, that arises from the os calcis, passes down over the next mus-
cle, divides into two heads, between which runs a tendon of the long
fibular flexor cligitorum ; they are inserted into either side of the base
of the little toe.

Abductor minimi digiti. — A flattish, fleshy muscle, lying along the
outer border of the foot, filling up what would otherwise be a de-
pression between the os calcis and the head of the 5th metatarsal,
arising from the former, and inserted into the outer aspect of the
basal phalanx of the little toe.

Adductor minimi digiti. — A well developed, distinct, long, flat
strip of muscle arising near the head of the 3d metatarsal at the centre
of the sole, and passing obliquely outward and forward to be inserted
into the inner side of the base of the 1st phalanx of the little toe. '

This muscle seems to be the largest and outermost of a series of
four that diminish successively from the 5th to the 2d toe. They
arise near together, along a line corresponding to the passage of
the tendon of the peroneus longus across the sole; and each is
inserted into the inner side of the base of a digit. They are appar-
ently spreaders of the web, like the interrossei from which, however,
they are wholly distinct.

The plantar interosseilie wholly upon, instead of between, the meta-
tarsals, and are well developed. They embrace the bases of the 2d
-4th digits. The dorsal were not specially examined; they appeared
to be inconsiderable.

It is only just to ourselves to say, in concluding a necessarily im-

MYOLOGY OF THE ORNITHORH YNCHUS . 173

perfect article, that the circumstances under which it was prepared
deprived us of the advantage of consulting Meckel's memoir, or any-
thing else that may have been published upon the subject, except the
short notice in Owen's C. A. & P. V., iii, pp. 2-7. This frank state-
ment of our limited resources, so far from being made with any desire
of disarming criticism, is intended to invite correction of errors we
may have committed in identification of muscles ; and this, we trust,
a certain accuracy of descriptive detail will render comparatively easy.
We desire to record here our present conviction, that the identifica-
tion, with entire accuracy, of the singularly modified muscles that lie
upon the sauropsidan shoulder-girdle of this mammal, will go far
toward establishing, in myology, the hypothesis of Antero-posterior
Symmetry that is maintained by Wyman. Wilder, and the writer.

INDEX

OF GENERA AND SPECIES IN

COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. VI.

A.

Acanthocheir, 36, 40.

armata, 3(5, 40.
Acanthogorgia coccinea, 79.
Actinia inornata, 61.
multicolor, 64.
napensis, 58.
nigropunctata, 5!i.
radiata, 55.
timida, 103.
Actinocereus, 52.
Actinoloba, 52.
Agaphelus. 126.
Agelaeus phoeniceus, 117.

xanthocephalus, 117.
Alanda alpestris, 115.
Alcedo alcyon, 117.
Alcyonium, 80, 102. 103.

rubriforme, 103.
Allopora Californica, 103.
Ammodromus palustris, 116.
Ammonactis rubricollum, 103.
Ammqthea thyrsoides, 81.
Amphiactis, 67.

orientalis, 68, 102.
Anarnacus, 126.
Anas acuta, 119.
boschas, 119.
Carolinensis, 119.
discors, 119.
sponsa, 119.
Auser albifrons, 119.

Canadensis, 119.
Anthopleura, 6*, 65.

Stimpsonii, (56, 103.
sp., 67, 103.
Anthelia lineata, 102.
Anthogorgia, 78.

divaricata, 78, 102.
Anthus Ludovicianus, 115.
Ardea lentiginosa, 119.
virescens?, 119.
Artemia, 41.

Astresea Hombronii ?, 101.
ordinata, 102.
rudis ?, 101.
Astrogorgia, 77.

Sinensis, 72, 102.
Atissa, sp., 42.

B>

Balanophyllia Capensis, 101.
Batena, 126.
Balaenoptera, 126.
Bagilosanrus, 125.
Belpharogorgia, 77.

Beluga, 125.

Bombycilla Carolinensis, 117.
Bubo Virginiauus, 114.
Bunodes, 60.

inornata, 61, 103, 104.

Japonica, 62, 103.
Buteo borealis, 113.
lagopus, 113.

Callignathus, 126.

Camponotus (Formica) esuriens, 1.

fulvaoeus, 2.

nacerdus, 2-.

nitidus, 2.

(Tapinoma) piceatus, 3.

tomentosus, 3.
Cancrisocia, 58.

expansa, 59, 103, 104.
Caprimulgus vociierus, 114.
Carcinophilus Paguri, 57.
Carduelis tristis, 116.
Cathartes aura, 113.
Catodon, 126.
Cereus, 52, 60, 62.
bellis, 53.
coriaceus, 62.
Sinensis, 54, 103.
sp., 54, 102.
Stimpsonii, 53. 101.
Cerianthus Stimpsonii, 102.

orientalis, 103.
Certhia familiaris, 115.
Charadrius vociferus, 119.
Chironomu8 oceanicns, 42.
Choetnra pelasgia, 114.
Chordeiles Virginianus, 114.
Circus cyaneus, 113.
Cladactis ? granulifera, 66.
Coelastraesi tennis ?, 101.
Coeloria Sinensis, 102.
Coenopsammia Mannii, 101.
Coccoborus Ludovicianus, 117.
Coccygus Americanus, 118.

erythropthalmus, 118.
Colophonouon, 125.
Colymbns glacialis, 119.
Comactis flagellifera, 101.
Corvus Americanus, 117.
Corynactis, 73.

annulata, 74, 101.
Corythus enucleator, 116.
Cribrina, 52, 53.
Cryptocerus multispinosus, 9.
Ctenactis sp., 103.

(175)

176

INDEX.

Cncurbita, 106.

maxima, 106.
(Jygnus buccinator, 119.
Cynorca, 125.
Cyphastraea ocellina, 101.

D.

Daucus, 111.

pusillus, 111.
Delphinapterus, 125.
Delphinus, 125.
Dendrophyllia Cecilliana, 102.

gracilis, 102.
Diaseris pulchella, 102.
Dioplodon, 126.
Discostoma, 70.

fungiforme, 70, 102, 104.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 117.

K

Earth Worm, 120.
Echinomuricea, 79.

Coccinea, 79, 102.
Eciton bmnnea, 6.
Mexicana, 7.
Sumichrastii, 6.
Ectatomma ferruginous, 5.
Ectopistes migratoria, 118.
Edwardsia cretata, 103, 104.
Emberiza Canadensis, 116.
graniinea, 116.
socialis, 116.
Epbydra halophila, 46.
riparia, 42, 49.
Epiodon, 12(i.

Erythi-ospiza purpurea, 116.
Eschrichtius, 126.
Eubalsena, 126.
Eunephthya, 80.

glomerata, 80.
thyrsoides, 81, 101.
Eunicella venosa, 100, 101.
palma, 100, 101.
Euphyllia undulata, 102.
Euplexaura, 75.

Capensis, 7(5, 101.
Eupsammia Stimpsoniana, 103.

F.

Falco peregrinus, 113.
sparverius, 113.
Flabellum sp., 103.
Fceniculum, 111.

vulgare, 111.
Fringilla iliaca, 116.

leucophrys, 116.
melodia, 116.
Pennsylvanica, 116.
Fulica Americana, 118.
Fuligula albeola, 119.

rufltorques, 119.
Fimgia lacera, 101.

papillosa, 102.
sp., 103.

G.

Galaxea fascicularis ?, 102.
Garrulus Canadensis, 117.

cristatus, 117.
Globiocephalus, 126.
Goniastraea aspera, 102.
Gonyleptes, 37, 40.

ornatum, 37, 40.

Gorgonia albicans, 75, 100.

cancellata, 77.

venosa, 100.

Grus Americanus, 118.

Canadensis, 118.

H.

Haliaetus leucocephalus, 113.
Halmopota salinaria, 42.
Halocampa brevicornis, 103.
Capensis, 101.
Stimpsonii, 101.
Helophilus, 50.

Heterocyathus alternata, 102.
Hillebrandia, 109.

Sandwicensis, 109.
Hirundo purpurea, 114.
bicolor, 114.
riparia, 114.
Homactis, 71.

rupicola, 71, 103.
Hunterius, 126.
Hydrocotyle, 110.

interrupta, 110.
Hyperoodon, 126.

Icterus Baltimorensis, 117.
Inia, 125.

J.
Juncella levis, 102.

K.

Kogia, 126.
Kophobelemnon clavatum, 102.

L.
Lagenaria, 106.

vulgaris, 106.
Lagenorhynchus, 125.
Lanius borealis, 117.
Lata, 94.

Leioptilum undulatum, 103.
Leptastraea stellulata, 101.
Leptorgorgia cuspidata, 75, 100, 103.

flaminea, 100, 101.
Leucorhamphus, 125.
Limosa fedoa, 119.
Linaria minor, 116.
pinus, 116.
Lispe crassiuscula, 42.
Lissogorgia flexuosa, 77.
Litigorgia cuspidata, 75, 100.
Lobularia Verrillii, 80, 103.
Lophocetus, 125.
Lophogorgia palma, 75, 100.
Loxia curvirostra, 117.

M.
Madrepora arbuscula ?, 103.

foliosa, 85.

globiceps, 101.

hebes, 101.

microphthalma, 83, 102.

nobilis, 102.

prolixa, 102.

pumila, 102.

striata ?, 102.

teres. 102.

tubicinaria, 101.

tumida, 102.

turgida, 102.
Manopora foliosa, 85.

INDEX.

177

Medeterus tenuicauda, 42.
Meganeuron, 126.
Megaptera, 12(5.
Melactis, 73.

annulata, 74.
Mesoplodon, 126.
Metridlum, 51.

limbriatum, 52, 103.
sp., 52, 101.
Mniotilta varia, 114.
Molothrus pecoris, 117.
Monodon. 125.
Monti poraexesa, 84, 102.

foliosa?, 84, 85, 102.

lichenoides, 86, 102.

patula, 87, 101.

poritiformis, 102.

rigida, 102.

Mopsella Japonica, 80, 103.
Muricea divaricata?, 78.
flexuosa, 77, 102.
Sinensis, 77.
Mu.scicapa niticilla, 114.

tyrannus, 114.

virens, 114.

Nauclerus furcatus, 113.
Xeomeris, 125.
Nephthya, 81.

aurantiaca, 102.

thyrsoidea, 81.
Niphaea hyemalis, 116.
Numenius longirostris, 119.

O.

(Ecodoma Mexicana, 9.
Ontocetus, 126.
Orycterocetus, 126.
Ortyx Virginiana, 118.
Orca, 125.
Orcaella, 125.
Ornithorhynchus, 127.
Orpbeus rufus, 115.

P.

Pachycondyla Orizabana, 8.
Pachypsammia valida, 102.
Pachyseris monticulosa, 101.
Palaeocetus, 126.
Palythoa sp., 102.
Pandion haliaetus, 113.
Papaya, 105.

vulgaris, 105.
Paractis, 55.
Paracyathus Ebonensis, 101.

porcellana, 102.
Paramuricea, 77.
Paranthea minuta, 102.
Parenthea armata, 103.
Parisis laxa, 79, 102.
Parus atricapillus, 115.
Pavouia complanata, 102.

foliosa?, 102.

Pelecanus Americanus, 119.
Phalangium, 17, 39.

bicolor, 28. 39.

calcar, 26, 39.

cenereum, 25, 39.

dorsatum. 18, 39.

exilipes, 23, 39.

favosum, 28, 40.

Phalangium grande, 34, 40.

nigropalpi, 21, 39.
nigrum. 34, 40.
pictum, 30, 40.
sp.?, 27.

ventricosum ?, 32, 33, 39.
verrucosum, 29, 40.
vittatum, 20, 39.
Phalangodes armata, 36.
Phellia Americana, 103. • %.

arctica, 103.
clavata, 102, 104.
collaris, 103, 104.
Coreopsis, 103.
cricoides, 103.

(Paraphillia) inequalis, 102.
sp., 102.
Vernonia, 103.
Phocaena, 125.
Physactis, 63.

multicolor, 64, 103. 104.
Physalus, 126.
Physeter, 126.
Picus arcticus ?, 118.
auratus, 118.
erythrocephalus, 118.
pileatus, 117.
pubesceus, 118.
villosus, 118.
Pipilo erythropthalmus, 116.
Platanista, 125.
Plectrophanes Lapponicus, 115.

nivalis, 116.

Plesiastraja indurata, 102.
Urvillei, 101.
Plexaura fviablis, 75, 76.
Pocillipora aspera, 101.

brevicornis, 91, 92, 102.
caespitosa, 91, 101.
capitata, 99, 103.
Danae, 93, 101.
elongata, 99, 102.
favosa, 93.
frondosa, 96, 101.
gracilis, 90, 102.
informis, 101.
lacera, 100, 103.
ligulata, 95. 101.
maeandrina, 98, 101.
nobilis, 97, 101.
plicata, 94, 9(5,101.
porosa, 103.
tuberosa, 98.
Podiceps Carolinensis, 119.
Polyrhachis arboricola, 4.

strigata, 4.
Pontoporia, 125.
Porites foliosa, 85.
rosacea, 85.
sp., 102.
tennis ?, 102.
Primnoa compressa, 103.
Prionastraga Chinensis, 102.
Priscodelphinus, 125.
Psammocora parvistella, 102.
Pseudomyrma bicolor, 8,

thoracica, 8.
Pseudorca, 125.
Pteromorpha expansa, 102.
Pteromalus salinus, 49.
Ptilosarcus Gurneyi, 103.
Pyranga mbra, 117.

178

INDEX.

Q.

Quiscalus ferrugineus, 117.
versicolor, 117.

R.

Rallus Virginianus ?, 118.
Regulus calendulus, 115.

satrapus, 115.
Rhabdosteus, 126.
Rhodactinia, 62.

cocciuea, 63.

Davisii, 62.

Sagartia, 53, 55.

lineata, 57, 10:J.
Napensis, 58, 102, 104.
nigropunctata. 56, 103.
I'aguri, 57, 103.
radiata, 55, 103.
sp., 58, 102.
Sagmatias, 125.
Sanioula, 110.

Sandwiceusis, 110.
Saroodictyon sp., 102.
Sarcophytum agaricum, 103.
Scolopax Wilsonii, 119.
Seiurus aurocapillus, 115.
Seriatopora sp., 100, 101.
Sialia siahs, 115.
Sicyocarya, 107.

cucumerinus, 108.
macrophyllus, 108.
microcarpus, 108.
pachycarpus, 107.
Sicyos, 107.
Sitta Canadensis, 117.

Carolinensis, 117.
Sotalia, 125.
Spoggodes, 82.

capitata, 81.
Spoggodia, 82.

gigantea, 81.
gracilis, 81.
Spongodcs, 82.

capitata, 81, 102.
gigantea, 102.
gracilis. 81, 102.
Spougodia, 82.
Sqtialodon, 125.
Steno, 125.
Stenodon, 125.
Stephanactis, 72.
Stephanoseris Japonica, 103.
lamellosa, 102.
sulcata, 102.
Sterna nigra?, 119.
Sturnella neglecta, 117.
Sylvicola aestiva, 114.

Americana, 114.
Canadensis, 114.
coronata, 114.
Pennsylvanica, 1H.
petechia, 114.
pinus, 114.

Sylvicola virens, 114.
Syrnium nebulosum, 114.

T.

Tealia, 62.

crassicornis, 62.
Telesto nodosa ?, 102.

ramicnlosa, 82, 102.
Tetrao Canadensis, 118.
phasianellus, 118.
umbellus, 118.
Thiuophilus flavipalpis, 42.
Thinopinus pictus, 41.

variegatus, 41.
Totanus flavipes, 119.

macularius, 119.
solitarius, 119.
voci ferns, 119.
Tretosphys, 125.
Trichas Marilandica, 114.
Philadelphia, 114.
Tringa Bartramia, 119.
Trochilus colubris, 117.
Troglodytes adon, 115.

Bewickii, 115.
hyemalis, 115.
palustris, 115.
stellaris, 115.
Tubipora rubeola?, 102.
Turbmaria dichotoma, 89, 103.
Sinensis, 102.
sp., 101.
Turdus migratorius. 115.
mustelinus, 115.
solitarius, 115.
Swainsonii, 115.
Wilsonii, 115.
Tursio, 125.
Tursiops, 125.

Tyrannula flaviventris, 114.
minima?, 114.

U.

Ulula Tengmalmii ?, 113.
Urtricina, 62.

coccinea, 63, 103, 104.

crassicornis, (>2, 103.

Verrilliaua thyrsoides, 81.
Veretillum baculatum, 103.
Stimpsonii, 102.
Villogorgia, 77.
Vireo flavifrons ?, 117. •

gilvus?, 117.

