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SE Se Se o sre ? fy re eee ove A OA a A Y eietelarsisie 6 sie geile ste Tete tate eres are are t6% 9! ? atgtelgtatste’s seas a Ne at are olere Ld ee ts S'9'o'g'e so s'9 weg "4° o's Pes re Ye a ass rezsterete! faa : : : ; ; : bee aera hh ety ‘ , ; ass SCE Meer erera eter tee ‘sbeebs i % an es INSTITUTE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/proceedings‘ 1dave Proceedings 0) LG Davenport Acadenw of Sciences VOLUME XI. Published from the Income of the Putnam Memorial Fund DAVENPORT, IOWA, U.S. A. DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SGCIENGES 1910 613967 Ss BE Bay PUBLICATION COMMITTEE—1910. © [>< ~~ ELIZABETH D. PUTNAM, Chairman, 2 i - * | C. H. PRESTON. J. H. PAARMAD SAMUEL CALVIN. ’ * E. K. PUTNAM, Acting Editor. oS - Bek oe ran ¢ x 4 “The authors of the various papers are alone responsible for what ai “ ehh “The ‘date of Qrinting each form is given in the signature line. mean i es . F . nar ste ia PREFACE. With the present volume the Davenport Academy of Sciences has changed the method of publication of its PRockEDINGs. To avoid the delay incident to waiting for volumes to be completed, and to make less likely the burying valuable papers in a general volume, the separate papers are now distributed in pamphlet form as soon as printed. Ordinarily the last section of each vol- ume will contain reports of officers and a record of Academy _ meetings, together with title page for the volume, table of con- tents, and index. This plan makes possible the binding of the volumes of the PROCEEDINGS by those libraries and societies that _ wish to keep their file intact. On the other hand there will be a ‘more prompt and direct distribution of the separate papers to those who are most interested. In the case of the present volume the record of the meetings, etc., is omitted, as the last section of Volume XII, soon to be printed, will bring the record from 1907 down to date. The “present volume also does not contain an index, as each of the two papers constituting the volume is supplied with an individual idex, that for Edmundson’s Protozoa of [owa being found at pages 121 to 123, and that for Anderson's Birds of Iowa at pages . . Tue Pusiication COMMITTEE. DAVENPORT, Iowa, _ December, rg10. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Preface . see Table of contents . List of illustrations . The Protozoa of Iowa. By Charles Howard Edmundson. Index to the sanie. SE Se ee oe The Birds of Iowa. By Rudolph M. Anderson . Index to the same . Pee ep ok Errata to the same . = eT SAS . 408 . 407, 417 he pes i * - ~~ ma § = ee a yt a) etn Fon re’ an Fh a sa os ) a er ea = +. ee ae < os é es xt. Te pales Lee Pha - ieee Se = ‘ a: av 5 ies - es, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Edmundson: The Protozoa of Iowa. ! Plates T to ROCK: 2. A GP ee, 2 SPollowiners Anderson: The Birds of Iowa. a Map of Iowa, showing boundaries of life zones and glacial ¢ areas, and stations from which reports were received. F page.. PROCEEDINGS OF THE DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Davenport, lowa, September, 1906 Vol. XI, Pages 1-124 THE PROTOZOA OF IOWA. A STUDY OF SPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN THE WATERS OF THIS STATE By CHARLES HOWARD EDMONDSON. A THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the State University of Iowa for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. INTRODUCTION. To the zoologist the. Protozoa which swarm the seas and are found abundantly in inland rivers, lakes, ponds and pools, adapt- ing themselves to nearly every condition of moisture, offer an interesting and fruitful field for investigation. The one-celled animals concern the student of Nature not only because of their pésition in the scale of animal life; not only by reason of their economic value both positive and negative, but also because many of the phenomena exhibited by highly spe- cialized life can be explained only by a knowledge of the charac- teristics and behavior of these lowly organisms. Although discovered in 1675 by Leeuwenhoek, the unicellular nature of the Protozoa was not declared with assurance until 1848, but within recent years these one-celled animals have not been unimportant factors in solving puzzling biological problems when subjected to skilful and patient experimental work. Espec- ially have the Protozoa been a means of advancing the knowl- edge concerning the animal cell by the careful labor of many devoted students of science, and as a result of the concentration of attention upon the simplest of microscopic animals problems of a diverse and complex character have arisen. ‘There is some [PRoc. D. A. S., VOL. XI.] I [April 18, 1906.] 2 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. reason to believe, in the light of recent experimental work, that the psychical is a factor in the behavior at least of the higher forms of unicellular animals; the discovery of the relation of par- asitic Protozoa to various diseases has opened up a broadening field for the pathologist, and no doubt, in the future, questions of sanitation involving the Protozoa will arise, as others have already arisen, making a knowledge of the forms which inhabit the sources of common water supplies, their life histories and the means of successfully combatting them essential for the protection of the public health. An acquaintance, therefore, with as many species as possible, their structure and the conditions under which they exist would seem to be quite desirable. From a purely systematic point of view the one-celled animals of this country have been neglected, only a few workers here and » there having devoted a portion of their time toward classifying and working out the life histories of the species in their immedi- ate vicinities. The purpose of this paper is to furnish a preliminary report on the species of Protozoa to be found in the waters of the state of Iowa. It is an attempt to set forth, in as plain and concise terms as possible, descriptions of species already known which inhabit the waters of this state, also calling attention to certain forms which apparently have been undescribed previous to this time. Drawings of the species observed have been made either from the living specimens or from permanent preparations, the former being in most instances preferable and more accurate as even the best of reagents may give to the delicate organisms a distorted and unreal appearance. The entire state has not been covered in the preparation of this paper although the waters of more than thirty counties compris- ing the eastern, central, southern and extreme north-western por- tions of the state have been examined. Observations have been made over wide enough territory for us to conclude that the dis- tribution of Protozoa in this state is quite general. For the most part, species taken from Lake Okoboji were identical with those found in the ponds, pools and small streams of the south-eastern counties of the state and, with few exceptions, species found in other localities of the state have been obtained from the waters of Johnson county where the greater part of the work for this paper EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 3 has been done. In some instances individuals of the same species have been found in widely separated regions while the species was not found in intermediate localities. This, however, is not con- clusive evidence that the species did not exist in the intervening territory. Judging from collections of material in various counties, so gen- eral seems to be the distribution of Protozoa that it is quite prob- able that a permanent body of water such as a small lake would, during the different seasons of the year, furnish most of the species that might be obtained from the waters of the entire state. Although perhaps the most successful group of animals because of their minute size, the nature of their habitat, their power of encystment, rapidity of reproduction and manner of distribution, all forms of fresh water Protozoa do not indiscriminately find a habitat in similar environments. After considerable experience in collecting them one learns to know, with at least some degree of accuracy, the conditions under which species exist. Such knowledge is of some value when certain forms are desired for biological studies. Holotrichous and hypotrichous ciliates are commonly found in stagnant and bacteria-laden water, while the Mastigophora and shell bearing Rhizopods preferring a purer hab- itat are commonly found among alge and other plants of low rank. Stalked peritrichous forms may be found in fresh water in run- ning streams or quiet pools, usually attached to stones, sticks, leaves, etc. Vorticella, however, is commonly observed in stag- nant pond water. For the most part, suctorians have been found among aquatic plants in fresh water. Some species are bottom swimmers while others are found at the surface; some seek the shaded places while others are attracted by the light. It should be noted that these are only general habitats and a species may be found in very diverse environments when conditions are correct for its existence. In making permanent preparations of Protozoa various methods may be employed. Shelled Rhizopods and forms possessing well- defined loricze may be readily and permanently preserved by allow- ing them to dry on the slide, then mounting in balsam. Glycerine preparations of many forms of Protozoa may also easily be made by draining off as much water as possible after the organisms are fixed, then applying glycerine, but it is often necessary to nullify 4 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the shrinking effect of the glycerine by a judicious use of acetic acid. Glycerine-jelly also may be used as a mounting medium, having some advantages over glycerine. Some naked Protozoa of consid- erable consistency may be fixed in a drop of water, then allow- ing the water to evaporate, the organisms adhering to the slide may be stained, dehydrated, cleared and mounted in accord with the usual histological methods. As a general fixing agent the fumes of osmic acid have proved very satisfactory. In the preparation of this paper the microscopic work, for the most part, was done in the zoological laboratory of the State Uni- versity of Iowa. To Prof. Nutting, at whose suggestion this report was initiated, I am exceedingly grateful not only for his having placed at my disposal the best facilities afforded by the department of Zoology, but also for direction and encouragement in the pursuance of the work. Profs. Wickham and Houser have also rendered assistance by way of valuable suggestions. The classification employed in this paper is a combination derived from several sources, following quite closely, however, the scheme of Calkins in his volume, ‘‘The Protozoa,’’ this being, it seems to me,a convenient system of grouping. No attempt is made to give a complete table of classification of Protozoa but, for the most part, only those orders and families are included, types of which have been observed or are likely to occur in the waters of this state. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 5 TABLE OF CLASSIFICATION. Class, SARCODINA. Protozoa with or without shells, with pseudopodia lobose, fin- ger-like or ray-like and sometimes anastomosing, with or without axial supports. Sub-class, RHIZOPODA. With or without shells, with lobose, finger-like or anastomosing pseudopodia. Sub-class, HELIOZOA. With or without shells, with ray-like pseudopodia usually with axial supports. Sub-class, RADIOLARIA. With or without a skeleton but with an internal capsule. Pseudopodia ray-like. Marine forms comprising over 4,000 spe- cies, according to Haeckel. In this work on fresh water forms no further classification of this group will be given. ORDERS OF RHIZOPODA. AMCEBIDA. With or without shells, with lobose pseudopodia. RETICULARIIDA. With or without shells, with finely branching and anastomosing pseudopodia. Shells usually calcareous. Mostly marine forms. ORDERS OF HELIOZOA. APHROTHORACIDA. Without shells, with ray-like pseudopodia, sometimes with axial supports. CHLAMYDOPHORIDA. With a gelatinous or fibrous coating. 6 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. CHALARATHORACIDA. With an outer covering of separate silicious spicules. DESMOTHORACIDA. With a perforated shell, sometimes stalked. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF AMG:BIDA. AMCEBIDA. Without shells. Pseudopodia lobose or sharp-pointed, some- times branched. Ameba Er. Dinameba H. & Ly. * FTyalodiscus H. & L. Round or disc-shaped, moving without distinct pseudopodia. *Pelomyxa Greeff. Broad lobe-like pseudopodia, many nuclei. ARCELLID&. With membranous shelis with which may be incorporated foreign materials. _Pseudopodia lobose or short-pointed, often branched. Diffilugia Leclerc. Arcella Stein. Centropyxis Stein. Cochliopodium H. & L. Pamphagus Bailey. * Hyalosphenia Stein. Shell flattened, pyriform, aperture terminal, pseudopodia finger-like. *Ouadrula Schultze. Shell of square plates of chitin, flattened pyriform, pseudo- podia finger-like. * Nebela Leidy. Shell of chitinous plates of variable shapes and sizes often intermingled with foreign materials. Pseudopodia as in Ouadrula. EUGLYPHID&. Shells of plates of chitin or silica, sometimes spined. Pseudo- podia sharp-pointed, often branched but not anastomosing. EDMONDSON—PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 7 Cyphoderia Schlum. Euglypha Ehr. Assulina Duj. Trinema Duj. *Campascus Leidy. Shell as in Cyphoderia but with lateral processes on the fundus. Pseudopodia delicate and branched. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF RETICULARIIDA. GROMID&. Shell sac-like, membranous. Pseudopodia extending from an opening in one end of the shell, long, branching and anastomosing. Fresh water forms of the order are most likely to belong to this family, therefore it is introduced here. *Gromia Duj. Pseudopodia forming a network about the shell. *Microgromia Hertwig. Shell flask-shaped, not filled by the body. Often forming colonies. * Pseudodifiugia Schlum. Shell chitinous, to which foreign materials are added. Pseud- opodia delicate and branched. GENERA OF APHROTHORACIDA. Norr.—Family names have not generally been used in the classification of Heliozoa. Vampyrella Cienk. Actinophrys Ehr. Actinospherium Stein. GENERA OP CHLAMYDOPHORIDA. * H[eterophrys Archer. With fine radiating spines between the pseudopodia. (?) * Spherastrum Greeff. Outer surface lobe-like. Sometimes forming colonies. DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ~ GENERA OF CHALARATHORACIDA. Raphidiophrys Archer. * Acanthocystis Carter. With two kinds of rays: silicious rays with branched ends and delicate pointed rays as in Actinophrys. GENERA OF DESMOTHORACIDA. Clathrulina Cienk. Norr.—Species of genera marked with the asterisk (*) in the above table of classifi- cation have not, so far, been observed in this state. Class, SARCODINA. Sub-class, RHIZOPODA. Order, AMCEBIDA. Family, AMCE BIDAR. AMCEBA Ehrenberg. With homogenous ectoplasm and more granular endoplasm, Pseudopodia lobose, finger-like or pointed. Endoplasm enclosing nucleus, contractile vesicles and inclusions. AMCBA PROTEUS Leidy. Body of large size. Pseudopodia finger-like, or lobose. (Fig. TP lh) Ameba proteus, the first Rhizopod in point-of- time to come un- der the observation of the microscopist, is one of the most common and widely distributed. In 1775 Rosel described this species, but it was the science of more recent times that demonstrated the minute particle of proto- plasm to have the essential characters of a single living cell and to be the physiological source of specialized functions. Various characteristics render Ameba proteus a most desirable subject for biological studies: it is the largest and most common species of the genus and can easily be obtained, at least in lim- ited quantities; the differentiation between ectoplasm and endo- plasm is usually well marked, the normal activity of the organism permitting the formation of pseudopodia to be readily observed, EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 9 while the simplicity of the structure reminds the thoughtful stu- dent that before his eyes is life reduced to its lowest terms. In the formation of pseudopodia the ectoplasm is thrust out in digitate processes from various points of the periphery, to be closely followed by the granular endoylasm in a streaming movement. Butschli, and more recently Rhumbler, announced that as the endoplasm advances in a median axis toward the end of the newly formed pseudopodium, it flows outward and streams back along the inner surface before coming to rest. That such a backward flow does not take place has been clearly demonstrated by Jen- nings, the results of his observations being recorded inf the sixth paper of ‘‘Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of the Lower Organisms.’’ ‘The cause for the formation of pseudopodia has been attributed by Verworn to the introduction of oxygen into the molecules at the surface of the body thereby reducing cohe- sion, the result being that surface tension is reduced. This obser- vation is of no little significance from a biological point of view as it is believed that highly specialized muscular movements are but modifications of such a movement as is expressed in the pseudo- podium of Amwba. There are no fixed distinctions between. the regions of Amba proteus, but at times what may be termed an anterior and posterior differentiation is observed, the anterior region being the one from which pseudopodia are extended, the posterior, the part of the body following and flowing into the advancing pseudopodia. Diatoms and other unicellular plants are the chief food of Ameba proteus. Ingestion of solid food particles by their being enclosed by pseudopodia and simply engulfed by the flowing pro- toplasm may be a matter of common observation, but the causes which underlie the process are not so clear. Relative adhesions between the food particle and the water in which it rests on the one hand and the food particle and the pro- toplasm of the 4mcéa on the other hand are probable factors in the process of ingestion, but it is to be remembered that dmebda is a living cell, a cell in which chemical changes take place rap- idly and choice of food exhibited by it, no doubt, depends upon physiological states of its protoplasm. Although generally distributed and found almost everwhere in both stagnant infusions and fresh water Amba proteus is an [Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 2 [April 28, 1906.] 10 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. isolated form, seldom being found in aggregated quantities. The common habitat is pond water in the ooze on submerged leaves, sticks, etc., but the species is sometimes found in fresh water among algze and diatoms. Usually a single nucleus is present, but often more than one contractile vesicle; neither nucleus nor vesicles are, however, constant in position due to the streaming movements of proto- plasm. Reproduction takes place by simple cell division. In size the individuals vary greatly. Many observed in this state have reached a length of 250 microns while other workers have reported individuals of much larger dimensions. AMGBA RADIOSA Ebr. Body a spherical mass from which radiate two or more long, slender, pointed pseudopodia. (Fig. 3, Pl. I.) If the species previously described is characterized by activity, Amba rvadiosa should be characterized by inactivity. Stellate in its general appearance, the organism usually rests motionless in the water with its ray-like pseudopodia as rigid as though it possessed no power of contractibility whatever. If patient in observation, however, one may occasionally see a pseudopodium slowly contract and a new one extend itself from the body. The rays may reach a length twice the diameter of the body, are flexible and may be bent from side to side without causing them to be withdrawn. A peculiar movement of the organism has +been observed to take place. After resting motionless for some time the form may turn itself over in the water and suddenly spring backward as though under the impulse of some violent stimulus. The cause for such behavior has not been determined. The distribution and habitat of Amawba radiosa is very similar to that of Ameésa proteus. In size, this species is the smallest of the genus and exceedingly variable. The diameter of the body of some individuals observed in this state has reached 45 microns. AMGBA VILLOSA Wallich. Body, when active, palmate in shape, usually differentiated into a broad anterior and narrow posterior region, the latter produced into a rounded knob-like area, the surface of which presents a vil- lous appearance. (Fig. 2, Pl. I.) EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. II In size this species is almost as large as Amwba proteus, differ- ing from the last named species, however, in possessing rather well defined anterior and posterior extremities. The species is usually remarkably active, progressing with rapidity in a definite direc- tion by a forward rolling motion, the broad end preceding. Pseudopodia, when they make their appearance, which is sel- dom, are broad and lobe-like. The villous appearance of the knob-like posterior extremity, which characterizes the species, is probably due to a rapid shrinking away of the protoplasm of this region as the animal rolls forward in its customary movement In appearance Amba villosa is light yellowish, the endoplasm usually being crowded with food materials consisting of diatoms, algze, etc. A nucleus and a contractile vesicle are present, the former, however, often being obscured and not observed without the use of reagents. This species has been obtained in great numbers from the sed- iment at the bottom of a long standing infusion of pond water. I have not observed the species in this state except in Johnson county, although no doubt its distribution is general. Length, reported by Wallich, 1-50th of an inch. Specimens observed in this state, about 200 microns in length. AMGBA VERRUCOSA Ehr. Body usually rounded, very transparent. Pseudopodia short, broad, blunt. Ectoplasm extensive in comparison with the more granular endoplasm. Upper surface usually wrinkled, giving the appearance of longitudinal lines. Length, 50 microns. (Fig. 4, Pl. I.) Ameba verrucosa, in the adult stage, is a very sluggish form, its chief movement being a slow, rolling motion, while short, lobe- like pseudopodia may be,slowly extended. Immature individuals are much more active, moving with a broad extremity in advance. The longitudinal wrinkles, of which there are usually four ex- tending from the posterior nearly to the anterior extremity, seem to be but temporary folds of the ectoplasm. They are not at all times constant in number in the same individual and, in some, not appearing at all. Ameba verrucosa is apparently neither abundant nor widely dis- tributed in this state. The few individuals observed have been found in diatomaceous ooze from pond water. 12 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. DINAMCEBA Leidy. Amceba-like, oval or elongate when active. Pseudopodia usu- ally many. Posterior region with or without short, blunt papille. Body often surrounded by a zone of transparent protoplasm. Spicules present. DINAMGBA MIRABILIS Leidy. Body somewhat resembling Ameba proteus but more regular in outline. Pseudopodia very numerous, long, finger-like, with or without minute lateral processes. Length, as observed, 200 microns. (Fig. 5, Pl. I.) When active, this organism extends pseudopodia from all parts of the periphery and often the body is surrounded by a broad layer of hyaline protoplasm through which the pseudopodia protrude for a considerable distance. This external layer is often marked by myriads of minute spicules which give it a striated appearance, the strize being parallel to the long axis of the pseudopodia. The spicules may or may not be found on the extended pseudopodia. In the forms coming under my observation the posterior papillze were usually entirely absent. Dinameba mirabilis is found in pond water. It feeds upon alge, diatoms, etc., the endoplasm often being densely packed with these organisms. Family, ARCELLIDA. DIFFLUGIA Leclerc. Body protected by a shell which is composed largely of foreign particles, commonly fine quartz sand. Mouth usually terminal, from which may be extended long, cylindrical pseudopodia, either simple or branched. Nine species have been found in the waters of this state. DIFFLUGIA PYRIFORMIS Perty. Shell oval or pear-shaped, sometimes with a short neck and broadly expanded fundus with or without spines, composed mainly of sand grains. Pseudopodia slender, cylindrical, simple or branched. Length of shell, from 50 to 300 microns. This species is a common one and many varieties of shells must be included in it. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 13 Figure 9, Plate II, represents a typical form of the spined var- iety, also possessing branched pseudopodia. Figure 12, Plate II, is a spineless variety having a deep annu- lation not far from the mouth. It has been found in great abund- ance in Dickinson county and in other localities. Figure 8, Plate II, illustrates a very minute variety which is frequently observed in the process of conjugation. Difflugia pyriformis is widely distributed, found in fresh water among algze, and usually in an active state. During the summer of 1905 many individuals were found hav- ing the protoplasm bright green in color, due probably to previ- ously ingested plant tissue, upon which the species ravenously feeds. The pseudopodia being adhesive are enabled to draw into the mouth such food particles as may cling to them. Reproduction takes place, as in the other species of the genus, by the extrusion of a portion of the cell-mass and the formation of a new shell about the extruded portion, after which the two individuals separate. DIFFLUGIA GLOBULOSA Duj. Shell more or less spheroidal in shape, composed usually of quartz sand. Mouth large, terminal, seldom with a well-marked feck, Length, too microns. (Figs. 6-7, Pl. II.) This is one of the smallest and rarest species of the genus. All of the forms observed in this state were of the spheroidal shape represented by Fig. 6, Pl. II, with the mouth truncating the oral extremity. The fundus is usually evenly rounded, bearing no spines. The mouth, as shown by Fig. 7, Pl. II, is large, round, and without lobes. j The habitat of this species is similar to that of the other mem- bers of the genus, but seldom does one observe active individuals. Specimens were taken from Lake Okoboji during the summer of 1905, and also from the waters of Johnson county. DIFFLUGIA CRATERA Leidy. Shell usually of small size with an oval or rounded fundus pro- longed anteriorly into a broad cylindrical neck. Mouth terminal. Length, from 55-150 microns. (Figs. 14-15, Pl. II.) 14 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. This species is also a rare one and seldom is it found in an active condition. Fig. 14 represents the most common variety found in this state, having a rounded fundus and broad, flaring neck. Fig. 15 illustrates a curious variety found in Johnson county, having an exceedingly long neck terminating in a flaring rim. Between the distal end of the neck and the body proper were two other annular ridges, giving the appearance of a once completed shell with later additions. Found in pond water among diatoms and other plants of low order. DIFFLUGIA CONSTRICTA Leidy. Shell oval in form with the anterior border obliquely truncate, composed of sand grains and other foreign materials. Fundus rounded, with or without spines. Length, 100 microns. (Fig. 17, Pl. III.) Rarely has this species been found in the waters of this state. Fig. 17, Pl. III, illustrates a typical form of the species as observed in Johnson county. These specimens were small individuals, as Leidy reports that only the larger varieties bear spines. None of those which I have observed possessed spines. In disposition the organism is shy, seldom extending pseudopodia. The size of the shell, according to Leidy, may range from about , go to 200 microns in length. Those observed in this state were approximately 100 microns in length. DIFFLUGIA ACUMINATA Ehr. Shell usually composed of sand crystals, oblong-oval in shape, the fundus prolonged into an elongated process more or less acuminate; no spines. This species has a wide distribution and has been found in almost every locality of the state where I have made an examin- ation of the waters. Figure 13, Plate II, represents a typical form of Difflugia acu- minata, although great variations may occur in the size and shape of the shells. The posterior acuminate process, although a char- acteristic of this species,’may be possessed by other species. I have observed it in Difflugia“urceolata, and an approach to it in Difflugia cratera. Intergrading forms are not uncommon, having characters of more than one species. EDMONDSON— PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 15 Difflugia acuminata is often found associated with Difflugia pyriformis in fresh water and is also in the ooze at the bottom of lakes, ponds, ete. Length of the individual represented by Fig. 13, Pl. II, 175 microns. DIFFLUGIA URCEOLATA Carter. Shell of large size, fundus usually evenly rounded, seldom spined; neck short; mouth large, circular, surrounded by a reflected ‘rim with a thin edge; pseudopodia as in Difflugia pyriformis. Length, 250-300 microns. (Fig. 19, Pl. III.) In size this is the largest species of the genus. Its distribution over the state is, apparently, not very general, few localities hav- ing furnished it. The best specimens have been obtained from pond water in Muscatine county. Lake Okoboji, from which, in August, 1905, were taken great quantities of other species of Dif- fiugia, furnished none of Difflugia urceolata. Prof. Leidy reports a spined variety of this species from New Jersey. None of the forms found in this state were spined. Fig. 19, Pl. III, represents a variety of Difflugia urceolata which is typ- ical except for the possession of the posterior acuminate process which, however, would hardly be considered a spine. Pseudopodia are of the common digitate variety, rarely being branched. DIFFLUGIA LOBOSTOMA Leidy. Shell small, oval, usually composed of fine sand grains; mouth terminal, small, with three or four well-marked lobes; pseudo- podia as in other members of the genus. Length, 95 microns. (Figs. ro-11, Pl. II.) Figure 1o, Plate II, illustrates a typical form of Difflugia lobos- toma as it is usually observed resting on the water. Figure 11, Plate II, is an oral view of an individual of the same genus, showing the lobed nature of the mouth. The species is a very common one in pond water and has a wide distribution, being found in many localities in this state. Normally the organism rests upon its side, but by turning it so that the mouth is visible it may easily be determined whether or not it meets the requirements of this species. 16 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Those possessing the three-lobed mouth are the most common forms of this state. DIFFLUGIA CORONA Wallich. Shell spheroidal, composed of particles of quartz sand, the fun- dus usually being spined. Mouth terminal, circular, with a notched border. . Length, 175 microns. (Fig. 16, Pl. III.) Difflugia corona is one of the larger species of the genus. The distribution is general, being found in great abundance in many localities in the state. Lake Okoboji, during the summer of 1905, furnished myriads of this species. Commonly LDifflugia corona may be found resting with its mouth downward while the cylindrical pseudopodia protrude in a radiating manner. The small tooth-like processes bordering the mouth may vary in number but are usually more than ten. The number of spines also varies, but seldom less than four or five to an individual have been observed. Frequently found among alge. DIFFLUGIA SPIRALIS Ehr. Shell retort-shaped with an evenly rounded fundus, laterally compressed. A short neck usually produced. Length, 125 microns... (Fig: 18, Pi. Jt.) This species is a rare one in this state, having been found but a few times and only in Johnson county. The spiral appearance of the shell is due to an interior parti- tion arising from the concavity of the side of the body and extend- ing to an upward curve toward the other side. This partition does not entirely separate the cavity but serves as a wall, behind which the protoplasm may retract. When viewed through the more or less transparent shell the partition resembles a dark line. Found in pond water among aquatic plants. ARCELLA Ehrenberg. Body secreting a shell of chitinoid material, semi-spheroidal in shape when viewed laterally, usually circular when viewed dors- ally or ventrally; mouth central; pseudopodia digitate or broadly lobate, never branched. Nuclei and contractile vesicles usually more than one. EDMONDSON— PROTOZOA OF IOWA. Iy/ ARCELLA VULGARIS EHhr. Shell usually some shade of yellow or brown, about one-half as high as broad, the character of the surface varied. Mouth circu- lar, in the center of the ventral surface. Diameter of shell, 75 microns. Arcella vulgaris is one of the most common of fresh-water Rhizopods, being found nearly everywhere in small streams, lakes and ponds. The shell varies-in color from pale yellow, which indicates a young individual, to dark brown, indicating advanced age. The species also varies greatly in the character of the markings of its surface; commonly the shell presents a cancellated appearance, the puncte being arranged with regularity. In older individuals, however, this character may disappear and no trace of the punctze be found. Sometimes the convex surface is ornamented by shal- low concavities arranged with more or less regularity. Other markings of the surface may also occur. Figure 20, Plate III, illustrates a common variety, the puncte, however, not appearing inthis individual. Fig. 21 shows asome- what rarer variety, the surface being marked with shallow con- cavities. Conjugation has often been observed to take place by the tem- porary union of the ventral surfaces of the two individuals, as represented by Fig. 22. During the fall of 1903 many individ- uals taken from the pond water in Johnson county were seen to undergo reproduction, a portion of the protoplasmic mass first being pushed out from the individual’s mouth and resting upon it in spherical form, yet connected with the protoplasm within pierehell. (See Hig. 23, Pl. IV.) From the extruded portion another shell is secreted, very trans- parent at first, the two individuals finally separating. Fig. 24 represents an advanced stage in the process, the shells to the left and right being the mother and daughter A7ce//a respectively, the latter drawing into itself a sufficient quantity of protoplasm before separating from the parent. Sometimes compact masses comprising a score or more of indi- viduals of this species may be seen adhering to each other, float- ing in the water. In members of this genus the protoplasmic body of the individ- [PRoc. D. A. S., Vor. XI.] 3 [May 2, 1906.] 