Xovajboracensis, 117.

olivaceus, 117.

solitarius. 117.
Virgularia pusilla, 102.

Zarhachis, 125.
Zeuglodon, 125.
Ziphius, 126.
Zoanthus sp., 102.

AN

HISTORICAL NOTICE

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

ACT OF INCORPORATION,
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS,

AND A

List of the Officers and Members.

SALEM:

PRINTED BY THE INSTITUTE,
DECEMBER, 1865.

HISTORICAL NOTICE

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

On visiting any institution, the first questions suggested, are, its
objects and its utility; these have been frequently discussed, partic-
ularly in notices of institutions of a similar organization to our own,
and their importance is universally admitted The second relate to
the history of the institution, and are modified by circumstances pe-
culiar to each. The inquiry is frequently made, Whence sprang
these libraries and these collections ? How are they sustained ? To
whom are due the inception and development of plans that have
produced these results? The consideration of these and kindred
subjects is the object of the present notice.

THE ESSEX INSTITUTE

was formed in 1848, by the union of the Essex Historical and the
Essex County Natural History Societies.

ESSEX HISTOEIOAL SOCIETY.

The Rev. William Bentley, D. D., the distinguished antiquarian
and scholar, of Salem, died December, 1819. During his pastorate
in this place for nearly forty years, he made a large and valuable col-
lection of books, pamphlets, manuscripts, &c., illustrative of the
history of this section of New England. A desire to obtain and se-
cure for Salem this collection, amassed with so much care, prompt-
ed the idea of the formation of the Historical Society.

Application was made to the executor of the estate, who stated
that if a suitable society should be formed for their reception and
safe keeping, he would place them in its charge. With this encour-
agement, and mainly through the exertions of George A. Ward,
several gentlemen held a meeting on the 21st of April, 1821, Hori.
Joseph Story presiding, and formed themselves into an association
under the name of the Essex Historical Society, whose object should
be to cooperate with other kindred societies in collecting and pre-
serving all authentic memorials relating to the civil history of Essex
county, and the eminent men who have resided within its limits,
from its first settlement ; also, all facts relating to its natural his-
tory and topography ; and thus to provide the most ample materials

for an authentic history of this part of our Commonwealth. It
was supposed that much valuable information, of a purely local na-
ture, would thus be collected, which from the peculiar relations of
this county to the country at large, especially in its early history,
would possess a great and general interest. At this meeting a com-
mittee was appointed to prepare a constitution and report at an ad-
journed meeting which took place on the 28th hist. ; the report was
then accepted and officers elected in conformity thereto. The
standing committee was also directed to prepare and present a pe-
tition, to the Legislature, for an act of incorporation.

PETITION FOR INCORPORATION'.

To the Honourable the Senate and the Honourable the House of

Representatives in General Court assembled.

THE petition of the undersigned, inhabitants of the county of Es-
sex, humbly shews, that your petitioners, cherishing a grateful rec-
ollection of their ancestors, whose love of civil and religious liberty
led them to relinquish the peaceful enjoyments of polished life, and
to establish in a rude and unexplored country such institutions as
should best secure those inestimable blessings ; and being solicitous
to transmit to posterity all memorials which shall tend to perpetuate
the remembrance of those distinguished men, more especially of
such as were conspicuous in the county where your petitioners re-
side, which is the most ancient settlement in the territory original^
known by the name of Massachusetts ; have formed themselves into
an association, under the name of the ESSEX HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
the object of which is, to cooperate with other institutions of the
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well as all facts relating to its natural history and topography ; and
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Your petitioners therefore pray, that they may, for the more or-
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necessary powers for carrying into effect the design of their associ-
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EDWARD AUGUSTUS HOLYOKE, JOSEPH STORY.

JOHN PRINCE, BENJAMIN PICKMAN,

JACOB ASIITON, NATHANIEL BOWDITCII.

NATHANIEL SILSBEE, JOHN PICKERING,

ICIIABOD TUCKER, JOHN S. APPLETON,

LEVEICETT SALTONSTALL, GEORGE CLEVELAND,

BENJAMIN- MERRILL, FREDERICK HOWES,

THOMAS CARLILE, JOHN BRAZER,

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GIDEON BARSTOW, WILLIAM GIBBS,

CHARLES C. CLARKE, JOSEPH A. PEABODY,

THOMAS P. BANCROFT, BENJAMIN K. NICHOLS,

STEPHEN WHITE and GEORGE A. WAIID.

Salem, June 2, 1821.

AN ACT

TO INCORPORATE THE

ESSEX HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

SECT. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House, of Representatives^
in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, That
EDWARD AUGUSTUS HOLYOKK, of Salem, in the county of Essex, doc-
tor of medicine, and such other persons as have associated or may
hereafter associate themselves with him for the purpose of collect-
ing and preserving materials for the civil and natural history of the
said county of Essex, be, and they hereby are, made a body corpo-
rate and politic by the name of the ESSEX IIISTOIUCAL SOCIETY;
and by that name they and their successors may sue and be sued,
and shall be capable in law to take and hold in fee simple, or othei'-
wise, lands, tenements, rents and hereditaments, not exceeding in
the whole the yearly value of two thousand dollars, exclusive of
the building or buildings which may be actually occupied for the
purposes of the said corporation ; and they shall also be capable in law
to take, receive and hold personal estate, to an amount, the yearly
value of which shall not exceed the sum of two thousand dollars,
exclusive of the books, papers, memorials and other articles com-
posing the library and cabinet of the said corporation ; and they shall
also have power to sell, demise, exchange, or otherwise dispose of,
all or any part of their lands, tenements, rents, hereditaments and
other property aforesaid, for the benefit of the said corporation ; and
shall also have a common seal, which they may break, alter and re-
new at their pleasure ; and shall also have power to make by-laws,
with suitable penalties, not repugnant to the laws of this common-
wealth.

SECT. 2. Be it further enacted, That the said corporation shall
have power, from time to time, as they may think fit, to elect a
president and such other officers as they shall judge necessary; and
at their first meeting they may agree upon the manner of calling
future meetings, and proceed to execute all or 'any of the powers
vested in them by this act.

SECT. 3. Be it further enacted, That the library and cabinet of
the said corporation shall be kept in the town of Salem aforesaid.

SECT. 4. Be it further enacted, That the said Edward Augustus
Holyoke be and hereby is authorized to notify the said first meeting
of the said corporation by an advertisement thereof under his hand
for seven days before such meeting, in any newspaper printed in
Salem aforesaid.

Approved by the Governor, June 11, 1821.

The first corporate meeting was held on Wednesday, the 27th
June, 1821, and the society was organized, pursuant to their Act of
Incorporation, by the adoption of a Constitution and the choice of
officers to serve until the first annual meeting on the 6th of Septem-
ber, in commemoration of the day of the landing of Governor Endl-
cott, at Salem, in 1628. The venerable and learned Dr. E. Augustus
Holyoke, who always took the most lively interest in whatever
concerned American literature and science, was elected the first
President, and presided at this meeting.

CONSTITUTION.

ART. I. The Society shall be culled The Essex Historical Society
and shall consist of resident and honorary members, the former of
whom shall be persons residing within the county of Essex.

ART. II. The object of the society shall br, to procure and pre-
serve whatever relates to the topography, antiquities, and natural,
civil and ecclesiastical history of the county of Essex.

ART. III. The officers of the society shall be a president, a vice
president, a recording secretary, a corresponding secretary, a
treasurer, a librarian and cabinet-keeper, and nine trustees, of which
the president and vice president shall ex officio be two ; and all the
officers shall be chosen by ballot, at the annual meeting of the socie-
ty, on the sixth day of September.

ART. IV. It shall be the duty of the trustees to receive dona-
tions, and to manage and superintend all the concerns of the socie-
ty ; they shall hold meetings as often as occasion shall require, and
at the animal meeting on the sixth day of September they shall
make a report in writing of the transactions of the preceding year.

AKT. V. Four meetings of the society shall be held at Salem in
every year; the first meeting, at which the officers shall be chosen,
shall be on the sixth day of September, being the day of the land-
ing of Gov Endicott at Salem, A. U. 1C28; provided liowevr r, that
when that day shall happen on Sunday, the meeting shall be liolclen
on the Tuesday following; the other meetings on the first Tues-
days of December, March and June; and special meetings may be
called at the same place by the president, or in his absence the vice
president, on the application of the trustees, by publishing a no-
tification in some newspaper printed in Salem. The President, and
in his absence the vice president, shall preside at all meetings.

ART. VI. Each resident member shall, upon his admission, pay
the sum of ten dollars.

ART. VII. The members of the society shall be chosen by ballot,
at a stated meeting of the society; but no person shall be admitted
as a member, unless he has been nominated at some stated meeting
preceding that at which the vote shall be taken for his admission.

ART. VIII. Five members shall be a quorum for holding any
meeting.

The following circular was distributed among the friends of the
society.

The object of the Essex Historical Society is, as stated in the 2d
article of the constitution," to procure and preserve whatever re-
lates to the topography, antiquities, and natural, civil and ecclesias-
tical history, of the county of Essex." Members of tin; society, and
other persons who feel a desire to promote these interesting and
important purposes, will gratify the society by aiding in obtaining
collections, for its use, of the following :

1. Topographical sketches of the towns and parishes where they
reside, or with which they are particularly acquainted ; including an
account of the soil, agriculture, manufactures, commerce, remarka-
ble buildings, natural, curiosities and statistics of such places.

2. Sketches of the history, civil and ecclesiastical, of such towns
and parishes, and as far as may be with minute references to dates,
and biographical notices of the ministers, lawyers, physicians, and
othe'r most distinguished men, who were born or have resided therein.

3. Original letters, documents and papers illustrating any of these
subjects, particularly such as were Avritten by distinguished men at
home or abroad, which show the private habits, manners or pursuits
of our ancestors, or are connected with the public history of this
county, or of this commonwealth.

4. Portraits of distinguished persons who were born or have re-
sided in this county, or were connected with the history of the com-
monwealth, particularly the portraits of our ancestors, and of dis-
tinguished persons in England, of the same age.

5. Sermons, orations, occasional discourses and addresses, books
and pamphlets, printed in the commonwealth, and especially such
as have been written by persons born or residing within the com-
monwealth.

6. Besides these the society will receive donations of any other
books, pamphlets, portraits, manuscripts and printed documents,
with which any gentleman may please to favour them ; and in all
cases, unless otherwise requested, the donor's name will be entered in
the records of the donations of the society.

Salem, June 27, 1821.

Notwithstanding the disappointment in not obtaining the Bentley
papers, which were otherwise distributed, the zeal and ability of the
members and their friends, in a short time gathered together a good
collection of portraits and curiosities, illustrative of the early history
of the county, and a nucleus of a library containing files of several
newspapers, pamphlets, public documents, &c. These were first de-
posited in Essex Place, then in the room over the Salem Bank, and
afterwards in Lawrence Place, until the union.

On the 6th of September, 1825, the day of the annual meeting,
Hon. Leverett Saltonstall delivered a public address before the
Society, in the first Church, which was well received. This dis-
course was never printed.

On Thursday, the 18th of September, ] 828, the society celebrated
in a public manner, the 200th anniversary of the landing of Governor
Endicott and his band of Pilgrims at Naumkeag. The day was un-
commonly fine ; a vast concourse of strangers, many of the first dis-
tinction, were present ; the venerable Dr. Holyoke, who had seen his
100th birth day, presided. The military escort, the eloquent address
by Hon. Joseph Story at the North Church, the rich intellectual
and social banquet at Hamilton hall ; these and other interesting in-
cidents connected therewith render the occasion one to be long re-
membered in the annals of the society.

ESSEX COUNTY NATUEAL HISTOKY SOCIETY.

The formation of a Society of Natural History, was propose^ in
the Salem Gazette for Tuesday, Feb 1, 1831, in a communication un-
der the signature of Elan.* In the Salem Observer for the Satur-
day following, two other communications on the same subject ap-
peared, calling the public attention to the importance of institu-
tions designed for the encouragement of a taste for the study of the
natural sciences. Occasionally articles of a similar import were
published in the newspapers, but no definite action was taken until
December, 1833, when on the evening of Saturday, the Hthinst., a
meeting of those friendly to this project was held, which resulted in
the organization of the Essex County Natural History Society,
Dr. A. Nichols, of Danvers, President, and J. M. Ives, of Salem,
Secretary.

The following circular was printed and circulated calling atten-
tion to the organization of a Society of Natural History.

Salem, Jan'y 1, 1834.

To promote more generally the study of Natural History in the
County of Essex, a Society has been lately formed, the Constitution
of which is before you. It is proposed to procure, as soon as pos-
sible, a Library consisting of standard works, and a Cabinet of Spec-
imens in Natural History, and especially as complete a collection as
possible of the Natural productions of Essex County. In this de-
sign your aid is respectfully solicited. You are requested to invite
such of your friends and acquaintance as may feel an interest in the
promotion of this object, or a taste for such studies, to subscribe
the Constitution and become members. Ladies you will perceive
are not excluded, and it is anticipated that they will contribute
much to the success of the Society. Several in Salem have already
become subscribers. Donations in money, books, drawings, or
specimens of the productions of the three kingdoms in Nature, es-
pecially such as illustrate the Natural History of the County, will be
gratefully received and carefully appropriated and preserved. It is
intended to make it a County Society, and although the Library and
the Collections must have a local habitation, of more convenient ac-
cess to some than to others, no pains will be spared to extend the
benefits as equally as possible among all that contribute to its means
of usefulness. Communications on the location, habits and uses of
minerals, plants, and the various tribes of Animated Nature, are al-
so solicited. Communications, subscriptions, donations, &c. may be
transmitted to J. M. Ives, Secretary and Treasurer, Holyoke Place,
Essex Street, Salem.

Per order of the Curators.

John M. Ives, Sec'ry.

•Written by Benjamin Hale Ives, an enthusiastic and zealous naturalist; his at-
tention was mainly directed to the study of Insects, though he by no means
neglected the collateral branches. He was the youngest son of William and
Man- (Bradshaw) Ives— born at Salem, Nov. S, 180C-^-died Jau'y. 20, 1837.

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE I.

THE Society shall be called THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
THE COUNTY OF ESSEX,

ARTICLE II.

The officers of this Society shall be a President ; a first and sec-
ond Vice- President; a Secretary, who shall also be Treasurer; and
a Librarian, who shall also be Cabinet Keeper.

ARTICLE III.

The President, Secretary, and Cabinet Keeper, with four others
chosen by the Society for that purpose, shall be the Curators, who
shall have the management of all the concerns of the Society, subject
to the directions of the Society.

ARTICLE IV.
The officers shall be chosen at the annual meeting by ballot.

ARTICLE V.
The annual assessment for each member shall be two dollars.

ARTICLE VI.

This Constitution may be altered, by a vote of two thirds of the
members present, at any regular meeting of the Society, notice be-
ing given of the intended alteration.

ARTICLE VII.

The mode of calling the meeting, and giving notice of the same,
shall be determined by a majority of the Curators.

ARTICLE VIII.

Any person may become a member of the Society by signing the
Constitution, and paying the annual assessment.

ARTICLE IX.

Members may be expelled from this Society, by a vote of three-
fourths of the members present, at the annual meeting.

ARTICLE X.
The Annual Meeting shall be on the third Wednesday in June.

ARTICLE XI.

Any person may become a life member of this Society, by the
payment of twenty dollars, and shall not be subject to the annual
assessment.

ARTICLE XII.

Corresponding members, residing out of the County, shall be cho-
sen by ballot, after having been nominated at a meeting, previous
to that on which the ballot is taken.

In furtherance of these objects of the Society, a meeting was held
in Topsfleld on Wednesday, IGth of April, 1834, to complete the or-
ganization by the appointment of committees, &c. Specimens in
the various branches, with apparatus for their collection, were ex-
hibited and illustrated by William Oakes of Ipswich, Dr. Andrew
Nichols of Danvers, and others.

An Act of Incorporation was obtained in February, 1836.

10
AN ACT

TO INCOKPOKATK THE

ESSEX COUNTY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, That ANPKKW
NICHOLS, WILLIAM OAKKS, and WILLIAM PUESCOTT, and their associ-
ates, are hereby made a corporation, by the name of the ESSEX
COUNTY NATUKAL HISTORY SOCIETY, for the purpose of promoting,
the Science of Natural History, with all the powers and privileges,
and subject to all the liabilities contained in the forty-fourth chap-
ter of the Revised Statutes of this Commonwealth, "passed on the
fourth day of November, in the year one thousand eight hund"ccl
and thirty-five," and for the purpose aforesaid may hold real estate
to the amount of ten thousand dollars, and personal estate, exclu-
sive of the books, papers and articles in the cabinet of said society,
to the amount of twenty thousand dollars.

Approved by the Governor, Feb. 12, 183G.

The Cabinets and Library were first deposited in Essex Place ;
Monday, Dec. 21, 1835, removed to Franklin Building; Dec. 6, 1837,
to Masonic Hall, in Chase's Building, Washington Street; and to
Pickman Place, Oct. 31, 1842, where they remained until the union.

Soon after its oi'ganizatiou the attention of the Society was direct-
ed to horticulture. Its rooms were opened occasionally during
every season, with greater or less frequency as circumstances would
permit, for exhibitions of Fruits and Flowers — these have not been
confined to the products of the garden or the greenhouse, those flo-
ral treasures which horticulture has introduced from foreign climes ;
but many of the rare and curious plants, congeners to our own for-
ests, mountains, lakes and rivers, have afforded an interesting attrac-
tion to these floral displays.

The first exhibition took place on Friday, July 11, 1834. The first
general exhibition, which continued for several days, occurred on
Tuesday and Wednesday, September 14th and 15th, 1841 ; at that
time the number of contributors was seventy-six ; about three hun-
dred plates of fruit were placed on the tables, comprising one hun-
dred and fifty-three varieties, viz. : ninety-four of Pears, twenty-five
of Apples, ten of Peaches, eight of Plums, eight of Grapes, four of
Melons, two of Quinces, one of Nectarines and one of Filberts.
Since that time, exhibitions have been held to which contributions
have been received from one hundred and ninety-one individuals,
and two thousand dishes or baskets of Fruit placed upon the tables,
consisting of six hundred and sixty-nine varieties, viz. : of Pears
three hundred and twenty-seven ; Apples one hundred and eighty-
one ; of Peaches eighty-two ; of Plums twenty-three ; of Grapes foity-
one ; of Quinces, Nectarines, Figs and Melons, three each ; of Oran-

II

ges, Lemons, and European Walnuts, one each. The above compar-
ison indicates that these exhibitions have been instrumental in dif-
fusing, through the community, a more general and extensive taste
for horticultural pursuits.

At the annual meeting in June, 1886, Mr. John Lewis Russell deliv-
ered a public address in Franklin Hull. This was printed, consti-
tuting the first article in the Journal of the Society.

The "JOURNAL OF THE EdSEX COUNTY NATURAL HlSTOKY S()CIE-

TY," comprising one volume, of three numbers, issued in 183G, 1838
and 1851, was published by the Society and contains the following
articles : —

JOHN LEWIS RUSSELL.

Address delivered before the Essex County Natural History Society on its
Second Anniversary, June 15, 183(i. p. 5.

Familiar Notice of some of the Shells found in the limits of Essex County, p. 47.

Two New Species of Musci, with figures p. 02.

Notice of Rare Plants; with a description of a (supposed) variety of Cladonia
uncialit p. 90.

Retrospect of some of the Shells found in Essex County. ... p. 110.

Observations on the Polytrichaceas ; with a notice of some species occuriing iu
Essex County p. 117.

Minute Polythahimous Shells occuring on the coast of Maine. . . p. llil.

Further notice ot rare Plants. . p. lilu.

Conspectus of Shells found in Essex County p. 120.

HKXHY WHEATLAND.

Notice of the occurrence of 1'cspertilio pruinosus Say : Hoary Bat. . p. 70.

Notice of several Fishes of rare occiim-nut- p. \'££.

WILLIAM PKKSCOTT.

A Sketch of the Geology and Mineralogy of the Southern part of Essex Coun-
ty p. 78.

ANDHKW NICHOLS.

Remarks on Hyla Pickeringii observed in the North Parish of Danvers. p. 93.
(Note on page 133.)

On the occurrence of Scaphiopus Solitaries in Essex County, with some notice

of its history and habits. p. 113.

THADDEUS WILLIAM HARRIS.

Remarks upon Scara baeus (foliatus and other African Beetles allied to it. p. 101 .

The Danvers Bowlder, or "Ship Rock." p. 120.

During the Winter of 1837 & 8, a course of six lectures were de-
livered, under the direction of the Society; the 1st, Dec. llth, by
Dr. A. Nichols, on the Poetry of Natural History; 2d, Dec. 18th, by
Thomas Spencer, on the introduced plants of Salem and vicinity ;
3d, January 1st, by H. K. Oliver, on Bees : 4th, January 15th, by Dr.
W. Prescott, on the Geology of the Southern portion of Essex
County; 5th, March 12th, by H. Colman, on the pleasures and ad-
vantages of agricultural life ; 6th, March 26th, by J. L. Russell, on Ge-
ology. In July, 1838, Mr. J. L. Russell delivered a course of lec-
tures on Botany, to a private class, in the Society's rooms.

During the autumn of 1847, the Historical and Natural History
Societies held several meetings to effect a union. A joint commit-
tee was appointed to draft a plan to serve as a basis of organization.
The plan offered by the committee was accepted by the Societies, at
a meeting held on January 14th, 1848. The Act of Incorporation
from the Legislature was obtained in February of the same year,
and on the first of March following, by its acceptance, the ESSEX
INSTITUTE was organized.

12

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

AN ACT

TO INCORPORATE THE

THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Be it enacted bg the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
Court assembled, and by the author :ty of the same, as follows: '

SECT. 1. The members of the Essex Historical Society, and the
members of the Essex County Natural History Society, together
with such persons, as may hereafter associate with them, are here-
by made a corporation by the name of the "Essex Institute;" with
all the powers and privileges, and subject to all the liabilities, con-
tained in the forty-fourth chapter of the Revised Statutes.

SECT. 2. Said corporation may hold real estate to the amount of
thirty thousand dollars, and personal estate, exclusive of the books,
papers, and articles in the cabinets of said corporation, to the
amount of twenty thousand dollars.

SECT. 3. The Essex Institute shall have for its object the ad-
vancement of horticulture, in addition to the objects for which the
Essex Historical Society and the Essex County Natural History
Society were incorporated.

SECT. 4. All property now owned by said Essex Historical
Society, and said Essex County Natural History Society, and all
property that may accrue to either of said societies, shall belong to
the Essex Institute.

SECT. 5. All donations and bequests which may have been made
to the Essex Historical Society, or to the Essex County Natural
History Society, shall accrue to, and become the property of, the
Essex Institute, and shall be devoted to the objects for which such
donation or bequest was made.

SECT. 6. The income from the funds of the Essex Historical
Society shall be devoted to the objects of the historical department,
and the income from the funds of the Essex County Natural History
Society shall be devoted to the objects of natural history, or horti-
dulture -.provided, however, if the said corporation shall at any time
be in arrears in meeting its current expenses, from the sums receiv-
ed from annual assessments, the income from the historical funds
and the income from the natural history funds, shall be applied, pro
rota, to meet the deficiency.

SECT. 7. The treasurer shall keep separate accounts of the funds
which belonged to the Essex Historical Society and to the Essex
County Natural History Society, under the direction of a finance
committee, to be appointed at the annual meeting.

SECT. 8. The library and cabinets of said corporation shall be
kept in the city of Salem.

SECT. 9. The Essex Institute shall be liable for all the debts due
from the Essex Historical Society and from the Essex County Natu-
ral History Society.

SECT. 10. The president of the Essex Historical Society, or the
president of the Essex County Natural History Society, is hereby
authorized to notify the first meeting of the Essex Institute, by an
advertisement thereof, under his hand, for seven days before such
meeting, in any newspaper printed in the city of Salem.

\

13

SECT. 11. This act shall take effect from and after its adoption
by the Essex Historical Society and the Essex County Natural His-
tory Society, at meetings of the two societies held for that purpose;
and all acts inconsistent with this act shall, after the adoption here-
of, be considered as repealed.

Approved by the Governor, Feb. 11, 1848.

A committee to prepare a Constitution and By-Laws was appointed,
and their report was accepted at a meeting held on the 8th of March.

Thus organized, the Institute consists of three departments : — the
HISTORICAL, having for its object the collection and preservation of
whatever relates to the geography, antiquities, eivil and ecclesiasti-
cal history of Essex County, in Massachusetts. The NATURAL HIS-
TORY, for the formation of a Cabinet of natural productions in gen-
eral, and more particularly of those of the County, and for a Library
of standard works on the natural sciences. The HORTICULTURAL,
for promoting a taste for the cultivation of choice fruits and flowers,
and also for collecting works on horticulture and agriculture in con-
nection with the general Library.

LIBRARY.

The Library contains about 22,000 volumes, comprising numerous
flies of newspapers, public documents, local histories, &c. ; also the
transactions or collections of various historical, agricultural, scien-
tific and other societies ; besides many valuable works illustrative of
the natural sciences ; about 50,000 pamphlets, (exclusive of dupli-
cates,) political, historical, educational, &c., unbound, arranged ac-
cording to subjects.

These have principally been obtained by donations or exchanges.
Among the donors may be mentioned our late lamented President,
Hon. D, A. White, who has at different times, during his life and at
his decease, given or bequeathed some 8,000 volumes comprising a
good series of the Old English Classics, also of the Latin and Greek,
and several volumes p:iuted during the 15th and 16th centuries, —
the late Mrs. Eliza L. Eogers, who bequeathed a copy of Audubon's
Birds of America ; and the late Ichabod Tucker and Thomas Cole,
besides many friends of the Institute whose names it would be in-
vidious to mention. Over two thousand books and pamphlets were
added to the library during the past year by donation and exchange.

MUSEUM.

The several departments of the Institute are well represented,
and in a number of the classes of the Animal Kingdom the collec-
tions are inferior to but one or two others in the Country ; though
the crowded state of the rooms devoted to the Museum will not al-
low of their being so advantageously arranged as is desirable. The

14

specimens in several of the classes are, however, arranged and iden-
tified, and catalogues of these will soon he published. In order to
do as much good as possible with the duplicate specimens a large
number^have been sent, as donations, to other Institutions, during
the past year and several other collections are now being made up
for transmission. In consequence of this liberal use of its rich sup-
ply of duplicates, the Institute has been the recipient of large and
valuable collections from Scientific Institutions and men, both in this
country and abroad, and the specimens are now arriving in such
numbers" as to tax its resources to their utmost in order that the
proper care be taken or these treasures.

The following estimate of the number of specimens (exclusive of
a large number of duplicates) in the various departments of the
Museum presents a general view of the character of the collection
at the present time.

HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.

The section of Ethnology contains about 1400 specimens, illustra-
ting _the habits, costumes, war and domestic implements of the va-
rious races and nations.

In the section of Manuscripts there are a very large number of
Manuscripts relating to our early civil and ecclesiastical history.

In the section of -Fine Arts there are several hundred Portraits,
Paintings and Engravings, many of which are of great historical
value.

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Specimens.

Geological specimens, ahout .... 220

Minerals, about 2200 specimens, of which 196 are from
Essex County, ...... 2200

FOSSILS.

Radiates, 200 species, 270 specimens.

Mollusks. 1200 " 2300
Articulates, 24 li 56 "

Vertebrates, 90 " 120 "

Plants, 135 " 200 " Fossils, . 2926

RECENT.

Plants, about 5000 species, native and foreign, among
which are nearly all the species found- in Essex County,
a number of specimens of wood, and a large number of
seeds &c., in all about 6500. Plants, . C5CO

Sponges, 42 species, 100 specimens, Sponges, . 100

Acalephs, )

Polyps, > 456 species, 1500 specimens.

Echinoderms, ) Radiates, . 1500

Mullmks, in alcohol, 500 species, 100O specimens.

Shells, 4172 species, 8000 .specimens.

Mollusks,

Worms, 110 species, 200 specimens.

Crustaceans, 150 " dry, 330 species in alcohol,
about 1300 specimens.

Injects, 21500 specimens pinned, 5000 specimens in al-
cohol; of these 2500 species of the pinned have been
catalogued.
Nests,, 15 species, Articulates,

Fishes, 1000 species, 2000 specimens in alcohol, and
about 200 specimens dry and mounted.

Reptiles, 400 species, 1000 specimens, principally alco-
holic. (A fine collection of Turtles mounted.)

Birds, 100 species, 150 specimens in alcohol; 411
species, 500 specilueus mounted.

Birds' nests, 50 species, 80 specimens.

Birds' egys, 240 " 525 "

Mammals, 51 " 75

9000

28015

65
9

70
10

Skulls of Mammals, 172 species,
which 39 are human.

280

in alcohol ;
mounted ;
as skius.
Vertebrates,

specimens,

4610

of

Skulls of Birds,
" " Reptiles,
" " Fishes,
Skeletons of Mammals,
" " Birds, .
" " Reptiles,
" " Batrachians, .
" " Fishes,
Parts of Skeletons of Mammals,

" " ' Birds,

Teeth of Mammals, .
Jaws of Fishes,
Horns and Antlers, .

150 species, 200 specimens.

27

27

10

10

15

20

8

9

G

G

10

30

13

13

8

8

JO

10

14

30

15

20

43

43

Osteological collection,
MEETINGS.

C56

The meetings of the Institute are as follows, viz. :
Stated Quarterly meetings ; Regular meetings on the 1st and 3d
Monday evenings of each month, and Field meetings during the
summer mouths at such times and places as may be agreed upon.'

The first field meeting took place in Danvers on Tuesday, June
12, 1849. At that time the interesting localities of the Vaccinium
vitis-idea in Danvers, also that of the Andromeda polifolia near Ce-
dar pond in Wenham, were visited. These meetings were continued
for some two or three years, when they were discontinued in conse-
quence of the removal by death of several of those members who
were the most interested, among whom may be mentioned THOMAS

16

COLE, a graduate of Harvard of the class of 1708 ; for many years a
resident of Salem; a distinguished teacher, a ripe and elegant
scholar; and, in the later years of his life, a distinguished micro-
scopist. His decease occurred on the 24th of June, 1852. ANDKEW
NICHOLS, a valued Physician ; one of the founders of the Essex
County Natural History Society ; its president from the period of
its organization until the annual meeting in June 1845, at which
time he resigned the office. Born in the rural part of Danvers,
where nature was unusually attractive to its admirers, he early im-
bibed a taste for the study and investigation of its works. He was
particularly conversant with the geological formations, and with
the wild flowers and trees of his neighborhood, many of which he
was the first to recognize and publish to the world, through his friend
Dr. Jacob Bigelow, in the "Florula Bostoniensis." He died on the
thirty-first of March, 1853.

In consequence of the accession of several young and enthusias-
tic members, these meetings were again renewed in the summer of
1856, and have been continued since that time with great success
and an increasing interest. Usually six are held each season in dif-
ferent places in the county, as circumstances may decide. Thus far
meetings have been held in twenty-seven of the thirty-four towns be-
longing to the county, and in thirty-five different localities. The
forenoon is devoted to rambling in the woods and fields, or on the
beach, in quest of Nature's treasures or visiting some old historic
or antiquarian relic. In the afternoon the attendants assemble in
some church, town-hall, or schoolhouse, and after a collation dis-
cuss the subjects presented to notice during the day. The public
are invited to be present and to participate on these occasions ; and
these meetings are now very popular and largely attended.

The first evening meeting took place on Thursday, Dec. 11, 1851.
They have since been continued during the wintry months and have
been fully attended by members and their friends.

LECTURES.

Two courses of Miscellaneous lectures on the Natural Sciences
have been given by the Society.

One, of six lectures, during the Spring of 1863, by Professors
Agassiz, S. Tenney, J. P. Cooke, W. B. Rogers, and Messrs. C. M.
Tracy, and F. W. Putnam. The other, a course of ten lectures, during
the winter of 1863 and 1864, by Dr. C. T. Jackson, Professor B.
Peirce, President Hill of Harvard University, and Messrs. C. W.
Tuttle, Cleveland Abbe, N. E. Atwood. Alpheus Hyatt, C. M. Tracy,
and A. E. Verrill.

17

Rev. J. L. Russell, in May, 1852, delivered a course of ten lectures
on the Development of the Plant, to a private class in the rooms of
the Institute ; also a similar course in the months of January and
February, 1859. During the winter of 1853 and 1854, several of the
meetings were devoted by Mr. Russell to lectures on Insects.

F. W. Putnam in the months of April and May, 1861, delivered a
course of lectures on Zoology in the Hall of the Institute ; also a
course of five lectures on Insects, on the five Thursday evenings of
March, 1865, at the Lyceum Hall, under the auspices of the Institute.

C. M. Tracy gave a course of eight lectures on Botany, at the In-
stitute rooms, commencing on Saturday afternoon, April 29, 1865,
and continued on successive Saturdays.