18 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ual does not completely fill the shell but is attached to the inner surface by means of minute threads. By the liberation of carbon dioxide within the shell, at any point, the organism has the power to change its position in the water at will by changing its specific gravity; thus the species may raise itself in the water or turn on its side. Atleast twonuclei are usually present, opposite in posi- tion. Contractile vesicles may be numerous. ARCELLA DISCOIDES Ehr. Shell comparatively large, flattened, disc-like. Mouth circu- lar and of large diameter. Diameter of shell, 125 microns. (Figs. 25-26, Pl. IV.) This species differs from the preceding one in three particulars: the diameter of the shell, the height of the dome, and the diame- ter of the mouth. The height of Avcella discoides is frequently less than one-fourth its diameter and the diameter of the mouth often equals one-half the diameter of the shell. Figure 26, Plate IV, represents a typical form of this species from a lateral point of view. Fig. 25 is a dorsal view showing extended pseudopodia. The surface of Avcella discoides is usually marked by puncte but no shallow concavities have been observed as in the case of Avcella vulgaris. ; Although widely distributed the individuals are usually iso- lated, not appearing in aggregate quantities. A few specimens have been observed in many localities of this state. Found in pond water among aquatic plants and often associated with Di,- flugia. CEN TROPY22) 5 ste: . Shell composed of chitinous material with the addition of sand grains, diatom shells, etc.; ovoid in shape with the mouth and fundus eccentric in opposite directions. Spines usually present. CENTROPYXIS ACULEATA Stein. Having the characters of the genus. Length of shell, 150 microns. Diameter of mouth, 60 microns. (Figs. 27-28, Pl. IV.) EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 19 Centropyxis may be considered as an intermediate form between Arcella and Difflugia, resembling the latter, however, more than the former. The appearance of Centropyxis is as if Difflugia were compressed dorso-ventrally and laterally, resulting in the eccentricity of the mouth and fundus. Of the foreign material making up the shell quartz sand predominates, thus giving to the organism the external appearance of Difflugia, its coloration, how- ever, usually being some shade of brown. The fundus is often provided with spines which are longer and niore slender than those of Difflugia and which are seldom with any addition of foreign material. From one to six or eight spines are usually present. A spine- less variety has been observed on a few occasions in this state. Centropyxis is noted for its shyness. Only once have I found the species in an active condition. Fig. 28 illustrates a lateral view of the active individual with a single, long, cylindrical pseu- dopodium extended. Fig. 27 is a ventral view of a spined form. Centropyxis aculeata is widely distributed over the state, fre- quently found in great numbers among alge. COCHLIOPODIUM Hertwig and Lesser. Shell a delicate, transparent membrane, exceedingly flexible. Protoplasm granular and in close contact with the inner surface of the shell. Mouth capable of becoming greatly expanded as its borders are reflexed. COCHLIOPODIUM BILIMBOSUM Leidy. Body with the characters of the genus but having no hair-like appendages. Endoplasm colorless. Diameter of shell, 60-90 microns. (Fig. 29, Pl. V.) This minute organism, in general appearance, somewhat resem- bles Amewéa, and Auerbach first described it as belonging to that genus. The shell is very plastic and corresponds to the amceboid movements of which the animal is capable. When viewed from above sometimes the body seems to be sur- rounded by a zone of exuded protoplasm, this apppearance, how- ever, being due to the great reflection of that region of the shell bordering the mouth. This great expanse of the mouth may be observed when the organism is viewed laterally, the membranous shell then appearing as a double contour line bordering the body. 20 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The pseudopodia are transparent, variable in length, sharp pointed and may be branched or not but do not anastomose. A large spherical nucleus is present but usually not visible without the aid of reagents. Sometimes found in great abundance in pond water among dia- toms, upon which it feeds. Cochliopodium vestitum, differing from the above species chiefly in the shell being covered with rigid cilia and in the green color of the endoplasm, probably also appears in this state but has not so far been observed. PAMPHAGUS Bailey. Body enclosed within a transparent, elastic membrane. Endo- plasm completely filling the membrane, more or less granular. Mouth small, terminal. Pseudopodia long, delicate, branching but not anastomosing. PAMPHAGUS MUTABILIS Bailey. Body ovoid in shape, seldom changing form, the oral extremity more acutely rounded than the fundus. Mouth small, often indicated only by the region from which the long, delicate pseu- dopodia are extended. Nucleus large, spherical. Length, 60 microns. (Fig. 32, Pl. V.) This organism is not common in the waters of this state, but it is very active, usually being found with its long branching pseudopodia widely extended. The closely investing covering of the body prevents any great distortion, although slight changes of form sometimes occur. As a result of stimuli the organism withdraws its pseudopodia and assumes a rounded or spherical form. Pamphagus, no doubt, represents a development of Amba to such an extent that the ectoplasm has become differentiated to form a resisting membrane. The plate’figure represents an-indi- vidual taken from a running stream near Iowa City in December, 1905. Found in the ooze at the bottom of ponds, rivers and lakes. Family, EUGLYPHIDA. : CYPHODERIA Schlumberger. Shell composed of chitinous’ material, curved backward from the mouth, retort-shaped. Pseudopodia delicate and branching. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 21 CyPHODERIA AMPULLA Leidy. Shell composed of minute hexagonal plates, often punctate, and arranged in oblique rows. Fundus evenly rounded or produced into a conical process. Length, 160microns. (Fig. 35, Pl. V.) The color of Cyphoderia is usually some shade of yellow or brown, as in Avcella, age being indicated by the density and opaqueness of the shell. In some individuals of dark brown color no indications of the hexagonal form of the plates which compose the shell are to be seen. ‘The surface, asin Azcel/a, is curiously ornamented with puncte which are usually arranged with regularity. Leidy reports that the pseudopodia are very delicate, branching but not anastomosing. The species is exceedingly rare in this state, and no active individuals were among those found. Habitat, the ooze at the bottom of rivers, lakes and ponds. EUGLYPHA Dujardin. Shell chitinous, transparent, composed of plates arranged in longitudinal rows overlapping each other. Usually oblong-oval, circular in transverse sections. Fundus broadly rounded, often bearing spines. Mouth truncating the narrow extremity, with serrated border. Pseudopodia delicate, simple or branched. EUGLYPHA ALVEOLATA Duj. Shell composed of oval plates overlapping each other and arranged in regular rows producing the appearance of hexagonal areas. Spines often present. Length of shell, ro0 microns. (Fig. 31, Pl. V.) Euglypha alveolata is a common Rhizopod, being found almost everywhere in fresh water among alge or in the ooze at the bot- tom of ponds and lakes. The spines when present are long, slender and often curved, usually scattered over the surface of the shell. Spineless forms, however, have been much more common in this state than spined ones. Often the demarkation of the plates is indistinct, the shell appearing as a homogenous structure. The species is shy in disposition, active individuals seldom 22 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. being observed. Fig. 31 illustrates a spineless variety with pseu- dopodia almost withdrawn. ASSULINA Ehrenberg. Shell of chitinous material, oval in shape, compressed, usually made up of hexagonal plates. Mouth truncating the oral extrem- ity, elliptical, with uneven edges. Pseudopodia as in Euglypha. ASSULINA SEMINULUM Leidy. Having the characters of the genus. Length, 40 microns. (Fig. 30, Pl. V.) The shell ranges in color from transparency to dark brown, probably depending upon the age. The hexagonal plates are arranged in alternating rows and about the oral aperture are placed so as to give a notched appearance to the border. Pseudopodia are exceedingly delicate and transparent, branched but not anastomosing. The species is apparently a rare form in the state, but few specimens having been found. Seldom may one see the organism with its pseudopodia extended. Its habitat is the ooze at the bottom of ponds. TRINEMA Dujardin. Body enclosed within an elongated, chitinous shell; fundus rounded, oral extremity narrower and obliquely truncate. Mouth circular, sub-terminal, in the center of the truncated border. Pseudopodia very delicate and transparent. TRINEMA ENCHELYS Leidy. Having the characters of the genus. Length, 40 microns. (Figs. 33-34, Pl. V.) Usually the shell of 77inzema enchelys presents a homogeneous appearance with a smooth outline, but in some specimens the shells show evidence of being made up of minute oval plates. In size the species varies greatly, as also in the density of the material composing theshell. Some are transparent while others are completely opaque. Figure 33, Plate V, represents a form of the apparently homo- geneous variety, it being a ventral view. Fig. 34 represents the same form from a lateral point of view. EDMONDSON 23 Trinema enchelys is one of the smallest and most abundant of fresh water Rhizopods. Its distribution is wide, being found in many localities of this state. It is commonly found in the ooze at the bottom of ponds and among diatoms and alge. Sub-class, HELIOZOA. Order, APHROTHORACIDA. ACTINOPHRYS Ehrenberg. Body a spherical mass of granular protoplasm from which radi- ate delicate, tapering, ray-like pseudopodia. Nucleus and con- tractile vesicles conspicuous. ACTINOPHRYS sor Ehr. Body of granular protoplasm, without chlorophyl. Diameter of body, 100 microns. (Fig. 36, Pl. V.) The normal appearance of Actinophrys sol as it rests in the water is a spherical mass of highly vesicular protoplasm with its ray-like pseudopodia in an active state of extension and retraction. Among the many vesicles one or more are contractile. Before bursting the contractile vesicle or vesicles rise to the surface, push out the periphery as large, semi-spherical, transparent glob- ules and then suddenly collapse. The nucleus is large, spherical, central in position and may or may not be visible without the aid of reagents. Reproduction may frequently be seen to take place by simple fission, a constriction of the body mass occurring ao the two portions drawing apart. The species has been found in great abundance in spring water in the vicinity of Iowa City, but also may be found in more stag- nant pond water. Its distribution is very general. ACTINOPHRYS PICTA Leidy. Protoplasm of body as in Actinophrys sol, but bright green in color due to the presence of chlorophyl. Diameter of body approx- imately that of Actinophrys sol. Many forms of the above description have been found in spring water near Iowa City associated with Actinophrys sol. In size and 24 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. general appearance, except for the green color, they are identical with the last species. It seems not at all improbable that the green forms observed in this state as well as Actinophrys picta of Leidy may be but a vari- ety of Actinophrys sol. No illustration of this green variety has been made owing to its close resemblance to Actinophrys sol. ACTINOSPHERIUM Stein. Body spherical, of large size, protoplasm granular, differen- tiated into an outer highly vesiculated zone and a denser interior region. Pseudopodia with thick bases, tapering, with axial sup- ports. Nuclei many. ACTINOSPH RIUM EICHHORNIT Stein. Having the characters of the genus. Diameter of the body, 150 microns. (Fig. 41, Pl. VI.) The body is of granular protoplasm with a well marked and very transparent peripheral region which is highly vesiculated; usually two or more of these vesicles are contractile exhibiting the same phenomena just before systole as the contractile vesicles of Actinophrys sol. ‘The large, ray-like pseudopodia possess rigid yet flexible axial supports which originate from the inner sur- face of the vesiculated border. The inner and more dense region of the body may be almost completely filled with small spherical nuclei. I have observed individuals possessing more than sixty nuclei. The species is not a common one in this state but has been found associated with Actinophrys sol in fresh water. Figure 41, Plate VI, illustrates one-half of a typical specimen. VAMPYRELLA Cienkowsky. Body spherical, capable of amceboid movements. Pseudopodia of two varieties, capitate and simple, ray-like. VAMPYRELLA LATERITIA Fres. Body spherical, granular in appearance, sometimes brick or orange red in color, sometimes colorless. Capitate pseudopodia the more numerous, arising from all points of the periphery. Diameter of the body, 30 microns. (Figs. 37-38, Pl. VAs EDMONDSON—PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 25 This rare and remarkable organism has come under my obser- vation but once, the individual being dark granular in appear- ance, the endoplasm crowded with minute spherical, oil-like glob- ules. Leidy reports that the body of Vampyrella may be of a brick or orange-red color. The peculiar characteristic of the species is that it possesses two varieties of pseudopodia, the more numerous capitate variety, each having a short stem ending in aminute round head. ‘These are usually projected and withdrawn with great rapidity. A few simple pseudopodia like those of Actinophrys sol are intermingled with the capitate variety. Normally the organism rests quietly in the water, but if the microscopist is patient some strange phe- nomena may be observed. Suddenly, as if not pleased with its surroundings, the animal begins to elongate itself, acquiring an oblong-oval form. The capitate pseudopodia are still active, the simple rays at the region of the body now corresponding to the anterior are withdrawn, while those at the opposite extremity begin to vibrate and the organism slowly moves through the water. Figure 37, Plate VI, illustrates the normal individual at rest. Fig. 38, Pl. VI, represents the organism during its amceboid phase, as observed by the author. After a period of more or less duration the animal again comes to rest, the spherical shape is assumed and the vibrating pseudo- podia become simple and ray-like once more. Such phenomena as are exhibited by l’ampyrella lateritia, are, I believe, of no little significance to the biologist. The sudden transformation of pseudopodia into flagella, and vice versa, is a visible example of the close relationship between amoeboid and ciliary movements. The cause or causes underlying such phe- nomena are not easily determined. Wonderful must be the met- abolism in this bit of protoplasm to bring about such marvelous physiological changes. Found in Johnson county, in fresh water, among diatoms and other one-celled plants. Order, CHALARATHORACIDA. RAPHIDIOPHRYS Archer. Body spherical, composed of granular protoplasm, often bright [Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 4 [May 5, 1906. ] 26 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. green in color. A dense zone of tangentially arranged spicules on the periphery. Pseudopodia as in Actinophrys sol. RAPHIDIOPHRYS VIRIDIS Archer. Found usually in aggregated groups of variable number. Bod- ies colorless or filled with green chromatophores. Spicules con- spicuous and slightly bent. Diameter of the body, 75 microns. (Fig. 39, Pl. VI.) What I have considered to be isolated forms of this species have frequently been found in Johnson county, although none at the time of observation were chlorophyl bearing. The presence and arrangement of the peripheral layer of spicules, however, leads me to believe that the organism should be classified here. At times these bacteria-like spicules are tangentially arranged in the investing layer of protoplasm, the body presenting a smooth con- tour; frequently, however, the spicules are arranged more radi- ally, crossing each other at sharp angles and may be seen extend- ing along the bases of the pseudopodia. The pseudopodia are ray- like, equalling in length the diameter of the body. Reproduction has often been observed to take place as in Actin- ophrys sol. Found among alge. Figure 39, Plate VI, illustrates a specimen from Johnson county. Order, DESMOTHORACIDA. CLATHRULINA Cienkowsky. Body spherical, enclosed within a latticed capsule and attached by astem. Pseudopodia simple, ray-like. CLATHRULINA ELEGANS Cienk. Protoplasm of the body granular, when mature enclosed within a capsule of silicious material, and attached by a thread-like, twbu- lar stem. Diameter of capsule, 45 microns. (Figs. 4o and 42, Pl. VI.) This species is one of the most beautiful of fresh water Proto- zoa. It is, however, arare form. ‘The latticed shell isa mark of maturity, young forms for a period after separation from the parent cell showing no indication of such a covering. Pseudopodia which protrude through the irregular shaped open- ings of the shell are in all respects similar to those of Actinophrys. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 27 It has been my privilege to observe the process of the forma- tion of the stem by which C/lathrulina elegans attaches itself to some support, usually aquatic plants. A naked individual, the result of recent fission, came under observation, swimming freely for a time; then a cone-shaped outpushing of the protoplasm took place on one side, the protoplasm adhering to a particle of plant tissue, and a stem began to develop. After three hours the stem had reached its normal length, which is about one and one-half times the diameter of the body. Figure 4o illustrates a normal adult individual. Fig. 42 rep- resents an earlier phase in the animal’s life. Found in fresh water among aquatic plants. TABLE OF CLASSIFICA LION. Class, MASTIGOPHORA. Small forms of Protozoa provided with one or more flagella. Often forming colonies. Sub-class, FUAGELLIDIA. Naked or enclosed by a membrane. One or more flagella aris- ing from or near the anterior end. Sub-class, DINOFLAGELLIDIA. Often provided with shells and usually having at least two fur- rows, one transverse and one vertical. Flagella usually two, one directed around the body and one away from it. Mostly salt water forms. Sub-class, CYSTOFLAGELLIDIA. Flagellates of large size, enclosed by a firm membrane. Salt water forms.”| No further classification of this group is given in this paper. Orders of FLAGELLIDIA. MONADIDA. Small forms, sometimes amceboid, with no distinct mouth. Flagella one.or_two. CHOANOFLAGELLIDA. Flagellum single, about the base of which is developed a mem- branous collar. Often forming colonies. 28 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. <= HETEROMASTIGIDA. Flagella two or more, one directed forward. Bodies transpar- ent and often very plastic. POLYMASTIGIDA. Flagella often numerous, at the base of which food is ingested, there being no distinct mouth. EUGLENIDA. Flagella one or two at the base of whichis a mouth. Often possessing chlorophyl. PHYTOFLAGELLIDA. Plant-like flagellates with or without color. An indurated membrane or shell sometimes present. Flagella one or more. Orders of DINOFLAGELLIDIA. DINIFERIDA. Body with two transverse furrows. Members of other orders of the sub-class not likely to occur in fresh water. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF MONADIDA. RHIZOMASTIGIDAS. With amceboid body capable of forming pseudopodia. One or more flagella. No distinct mouth. Mastigameba Schultze. Acinetactis Stokes. *Cercobodo Krass. Two flagella, one trailing. *Cercomonas Duj. Form changeable but usually pointed behind. Flagellum single. HETEROMONADIDA. Small, transparent flagellates with one prominent flagellum and one or more smaller ones. Sometimes forming colonies. Anthophysa Bory d. St. V. *Monas Stein. . Body more or less spherical or oval, sometimes attached by the narrow posterior extremity. Not forming colonies. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 29 *Cephalothamnium Stein. Body pyriform, anterior border oblique. Forming colonies at the extremities of a branched pedicle. , ‘ FAMILIES AND GENERA OF CHOANOFLAGELLIDA. CRASPEDOMONADIDA:. ’ Solitary or forming colonies. Individuals, naked, inhabiting loricee or embedded in a gelatinous mass. Monosiga Kent. Codosiga James-Clark. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF HETEROMASTIGIDA. BODONID-. Minute forms with flagella of nearly equal size. No lorica or membranous covering. fleteromita Duj. *Phyllomitus Stein. Body elongate-oval, mouth prominent. One of the two flagella trailing. ; FAMILIES AND GENERA OF POLYMASTIGIDA. POLYMASTIGID&. Flagella usually arranged in two groups. Food ingested at the base of each group. Trepomonas Duj. *FTexamitus Duj. With four anterior vibratile flagella in two groups, and two trailing flagella. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF EUGLENIDA. EUGLENID. Elongated forms usually with a single flagellum. Pigment spot and chlorophyl often developed. Euglena Ehr. Phacus Nitzsch. Chloropeltis Stein. . Cryptoglena Ehr. Trachelomonas Er. *Futreptia Perty. 30 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. With two similar flagella, otherwise as Euglena. * Ascoglena Stein. Similar to Zug/ena but inhabiting a sessile tubular lorica. *Colacium Ehr. Similar to Auglena, free-swimming or attached to a branched pedicle. ASTASIIDAS. Body elongated but plastic with no coloring substance. Fla- gella one or two. Astasia Ebr. Distigma Ehr. *Venoidium Perty. Lunate, flattened. Flagellum single. Endoplasm granular. * Atractonema Stein. Elongated, spindle-shaped. Flagellum single, very long. Pharynx distinct. PERANEMID&. Body persistent in shape and plastic. Flagella one or two. Pharynx distinct. Fleteronema Du}. Petalomonas Duj. Anisonema Duj. Entosiphon Stein. * Zygoselmis Duj. Exceedingly plastic, resembling Astasta but with two flagella. NOTOSOLENIDA. Persistent in shape. Flagella two, the trailing one very short. Oral aperture indistinct. _Endoplasm colorless. Notosolenus Stokes. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF PHYTOFLAGELLIDA, CHRYSOMONADIDA. Usually enclosed by a gelatinous mass or firm membrane. Fla- gella one or two. Often enclosing colored pigment bands. Nephroselmis Stein. Mallomonas Perty. * Ochromonas Wysotzki. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 31 Somewhat pear-shaped but changeable in form. Flagella two, unequal. Yellow chromatophores usually present. *Microglena Ehr. Ovate or elongate, plastic. Flagellum single. Two yellow color bands usually present. CRYPTOMONADID. Never amceboid. Flagella two, very similar, color bands some- times present. Chilomonas Ehr. Cryptomonas Ehr. * Cyathomonas From. Ovoid, flattened laterally. Flagella two, equal. Endoplasm colorless with a row of refracting bodies near the anterior border. CHLAMYDOMONADID&. Body enclosed by a rigid, membranous sheath which is perfor- ated for the flagella. Chromatophores present. Chlamydomonas Ehr. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF DINIFERIDA. PERIDINID#. With or without a shell. The cross-furrow near the middle of the body. The only family represented in fresh water. *Gymnodinium Stein. Cross-furrow encircling the body. *Glenodinium Stein. Membrane enclosing the body thin, with no processes. *Peridinium EKhr. Membranous covering composed of polygonal plates. Processes not highly developed. Note.— In the above classification, with the exception of Peridinidz, only families, representatives of which have been observed to occur in this state, have been included. Species of the genera marked with an asterisk (*) have not so far been observed in this state, but are likely to occur. Class, MASTIGOPHORA. Order, MONADIDA. Family, RHIZOMASTIGID. MASTIGAMCGBA Schultze. Very plastic and changeable in form. Pseudopodia often extended from the body, bluntly rounded, finger-like or pointed, 32 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. sometimes branched. A single flagellum arising from the ante- _ rior extremity. MASTIGAMGEBA sp. Body elongated, wider posteriorly. Pseudopodia extending from all points of the surface, short, finger-like, unbranched. Flagellum longer than the body, with a broad base. Nucleus spherical; contractile vesicle single. Length, 15-25 microns. (Fig. 43, Pl. VII.) A minute form corresponding to the above description has been observed in pond water from several localities in this state. In some respects the organism conforms to J/astigameba simplex 3. K., although the Iowa variety is usually wider posteriorly and the pseudopodia are smooth. This species, as others of the genus, may be considered as occupying an intermediate position between the Savcodina and Mastigophora, possessing as it does some striking characters of the former. ‘There is, however, not such a marked differentiation between the endoplasm and ectoplasm as in Ameba, which it resembles, the outer surface also offering greater resistance to the endoplasm than in Amba. The flagellum shows indications of being an intermediate structure, it apparently being but a prolongation of the anterior extremity of the body with a broad base as if a tapering pseudo- podium were long drawn out and endowed with the power of vibration. No indications of a mouth are present, the food probably being ingested at any point in the surface as in Ameéa. Habitat, pond water among diatoms and other unicellular plants. Found in Van Buren, Louisa and Johnson counties. ACINETACTIS Stokes. Spheroidal in shape, capable of extending capitate pseudopodia from all points of the periphery. Flagella two in number, approx- imately equal in length. ACINETACTIS MIRABILIS Stokes. Body nearly spherical, with slender capitate pseudopodia extending from all parts of the periphery, these pseudopodia also bear one or more protoplasmic swellings along the course of the EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 33 rays; short, lobate pseudopodia also may sometimes be present. Flagella two in number, nearly equal in length, originating from the anterior border some distance apart. Diameter of the body, 1o-15 microns. (Fig. 44, Pl. VII.) This organism also stands on the border line between the .Sa7- codina and Mastigophora, possessing some characters of each, and by way of such forms as this must be traced the ascent from the lowest unspecialized, to the more highly organized protozoan cells. No oral opening has been observed and no doubt Acinetactis mirabilis ingests food as doés Amwéa, the pseudopodia serving similar functions in both animals. By stimuli of various sorts the organism may be induced to withdraw its pseudopodia entirely and then, in appearance, it resembles a true flagellate. I have observed reproduction to take place by longitudinal fission, the point of division being between the flagella, an addi- tional flagellum being formed on each portion before complete separation. One or two contractile vesicles are present, also a centrally located spherical nucleus. Figure 44, Plate VII, illustrates a normal individual. Found but a few times in this state. Habitat, pond water. Family, HETEROMONADID:. ANTHOPHYSA Bory d. St. Vincent. Animals united in compact clusters, often attached to a some- what rigid, simple or branched stalk. Bodies pear-shaped, each with two flagella of unequal length. ANTHOPHYSA VEGETANS Mull. Bodies attached in rosette-like clusters, each zooid pyriform in shape, obliquely truncate anteriorly, provided with two flagella of unequal length. Clusters often attached toa branched pedicle. Length of body, 5-10 microns. (Figs. 47-48, Pl. VII.) Many diverse opinions concerning this species have been held by authorities. Some have regarded it as an aquatic fungus, while others have considered it to be an intermediate organism between the plant and animal series. [PRoc. D. A. S., Vou. XI.] 5 [May 9, 1906.] 34 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Often myriads of detached clusters of the species may be seen rolling through the water in the fashion of Vo/vox. The clusters are composed of zodids from a few in number to fifty or sixty bound together rosette-like by some substance which disintegrates very quickly under the action of chemicals. Each zoOdid is more or less transparent, has a nucleus, contrac- tile vesicle and two flagella unequal in length and, for a time at least, can lead an independent existence. Large clusters break up into small groups of four or five zooids and by longitudinal fission of these the normal size of the cluster is again reached. Sometimes a number of clusters are found attached to the ter- minations of a branched stalk. This pedicle is a product of excre- tion and is longitudinally striated. In older stages the stalks are dark brown in color and may be seen in large tangled masses devoid of zooids. Fig. 47, Pl. VII, represents a detached cluster and Fig. 48, Pl. VII, shows the branched pedicle with clusters of zooids attached. Found nearly everywhere in stagnant and fresh water. Order, CHOANOFLAGELLIDA. Family, CRASPEDOMONADIDAS. CODOSIGA James-Clark. Animals forming a colony, usually attached by means of a branched, rigid stalk. Bodies oval or spherical with a prominent collar. Flagellum single. CoposIGA BOTRYTUS Ehr. Bodies ovate, zooids few in number, attached to the extremity of a long, slender, rigid pedicle. Flagellum long. Collar equal- ling the body in length. Nucleus spherical, centrally located. Length of body, ro-15 microns. (Fig. 49, Pl. VII.) In this species the zooids appear to be attached to the pedicle by means of short secondary branches, but these, according to Kent, are but the extensions of the posterior regions of the zooids and during longitudinal fission also undergo division. The same authority reports another interesting phenomenon exhibited by Codosiga botrytus, stating that before passing into the encysted state the zooids become amceboid, pseudopodia-like processes being projected from the body and even from the collar. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 35 The species has been found many times usually attached to aquatic plants. Fig. 49, Pl. VII, illustrates an individual from Johnson county. Commonly the number of zooids attached to one pedicle, as observed by the writer, has been from four to eight. The stalk may reach six or eight times the length of a single zooid. MONOSIGA S&S. K. Not forming colonies. The body oval or spherical, sometimes changeable in form, sessile or with a short stalk. Collar promi- nent. Flagellum single. MONOSIGA STEINIIS. K. Body ovate, wider centrally, tapering toward each extremity, attached in a sessile manner to some support. Collar nearly equalling the body in length. Length of body, 12-15 microns. (Fig. 45. Pl. VII.) The minuteness of size renders impossible a very satisfactory study of this organism. It is found usually attached to the ped- icle of some species of Vorticella. During the summer of 1905 it was found in abundance attached to the stalk of Vorticella campanularia in a running stream near Iowa City. The species has also been observed attached to the pedicle of Vorticella convallaria. As many as fifteen or twenty of these minute collared flagellates may be seen adhering to the contractile stalk of a single Vorticella. By the use of reagents a centrally located, spherical nucleus may be brought to view. Order, HETEROMASTIGIDA. Family, BODONIDA. HETEROMITA Dujardin. Body usually oval or elongate but changeable in form. Flagella two in number, arising from the anterior or lateral borders of the body, one directed forward vibratile, the other trailing. No dis- tinct mouth. HETEROMITA sp. Figure 50, Plate VII, represents a species observed in this state which, without doubt, must be referred to this genus. 36 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The species, as most others of the genus, was exceedingly minute. From near the anterior extremity of the elongate-oval body arose two flagella, the anterior one vibratile, the slightly longer posterior one trailing. A contractile vesicle was present anterior to the middle of the body. ‘The nucleus could not be detected. Movements oscilla- tory. Habitat, stagnant water. Length of body, 15 microns. Order, POLYMASTIGIDA. Family, POLYMASTIGIDA. TREPOMONAS Dujardin. Irregular in form but usually rounded posteriorly, with lateral anterior lobes when seen from a lateral point of view. Flagella two, equal in length, one arising from each lateral border. TREPOMONAS AGILIS Duj. Body exceedingly irregular in shape, different appearances being presented from different points of view; when viewed lat- erally the body is rounded posteriorly, expanding anteriorly into two broad wing-like lateral lobes, which curve backward nearly to the center of the body. Flagella two in number, one arising from the posterior tip of each lateral lobe-like expansion. Length, 10-20 microns. This species is one of the smallest of free-swimming Protozoa to be found in this state. Its movements are very rapid and dif- ficulty is often experienced in making a satisfactory study of it in the living condition. The lateral view as described above and illustrated by Fig. 46, Pl. VII, is the one by which the organism is most readily recognized. From other points of view various impressions as to its form are given, and when in rapid motion the body often has the appearance of being spirally twisted. No oral aperture is visible and probably food may be ingested at any point in the surface. Found in pond water, widely distributed. Order, EUGLENIDA. Family, EKUGLENID. EUGLENA Ehrenberg. Body elongate, changeablein form. Endoplasm usually bright EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. ay green in color. Flagellum single, inserted in a notch-like exca- vation on the anterior border. Eye-spot usually present. EUGLENA VIRIDIS Ehr. Body usually rounded anteriorly, with a colorless tail-like pos- terior prolongation, surface smooth. Nucleus central, contractile vesicle and eye-spot in the anterior region. Length of body, 50-75 microns. (Fig. 51, Pl. VIII.) This specimen is one of the most common forms of the class to be found in fresh and stagnant waters. That Auglena viridis possesses a distinct oral aperture has long been demonstrated and although the organism may depend in part upon the chlorophyl which it usually contains, there is no doubt but that it may at any time ingest organic substances and during periods, when the chlorophy] is lost, may exist entirely upon food obtained in this manner. There may be periods of more or less duration during which no chlorophyl or pigment spots are present, and at the same time the activity of the organism is not apparently lessened. That Luglena viridis is extremely sensitive to the various forms of stimuli and changing conditions, may be readily observed in the laboratory. The organism is repelled by cold and darkness, attracted by heat and light. A few hours in total darkness has proved sufficient to cause the species to become encysted. Other conditions even in a state of nature frequently cause the chloro- phyl to break down into pigments of various colors. Starch-like bodies are often contained within the endoplasm. | Reproduction takes place by longitudinal fission and also by spore formation. Figure 51, Plate VIII, illustrates a normal individual of the species. Often found on the surface of stagnant water im masses visible to the naked eye. Also found commonly among alge. EUGLENA SPIROGYRA Ehr. Body elongate, cylindrical, posterior extremity terminating in a pointed, tail-like prolongation, endoplasm usually bright green, the periphery covered by oblique rows of minute, bead-like elevations. Nucleus centrally located on either side of which is usually an elongated elliptical starch-like body, contractile vesi- 38 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. cle and eve-spot in the anterior region near the base of the flagel- lum. Length of body, 100-200: microns. (Fig. 52, Pl. VIII.) Euglena spirogyra is the largest species of the genus coming under my observation. The body ornamented in a spiral fashion is frequently found in a twisted and contorted condition and the bead-like elevations may be partially or entirely wanting. It is a much more sluggish organism than Lug/ena viridis, the flagel- lum being comparatively short. Usually found in fresh water among algze, mostly solitary. . EUGLENA Acus Ebr. Body exceedingly elongate, anterior end truncate, posterior end sharply pointed. Flagellum short. - Nucleus central, con- tractile vesicle anterior, pigment spot and amylaceous bodies con- spicuous. Length of body, 75-150 microns. (Fig. 54, Pl. VIII.) The great length compared with the width and the apparent rig- idness of the body may readily distinguish this species from other members of the genus. The organism may exceed in length twelve times its greatest breadth and the body is seldom or never flexed. Usually the starch-like bodies appear as elongate rectangular structures, one anterior and the other posterior to the’ nucleus. The flagellum is very short and movement of the animal, when it takes place, is very slow. Found nearly everywhere in pond water, often abundantly among alge, etc. EUGLENA DESES Ehr. . Body elongate, worm-like, capable of amceboid movements. Flagellum short. Nucleus, contractile vesicle and pigment spot present. Amylaceous bodies usually scattered throughout the endoplasm. Color green. Length of extended body, 50-100 microns. (Fig. 53, Pl. VIII.) As an organ of locomotion, the flagellum of Auglena deses is of little value, movements usually being confined to exceedingly slow amceboid contortions of the body. In young individuals the flagellum may be wanting. The species is usually solitary in its habits, being found not infrequently in fresh water among alge. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 39 PHACUS Dujardin. Body flattened, leaf-like, with a tail-like posterior prolongation. Oral opening distinct. Flagellum single, eye-spot present. Color usually green. PHACUS PLEURONECTES Mull. Body flattened, oval in outline with a short posterior tail-like projection, usually curved. Surface longitudinally striated. Endoplasm bright green enclosing one or more large circular amylaceous bodies. Nucleus often concealed, contractile vesicle and pigment spot near the base of the flagellum, which arises from the cleft-like oral aperture on the anterior border. Length, 25-75 microns. (Fig.55, Pl. VIII.) This species is widely distributed, being found in great abund- ance in fresh water among aquatic plants, also often developed in infusions of pond water. There are apparently several varieties of the species found in this state. Fig. 55, Pl. VIII, illustrates a large variety of this species. Associated with this variety is sometimes found a smaller form possessing two lateral amylaceous bodies, with a deep depres- sion extending from the oral aperture in a median line nearly to the posterior border. This may represent an immature phase of Phacus pleuronectes. A yet smaller form has been observed, the endoplasm of which has a decidedly bluish appearance. It is not improbable that this form also is a phase of Phacus pleuronectes. PHACUS LONGICAUDUS Ehr. Body rounded, flattened, produced posteriorly into a long tapering, tail-like prolongation, usually straight. Endoplasm green, enclosing amylaceous bodies. Surface longitudinally stri- ated. Length, including tail, roo microns. (Fig. 56, Pl. VIII.) Phacus longicaudus is recognized by its large size and long caudal projection which may exceed in length half the diameter of the body. Often the posterior half of the organism is twisted on its longitudinal axis giving the striations of the surface an oblique appearance. The body may become elongated to nearly twice its usual length although, due to the hardness and consistency of the cuticle, the 40 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. process requires a long time. The nucleus, centrally located, is usually concealed. A brilliant red pigment spot is placed near the contractile vesicle. Figure 56, Plate VIII, illustrates a normal individual of this species. Usually solitary in habits, found widely distributed in fresh water. PHACUS PYRUM Ehr. Body pyriform, produced posteriorly into a straight, tail-like prolongation. Surface obliquely grooved. Color green. Length, 38 microns. (Fig. 57, Pl. VIII.) This species is often found in great numbers in fresh water associated with Auglena viridis and aquatic plants of low rank. The nucleus is usually concealed. A contractile vesicle and pigment spot are anteriorly located near the base of the flagellum. In motion the body follows a meandering course, rolling on its longitudinal axis. ‘ CHLOROPEE AMS stent. Oval, sometimes flattened, posterior extremity tail-like, ante- rior border with a small conical projection. Flagellum single. Endoplasm green. Surface with or without striations. CHLOROPELTIS OVUM Ehr. Body oval, cylindrical, with an anterior conical projection from which arises a long flagellum, posterior extremity prolonged into a straight, tail-like process. Endoplasm green, usually enclosing four amylaceous bodies laterally placed. Surface of the body often striated. Length, 42 microns. (Fig. 58, Pl. VIII.) Found in fresh water with Luglena viridis. Not an abundant -form in this state. CHLOROPELTIS HISPIDULA Eichwald. Body oval, flattened, with a tail-like projection. Surface of the body ornamented with minute spines arranged in longitud- inal rows. Endoplasm green, with eye-spot. Length, 55 microns. (Fig. 59, Pl. VIII.) This species is exceedingly rare in the waters of this state, as it has been observed but once and that was in Johnson county. In EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 4I this individual the caudal appendage was straight; seven longi- tudinal ribs were present on either of the flattened surfaces, each rib being thickly set with minute spines which pointed posteriorly. Habitat, fresh water among diatoms. Besides the two species of Ch/oropeltis already referred to there appears in this state another form which, in my opinion, should be referred to this genus. The oval body, broadly rounded at each extremity, possesses the characteristic elevation on the anterior border from which arises a long flagellum. A small, conical projection arises from the posterior border. The surface is grooved in an oblique direc- tion. Usually the endoplasm is colored bright green although colorless individuals are not infrequently seen. In these latter the oblique markings areevident. This form is more abundant than Chloropeltis hispidula in this state but usually solitary in habits. Habitat, fresh water. Length, 50-60 microns. (Fig. 60, Pl. VIII.) TRACHELOMONAS Ehrenberg. Body inhabiting a hard, brittle lorica usually brownish in color. Flagellum single, protruding through the single aperture. Endo- plasm usually green, with nucleus, contractile vesicle and eye- spot present. TRACHELOMONAS PISCATORIS Stokes. Lorica flask-shaped, cylindrical, less than twice as long as broad, surface clothed by numerous short, conical spines. Both extremi- ties equally rounded, the anterior produced into a smooth, cylindri- cal, neck-like prolongation, the border of which is deeply toothed. Length, 36 microns. (Fig. 64, Pl. 1X.) The above description as given by Dr. Stokes well character- izes a form frequently observed in the waters of this state. Thirty-six microns has been observed by the writer to be the approximate length of the lorica of the mature organism. Its distribution over the state is general. Habitat, fresh water, among aquatic plants. TRACHELOMONAS CYLINDRICA (?) Ehr. Lorica very elongate, cylindrical, surface smooth, anterior ex- tremity produced into a short, tubular neck. Color usually brown. [PROoc, D) A: 'S., VoL. XI.] 6 [May 14, 1906.] 42 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Figure 65, Plate IX, illustrates a form which was observed in the vicinity of Iowa City during the autumn of 1903. In many respects it differs from the description of Zvachelomo- nas cylindrica, as found in Kent’s ‘‘ Manual of The Infusoria.”’ The lorica did not present the flattened appearance of the poste- rior border and the distal margin of the tubular neck was con- spicuously everted. The lorica was transparent, rendering visible the bright green endoplasm and red pigment spot. Flagellum long. Length of lorica, approximately, 20 microns. Habitat, fresh water. I refer the form to this species with much doubt as to its true identity. It possibly may have been an undeveloped phase of — some other species of the genus. TRACHELOMONAS ARMATA Stein. Lorica nearly as broad as long, the surface finely punctate. A series of short, sharp spines arranged in irregular rows about the aperture, and frequently a number of long slender spines, curved when mature, arranged around the posterior extremity. Aper- ture usually in a shallow depression. Color brown. Length, 40 microns. This is the largest species of the genus observed in the state. It has most frequently been found devoid of posterior spines, this condition being, perhaps, a mark of immaturity. The posterior spines when present have, in many forms examined, been long and curved as represented by Fig. 66, Pl. IX. Other individuals observed possessed long, slender, but straight spines. Probably full development had not been reached by these specimens when examined, as Dr. T. C. Palmer reports that the curved spines are late additions in the development of the organism. Usually four- teen or more short, conical spines are arranged about the aperture in two or three irregular rows. These are produced before the posterior spines make their appearance. The species is widely distributed over the state, having been found in many sections. It is, however, not an abundant species. Habitat, fresh water with algze and diatoms. TRACHELOMONAS HORRIDA Palmer. “Lorica ovoid, brown, the general surface tuberculate, beset with long, nearly straight, prismatic, abruptly pointed spines, EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 43 longer on the ends than on the sides. Aperture plane, or pro- duced into a short trumpet-shaped tube with wavy limb. Monad green, pigment-spot obvious. Flagellum long.’’ Length of Iowa forms, 35-40 microns. (Fig. 69, Pl. X.) Dr. T.C. Palmer, of Pennsylvania, whom I have quoted, discov- ered and described this species. A mature specimen may readily be distinguished from other members of the genus. It is an extremely rare form in this state, having so far been found but a few times. Dr. Palmer kindly identified specimens collected by the writer during the summer of 1905. Habitat—Found in Iowa among diatoms and other aquatic plants. TRACHELOMONAS VOLVOCINA Ehr. Lorica nearly spherical, usually brown in color, surface nearly smooth, commonly without a neck. Diameter of lorica of large specimen, 30 microns. (Figs. 67-68, PE EX.) Trachelomonas volvaina is the most common species to be observed in this state. Thesize and the shape of the lorica varies greatly, the spheroidal variety is, however, more numerous. Sometimes loricze, evidently of this species, may be found having short cylindrical necks and in some the tube-like neck may extend inward toward the protoplasm of the body. Fig. 68, Pl. IX, rep- resents a common form, probably of this species. Flagellum long. Habitat, fresh water among diatoms, algze and other aquatic plants. TRACHELOMONAS HISPIDA Stein. Lorica usually elongate-oval withends broadly rounded. Sur- face covered with minute, sharp pointed spines. Aperture on a level with the anterior border or truncating a short, tube-like neck. Color, some shade of brown. This form is widely distributed over the state, being commonly found associated with Trachelomonas volvocina. ‘The species may present a variety of shapes; those most frequently observed in this state, however, are as represented by Fig. 70, Pl. X. Large specimens from the locality of Iowa City have reached a length of from 30-36 microns. 44 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. TRACHELOMONAS Sp. Probably a new species. Lorica ovate, widest and broadly rounded anteriorly, narrow and acutely rounded posteriorly. Surface punctate in a regular manner, the puncte being arranged in oblique rows in two direc- tions. Aperture plane, a neck never being produced. Flagel- lum long. Endoplasm usually green. Color of lorica some shade of brown. Length, 27 mierons. (Pig: 71, Pl: Xx.) A species, the chief characters of which are given above, has been found in Johnson county, Iowa. Dr. T. C. Palmer of Media, Pa., whose work upon this par- ticular genus is deserving of no little merit, after examining speci- mens sent him for identification, considered that the Iowa form was probably a newspecies. It apparently resembles, in outline, Trachelomonas reticulata Klebs, but the recticulate surface has not been made out in the species in this state; on the other hand, the puncteze which cover the surface are arranged with the regu- larity described above. Habitat, infusions of pond water among decaying vegetation, being developed in great numbers on the occasions observed. Distribution has not thus far been found to be general. It is hoped that further observation may reveal a more complete knowledge of the organism. CRYPTOGLENA Ehr. Body flattened, persistent inshape. Two lateral, brightly col- ored pigment bands. Flagellum single. Mouth, eye-spot, nucleus and contractile vesicle usually visible. CRYPTOGLENA PIGRA Hhrenberg. Body oval, somewhat flattened, pointed posteriorly. Flagel- lum single, short. Two bright green pigment bands one on either side following the contour of the body. A scarlet pigment spot near the anterior extremity, nucleus posterior to the center of the body. Length, 12 microns. (Fig: 83, Pl. XI.) Cryptoglena pigra is not abundant in this state but may be found associated with Aug/lena viridis in fresh water. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 45 Family, ASTASIID. ASTASIA Ehrenberg. Body elongate, plastic, changeable in form; flagellum single, arising from the anterior extremity; endoplasm transparent. ASTASIA TRICHOPHORA Ehr. Body elongate, wider posteriorly, tapering toward the narrow anterior extremity. Flagellum long and thick. Nucleus cen- trally located; contractile vesicle in the anterior region. Length of the extended body, 30-60 microns. (Figs. 72-73, Pie XxX.) Astasia trichophora is interesting because it bears evident marks of ancestral characters. The body of the organism is exceedingly plastic, yet progress in development has gone so far as to render the periphery a sufficient resistant to the endoplasm that no pseu- dopodia are produced. ‘The amceboid changes of form are due to contraction of the peripheral protoplasm, usually in a longitud- inal direction. When freely moving Astasia is usually elongate with the nar- row extremity in advance, then suddenly it doubles on itself or contracts into an irregular mass, resuming the elongate form again as it continues its course. At times the posterior border may be prolonged into a short tail-like extension. At the base of the long, thick flagellum is a more or less distinct oral opening which leads into a pharyn- geal tube which is highly extensile. No eye-spot or coloring mat- ter is developed, the endoplasm being transparent. Figure 72, Plate X, represents an elongate form. Fig. 73, Pl. X, a partially contracted individual. Astasia trichophora is found almost everywhere in fresh water, commonly occurring among diatoms, alge, etc. DISTIGMA Ehrenberg. Body changeable in form, more or less elongate when extended. Flagella two in number, unequal in length, both directed for- ward. Oral opening at the base of the flagella leading into a long pharynx. Endoplasm transparent. DISTIGMA PROTEUS Ehr. Body exceedingly plastic, when contracted greatly distended 46 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. in one or more regions; both flagella vibratile, one equalling the body in length, the other about one-half that length. Endo- plasm transparent with dark colored corpuscles, which are shifted about by the movements of the body. Nucleus central, contrac- tile vesicle in the anterior region. Length of the extended body, 95 microns. Figure 74, Plate X, illustrates the species as it commonly appears in a mature condition and extended. Fig. 75 represents the partially contracted state. The species is not uncommon in pond water. Family, PERANEMID®. HETERONEMA Dujardin. Body oval or elongated, changeable in shape. Flagella two in number, one directed forward, one trailing, both arising from the anterior extremity. Oral aperture near the base of the flagella. HETERONEMA.: ACuS Ehr. Body greatly elongated when extended, wider centrally, taper- ing toward each extremity. Anterior flagellum about as long as the body and twice as long as the trailing one. Contractile vesi- cle in the anterior extremity, nucleus centrally located. Length, when extended, 50 microns. (Fig. 76, Pl. X.) Fleteronema acus is exceedingly plastic and changeable in form, becoming shortened and greatly distended on contraction. The long anterior flagellum is not highly vibratile. Found in fresh water in Johnson and Keokuk counties. PETALOMONAS Stein. Somewhat oval, flattened, and of hardened consistence. Fla- gellum single. Oral aperture distinct. PETALOMONAS MEDIOCANELLATA Stein. Body ovate, flattened, persistent in shape, broadly rounded posteriorly, tapering to an acutely pointed anterior extremity. ’ Flagellum single, arising from the anterior extremity and directed in advance of the body, a distinct groove leading from the base of the flagellum posteriorly. Length of the body, 30-40 microns. (Fig.-77, Pl. XI.) EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 47 Petalomonas mediocanellata is to be found frequently in fresh water among aquatic plants. Its movement is smooth and glid- ing, the tip of the long flagellum being vibratile. Due to the groove in the median line of the body food particles are con- ducted to the posterior region where digestion takes place. It is in this region that the spherical nucleus is to be found. ‘The contractile vesicle is lateral to the oral groove in the anterior region, which is comparatively free from granular particles. ANISONEMA Dujardin. Body ovate, flattened, persistent in form. Oral aperture lead- ing into along pharynx. Flagella two in number, the vibratile one arising from the ventral border, and directed forward, the posterior one long, arising posterior to the vibratile one and curv- ing backward in a trailing manner. Contractile vesicle or vesi- cles anterior, nucleus posterior. ANISONEMA ACINUuS Duj. Body with ventral surface flattened, wider posteriorly, the anterior flagellum short, vibratile, the posterior one with a thick- ened base, long, trailing. Oral opening near the base of the anterior flagellum. Endoplasm transparent, contractile vesicle and nucleus conspicuous. Length, 25 microns. (Fig. 78, Pl. XI.) This species of the genus is widely distributed, being found nearly everywhere in pond water, among diatoms and other aquatic plants. Its movement is usually forward in a straight line, the trailing flagellum serving as a rudder directing the course. Reproduction takes place by longitudinal division. ANISONEMA LUDIBUNDUM S. K. Body nearly oval, narrower at the anterior extremity. Fla- gella two in number, about twice the length of the body, inserted at some distance from the anterior end. Contractile vesicles often more than one. Length, 1o microns. (Fig. 79, Pl. XI.) This smallest species of the genus has come under my observa- tion but a few times. By means of the posterior flagellum the organism may temporarily attach itself. Progress is made by short oscillating movements. 48 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The point of insertion of the flagella will aid in the recognition of this minute form. Habitat, fresh water. ANISONEMA TRUNCATUM Stein. Body elongate-ovate, posterior extremity narrowest, anterior border with a shallow concavity at the bottom of which is the oral aperture. Flagella two, the anterior vibratile one about one-half as long as the posterior trailing one. Contractile vesicle anterior. Length, 30 microns. (Fig. 80, Pl. XI.) A rare form in this state. Observed only in Johnson county. Habitat, pond water. ENTOSIPHON, Stein. Oval, somewhat flattened, and of a hardened consistence. Oral aperture in the anterior border, followed by an elongated tube-like pharynx. Flagella two in number, arising on the anterior border. ENTOSIPHON SULCATUS Duj. Body oval, flattened, the anterior border oblique with a deep concavity, at the bottom of which is the oral opening leading into a long tubular pharynx which reaches into the posterior region of the body. Surface of the body grooved longitudinally. Fla- gella two in number, arising from the anterior border near the oral opening, one long, tralling, the other shorter, directed in advance, vibratile. Nucleus spherical, in the posterior region, contractile vesicle anterior. Endoplasm transparent. Length of body, 22 microns. (Fig. 81, Pl. XI.) The long cone-shaped pharynx of this species is very conspic- uous. At times it may be partially exserted and owing to its indurated character persists for a long time after the death and decomposition of the organism. Frequently found in pond water among aquatic plants. Move- ments oscillating. Family, NOTOSOLENID. NOTOSOLENUS Stokes. Somewhat oval and flattened, ventral surface convex, dorsal sur- faceconcave. Flagella two, the anterior, long one held obliquely, the posterior trailing one very short. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA ‘OF IOWA. 49 NOTOSOLENUS OPOCAMPTUS Stokes. Body ovate, the anterior border acutely rounded, the posterior truncate. Flagella two in number, unequal in size and length, the longer projecting obliquely in advance, the shorter trailing. Length of body, 12 microns. (Fig. 82, Pl. XI.) Members of this genus may be recognized at once by the oblique manner in which’ the anterior flagellum is held as the animal moves in a direct course. In Vofosolenus opocamptus the shorter and smaller flagellum has its origin on the ventral surface near the base of the anterior one and is directed backward hardly one- half the length of the body. It appears as a minute white line on the background of the body. Frequently found in fresh water among aquatic plants. Its distribution over the state is general. Order, PHYTOFLAGELLIDA. Family, CHRYSOMONADID. NEPHROSELMIS Stein. Somewhat oval, ventral border concave. Bright colored pig- ment bands near the periphery. Flagella two in number, of une- qual length. NEPHROSELMIS OLIVACEA Stein. Body rounded dorsally, slightly concave ventrally, pigment bands following the dorsal and lateral contours of the body. Flagella two, unequal in length, arising from the ventral concave surface. Nucleus in posterior region. Length, 10 microns. (Fig. 84, Pl. XI.) This species is a very rare form, having been found in this state but a few times. Its habitat is pond water among aquatic plants. MALLOMONAS Perty. Body oval, persistent in shape, surface covered with long, rigid setee. Flagellum single, inserted at the anterior extremity. Endoplasm often colored. MALLOMONAS sp. Figure 85, Plate XI, illustrates a species which rarely may be found in this state. There is no question but that it must be [Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 7 [May 18, 1906.] 50 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. referred to this genus, but the specific identification is uncertain, largely due to an incomplete study of the organism. The oval body, narrower at the anterior extremity, was thickly clothed with long, apparently rigid, hair-like setze. In general appearances the form resembled J/allomonas Plosslii Perty. A magnification of five hundred diameters, however, did not reveal the crenulation of the surface which is a character of the last named species. Whether the long flagellum, directed in advance, possessed the retractile power or not I cannot state. One or more contractile vesicles were evident but the nucleus could not be distinguished. Movement, rapid in a direct course. Color, yellowish brown. Habitat, pond water. According to Kent the rigid hair-like structures which cover the 'surface are attached to the hardened cuticle and have no direct connection with the inner endoplasm. Length of the body as observed, 15-30 microns. Family, CRYPTOMONADIDA. CHILOMONAS Stein. Elongate-oval, anterior border with a projecting upper-lip. Flagella two in number, nearly equal, both directed in advance. Oral aperture on the anterior border near the base of the flagella. CHILOMONAS PARAMACIUM Ehr. Body elongate-oval in shape, usually rounded posteriorly, ante- rior margin with a prominent lip-like projection. Flagella two in number, sub-equal in length, arising from the lip-like exten- sion, both directed forward, oral opening near the base of the fla- gella. Nucleus central, contractile vesicle anterior. Endoplasm usually enclosing dark-colored corpuscles. Length of body, 25-40 microns. (Fig. 86, Pl. XI.) Chilomonas paramecium is one of the most common flagellates of stagnant infusions. The flagellaare delicate and difficult to see during the activity of the organism. The lower one being slightly shorter is often thrown into a coil and serves as an anchor to temporarily attach the organism to some support. In pro- gression the animal takes a zigzag, roving course, rolling on its longitudinal axis. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 51 Reproduction takes place by longitudinal division with great rapidity. Two other flagella are first developed from the ante- rior border, then a longitudinal constriction is seen to take place and the two portions of the organism seem to be rapidly drawn apart. Widely distributed, everywhere in stagnant water. CRYPTOMONAS Ehrenberg. Body ovate, with a prominent anterior lip-like process. Fla- gella two in number, nearly equal in length, directed forward, oral aperture at the base of the flagella. Endoplasm containing color bands disposed in a longitudinal manner. Contractile vesi- cle anterior, nucleus near the middle of the body. CRYPTOMONAS OVATA Ehr. In size and appearance, except for the coloring matter, Cryfto- monas ovata resembles Chilomonas paramecium. ‘The lip-like pro- cess is very prominent, beneath which is a spacious buccal cavity leading posteriorly into the endoplasm, the oral aperture at times being widely distended. The species as found in this state invar- - jably possesses two broad, lateral, chlorophyl bands extending from the posterior to the anterior extremity, one on either side of the body. Its common habitat is fresh water with other chlo- rophyl-bearing flagellates. Widely distributed. Length of body, 50 microns. (Fig. 87, Pl. XI.) Family, CHLAMYDOMONADID. CHLAMYDOMONAS Ehrenberg. Enclosed within a membranous, transparent sheath. Body oval or spherical. Flagella two in number. Endoplasm green with an eye-spot, nucleus, contractile vesicles, chromataphores and starch-like bodies. CHLAMYDOMONAS sp. (?). Lorica transparent, somewhat truncate anteriorly, narrower and rounded posteriorly. Body green, filling little more than half the lorica; flagella two in number, of equal length. A pig- ment-spot usually present. Length of lorica, 12 microns. (Fig. 61, Pl. IX.) 52 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. This species is not an abundant form in this state. It has fre- quently been found in pond water in Johnson county, but appar- ‘ently is not of wide distribution. CHLAMYDOMONAS sp. Lorica transparent, elongate-oval, rounded anteriorly, often acutely pointed posteriorly. Body usually green, almost com- pletely filling the lorica. Flagella two in number, of equal length. A contractile vesicle and pigment spot near the base of the fla- gella, nttcleus central. Length of lorica, 15-20 microns. (Figs. 62-63, Pl. IX.) This species which I have referred to the genus Chlamydomonas differs materially from the one previously described both in the shape of the lorica and the comparative size of the body. In some respects it resembles Chlamydomonas ovata Dangeard, and may be identical with that species. It was first observed in an infusion of moss in the locality of Iowa City, during May, 1905. At that time the classification was puzzling, possessing as it did the generic characters of Ch/amydomonas, but during the two or three weeks it was under my observation, no chlorophyl was pres- ent; the organism was transparent, slightly granular. It was my good fortune, however, to find the same species dur- ing the month of July, 1905, in pond water in Appanoose county. The organisms from this locality left no question as to the genus to which they belonged and convinced me that the forms earlier found were inasaprophyticstage. Inthe same infusion appeared individuals bright green in color with brilliant eye-spots, also perfectly transparent forms with no eye-spots, while others repre- sented intermediate phases between these two extremes. The transition from the saprophytic to the chlorophyl-bearing stage was readily observed. In the immature individuals the lorica is not easily distinguished from the body, which is usually in close contact with its transparent, investing membrane. In mature specimens, however, the lorica extends beyond the posterior region of the body, either with a rounded border or drawn out into an acute point. The lateral and anterior borders of the body may often be drawn away from the lorica, leaving it visible as a delicate line. Reproduction usually takes place by means of segmentation of EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 53 the entire body, the organism dividing into four, then into eight small zooids, which break through the lorica and begin an inde- pendent existence. Asa result of the rapid reproduction myri- ads of individuals may be developed in a short time. One or two small contractile vesicles may be observed near the base of the long flagella, also a brilliant red eye-spot. A centrally located nucleus is rendered visible by reagents. On one occasion longitudinal division was observed to take place. ‘The species has been found in this state only in the two localities named above. Habitat, pond water among decaying vegetation, or damp moss from the base of trees. TABLE OR CLASSIFICATION: Class, INFUSORIA. Protozoa with cilia during embryonic and adult life or embry- onic only. Sub-class, CILIATA. With cilia during entire existence. Sub-class, SUCTORIA. With cilia during embryonic life only, with suctorial or pierc- ing tentacles during adult life. ORDERS OF CILIATA. HOO TRICHA. Cilia usually covering the entire body, sometimes slightly longer about the oral aperture. Trichocysts often present. HETEROTRICHA. Body entirely ciliate, cilia of the oral region longer than those of the general surface and often fused together. HY POTRICHA. Usually flattened with cilia confined to the ventral surface. PERITRICHA. Cilia reduced to one or two wreaths or circles. Norer.—In some classifications Suctoria is considered as an order, here, however, being used as a sub-class, no order names are given, 54 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF HOLOTRICHA. ENCHELINIDA. Mouth terminal or sub-terminal. Food ingested by swallowing. Coleps Ehr. Flolophrya C. & WL. Urotricha C. & Ly. Enchelyodon C. & I. Prorodon Ehr. Trachelophyllum C. & VW. Didinium Stein. Mesodinium Stein. Lacrymaria Ehr. TRACHELINIDA. Body usually bilateral with dorsal surface convex. Mouth terminal or sub-terminal. A neck-like region often present. Loxophyllum Duj. Anphileptus Stein. Dileptus Duj. Lionotus Wrzes. Loxodes Ehr. Trachelius Ehr. CHLAMYDODONTIDA:. Oval or kidney-shaped. Pharynx distinct, often provided with rods. Nassula Ehr. Chilodon Ehr. JEgyria C. & IL. *Opisthodon Stein. Oval, convex dorsally, flattened ventrally. Mouth in posterior half of body. Pharynx with rods. CHILIFERIDA Mouth anterior or central, usually with an undulating mem- brane. Pharynx short or absent. Trichoda Mill. Leucophrys Ehr. Glaucoma Ehr. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 55 frontonia Ehr. Ophryoglena Ehr. Loxocephalus Eberh. Uronema Duj. Colpidium Stein. Colpoda Mull. *Dallasia Stokes. Elongated, rounded anteriorly, tail-like posteriorly. Mouth near the anterior end with membranes similar to Glaucoma. UROCENTRID&. Mouth ventral. Cilia in two broad bands encircling the body. Urocentrum Nitzsch. MICROTHORACIDA. Cilia scattered, mouth in the posterior region. Microthorax Eng. Cinetochilum Perty. PARAMACIIDA. Mouth lateral, preceded by an oblique oral groove. Paramecium Mull, PLEURONEMIDA. Mouth at the posterior end of a ventral furrow or peristome. Peristome with undulating membrane or membranes. Lembadion Perty. Cyclidium Ehr. Ctedoctema Stokes. *Pleuronema Duj. Slightly larger than Cyclidium. No posterior setee. CyRTOLOPHOSIIDAs. Body at times enclosed within a soft mucilaginous envelope secreted by itself. Mouth at the end of a short furrow. A tuft of cilia at the anterior extremity. Cyrtolophosis Stokes. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF HETEROTRICHA. PLAGIOTOMIDA. Mouth near or posterior to the middle of the body, preceded by a narrow peristomal furrow. 56 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Blepharisma Perty. Metopus C. & L. Metopides Quenn. Spirostomum Ehr. BURSARIDA. Peristome a broad, triangular depression, sometimes with a con- spicuous undulating membrane. Condylostoma Du}. *Bursaria Mull. Body short, sac-like, obliquely truncate in front, flattened ven- trally, convex dorsally. Peristome funnel-shaped, reaching to the middle of the body. STENTORIDA. Peristome occupying the front border. Mouth in the margin of the peristome, with strong adoral cilia spirally disposed. Body entirely ciliate. Stentor Oken. GYROCORIDA. Oval or pear-shaped, with one or two spiral wreaths of strong cilia. A style-like posterior process often present. Gyrocoris Stein. HALTERIIDA. Body with an anterior ring of cilia. Sometimes a posterior circle is also present or an equatorial wreath of springing hairs. flalteria Duj. * Strombidium C. & VL. Similar to //al/teria but without springing hairs. Oral cilia very strong. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF HYPOTRICHA. OXYTRICHIDAS. Cilia of the ventral surface usually fused into styles or sete arranged in series, as frontal, ventral, anal, caudal, and marginal. One or more of these series may be wanting. Urostyla Ehr. EDMONDSON— PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 57 Stichotricha Perty. Uroleptus Ehr. Pleurotricha Stein. Gastrostyla Eng. Oxytricha Ehr. flistrio Sterki. Stylonychia Ehr. * Ffolosticha Wrzes. Differing from Oxytricha in possessing two uninterrupted rows of ventral setz. *U/yosoma Kowal. Resembling Oxy/richa, but with eight ventral setee and with a tail-like projection. EuPLOTID. Oval, dorsal surface convex. Anal styles usually well devel- - oped but those of other series often reduced in number. Mar- ginal series seldom present. Euplotes Ehr. Aspidisca Ehr. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF PERITRICHA. NotTeE.—Practically all fresh water forms of this order may be included within one family. VORTICELLIDS. Bodies frequently bell-shaped. Front border bearing a spirally wound wreath of strong cilia; a posterior circle of cilia some- times developed; otherwise the body is free from cilia. Animals attached or free-swimming, often forming colonies and inhabiting loricee. Gerda C. & ly. Scyphidia Duj. Vorticella Linn. Carchesium Ehr. Lpistylis Ehr. Vaginicola Lamarck. Cothurnia Ehr. * Zoothamnium Ehr. [Proc. D. A. S., VOL. XI.] 8 [May 22, 1906.] 58 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Similar to Carchesium but with continuous muscle fibre. The entire colony is highly contractile. *Rhabdostyla S. K. Similar to Vorticella but attached by a short rigid stalk. Never forming colonies. *Pyxidium S. K. Animals similar to Ofercudaria but solitary on short rigid stalks. *Opercularia Stein. Forming colonies with a branched but rigid stalk. Animals elongate-oval. Ciliary disc attached by one side and opening and closing like a lid. A delicate collar-like membrane also protruded when the disc is elevated. FAMILIES AND GENERA OF SUCTORIA. PODOPHRYID&. Spherical or elongate, with or without astalk. Tentacles scat- tered or in groups, capitate and suctorial or prehensile. Spherophrya C. & VL. Podophrya Ehr. ACINETID 4. With or without a lorica, stalked or unstalked. Tentacles usually capitate and in groups or scattered. Acineta Ehr. Flallezia Sand. *,Solenophrya C. & Vy. Body oval, enclosed by a lorica and attached in a sessile manner. Tentacles capitate, in groups. DENDROSOMID. Without a stalk or lorica. Tentacles capitate, in groups. Trichophrya C. & Vy. *Dendrosoma Ehr. Animals united, forming a branched colony with a common base. ‘Tentacles suctorial, capitate. Note.—In the above table of classification only families, representatives of which have been observed in this state, are included. Species of genera marked with the aster- isk (*) have not, so far, been observed in thé state. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 59 Class, INFUSORIA. Sub-class, CILIATA. Order, HOLOTRICHA. Family, ENCHELINIDZ. COLEPS Ehrenberg. Ovate, persistent in shape. Surface usually deeply furrowed longitudinally and transversely, the furrows bearing cilia. Oral aperture terminal, surrounded by cilia larger than those of the general surface. Posterior border often bearing spines. COLEPS HIRTUS Ehr. Body barrel-shaped, elongate, cylindrical. Mouth terminal, bordered by tooth-like processes. Posterior border rounded, with three spines. General surface furrowed at right angles giving the appearance of small rectangular, raised areas which are indur- ated. Nucleus large, spherical, in the central or posterior region. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length, 60 microns. (Fig. 88, Pl. XII.) Coleps hirtus is a very common species in pond water and old infusions. The organism usually appears late in the infusion, after most of the other forms have disappeared, being a scavenger feeding upon decaying matter. Should another infusorian, as Paramecium, die, a group of these organisms gather about the dead protoplasm, devouring it rapidly and greedily. The mouth is capable of wide extension during feeding and the body may become nearly spherical, due to ingested material. Reproduction takes place by transverse fission, an interesting feature presenting itself in this connection. The constriction of the body commences with the middle transverse furrow, the oppo- site extremities of the dividing cell retaining the reticulate appear- ance, but the newly developed central area bears no furrows. Even after complete separation one-half of each new individual, bearing the reticular area, is sharply contrasted with the smooth unfurrowed region. After a period of more or less duration the smooth half begins to take on the furrowed appearance and finally reaches the same proportions as the opposite portion. 60 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. HOLOPHRYA Ehrenberg. Ovate or elongate, changeable inform. Oral opening in anterior border, terminal. Cilia of entire body of uniform size. HOLOPHRYA KESSLERII Meresch. Body elongate, cylindrical, posterior border rounded, anterior border truncate. Surface furrowed longitudinally. Nucleus elongate, band-like, centrally located. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length when extended, 125 microns. (Fig. 89, Pl. XII.) A rare form in this state. It has been found in fresh water in Johnson county among algz. Solitary in its habits. Movement rapid, by turning on its longitudinal axis. On contraction the longitudinal striations do not become oblique as in case of /fo/o- phrya tarda, a closely allied form. UROTRICHA‘G? & VW. Oval or elliptical. Cilia not moving in unison. Oral aperture at the anterior extremity, terminal. A long seta used as a spring- ing hair, developed from the posterior extremity. Contractile vesicle and nucleus usually conspicuous. UROTRICHA PLATYSTOMA Stokes. Body ovate, a little longer than broad, equally rounded at both extremities. Cilia covering the entire body, vibrating independ- ently. Surface covered with minute, round, bead-like elevations arranged in longitudidal series. Mouth capable of very wide expansion. Springing hair shorter than the body, pointing obliquely, with the distal end curved. Length of body, 40 microns. (Fig. 90, Pl. XII.) Urotricha platystoma reproduces by transverse division. Move- ment is by rotation on its longitudinal axis, frequently darting to one side by means of the posterior springing hair, not unlike Flalteria. The form has often been found in fresh water in this state. UROTRICHA sp. Body ovate, wider anteriorly, more acutely rounded posteriorly. Surface smooth. Movement of cilia very irregular and independ- ent. Oral aperture apical, terminal, provided with two lip-like extensions of unequal length. Springing hair short, less than EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 61 half the length of the body, straight. Nucleus central. Con- tractile vesicle posterior. Length of body, 35 microns. (Fig. 91, Pl. XII.) This species of U/votricha has been found in Johnson county, associated with Cyclidium glaucoma. It differs from Uvotricha lagenula Ehr. (not observed in this state) in the inflation of the anterior region and the short length of the springing hair. The oral opening has two protruding lip- like processes and is capable of very wide expansion during the process of ingestion of food. Its breadth when expanded may almost equal the greatest width of the body. When closed the lip-like protrusions meet, one, however, being decidedly shorter than the other. The organism has the habit of a scavenger, dead protoplasm serving as its chief food. A central spherical nucleus may be observed by the aid of reagents and a single contractile vesicle is present in the posterior region. In its movement the species usually rotates on its longitudinal axis, the springing action not being so noticeable as in U/votricha platystoma, Reproduction takes place by transverse fission. ENCHELYODON C. & L. Body ovate, rounded posteriorly, narrower anteriorly but not produced into a neck-like extension. Oral aperture terminal, fol- lowed by a pharynx which is striated in a longitudinal direction. ENCHELYODON FARCTUS C. & L. Body oval, narrower anteriorly and often slightly curved. Pharynx conspicuous and can be traced for some distance within ‘ the endoplasm. Nucleus band-like, long and curved. Contrac- tile vesicle posterior. Endoplasm transparent. Length, 220 microns. (Fig. 92, Pl. XII.) Enchelyodon farctus has been found abundantly in Johnson county in infusions of pond water. Reproduction is by transverse fission. PRORODON Ehrenberg. Usually oval, sometimes slightly flattened, evenly rounded at both extremities. Mouth terminal or sub-terminal; pharynx 62 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. often with rod-like teeth. Nucleus oval or band-like. Cilia cov- ering the entire body, sometimes longer on the posterior border. PRORODON TERES Ehr. Body oval, cylindrical. Oral opening terminal, provided with minute, rod-like teeth. Nucleus spherical, centrally located; contractile vesicle in the posterior region. Length, 150-200 microns. (Fig. 93, Pl. XII.) This species has frequently been found in stagnant pond water. An interesting phenomenon has come under observation with reference to the division of Prorvedon teres which takes place by transverse fission. A large individual was discovered already in the process of division, which continued until merely a narrow isthmus of protoplasm connected the two portions. Suddenly another constriction began to take place and in a few minutes a very small individual separated from the anterior extremity of the dividing organism and swam away. In the meantime the original constriction grew deeper and deeper until but a mere thread, seemingly ready to break at any moment, remained. But division was not to take place. All at once there was a rush of endoplasm centrally from each extrem- ity, the narrow connecting thread of protoplasm became inflated and continued to broaden until the body reached its normal pro- portions. This, apparently, is a case of defeated division. Probably the small individual carried away with it the entire nucleus of the anterior half, leaving only one nuclear mass for the two dividing portions. PRORODON EDENTATUS C. & L. Body oval, cylindrical, equally rounded at both extremities. Oral aperture eccentric, opening into a conical tube which reaches far into the endoplasm. Cilia of the posterior border somewhat longer than those of the general surface. Nucleus spherical, cen- tral in position. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length, 125 microns. (Fig. 94, Pl. XII.) In general appearance this species resembles Prorvodon teres but differs from it chiefly in the eccentricity of the mouth. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 63 Although not common, Prorodon edentatus' may be found in pond water and stagnant infusions. Reproduction is by transverse fission. TRACHELOPAYLLUM C. & 1. Elongate, flask-shaped, flattened. Anterior region narrow, neck-like, terminating in a minute conical process which is punc- tured by the oral aperture. The pharynx may be traced backwards through the neck-like region. Nuclei usually more than one. Contractile vesicle pos- terior. TRACHELOPHYLLUM TACHYBLASTUM Stokes. Body elongated, flexible, somewhat clavate when fully ex- tended, flask-shaped when contracted. Oral aperture followed by an indistinct pharyngeal passage. Cilia clothing the entire surface and vibrating in an independent manner. Nuclei two in number, spherical, not connected. Contractile vesicle in the pos- terior region. Length, 175 microns. (Fig. 95, Pl. XII.) This species is not uncommonly found in this state although it has not so far been observed to be widely distributed. Found at the bottom of old infusions of pond water, where it glides along evenly and at a rapid rate. Another form, differing from the above apparently chiefly in size, has been found in pond water in Johnson county. Some individuals have exceeded 300 microns in length. It may be identical with 7vachelophyllum vestitum Stokes, but the external granular covering has not been apparent in the Iowa species. DIDINIUM Stein. Usually ovate, cylindrical, rounded posteriorly, produced ante- riorly into a short cotiical proboscis, and bearing a posterior and anterior circle of cilia. Oral aperture puncturing the extremity of the proboscis. DIDINIUM NASUTUM Mull. Body oval, broadly rounded posteriorly. Anterior conical pro- boscis longitudinally striate. One wreath of cilia near the base of the proboscis, the other posterior to the middle of the body. 64 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Nucleus band-like, curved, centrally located. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length, roo-175 microns. Figure 96, Plate XIII, represents a typical individual of this species. In its motion Didinium nasutum is swift, rolling on its longitudinal axis, darting from side to side, then suddenly stop- ping in its flight, with the anterior end downward, it whirls rap- idly for a few seconds, then continues its random course. The food habits of Didiniwm nasutum present some interesting features, the organism being found associated with Paramecium, which serves as its principal food. It is fierce and aggressive, grasping its prey with the snout-like proboscis and literally gulp- ing it down whole, the process requiring but a few seconds. Balbiani, the French naturalist, records that the proboscis may be protruded even to the length of the body and by this means Didinium grasps its prey and sucks the contents or transfers it whole to its own body by the retraction of the proboscis. My observations have not verified this; in fact, at no time in the scores and scores of instances in which Pavamecium has been observed to become the prey of Didiniwm, was there a protrusion of the snout-like process, but the animal approached and, striking its prey with the unextended proboscis, proceeded to swallow it whole. The striking results in a paralyzing effect upon Parame- cium, its struggles ceasing almost immediately. Sometimes Paramecium is grasped near the middle instead of at the end, in which case Ydiniwm, instead of entirely releasing its prey, by a quick, jerky movement shuffles along until one extremity of the ‘‘slipper-animalcule’’ is reached, then the inges- tion takes place. Figure 97, Plate XIII, is drawn from a mounted specimen fixed during the process of ingestion of Paramecium. Reproduction takes place by transverse fission, preliminary steps to constriction of the body being the elongation of the nucleus and the appearance of two supplementary wreaths of cilia. A very definite flow of protoplasm within the body may be observed, the endoplasm flowing toward the anterior extremity along the periphery, then turning inward and uniting in a com- mon backward stream along the longitudinal axis, separating in the posterior region, turning outward and flowing forward again. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 65 This protoplasmic current, illustrated by Figure 98, Plate XIII, no doubt is of assistance in the rapid ingestion of food. Didinium nasutum has been found in but two, though widely distant, regions of the state. In January, 1904, the species was taken from a small stream near Iowa City in an infusion of sub- merged leaves, and in August, 1905, it was found in Lake Oko- boji among decaying vegetation. MESODINIUM Stein. Ovate or pyriform, rounded posteriorly, produced into a conical proboscis anteriorly. Oral aperture terminal, puncturing the extremity of the proboscis, at the base of which is a single circle of strong cilia. MESODINIUM sp. (?) Figure 99, Plate XIII, represents a species not infrequently found in the fresh waters of this state, which is conditionally referred to this genus. Body somewhat globose, nearly as broad as long, broadly rounded posteriorly, produced into a snout-like process anteriorly. Oral aperture indistinct but apparently in the distal extremity of the proboscis. Color, green. Nucleus and contractile vesicle concealed. Length, 35 microns. The anterior, snout-like proboscis, which has been observed to be somewhat extensile and contractile and which is apparently punctured at its distal extremity by the oral aperture, has led me to conditionally classify the organism here. Future observations may reveal its true identity. So far as I am able to discover, no species of this genus has been reported to be densely green in color, as this organism is. LACRYMARIA Ehrenberg. Elongate-oval or flask-shaped, nearly cylindrical, somewhat elastic. Anterior extremity usually very narrow, neck-like and sometimes highly extensile and contractile. Oral aperture ter- minal, puncturing a cone-like projection, or an obliquely truncate border. LACRYMARIA COHNII (?) S. K. Figure 100, Plate XIII, represents a species not infrequently ]Proc. D. A. S., VOL. XI.] 9 [May 25, 1906.] 66 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. found in the waters of this state which has been tentatively referred to thisspecies. Body elongate-oval, about two and one-half times as long as broad, highly elastic. Anterior extremity continued as a short, neck-like extension. Oral aperture terminating a cone- like projection which is smaller thanthe neck and slightly con- stricted from it. The anterior extremity of the neck bearing a circle of cilia larger than those of the general surface. Endoplasm completely filled with dark globular masses, render- ing the body opaque and concealing the nucleus. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length of body, 90 microns. Lacrymaria cohnii is reported to be a salt-water form but the species occurring in thisstate is so closely allied to it that I would, at least for the time being, classify it here: The species has been found in Lake Okoboji and also in some of the eastern counties of this state. Its habitat is fresh water among aquatic plants. Movement is accompanied by rapid revolution on its longitudinal axis. LACRYMARIA TRUNCATA Stokes. Body elongate, somewhat flask-shaped, flattened. Rounded posteriorly, produced anteriorly into a long neck-like region, the anterior border of which is obliquely truncated and slightly dilated. Surface longitudinally striate. Cilia of the anterior ex- tremity slightly larger than those of the general surface. Oral aperture in the anterior truncated border. Nucleus long, band- like, twisted and convoluted in the posterior region. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length, 160 microns. (Fig. 1o1, Pl. XIII.) This species may be found in long-standing infusions of pond water, the truncated anterior border and greatly convoluted nucleus serving to readily distinguishit. The organism is a rapid swimmer, rotating on its longitudinal axis. LACRYMARIA OLOR Mull. Body elongate-ovate, posterior extremity pointed. Anterior extensile neck capable of being extended many times the length of the body. Surface obliquely striate in two directions. Nucleus double, central. Contractile vesicles more than one. EDMONDSON— PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 67 Length, with neck contracted, 50-70 microns. (Fig. roq, Pl. XIII.) A common and widely distributed species found in pond water. Its swan-like appearance was suggested to the early observers by its graceful movements, as it swims about extending its neck here and there in search of food. Reproduction takes place by transverse fission. Family, TRACHELINID. AMPHILEPTUS Ehrenberg. Elongate, usually flattened, with an anterior neck-like region at the base of which is the oral aperture. Nuclei usually more than one. Contractile vesicles single or numerous. Trichocysts some- times present. AMPHILEPTUS MELEAGRIS Ehr. Body elongate, compressed, with a short, thick, neck-like anterior region. Mouth, a cleft-like opening near the center of the body. Nuclei, two in number, central in position. Contract- ile vesicles numerous. No trichocysts. Length of body, 250 microns. (Fig. 105, Pl. XIV.) Amphileptus meleagris has been found in pond water, also in run- ning streams, although not an abundant species in this state. An interesting phenomenon with reference to the life history of this organism has been reported by various observers. After feeding upon a zooid of /fistylis or some related species, Amphileptus may attach itself to the branch occupied by its victim and there become encysted, during which period division into four animalcules takes place.—Kent, ‘‘Manual of the Infusoria.’’ Vol. II, p. 526. A curious relation between this species and Carchesitum polypi- num which bears witness of the above phenomenon has come under my observation. During September, 1905, on examining Car- chesium polypinum taken from a small running stream near Iowa City, numerous individuals of the species under consideration were found attached to the branches of the peritrichous colony. The posterior border of Amphileptus was deeply cleft and clasped the branch of its host; in addition a protoplasmic band from one of the lip-like processes passed around the branch of Carchesium, thereby producing a firm anchorage. 68 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The nuclei were four in number, and of great size, occupying the greater portion of one side of the organism. This relation, as illustrated by Fig. 102, Pl. XIII, is probably preliminary to the encystment of Amphileptus meleagris. LOxoPHYLLUM Dujardin. Flattened, leaf-like and flexible, the anterior extremity usually the narrower. Oral aperture on the left border anterior to the middle of the body. Cilia fine, in longitudinal rows. Nucleus differing in different species but often moniliform. Contractile vesicles single or multiple. Trichocysts usually present. LOXOPHYLLUM sp. (?) Body very elastic, central region the wider, narrowing toward each extremity. Nucleus in maturity consisting of numerous separate oval masses. Contractile vesicles numerous, scattered. Trichocysts not evident. Length of body, 400 microns. (Fig. 103, Pl. XIII.) The organism as described above resembles, in the character of its nucleus, Lovophyllum meleagris Mull. ‘The nucleus in some individuals has been observed to be band-like while in other specimens as many as eight disconnected oval bodies are present, the latter probably representing the mature phase of the organism. Crenulation of the dorsal border has, however, not been made out in the Iowa species, nor has the presence of trichocysts been evident. Found in the bacteria-laden film of water at the surface of pond water infusions. Reproduction is by transverse fission. DILEPTUS Dujardin. Very elongate, with a narrow anterior region, neck-like and flexible, at the base of whichisthe mouth. Nucleus moniliform. Contractile vesicles numerous, in a dorsal row. ‘Trichocysts present in the neck-like region. DILEPTUS GIGAS C. & L. Body greatly elongate, somewhat compressed, often with a pointed tail-like prolongation. Anteriorly the body is produced into a long, flattened, neck-like region, very flexible and slightly EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 69 extensile. Oral aperture at the base of the neck, often a promi- nent hump or shoulder indicating its position. Pharynx short. Nucleus moniliform, extending nearly the length of one side of the body. Contractile vesicles numerous, arranged in a dorsal row nearly the whole length of the body. Trichocysts on the ventral surface of the neck. Length of body, 500-800 microns. (Fig. 106, Pl. XIV.) This species is one of the most elongated free-swimming species of Protozoa common to this state. The organism is carnivorous in its food habits, smaller animalcules usually being captured by means of the trichocysts and pressed into the oral aperture by the long flexible neck. It has been my observation that the trichocysts are paralyzing in their effect upon the Infusoria, but do not necessarily produce death. Duleptus gigas has been seen to paralyze a small holotrichous form with its stinging threads and, in the attempt to ingest it, the victim was pushed entirely out of reach by the long neck of its captor. In afew moments the little organism revived and swam away, leaving Dé/ep/us apparently frantically seeking in all directions for that which had escaped. In young individuals the posterior region is usually broadly rounded, the tail-like prolongation being commonly observed in maturer specimens. The nucleus is usually concealed and re- agents may be necessary to render it visible. Found in pond water and widely distributed. Reproduction is by transverse fission. LIONOTUS Wrzesniowski. Elongated, flexible, with a flattened ciliated ventral and a con- vex dorsal surface. Anterior extremity usually neck-like, pos- terior extremity often pointed, tail-like and curved. Oral aper- ture ventral. Contractile vesicles sometimes numerous. LIONOTUS FASCIOLA Ehr. Body elongated, ciliated on the ventral surface only, wider centrally, gradually tapering toward the narrow, flexible neck- like region, the distal extremity of which is often abruptly curved. Posterior extremity rounded, narrow. Oral aperture ventral, an indistinct, slit-like opening some distance from the °* anterior end. Nuclei, two spherical bodies centrally located. 7O DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Contractile vesicle single, posterior. Trichocysts along the ven- tral surface of the neck. Length of body, 110 microns. (Fig. 107, Pl. XIV.) Found in great numbers in the surface film of pond water in- fusions among bacteria. Reproduction may often be seen to take place by transverse fission. LIONOTUS PLEUROSIGMA Stokes. Body elongated, wider centrally, with a long neck-like region, slightly curved, the short caudal projection often acutely pointed and curved in the opposite direction. Oral aperture a short distance from the anterior end. Nuclei two in number, centrally located and usually connected. Con- tractile vesicles numerous, arranged along the ventral and dorsal borders. Length, 80-100 microns. (Fig. 108, Pl. XIV.) Found associated with the last described species in infusions of pond water, among bacteria. Reproduction is by transverse fis- sion. Conjugation may often be observed, the anterior half of the ventral borders becoming temporarily united. LOXODES Ehrenberg. Elongated, flattened, anterior extremity presenting a hook-like appearance. Ventral surface with fine cilia arranged in longi- tudinal rows, dorsal surface slightly convex with no cilia. The margin of the body with a series of strong cilia. Peristome an elongate furrow in the ventral border of the anterior extremity ending posteriorly in the mouth, which opens into a more or less distinct pharynx. LOXODES ROSTRUM Ebr. Body persistent in shape but very flexible, posterior extremity bluntly rounded or acutely pointed and bent to the left, as the anterior end. Oral furrow followed by an indurated tube-like pharynx. Nuclei more than one. Contractile vesicles incon- spicuous. Length, 250-400 microns. (Fig. 109, Pl. XIV.) The body of this species is usually highly vesicular, but the number and disposition of the contractile vesicles has not yet been made out. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA GF IOWA. 71 In all forms observed in the state but two nuclei were present, they being widely separated. Smith, of New Orleans, also reports that the species of his locality possesses but two nuclei. Careful staining has failed to reveal the racemose system of nuclei as demonstrated by Wrzesniowski. It may be that the species varies somewhat in this particular. Found in the bottom of old infusions of pond water. Movement, a gliding motion. TRACHELIUS Ehrenberg. Oval or elongate, elastic. Oral aperture at the base of a short flexible neck-like extension of the anterior extremity. . TRACHELIUS OVUM Ehr. Body oval or nearly spherical, broadly rounded posteriorly, produced anteriorly into a narrow, short, but highly flexible neck-like prolongation. Oral aperture circular, leading into a short, longitudinally striated pharynx. Nucleus central. Con- tractile vesicles numerous. Length, 300 microns. (Fig. r1ro, Pl. XIV.) The body of this species usually presents a highly vacuolated appearance. From the inner end of the pharynx the endoplasm spreads out into four or five broadly diverging ramifications. The nucleus is band-like or oval and sometimes two independent nuclei may be seen. Found in fresh water but not abundant. Reproduction by transverse division. Family, CHLAMYDODONTIDA. NASSULA Ehrenberg. Body ovate, cylindrical. Mouth lateral. Pharynxa cylindrical tube, with or without rod-like teeth, usually dilated at the exteriorend. Nucleus spherical. Contractile vesicles sometimes multiple. Trichocysts often present. Body brightly colored. NASSULA ORONATA Ehr. Body elongated, oval or elliptical, cylindrical. Pharyngeal tube composed of a number of rod-like teeth dilated at the exterior end. Nucleus large, spherical, posteriorly located. Contractile vesicle single. Usually some shade of red or brown in color. DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. “I Ny Length, 200 microns. (Fig. 111, Pl: XIV.) This species has been found in a number of localities in this state, Lake Okoboji having furnished some very large specimens. Usually the pharynx is made up of twelve or more rods so united together as to form a cylindrical tube slightly dilated at the exterior end. Usually an individual exhibits a variety of colors, which prob- ably result from the breaking down of the algee and other plants of low order upon which it feeds. Found in fresh water. Tri- chocysts are not present in this species. NASSULA RUBENS C. & L. Body elongate, cylindrical, equally rounded at both extremi- ties. Pharynx made up of rod-like teeth forming a cylindrical tube, dilated at the exterior end. Nucleus spherical, posterior. Contractile vesicle single. Tri- chocysts very numerous. Length, 50-80 microns. (Fig. 112, Pl. XIV.) This species is much smaller and less abundant than the preced- ing one. ‘The presence of the trichocysts will also readily dis- tinguish it from Nassula oronata. Found in fresh water associated with the last named species. Color usually some shade of red. CHILODON Ehrenberg. Compressed, flexible, ventral surface flattened, with cilia ar- ranged in longitudinal rows. Dorsal surface somewhat convex, smooth. Anterior extremity projecting to the left in a lip-like manner. Oral aperture ventral, leading into an elongated, conical pharynx provided with numerous rods. Nucleus oval, posterior to the center of the body. Contractile vesicles often numerous. CHILODON CUCULLULUS Mull. Body elongate-oval, rounded posteriorly. Lip-like extension prominent. Oral aperture usually anterior to the middle of the body. A groove leading from the lip-like extension to the mouth. Nucleus oval, near the inner end of the pharynx. Contractile vesicles numerous, scattered. Length, 125-200 microns. (Fig. 113, Pl. XV.) EDMONDSON— PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 73 Chilodon cucullulus is one of the common forms of stagnant water and may also frequently be found in fresh water among alge. Embryos of this species differ from the adult in several par- ticulars. The body is greatly inflated and the inner end of the pharynx is usually spirally twisted, while the nucleus is small, round, and in the posterior extremity of the body. As age advances the nucleus becomes larger, more oval in outline, and occupies a position close to the inner end of the pharynx. The common method of reproduction is by transverse division. Conjugation may often be observed. The organism feeds upon algee, diatoms, etc., the endoplasm frequently being packed with plants of low order. CHILODON CAUDATUS Stokes. Body elongate-ovate, wider anteriorly, the left-hand anterior extremity produced into a prominent lip-like extension. The posterior extremity of the flattened ventral surface somewhat acutely rounded, while the posterior extremity of the dorsal sur- face is drawn into a short, more or less acutely pointed, tail-like appendage, which is free from the corresponding ventral extrem- ity. Oral aperture similar to that of Chzlodon cucullulus. Nucleus oval, posterior to the middle. Contractile vesicles scattered. Length, 50-75 microns. (Figs. 114-115, Pl. XV.) This species as found in this state presents some individual variations with respect to the posterior extremity. Frequently one surface of the posterior extremity may be broadly rounded while the other surface is acutely pointed. In other .individuals both dorsal and ventral surfaces may be acutely pointed. From a lateral point of view the posterior extremity is as repre- sented in Fig. 115, Pl. XV, the dorsal tail-like extension being entirely free from contact with the ventral portion. The species has been found in pond water in a few localities only in this state. Reproduction takes place by transverse fission. CHILODON FLUVIATILIS Stokes. Body about twice as long as broad, rounded posteriorly, the left-hand anterior border not produced into a prominent lip-like ]Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] Io [May 29, 1906.] 74 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. extension. ‘The left-hand margin of the body nearly straight. Oral system as in Chilodon cucullulus. Nucleus oval, posterior to the middle of the body. Contractile vesicles numerous and scattered. Length, 75 microns. (Fig. 116, Pl. XV.) Not a common species in this state but has been found in John- son county, taken from a fresh water pool among algze and other aquatic plants. A GY REA Cree i, Body enclosed within two valves, which are united on the dor- sal border. A tail-like process extending from the posterior extremity. Oral aperture ventral, a short distance from the anterior end, followed by a tube-like pharynx. ANGYRIA sp. (?) Figure 117, Plate 15, illustrates a form observed but once in this state and tentatively placed under this genus. From a lateral point of view the body is a little longer than wide, even and broadly rounded at each extremity. Right valve traversed by three longitudinal ridges. Posterior caudal projec- tion short, thick, and bluntly rounded, directed obliquely. Length of valves, 175 microns. Found in pond water in Johnson county during the fall of 1903 and not observed since. As far as I have been able to determine nearly all species of this genus previously described are reported as inhabiting salt water, but the study of this fresh water form, although somewhat brief, revealed generic characters which would place it within this genus or a very close ally. Family, CHILIFERIDA. TRICHODA Muller. Ovate, elastic, anterior extremity narrow with border obliquely truncate, rounded posteriorly. Oral aperture terminal, provided with a minute vibratile membrane. Cilia very fine. TRICHODA PURA Ehr. Body elongate-oval, broadly and evenly rounded posteriorly. Anterior extremity curved, narrow, and almost pointed. Nucleus EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 75 spherical, centrally located. Contractile vesicle posterior to the nucleus. Endoplasm usually transparent. Length of body, 40 microns. (Fig. 118, Pl. XV.) This species has been found abundantly in long-standing infu- sions of pond water. It is a swift moving animalcule progressing in a straight course, usually rolling on its longitudinal axis. Reproduction takes place by transverse division. LEUCOPHRYS Ehrenberg. Ovate, broadly rounded posteriorly, somewhat truncate anter- iorly. Peristome short and broad, harp-shaped and confined to the anterior region. Pharynx distinct. Cilia of the left-hand border of the peristome larger than those of the general surface. LEUCOPHRYS PATULA Ehr. Body oval, persistent in shape, the anterior extremity obliquely truncate. Peristome broadly harp-shaped. Pharynx tubular, curved. Surface longitudinally striate. Nucleus band-like, curved, centrally placed. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length, 200 microns. (Fig. 119, Pl. XV.) Rarely found in this state. Habitat, fresh water among alge. GLAUCOMA Ehrenberg. Somewhat oval, ventral surface flattened and ciliated, dorsal surface convex, sometimes furrowed. Oral aperture on the ven- tral surface, provided with a vibratile membrane. Nucleus spher- ical. Contractile vesicle single. GALUCOMA SCINTILLANS Ehr. Body oval, ventral surface ciliated. Oral aperture a little dis- tance from the anterior extremity with the vibrating membrane extending around it, presenting a bilabial appearance. Nucleus large, spherical, situated in the central region. Contractile vesicle single, in the posterior region. Length, 75 microns. (Fig. 120, Pl. XVI.) When viewed laterally the oral membrane protrudes as a single tongue-like process, but from a ventral view-point the bilabial character is evident, the lips usually vibrating slowly, opening and closing the oral aperture. 76 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Found often in great numbers associated with Chi/omonas paramecium in pond water infusions. Reproduction by trans- verse division. GLAUCOMA sp. (?) Body with dorsal surface convex and deeply grooved in a longitudinal direction, flattened ventrally. Oral aperture indis- tinct. Ventral surface clothed with cilia. Nucleus spherical, central or near the dorsal border. Contractile vesicle posterior to the middle of the body. Endoplasm usually filled with green chromatophores. . Length, 50 microns. (Piey x21, Pl XVI.) During the summer of 1905 a species as described above was found abundantly in Lake Okoboji as well as other localities of the state. The position and character of the oral aperture could not definitely be determined, although what appeared to be an oral membrane was sometimes visible on the ventral surface near the anterior extremity. Green chromatophores usually filled the organism, being arranged in longitudinal rows between the grooves, but trans- parent individuals free from chlorophyl have not infrequently been observed. Nucleus seldom visible without the aid of reagents. Reproduction by transverse fission. Found in fresh water with aquatic plants. This species is conditionally placed in this genus. FRONTONIA Ehrenberg. Elongate-oval or elliptical. Oral aperture lateral, appearing as a slit-like opening. Pharynx short with minute teeth. Surface striated longitudinally. Trichocysts usually abundant. FRONTONIA LEUCAS Ehr. Body elongate-oval, wider anteriorly. Oral aperture anterior to the middle of the body. Cilia fine, arranged in longitudinal rows. Contractile vesicles usually two in number. ‘Trichocysts very numerous. Length, 250-300 microns. (Fig. 122, Pl. XVI.) Frontonia leucas is a common form in stagnant pond water, often EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. a7 associated with Paramecium caudatum, and is widely distributed over the state. Plant tissue seems to be the chief food of this species, indi- viduals being frequently observed almost entirely filled with algee filaments, diatoms, etc. When this variety of food is not to be obtained, however, the organism may adopt a carnivorous habit, on one occasion a large speciinen having been seen to have ingested four rotifers. The anal opening is near the posterior end at right-angles to the mouth. Trichocysts are highly developed in this species, various chemical stimuli causing them to be extended far beyond the cilia and often cast entirely from the body. Reproduction takes place by transverse division, a new oral aperture appearing even before constriction of the cell com- mences. ‘The nucleus is concealed during life and I have not been able to demonstrate its nature or position, even by the aid of stains. Figure 123, Plate XVI, represents a species found in Johnson county among algz, which probably should be classified under this genus. The body is palstic but usually oval and densely packed with globular food-masses. The oral aperture has not definitely been made out although a slit-like opening, lateral and anterior in position, may sometimes momentarily be seen, but immediately closes. Contractile vesicle single. The nucleus, by the aid of reagents, is found to be greatly elongated in a medium plane of the body. I have not made a sufficient study of the organism to accurately determine its identity. OPHRYOGLENA Ehrenberg. Somewhat oval, flattened ventrally, convex dorsally. Oral opening anterior to the center of the body, provided with a vibratile flap-like membrane. ‘Trichocysts often present. OPHRYOGLENA ATRA Ehr. Body rounded anteriorly, posterior extremity pointed. Endo- plasm usually dark colored and opaque with a very dark blue pigment spot in the anterior region. Nucleus round, posteriorly situated. Contractile vesicle central. Length, 125-150 microns. Fig. 124, Pl. XVI, a ventral view 78 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Apparently this species is not widely distributed over the state nor is it an abundant form. It has been found in stagnant pond water associated with Paramecium. Trichocysts are well developed. LOXOCEPHALUS Ehrenberg. Body elongate-oval, posterior border rounded, anterior border obliquely truncate and bent to one side. Near the anterior end on one or both sides of the organism are borne one or more short setee curved forward. From the posterior border extend one or more long setze. Oral opening in the anterior truncated border, but indistinct. LOXOCEPHALUS GRANULOSUS S. K. Body elongate, nearly cylindrical, the anterior extremity trun- cate and slightly curved, a short curved seta borne on either side of the body near the anterior extremity. One long, straight seta projecting from the posterior border. Nucleus spherical, centrally located. Contractile vesicle posterior to the nucleus. Endoplasm granular. . Length, 40-70 microns. (Fig. 125, Pl. XVI.) Often found in great quantities in pond water among decaying vegetable matter. The oral opening is on the oblique anterior border although quite indistinct; its presence, however, may be indicated by the fact that this region is slightly protruded at times as if the mouth were being expanded. Conjugation of this species often occurs in infusions, the oblique anterior borders being coalesced during the process. At times the usually compact spherical nucleus may be found to be separated into from four to six small, round masses lying close together in the cytoplasm. This may represent a condition following conjugation. Reproduction takes place by transverse division. URONEMA Dujardin. Ovate, or elongate. Oral aperture ventral, with an extensile membrane. Cilia of general surface vibratile. One or more long setae extending from the posterior border. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 79 URONEMA MARINUM Duj. Body elongate-ovate, usually more than twice as long as broad. Cilia arranged in longitudinal rows. One long seta produced from the posterior border. Oral aperture lateral with a membrane more or less elongated but not greatly extended. Nucleus central. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length, 30 microns. (Fig. 126, Pl. XVI.) In general contour this species somewhat resembles Cyclidiuwm glaucoma, but is larger and the cilia instead of being rigid are exceedingly vibratile, their movement being irregular and inde- pendent. The oral membrane of Uvonema is not so highly extensile as in Cyclhdium. Found in fresh water, often associated with Cyclidium but not nearly so abundant. COLPIDIUM Stein. Somewhat kidney-shaped, persistent in form. Oral aperture a little distance from the anterior extremity. Pharynx with a slightly protruding, undulating membrane. COLPIDIUM STRIATUM Stokes. Body about twice as long as broad, the anterior extremity slightly curved toward the ventral aspect. Nucleus usually central. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length, 60 microns. (Fig. 128, Pl. XVII.) Colpidium striatum is a common and widely distributed form found in pond water. In general appearance it resembles Col- pidium cucullus Schrank, (not observed in this state) which, how- ever, possesses two nuclei. Reproduction takes place by transverse division. COLPODA Mull. Resembling Co/pidiuwm in general outline, compressed laterally. Oral aperture ventral, in a cleft-like depression. Cilia around the mouth longer than those of the general surface. Stokes has described several species under the generic title Tillina which probably should be retained within the genus Colpoda. 80 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. CoLPODA HELIA Stokes. Body elongated, bean-shaped, both extremities evenly rounded, the anterior one curved ventrally. Oral aperture ventral, about one-third the length of the body from the anterior end. Pharynx short, curved. Nucleus oval, central. Contractile vesicle pos- terior, with radiating sinuses. — Length, 100-120 microns. (Fig. 129, Pl. XVII.) Frequently found in abundance in pond water. COoLPODA SAPROPHILA Stokes. Body somewhat semi-circular when viewed. laterally, convex dorsally, flattened ventrally. Oral aperture near the center of the ventral surface, leading into a short, curved pharynx. Nucleus near dorsal border. Con-' tractile vesicles one or more, posteriorly situated. Length, 30microns. (Fig. 130, Pl. XVII.) When undisturbed the organism usually rests on its side so that the recurved pharynx is very conspicuous. The dorsal surface obliquely striated, the ventral border of the anterior extremity being more or less deeply notched, the notches corresponding to the striations. Reproduction, as stated by Stokes, takes place by division or by spore formation during the encysted state. Found in infusions of pond water, but not abundant in the state. COLPODA FLAVICANS Stokes. Body kidney-shaped, rounded, inflated and wider posteriorly, compressed anteriorly. Convex dorsally, flattened or concave ventrally. Oral aperture near the center of the ventral surface. Pharynx short, recurved. Nucleus central. Contractile vesicle single, posterior. Length, 65 microns. (Fig. 131, Pl. XVII.) The species has been found in this state in damp moss taken from trees, also in hay infusions. It is not an abundant form. The endoplasm is commonly filled with spherical food-masses. CoLPODA CAMPYLA Stokes. Body elongate-reniform, three or four times as long as broad, the anterior extremity curved slightly toward the ventral aspect, EDMONDSON— PROTOZOA OF IOWA. SI broader posteriorly. Oral aperture ventral, near the anterior extremity; pharynx short, curved. Nucleus spherical, central. Contractile vesicle, posterior. Length, 100 microns. (Fig. 132, Pl. XVII.) The body of this species is more elongated and narrower than Colpoda helia which it most nearly resembles. It is often found in great quantities in infusions of pond water. Reproduction is by transverse division. COLPODA sp. Body short, reniform, wider posteriorly. Oral aperture ven- tral, anterior to the center of the body. Pharynx short, slightly curved. Nucleus central. Contractile vesicle posterior with radiating sinuses. weneth, 45 microns, (Fig. 133, Pl. XVII.) Figure 133, Plate XVII, illustrates a small species which has been observed with Co/poda campyla. It shows some relation to Colpoda helia in the radiating sinuses of the contractile vesicle at systole, but the small size would hardly permit its classification with that species. Reproduction takes place in this minute form by transverse division. Family, VROCENTRIDA. UROCENTRUM Nitzsch. Somewhat pyriform, with an annular furrow not far from the posterior extremity. Two girdles of ciliaare present. Oral aper- ture ventral in alongitudinal depression. A tail-like tuft of long cilia arising from the ventral surface, posterior to the mouth, and extending some distance beyond the posterior border of the body. Nucleus and contractile vesicle in the posterior region. UROCENTRUM TUBRO Mull. Body wider and broadly rounded anteriorly, rounded or truncate posteriorly. Oral aperture at the juncture of the longitudinal depression and annular furrow. ‘The posterior tuft of cilia usually brush-like. Contractile vesicle posterior with the band-like nu- cleus curved around it. Length of body, 100 microns. (Fig. 127, Pl. XVI.) [PROG. DI AGS, VOL, <1, ] II [June 1, 1906, ] 82 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The species is a common one in pond water and often produced in great numbersin infusions. In general appearance and habits this species resembles Cadceolus cypripedinm J—Clark; the latter, however, does not possess two distinct ciliary girdles. In movement Uvocentrum tubro proceeds in a direct course, rol- ling on its longitudinal axis, or swiftly darts from side to side, often dragging after it a mass of debris which has adhered to its caudal appendage. Reproduction is by transverse division. Family, MICROTHORACIDAS. MICROTHORAX Engelmann. Somewhat oval, flattened, the dorsal surface grooved, the ven- tral ciliated. Oral aperture in the posterior border on the left side, provided with an undulating membrane. MICROTHORAX SULCATUS Eng. Body oval, flattened ventrally, convex dorsally. The dorsal surface with three longitudinal grooves. Cilia on the ventral sur- face only. Nucleus spherical, central. Contractile vesicle pos- terior to the nucleus. Length, 40 microns. (Fig. 134, Pl. XVII.) A very common species inthis state. Found nearly everywhere in pond water, associated with Cinetochilum margaritaceum. Reproduction is by transverse division. The species observed in this state is much smaller than that reported by Engelmann. CINETOCHILUM Perty. Oval, flattened, dorsal surface furrowed in a spiral manner. Mouth and contractile vesicle posterior, opposite, the former with a distinct vibratile membrane. Cilia on the ventral surface, uni- form, with a number of hair-like setze projecting obliquely from the posterior region. CINETOCHILUM MARGARITACEUM KEhr. Body broadly oval when viewed dorsally, flattened, with a con- cavity in the posterior border on the left side. Oral aperture in the posterior region on the right side of the concavity and pro- EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 83 vided with a conspicuous undulating membrane. Dorsal surface spirally striated. A few long, fine setz, extending from the pos- terior border in an oblique direction, one usually longer than the others. Contractile vesicle in the posterior region opposite the oral aperture. Nucleus spherical, anterior to the contractile vesicle. Length, 30 microns. (Fig 135, Pl. XVII.) The oral membrane of this organism vibrates rapidly and pro- trudes tongue-like, apparently, however, having the power to retract so that it may sometimes be invisible from a lateral point of view. The setze developed from the posterior border are directed toward the left and act in the capacity of a rudder, the result being that the animal does not move forward in a straight-line but continually swerves to the left, often describing circles, but always turning to the left when the dorsal surface is up. Reproduction is by transverse fission. Found everywhere in pond water. Family, PARAMACIIDA. PARAM #CIUM Muller. Elongate-oval, entirely clothed with cilia. Mouth ventral, at the posterior end of an oblique oral groove. Nucleus and con- tractile vesicles conspicuous. Trichocysts usually abundant. PARAMACIUM CAUDATUM Ehr. Body elongate, anterior extremity narrow and bluntly rounded, wider posteriorly. Oral groove extending from the anterior extremity obliquely backward to or beyond the center of the body. Mouth opening into a short, curved, ciliated pharynx. A tuft of longer cilia produced at the posterior tip of the body. Macronucleus and micronucleus central in position. Contractile vesicles two, one in either extremity of the body. Length, 230 microns. (Figs. 136-138, Pl. XVIII.) Paramecium caudatum is perhaps the most common ciliated pro- tozoon known. Apparently the form differs from Paramecium aurclia, as recorded by Kent, only in the possession of longer cilia at the posterior tip of the body. ‘The ‘‘long-tailed Paramecium’? seems to be the characteristic variety of this country; however, 84 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Kellicott, in western New York, reports a form without the pos- terior tuft of cilia, which perhaps is the European variety, Paramecium aurelia. This species, by reason of its widespread distribution and abundance, is readily accessible to the student of biology and should be examined by him because some interesting phenomena are presented by it. The gross features of intracellular digestion may readily be followed. As food particles enter the cytoplasm they are col- lected into minute spherical masses by the whirling motion of the current of water and each food-mass, enclosed by a film of water, iscaught up by the streaming cytoplasm and slowly transported back and forth until the digestible portions have been so reduced that they can be assimilated. The indigestible material is thrown off at the anal opening, which is ventral in position, about half way between the mouth and the posterior extremity. The position of the macronucleus, close to the inner end of the pharynx, is of no little significance, for from this point intracell- ular ferments can most readily be given off to the incoming food. The contractile vesicles are distinct and often may assume a stel- late appearance, especially when mechanical pressure is applied. Temporary conjugation of individuals of the species may fre- quently be observed if infusions remain for some time in the laboratory. Under these conditions large numbers of individuals may suddenly enter into a state of conjugation and after remaining united for a few days the organisms quite as suddenly separate, only to repeat the process after a period of more or less duration. Migs. During the period of union of a pair some remarkable physio- logical changes take place which have been carefully worked out by Maupas and Hertwig. The micronucleus of each individual divides and each portion again divides, three of these parts appar- ently degenerate, the other again divides, one part of which remains in a state of rest, the other passes to the companion organism and fuses with the resting portion of the macronucleus there. The macronucleus then breaks up, its fragments being scattered throughout the cell, finally degenerating, the’new nuclear elements being constructed from the fused micronuclear portions. Fig. 138. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 85 The macronucleus usually begins to break up just as the organ- isms are about to separate, the period of nuclear reconstruction extending over many days. After a wave of conjugation had passed, on one occasion, I observed it to require from eighteen to twenty-two days for a complete reorganization of the nuclear elements. During this time no cell division takes place, the pro- cess of conjugation, therefore, acting as a check upon rather than hastening reproduction. Of what value then is conjugation? It is believed that as a result of activity the cell becomes physiologically exhausted, some elements vital to its existence béing lost which, if not renewed, will result in death to the organism. Conjugation is a means of restoring those elements lost through natural activity of the pro- toplasm. Calkins, however, after recent experimental work, concludes that conjugation is a means of last resort and in a state of nature probably seldom occurs. In the natural habitat of Paramecium, where conditions are changing and new elements are ever being introduced into the water from air and soil, probably there is little need for such phenomena as conjugation. The laboratory infusion, however, does not offer these changing conditions and conjugation must frequently be resorted to. Usually, in infusions, these periods of conjugation occur after more or less regular intervals. By the introduction into the infusion of certain elements, such as animal and _ vegetable extracts, salts, etc., Calkins was able to revitalize Paramecium, when periods of physical depression occurred, for 742 generations. Paramecium caudatum is abundantly supplied with trichocysts, probably defensive weapons in this species, which are coiled just beneath the cuticular suface when not in use. Stimuli of various kinds will cause these thread-like structures to shoot out far beyond the cilia, from all points of the periphery, until the body fairly bristles with them. Weak acid solutions of various kinds will cause them to be extended; often, however, if the solution be very weak, the trichocysts will appear only at the two extrem- ities, probably indicating that these regions are the more sensitive. Reproduction takes place by transverse division. Found everwhere in stagnant water and infusions. 86 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PARAMACIUM BURSARIA Ehr. Body elongated, nearly twice as long as broad, rounded poster- iorly, the anterior border obliquely truncate. Oral groove broad, extending backward beyond the center of the body and terminat- ing in the mouth. Nucleuscentral. Contractile vesicles two in number, one in either extremity. Endoplasm usually colored green. Length, 120;microms) W(Bie. 136, blair) Normally the endoplasm of this species is crowded with green chromatophores, the chlorophyl- bearing granules near the per- iphery being elongated and in their appearance are not unlike a layer of columnar epithelium. This peripheral layer is quite permanent in position, not being shifted about by the powerful endoplasmic current which is even more noticeable than in Paramecium caudatum. ‘The green color- ing matter is probably a mark of age, as apparently immature individuals have been observed almost devoid of chlorophyl. Paramecium bursaria is a sluggish organism, not very irritable, seldom turning on its longitudinal axis but gliding along, when in motion, with the ventral surface down. Trichocysts are well developed. Reproduction is by transverse fission. This species, although not a common one in this state, may be found among algze in fresh water. Mostly solitary. PARAMACIUM TRICHIUM Stokes. Body oval, both extremities rounded, slightly flattened ven- trally. Oral groove broad anteriorly, extending obliquely back- ward to the center of the body, ending in an oral aperture which leads into a ciliated pharynx. Nucleus oval, centrally located. Contractile vesicles two, close together in the anterior extremity of the body. ‘Trichocysts abundant. Endoplasm transparent. Length, 75-100 microns. (Fig. 140, Pl. XVIII.) Found in stagnant infusions of pond water, usually appearing in the bacteria-laden film at the surface. Reproduction is by transverse fission. Conjugation has often been observed to take place as in Para- mecium caudatum. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 87 Family, PHKEURONEMID&. LEMBADION Perty. Oval when viewed dorsally, flattened ventrally. Peristome broad and long, occupying the greater portion of the ventral sur- face, with a conspicuous undulating membrane on the left border. Oral aperture at the posterior end of the peristome provided with a delicate membrane. A number of rigid cilia, much longer than those of the general surface, projecting from the posterior border of the body. LEMBADION BULLINUM Perty. Having the characters of the genus. Nucleus elongated, curved, in the posterior region on the left side; contractile vesicle also posterior, opposite the nucleus. Length, 50-100 microns. (Fig. 141, Pl. XIX.) This species, on a few occasions, has been found abundantly in this state in pond water, among aquatic plants. Normally the movement of the organism is in a direct course, but when stimulated it swims rapidly backward, rotating on its longitudinal axis. Usually from four to six posterior sete are present. Reproduction is by transverse division. CYCLIDIUM Ehrenberg. Oval, slightly compressed dorso-ventrally, persistent in form. Oral aperture ventral, with an extensile membrane. Cilia long, rigid; one or more long, hair-like setze projecting from the pos- terior border. CyYCLIDIUM GLAUCOMA Ehr. Body ovate, slightly concave on the ventral surface. Oral aperture anterior to the middle of the body, with a hood-like membrane. Cilia very long and rigid, arranged in longitudinal rows. A single posterior seta much longer than the cilia of the general surface. Nucleus central. Contractile vesicle posterior. Lenoth, 2omicrons. (Fig. 142, Pl. XTX.) Cyclidium glaucoma is abundant in this state in both stagnant and fresh water. Often great swarms of these animal organisms 88 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. are seen in a single drop of water, darting about and suddenly coming to rest like so many flies. Reproduction takes place rapidly by transverse division. CTEDOCTEMA Stokes. Elongate-oval, cilia of the general surface long and rigid, with a longer seta projecting from the posterior border. Oral groove long and narrow with a series of long, curved setze on the right- hand border. Oral aperture at the posterior end of the groove. Nucleus single, in the anterior region. Contractile vesicle single in the posterior region. Trichocysts abundant. CTEDOCTEMA ACANTHOCRYPTA Stokes. Body ovate, wider posteriorly. Cilia long, rigid, with a longer hair-like seta, curved at the distal end, projecting from =the pos- terior border. Oral aperture at the posterior end of a shallow ventral groove which extends nearly the entire length of the body. From the right-hand margin of the groove extends a series of long rigid cilia gradually diminishing in length as they approach the oral aperture. From the left-hand margin of the groove extends a series of fine vibratile cilia also decreasing in length posteriorly. Nucleus oval in the anterior extremity of the body. Contractile vesicle posterior. ‘Trichocysts very numerous. Length of body, 25 microns. (Fig. 143, Pl. XIX.) This species has been found abundantly in Johnson county among fresh water algee. In general contour the body somewhat resembles Cyclidium. On the lateral border near the posterior extremity of the body there may at times be seen a bubble-like outpushing of the proto- plasm, but the ectoplasm apparently does not burst as, in a short time, the protruded portion is withdrawn, the phenomenon soon to be repeated. The distal ends of the rigid cilia bordering the ventral groove adhere, giving the appearance under low magnification of a long, recurved seta arising from the posterior end of the groove. Chemical stimuli may cause the trichocysts to be extended. They are stout, about 15 microns in length, and appear to be thickened at the distal end. This thickening, according to Stokes who discovered and described the species, is due to minute EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 89 linear processes, usually four, radiating from the tip of the tri- chocyst. Reproduction takes place by transverse division. Family, CYRTOLOPHOSIDA. CYRTOLOPHOSIS Stokes. Ovate, a tuft of hair-like setz, curved distally, extending from the anterior extremity. The organism secreting, when at rest, an enveloping zone of mucilaginous substance. Oral aperture at the _ posterior end of a short groove on the ventral surface. A series of large cilia on the margin of the oral groove. CyRTOLOPHOSIS MUCICOLA Stokes. Body elongate-ovate, wider posteriorly, the anterior border obliquely truncate. Cilia of the general surface somewhat rigid, those on the margin of the oral groove longer anteriorly and diminishing in length posteriorly. Nucleuscentral. Contractile vesicle posterior. Mucilaginous envelope apparent when at rest. Length, 25 microns. (Fig. 144, Pl. XIX.) This strange form has been frequently observed in fresh water infusions amoung algze and other aquatic plants. As soon as the organism comes torest a transparent, sticky substance seems to be exuded from the body, its presence and boundaries indicated by granules of various kinds, probably partially excretory, bacteria and foreign particles of diverse nature which adhere to and become imbedded in the secretion. When disturbed the organism glides out of this covering and when it becomes quiet again another excreted zone is formed. Stokes, who has created a new family for this species, reports that the ‘‘zoocytia’’ of several individuals may sometimes be united, thereby building up a temporary colony. The prominent setee extending from the anterior extremity are very efficient, even when the organism is at rest a powerful cur- rent of water bearing food particles being forced down the oral groove by their vibrations. Reproduction is by transverse division. Order, HETEROTRICHA. Family, PHYAGIOTOMID. [Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 12 [June 4, 1906, ] go DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. BLEPHARISMA Perty. Elongate, flattened, pointed and curved to the left anteriorly, rounded or truncate posteriorly. Oral groove, a deep furrow on the left-hand border usually reaching from the anterior end to the middle of the body where it leads into a short pharynx. A series of large cilia on the left-hand border of the peristome, on the right-hand border, an undulating membrane. Color, some shade of pink or red. BLEPHARISMA LATERITIA Ehr. Body somewhat lanceolate, often truncate posteriorly. Peris- ' tome reaching to the middle of the body. Undulating membrane, bristle-like in appearance, sometimes not very conspicuous. Nucleus oval, in the anterior half of the body. Contractile vesi- cles posterior. Color, peach-bloom. Length, 150 microns. (Fig. 145, Pl. XIX.) Found in Lake Okoboji and a few other places of the state. Habitat, fresh water among aquatic plants. Although the organ- ism normally possesses coloring matter, transparent individuals may often be observed. The highly-colored body also immedi- ately becomes transparent on the application of fumes of osmic acid. Reproduction is by longitudinal division. METOPUS C. & I). Usually elongate-oval, but changeable in form, anterior extrem- ity usually twisted obliquely over the ventral surface. Oral groove narrow, furrow-like, extending obliquely from left to right nearly to the middle of the body. Oral aperture at the posterior end of the furrow, opening into a short pharynx. METOPUS SIGMOIDES Mull. Body usually elongate, the anterior extremity twisted over the ventral surface. Cilia covering the entire body but somewhat longer at the posterior extremity. Nucleus oval, situated cen- trally. Contractile vesicle posterior. Length, 100-200 microns. (Fig. 146, Pl. XIX.) This species is found in pond water at the bottom of old infusions of decaying vegetable matter. A variety of forms may EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. gI be assumed by the same individual; sometimes the posterior region is flattened and at times the anterior extremity lacks the obliquely twisted appearance. A form, which probably is a phase of this species, has been observed in Johnson county, with a greatly inflated posterior region and an acute anterior twisted extremity. In the anterior extremity of the normal specimen the endoplasm usually encloses a mass of dark pigment-like granules. The motion of the organism is accompanied by a slow revolution on its longitudinal axis. METOPIDES Quennerstedt. Ovate or pear-shaped, usually broader anteriorly. The anterior region folded obliquely across the ventral surface. Oral furrow produced by the folded portion. Oral aperture at the posterior tip of the furrow. Cilia of oral groove large, a tuft of long sete produced from the posterior border. METOPIDES ACUMINATA Stokes. Body pear-shaped, broadly rounded anteriorly, tapering toward a posterior, tail-like prolongation from which extend a number of long, slender setze. Nucleus spherical, centrally located. Con- tractile vesicle in the posterior region. Length, 75 microns. (Fig. 147, Pl. XX.) This species differs from Jetopus sigmoides principally in the contour of the body and the presence of the posterior tuft of long setee. Endoplasm is usually transparent and the nucleus visible without the aid of reagents. Found in stagnant water but not abundant. In motion, rapidly rotating on the longitudinal axis. SPIROSTOMUM Ehrenberg. Greatly elongated but highly contractile, cylindrical, anterior border rounded, posterior border often truncate. Oral furrow extending from the anterior extremity backward to the middle of the body, the left-hand border strongly ciliate. Pharynx short. Body contracting spirally. SPIROSTOMUM AMBIGUUM Ehr. Body elongated, from ten to fifteen times as long as broad. Oral aperture at the posterior end of the longitudinal oral furrow. Nucleus moniliform, greatly elongated. Contractile vesicle 92 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. occupying the posterior extremity and extending forward, canal- like, nearly to the anterior end. Length of the extended body, 500-2800 microns. (Fig. 148, Pl. XX.) Spirostomum ambiguum, which is one of the most elongated free-swimming ciliates known, is a very common species in pond water among aquatic plants. The organism is extremely sensi- tive, quickly contracting into a short, spiral body on the slightest disturbance. Fig. 149. Reproduction is by transverse division. SPIROSTOMUM TERES C. & L. Differing from Spivostomum ambiguum in the following char- acters: Body shorter and narrower. Oral furrow not so long in proportion to the length of the body. Nucleus oval, centrally located. Length of extended body, 300-500 microns. (Fig. 150, PLEX) Very commonly associated with the last named species. Family, BURSARIDZ. CONDYLOSTOMA Dujardin. Ovate or elongate, cylindrical. Peristome short in proportion . to the length of the body, provided with an undulating membrane and strong cilia. Nucleus moniliform, elongated. Contractile vesicles often numerous. CONDYLOSTOMA sp. Body elongate, cylindrical, and somewhat elastic, rounded posteriorly, posterior extremity abruptly curved toward the ven- tral aspect and terminating in an acutely pointed tip. Peris- tome, a furrow-like depression extending about one-sixth the length of the body, bearing on the right side an undulating membrane, on the left margin a series of strong cilia. Nucleus moniliform, elongated, ventral in position. Contractile vesicles more than one. Length, 150-200 microns. (Fig. 151, Pl. XX.) Figure 151 was taken froma fixed specimen slightly contracted, the normal individual being somewhat more elongated than is EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 93 represented by the drawing. This species is apparently distinct from Condylostoma patens Mull. in the general contour of the body which, in the forms observed here, has been as described above. In no case was the posterior region the widest of the two extrem- ities and in none of the Iowa forms was a canal-like contractile vesicle present, but usually one prominent vesicle and two or three smaller ones. Found in Jefferson county in an infusion of pond water. UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES. Figure 152, Plate XX, represents a species the identity of which is, as yet, undetermined. It has been observed in this state only in Johnson county, in fresh water among alge. Body elongate-oval, broadly rounded anteriorly, more acutely rounded posteriorly. Peristome adeep broad depression extend- ing backward nearly to the middle of the body, bearing on the left- hand margin a row of long cilia and on the right-hand a conspic- uous undulating membrane. Pharynx indistinct. Body entirely ciliated. Nucleus large, irregularin shape, central. Contractile vesicle in the posterior region, lateral. Length, 250 microns. None of the individuals observed at any time were brightly col- ored, but very transparent. The character of the oral region and nucleus would ally the form to Alepharisma, but the characteristic shape of the body precludes this, nor does it seem to belong to the genus Conxdylostoma on account of the nature of the nucleus. Family, STENTORIDA. STENTOR Oken. Free-swimming or attached. When fully extended, elongate, trumpet-shaped, anterior end truncate, tapering toward a narrow foot which may be attached temporarily to some support or to the bottom of a soft, mucilaginous lorica. Anterior border bearing a » spiral row of large cilia, the left-hand end of the spiral being the lower, leading into the mouth and short pharynx. Surface striate longitudinally, finely ciliate, sometimes bearing, in addition, long slender setee. Nucleus moniliform, band-like or oval. Con- tractile vesicle in the anterior extremity. 94 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. STENTOR C4RULEUS Ehr. Body of a very large size, more or less densely blue in color. Nucleus conspicuous, moniliform. Length of the extended body, 250-300 microns. (Fig. 153, Pl. X XI.) In mass this species is one of the largest of fresh water Pro- tozoa, being readily visible to the unaided eye, and often gathered in great social clusters. Reproduction commonly takes place by oblique division of the body, the first indications of fission being the appearance on the ventral surface of an elongated vibratile membrane which soon breaks transversely into a fringe of long cilia. The anterior extremity of this fringe curls around, meeting the lower end and forming the peristomal cilia for the new individual. Separation of the body then occurs, in an oblique direction. This method is the usual one for all members of the genus and is illustrated by | Figs. 154-156, Pl. XXI, which probably is another species. Reproduction in Stextor ceruleus may also take place by the | production of internal embryos. Probably originating from the | bead-like elements of the nucleus, the embryos assume the essen- | tial characters of the adult within the endoplasm of the parent, and finally break out through the cuticular surface. This method of reproduction has been reported to occur in other species of the genus but has come under my observation only in Stentor ceruleus. ‘The nucleus is usually visible without the aid of re- agents, distinctly moniliform, and sometimes may be branched. The contractile vesicle is spherical, often with a conspicuous canal leading posteriorly. . A common form, widely distributed, found in old infusions of fresh water after fermentation has taken place. STENTOR RGSELII (?) Ehr. Body transparent, greatly elongated when fully extended, sometimes secreting a mucilaginous sheath. Long, slender setz often extended from the periphery. A tuft of short, fine setaes developed from the posterior extremity. Nucleus elongated, band-like. Length, when extended, 500-1000 microns. (Figs. 154-156, PISS) EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 95 A form not uncommon to infusions of decaying vegetation is referred conditionally to the above species. In most respects the organism corresponds to the description of Stentor reselii although a mucilaginous sheath has never definitely been made out for any of the individuals observed in this state. The body is transparent throughout the life-cycle, the nucleus is never moniliform, and long slender setze, which are retractile at will, often extend far beyond the cilia of the general surface. The transparency of the organism together with the band-like nucleus and well developed cuticular setae are specific characters which, I believe, exclude the form from the species Stentor poly- morphus or Stentor ceuruleus. Reproduction is as represented by Figs. 154-156, Pl. X XI, and previously described under Stentor ceruleus. Multiplication of this species by means of internally produced embryos has been reported by Claparede and Lachmann. STENTOR POLYMORPHUS Mull. Characters correspond to those of Stentor ceruleus except that the peripheral zone of the body is usually densely packed with green chromatophores. Length, when extended, 500-1000 microns. Because of its general resemblance to Stentor ceruleus no figure has been drawn of the species. The large size, green color, together with the moniliform nature of the nucleus, will dis- tinguish the species from other members of the genus. Stentor polymorphus may frequently be found in fresh water among green algz and in the late fall often collects in great masses on the under side of rocks, in pools or small streams, where a quiescent state is passed during the winter months. Reproduction commonly takes place by oblique fission. Family, GYROCORIDAS. GYROCORIS Stein. Anterior region helmet-shaped, rounded anteriorly, with a free posterior region. Posterior region produced into a long, curved, tail-like process. Oral aperture ventral in a ciliated groove. Cilia extending from the mouth in a spiral across the anterior border and around the free margin of the posterior region. 