PUBLICATIONS.

Two Publications are issued under the direction of a Committee
of the Institute. From the year 1848 to that of 1860, two volumes
of the PROCEEDINGS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE were published.
These volumes contained the papers, on various subjects, which had
been communicated at the meetings of the Society, and the records
of the meetings. In April 1859, another publication was commenc-
ed by the Committee, under the title of THE HISTORICAL COLLEC-
TIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, which contains abstracts from the
old Town and Church Records, old Journals and Diaries, and those
papers of an historical character which had been read at the meet-
ings. Before the close of the year this publication was issued in
regular bi-monthly parts and has now reached its seventh volume.
From 1860 to 1863. the third volume of the Proceedings was pub-
lished. With the commencement of the year 1864. the Proceedings
were somewhat changed in their character and issued quarterly.
The eight numbers published during 1864 and 1865 form volume
fourth, and contain the records of the meetings, with the quarterly
lists of the donations to the Museum and Library, and communica-
tions on Natural History and Horticulture which have been read be-
fore the Society. The Communications are distinctly paged to al-
low of their seperate binding if desired. Fifteen octavo plates and
a number of wood cuts accompany the fourth volume.

The NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY is published with the Proceedings,
commencing with number five of volume fourth. It is paged by it-
self and is intended to be bound as a distinct work. When complet-
ed, it will contain as full a list as it is possible to obtain of all Natu-
ralists in the world, giving their address in full and the department
in which they are engaged. There will be three different orders of
3

18

arrangement of the names, viz., Alphabetically, Systematically
and Geographically. In the Appendix, notices of specimens for Fait- ,
or exchange ; wants ; addresses of Taxidermists, Dealers in speci-
mens and naturalists' apparatus &c. ; also, the addresses of Natural
History Artists, and such other matters as will make the work one of
general reference by Naturalists, will be given. Part First of the
Directory, consisting of thirty-six pages, was issued with the fifth
number of volume fourth of the Proceedings and contained the ad-
dresses of the Naturalists in North America and the West Indies,
under an alphabetical arrangement. The Second part was com-
menced in the sixth number and will be completed during the next
year. This part will contain the addresses of the North American
and West Indian Naturalists, arranged under the various departments
of study.

The follow ing table of the contents of the several volumes pub-
lished by the Institute will best exhibit their character.

HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.

VOL. I, PUBLISHED IN 18u»; VOL. II, 18CO; VOL. Ill, 18C1 ; VOL.
IV, 18G2; VOL. V, 18G3; VOL. VI, 18G4; VOL. VII, 1SG5.

J. F. ALLEX, First Voyage to Japan (vol. 2.)

C. C. BEAMAX, The Hopkins family in Rhode Island (vol. 2.) The Branch of
Howaid btriet Church (vol. if.)

AXXE BKADSTREKT, Will of, with Notes (vol. 4.)

GEORGE AV. BRIGGS, Memoir of D. A. "White (vol. f>.)

BEN.JA.MIX F. BHOWXE, Materials for a Genealogy of the Ingersol Family (Vol.
3.) Memorials of Nathaniel Waul; Extiacts fiom a Journal kept by eamuel
Gardner in 175'J (vol. 2.) Extracts from Gibson dough's Journal (vol. 3.) An
account of Salem Common and the levelling of the tame in 1*02, with short
Notices of the Subscribers (vol. 4.) Notice of Benjamin Gerrish and the old
Gerrish House ; Some Motes on Kantoul's Reminiscences (vol. 5.) President Mon-
roe in Salern ; Two "Old Bibles," with Motes ; Memorial of the Washington Rang-
ers; Confession and Declaration of Faith of Col. John Higginson (vol. 0.)

GEOHGE F. CIIEVEH, Remarks on the Commerce of balem from JG2G to 1740
(vol. J.) The Prosecution of Philip English and his wife for witchcraft (vols. 2,
o.) The Prosecution of Ann Pudeater for witchcraft l(i'J2 (vol. 4.)

H. J. CROSS, Estate of Ann Wiusley; Hale Family; Newbury Records; Slavery
in Essex County (vol. 7.)

GEORGE CURVVEX, Extracts of Letters written by him to his wife while on the
expedition against Louisburg (vol. 3.)

GEOKGE It. CUUWEX, Notice of the Curwen House and its Occupants (vol. 2.)
Notice of Curwen, Russell, Andrew (vol. 4.) Materials for a Genealogy of the
Ward family in Salem, or Notices of the descendants of Miles Ward (vol. 5.)

PERLEY DERBY. The Genealogy of the Derby Family (vol. 3.) Copy from Orig-
inal Book of Grants, Salem, with Notes by B. F. Browne (vols. 4, 5, <>.)

CHARLES M. EsirtCOTT, Narrative of the Piracy of the Ship Friendship of
Salem; Minutes for a Genealogy of the Jacobs Family (vol. 1.) History ol the
Salem and Danvers Aqueduct; New England Genealogy; Notice of the Old Plan-
tei's House (vol. 2.)

JOSEPH B. FELT, Lecture on Piracy, particularly of William Kidcl; Historical,
Statistical and Biographical Notices of Rockport; Historical Notices of Ipswich
and Hamilton (vol. 4.) Historical Sketch of the Forts on Salem Neck; Who was
the First Governor of Massachusetts ? (vol. 5.)

JOHN FisivE, Extracts from Records kept by him during his Ministry at Salem.
&c. (vol. 1.)

SAJIUEL P. FOWLER, Biographical Sketches of Rev. Joseph Green, Rev. Peter
Clarke aud Rev. li. Wadsworth, Ministers in Salem village, now Dauvers (vol. 1.)

19

f D£

notes (vol. 2.) Craft'.* Journal. of the Seige

Records of the Overseers of the Poor of Daiivers for the years 1707 and 1708, with

i of Boston, with notes (vo'. 3.) Jour-

nal of dipt. Samae! Page, in the campaign of 177'.), with notes (vols. 4, 5.)

AHXEU C. UuoUELl. JR., A Biographical Notice of the Oilix-rs of Probate for
Essex County (vols. 2, 3, 4.) Notice of Alonzo Lewis; Biographical Sketch of
Thomas Maule of Salem, with a rt view of the history of the E irly Antiiiomians
of New Engl and (vol. 3.) A brief review of the History of the Puritans and the
Separatists from the Cnurch of England ; in which the dittVrence betwei'ii tlie
Non-conformists of Massachusetts Ba/ and the Separatists of Plymouth Colony is
discussed (vol. 4.) Essex County Court Records (vol. 7.)

RoitEUi' HALE, List of Deaths in Beverly, &c., Memoranda (vol. 5.) Memo-
randa; Objections to Mr. Chumpuey's settlement (vol. (i.)

M. W. HAZEN, A Memorial discourse of William Symmes (vol. 4.)

WILLIAM LEAVITT, An Account of the Private armed vessels belonging to
Salem, Mass, during the war of Itfj2 (vol. 2.) History of the Essex Lodge of Free-
masons (vols. 3, 4.) Materials for the History of Ship Building in Salem (vol. (i.)

GKOKUE B. LOUINU, Some Ace >unt of Houses and other Buildings in Salem,
froai a M muscript of the Lite Col. B. Pickman (vol. 0.) Pavement of Essex
Street, Salem; Slaver/ in Essex County (vol. 7.)

DA\*ID Miiitiirrr, Obltu.tr/ Notice of (vol. 4.)

AXDUBW NICHOLS, Genealogy of the Nijhols Family; Genealogy of the Hoi-
yoke Family (vol. 3.)

JUA ,). PATCH, Abstracts from Wills, Inventories &c. on file in the Office of the
Clerk of the Courts, Salem (vols. i, 2, 3, 4, 5.) Extracts from the First Boo'.c of
Births, Marriages and Deaths of the city of Salem (vols. 1, 2, 3, 4.) Record of
Marriages, Births and Deaths in the town of Lynn, vol. 2, (vols. 5, 0, 7.)

EBENEZEU PARSONS, Abstracts from the Church Records of Lvnntield (vol. u.)

DAVID PUKKIXS, Materials for a Genealogy of the Lang Family; Copy of the
will of John Perkins, the elder, (vol. (i.)

STEPHEN H. PHILLIPS, Sketch of Rev. Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich (vol. 0.)

GEUUOE D. PHII-PEN, The Old Planters of Salem (vols. 1, 4.)

POPHAM, The Fort Popliam Celebration (vol. 5.)

RoiiKKT S. KANTOUL, ttemlntoCJUOea of liob.'r; Kintoul Sen. and the Rmtoul
G -n3.il j^/ (vols. 5, (i.), So na iut -s on VVfii.iaiu PonJ (vol. 0.) T.ie Narrative of
Majjr r.um >son Maxwell (vol. 7.)

J.vuou W.-RdBU, Obituary notice of AVilliam Bal3h (vol. 4.)

DAVID RouEUTd, Paper on a Spared Record of the Salem Custom House
(vol. 2.)

MATTHEW A. STICKXEV, Notes on American Currency (vols. 1, 2, 3, 5.) Copies
of unpublished Letters and Documents (vol. 2.) Account of the Massac.e at Fort
"\VUiiin tl n -y in 175/ (vj!. 3.) Cop/ of rhc First B > >k of Bir.ln &3., of the
TJ.V i of Kw.e.', wlta njt-s (vjls. 1, 5.) Cjp/ of rhc First BJOC of B.u-iils and
DJ it n of .ho Tj.vn of Iv^vviey (vol. a.) A copy of the First Bj:>k of M-ir/iagjS
of the Town of Unvley (vol. (i.)

GiLu^ur L. SruuKT^ii, Hiscorisal notise of Salern Scanary (vol. 2.)

LIXJOLX R. Si'ONK, An Acjjuiit of the Trial of George Jacobs for Witchcraft
(vol. 1.)

CCIAULES W. UPHAM, Memoir of George Atkinson Ward (vol. 7.)

WILLIAJI P. UPHA.M, Memoir of G.-n. Joiin Glover of Marbie'.iead (vol. 5.)
CrafVs Joui'n.il of the Seige of L >ulsbarg (vol. 0.)

Joxss VSUY, A Genealogical Ramble (vol. 1.) The Very Family (vols. 1, 2.)

GEIMJGE A» WAUD, Extracts from interleaved Almanacs of Juuit'S Je.fr/ late of
Sal a. n (vol. 2.) An Acouiit of the Essex Historic.il Society (vol. 0.)'

E. S. WATiiits, First Voyage to Japan (vol. ^.) Materials for a History of the
Ropes Family (vol. 7.)

HENitV WnEATLA.vn, Historical Sketch of the Philosophical Library in Salem,
wi.h notes (vol. 4.) M.ite.-ialj f jr a G.-na-al >g/ of the Higginson Family (vol. 5.)
Extracts from the Record) of two Aquedu; Corporation? in Salem (vol. 0.)
Baptisms of the First Church in Salem (voli. 0, 7.) Baptisms by Rev. Messrs-.
l\eseott and Holt of Saleai, MidJIe P.ecinct, now Sou'h Danvers, (vols. 0, 7.)

WHIPPLK, Extrazts from some Old Account Boo.cs kept by Mr. Wiiipple of
Hamilton (vol. 4.)

GiSi>niiE D. WILDES, Memoir of Capt. Win. Nichols of Newbaryport (vol. 0.)

T. B. WVMAN, Marriages of Salem and Cnarlestown people (vol. 7.)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE on the Authenticity of the Tradition of the First
Church in Salem, built in 10J4 (vol. 2.) Final Report of this Committee (vol. 7.)

20

PEOCEEDINGS
VOLUME I, 1848—1856.

Black-wart on plum,
Calochortus luteus,
Collectanea Botanica,

15

150
270

COMMUNICATIONS, verbal, by
Cole, Thos. Triple phosphates, 19
Fowler, S. P. Nat. Hist. Essex Co., 55
Manning, R. Canker of pear, 18
Niehols, A. Draba verna, . 19
Sk-nitic formation, . . 19
Perkins, Geo. A. African Ants, 20
Phippen, Geo. I). Old MSS., . 20
Russell, J. L. Achlya prolifera, 145
Ilex opaca, ... 19
Plants of Brattleboro' Vt., 15
Plants of Mansfield Mt. Vt., 16
Red Snow, ... 24
Victoria Regia, by J. F. Allen, notic-
ed, .... 81
Upham, C. W. Historical events, 155
Salem Records, . . 24
Waters, J. G. On Revolutionary rel-
ics, .... 17
Wheatland, H. Goliath Beetle, 17
I.odoice'a ; enl elHirum, . 20
Native Mollusea, . . 18
Physalia atlantica, . . 19

COMMUNICATIONS, written, by
Brooks, Henry M. Historical mat-
ters, . . . 01,05,81
Cole, Thos. Infusoria of Salem, 33
Chute, A. P. Cancrinite,* new occur-
rence of, . . . 151
Pviidicott, C. M. "Leslie's Retreat," 89
Statements relating to the event by
Wm. Gavett, . . . 120
Sam'l Gray, ... 129
Sam'l Holman, . . 130
Col. D. Mason, . . 131
Col. Pickering, . . 122
Mrs. Story, ... 134
Fowler, S. P. Naumkeag Indians, 50
King, H. F. Peach-gum, . 17
Perkins, Geo. A. Nat. History of West
Africa, <i6
Phippen, Geo. D. Study of Natural His-
tory, .... 72
Putnam, F. W. Birds of Essex Co., 201
Fishes of Essex Co., 144, 148, 201
Roberts, David, Historical reminiscen-
ces of M. Cradock, . . 242
Russeil, J. L. Entomology, 54,59,08
New hybrid grape, . . 195
Madura aurantiaca, . . 150
Stone, L. R. Indian Skull from Cayu-
ga, 149
Stricter, G. L. Cancrinite,* . 153
Salem Newspapers, . . 157
Tufts, Samuel, List of Native Shells, 25
Upham, Charles W. Colonial records of
Massachusetts, ".' • "' "'. 232

*Afterwards determined to be Soda-
lite.

Wheatland, Henry, Anatomy of Rab-
bit, .... 240
Balls formed on a foresail, &c., 200
Papers relating to Salem, in 1773, 151
Skull of Walrus, . . "62

Wheeler, Chas. H. Physical Geogra-

W^iite

Hiite, D. A. Covenant of 1st Church,
Salem, . . . . tiO, 25(>

Winsor F. Pteromys volueella, 147
Worcester, S. M. Covenant of 1st
Church, Salem, . ". 04

DONATIONS.

To the Library, 22, 25, 52, 57, 04, 77, 81,

140, 150.
To the Cabinets, 21, 22, 50, 7o, 137, 155.

Dothidea pomigena,

193

ESSEX COUNTY NAT. His. SOCIETY.
Act of Incorporation, . 4

E?SKX HlS'lOKICAL SOCIETY.

Act ol Incorporation, .

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Preliminary r» marks, .

Act of Incorporation, .

Constitution of, . .
By-Laws

..

List of Officers, 11, 23, 53, 80, 141

Sketch of the History of, . 144

HOKTICULTUKE.

Report on, . . 22,52,78,140

Contributions to department of, 208

Hildenbrandtia sanguinea, . 193
Hydrothyria venosa, .

Ilex paraguayensis, . . 137

Indian Skulls at North Andover, 14

Lonicera sempervm ns, . 273

Myriangium Curtisii, noticed, 146

OBITUARY NOTICES of

Adams, C. B. . . . 50
Cole, Thomas, . . 23, 49

Gibbs, William, . . 75

Mack, Elisha, . . 49

Nichols, Andrew . . 49

Pierson, A. L. . . 50

Sprague, Jos. G. 49

Tenney, John, . • 50

Ward, Israel, . . 74

Weston, G. L. i ' . 130

White, Charles . 11

Peach-gum, *. ' . . 15

PORTLAND NAT. HIST. SOCIETY.
Letter from, ... 05

Resolutions concerning, . 59

Phragmotrichum Chailletii,

194

21

Plants noticed at Danvers,

Essex Woods,

Lynnfield,

Manchester, . .

North Adover,

Wenham,
Plants new to Essex Co. flora,

Of rare occurrence,

12

13

12

13

14

12

188

194, 270

SALEM ATHENJEUM.
Communications from, 80, 141, 142

Salem, First Church, Covenant of, 202
Catalogue of the tirst Communicants
of, ....
Notes on Covenant of,
Sphasromphale atra, n. sp.,
Spharonema subtile,
"Verrucaria maura, . . .
Verrucaria perpusilla, n. sp.,
Victoria regia, description of,

204
205
191

11)5
lill

VOLUME II. 185G— 1860.

COMMUNICATIONS.

Atwood, N. E. On the Habits of Fish-
es, .... 137, 175

Beaman, C. C. On James Otis, 344
On the Hopkin's Family of Rhode Is-
land, .... 424

Buttrick, S. B. Floral Calendars, Spring
of 1855 and 1850, . . 172

List of Plants noticed in Salem arid
vicinity, 1857, . . 233

Chute, A. P. On the Natural History of
Lynnfleld, ... 40

Dornbach, L. M. Solanine in the Pota-
to, .... 285

Endicott, C. M. Genealogy, . 82

Account of the Capture of the Ship
Friendship, . . . 243

Farmer, M. G. On the Gyroscope, 01
On the product of a Field of Corn in
Boseaweu, N. H., . . 330

Fowler, S. P. On the Life of Key. Sam-
uel Parris, ... 49
On the different species of Oaks, 204
On the Abies cunadensis, . 208
Memoir of the Ministers of Salem
Village, (Danvers,) . . 248
On a supposed new species of Toad, 281
On the Ornithology of the United
States, ... 327
On the cultivation of Native
Plants, . . . 399

Gregory, J. J. H. On Indian relics, 149
On the Geology of Marblehead, 300

Ives, J. M. On the cultivation of the
Apple and Pear, . . 323

On the Apple, . . 341

Blight on Pear Trees, . 359

Manning, Robert, Grafting, . 244

On the cultivation of new varieties
of Fruit, ... 251

Mudge, B. F. On the Geology of Man-
chester, ... 39
On Salt Marshes of Lynn, . 117
On the Serpentine at Lynnfleld, 291
On the fructification of the Oaks, 301
On the Geology of Middleton, 385
On the Geology of Groveland, 400

Perry, G. B. On Lightning Kods, &c., 44

Phippen, G. D. Oil Introduction of
Native Plants, . . 33

On Plants found in Manchester, 38
On Plants found in South Daiivers, 203
On the Onion disease, . 211

On the Old Planters, . 249

On Plants found at Lynnfleld, 293
On the cultivation of the Dodder, 400

Putnam, F. W. On the coloration of
Fishes, . . . 300

On the Geographical distribution of
Fishes, ... 300

Roberts, David, Early History of the
Pilgrim Church, . . 321

On an old Salem Custom House
Book, .... 434

Russell, John L. On the Infusorial
Earths, ... 70

Notice of Josselyn's New England
Rarities, ... 95

On the Cryptogamic Vegetation of
Fayal, .... 134

On the Autumnal Marrow Squash, 355
On the Epiphytes, . • 422

On the donation of E. D. Ropes, 427

Streeter, G. L. On Essex Frigate, 73
Clergyman of Salem during the Re-
volution, ... 121
Historical Notice of Salem Scene-
ry, .... 250

Stone, L. R. The Trial of George Ja-
cobs, .... 353

Tracy, C. M. Flora of Nahant, 272

Plants noticed in North Danvers, 300
Plants noticed in Middleton, 383

On Historical Notices of the Scenery
and the Plants of Saugus, . 389

Plants of North Andover, . 401

Plants at Beverly Farms, . 414

True, Joseph, Shells gathered about
Salem, ' . . . 187

Upton, James, Notes on the ripening of
sixty varieties of Pears in the year
1850, ... 7 429

On the ripening of Summer and Au-
tumn Pears, and on the Preservation
of the late keeping varieties, 431

Weinland, D. F. On the Egg-Tooth of
Snakes and Lizards, with a plate, 28
On the Armature of the lower bill of
the hatching Tringa pusilla, 115

On the egg-shell of the viviparous
Snakes, . . . 180

Wheatlaiid, Henry, Historical Notice of
Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Society, 24

Historical Notice of the Essex Insti-
tute, .... 30
Historical Notice of the Social and
Philosophical Libraries, . 140

Wheatlaiid, Richard H. On the finding
a specimen of Motella at Nahant, 293
On the coloration of Fishes, 361

Several species of Fishes noticed, 318
On Acipeuser brevirostis, &c., 353

On the Tailor Bee, . . 390, 418

On Cristatella, . . 408

On donations of E. D. Ropes, Charles
Millet 2d, &c., " . 425

Cutler, Temple Donations of MSS. of
his grandfather, the lute Rev. Dr.
Cutler of Hamilton, . 229

DONATIONS.

To the Cabinets, 4, 5, (i, 23, 37, 42, 46,
49, 82, 94, 115, 119, 120, 133, 138, 14(i,
101, 180, 203, 207, 210, 218, 224, 229, 231,

242, 243, 24(i, 24S, 219, 250, 251, 258, 209,
280, 290, 298, 305, 315, 318 '320, 322, 330,
343, 351, 354, 358, 302, 364, 309, 372, 377,
382, 389, 398, 405, 412, 417, 419, 421, 422,
424, 425, 434.

To the Library, 8,^24, 37, 42, 4fi, 48, 72,
82, 94, 115, 119, 120, 133, 13,s, 140, 101,
183, 202, 207, 210, 218, 224, 228, 230, 242,

243, 240, 249, 250, 251, 200, 209, 279, 290,
298, 305, 314, 317, 320, 321, 330, 343, 351,
354, 35.s, 3(52, 304, 309, 372, 377, 382, 38<S,
397, 40-1, 412, 417, 419, 421, 422, 423, 425,
429, 434.

Essex County Natural History Society,
Notice of, ... 24

Essex County Teachers' Association,
Meeting at Salem, . . 42X

Essex Institute, Notice of, . 30

Eutassa excelsa, Letters respecting it
in Faysil, form T. W. Higginson, 21
Froin'W. Driver, . . 22

Magnolia glauca, . 34, 38, 41

OBITUARY NOTICES of

Braman, Isaac, . . 371

Downing, Thomas, . . 370

Harris, T. W. . . 2

Howes, F. 2

Ives, Benj. H. . . 25

King, John G. . . 220, 250

Lakeinun, E. K. . , 250

Locke, John, . . 178

Masury, S. R. . . 370

Nichols, Andrew, . . 20

Nichols, Ichabod, . . 370

Oakes, William, . . 20

Phillips, S. C. . . 258

Plokmaa, William, . . 179

Richardson, William P. . 178

Shepard, Israel D. . . 256

Shepard, M. . . . 178

Treadwell, John W. . 178

Warren, John C. 3

Wood, John G. . . 370

Officers elected, 20, 195, 203, 375

Osgood, Henry, Letter describing nu
improved Fruit basket, . 229

Plants found at Weuham, July 10th,
1857, .... 210

Prescott, W. H. Notice of his death, 344
Judge White's lett'-r in relation to
the same, . . 346

Batclielder, J. Remarks, . 349

Crosby, A. .350

RBFOBTS.

Batchelder, Jacob, On Lightning and
Lightning Hods, &c., . 101

Endieott, C. M. On the authenticity of
an old building on the estate of D.
Nichols, being built from the frame
of the First Cnurch, . 433

Mudge, B. F. On Mineralogy, 369

Phippen, George D. On the Historical
Magazine, ... 70

Putnam, F. W. On Ornithology, 9, 3(19
Roberts, David, On Judge White's
munificent donation to Library, 218
Russell, J. L. On the Herbarium, 14, 309
Secretary^ . 1,177,255,309

Stone, L. R. On Historical Depart-
ment, .... 309
Wheatland, Henry, Comparative Ana-
tomy, . . " . . 309
Wheatland, R. H. On Ichthyology, 12
On Mammalia, Ichthyology and Rep-
tiles, .... 309
Wiusor, F. On Mammalogy, 13

Russell, J. L. Notice of his Botanical
Lectures, . . . 335

Salem Athenasum, Proposals for occu-
pying Hummer Hall, 10, 120, 139

Ship Rock, ... 197

VOLUMK III, 1800—1803.

COMMUNICATIONS, Verbal,
iz, L. On the growth of the
Natica Heros, . . 252

Bardeu, S. On the minerals of Rock-
port, .... 205

Batchelder, Jacob, On the decimal sys-
tem in Weights and Measures, 50
On the Saccharine qualities of the
'Beet Root, ... 58

Dodge, A. W. Historical notice of
Hamilton, ... 29

Gregory, J. J. H. On the geology of
Lynn, .... 101

On the geology of Cape Ann, 205

Jackson, C. T. On the geology of Rock-
port, .... 274

Nichols, David, On Photographs of
Washington, . . . 229

Oliver, H. K. On the habits of the
Honey Bee, . . . 25(5

Osgood, George, On Notice of Rev. Dr.
Cutler and the plants of Hamilton, 31

Phippen, George D. On Fibrilia or Flax
Cotton, ... 61

Historical Notice of Cape Ann, 97

Reed, J. W. On the Topographical his-
tory of the Merrimac River, 19

Russell, J. L. On plants at Groveland, 18

Roberts, David, On the character of D.
A. White, . . . <»

Tracy, C. M. On plants at Topsflelcl, 15
On plants at Gloucester, . 99

23

On Woodwaxen, . . 201

On plants at Rockport, . 276

Wheatland, H. On Minerals on Salem

Neck, . . . .280

"Wheatland. R. H. On the development

of the Common Toad, . 36

Wildes, G. D. Historical notice of New -

buryport, . . 285

COMMUNICATIONS, Written.

Barden, Stillman, On the Geology of
Rockport, ... 231

Beaman, C. C. Historical Sketch of the
Howard Street Church, Salem, 126
Ou the Geographical outline of Cape
Cod, its discovery, . 130

Felt, Joseph B. Historical Notice of
Hamilton, ... 214

On John Endicott, the First Gover-
nor. .... 239
Historical Sketch of the Forts on
Salem Neck, . . 279

Fowler, S. P. On changes produced by
civilization in the haoits of our com-
mon birds, ... 31
On Cotton Mather, . . 119

Goodell Jr., Abner C. On the History
of the Puritans, . . 182

On "New England's Heraldry," 225
Historical Notice of Salisbury and
Amesbury, . . . 201

Gregory, J. J. H. On the Topography
of Powow Hill, . . 2(59

King, Henry F. On the "Nottingham
Earth," (infusorial) . 39

Mackenzie, S. S. On the Geology of
Topsfield, ... 77

Markoe, G. F. H. Catalogue of Plants
observed in Fruit and Flower at West
Gloucester, July Gth, 1800, 24

Plants collected at Amesbury and
Salisbury, . . . 272

Ordway, Henry L. On the Canker
Worm, ... 291

Phippcn, George D. On the Instinct of
Plants, . . 41

On the flbrile texture of the Milk-
weed, .... 215

Quincy, Josiah, Letter on the correct-
ness of the likeness of Washington
in possession of David Nichols, 230

Russell, J. L. Report on the Herbari-
um, ..... 77

Scudder, S. H. A list of the Butterflies
of New England, . . 161

Shurtleff, C. A. Report on the Army
Worm, ... 193

Shute, J. G. On the Opossum, 288

Upham, W. P. On the Orderly Books
of Gen. John Glover, . 235

• On Relics found at Fort Pickering, 290

Verrill, A. E. Notice of a Primnoa from
St. George's Bank, . . 127

On the structure of Corals and the
Polyps producing them, . 132

Catalogue of Birds found at Norway,
Me., .... 130

Birds found in Maine and not observ-

ed in Norway, Me., . 156

On the Classification of Birds, 208
Whittier, John G. Flowers, and Flow-
ering Shrubs and Vines at Amesbury
and Salisbury, . . 271

DONATIONS.
To the Library, 1, 6, 12, 17, 23, 29, 40,

48, 50, 58, 59, GO, 75, 82, 88, 95, 100, 108,
113, 117, 124, 125, 120, 130, 179, 180,

183, 184, 180, 191, 204, 218, 221, 224,
528, 231, 233, 235, 239, 240, 247, 252,
259, 273, 279, 283, 288, 289, 290, 295,

To the Cabinets, 1, G, 13, 17, 23, 29, 40,

49, 50, 58, 00, 75, 83, 88, 95, 101, 108,
113, 117, 124, 125, 120, 130, 180, 183,

184, 187, 192, 203, 218, 222, 224, 228,
231, 233, 235, 239, 240, 245, 252, 259,
273, 279, 284, 285, 289, 291, 295.

HORTICULTURE.
Reports on, . . . 8, 247

Lectures, Notices of, . 244, 284

Mass. Provincial Statutes, Resolutions

for the reprinting of the same by the

State, . 234

OBITUARY NOTICES of

Amory, Elizabeth, . . 4

Andrews, George, . . 241

Bowditch, N. I. . . 74

Brown, William, . . 243

Chandler, Samuel, . . 229

Dodge, George F. 5

Fettyplace, Henry King, . 185

Gardner, Barnard West, . 72

Gibbs, Josiah Willard, . 73

Kimball, David Tenny, . 3

Kimball, Nathaniel Augustus, 242

Lewis, Alonzo, . . 73

Macmullen, William, . 185

Odell, Thomas F. 72
Perry, Gardner Braman,

Potter, Joseph A. 5

Potter, William Oliver, . 186

Putnam, Charles Fiske, . 243

Rider, George Washington, 5

Sibley, John S. . . 73

Stone, John Hubbard, . 242
Upham Jr., Charles Wentworth, 4

Walker, Samuel, . . 74

Waters, John Gillison, . 3

Webb, John Felt, . . 185

Whipple, Charles J. . 72

Whipple, Jonathan Lovett, 4

White, Daniel Appleton, . 73

Williams Jr., Charles F. . 242

Williams, John B. . . 74

Williams, William, . 71

Woodberry, Larkin, . 72

Officers chosen,

. 9, 79, 189, 250
77, 188, 248

White, D. A. Notice of his death, reso-
lutions, &c., . . 63, 05

Treasurer's Reports,

24

VOLUME IV, 1864—1865.

Records of Meetings. Quarterly lists of the Additions to the Museum and
Library.

• COMMUNICATIONS:

J. A. AI.T.EN.

Catalogue of Birds found at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on their Migrations,
Habits, &c., together with a List of those Birds found in the State not yet observ-
ed at Springfield. . . . . . . . . " p. 48.

Notes on the Habits and Distribution of the Duck Hawk, or American Pere-
grine Falcon, in the Breeding Season, and Descriptions of the Eggs. p. 153.
D. M. BALCH.

On Socialite at Salem. ....... p. 1.

On Native Grapes. ........ p. 140.

GEORGE H. EMERSON.

On Magnetite and an unknown Mineral at Nahant. . . . p. 6.

ALPHEUS HYATT.

Remarks on Polyzoa, order Phalactolemata. Parti. With nine plates, p. 197.
EDWARD S. MOUSE.

A Classification of Mollusca, based on the "Principle of Cephalization." With
a plate. .......... p. 11)2.

A. S. PACKARD, JR.

Notes on the Family Zygsenidse. With two plates. . . . p. 7.

The Humble Bees of New England and their Parasites ; with notices of a new
species of Anthophorabia, and a new genus of Proctotrupidae. With aplate. p. 107.
F. W. PUTNAM.

Notes on the Habits of some species of Humble Bees. . . p. 98.

Notes ou the Leaf-cutting Bee. ...... p. 105.

A. E. VERRILL,.

Classification of Polyps; (Extract condensed from a Synopsis of the Polypi of
the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Captains Rinagold and Rodgers,
U. S. N.) Part I ': . p. 145.

Synopsis of the Polypi of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Cap-
tains Ringgold and Rodgers, U.S. N. Alcyonaria. Part II.' With tivo plates, p. Ibl.

NATURALISTS' DIRECTORY.

Part I. North America and the West Indies. (Alphabetical Arrangement.}
Issued in No. V.

Part II. North America and the West Indies. (Systematic Arrangement.)
Commenced in No. VI, will be completed in volume five.

In 1854 Miss Caroline Plummer bequeathed to the Salem Athe-
naeum $30,000, to be expended in the erection of a suitable building
to contain the Library of that Institution; granting liberty, also, to
have the rooms occupied Tor meetings of literary and scientific so-
cieties, and for the deposit of works of art and natural productions.
She moreover provides, that in case the Library of the Athenaeum
should ever become a public library her bequest should not be for-
feited ; evidently designing that the building erected from the proceeds
of her legacy should be the seat of letters and science in this place.

Upon the completion of the building in 1857, the following propo-
sals were agreed upon by both Societies at meetings held in April of
that year : —

The Proprietors of the Salem Athenaeum agree —

1st. To allow the Essex Institute to use the rooms on the lower
floor of PLUMMER HALL, for any purpose consistent with the terms oi
Miss Plummer's will.

25

2d. To allow the Essex Institute, after the Athenaeum has been
accommodated, sufficient space for their library on the second floor,
together with such privileges in all the rooms on the same floor, as
may be necessary for the care, delivery and consulting of their books.

3d. To allow members of the Essex Institute, who have paid all
their dues to that body, to consult the books of the Athenamm
Library.

Provided; That the Essex Institute, at a legal meeting called for
the special purpose of considering this subject, shall agree : —

1st. To pay to the Athenaeum, annually, the sum of three hundred
dollars.

2d. To allow the Proprietors to consult the books of the Institute
Library.

3d. To pay one half the expense of warming the building and
keeping its approaches unobstructed.

4th. That two years notice by either party may terminate this
agreement.

The committee, of which Hon. II. S. Rogers Avas chairman, ap-
pointed to superintend the construction of the necessary cabinets
&c., for the deposit of the Library and collections in Plummer Hall,
faithfully attended to the duties assigned and obtained the requisite
funds without recourse to the ordinary income of the Society, viz. :

By subscription in 1857 from 74 individuals, . . $2587 50

By net proceeds from Ladies' Fair, September 1800, . 2043 <>2

Sundries, ....... 12 00

4643 12
The debits to this account are as follows :

Cabinets, removal &c., ..... 3632 12

Interest on loans, . . . . ... 77 25

To the Publication account, .... 30:5 75

Deposited in Salem Savings Bank, ... &50 00

4643 12

The sincere thanks of the Institute are due to those generous in-
dividuals wh'o contributed the first named sum, and also to the
Ladies by whose untiring exertions, the second sum was placed at
its disposal.

Arrangements were thus made for what were then considered am-
ple accommodations for the library and collections of the Institute.
Since that time numerous additions have been, and are being made,
to the library and to the museum, so that it has now become necesr
sary to devise some plan to enable the Institute to meet the continu-
ally increasing demands upon its resources and to enable it to carry
out the objects of its organization in a suitable and proper manner.
May not the Institute hope that its friends and the patrons of
science and literature, will soon give that aid which is so essential
to a complete development of all its plans and a continuation of its
usefulness.

, 26

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

OK THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

o

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE I. OBJECTS.

The objects of the ESSEX INSTITUTE are the collection and preser-
vation of materials for the Civil and Natural History of the County
of Essex, the promotion of the Science of Natural History and the
advancement of Horticulture.

AUTICLE II. OFFICERS.

The officers of the Institute shall consist of a President, a Vice
President of each department, a Secretary, a Treasurer, a Librarian,
a Superintendent of the Museum, and Curators ; who, together, shall
constitute a Board of Directors.

ARTICLE III. MEMBERS.

Any person residing in the County of Essex may be chosen a
Resident Member.

Any person not residing in the County of Essex may be chosen a
Corresponding- member.

Any Eesident Member who shall remove from the County may be-
come a Corresponding Member by giving notice of his removal and
paying all arrears.

Resident Members only shall be entitled to vote or be eligible to
any office.

ARTICLE IV. ELECTIONS.

Officers and members shall be chosen by ballot. Officers shall be
elected at the Annual Meeting, except those chosen to fill vacancies
who shall be elected at a Stated Meeting.

Resident Members shall be nominated in writing at the meeting
preceding their election.

Corresponding Members having been nominated by the Directors
may be chosen at any meeting.

ARTICLE V. MEETINGS.

Meetings shall be held every year at the rooms of the Institute on
the second Wednesday in the months of February, May, August and
November, at three o'clock in the afternoon.

The Meeting in May shall be the regular Annual Meeting of the
Institute.

Other Meetings may be called as provided in the By -Laws.

ARTICLE VI. QUORUM.

Five Members shall be a Quorum for holding any meeting of the
the Institute, or of the Board of Directors.

27

AKTICLK VII. ASSESSMENTS.

The yearly Assessment of each Resident Member shall be Two
Dollars, payable at the annual meeting.

ARTICLE VIII.
ALTERATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

The By-Laws shall not be repealed or amended except by the
votes of "two-thirds of the Resident Members present at a Stated
Meeting.

The Constitution shall i\ot, be amended unless by the votes of
three-quarters of the Resident Members present at a Stated Meet-
ing, and after special notice of the proposed amendments shall have
been given at two previous Stated Meetings.

BY-LAWS.
CHAPTER I. OF MEMBERS.

No Member who shall be in arrears for one year shall be entitled
to vote or hold any office; and any member so in arrears, who shall
refuse or neglect to pay his dues for six months after being notified
thereof by the Treasurer, shall cease to be a member of the Institute.
Provided,' however, that any member may, in lieu of the annual as-
sessment, pay the sum of thirty dollars to be added to the funds of
the Institute, the annual interest thereof to be considered as the
payment of the annual assessment of said member.

CHAPTER II. OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.

The PRESIDENT shall be the presiding officer of the Institute and of
the Board of Directors.

The VICE PRESIDENTS shall perform the duties of the President in
his absence. They shall also be chairmen of their respective de-
partments.

The SKCRETARY shall give notice of all meetings and record their
proceedings; notify all members and officers of their election; have
charge of all papers and documents ; conduct the general corres-
pondence, ,and report the doings of the Institute during the year, at
the annual meeting. He shall also be, ex~officio, a member of all
Standing Committees.

The TREASURER shall have charge of the fiscal concerns of the In-
stitute ; keep an exact account of all receipts and expenditures, and
report the same at the annual meeting.

The LIBRARIAN shall receive and shall have in custody all books
and other printed works, maps, charts and diagrams of tne Institute,
attend to thfeir arrangement, cataloguing and preservation; conduct
the correspondence relating to the Library ; acknowledge all dona-
tions thereto, and repoi'ton its condition at the annual meeting.

The SUPERINTENDENT shall have the general charge of all speci-
mens belonging to the Museum, their arrangement and preser-
vation ; acknowledge all donations to the Museum ; conduct the cor-
respondence relating to it ; make such use of the duplicates as may
be beneficial to science, and report annually on its condition.

28

The CURATORS shall have the special charge of the arrangement,
cataloguing and labeling of specimens belonging to their respective
sections. l3ach Curator shall report on the condition and wants of
his section at the annual meeting.

The BOARD OF DIRECTORS shall have full power to act for the inter-
est of the Institute in any way not inconsistent with the Constitu-
tion and By-Laws.

The following Committees shall be chosen at the Annual Meeting.

A FINANCE COMMITTEE, who shall have the direction of the funds
of the Institute aud annually examine and audit the accounts of the
Treasurer.

A LIBRARY COMMITTEE, who shall, with the Librarian, have the
general superintendence of the Library and shall make an annual
examination of its condition in May.

A COMMITTEE ox PUBLICATIONS, who shall have the management
of all Publications of the Institute and regulate the manner of their
distribution.

A LECTURE COMMITTEE, who shall arrange for such courses of
Lectures as may be deemed advisable.

A COMMITTEE ox FIELD MEETINGS, who shall determine when and
where Field Meetings shall be held, and have the general manage-
ment of the same.

The above Committees shall report their respective doings at the
Annual Meetings.

CHAPTER III. OF DEPARTMENTS.

The HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT shall be divided into three sections :
1, Ethnology; 2, Manuscripts; 3, Fine Arts.

The DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL HISTORY into nine sections : 1, Ge-
ology ; 2, Mineralogy ; 3, Palaeontology ; 4, Botany ; 5, Comparative
Anatomy; 6, Vertebrata ; 7, Articulata; 8, Mollusca; 9, liadiata.

The DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE into two sections : 1, Fruit
and Vegetables ; 2, Flowers.

The Vice President and Curators of each of these Departments,
with the Superintendent, shall be a committee for its management.

CHAPTER IV. OF THE MUSEUM.

The Museum shall be open to Members and the public at such
times and under such regulations as the Directors may determine.

No specimen shall be taken from the rooms except by permission
of the Committee of the department to which it belongs, upon a
written application made to the Secretary, or Superintendent;
specimens may, however, be sent by the Superintendent to acknowl-
edged competent persons for identification.

Every facility in the power of the Superintendent, and consistent
with the welfare of the specimens, shall be given to persons visit-
ing the Museum for the purpose of study and comparison.

CHAPTER V. OF THE LIBRARY.

The Library Committee shall divide the books and other articles
belonging to the Library into three classes, viz. : (a) those which
are not to be removed from the building; (b) those which may be

29

taken from the halls only by written permission of three members
of the committee, who shall take a receipt for the same and be re-
sponsible for their safe return; (c) those which may circulate under
the following rules.

Members shall be entitled to take from the Library one folio, or
two quarto volumes, or four volumes of any lesser fold, with the
plates belonging to the same, upon having them recorded by the
Librarian, or Assistant Librarian, and promising to make good any
damage they sustain while in their possession, and to replace the
same if lost, or pay the sum fixed by the Library Committee.

No person shall lend any book belonging to the Institute, except-
ing to a member, under a penalty of one dollar for every such ofleuce .

The Library Committee may allow members to take more than the
allotted number of books upon a written application, and may also
permit other persons than members to use the Library, under such
conditions as they may impose.

No person shall detain any book longer than four weeks from the
time of its being taken from the Library, if notified that the same is
wanted by another member, under a penalty of five cents per day,
and no volume shall be retained longer than three months at one
time under the same penalty.

The Librarian shall have power, by order of the Library Commit-
tee, to call in any volume after it has been retained by a member for
ten clays.

On or before the first Wednesday in May, all books shall be re-
turned to the Library, and a penalty of five cents per day shall be
imposed for each volume detained.

Labels designating the class to which each book belongs shall be
placed upon its cover.

No book shall be allowed to circulate until one month after its re-
ception.

CHAPTER VI. OF VISITORS.

Visitors may be introduced by any Member, and a book shall be
kept in some conspicuous place in the rooms of the Institute for re-
ceiving their signatures.

CHAPTER VII. OF MEETINGS.

The field Meetings are under the direction of the Committee ap-
pointed for that purpose.

Regular Meetings may beheld on the first and third Mondays of
each month at such time and place as may be agreed upon.

Special Meetings may be called by the President, or, in his absence,
by one of the Vice Presidents.

30

OEDER OF PROCEEDINGS AT MEETINGS.
ANNUAL MEETINGS.

1. Records of last Annual, Stated and Regular Meetings read.

2. Reports of Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, Superintendent,
Curators and Committees.

3. Obituary notices.

4. Election of Officers and Committees for the ensuing year.

5. Business.

6. Correspondence.

7. Communications.

8. Nominations and balloting for Members.

9. Adjournment.

OTHER STATED MEETINGS.

1. Record of the last Stated Meeting read.

2. Election of Officers to fill vacancies.

3. Business.

4. Communications.

5. Nominations and balloting for Members.

6. Adjournment.

SPECIAL MEETINGS.

1. Record of last Meeting read.

2. Special business of the meeting.

3. Adjournment.

REGULAR MEETINGS.

1. Record of preceding Meeting read.

2. Correspondence.

3. Written Communications.

4. Verbal Communications.

5. Donations to the Library.

6. Donations to the Museum.

7. Special business.

8. General business.

9. Nominations for Membership.

10. Balloting for Members.

11. Adjournment.

Meetings of the Directors may be held immediately after the ad-
journment of any Regular or Stated Meeting of the Institute upon
notice from the Chair.

31
OFFICERS

OF TJIp

ESSEX HISTORICAL SOCIETY,

FROM ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1821, TO THE UNION IN 1848.

Edward A. Holyoke,
Benjamin Pickman,

PEE SIDENT S .

1821—29 Ichabod Tucker,
1829—35 Daniel A. White,

Joseph Story,
Ichabod Tucker,
George Cleveland,

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

1821—29 Levcrett Saltonstall,
1829—35 Benjamin Merrill,
1835—40 John Glen King,

RECORDING SECRETARIES.

George A. Ward,
John W. Treadwell,

1821—22 William Proctor,
1822—24 Joseph G. Waters,

CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES.

Benj. R. Nichols,
John Glen King,

1821—24 Henry Wheatland,
1824—47

1835—37
1837—48

1841—45
1846—47
1847—48

1824—27
1827—48

1847—48

CABINET KEEPERS AND LIBRARIANS.

Charles C. Clarke,
Francis Peabody,
Pickering Dodge,
Charles G. Putnam,

Stephen White,

Ichabod Tucker,
John Pickering.
Nathaniel Bowditch,
Leverett Saltonstall,
Nathaniel Silsbee,
Thomas Carlile,
William Gibbs,
John Glen King,
Daniel A. White,
Ferderic Howes,
George Cleveland,
Charles C. Clarke,
John Brazer,
John G. King, (re-el.)

1821—25 Charles A. Andrew, 1834—42

1825—27 Henry Wheatlund, 1842—47

1827—30 George Dean Phippen, 1847—48
1830—34

TREASURERS.

1821—31 Frederic Howes, 1831—48
TRUSTEES.

1821—29 Abel L. Peirson, 1835—48

1821—27 Nathaniel Silsbee, 1838—43

1821—23 Charles W. Upham, 1838—43

1821—41 Ichabod Tucker, (re-el.) 1841—43

1821—35 Andrew Nichols, 1841—48

1821—22 Benjamin Merrill, 1841—45

1821—33 Joseph G. Waters, 1843—48

1822—24 Francis Peabody, 1843—45

1823—41 Jonathan C. Perkins, 1843—48

1824—48 Caleb Pierce, 1843—48

1827—35 Stephen P. Webb, 1843—48

1829—37 Caleb F.oote, 1845—48

1833—43 Matthew A. Stickney, . 184G— 48
1835—48

32
OFFICERS

OF THE

ESSEX CO. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

FROM ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1833, TO THE UNION IN 1848.

PRESIDENTS.

A. Nichols, (Danvers) 1833 — 45 John Lewis Russell,
VIC E-P RESIDENTS.

1845—48

Wm. Oakes, (Ipswich) 1833—40 Wm. Prescott, (Lynn) 1845—46
G. B. Perry. (Bradford) 1833—45 William Mack, 1840—48

John Clarke Lee, 1840—48

SECRETARIES AND TREASURERS.

John M. Ives, 1833—35 Henry Wheatland, 1835—48

CABINET KEEPERS AND LIBRARIANS.

John Lewis Russell,
Win. P. Richardson,

1833—35 George Dean Phippeu. 184G— 48
1835—40

CURATORS.

Wm. Oakes, (Ipswich) 1833—35 George Dean Phippen, 1840—42

John Clarke Lee, 1833—40 Joseph Farnum, Jr., 1840—42

Charles Grafton Page, 1833—37 William Mack, 1842— 4G

Thomas Spencer, 1833 — 35 James Upton, 1844 — 48

John M. Ives, 1835—39 Benjamin H. Silsbee, 1845—48

William Prescott, 1835—45 Joseph Banvard, 1845— 4G

Pickering Dodge, 1837—40 S. P. Fowler, (Danvers) 1840—48

John Lewis Russell, 1839—45 Francis Putnam, 1846—48

8

OFFICERS

OK THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

SINCE ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1848.

PRESIDENTS.

Daniel A. White, 1848—61 Francis Peabody,
Asaliel Huntington, 1861 — 65

1865

VIC E-P RESIDENTS.

John Glen King, 1848—57 James Upton,
John Lewis Russell, 1848—61 Samuel P. Fowler,
John Clarke Lee, 1848—60 Abner C. Goodell, Jr.,
Henry Mason Brooks, 1858—62 John Fiske Allen,

1860—64
1861
1862
1864

SECRETARY AND TREASURER.

Henry Wlieatland, 1S48

CABINET KEEPERS.

Frederic Howes, Jr., 1848—49 Caleb Cooke,
George A. Perkins, 1850—56 Richard H. Wheatland,
Frederic W. Putnam, 1856 — 57

1857—60
1860—64

SUPERINTENDENT OF MUSEUM.

Frederic W. Putnam, 1864

LIBRARIANS.

George Dean Phippen, 1848—49 John Hubbard Stone,
Henry Mason Brooks, 1849 — 50 Nathaniel J. Holden,
Matthew A. Stickney, 1850 — 56 Charles Davis,

1856—63
1863—65
1865

FINANCE COMMITTEE.

John Clarke Lee, 1848 George Dean Phippen,
Ephraim Emmerton, 1848 — 60 Robert Manning,
Frederic Howes, 1848 — 54 Henry Mason Brooks,
Joseph S. Cabot, 1854 — 57 James Chamberlain,
Richard S. Rogers, J857

1858
1858—59
1859
1860

LIBRARY COMMITTEE.

Daniel A. White, 1856—61 Nathaniel J. Holden,
George B. Loring, 1856 — 57 Henry J. Cross,
Samuel P. Fowler, 1856—61 George A. Ward,
David. Roberts, 1857—64 George D. Wildes,
Joseph G Waters, 1861 William Sutton,
Alpheus Crosby, 1861

1862—63
1863
1864—65
1864
1865 .

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

John Lewis Russell, 1856—61 Abner C. Goodell, Jr.,
Henry Wheatland, 1856 — 64 Cyrus M. Tracy,
George Dean Phippen, 1856 William P. Upham,
Ira J. Patch, 1859 Robert S. Rantoul,
John Hubbard Stone, 1859 — 63 Frederic W. Putnam,
George M. Whipple, 1869—63

1861
1863
1863
1864
18G4

ft*

LECTURE COMMITTEE.

John Lewis Eussell,
James Kimball,
Francis Peabody,
George Dean Phippen,
Benjamin F. Mudge,
Cyrus M. Tracy,
Abner C. Goodell, Jr.,
Charles C. Beaman,
Jacob Batchelder,

1859—61

1859

1859— (51

1859— G2

1859—00

1860—61

1861

1861—63

1861—62

FIELD MEETING COMMITTEE.
Benjamin F. Mudge, 1859—60 Charles H. Norris,
Samuel P. Fowler, 1859

John M. Ives, 1859

Benjamin C. Putnam, 1859 — 62
Eichard 11. Wheatlancl, 1859—63
Allen W. Dodge, 1859—65

Cyrus M. Tracy, 1860

Charles H. Norris, 1861—63

Frederic W. Putnam, 1861

William J. Rolfe, 1862—63

Henry Mason Brooks, 1862—63

Edmund B. Willson, 1862—64
Francis Peabody, (re-el.)1863

George Dean Phippen, 1863

George Perkins, 1863

George W. Briggs, 1864

1860—65

Charles C. Beaman, 1862—65

Stillman Barden, 1863—65

George D. Wildes, 1864

Eben N. Walton, 1864

George B. Loring, 1865

Charles Davis, 1865

CURATORS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT.

William Mack, 1848—56

Henry F. King, 1848

Samuel P.- Fowler, 1848—56

John Lewis Russell, 1856 — 61

Frederic Winsor, 1856 — 62

Frederic W. Putnam, 1856

Charles R. Waters, 1856—59

Charles J. Lee, 1856—57

Richard H. Wheatland, 1856—63

Henry Wheatland, 1856

Caleb Cooke, 1856

George A. Perkins, 1856—61

Benjamin F. Mudge, 1856—60

Henry F. Shepard, 1856

Pickering D. Allen, 1857—59

David M. Balch, 1860—63

Cyrus M. Tracy, 1861

Thomas M. Pond, 1863—64

James H. Eraferton, 1863

Charles H. Higbee, 1863

CURATORS OF THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT.

Frederic Howes, 1848—54

Joseph G. Waters, 1848

Matthew A. Stickney, 1848—50
Francis Peabody, 1850

Henry Mason Brooks, 1854
John Glen King, 1856—58

William S. Messervy, 1856
M. A. Stickney, (re-el.) 1856
Francis Henry Lee, 1856—63
Lincoln Ripley Stone, 1856—63
Gilbert L. Streeter, 1857

CURATORS OF THE HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Samuel B. Buttrick,
Alfred Stone,
Ira J. Patch,
John Robinson,
Charles F. Nichols,
William P. Upham,
James A. Gillis,
George D. Wildes,
George A. Ward,
E. Stanley Waters,

1857

1857—60

1859—64

1863

1863—64

1863

1864

1864

1864—65

1865

Benjamin H. Silsbee, 1848—51

James Upton, 1848—64

Francis Putnam, 1848

Robert Manning, 1851 — 59

John F. Allen, 1856—64

Charles F. Putnam, 1856—63

John C. Lee, 1856 — 60

William Mack, 1856

John Lewis Russell, 1856—61

George B. Loring, 1857

Richard S. Rogers, 1857

Benjamin A. West, 1857

Joseph S. Cabot, 1857

John Bertram, 1857

John M. Ives, 1859

Charles H. Norris, 1860

George D. Glover, 1861

Samuel A. Merrill, 1863

William Maloon, 1864

Andrew Lackey, 1 864

George F. Brown, 1864

diaries II. Higbee, 1865

35
EESIDENT MEMBEKS

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

*1863

*1859
*1862

Agge, William Salem.
Allanson, J. S. Marblehead.
Allen, George H. Salem.
Allen, John Fisk "

*Allen, P. Dodge "
Almon, Andrew B. "
Almy, James F. "

Amidon, Augustus R. "
*Amory, Elizabeth "
* Andrews, George "
Andrews, John P. "
Andrews, Joseph "

Andrews, Samuel P. "
Appleton, Isaac Beverly.
Archer, Augustus J. /Salem.
Archer, John "

Archer, William "

Ashton, William B. "
Attwill, Theodore Lynn.
Atwood, Edward S. Salem.

BabbicJge Charles "
Babson, J,ohn J. Gloucester.
Bachelder, David G. Salem.
Baker, Charles "

Baker, Charles H. "
Baker, John I. Beverly.
Balch, David M. Salem.
Bancroft, S. C. So. Danvers.
*Barden, Stillman Rockport. *1865
Barlow, John Salem.

Barnes, Thomas H. "
*Bartlett, Jwhn Marblehead. *1849
Barton, Gardner Salem.
Barton, William C. "
Batchelder, Jacob Lynn.
Batchelder, John H. Salem.
Batchelder, Samuel L. "
Bates, William M. "'
Battis, James H.
Beaman, Charles C.
Bertram, John
Bertram, Joseph II. M.
Bettis, John B.
Boardman, Francis

Bosson, Abraham F. Salem.
Bowditch, Wm. A. "
Bowdoin, David W. "
Bowdoin, Wm. L. "
Bowker, Charles "

Bowker, George "

Boynton, Susan P. Lynn.
*Braman, Isaac Georgetown. *1858
Braman, Milton P. Danvers.
Briggs, George W. Salem.
Brookhouse, Robert "
Brookhouse, II. Jr. "
Brookhouse, R. 3d, "
Brooks, Augustus T. "
Brooks, D. Brainerd "
Brooks, Henry M. "
Brooks, Luke "

Brooks, Lyman B. "
Brown, Edward "

Brown, Ephraim "

Brown, Francis "

Brown, George F. "
Brown, Jacob F. "

Brown, Nathaniel "
Brown, Nathaniel Jr. "
*Brown, William " *1863
*Brown, William B. " *1864
Browne, Benjamin F. "
Browne, J. Vincent "
Browning, John P. "
Buswell, E. W. Maiden.
*fBurley, Susan Salem. *1850
Butman, Francis C. "
Buttrick, Samuel B. "

Cabot, Joseph S. "

Caller, James M. "

Carlen, Samuel "

Carpenter, David P. "
Gate, Shaclrack M. "
Chamberlain, James "
Chamberlain, James A. "
Chamberlain, J. W. "
Chandler, Gardner L. "
Chandler, Joseph "

*Deceased.

fLife Members.

36

Chapman, George K. Salem.
Chapman, John
Chase, George C.
Chase, Stephen A. "
Chever, William J. "
Choate, David Essex.

Choate, David Jr. Salem.
Choate, George "

Choate, William G. "
*Clark, John " *1851

Clark, Priscilla "

Cleaves, Joshua '•

Cleveland, William S. "
Cloutman, Joseph "
Cloutman, Joseph P. "
Cloutman, William R. "
"Cogswell, Henry " *1865
Colcord, H. M. So. Danvers.
fCole, Nancy D. Salem.
*Cole, Thomas " *1852

Con ray, James H. "
Cook, James P. "

•*Cook, Nathan " *1853

Cooke, Caleb '•

Cornelius, Alonzo G. "
Cox, Benjamin ';

Cox, Francis "

Creamer, George G. "
Creesey, Charles "

Crosby, Alpheus "

Cross, Henry J. "

Cross, Joseph S. "

*Crowell, Robert Essex. *1855
Curwen, George R. Salem.
Curvvcn, Henry "

Curweii, James B. "
Curwen, Samuel B. "
Cutts, Benjamin "

Daland, John Hamilton.
Dane, Joseph F. Salem.
Daniels, George P. "
Davis, Abner H. "

Davis, Charles Beverly.
Davis, S. W. Salem.

Day, Samuel "

Dean, Edward "

Derby, Perley
Dike, John "

Downing, John H. Salem.
*Do wning, Thomas "
Downing, Thomas W. "
Doyle, Mary "

'1859

Dixey, John Salem.

Dodge, Allen W. .Hamilton.
*Dodge, George F. Salem. *1860
Doggett, W. E. Swampscott.

*Eaton, Peter Boxford. *1848
*Edvvards, Justin Andover. *1853
Emerson, Brown Salem.
Emerton, James "

Emertou, James H. "
Emmerton, Ephraim "
Emmerton, William H. "
*Endicott, Charles M. " *1863
Endicott, Robert R. Beverly.
Endicott, Sarah B. Salem.
Endicott, William C. "
Endicott, William P. "
Estes. James 7$. So. Darners.

Fabens, Benjamin Salem.
Fabens, Benjamin F. "
Farless, James A. "
Farley, Robert Jr. Ipswich.
Fanner, Moses G. Salem.
Farnum, Joseph "

Farington, George P. "
Fellows, Israel "

Felt, Charles W. "

Felt, John "

Felt, John G. "

Felt, Joseph B. "

Felt, Samuel Q. "

*Fettyplace, Henry K. " *1862
Fenollosa, Manuel "
Fisher, Thorpe "

Flint, G. F. North Eeadiwj.
Flint, Harrison O. Salem.
* Flint, James " *1855

Flint, Simeon "

Fogg, Julian A. "

Foote, Caleb "

Foster, Joseph C. "

Foster, William II. "
Foster, William J. "
Fowler, Charles B. "
Fowler, George "

Fowler, Samuel P. Danvers.
Frothingham, T. H. Salem.
Frye, D. Ormond "
Frye, Nathan A. "

Fuller, George A. "

"Gardner, Barnard W. "
Gardner, Henry "

^1860

37

Gardner, Henry Salem.
Gardner, Henry E. "
*Gardner, William F. " *1851
Gayle, E. F. W. "

Gersdorff, Brunow de "
Gillis, James A. " •

Glazier, Charles H.
Glover, George D. "
Goldthwaite, Aaron, Jr. "
Goldthwaite, Joseph A. "
Goldthwaite, Willard "
Goodell, Abner C., Jr. "
*fGoodhue, J. New York. *1848
Goss, Francis Salem.

Graves, Wm. Newburyport.

Hadduck, Chas. B. Beverly.
Hagar, Daniel B. Salem.
Hale, Henry

Hale, James F. "

Hale, M. H.

Hall, Harmon East Saugus.
Hammond, Joseph Salem.
Hammond, J. Leonard "
Hanaford,Phebe A.lieading.
Hanson, Elijah A. Salem.
Hanson, Joseph H. "
Harrington, Francis "
Harrington, Leonard B."
Hartney, Michael "

Haskell, Daniel C. "
Haskell, J. P. Marblehead.
Haskell, William Beverly.
Hawkes, C. M. East Saugus.
Hay ward, Josiah Salem.
Hay ward, William P. "
Herrick, Henry P. Beverly.
Herrick, Samuel D. "
Higbee, Charles H. talem.
Hill, James Beverly.

Hodges, Samuel R. Salem.
Hoffman, Eliza A. "

Holdeu, Nathaniel J. "
Horton, Nathaniel A. "
fHoughton, Abel, Jr. Lynn.
Howe, Octavius Beverly.
*Howes, Frederick Salem. *1855

*Howes, Frederick, Jr.
*Hubbard, Oliver
*Hubon, Henry
Hubon, Henry G.
Hunt, Thomas
Hunt, T. Francis
Hunt, William
6

*1849
*1849

Huntington, Asahel Salem.
Hutchinson, Thomas J. "

Ide, Edwin R. "

Ingersoll, Horace "

Ives, Henry P. "

Ives, John M. "

Ives, John S. "
Ives, Stephen B. s

Ives, Stephen B., Jr. "

Ives, William "

Jacobs, W. M. So. Danvers.
Jelly, William H. Salem.
Jewett, George B.
Jewett, John "

Jewett, Mary B. Rowley.
Jewett, Thomas S. Salem.
Jillson, Samuel Feltonville.
Jocelyn, Henry E. Salem.
Johnson, Emery S. "
Johnson, Thomas H. "

Kehew, William H. "
Kemble, Arthur "

Kilburn, John "

*Kimball, David T. Ipsw.ch. *1860
Kimball, Edward D. Salem.
Kimball, James "

Kimball, James S. "

*Kimball, Nathaniel A. " *1862
Kimball, William "

*King, D. P. South Danvers. *1850
King, Henry F. Salem.
"King, James B. " *1865

*King, John Gleu " *1857

Kinsman, John "

Kinsman, Nathaniel "
Kinsman, Nathaniel J. "
Kinsman, William L. "
Knight, Edward H. " \,

Lackey, And'w Marblehead.
*Lakeman, Eben K. Salem. "1857
Lamson, Charles "

Lamson, Frederick > "
Lander, William A. Danvers.
Lane, Edward B. Salem.
Lawrence, Charles Danvers.
Leavitt, Joseph H. Salem.
Leavitt, Joseph S. "
Leavitt, William "

Lee, Francis H. "

fLee, John C. "

*Lewis, Alonzo Lynn. *1861

Lincoln, Solomon, Jr. Salem.
Lindsey, Richard "

Lodge, G. H. Sicampscott.
Long, Isaac M.i Salem.
Lord, Andrew H. "

Lord, George C. "

Lord, Hannah, M. "

Lord, Nathaniel J. "
Lord, Otis P. "

Lord, William Danvers.
*Loring, Bailey Andover. *1860
Loring, George B. Salem.
Lovett, Horace R. Beverly.
Lowd, Albert J. Salem.
*Lufkin, Henry S. " *1866

*Mack, Elisha " *1852

Mack, William "

Mackie, John "

Mackintire, Ingalls K. "
Mackintire, Samuel "
*Macmullen, William " *1862
Maloon, William "

Manning, James "

Manning, Richard C. "
Manning, Robert "

Mansfield, Charles "
Mansfield, Daniel H. "
Marks, John L. "

Martin, William P. "
*Masury, Samuel R. " *1858
McCloy, Robert "

McKenzie, R. A. "

McKenzie, S. S. Topsfield.
Merrill, S. A. Danvers.
*Merritt, David Salem. *1862
Messervy, William S. "
Miller, Ephraim "

Moore, David "

Mosman, A. T. Beverly.
Morong, Thos. Lanesville.
Morton, Henry Salem.
Moulton, William C. "

*Neal, Harriet 0. " *1865

Neilson, William "

Newcomb, Caleb "

Newhall, Ezra F. "

*Newhall, Gilbert G. " *1863
Newhall, Thomas P. "
Newhall, W.F. East Saugus.
*Nichols, A. South Danvers. *1853
Nichols, Charles F. Salem.
Nichols, Francis W. "

Nichols, Isaiah Salem.
Nichols, John H. ••-'

Nichols, Nathan "

Nichols, William F. "
Norris, Charles H. "
Northend, William D. "
Noyes, Amos Newburyport.
Noyes, Enock K. Salem.

*tOakes, William Ipswich. *1848
Odell, Charles Salem.

*Odell, Thomas F. " *1860
Oliphant, David Andcrver.
Oliver, Henry K. Salem.
Oliver, James E. Lynn.
Osborne. Henry Salem.
Osborne, Stephen "

Osgood, Charles "

Osgood, Charles S. "
Osgood, George P. "
Osgood, John C. "

Osgood, Jos. So. Danvers.
Osgood, Jos. B. F. Salem.
Osgood, Robert "

Osgood, William H. "

Page, Jeremiah "

Palfrey, Charles W. "
Palmer, Theron "

Palmer, William H. "
Parker, George A. "
Parker, John B. "

Parker, William B. "
Patch, Ira J. Lynn.

Payson, Edward H. Salem.
Peabody, Alfred
Peabody, Francis "

fPeabody, George "
Peabody, Henry W. "
*Peabody, J. B. So. Danvers. *1863
Peabody, Joseph Salem.
Peabody, S. Endicott "
Pease, George W. "

Peck, Freeman S. "

Peele, J. Willard "

Peele, Robert "

*Peirson, Abel L. " *1853

Peirson, Edward B. "
Pepper, Charles Henry "
Perkins, Augustine S. "
Perkins, Daniel !'

*Perkins,D. C. So. Danvers. "1863
*Perkins, Edward L. Salem. *1864
Perkins, George "

Perkins, George A. "

89

Perkins, Jeremiah S. Salem.
Perkins, Jonathan C. "
Perkins, Nathaniel B. "
Perkins, Thomas L. "
Perley, Jonathan
Perry, Augustus "

*Perry, G. B. Groveland. *1859
Perry, Jairus W. Salem.
Phillips, Edward B. "
*tPhillips, Stephen C. " *1857
Phillips, Stephen H. "
Phillips, Willard P.
Phippen, George D.
Phippen, Joseph H.
Pickering, John
Pickman, Benjamin
Pickman, Francis W.
*Pickraan, William ' *1857
Pickman, William D. "
Pinnock, Thomas "

Pond, Thomas M. "

Poor, Alfred "

Poor, Eben S. So. Danvers.
Pope, James Salem.

Porter, Frederick "

Porter, J. W. "

Porter, Samuel Beverly.
*Potter, Joseph A. Salem. *1859
*Potter, William O. " *1862
Pousland, George W. "
Price, Charles H. "

Proctor, T. E. So. Danvers.
Purbeck, William A. Salem.
Putnam, Charles A. "
*Putnam, Charles F. " "1862
Putnam, Eben
Putnam, Edmund Q. "
Putnam, Elizabeth A. "
Putnam, Francis "

Putnam, Frederic W. "
Putnam, Henry W. "
Putnam, Otis F. Danvers.
Putnam, W. H. A. Salem.

Quimby, E. Hervey "

Rantoul, Robert S. "
Rea, Charles S. "

Rea, Samuel G. "

Read, George F. "

Reith, William, Jr. "
Richardson, Charles M. "
Richardson, Charles W. "
*Rider, George W. " *1859
Rider, Joseph J. "

Roberts, David Salem.

Roberts, E. F. "

Roberts, E. K. "

Roberts, J. W. "

Roberts, William S. "

Robinson, John "

Rogers, Edward S. "

Rogers, Richard D. "

Rogers, Richard S. "

Rogers, William C. "
Ropes, Charles A.
Ropes, Edward D.
Ropes, George
Ropes, James
Ropes, Jonathan
Ropes, Ripley

Ropes, Timothy "

Roundy, Charles "
Roundy, George Beverly.

Russell, Albert B. Salem.

Russell, George "
Russell, Geo. P. Haverhill.

Rust, Francis A. P. Salem.

Safford, DanielE. Hamilton.
Safford, James O. Salem.
Safford, Joshua "

Saltonstall, Caroline "
Saltonstall, H. So. Danvers.
Saltonstall, Leverett Boston.
Sanborn, Fr's G. Andover.
Sanders, Charles Salem.
* Sanders, Elizabeth " *1851
*Sargent, Winthrop " *1850
Saunders, Thomas M. "
Saunders, William "
Savory, Tristram T. "
Scripture, James O. "
Sewall, Charles "

Shaw, Brown E. "

Shaw, Xenophon H. "
Shepard, Henry F. "
*Shepard. Israel D. " *1857
Shepard, John B. "

*Shepard, Michael " *1856
Shepard, Michael W. "
Sheppard, S. A. D. "
*Sibley, John S. " *186l

Silsbee, Benjamin H. "
*Silsbee, Nathaniel ' *1850
Silsbee, William H.
Silver, Peter
Silver, William
Simonds, E. A.
Skerry, Henry F.

40

Smith, A. A. Salem.

Smith, Edward A. 2d "
Smith, Gorham
Smith, James A.
Smith, Jesse "

Smith, J. Ford "

Smith, Lawrence P. "
Spinney, William N. Lynn.
*Sprague, Joseph E. Salem. *1852
*Spraguc, Joseph G. " *1852
Stanley, Abraham J. "
Stanley, John W. Beverly.
Stevens, Chas.K. Lawrence.
Stickney,MatthewA./S'aZem.
Stickuey, Walter J. "
Stimpson, James C. "
Stimpson/r.M. So.Danvers.
Stone, E. F. Newburyport.
Stone, Henry II. Salem.
*Stone, John H. " *18G2

Stone, Lincoln R. "

Story, Augustus "

Streeter, Gilbert L. "
Summers, William H. "
Sutton, Wm. So. Danvers.
*Swasey, Chas. W. Salem. *1865
Swasey, Oscar F. Beverly.
Sweetser, T. A. So.Danvers.
Symonds, Benj. B. Salem.

*Tenney, John 3fethuen. *18r>3
Thayer, Edward S. Salem.
Thayer, Oliver "

Thayer, William O. "
Tirrell, Minot, Jr. Lynn.
Tittle, Sarah J. Beverly.
Todd, Stephen C. Salem.
Towne, Charles H. "
Tovvne, John C. "

Tracy, Cyrus M. Lynn.
*Trask, Thomas Salem. *1863
Treadwell, Annie "

Treadwell,ElizabethW."
*Treadwell, John W. " *1857
*Treadwell, Lucy " *1865

Trefreu, James "

Tucke, Joseph D. Beverly.
Tucker, Jonathan Salem.
Tuckernian, John F. "
Tuttle, Francis W. "
Tuttle, John "

Upham, Charles W. "
*Upham, Charles W., Jr." *1860
Upjiam, William P. "

Upton, Arthur J. Salem.
Upton, Edwin "

Upton, E. W. So. Danvers.
Upton, Francis Salem.
Upton, George
Upton, James "

Walden, Joseph F. "

Walker, Abbot "

Wallis, William "
Walton, Eben N.

Ward, Charles "

Ward, Elizabeth C., Jr."

*Ward, George A. " *18G4

*Ward, Israel, Jr. " *1854

Ward, Raymond L. "

Waters, E. Stanley "

* Waters, John G. *18GO
Waters, Joseph G.

Waters, Richard P. Beve ly
Watson, Fenton Sal m
Webb, Benjamin
Webb. Benjamin, Jr.
*Webb, John F. *1861

*Webb, Samuel .*18G5

Webster, Francis C.
Webster, John
West, Benjamin A.
West, George W.
Weston, Charles H.
Weston, Nath'l, Jr. Sal m.
Westwood, J. East Sang is.
*Wheatland, Benj. Sal m. *1854
Wheatland, Henry
Wheatland, Martha G.
*Wheatlaud, Mary E. *1864

* Wheatland, Richard H. *1863
Wheatland, Stephen G.
*Whipple, Charles J. "I860
Whipple, George M.
*Whipple, J. Lovett *1860
Whipple, William H.
Whitaker, William

* White, Charles Haverhill. "1853
*fWhite, Daniel A. Salem. *1861
White, George M. "
\Vildes, George D. "
*Williams, Charles F. " *1865
*Williams, C. F., Jr. " *1862
*Williams, William " *1860
Willson, Edmund B. "
Withington, L. Newbury.
*Wood, John Gage Salem. *]859
*Woodbury, Larkin " *18GO
Worcester, Samuel M. "

41

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

* Abbot, Abiel

* Adams, Charles B.
Adams, Charles F.
Adams, Nehemiah
Agassiz, A. E. R.
Agassiz, Louis
Andrew, John A.
Atwood, Nathaniel E.
Ayres, William O.

Babbidge, Charles
Babcock, Rufus
Baird, Spencer F.
Banvard, Joseph
Barnard, James M.
Barry, William
Bartlett, John
Bartlett, John R.
Bass, Seth
Beadle, E. R.
Blanco, Antonio M.
Bland, Thomas
Bolles, Edwin C.
*Bowditch, Nathaniel I.
Brewer, Thomas M.
Brewer, W. H.
Brewster, Charles W.
Brooks, Charles T.
Brush, George J.
Bryant, James S.
Buchanan, Robert
Bushnell, Charles J.

Cembrano, Francisco P.
Chute, A. P.
Clark, H. James
Clark, Thomas M.
Clarke, Francis N.
Clarke, James F.
Clarke, John^L.
Cleaveland, John P.
Colburn,*Jeremiah
*Colman, Henry
Conrad, T. A.
Cope, Edward D.
Cramer, Charles
Cresson, Ezra T.
Crowell, Edward P.

Damon, Robert
Dana, James D.

West Cambridge, Mass. *1859

Amherst, *1853

Boston,

Cambridge,

u

Boston,
Provincetown,
San Francisco, Col.

Pepperell, Mass.

Patterson, N. J.

Washington, D. C.

Worcester, Mass.

Boston, "

Chicago, 111.

Columbus, Ohio.

Providence, E. I.

Boston, Mass.

Rochester, N. Y.

Manila, Philippine Islands.

New York, N. Y.

Portland, Me.

Brookline, Mass. *18G1

Boston, "
New Haven, Ct.
Portsmouth, N. H.
Newport, li. I.
New Haven, Ct.
Hartford, "
Cincinnati, Ohio.
New York, N. Y.

Manila, Philippine Islands.
Chelsea, Mass,
Cambridge, "
Providence, It, I.
U. S. Army.
Boston, Mass.
Chicago, III.
Lowell, Mass.
Boston, "
Salem, ' " "1849
Philadelphia, Pa.

". "

St. Petersburg, Russia.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Amherst, Mass.

Weymouth, England.
New Haven, Ct.

42

Demohd, Elijah P.
*Dodge, Joshua
Dowries, Andrew
Drake, Samuel G.
Draper, Lyman C.
*Ducachet, Henry W.

Edwards, Richard
Endicott, James B.
Endicott, William
*Everett, Edward

Field, Thomas P.
Folsom, George
*Fowle, William B.
Frothiugham, Richard

Gabb, W. M.
Galloup, Daniel P.
*Gibbs, Josiah W.
Gill, Theodore
Gould, Augustus A.
Gray, Asa
Green, James D.
Greenleaf, Alfred
Guyot, Arnold

Hall, Elihu
Hall, James
Hamlin, Charles E.
Hanaford, James L.
"Harris, Thaddeus W.
Harrison, Edwin
Hayden, J. V.
Henry, Joseph
Hickcox, J. H.
Higginson, Thomas W.
Hincks, William
Holbrook, Amory
Holbrook, J. E.
Holland, John G.
Holmes John C.
*Howland, John
*Hubbard Ebenezer
Hubbert, James
Huffnagle, Charles
Huntington, George C.
Hyatt, Alpheus

Jackson, Charles T.
*Jarvis, Samuel F.
Jay, John C.
Johnson, A. B.
Johnston, Christopher

Westborough, Mass.
Moultonborough, N. H. *1861
Dutchvillage, N. S.
Boston, Mass.
Madison, Wis.
Philadelphia, Pa. *1865

Bloomington, 111.
Canton, China.

ti «

Boston, Mass. *1865

New London, Conn.
New York, N. Y.

Medfield, Mass. *1864
Charlestown, "

San Francisco, Cal.
Lowell, Mass.
New Haven, Ct. "1861
Washington, D. C.
Boston, Mass.
Cambridge, "
« «

Brooklyn, N. Y.
Princeton, N. J.

Athens, Ml.

Albany, N. Y.

Waterville, Me.

Watertown, Mass.

Cambridge, " *1856

Saint Louis, Mo.

Washington, D. C.

U ((

Albany, N. Y.

Newport, R. I.

Toronto, C. W.

Oregon City, Oregon.

Charleston, S. C.

Springfield, Mass.

Detroit, Mich.

Providence, E. I. "1854

Hickman, Ky. *1858

Toronto, C. W.

Calcutta, India.

Kelley's Island, Ohio.

Baltimore, Md.

Boston, Mass.

Middletown, Ct. *1S|51

New York, N. Y.

Utica, N. Y.

Baltimore, Md.

Kellogg, A.

San Francisco, Cal.

43

Kennicott, Robert
Kilby, William H.
Kilham, Rodney A.
King, David
Kirtland, Jared P.

Lapham, I. A.
Laski, John de
Latour, L. A. H.
Lea, Isaac
Le Conte, John L.
Leidy, Joseph
Lesquereux, Leo
Lewis, Winslow
Lincoln, Solomon
*Locke, John
Low, Abiel A.

Marsh, O. C.
*Mason, Charles
Meek, F. B.
Morrison, John H.
Morse, Charles H.
Morse, Edward S.
*Morton, Samuel G.
Mudge, Benjamin F.

Neisler, H. M.
*Nichols, Ichabod
Niles, W. H.
Norwood, J. G.

Ordway, Albert
Osborn, William H.
Osten Sacken, R.
Owen, Richard

Packard, Alpheus, Jr.
Paine, F. W.
Payne, Martyn
Peabody, Andrew P.
Peabody, George
Peirce, Benjamin
Pickering, Charles
Poey, Filipe
Prescott, William
Pulsifer, David

Richardson, Edward S L.
*Richardson, William P.
Rogers, William B.
Ropes, Nathaniel

Savage, James
Savage, Thomas S.
Scudder, Samuel H.

Chicago, 111.

Eastport, Me.

Temple, N. H.

Newport, R. I.

Hockport, Ohio.

Mihcaukie, Wis.
Vinal Haven, Me.

Montreal, C. E.
Philadelphia, Pa.

Cohimbus, Ohio.
Boston, Mass.
Hingham, "
Cincinnati, Ohio. *1858
Brooklyn, N. Y.

New Haven, Ct.

Boston, Mass. *1862
Washington, D. C.
Milton, Mass.
Cambridgeport, "

Portland, Me.
Philadelphia, Pa. *1851
Quindaro, Kansas.

Butler, Ga.
Cambridge, Mass. *1859

New Haven, Ct.
Columbia, Boone Co., Mo.

Boston, Mass.
New York, N. Y.
St. Petersburg, Russia.
New Harmony, Ind.

Brunswick, Me.
Worcester, Mass.
New York, N. Y.
Cambridge, Mass.
London, England.
Cambridge, Mass.

Boston, "

Havana, Cuba.

Concord, N. H.

Boston, Mass.

Chicago, 111.
Kendall, " *1857
Boston, Mass.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

Boston, Mass.
Pass Christian, Miss.
Boston, Mass.

44

Sewall, Charles C.
Shaler, Nathaniel S.
*Shattuck, Lemuel
*Shurtlefl', Carleton A.
Shurtleff, Nathaniel B.
Shurtlen", Simeon
Sibley, John L.
*Silliman, Benjamin
Silliman, Benjamin, Jr.
Silsbee, Nathaniel
Sloan, John
iSinith, Sidney I.
Snell, William
Soares, John da Costa
*Sperry, Ebenezer P.
Sprague, William B.
Stickney, Josiah
Stimpson, William
Stone, Alfred
Stone, Edwin M.
Stone, Henry
Stone, Thomas T.
Storer, D. II.
Suckley, George
Swallow, G. C.
Svvasey, John
Swett, Samuel

Talant, James
*Ten% Israel K.
Thompson, James W.
Thayer, C. T.
Thornton, J. Wingate
Torrey, Joseph
Tuttle, Charles W.

Uhler, P. K.
Verrill, Addison E.

Wael, Emilien de
* Walker, Samuel
Ward, James C.
*Ward, Malthus A.
Ward, William K, L.
*Warren, John C.
Wayland. John
Weinland, David F.
*Weston, Greene L.
White, William O.
Whitney, J. D.
Wiggin, J. K.
Wildes, J. H.
*Willard, Joseph
*Williams, John B.
Wyman, Jeffries

Medjitld, "
Cambridge, "

Boston, " *1850
JBrookline, " *18K4
Boston, "
Weatoyue, Ct.
Cambridge, Mass.
New Haven, Ct. *18G4

U It «

Boston, Mass.

New Albany, Ind.

New Haven, Ct.

Washington, D. C.

Mozambique, E. C. Africa.

Lyme, Ohio. *1853

Albany, N. Y.

Watertoicn, Mass.

Chicago, III.

Providence, It. I.

II CC

Nashville, Tenn.

Brooklyn, Ct.

Boston, Mass.

New York, N. Y.

Columbia, Boone Co., Mo.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Boston, Mass.

Concord, N. H.
Savannah, Ga. *1862
Itoxbury, Mass.
Boston, "

1C 1C

Burlington, Vt.
Boston, Mass.

Baltimore, Md.
New Haven, Ct.

Antwerp, Belgium:

Itoxbury, Mass. *1860
Northampton, "

Athens, Ga. *1863
New York, N. Y.

Boston, Mass. *1856
Itoxbury, "
Frankfurt, a. M.
fioxbury, Mass. *1854

Keene, N. H.
Northampton, Mass.

Boston, "
San Francisco, Cal.

Boston, Mass. *18G5
Auckland, N. Z.~*1860
Cambridge, Masts.

F
72

E7E76
v.5-6

Essex Institute, Salem, Mass
Proceedings

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