96 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. GyYROCORIS OXYURA Stein. Possessing the characters of the genus. ‘Tail-like process with a broad base and even exceeding the body in length. Nucleus moniliform, short, usually composed of three bead-like masses united, and transversely placed, in the posterior region. Con- tractile vesicle also posterior. Length, including caudal process, 110-150 microns. (Fig. 157, Peel) A rare species in this state, but found in Johnson county in pond water among decaying plants. The organism moves swiftly, rotating on its longitudinal axis. Conjugation has often been observed to take place, the ventral surfaces of the conjugants being united. Family, HALTERIIDA. HALTERIA Dujardin. Spheroidal, with a spiral wreath of large cilia about the anterior border. Oral aperture eccentric, on the anterior margin, the equatorial region bearing a circle of long, fine, springing sete. HALTERIA GRANDINELLA Mull. Body usually somewhat spherical, truncate anteriorly, broadly or acutely rounded posteriorly. Body without cilia except the anterior wreath and the equatorial circle of springing-hairs. Nucleus oval or round, centrally located. Contractile vesicle near the nucleus. Endoplasm transparent. Length of body, 25 microns. (Fig. 158, Pl. X XI.) flalteria grandinella moves by a rotary motion on its longitu- dinal axis accompanied by frequent sudden leaps, which are said to be due to the reflex of the fine springing sete. The species is common to pond water and is widely distributed. It has also been found in great quantities in spring water among algee. Order, HYPOTRICHA. Family, OX YTRICHIDA. UROSTYLA, Ehrenberg. Elongate-oval, very flexible. Frontal styles three or more, anal styles from five to twelve, slender and in an oblique row. . . OO EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 97 Ventral surface covered with fine cilia arranged in longitudinal rows. Peristome triangular. Nuclei usually more than one. Con- tractile vesicle single. UROSTYLA GRANDIS Ehr. Body rounded at each extremity, narrower anteriorly. Peris- tome triangular, reaching backward nearly one-third the length of the body, the posterior angle curved. Frontal styles numerous, scattered. Ten or twelve slender anal styles; ventral rows of cilia numerous. Marginal series of setze complete. Nuclei usually two. Contractile vesicle on the left side anterior to the middle. Length, 250-400 microns. (Fig. 159, Pl. XXII.) Found in fresh water. The forms observed in this state pos- sessed two nuclei each with a distinct micronucleus attached. The endoplasm often presents a yellowish appearance due, prob- ably, to the ingested diatoms and other unicellular plants upon which the organism ravenously feeds. Si1CHOTRICHA. Perty. Wider posteriorly, anterior region slender, neck-like and very flexible. Peristome, a furrow leading backward to the middle of the body and ending in the mouth. Frontal styles sometimes wanting, one or more oblique rows of large ventral sete, no anal styles. Marginal setee forming a complete border. Anterior half of the body often with very long, slender, hair- like setae. Animal sometimes inhabiting a lorica. STICHOTRICHA ACULEATA Wrzes. Body with posterior extremity bluntly pointed. Two prom- inent styles extending from the anterior border, ventral setz in two oblique rows. The anterior body-half bordered by two opposite rows of very slender hair-like sete. Oral furrow bordered with long, fine cilia. Nuclei two, cen- trally located. Contractile vesicle posterior to the mouth. Length, 120 microns. (Fig. 171, Pl. XXIV.) This species has been obtained from fresh water in Cedar county, but is not a common form in this state. It has not been found inhabiting a lorica or sheath of any kind, but has always been observed as a free-swimming organism. [Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 13 [June 8, 1906. ] 98 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. UROLEPTUS Ehrenberg. Greatly elongated in comparison to the width, and highly flex- ible; rounded anteriorly, posterior extremity extremely narrow, tail-like. "Three or four frontal styles, ventral styles in two longitudinal rows; no anal styles. Marginal series of sete set well in on the ventral surface. UROLEPTUS RATTULUS Stein. Body sometimes exceeding in length eight times the width, tapering from near the middle toward the acutely pointed pos- terior extremity, this posterior third of the body being very nar- row, flexible and tail-like. Peristome short, about one-sixth the length of the body. Nuclei two in number, with the contractile vesicle between them. Length, 500 microns. (Fig 164, Pl. XXIII.) This species has been found in long-standing infusions of decaying vegetation, but is not a common form in this state. Movement is by short, interrupted motions, which are character- istic also of other members of this family. Reproduction is by transverse division. UROLEPTUS AGILIS (?) Eng. Body four or five times as long as broad, wider centrally, taper- ing posteriorly toward a narrow, bluntly rounded extremity which may be slightly turned to the right. Frontal styles four, several scattered ventral styles sometimes produced in addition to the double row. Marginal setee forming a complete series, pro- jecting beyond tbe border, and somewhat longer in the posterior region. Peristome reaching nearly one-fourth the length of the body. Nuclei two in number, in the central region. Contractile vesicle on the left side a little in front of the middle. Length, 300 microns. (Fig. 165, Pl. XXIII.) The plate figure illustrates a form not infrequently found in fresh water in several localities of this state and which, as far as I have been able to determine, corresponds most closely to this species. Reproduction and manner of movement as in U/roleptus vattulus. eT EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 99 PLEUROTRICHA Stein. Elongate-oval, with from five to eight frontal styles, ventral styles usually arranged in two rows with a few scattered additional ones, anal styles five or six, two of them near the pos- terior border. Marginal setee forming a complete border. Peris- tome extending about one-third the length of the body. PLEUROTRICHA LANCEOLATA Ehr. Body nearly three times as long as broad, wider centrally, tapering toward each extremity but narrowest and somewhat pointed posteriorly. Two right-hand styles arising near the pos- terior border and projecting beyond it for nearly their entire length. Nuclei two in number, one placed anterior to the apex of the peristome. Contractile vesicle on the left side posterior to the peristome. Length, 250 microns. (Fig. 160, Pl. XXII.) Somewhat resembling Sty/onychia but possessing no caudal sete and having the anal styles arranged in two groups. Found in fresh water among alge but apparently not abundant in this state. GASTROSTYLA Engelmann. Elongate-oval, with five or six frontal styles and usually as many anal. Ventral styles in an oblique row. The series of marginal sete complete. Peristome triangular, curved and pro- vided with an undulating membrane. GASTROSTYLA STEINII Eng. Body evenly rounded at each extremity. The three frontal styles near the anterior border very large. Three or four scat- tered ventral styles besides the oblique row. Five anal styles in an oblique row not projecting beyond the posterior border. Peris- tome extending about one-third the length of the body. Nuclei four in number in a longitudinal row. Contractile vesicle on the left side near the middle of the body. Length, 250 microns. (Fig. 161, Pl. X XII.) Found in fresh water. OXYTRICHA Ehrenberg. Elongate-oval, or elliptical, very elastic. Three or more frontal styles, a few scattering ventral setae and five anal styles. Peris- 100 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. tome about one-third the length of the body. Nuclei two. Con- tractile vesicle single. OXYTRICHA PELLIONELLA Mull. Body elongate-elliptical, wider centrally and tapering: toward each extremity. The marginal setz are set well in on the ventral surface. Three prominent frontal styles, and five anal styles aris- ing near the posterior border and extending nearly their full length beyond it, sometimes bent at their distal ends. Nuclei two, both posterior tothe mouth. Contractile vesicle on the left side near the posterior tip of the peristome. Length, 80-100 microns. (Fig. 167, Pl. XXIII.) Oxytricha pellionella is one of the common species of the family found in both stagnant infusions and fresh water. The flexibility of the body is remarkable as it twists in and out among aquatic plants. Inthe open its movement isashort jerky motion peculiar to this and other species of the family. Reproduction by transverse division. Distribution general. OXYTRICHA PLATYSTOMA Ehr. Body elongate-oval, posterior extremity slightly narrower than the anterior. Usually five frontal, three to five scattered ventral sete and five analstyles, none of which project beyond the poster- ior border. Marginal sete forming acomplete series. Peristome area deep, extending about one-third the length of the body, the anterior extremity of the right-hand margin conspicuously curved to the left in aspiral manner. Nuclei twoin number. Contractile vesicle on the left side, anterior to the middle of the body. Length, 150 microns. (Fig. 168, Pl. X XIII.) This species may readily be distinguished by the spiral nature of the right-hand margin of the peristome area, which can be dis- tinctly seen even from a dorsal view point. The species is not com- moninthisstate. Habitat, fresh water, with other species of the genus, which it resembles in movement, manner of reproduction, Cu, HISTRIO:Sterkt: Somewhat elliptical in shape, inflexible. Frontal styles from five to eight, ventral five, anal five. Marginal sete forming a complete fringe. Peristome extending to, or nearly to, the middle EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. IOI of the body. Nuclei two innumber, contractile vesicle single, on the left-hand side, near the middle. HISTRIO STEINII Mull. Body elliptical, more than two times as long as broad, wider cen- trally, evenly rounded at the ends. Three prominent frontal styles with three or four additional smaller ones. Ventral styles scat- tered. None of the five anal styles projecting beyond the posterior border. Nuclei two, oval in form, one anterior to the mouth. Length, 160 microns. (Fig. 166, Pl. XXIII.) Found frequently in fresh water, and also in infusions of pond water, in many localities of the state. Reproduction is by trans- verse division. STYLONYCHIA Ehrenberg. Elongate-oval in shape, inflexible. Eight frontal, five ventral and fiveanalstyles. Three long, hair-like sete, usually developed from the posterior border. Peristome triangular, with a broad base and sometimes with an undulating membrane. STYLONYCHIA MYTILUS Ehr. Body elongate-oval, wider anteriorly, tapering toward a narrow posterior extremity. Two right-hand anal styles, large and stout, extending beyond the posterior margin. The hair-like caudal setze very long and flexible. Peristome wide, extending nearly to the middle of the body, the inner border with an undulating membrane. Nuclei two, one anterior tothe mouth. Contractile vesicle single, near the left lateral border, posterior to the peris- tome. Length, 200-400 microns. (Fig.169, Pl. X XIII.) Stylonychia mytilus is one of the largest species of the family occurring in the waters of this state. The posterior extremity of the body is often variable in shape and character, sometimes being pointed and curved, sometimes truncated, but nearly always sharply contrasted, by its transparency, with the remaining more granular portion of the body. Frequently the anal styles and caudal setze present a branched appearance. Reproduction is by transverse division. Distribu- tion is general. Found in infusions of pond water. 102 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. STYLONYCHIA sp. Figure 170, Plate XXIII, represents a species of this genus found commonly among alge in the fresh waters of Johnson county. So far as I have been able to determine the form does not correspond with any described species. Conn, in a recent report entitled ‘‘The Protozoa of the Fresh Waters of Connecti- cut,’’ Fig. 267, Pl. 29, illustrates a species of Stylonychia which apparently corresponds very closely to the Iowa form as described below and may be identical with it. Body elongate-oval. wider anteriorly, rounded posteriorly. Right-hand border convex, left-hand more or less concave, giving the body a bent appearance. ‘Two of the anal styles extending beyond the posterior border. Caudal setee exceedingly long and flexible. Endoplasm often partially or completely filled with green chro- matophores. Length, 200-300 microns. STYLONYCHIA PUSTULATA Ehr. Body oval, about twice as long as broad, rounded at each ex- tremity. Caudal sete short. Nuclei two. Contractile vesicle single. Length, 150-170 microns. (Fig. 162, Pl. XXII.) This species is usually common in infusions of stagnant water, often developing in great numbers. Reproduction takes place rapidly by transverse fission. Movement, as in other members of the family, is a quick, jerky motion. Distribution over the state is general. STYLONYCHIA NOTOPHORA Stokes. Body elongate-elliptical, rounded posteriorly, the front margin obliquely truncate on the left side, rounded or slightly concave on the right side. Five scattered ventral styles; three anal styles project beyond the posterior border. Caudal setze long and widely separated, having their origin on the dorsal surface near the pos- terior margin. Peristome extending nearly to the middle of the body, the left-hand border with an undulating membrane. Nuclei two in number. Contractile vesicle single, on the left side, on a level with the posterior angle of the peristome. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 103 Length, 120-160 microns. (Fig. 163, Pl. X XII.) This is the rarest of the four species of the genus thus far ob- served in this state. It has been found in pond water, associated with other members of the family, in Cedar county. In manner of reproduction, movement, etc., it resembles other species of the genus. Family, EFUPLOTIDAS. EUPLOTES Ehrenberg. Persistent in shape, inflexible, oval, ventral surface flattened, dorsal surface convex and longitudinally furrowed. From six to eight styles about the front border, a few scattered ventral ones, five anal styles and usually four large setze on the posterior margin. Peristome extending backward to or beyond the middle of the body. Nucleus band-like, curved. Contractile vesicle in the posterior region and lateral. EUPLOTES CHARON Mill. Body a little longer than broad, the dorsal surface conspicu- ously ribbed. Seven frontal styles and three ventral. Peristome extending beyond the middle of the body. Length, 80 microns. (Fig. 172, Pl. XXIV.) The plate figure represents a dorsal view showing the ribbed surface. This form can usually be distinguished from the more common species, /uplotes patella, by the shorter oval body and the greater number of frontal styles. Found in fresh water. EUPLOTES PATELLA Ehr. Body elongate-oval, evenly rounded posteriorly, truncate or rounded anteriorly. Usually six frontal and two or three scat- tered ventral styles. Of the four sete on the posterior margin, two are usually somewhat lateral in position. Peristome broad, extending nearly to the middle of the body. Nucleus band-like, curved, following the contour of the body. Contractile vesicle posterior and lateral. Length, 150 microns. (Fig. 173, Pl. XXIV.) This is the most common species of the genus to be found in this state and one in which individual variation is shown to a re- markable degree. Frequently the sete of the posterior border, 104 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the anal styles and some of the frontal styles, are observed to be frayed or broken up into brush-like fascicles. The dorsal surface may or may not be longitudinally ribbed, this feature, apparently, not being so constant as in /:uplotes charon. Reproduction takes place rapidly by transverse division. Con- jugation also frequently occurs in infusions. EUPLOTES CARINATA Stokes. Body somewhat oval, evenly rounded at the extremities and the right lateral border. Left-hand border obliquely truncate in two directions, forming a projecting angle. Seven frontal styles, two or three ventral ones, five anal styles and four caudal sete, two close together near the posterior border and two more lateral in position toward the left. Peristome extending nearly to the mid- dle of the body. Dorsal surface usually furrowed. Nucleus band- like, curved. Contractile vescicle posterior to the middle and somewhat lateral. Length, 60 microns. (Fig. 174, Pl. XXIV.) A rare form in the waters of this state. Found in pond water among decaying vegetation, from Washington and Monroe coun- ties. ASPIDISCA Ehrenberg. Oval or rounded, persistent in form, convex and usually fur- rowed dorsally, flattened ventrally. Frontal, ventral and anal styles present, from five to twelve of the latter. No caudal sete. Peristome in the posterior region, in the left-lateral border. Nucleus band-like, curved. Contractile vesicle single. ASPIDISCA COSTATA Du}. Body somewhat rounded from a dorsal or ventral point of view. Convex dorsal surface with five or six longitudinal furrows. When veiwed dorsally the left postero-lateral region produced into a triangular, lip-like extension, indicating the oral region. Usually three frontal styles, four or five scattered ventral and five anal styles. Nucleus band-like, curved. Contractile vesicle usu- ally in the posterior region, slightly lateral. Length, 35 microns. (Figs.175-176, Pl. XXIV.) Aspidisca costata is found almost everywhere in infusions of pond water. The oral aperture is covered by the projecting lip- EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 105 like extension. This species presents some peculiarities in its habit of movement, never seeming at ease unless it is clambering around and around on a minute particle of plant tissue. When it loses its hold upon its support it rolls and tumbles at random through the water until it comes in contact with some other sup- port. Reproduction is by transverse fission Order, PERITRICHA. Family, VORTICELLIDZ. GERDA C.& L. Elongate, cylindrical, highly contractile, not attached to but resting upon some support. Oral aperture on the anterior bor- der, eccentric, opening into a distinct pharynx. A series of strong adoral cilia in a spiral fringe about the central, elevated, ciliary disc, one extremity of the series descending into the oral opening. GERDA GLANS C. & L. Body about four times as long as broad when fully extended, surface transversely striated. Pharynx greatly developed. Nu- cleus band-like, longitudinally placed. Contractile vesicle pos- terior, with canals directed anteriorly. Length when extended, 150 microns. (Fig. 177, Pl. XXV.) Gerda glans has been found in one locality only in this state, in Johnson county, among alge. The individuals are usually iso- lated and rest upon the plant tissue for support, but are not attached toit. Reproduction takes place by longitudinal division. SCYPHIDIA Dujardin. Elongate, cylindrical, contractile. Posterior extremity narrow, with a suctorial border, by means of which it is attached to some support. Surface smooth or furrowed. Oral system similar to that of Gerda. SCYPHIDIA INCLINANS D’Udk. Body wider centrally, highly contractile. Ciliary disc elevated obliquely, pharynx conspicuous. Surface smooth. On contraction the body is bent to one side and slightly short- ened. Length when extended, 85 microns. (Figs.178-179, Pl. XXV. [Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 14 [June g, 1906.] 106 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. This organism is solitary in its habits and has rarely been ob- served in this state. Habitat, fresh water among alge. When contracted the peristome is tightly closed and a small conical pro- cess appears in the central region of the anterior margin; at the same time the body is thrown on its side, the concave surface being folded. SCYPHIDIA sp. Body elongate, cylindrical, contractile, wider anteriorly, grad- ually tapering toward the narrow posterior extremity. Ciliary disc slightly elevated. Posterior half of the body furrowed trans- versely, anterior half smooth. Contractile vesicle anterior. Body pyriform when contracted. Length of extended body, 50-75 microns. (Figs. 180-181, Pl. XXV.) This species above described and referred ‘to this genus has been found in Poweshiek county. Habitat, fresh water. So far as can be determined, I find no described species corresponding to the funnel-shaped contour and posterior transversely striated region of this organism. VORTICELLA Linnzus. Body more or less bell-shaped, attached by an elongate, con- tractile stalk. Peristome usually prominent. A series of strong cilia encircle the central elevated region or ciliary disc, the right extremity of the series descending into the oral opening, which is eccentric in position between the peristome and the ciliary disc. Pharynx usually conspicuous. Nucleus band-like, curved. Sur- face smooth or transversely striate. Contractile vesicle in the anterior region. ; All members of this genus are similar in general features, mak- ing it somewhat difficult to recognize separate species. However, variations of the form of the bell, and the character of its surface, * positions of the ciliary disc, size and length of the stalk, are char- acters which are of assistance in distinguishing one species from another. Although many forms are social to a remarkable de- gree, colonies are never built up, longitudinal fission resulting in the complete liberation of one-half of the dividing zodid. The separated individual having previously developed a posterior \ EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 107 wreath of cilia, swims away and settles down, developing a stalk of itsown. ‘Thus the cycle of life repeats itself. When conditions are unfavorable normal individuals may de- velop a posterior circle of cilia, break from their pedicels and swim away to form another stalk under more favorable surroundings. Conjugation in this group consists of a permanent union of two individuals, the larger, attached macrogamete and the smaller free-swimming microgamete, which attaches itself to the body of the stalked form. On one occasion, as observed by the writer, the complete absorption of the microgamete required eight hours. VORTICELLA CAMPANULA Ehr. Body broadly campanulate, greatly dilated anteriorly, surface smooth. Stalk thick, usually five or six times the length of the body. Endoplasm dark granular, often opaque. Length of body, 150 microns. (Fig. 182, Pl. XXV.) A common species in pond water, also found in great social groups on the under side of stones, leaves, etc., in small running streams. The collared flagellate, /onosiga steinii, is often attached to the pedicle of this species. VORTICELLA NUTANS Mull. Body campanulate, dilated anteriorly, surface smooth. Stalk slender, three or four times as long as the body. Endoplasm usually transparent. During extension the body is recurved to- ward the base of the stalk. Length of body, 80 microns. (Fig. 183, Pl. XXV.) Found in pond water in social groups. VORTICELLA ALBA From. Body oval, wider centrally, anterior border not greatly dilated, surface smooth. Stalk short, about three times the length of the body. Endoplasm transparent. Length of body, 55 microns. (Fig. 184, Pl. XXV.) Found in social groups:in pond water. VORTICELLA LONGIFILUM S. K. Body elongate, anterior border not widely dilated. Surface smooth. Stalk slender, from twelve to fifteen times the length of the body. 108 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Length of body, 60 microns. (Fig. r91, Pl. XXVI.) Found in pond water, solitary in its habits. VORTICELLA TELESCOPA 5. K. Body conical, elongate, tapering posteriorly. Two annular grooves in the posterior region, behind each of which the body abruptly narrows. On contraction the narrow regions are tele- scoped into the wider anterior regions. Surface smooth. Stalk not much longer than the body. Length of body, 40-50 microns. (Fig. 185, Pl. XXV.) Found in Washington county, in pond water. Solitary in its habits. VORTICELLA CITRINA Ehr. Body campanulate, anterior border greatly dilated, surface smooth. Endoplasm pale yellow in color. Stalk slender, three or four times the length of the body. Length of body, 60 microns. (Fig. 187, Pl. X XVI.) Found in great social groups in fresh water. VORTICELLA QUADRANGULARIS (?) S. K. Figure 188, Plate X XVI, illustrates the largest species of Vortt- cella that has been observed in this state. Body greatly elongated, fully three times as long as broad, angular in contour, anterior margin slightly dilated. Pharynx very large and conspicuous. Surface transversely striate. Stalk thick and short, about twice the length of the body. Length of body, 200 microns. The form illustrated is classified here with some doubt as to its true identity. The organism was found in fresh water. Solitary in its habits. | VORTICELLA sp. Figure 192, Plate X XVI, represents a species rarely found in this state. Body somewhat spherical when extended. Anterior border dilated to a considerable degree. Surface striate trans- versely. Stalk slender, three or four times as long as the body. Length of body, 50 microns. Habitat, fresh water, in small social groups. EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 109g VORTICELLA FLUVIATILIS From. Body ovate, truncate anteriorly, with a deep concave depression in the anterior border, where the stalk is produced. Surface smooth. Stalk three or four times the length of the body. Length of body, 40 microns. (Fig. 186, Pl. X XVI.) Habitat, fresh water. Solitary in habits. Observed in Keokuk county. VORTICELLA CONVALLARIA Linn. Body elongate, twice as long as broad, conical, slightly dilated anteriorly. Surface transversely striate. Stalk four or five times as long as the body. Length of body, roo microns. (Fig. 190, Pl. X XVI.) Social in habits. Found in infusions of pond water. The ped- icle of this species is frequently the support for the collared flag- ellate, JZonosiga steinit. VORTICELLA ELONGATA From. Body elongate, two and one-half times as long as broad, wider anteriorly, with margin slightly dilated. Surface transversely striate. Stalk short, not often more than twice the length of the body. Length of body, 80 microns. (Fig. 189, Pl. X XVI.) Habitat, stagnant water. Solitary in habits. VORTICELLA Sp. Figure 193, Plate X XVI, illustrates a very small species of Vor- ticella sometimes found in this state. Body elongate-ovate, wider centrally, anterior border slightly dilate. ‘Tapering from the middle to the narrow posterior extrem- ity. Surface smooth. Endoplasm transparent. Stalk slender, about three times the length of the body. Length of body, 30 microns. Habitat, stagnant water. Solitary. CARCHESIUM Ehrenberg. Resembling Vorticella but forming branched colonies with a common pedicle, the central muscle fibre being interrupted at the union of the stalk of each zodid and the branch allowing the zooid and its pedicle to contract independently. IIo DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. CARCHESIUM POLYPINUM Linn. Bodies somewhat pyriform, the anterior border dilated. An erect common pedicle, bearing many branches at its extremity, to which in turn are attached the pedicles of the individual zooids. Surface of bodies smooth. Nucleus band-like, curved. Length of zooids, 50 microns. Height of colony, 3,000 microns. (Figs. 194-196, Pl. XX VII.) Figure 194 represents but a small fragment of a colony of this species. In some instances these tree-like clusters are built up to a height exceeding an eighth of an inch and contain several hun- dreds of zooids. Figure 195 illustrates a single zodid of this species. From a physiological point of view Carchesium polypinum is of no little interest. It is known what an essential part the nucleus plays in the normal activities of the living cell and in this species is illustrated the effect upon the nuclear elements of imperfect nutrition. Miss M. Greenwood, in 7he Journal of Physiology, Vol. XX, pp. 427-454, sets forth the morphological elements enclosed by the nuclear membrane of the nucleus of Carchesium polypinum as being the ‘‘nucleochyme’”’ or fluid medium, the ‘‘microsomes’’ or small granule-like bodies densely scattered through the ‘‘nucleo- chyme’’ and the ‘‘macrosomes’’ or larger masses, deeply staining with certain dyes usually oval or rounded and which may be scat- tered or arranged in a median line throughout the length of the curved nucleus. Miss Greenwood found that after feeding Car- chestum on an insoluble substance such as boiled white of egg the usually deeply and uniformly staining macrosomes took on a vacuolated appearance, some of them being represented by mere shells with clear interiors. The conclusion drawn by Miss Green- wood was that the normal activity caused a drain on the organ- ism which was not offset by sufficient repair, due to the lack of nutrition, the result being shown in the more fluid character of the macrosomes. Somewhat similar phenomena with respect to the nucleus of Carchesium polypinum has come under my observation. Late in December, 1904, individuals of this species were obtained from the under side of stones in a pool near Iowa City. They appeared as minute white masses, just visible to the unaided eye, and when ‘ EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. Heya taken from the ice-water were and probably had been for a long time in a state of inactivity. On fixing and staining these individuals it was found that the macrosomes were condensed into rounded masses, usually from six to twelve being arranged in a median row throughout the length of the nucleus. Moreover, the macrosomes were highly vacuolated, Figure 196 being drawn from a permanent prepara- “tion, It is probable that these individuals, taken from such an envi- ronment as they were, had received little or no nutrition for some time, the physiological result of this loss being manifested in the vacuolated and more fluid condition of the macrosomes. Sometimes Carchesitum polypinum is the temporary host of Am- phileptus meleagris, as before described. The habitat of Carche- sium polypinum is fresh water, often being found in running streams, attached to the under side of rocks, leaves, etc. EPISTYLIS Ehrenberg. Zooids somewhat similar to lorticella, usually forming a dicho- tomously branched colony, with a stout non-contractile stalk. EPISTYLIS FLAVICANS Ehr. Zooids campanulate, greatly dilated anteriorly when extended. Five or six circles of strong cilia about the ciliary disk. Stalk dichotomously branching and rigid, at least in the young forms. Bodies usually pale yellow in color, transversely striate. Nucleus band-like, curved. Length of zooids, 200-350 microns. The zooids of this species are among the largest and perhaps the most strongly ciliated of the genus. Figure 202, Plate XXVIII, illustrates a colony with a rigid, erect pedicle, and but two zooids, which indicates a very young stage. In old forms the stalk loses its rigidity and the whole colony falls down in a tangled mass. Kent reports that lack of food will transform an erect colony into a decumbent one within a few hours, and specimens taken from fresh water near Iowa City in the early winter were all in this condition, probably due to the same cause. Reproduction by longitudinal fission continues even after the II2 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. colony falls down, the physiological condition apparently result- ing in a weakening of the supporting pedicels and branches. Fig. 203, Pl. XXVIII, from a prepared mount, shows the ciliary con- volutions of the oral system. Asin other colonial forms of this family the zooids may develop a posterior wreath of cilia, break away from their pedicles and, each leading an independent life for a time, may ultimately settle down in more favorable condi- tions and begin the development of a new colony. The species is not uncommon in the waters of this state, usu- ally found abundantly in small running streams or fresh water pools, attached to leaves, sticks, rocks, etc. EPISTYLIS ARTICULATA From. Zooids elongate, dilated anteriorly, tapering toward the pos- terior extremity; surface smooth. Stalks short and stout, longi- tudinally striate, dichotomously branching, with an articulation near the middle of the main pedicle and sometimes one or two between each bifurcation of the branches. Length of zooids, 42 microns. Figure 197, Plate XX VII, represents this species, being a young colony with two zooids. Figure 198 illustrates the colony in the process of growth by longitudinal division, the zodids being con- tracted. Figure 19g pictures a single zooid in a contracted state, oval in form, with a concave depression in the anterior border, but lack- ing the annular furrows of the posterior region which are present in Zfpistylis plicatilis. The colonies are small, containing not more than a dozen zooids, and the more frequent number is from four to six. Found in Johnson county, attached to rocks in a small running stream. EPISTYLIS PLICATILIS Ehr. Zooids elongate, conical, with anterior border dilated and cil- iary disc elevated. Surface smooth;. when contracted, deep annu- lations occur in the posterior region while the anterior border is often drawn into a minute cylindrical process. Stalk slender, dichotomously branched, secondary divisions very long. Nucleus band-like, curved. Length of zooids, 75-100 microns. (Figs.200-201, Pl.X XVIII.) EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. ELS Lpistylis plicatilis is one of the abundant species of this genus found in running streams and fresh water pools in Johnson county. It may be found on the under side of stones, leaves, etc., often associated with pisty/is articulata. ‘The suctorian Podophrya gquadripartita may be attached to the branches of this species in great numbers; also specimens observed by the writer bore an- other minute species of Afvsty/is not illustrated and not identified. Figure 200 represents a portion of a colony. Figure 201 rep- resents a single zooid contracted. VAGINICOLA Lamarck. Body elongate, somewhat cylindrical, inhabiting a vase-shaped lorica. Ciliary and oral systems similar to those of Vorticel/a. Lorica transparent and sessile. VAGINICOLA sp. Lorica cylindrical, not quite twice as long as broad, wider and broadly rounded posteriorly. Anterior extremity truncate, with a conspicuous, cleft-like notch in the margin. Character of body undetermined. Length of lorica, 120 microns. (Fig. 204, Pl. XXVIII.) Members of this genus are apparently rare in this state, the individual figured being the only one observed, and that under conditions which prevented a study of the extended body. The organism was fixed with other Infusoria before it came under my observation. Two contracted bodies indicates that longitudinal division had recently occurred, both individuals being yet within the lorica. Found in Johnson county. Habitat, fresh water, among alge. COTHURNIA Ehrenberg. Body as in Vaginicola, inhabiting a lorica with a short stalk. COTHURNIA IMBERBIS Ehr. Length of lorica about one and one-half times the breadth, wider posteriorly, the anterior border evenly truncate. Stalk short. Body, when fully extended, projecting but little beyond the margin of the lorica. Nucleus band-like, short and curved. Length of lorica, 100 microns. (Fig. 205, Pl. XXVIII.) {[Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 15 [June 18, 1906.] II4 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. A very short stalk is present in this species, sometimes slightly curved, but often represented only by a knob-like process. This species differs from Cothurnia ovata chiefly in the slightly everted margin of the lorica of the latter and the greater exten- sion of the body. In Cothurnia imberbis the dilated ciliary border is barely pushed beyond the margin of the lorica. Reproduction takes place by longitudinal division, the daugh- ter-cell being shown in the plate figure in a contracted condition. Found in fresh water, attached to aquatic plants. Distribution is very general. COTHURNIA CURVA Stein. Lorica about twice as long as broad, anterior extremity slightly curved. Stalk short and thick, sometimes curved. Lorica trans- parent or opaque. Body slender, extending but little beyond the margin of the lorica. Length of lorica, including stalk, 110 microns. The opaque phase of the lorica represented by Fig. 206, Pl. XXVIII, indicates the mature form and is usually reddish-brown in color. ‘Transparent or young individuals are often associated with the adult specimens. Found in fresh water, but not so abundant as Cothurnia imberbis. : Sub-class, SUCTORIA. Family, PODOPHRYIDA. SPH AROPERWA C. & 1. Usually spherical, with capitate tentacles produced from all parts of the periphery. Never producing a stalk. Sometimes parasitic within other Protozoa. SPHASROPHRYA MAGNA Maupas. Body spherical. Tentacles scattered irregularly over the sur- face. Endoplasm granular. Nucleus spherical. Contractile ves- icle usually single. Diameter of body, 36 microns. (Fig. 207, Pl. X XIX.) Found in diatomaceous ooze from a small stream in the vicinity of Iowa City. The tentacles, which are usually equal in length to the diameter of the body, are effectively used to catch small, EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. Il5 free-swimming ciliates, transferring their contents to the Suctor- ian’s body by means of the central axial protoplasmic current. Reproduction takes place by transverse division, and on one occasion an internal embryo was observed to break from the par- ent body, being entirely ciliate, but so minute and rapid in its movements that no satisfactory study of it could be made. PODOPHRYA Ehrenberg. Spherical, oval or elongated pear-shaped. Usually attached by a rigid stalk. ‘Tentacles mostly capitate either in fascicles or dis- tributed irregularly over the periphery. Nucleus and contractile vesicles conspicuous. PoODOPHRYA FIXA Mull. Body spherical, attached by a slender but rigid stalk. Tenta- cles capitate, slender, and scattered over the surface of the body, often not greater in length than the diameter of the body. Nu- cleus oval, central or sub-central. Contractile vesicles sometimes two in number. Diameter of body, 55 microns. (Figs. 208-210, Pl. XXIX.) Found in fresh water among algz, usually attached to aquatic plants by means of the stalk, which rarely exceeds in length the diameter of the body. When the water becomes slightly stag- nant the individuals rapidly pass into the encysted state, the cyst being very characteristic of the species. Beginning with the stalk itself the outer surface gradually becomes indurated and sharp annular ridges make their appearance, there being from four to six in the complete cyst. The pedicle in the completely encysted form has assumed the appearance of a short, curved, caudal ap- pendage. Reproduction commonly takes place by transverse division. Fig. 208 illustrates a normal individual. Fig. 209 represents the beginning of the encystment, while Fig. 210 pictures the com- pleted cyst. Small holotrichous forms serve as the principal food of this organism. PODOPHRYA QUADRIPARTITA C. & L. Body elongate, pear-shaped, the anterior extremity produced into four lobe-like regions from each of which proceeds a fascicle 116 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of capitate tentacles. Posteriorly the body gradually tapers toward the point of attachment to the pedicle. The pedicle is slightly expanded at the point of union with the body. Nucleus elongate or oval. Contractile vesicles usually more than one. Length of body, 100-200 microns. (Figs. 211-213, Pl. X XIX.) This species has been found abundantly, attached to /fistylis plicatilis, which has been obtained from the under side of stones in small running streams. /Podophrya quadripartita may also be found attached to other species of Afistylis. ‘The pedicle is four or five times the length of the body and in appearance closely resembles a branch of the host which serves as its support. With the body of the Suctorian extending slightly beyond the border of the zooids of the Afrsty/is, it can readily be seen that some minute organisms, drawn by the powerful currents produced by the zooids of the Vorticellan, may find lodgment against the suck- ers of Podophrya. Figure 211 illustrates a typical normal individual. Fig. 212 represents a branch of Afisty/is with several individuals of this species attached. Reproduction takes place by the development and liberation of internal embryos. Fig. 213 is reproduced from an individual killed with osmic acid and stained with carmine, showing what is probably an internal embryo previous to its extrusion. Family, ACINETIDA. ACINETA Ehrenberg. Body inhabiting a lorica which is produced posteriorly into a rigid stalk. Tentacles capitate, in groups or scattered. Two species have been observed in this state, neither of which I have been able to identify. ACINETA sp. Lorica spherical, produced anteriorly into a short, thick stalk. Body spherical, almost completely filling the lorica. Tentacles in two antero-lateral groups. Nucleus spherical, central. Con- tractile vesicle single, lateral. Height of the lorica, 78 microns. Fig. 214, Pl. X XIX.) Found in fresh water in Johnson county. Stalk shorter than the diameter of the body. - EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 7. ACINETA sp. Lorica somewhat spherical, produced posteriorly into a stalk which exceeds in length the diameter of the body. Body in close contact with the inner surface of the lorica. Four groups of cap- itate tentacles. Nucleus spherical, central. Contractile vesicle single. Height of the lorica, 120 microns. (Fig. 215, Pl. XXX.) Found in fresh water in Johnson county. Each fascicle of ten- tacles arises from a base which is apparently an outpushing of the body through an opening in the lorica. HALLEZIA Sand. Sand founded this genus chiefly upon the following characters: No lorica or stalk, sessile. Tentacles confined to the anterior end. EUALELEZIA BUCKEL S:; K. ‘‘ Body elongate, slender, sub-cylindrical, bearing two antero- lateral fascicles of distinctly capitate tentacles; not possessing a distinct pedicle, but affixed basally by a simple contracted suck- ing disc; contractile vesicle anteriorly located; endoplasm sub- central. ‘Dimensions unrecorded. Habitat, fresh water.’ The above description is from Kent’s ‘‘ Manual of the Infu- Sotia,” p. 822. ’ PoDOPHRYA COMPRESSA Nutting. ‘‘ Body illoricate, quadrate, wider anteriorly; length from two to five times the greatest width; compressed, about three times as wide as thick; the antero-lateral corners occupied by rounded prominences each bearing a fascicle of many suctorial tentacles which, when fully extended, are more than half the length of the body and spiral or spirally marked when retracted; posterior portion of the body rapidly narrowing to meet the very short, thick pedicle, which is furnished with a sucking disk at its distal end; parenchyma densely and evenly granular; contractile vesicle single, anterior; endoplast oval. ‘‘Length of body, 1-277” to 1-140". Habitat, fresh water.’ This description is taken from Zhe American Naturalist; Vol. SS AOS 9s ) 118 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The chief difference between Podophrya buckei S. K. and Podo- phrya compressa Nutting is in the shape of the body. Sand has found all transitional forms between the cylindrical and greatly compressed body and therefore concludes that Podophrya buckei S. K. and Podophrya compressa Nutting are identical. For the reception of this and closely allied forms he has instituted the genus //allezia and the species described above is known as a//- ezia bucket S. K. Since the Iowa form described by Nutting was of the com- pressed variety, and the species not having come under my obser- vation, Figs. 216-218, Pl. XXX, are reproduced from Zhe Amer- ican Naturalist. Fig. 216 is a view of the broad side of the organ- ism, while Fig. 217 illustrates the form from a lateral view point. Fig. 218 represents the beginning of reproduction, the tentacles being retracted and the internal embryos forming, which are finally extruded. Each embryo becomes a free-swimming organ- ism for a period and then, settling down, attaches itself and rap- idly developes into the adult. For a detailed study of the species, its habits and life history, see Zhe American Naturalist, Vol. XXII, p. 13. Family, DENDROSOMIDA. TRICHOPHRYVA C. & L. Irregular in shape, ovate or elongate. Tentacles usually dis- tinctly capitate, scattered or in groups. No supporting stalk or lorica present. TRICHOPHRYA SINUOSA Stokes. Body irregular in shape, with marginal lobes. Tentacles long, capitate, extending in clusters from the lobes. Nucleus band- like, with ramifying branches. Contractile vesicles one or more. Length of body, 155-200 microns. (Fig. 219, Pl. XXX.) This species, first discovered by Dr. Stokes of New Jersey, has been observed in several localities in Iowa, being found in fresh water among alge and other aquatic plants. The organism is somewhat amceba-like, the marginal lobes, of which there may be as many as nine, having in some degree the power of extension and contraction resembling lobose pseudopodia EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. IIg without a differentiation between endoplasm and ectoplasm. From these lobes are thrust out, often to a great distance, slender and distinctly capitate tentacles. Dr. Stokes did not observe the nucleus, which is usually invis- ible without the aid of reagents. It is, however, band-like, with its ramifying branches extending toward and even into the bases of the marginal lobes. In these regions metabolic changes prob- ably take place rapidly, since the protoplasm within the lobes may readily be seen to be in violent agitation as the tentacles are extended and withdrawn. In 77vichophrya sinuosa there is what seems to be an example of the disposition of the nucleus of the animal cell where it can best influence metabolism. The speci- mens observed in this state were much greater in size than the dimensions given by Dr. Stokes. 120 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. SOME PUBLICATIONS OF VALUE TO ONE PURSUING A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE PROTOZOA. Butschli—Protozoa. In Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs : - - : - 1883-1888 Calkins—The Protozoa” - : : : - - 1901 Conn—A Preliminary Report on the Protozoa of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut - - - - - 1905 Kent—A Manual of the Infusoria_ - - - 1880-1882 Notr—The classification employed by Kent is not accepted now. Leidy—North American Rhizopods - . - - 1879 Palmer— Delaware Valley Forms of Trachelomonas_ - 1905 Roux—Faune Infusorienne Des Eaux Stagnantes Des En- virons De Geneve - - - - - - IQOI Stokes—A Preliminary Contribution Toward a History of the Fresh Water Infusoria of the United States 1888 EDMONDSON — PROTOZOA OF IOWA. 121 SEIN, 2 ee A PAGE PAGE PNCABHITOCYSUS. vase e's saeco - Srp AEISOMETTIAD aca .aae divest wa sintes 47 EMME Der tere dieses o/wserdlatow hain ores UGH eAntho pity saevsep eee anaes 33 PREMMCEACEIS: << atc) 4.s.6is ces vie 6 3 cae oa, (Aphrothoracida’ . ccs: .cccs eece es 5 BMESETISEL AE Peatet fond ts + 'e'sia'd or dacnie' ec See es cote! | I ae Ae 16 EMEEMMOPUTY S's cis'6 ces 6 occa ca welac OPAL COMME art Sek tae ea oer ables « 6 MetMOspheeriuM . 2... cess cens ce Der SCOTIA sot, Satvaaeacc ee one artes 30 PEDAL Alt: gts, clacm csi wc: tudvaialle dalato's Oe de, DAS PICUISCAR ENE NSS 4.02 odes Perce net 104 BMEEISEDAZ 2) avc\'0 5 Gig c o's'e setwies 6 stare Soars Os Mssulliimal Ps sere awesicic voce ce oats 22 {2100 TEL 016 ERR a a Dip Stacia esl idh ieee Se tee 1 Poe 45 BRR LES roycra nic os aiexels os s/erate: ois « OPP Astasiidees seeds baas smiloterdiseks 30 PSM PHAVIEDUUS: o's 2 eile wis «(alm a ssaanie ss Dive Mtractouentian< $224 stem sdeasoen 30 B ep MATISIMA <6 ad.aes 5 sia 4 pie aici ed's OUD SBMGSAnIA 3.2.6 Saree maar oe bees So oe 56 _ SECT G SEIS See ea Pe ZO BULA « karte hers des ee oie 56 C SE ATH PASCHS) i fercre ct sicie. aces qian ante ss db Cochhiopodtuimy, .. taoteseee ce caters 19 Carchesiuimiye joes ois seeieelc series OO Codosiga: sins. S aka saci en 34 SemtLOPYRIS, Vise das oe eevee: IS COlAGIOI Seas ures aa ae ten ca 30 Cephalothamminm 720... sce 2 DOMES DS ryote a Acie aol sw ciepeist ce armel 59 CELCODOMO smeleccae rorcie selects s'ajele.s 20 COL PICieAr Geoc ais-ainlnciae swonre” scene 19 WEKCONTOMAS. Ja.5 ohevets sie s/o sisesere as 70 Vten\ 0) 0010 Wana eI ep een 19 Chalaratioracida:.)..5 sess an On uCondylostomian sees eeeen eee ek 92 Chiliferide ...... coe Cothurmiat: ..tsces he oces ess 113 QailiGlore Seer a ee Cee aenee encores 2 Craspedomonadide ............. 29 Gil OMONAST we sees seswierts ein ce eee DOM Cry ptoglenalener ees nei icin cronies 44 Chilamydodontiday pple eile o4, Cry ptomonadidaeys once. ce. ~ es 3l Chlamydomonadid= ..2....4.. «- Pe Cryptomonwase mercies ccc. ciel 51 SialammyG OMONAS Hr. < eie1= 2 [efelersye -isiels DIP AC tedeLenia sec wise eiccec-oies « . 88 Chlamydophorida....... 6s... 2... Bee G@ VAtWOMOnasi janie ia ssie cs, nicest 31 BERLE OMCLELS) 0-2 oo) 5: ape. 01 ele iaia)sis) ovaicts CLO (cd 1c D5 oo Ae 87 Ghroamonagelliday ss .iiseie circa « Pir (Cyponoalscttied 55. cq0e od oanead oe dhe 20 Chirysomonadidae ™ 27). «s/<\eler« +1421 ail) (Cipmwolloy oKOSleS 46 ddA ondoude oe 55 Cilio: Bis oe De OOe Oa CEO Oe Har CyGtOlOPWOSiSive cic. . 5.2 st \<)cerseleieve etter 48 ugly phidae'.: 6 sme e eter 6 E/PISbyMIS 2 3. eesti eer ee tere oe 1) plotes:...is scan eenesten = eee 103 Hugletia., x. 2. scaetvlerssuee sane 36 ‘Buplotidze ....... cz. » I. PLATE XxX: ’ PAGE _ Fig. 69. TZyvrachelomonas horrida, x 620, - = 20 = ae Fig. 70. Tvrachelomonas hispida, x 860, - - - 43 Fig. 71. Tvrachelomonas sp., X 1240, - - - - 44 Fig. 72. Astasia trichophora, extended, x 930, - - 45 Fig. 73. 7 * ¥ 4 1 FE af PP wl ede ry oat . us - . vv air . ~ 5 iy . ‘ ny * ae Phu 7 ye tae ‘ 7h ’% oe “a — Pe a po Ly _ ® if Fig. Fig. as Fig. Fig. Fig. 136. Tage 138, 139. 140. PLA TREX VILE: PAGE Paramecium caudatum, X 250, - . - ~* 4§2 Paramecium caudatum, in conjugation, x 250, 83 Paramecium caudatum, nuclei after conjugation, KG250, = - - - - - - - 83 Paramecium bursaria, X 390, - - - 86 Paramecium trichium, X 420, - - - - 86 Edmondson---The Protozoa of lowa. EY NAPS D Voli xl: i a! wa us a lai Lee Pray: Soe mete Se ie te ua PALE Sx Stichotricha aculeata, x 600, - - Euplotes charon, dorsal view, X 600, - Euplotes patella, ventral view, X 420, Euplotes carinata, ventral view, x 650, - Aspidisca costata, dorsal view, X 1400, Aspidisca costata, ventral view, X 1400, - PAGE 97 103 103 104 104 104 Edmondson---The Protozoa of lowa. PLATE XXIV. Proc. D. A. S., Vol. XI. ci ie A ‘ a “ PLATES XX ye : PAGE Fig. 177. Gerda glans, x 460, - : = : 4 = FO5 Fig. 178. Scyphidia inclinans, X 750, - - 2 : 105 Fig. 179. Scyphidia inclinans, contracted, x 750, - = 15 Fig. 180. Scyphidia sp., x 960, - - - - : 106 Fig. 181. Scyphidiasp.,same as preceding, contracted, x 960 106 Fig. 182. Vorticella campanula, x 270, - - - - by Fig. 183. Vorticella nutasn, X 480, - - S s 107 Fig. 184. Vorticella alba, x 540, - - = : =) “7107, Fig. 185. Vorticella telescopa, x 560, - - - - 108 Edmondson---The Protozoa of Iowa. PLATE XXV. j } i t H t ; 3 i : i Sralada oN ERENT ODEON Proc. D. A. S., Vol. XI. ne ent wr Ss a + N= ri ? | r ey ‘ F i b we, : oe id ‘ a y 70 4 r ‘ 1 . ‘ ® * > < a ' ‘ J Cy a , d a * P : i" “of\>e ‘ af i . ge He a SPR) my te) t ’ f A Wal 5 : i y ’ he eS. Oe ie -~ = ‘| ar . bps ded: » e i \ > ‘ul al®. i - PUN 2's yy : Nae , ; 2 7 4 mM pe eae ’ = ’ @ i) ; f ' , ‘ " P . red y 5 « 4 A. j : { sy p : ‘ “7? - * ‘ aly : ‘ ie ; 4 { ” ; f 2 ; ‘ if ‘ . j y / ; \ i * Y ' he ce ob! 4 ~ Be Orr, : Li a op iy al Dis! bide Ns Teed oe Saar NO ; ei i § . Me ’ Fol 1 ee 2 WV 19 Vv oy , A at s ap) if } er 7 ST. «| Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 186. elit 188. 189. Igo. Toe Oo: 193. PLATE 2OCVa. Vorticella fluviatilis, x 600, Vorticella citrina, X 510, Vorticella quadrangularis (?), Vorticella elongata, X 420, Vorticella convallaria, X 300, Vorticella longifilum, x 310, Vorticella sp., X 540, Vorticella sp., x 810, - xX 250, PAGE cele) 108 108 109 109 107 108 109 PLATE XXVI SS LOREAL, SEN aoe XI. WET Ee ed S., Vol A D Edmondson---The Protozoa of lowa. Proc. ao Pe airs id ‘ ¢ =) a;* i Lape “ae rae vue b ah aie, i yn fom a of Ro eG wh 2 ir ¥ we * is ‘aut ae = 7 ‘ ” A : ‘ 7 ‘ ' } . * , oe *) i » 4 ' + ¥y be a "1 - ms EK Lacan z \ mi ' ’ a ; : wid - ect Meee, > ; 3 vw é al i fect a 2 is we, Ds Brig , 6 y Vs ae Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. PLATE, XeCval. PAGE 194. Carchesium polypinum, fragment of a colony, S150, - - - - - - - “LIG 195. Carchesium polypinum, a single zooid, x 310, 110 196. Carchesium polypinum, nucleus, result of lack of nutrition, x 1200, - - - - - - - 100 197. Lpistylis articulata, a young colony, x 150, - I12 198. Apistylis articulata, growth by division of zooids. From a prepared mount, zooids contracted, MD0.4 = - - - - - - =i Ee 199. Lpistylis articulata, a single zooid, contracted, X 300, - - - - - - - 112 Edmondson---The Protozoa of lowa. PLATE XXVIII. Proc. D. A. S., Vol. XI. +. $ i ee Tee . 200. PPO 202: 203); neor 2 2OS: . 206, PLAT Hey ie, Episivlis plicatilis, portion of a young colony, x80) = - - - - - - - Epistylis plicatilis, a contracted zooid, x 150, Epistylis flavicans, a young colony, x 150, - Epistylis flavicans, a zooid showing ciliary con- volutions, from a stained preparation, x 200, Vaginicola sp., undergoing division, zooids con- tracted, x 210, - : - - = = Cothurnia imberbis, undergoing division, x 310, Cothurnia curva, X 310, 2 oe - - PAGE 112 112 Trt Te Th 113 114 Edmondson---The Protozoa of lowa. PLATE XXVIII Proc. D. A. S., Vol. XI. ae ange) Tee PLATE 2x PAGE Fig. 207. Spherophrya magna, x 620, - : - - 114 Fig. 208. Podophrya fixa, x 310, - : - - - 115 Fig. 209. Podophrya fixa, beginning of encystment, x 310, I15 Fig. 210. Podophrya fixa, encystment complete, x 310, - I15 Fig. 211. Podophrya quadripartita, x 310, - - - 115 Fig. 212. Podophrya quadripartita, attached to the branches of /pistylis plicatilis, x 100, - - - - 115 Fig. 213. fodophrya quadripartita, showing internal em- bryo not yet extruded, x 310, - - - 115 Fig. 214. Acineta sp., X 310, - - - - - - 116 Edmondson---The Protozoa of Iowa. PLATE XXIX. Proc. D. A. S., Vol. XI. i 1 | a er . ty 4 Un 5 hae aoe = | ana i ; Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. PLATE, XXX Acineta sp., X 300, - - renee e- Flallezia bucket, x 200, - - - Cina Flallezia buckei, lateral view, X 200, - - Flallezia bucket, beginning of reproduction, x Tricophrya sinuosa, X 310, - So ae PLATE XXX. a 2 a : ° o ° N 8 — 5 x< a — A ° <= £ a i . E < 5 Q ; : 3 2 Qa, see » ay, ae ae a ofh 49 2 [MOPS ILS OM Aaore gS Md Pry) +> P2429 -ae atam s}rconaat YON ULoLF BICOPPIY oe 2 08 297 DE oL/ 73) Saree? Ts ob/ ie \ J ] LL i 1 ty} ! 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AY YON¢ wo stH aL Jv ry Waar evan, tA reel io at Quiros SY y ] 1-W ! 7 ea ae as ae 0 ' | uosumy ayy ua Ft sakes] =| Se etiey 1! wer wees | See gle ats : oe : oy RX see mew a oe | om Jie = = ~-abs ae doe - = 4 as9H4 gone 71 | Ay w77 | a _SIAYa (sowed rT z TD rs uit aleeser oli Ngo""""S 0, | SS rray IE [PVD — pinata (ee as setrd OI vrirsy- ) PePRe! gE | LOW IY 40 jo Sajuvpwnog Ws 24008 ul N Nain UA He deol aa ' aphsey@ | | uaz | eile it s] See haut Ve aw, 2 vs : 7 yshriiie —-—-—. =- Ta Rogers ee TAS £ INA YM handvoaa\! ee. self 2 } A Ve ~—-— Sra eae (SSIES —\---t +—-—t4-—-[- | wanugaiar 330 | Ones (d0 feaaial ) al fs l S ee2 6 us Pa ifm 2424 Ne _/ u ot asad) ny tirne 272M EA i SHON PL ay tenig) | GNOINM, | say am ah TAN OC LEL/ P Sede | ate Ly Wf y Petia * Yr ey eS Sie eS \--4 =a LA aN ar tare re acre. qa Coes SIN NSAI av Ay 1( einai ie Py, NW rik 25) AH, ; $718 DR! eget aS om wz Sparen — aise nN f SSYD As Sie ag Ay LL OWINOb \ ssusnefse oN rc Davoys ky ei va 5 Woes en rar NOlYA Sa | Now/a HW zs Ape pk | hae WLLYMYLLOd® HN eee nna acca teal y fs Gene Piet - { i laura, EPEP) 1S ' ws 1 Ro eae | wie a 7" ‘1 tne HS, yarorey | TV fepe °}/ 3), > PM ! \ = +g Were 70) NO SNHOP | ogee, | 12M sorbs | ; isvT ya, < rol {Ee fp ab 3 aL AL “ih Sr pe IL yay IMOdN, YF, Hf | YIOAN gsr hyjn 2D GIFS, fr NPS YA i aI B) a pee ones NID Reiger re of le oi Ne ee eee OLN/79 |i -—- Hee seiisat | | Hees Be A is 2 ne ee se a Nong l™ Fenoso) j ‘ opo/oLe | | vo aud ! ° ars ip aes \77MpsaiW) AX OSL | & ) | ye 7 he 54 3d Ye 17 q ot 2wohog Ina zy / OAM INI XN Bie _—— — —_—- —- - -|—- —-- — C= ~ 3 ywo IG re a a Y org duel J iy, INT) ee) edt Es i) ro 0 ia | | Axe don X i LWnon wo erdd Si. war, D ie OH ~ et (1 f} . r a B \YILOR | 497 ® FS 06 - 47 Ry Cam ts al sens ee ote 1; ! I verb (|) REN Hee ah Nise Civarayh z ed lpusiA YNANB oa ef red OgWAH\ ne 2 3 (oowappue, ss BSc ' avadcn PX )eg ty | 82 $9 32°F eS | ; ‘ eA u eae 2 e (2) (f ase Y = oh Ai ; = 5 UG", D , 4 nf ¥ § 7 i, 08, VMO I UTE 7“ ‘vant apnon \ N } hia 6 nae Ny Hee 53M i ene THFHOLYW} } : 2 v ‘ aa ee hy a Pepe LE pal r= Ze at | | ; va Mate! MILIEU! WOSMOHD | d Vi: \ Apaknair| sarowrrer | wamope, \aueanatt urananees | aaa Stel ge zes0u VTA Wi Os. oe NI NG A Mego wus 35 ay4 wpnydwog| a | ! ! He et 206 OE o/5 08 32d 06 265 DE al 356 708 ‘| ISA ° WS “peoyv wT @| “O01g BMO] jo sp4lg ey uosispuy PROCEEDINGS OF THE DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Davenport, lowa, March, 1907 Vol. XI, Pages 125-417 THE BIRDS OF IOWA. By RUDOLPH MARTIN ANDERSON. A THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the State University of Iowa, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. PREEACE. The continued and increasing interest in the various branches of zoological science, and the number of new observers who are entering the field of ornithology, are sufficient reasons for a work of this kind. It is well recognized that only by long-continued observations of the faunae of certain localized areas can the great problems of distribution, migration, and ecology be satisfactorily explained. While a few favored localities, counties and states have had their avi-fauna mapped out with approximate exact- ness, other equally important districts have been neglected, either from lack of competent observers or a failure to make public what has been accomplished. Within the past few years state lists of the birds of neighboring commonwealths have been published as follows: Kansas (Goss, 1891, Lantz, 1899); Indiana (Butler, 1892); Minnesota (Hatch, 1892); Michigan (Cook, 1893); Illinois (Ridgway, 1895); Ohio, (Jones, 1903); Wyoming (Knight, 1902); Wisconsin (Kumlien and Hollister, 1903); Nebraska (Bruner, Wolcott, and Swenk, 1904). While the list of ornithological students in Iowa has been large, and their printed notes are numerous and voluminous, the publication of the same in scattered books and scientific periodi- cals has rendered them inaccessible to the majority of ornitholo- gists in the state. The only published lists which treat of the [Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 19 [July 24, 1906. ] 126 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. birds of Iowa as a whole are the nominal unannotated catalogues of J. A. Allen (1870) and Herbert Osborn (1892), and the prelimi- nary annotated catalogue by Chas. R. Keyes and H. S. Williams in 1889. Feeling the need for a state catalogue of Iowa birds which should embody the latest results of field work and conform to the present accepted code of nomenclature, the writer began to collect material for the present volume in the fall of 1903, as a graduate student at the State University of Iowa. The library of the department of zoology and the Talbot collection of books in the general library of the University, the latter rich in books of early North American travel and rare scientific volumes, were quite well supplied with the necessary bibliographical material, and through the courtesy of the library authorities a number of rare books were obtained from the Library of Congress in furtherance of the work. The Museum of Natural History of the State University of Iowa is particularly rich in birds, containing the collections of C. C. Nutting, Frank Bond, Dr. Horr, D. H. Talbot, and others. The Talbot collection, donated by Mr. D. Talbot of Sioux City, com- prises several thousand specimens and many exceptionally large series, chiefly from the Mississippi Valley, which are invaluable in determining the status of certain disputed forms. The writer’s small private collection and field notes, running from the year 1890 to the present time, have also been freely used. Great indebtedness is acknowledged to Dr. Paul Bartsch of the Smithsonian Institution, whose unpublished thesis on ‘‘The Lit- erature of Iowa Birds,’’ giving a quite complete list of the papers relating to Iowa birds, published annually from 1804 to 1899, fur- nished me with many bibliographical hints. All references used in the present work were personally verified from the original sources by the writer. In pursuance of the line of work adopted, about one hundred ~ check lists of North American birds were sent out to persons inter- ested in ornithology throughout the state, requesting them to mark such species as were found in their respective localities, and fur- nish notes respecting their relative abundance, migrations, nesting, etc. A list of those who kindly contributed notes and other assist- ance will be found elsewhere. ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 7, In presenting this work the writer desires to express his great obligation and gratitude to Professor C. C. Nutting for continued encouragement and assistance, as well as the liberal extension of facilities, including free access to material and specimens neces- sary to carry on the work; and to Professor H. F. Wickham for valuable literature and notes furnished, and for helpful sugges- tions and criticism. Mr. Robert Ridgway, curator of birds, United States National Museum, very kindly identified some sixty-seven specimens which were submitted to him for examin- ation, while Dr. B. H. Bailey, professor of zoology at Coe Col- lege, very kind ly permitted me to make extended examinations of the collections in that institution. In the main, the nomenclature adopted in the following list is that of the American Ornithological Union Check List, Second Edition, and Supplements succeeding. Ina few cases I have been impelled to follow the nomenclature of Robert Ridgway’s ‘‘Birds of Middle and North America,’’ Vols. I-III. 128 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. INTRODUCTION. SCOPE. The limits of these pages forbid any attempt to introduce descriptions of species. All of the species and subspecies of North American birds have been so completely and minutely described by numerous and readily accessible authorities that an effort to add descriptions to a faunal list means simply added bulk and repetition of work. With the different species already well char- acterized and delimited, the province of a work of this kind should be to add some contributions to our knowledge of their habits and economic relations, their migrations; to trace their local distri- bution and comparative abundance at the present time, and to determine, if possible, what changes the rapid growth of settle- ment and civilization have wrought in our avi-fauna during the comparatively brief period since the settlement of our state; what species have been compelled to succumb, and what species have succeeded in adapting themselves to the radical change in envi- ronment which has almost universally taken place. HISTORICAL WORK. The earliest references which can be identified as relating to birds actually observed within the present limits of the state of Iowa are found in the history of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which journeyed up the Missouri River during the summer of 1804 and returned by the same route in the fall of 1806. Dr. Elliott Coues, in his copious and critical notes upon this history, ! has identified many of the species mentioned in the narrative, and referred them to various points on the banks of the Missouri in western Iowa. The next contribution to Iowa ornithology was made by the 1. History of the Expedition under the command of Iewis and Clark to the source of the Missouri River, thence across the Rocky Mountaits to the Pacific Ocean, per- formed during the years 1804-5-6, by order of the Government of the United States. A New Edition, Faithfully reprinted from the authorized edition of 1814, by Elliott Coues, Four vols. Francis P. Harper. 1893. a ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 129 noted naturalist, Thomas Say,! who with Major Long’s exploring party remained from September 19, 1819, to June 6, 1820, at Engineers’ Cantonment, on the west bank of the Missouri, about half a mile above Fort Lisa, five miles below Council Bluffs, and three miles above the mouth of Boyer’s River— 41° 25’ 03.9’ N. Lat. and 95° 45’ 50” W. of Greenwich. He gives a catalogue of animals, which were observed at Engineers’ Cantonment, or at other indicated places, on the journey to that post. One hundred forty-three species were observed at Engineers’ Cantonment. He also makes observations relative to the arrival and departure of birds at Engineers’ Cantonment. The ascent of the Missouri River in 1833, and descent in 1834, by Maximilian Prince of Wied,” furnished notes on thirty-four species of Iowa birds. The veteran ornithologist, John James Audubon, touched upon Iowa territory in his journey up the Missouri River in 1843.3 Most of the species mentioned are not very clearly distinguishable as Iowa or Nebraska records, from the inadequate description of landing places. The works of Baird, Cassin and Lawrence* (1858), Baird’s ‘Birds of North America’’ (1860), Baird, Brewer and Ridgway’s “‘History of North American Birds’’ (Land Birds, 1874, Water Birds, 1884), and other memorable works contain many scattered references to Iowa birds. John Krider’s ‘‘Forty Years’ Notes of a Field Ornithologist’’ (Philadelphia, 1879), contain many notes on Iowa birds. He col- lected in Iowa at various times from 1870 to 1875, and while many inaccuracies appear in his published works there is much of interest in them from the fact that they were made when north- 1. Account of an Expedition frem Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the Years 1819-1820, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Maj. S. H. Long of the U. S. Topographical Engineers. Compiled from the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the party, by Edwin James, botanist and geologist to the Expedition. In three volumes. I, II, III. London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Reese, Orme & Brown. Paternoster Row. 15823. 2. Reise in das Innere Nord America in den Jahren 1832 bis 1835 von Maximilian Prinz zu Wied. Coblenz: Vol. I, 1839. Vol. IT, 1843. 3. Audubon and His Journals. By Maria R. Audubon, with zoélogical and other notes by Elliott Coues. Vols..I-II. New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons. 1897. Vol. I, pp. 474-480. Vol. II, pp. 170-172. 4. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practical and eco- nomical route fora railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-6. Vol. IX. Washington: A. O. P. Nich- olson, Printer. 1858. 130 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ern Iowa was practically an unsettled prairie, with abundant marshland, and the habits and relative abundance of species dif- fered materially from the conditions of the present day, with a farm on almost every quarter-section, large planted groves, and the sloughs and marshes largely drained or naturally dried up. Mr. Krider’s notes on Iowa birds are particularly interesting to the writer from having been made principally in Winnebago county, where most of his own early observations were made. I have heard old settlers tell many tales of Mr. Krider and the great quantities of birds collected by him in Winnebago county. The first formal list which was exclusively Iowan appeared in White’s Geology of Iowa in 1870.' This enumerated 283 species, not annotated. Ninety-two species were marked as having been observed within or near the borders of the state in the breeding season. An impulse was given to ornithological work in Iowa by the efforts of Professor W. W. Cooke, in 1881-2, to secure the assist- ance of the ornithologists of Iowa in studying the migrations of birds. In 1883 the scope of the work was extended to include the whole Mississippi Valley, four observers reporting from Iowa. In 1884 twenty-six observers sent reports from eighteen stations in Iowa. In 1885 fourteen new observers reported from Iowa. These collected records form a valuable contribution to the study of migration.” In 1889 Charles R. Keyes and Dr. H. S. Williams published a Preliminary Annotated Catalogue of the Birds of Iowa.* This included brief notes on 262 species, mostly observed in the vicinity of Charles City, Des Moines, and Iowa City, the dates of arrivals and departure being based entirely upon studies conducted in the vicinity of Des Moines, a place of central location, representing nearly a mean for the arrivals and departures over the whole state. Herbert Osborn’s ‘‘Partial Catalogue of the Animals of Iowa Represented in the Collections of the Iowa Agriculural College’’ (1892), contains a list of birds condensed from the catalogue of Keyes and Williams. 1. Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Iowa, by Charles A. White. Vol. II, 1870. Appendix B. A Catalogue of the Birds of Iowa, by J. A. Allen, pp. 419-427. 2. Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley in the Years 1884 and 1885, by W. W. Cooke. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Economic Ornithology, Bulletin No. 2. 1888. 3. Proc. of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. V, pp. 113-161. 1889. _—-* _- ANDERSON THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 131 The founding of the Iowa Ornithologists’ Association in 1894 revived interest among the bird students of thestate. About fifty members were enrolled, and a quarterly journal, called 7he /Jowa Ornithologist, was published for some four years. Several fami- lies of birds were studied in detail, and the aggregated notes were published in the official organ. A committee was appointed to collect material for a book on the birds of Iowa, but with the demise of the association, in 1899, the work was allowed to drop. A list of the more important publications which contain refer- ences to Jowa birds will be found in the bibliographical appendix. RELATIVE ABUNDANCE. The relative abundance of the different species has been gener- ally arrived at from the statements of published authorities and from about thirty local and county lists which have been furnished by bird students scattered over the greater portion of the state. In work of this kind the compiler finds his greatest difficulties arising from the lack of a definite system for recording the rela- tive abundance or scarcity of species in a given locality. The amount of time spent in the field, the topography of the region covered, the season of observation, and the personal equation of the observer, have a great effect upon the records made. It is evident that if most of the time be spent in woodlands, the swamp- and prairie-loving species will be seldom seen, and if field excur- sions are made only at irregular and infrequent intervals, some of the migrant species which spend only a few days with us may be entirely overlooked. Unfamiliarity with songs and notes may cause the omission of certain secretive species. The classification of a species as ‘‘rare’’ by a trained and indefatigable observer would be much more conclusive than such a characterization by a student who spent but little time in the field. For these reasons more or less discrepancy is frequently found in the reports of accu- rate and conscientious observers working in very similar localities. Thus it is only when the reports of all observers substantially agree, that the records may be considered as more than approxi- mately accurate. The definition of terms used to indicate relative abundance by 132 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Professor Lynds Jones in his ‘‘ Birds of Ohio’’! may well be fol- lowed as indicating the mean of expression by the average student of birds. “In a general way the term ‘abundant’ signifies that the species to which it is applied are so numerous as to force themselves upon one’s notice. The English Sparrow is the only bird to which this term can be applied the year through.’’ The Robin may be con- sidered abundant in summer in most localities, while the Red- winged Blackbird may be abundant in swampy districts and wholly absent from other localities near by. ‘‘A species is regarded as ‘common’ when a considerable num- ber of individuals may be found without much effort or expendi- ture of time.’’ ‘The Chickadee may be regarded as common in woodland throughout the year. The Catbird is common in most localities in summer. ‘«“Tolerably common’ is used to indicate the fact that the indi- viduals of the species designated are so few that they must be searched for under normal conditions, and yet present in the region.’’ The Scarlet Tanager may be regarded as tolerably com- mon in woodlands throughout the state. ‘“*Rare’’’ is the term reserved for a species which is represented by so few individuals that a record of its occurrence is regarded as unusual.’’ ‘The Golden Eagle is generally rare in Iowa, more than one or two records of its appearance ina year being unusual in a given locality. ‘«*Casual’ means that the species to which it is applied visits the state only under unusual circumstances.’’? Thus the Great Gray Owl could not be expected to reach Iowa except during an unusually severe winter when its food supply in the north failed. Casual stands very close to accidental. A Red-tailed Hawk would be casual in a city park, because that park lies within its range in the surrounding region. A Bullock Oriole would be accidental there because its home is in regions far removed. “In the use of any of these terms except ‘casual,’ account must be taken of the habits of the birds. Account must also be taken of the size of the birds to which the terms are applied in each instance. ‘hus a dozen Red-tailed Hawks in a township would 1. Ohio State Academy of Science. Special Papers, No.6. The Birds of Ohio. A Revised Catalogue, by Inds Jones, M.Sc. Oberlin College. Published by the Academy , of Science with the Kmerson McMillan Research Fund. October 15, 1903. ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 133 make that hawk appear almost abundant, while a dozen Chipping Sparrows or Robins in that same township would be almost rare for these species.”’ BREEDING. While, in general, the presence of individuals of a species in a given locality during the summer is considered indicative of their breeding there, such evidence is not always to be taken as prima facie proof of the fact. Many unmated birds wander far from their usual summer habitat, and wounded birds may be unable to make the journey northward in spring. Various species of Sand- pipers linger in the Northern Iowa marshes until after June 1, and large numbers frequently move southward into the state early in July. Some of the southern species of Herons frequently wander far north of their breeding range in late summer and early autumn. Many species, notably among the Ducks and Geese, which are known to have nested commonly in Iowa a few years ago, very seldom do so at the present time. On the other hand, the exten- sive planting of groves in treeless prairie regions has induced many woodland species to make their summer homes in localities where they were absent a few years ago. Therefore, generaliza- tions in the matter of nesting habits become very difficult, owing to the rapid and complicating change of conditions, and deduc- tions based upon the records of a few years ago are apt to be erroneous and misleading. FOOD. The question of the food of birds is one which is probably of the most importance economically. It is universally conceded that the great majority of species are directly beneficial, and in many cases indispensable, to agriculture and horticulture, either by destroying noxious insects or the seeds of weeds, while but a few are directly injurious by feeding upon fruits and grains, preying upon poultry, game birds, and valuable small birds, or indirectly by destroying insects which are in some measure bene- ficial to agriculture. Even those birds which, are generally regarded as injurious, as the Hawks and Owls, have been proved to more than balance their account by the destruction of multi- tudes of the vermin which prey upon the crops of the farmer. A [PRoc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 20 [August 1, 1906, | 134 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. discussion of the food habits will usually be placed under the heading of the order or family. MIGRATION. The proper study of migration requires voluminous data from many observers, extending over long periods. The position of the State of Iowa, between the two great channels of migration for the interior of the United States, affords unequaled opportunities for such work. ‘The data which has been received in this branch has been too scanty and isolated to warrant more than general statements of the times of appearance and departure. The Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agri- culture has for nearly twenty years been accumulating data on the migration of birds, receiving reports in the spring and fall of each year from hundreds of observers. The Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1903, pp. 371-386, ‘‘Some New Facts About the Migration of Birds,’’ by Wells W. Cooke, Assist- ant, Biological Survey, contains the following statement: “For more than two thousand years the phenomena of bird migration have been noted, but while the extent and course of the routes traveled have of late become better known, no conclusive -answer has been found to the question, why do birds migrate? .. . The broad statement can be made that the beginnings of migration ages ago were intimately connected with periodic changes in the food supply, but this motive is at present so intermingled with others unknown, or but imperfectly known, that the migration movements seem now to bear little relation to the abundance or absence of food. . . . Data recently collected at the Florida light-houses by the Biological Survey show that southward migra- tion begins at least by the roth, and probably by the ist of July, insect-eating birds departing when their food supplies are most plentiful, and seed-eaters just before the heyday of harvest.’’ It is undoubtedly true that many birds return to the far north during the breeding season in order. to find undisturbed solitude during the season of incubation and moulting. The northward retreat of the ducks and geese which nested commonly in Iowa before its settlement, tends to confirm this. On the other hand, many common birds return to breed in thickly populated locali- ties here, leaving southern points which would apparently supply greater seclusion and an equal food supply. a a — eee a Se ee | | ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 135 ‘Among day migrants, according to Mr. Cooke, sight is prob- ably the principal guide, and undoubtedly plays a part in guiding the night journeys also, it being noticeable that they pass higher overhead on clear, bright nights, flying lower on dark, cloudy nights. He believes that they also possess a power, whatever its nature, that may be called a ‘‘sense of direction,’’ which serves to guide them unerringly over ocean wastes. ‘‘The truth seems to be that birds pay little attention to natural physical highways except when large bodies of water force them to deviate from the desired course. Probably there are many short zigzags from one favored feeding ground to another, but the general course between the summer and winter homes is as straight as the birds can find without missing the usual stopping places.’’ Commenting on the above, Dr. J. A. Allen' says: ‘“Tt does not follow, however, that because all the birds of a district do not concentrate and move in masses along river valleys and coast lines, that they are not guided in their courses by the prominent features of the landscape, even in the case of those species which pass from the upper Mississippi Valley to the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Nor is it true that river valleys, etc., do not form migration routes for many species of birds.’’ The general north and south direction of the rivers and streams of the state and its boundaries renders this particularly true in Iowa. The Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri on the west form the main routes, from which in the eastern part of the state the wave of migration diverges in general to the northwest, following the trend of the larger tributaries of the Mississippi, while in the western part of the state the streams flowing into the Missouri lead it somewhat northeasterly. The water birds naturally follow the streams, while the land birds, as a rule, frequent the natural woodland; which in a prairie state, reaches its greatest luxuriance as a fringe along the water- courses. The migration of most land birds in Iowa is fairly constant in spring and fall, while the migration of water birds is apt to fluc- tuate, both in course and numbers, particularly in the spring flight. The great variation in the numbers of the spring flight from year to year has been explained by the hypothesis that when I, Aux, xxi, 4, 1904. 136 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the Mississippi is open at the time the van-guard reaches Iowa, the water birds are apt to follow its channel in greater numbers, barely touching the borders of Iowa, while if the Mississippi is blocked by ice in early spring, the flight may be diverted into the valleys of the Des Moines, Iowa, and Cedar rivers, and a larger number reach the interior of the state. Throughout most of north central and northern Iowa, migra- tion is more diffused. As has been pointed out by Mr. Wilmon Newell,! in the region of the Wisconsin drift sheet, the uneven dumping of the drift has resulted in lulls and moraines, and numerous swales or marshy ponds. ‘‘The southern limit of the region being near Des Moines, on the Des Moines River, the spring migration of the Rallid@, Gallinulide, Scolopacide, and, to a certain extent, that of fie Anseres, is diverted from the river valleys to this territory, and passes through central Iowa to the northern Iowa and Minnesota lakes. In the autumn, most of the ponds being dried up, the same birds follow almost exclu- sively the river channels. However, the summer residents of the pond region take their way southward over the prairie region, following the line of their spring migration.”’ This diffusion of the line of migration evidently induces a more leisurely journey toward the north, the birds stopping to rest and feed along the way. This appears to explain the condi- tions noted by W. W. Cooke (Bird Migr. in Miss. Val., 1884-5, pp. 61-5): ‘“‘During the spring migration of 1884 it was noted by Mr. Miller that ducks came to Heron Lake, Minn., not far from the Iowa line, from the west, as if they were a part of the Missouri River flight. In 1885 they must have come from the same direc- tion, since in the region south of Heron Lake, in Iowa, in an equally favorable locality (Emmetsburg), none were seen until about two weeks later. There can be no doubt that in the spring of 1885 the flight of ducks and geese along the Missouri River was several days earlier than at corresponding latitudes along the Mississippi River.’ While it is true that apparently delicate species of birds are able to endure great extremes of temperature without apparent discomfort, their occurrence and abundance is closely related to the climatic conditions and food supply of the region. Graniv- I, ‘Topography as Influencing Migration,’ Western Ornithologist, v, iii, rg00, 55-9. ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 137 orous birds are dependent upon the plants and insectivorous birds upon the insects which appear with the rejuvenescence of plant life. Through its effect upon the flora, therefore, climate has an indirect but intimate effect upon the movements of most birds, with the exception of a few resident species whose diet and source of food supply are only slightly affected by the season. RANGE IN IOWA. The range of the different species in the state has been taken largely from the reports received from numerous observers, from specimens in various collections, and from all available published records. ‘The following rule has been adopted for the admission of a species to a state list: A specimen of the species must have been captured within the limits of the state and preserved, or critically examined by some person familiar with the species, or capable of making a positive identification. A local or county record, if casual or accidental for the region, must be substanti- ated by a specimen captured and critically examined, or if con- spicuously marked, observed under favorable conditions by one familiar with that species. I have been compelled to omit some species from lists which have been furnished me, as well as to relegate to a State Hypo- thetical List some species which have been reported on insuff- cient evidence as occurring in the state. The wide-ranging habits of birds, and the facilities for extended locomotion possessed by them, make the occurrence of extra-limital species possible at almost any time or place, and render the criticism of any observ- er’s records extremely unsafe. Experience has shown, however, that additions are easily made to a faunal list, while errors seem to have a facility in indefinitely perpetuating themselves. TOPOGRAPHY OF IOWA. The state of Iowa is situated between 40° 20’ and 43° 30’ north latitude and go° 15’ and 96° 43’ west longitude. Its extreme length is from east to west, about 328 miles, its greatest width from north to south, about 215 miles. Its areais approximately 55,475 square miles. The following extracts are taken from a chapter 138 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF .SCIENCES. on the ‘‘Physiography of Iowa,’’ by Professor Samuel Calvin, State Geologist of Iowa:! ‘“‘The state is simply an extensive plain—over large areas a very monotonous plain—lying between the great rivers and rising but little above them at any point. The relief is small. The zero point on the river gauge at Keokuk has an elevation above tide of 477 feet; the elevation at Sibley, the highest important railway station in Iowa, is 1,572 feet. It is probable that Ocheyedan mound or some of the morainic prominences in Osceola county rises 100 feet higher than Sibley, but even then there is less than 1,200 feet of difference between the lowest and the highest points in the state. ‘‘On the eastern border of the state the Mississippi flows in a gorge, which at New Albin and Lansing, measured from the sum- mit of the bluffs facing the valley, is 400 feet in depth. . . The depth of the Mississippi gorge diminishes toward the south. The valley of the Missouri is very different from that of the Missis- sippi. It is bordered by a series of high bluffs unique in appear- ance, and more unique in structure, for they have been built up largely of fine dust transported by the winds. ‘The constantly shifting meanders of the stream and the great width of the allu- vial flood plain are among the striking characteristics of this peculiar valley. ‘* Another of the larger topographic features is the great water- shed. This is the ill-defined ridge which extends in a sinuous course from Dickinson county to Wayne and forms the line of parting between the waters flowing to the Mississippi on the one side and to the Missouri on the other. The watershed is in reality the southward extension of the noted ridge of the Dako- tas and southwestern Minnesota, known as the Coteau des Prairies. An area somewhat greater than two-thirds of the state lies east of the watershed; less than one-third lies on the west. ‘“On the basis of the effect produced by the great ice sheets of the glacial epoch, the surface of Iowa may be divided into two parts, to be known respectively as the Driftless Area and the Drift-covered Area.’’ The Driftless area covers only a small area—Allamakee and portions of Winneshiek, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque, and Jack- son counties. It is a land of thin soils, high, rocky precipices, long, steep hills and deep rock-cut valleys. The Drift-covered area occupies much the larger portion of the state. It presents four well-defined areas, each having at the surface a sheet of drift 1. Atlas of the State of Iowa. Published under the direction and supervision of M. Huebinger,C.E. By the Iowa Publishing Co., Inc. Davenport, lowa. 1904. P. 258. ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 139 differing in age, and to some extent in origin from the drift of either of the others. The Kansan drift covers the greater part of southern, south- central and western Iowa. Its whole surface has been carved and shaped by flowing water and developed into an intricate system of rounded hills and ridges,separated by steep-sided ravines. Every foot of the surface is thoroughly drained. A more level surface is found in the small area covered by the Illi- noian drift in Scott, Muscatine, Louisa, Des Moines, Henry, and Lee counties in southeastern Iowa. Embracing Buchanan, Blackhawk, Bremer, Chickasaw, Mitch- ell and a number of other counties in northeastern Iowa, is an area of what is known to geologists as the Iowan drift. There has been practically no erosion, the streams flow in narrow, shal- low trenches, and before the settlement of the region there were extensive undrained sloughs. The youngest drift area is the Wisconsin drift, covering a tri- angular lobe extending down from Minnesota, the base extending from Worth county to Osceola, the apex at Des Moines. Over the greater part of the Wisconsin plain even the rudiments and beginnings of effective drainage have not yet been established, and marshes and sloughs are abundant. The Wisconsin, more than any of its predecessors, was a moraine-forming ice sheet. Part of the transported materials was piled up around the mar- gin of the lobe in a bewildering series of disorderly hills or knobs, varying from eighty to one hundred and fifty feet in height. “‘Intimately related to the subject of Wisconsin moraines are the many charming lakes of Iowa. There are no lakes worthy of note in the Kansan, Illinoisan or Iowan areas. All of our lakes are of Wisconsin age, and most of them occupy basins in the irregularly-piled morainic ridges. . . . Clear Lake lies in such a basin in the eastern moraine, surrounded by prominent construc- tional hills and knobs. Spirit Lake, the Okobojis, and a number of beautiful but less important sheets of water in the same part of the state, are all located in an extensive morainic belt belonging to the recessional series.’’ CLIMATE OF IOWA. ‘Climatology of Iowa.’’ From Annual Report of Iowa Weather and Crop Service. By John R. Sage, Director. (Atlas of Iowa): I40 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ‘“Too far inland to receive the equalizing effects of winds blow- ing directly from the ocean, the climate of Iowa is strictly conti- nental in type. This implies a very wide range of temperature, winters of considerable severity, summers of almost tropical heat, and a large percentage of sunshine as compared with insular regions. As there are no mountain ranges nor considerable dif- ferences in the altitude of the several sections, the climate of the state is quite homogeneous.”’ The records of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for the past thirteen years show the average amount of rainfall precipitated to have been 31.07 inches. The southeast district has a yearly average of 5.49 inches more than the northwest district and 1.05 inches more than the southwest district. The average annual rainfall of the three Mississippi River districts is 30.04 inches. These figures show a quite regular gradient of decrease in yearly amount of rainfall from south to north as well as from east to west. ‘The mean temperature of the state is 47.5°. By sections the mean temperatures are as follows: Northern section, 45.7°; cen- tral section, 47.3°; southern section, 50°. ‘In this part of the Mississippi Valley the summers are warmer and the winters colder than on the same parallels near the Atlantic coast. In July the 75° isotherm passes through the southern half of Iowa, dips southeastward below Cincinnati, passing between Baltimore and Philadelphia. The mean maximum of the state for July is 85°, and the midsummer temperature is about as high as that of Virginia and North Carolina. In January the larger part of Iowa is within the isothermal belt 15° to 20°. These lines run northeastward through northern Michigan, Ontario, northern New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. The midwinter temperature corresponds to that of the vicinity of Montreal, while the summers are as warm as at Washington, D. C., and Richmond, Va. The winters, however, are shorter than in the same latitude in the Atlantic states. The transition from winter to summer is usually quite rapid, the average increase in temperature in April being more than half a degree daily. The daily mean of April is 17° higher than that of March, and May averages 11° per day higher than April. . . . The records of the United States Weather Bureau, covering a period of about thirty years, show that the average date of the latest killing frost in the spring has been April 2oth, and the earliest in autumn October gth. In every season there have been light frosts at later and ealier dates, causing no appreciable damage to vegetation. ‘(A distinctive feature of the climate as compared with the ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. I4I eastern states is the large percentage of clear skies in the winter season. . . . For the year'the average of the state is as follows: 156 clear, 107 partly cloudy, and 1o2 cloudy days.”’ FAUNAL AREAS. Dr. C. Hart Merriam has shown! that the continent of North America is divided into three primary life regions—Boreal, Aus- tral, and Tropical—each of transcontinental extent. Their bound- aries are sinuous, conforming to the distribution of temperature. The Austral region is likewise sub-divided into three transconti- nental zones: (1) a Transition zone; (2) an Upper Austral zone; (3) a Lower Austral zone; each of which may be sub-divided in an east and west direction into two or more areas, some of which are based on humidity instead of temperature. The eastern ends of these three belts have long been recognized by zodlogists, and are known as the Alleghanian, Carolinian, and Austroriparian faunas. Dr. Merriam’s map included the greater part of Iowa in the Carolinian fauna, an eastward extension or loop of the Great Plains fauna covering the northwestern corner of the state and part of southwestern Minnesota. In a later paper* Dr. Merriam maps the northern boundary of the humid division of the Upper Austral (Carolinian) fauna as passing from central South Dakota across southwestern Minne- sota, crossing the western part of the Iowa-Minnesota line, dip- ping down into Northern Iowa, crossing the Minnesota line again not far from the Mississippi, following the Mississippi bottoms a short distance into southeastern Minnesota, passing down across the southwestern corner of Wisconsin, extending a small loop into northern Illinois, then passing some distance up along the lake shore in southeastern Wisconsin. The eastern or humid division of the Transition (Alleghanian) zone covers only a small strip in the extreme northern part of Iowa, not more than two or three counties deep in its widest portion, extending from about the western third of the state line almost to the Mississippi River. In ‘‘the eastern humid or Alleghanian area . . . the chestnut, walnut, oaks and hickories of the south meet and overlap the 1. ‘“The Geographic Distribution of Animals and Plants in North America.’’ Year book of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1894. Pp. 203-214. 2. Bulletin No. 10. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Division of Biological Survey. Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States. By C. Hart Merriam, Chief, Biological Sur- vey. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1893. [PRoc. D. A. S., VOL. XI.] 21 [August 8, 1906,] 142 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. beech, birch, hemlock, and sugar maple of the north; the south- ern mole and cottontail rabbit meet the northern star-nosed and Brewer’s moles and varying hare, and the southern bobwhite, Baltimore oriole, bluebird, catbird, chewink, thrasher and wood thrush live in or near the haunts of the bobolink, solitary vireo, and the hermit and Wilson’s thrushes. . . . The northward pro- longations of southern zones do not carry the complete faunas and floras of the areas to which they belong, but lack certain species from the start and become more and more dilute to the northward till it is hard to say where they really end. Their northward boundaries, therefore, must be drawn arbitrarily or must be based upon the presence or absence of particular species rather than the usual association of species. Counting from the north, the Carolinian area is that in which the sassafras, tulip tree, hackberry, sycamore, sweet gum, rose magnolia, red bud, persimmon and short-leaf pine first make their appearance, together with the opossum, gray fox, fox squirrel, cardinal bird, Carolina wren, tufted tit, gnatcatcher, summer tanager and yel- low-breasted chat.’’ The western part of the upper Austral (Upper Sonoran) is the arid land termination of the Carolinian area. Its eastern bound- ary passes almost directly north and south through the center of South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas. The Lower Austral (Aus- troriparian) occupies the greater part of the Southern States, sending up prolongations into southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois and Indiana, and southeastern Kansas. Its characteristic birds are the mockingbird, painted bunting, prothonotary war- bler, red-cockaded woodpecker, chuck-will’s-widow, and the swal- low-tail and Mississippi kites. ‘Investigations conducted by the Biological Survey have shown that the northward distribution of terrestrial animals and plants is governed by the sum of the positive temperatures for the entire season of growth and reproduction, and that the southward distribution is governed by the mean te mperature of a brief period during the hottest part of the year. Transition zone species . . . can not endure a summer temperature the mean of which for the six hottest con- secutive weeks exceeds 22° C. (71.6 F.), therefore its southern boundary is coincident with the isotherm of 22° C. for the six hottest weeks . . . the southern boundary of the Upper Austral zone agrees very closely with the isotherm of 26° C. (78.8 F.) for the six hottest weeks.’ ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 143 The geographical position of the State of Iowa, near the center of the United States, and of the great Mississippi Valley, causes its bird fauna to be rich in number of species, and its life zones diffi- cult to map definitely. Its cold winters bring many Boreal visit- ors from the north, and the hot summer attracts many species which are distinctly southern. Thus the Mockingbird, a typical Lower Austral form, frequently reaches southern Iowa, the Pro- thonotary Warbler follows the Mississippi bottoms for some dis- tance past the Minnesota line! and has been taken in the Des Moines River valley as far north as Algona. Iowa is also near the border line where the eastern varieties of many common birds begin to shade off into the western forms. The occurrence of the Burrowing Owl and Lark Bunting on the prairies of northwestern Iowa is indicative of a close connection with the typical fauna of the Great Plains. Reports from a number of observers indicate that the Cardinal Grosbeak has extended its range considerably to the northward in Iowa during the past few years, while proofs are not lacking that numerous woodland birds have become com- mon in northwestern Iowa within the past twenty years, during which time that part of the state has been rapidly settled, and its surface modified by the planting of groves. The Cape May War- bler is believed to have extended its common range well westward into Iowa within the past twenty-five years, while the Western Meadowlark has in the same time spread over nearly the entire eastern part of the state. he intermediate character of the Iowa bird fauna may be indi- cated by a comparison between two recent standard field text- books on the birds of the eastern and western United States respectively: Chapman’s Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America’ omits the following twenty-one species, all of which have been taken in Iowa: Western and American Eared Grebes, Harris Hawk, Western Redtail, Mexican Goshawk, Richardson Merlin, Burrowing Owl, Northern Hairy Woodpecker, Western Night- hawk, Sennett Nighthawk, Magpie, Clarke Nutcracker, ,Gray- 1. Roberts, Auk, xvi, 1899, pp. 236-246. 2. Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, with keys to the species and descriptions of their plumage. nests and eggs, their distribution and migrations anda brief account of their haunts and habits, with introductory chapters on the study of ornithology, ete., by Frank M. Chapman, Assistant Curator of the Department of Mam- malogy and Ornithology in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, etc. New York. 1903. 144 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. crowned Leucosticte, Western Grasshopper Sparrow, Baird Spar- row, Harris Sparrow, Gambel Sparrow, Sprague Pipit, Rock Wren, Long-billed Chickadee, Chestnut-backed Bluebird, and mentions as stragglers into this region, but does not describe, the Red-shafted Flicker, Arkansas Kingbird, Say Phaebe, Brewer Blackbird, Chestnut-collared Longspur, McCown Longspur, Mon- tana Junco (as shufeldti), and Lark Bunting. Bailey’s Handbook of the Birds of the Western United States! omits about twenty-eight Iowa species: Brunnich Murre, Black Duck, American Eider, King Eider, Blue Goose, King Rail, Purple Gallinule, Harlan Hawk, Yellow-bellied and Green- crested Flycatchers, Philadelphia Vireo, Yellow-throated Vireo, Prothonotary, Worm-eating, Blue-winged, Golden-winged, Cape May, Bay-breasted, Sycamore, Pine, and Prairie Warblers, Lou- isiana Water-thrush, Kentucky Warbler, Mourning Warbler, Yel- low-breasted Chat, Hooded Warbler, Tufted Titmouse, and Car- olina Chickadee. It also lists only the western varieties of the following: Brown Pelican, Willet, Piping Plover, Ruffed Grouse, Red-shouldered Hawk, Great Horned Owl, Hairy Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Hoyt Horned Lark, Meadow Lark, Even- ing Grosbeak, Vesper, Savanna, Grasshopper, Henslow, Field, and Tree Sparrows, Nashville Warbler, Mockingbird, Bewick Wren, Brown Creeper, Wilson and Hermit Thrushes. CONTRIBUTORS. The following persons have kindly furnished me with more or less extended notes, or lists of the birds of the counties under which their names are found. While many counties are tnrep- resented, most parts of the state are fairly covered, with no very extensive gaps. Without the ready and willing cooperation of these local observers the range of the various species would have been much less accurately determined: Allamakee. Dr. B. H. Bailey of Cedar Rapids allowed me to examine a series of specimens in the Coe College museum, col- lected in the summer of 1904, mostly near Lansing. Blackhawk. Prof. Morton R. Peck, Department of Biology, 1. Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, including the Great Plains, Great Basin, Pacific Slope, and Tower Rio Grande Valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey, with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the text. Cambridge. 1902. TT O_O EE ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 145 Ellsworth College, Iowa Falls, lists 233 species, from both his father’s observations and his own, covering a period of rather more than thirty years (Laporte City); Prof. G. W. Walters, Iowa State Normal School, 165 species, observed from 1895 to 1904 (Cedar Falls); Charles K. Salisbury, 161 species, restricted to Lincoln township (near Reinbeck). Loone. Carl Fritz Henning gives 185 species in an annotated list published in the Boone Daily News, Feb. 20, 1904, (Boone). Cass. Frank C. Pellett of Salem, Mo., lists 85 species, found in vicinity of Atlantic. Cerro Gordo. Dr. F. G. Richardson of Mason City gives notes on a number of species observed at Clear Lake and other places. Dallas. J. Eugene Law of Pomona, Cal., has given me many notes from the vicinity of Perry. Delaware. Mrs. Mary 1. Rann, assisted by Mrs. M. A. Triem, lists 150 species (Manchester). Des Moines. Samuel B. Matson lists 96 species (Mediapolis). Dickinson. Notes by George H. Berry, Charles K. Salisbury, W. H. Bingaman, and R. M. Anderson, mostly from Spirit Lake and the Okoboji lakes. Franklin, Frank H. Shoemaker lists 150 species in a list of the birds of Franklin county, 1896 (Hampton). Grundy. W. H. Bingaman, of Algona, a former resident of Grundy county, gives a few notes. Flancock. M. Earl Halvorsen, Dr. B. H. Bailey and R. M. Anderson furnished many notes. Fflardin. Prof. Morton E. Peck and M. Earl Halvorsen give a few notes from Iowa Falls. flenry. David L,. Savage of Salem gives many notes. Walter G. Savage gives a few notes with his Van Buren county list. floward. E. B. Webster of Cresco sends a few notes. Jackson. H.J. Giddings lists 215 species from the most eastern station in the state (Sabula). Jasper. Joseph C. Sloanaker (Newton) and J. W. Preston (Baxter) give a few notes. Johnson. R.M. Anderson lists 215 species, from several years’ observations, supplemented by records of specimens in the collec- tions of the Museum of Natural History of the State University of Iowa (Iowa City). 146 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Kossuth. WW. HH. Bingaman lists 157 species, with some partic- ularly valuable notes on the water birds (Algona). j Lee. Edmonde §S. Currier of Tacoma, Wash., lists 238 species observed in Lee county from 1888 to 1903; William G. Praeger of the University of Chicago lists 262 species observed in ‘‘ the Keokuk district’’ (Lee county, Iowa), including some observed across the Mississippi (Hancock county, Ill.), and across the Des Moines River (Clark county, Mo.). Linn. - Prof. B. H. Bailey, M. D., of Coe College, lists 186 species (Cedar Rapids); Prof. Charles R. Keyes of Cornell Col- lege lists 152 species (Mt. Vernon); George H. Berry lists 266 species (Cedar Rapids). Mills. Usador S. Trostler, M. D., of Niobrara, Neb. (formerly of Omaha, Neb.), lists 227 species from Mills and Pottawattamie counties. Polk. A.1. Johnson lists 147 species, observed since 1890 (Des Moines). Pottawattamie. Isador S. Trostler, M. D., lists 227 species from Pottawattamie and Mills counties, the records from the two coun- ties being separated. Poweshiek. Prof. Lynds Jones of Oberlin, Ohio, furnishes a _ transcript of Carl Kelsey’s ‘‘Birds of Poweshiek County’’ (O. & O., xvi, 9, 1891, pp. 131-34), with corrections and emendations to the same, listing 230 species (Grinnell). Joseph C. Sloanaker gives a few notes from Grinnell. Scott. Burtis H. Wilson of Rock Island, IIl., lists 168 species observed from 1884 to 1894, on Iowa side of Mississippi River, principally around Davenport. He adds 24 species from Rock Island Arsenal, and the Illinois side of the Mississippi, opposite Iowa. Sioux. A.I. Johnson of Des Moines lists 91 species observed in 1890-18g1 in the vicinity of Hull. George H. Berry of Cedar Rapids reports 21 species noted at Hawarden during the last week of May and first week of June, 18go. Van Buren. Walter G. Savage of Monteer, Mo., lists 232 species, mostly from the vicinity of Hillsboro. Warren. Arthur A. Jeffrey lists 134 species (Indianola). He notes that water birds are not nearly so numerous as they were in Page county, where he lived previous to 1893. ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 147 Wayne. Albert J. Brown. A list of 127 species was obtained from him by Dr. Frank A. Stromsten of the University of Iowa (Melrose). Webster. Melvin P. Somes lists 152 species (Fort Dodge). Winnebago. R. M. Anderson lists 222 species, mostly observed around Forest City, on the line between Winnebago and Han- cock counties. J. Eugene Law of Pomona, Cal., and M. Earl Halvorsen of Forest City, both of whom collected with the writer for several years in that locality, also furnished many notes. Winneshiek. Carsten C. Smith, M.D., lists 185 species from his own notes and from those of Hall Thomas of Decorah. He attrib- utes the scarcity of water birds in this portion of the ‘‘ driftless’’ area to the absence of lakes or extensive marshes (Decorah). Woodbury. Guy C. Rich, M. D., lists 210 species from a terri- tory included within a 25-mile circle of Sioux City. ‘‘ This, of course, includes some of Nebraska and South Dakota, but birds found that close to our border may be reasonably expected across a border line, often only marked by a small river or an imagin- ary line.’’ Several counties, from which I received no notes personally, have been well covered, in certain groups, at least, by the obser- vations of then resident ornithologists, whose systematic compila- tions were published in 7he /owa Ornithologist a few years ago. Among such may be mentioned: fuera lista (John V. Crone); Fayette (Paul C. Woods); Lyon (Carleton R. Ball); J/ahaska (Wm. Alanson Bryan); A/arshall (A. P. Godley); Scott (J. H. Brown); Sioux (Wilmon Newell); Sfovy (Carleton R. Ball, Wm. A. Bryan, and Wilmon Newell). Indebtedness must also be acknowledged to Wm. Alanson Bryan, curator of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, author of ‘‘Birds of Hawaii,’’ and to Wilmon Newell, State Entomologist of Georgia, Atlanta, for helpful sug- gestions. THE BIRDS OF IOWA. Class AVES. Subclass CARINATA:. Birds with keeled sternum. Order PYGOPODES. The Diving Birds. Suborder PODICIPIDES. Grebes. Family PODICIPIDALS. . Grebes: The Grebes are usually classed as having the lowest type of organization and structure among birds. ‘They are the most emi- nently aquatic of birds, possessing marvelous powers of diving. The short legs, placed at the posterior extremity of the body, make their movements on land very awkward, and they rarely leave the water. Grebes feed largely on fish, which are pursued and caught under water. Genus A{CHMOPHORUS Lawrence. ja Gs) Pts Echmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). Western Grebe. This large Western species was reported from Iowa by two observers. ‘‘T'wo or three accidental specimens noted in Black- hawk county in early spring. Recorded by my father, George D. Peck, the last time about seventeen years ago. The specimens were nat taken, but his familiarity with Iowa birds is such that I think the record trustworthy.’’ (Morton E. Peck.) Dr. Trostler reports it as a rare migrant in Pottawattamie and Mills. The species has been taken twice at Lake Koshkonong, Wis. (Kum- lien and Hollister); reported twice from Nebraska, once from Cut- off Lake, near Omaha (Rev. Bds. Neb., p. 16), twice from Minne- sota: Red River and Big Stone Lake (Hatch). Rev. P. B. Pea- body found two nests at Heron Lake, Minn., June 2, 1894 (Oolo- gist, xli, 1, 1895, 15). From the last record it appears probable that it may rarely occur in summer in western Iowa. Genus CoLtymsus Linnzeus. 2. (2). Colymbus holbelli (Reinh.). Holbcell Grebe. This species appears to be very rare in Iowa. It was listed by J. A. Allen (White’s Geol. of Iowa, 1870), and reported from * The numbers at the left are the Iowa numbers and those in parenthesis are the A. O. U. numbers of the species. ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 149 Linn county as a “‘ rare winter visitant’’ (G. H. Berry). Kum- lien and Hollister report it as occurring sparingly as a migrant in Wisconsin, remaining all winter where there is open water. It has also been reported from Minnesota, once from Fillmore county, near the Iowa line (Hatch). 3. (3). Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned Grebe. The Horned Grebe was given as a rather common migrant in Iowa by Keyes and Williams, but it appears from the reports of observers to be generally rare at present. ‘The earliest record is that of Thomas Say, ‘‘Colymbus cornutus. Arrived May 5, 1820, Engineers’ Cantonment’’ (Long’s Exp. to Rocky Mts. 1, 266). Dr. B.H. Bailey has three specimens taken in a slough near Cedar Rapids, showing three distinct phases of plumage: April 19, 1903, male, full plumage; April 19, 1903, plumage changing, head and neck mottled; Nov. 11, 1902, female, winter plumage. The Horned Grebe was reported by Dr. Hvoslef as breeding in the vicinity of Lanesboro, Fillmore county, near the southern border of the state (Hatch, Bds. of Minn. 1892, p. 6). County records: Blackhawk—‘‘occasional summer visitant, nesting; specimen mounted by myself in I.S. N.S. Museum”’ (Walters) ; ‘‘rare transient’’ (Salisbury). Cerro Gordo—‘‘ one specimen April 6, 1890’’ (Richardson). Des Moines—(Bartsch). Jackson—‘‘ common transient’’ (Giddings). Keokuk district— ‘‘rare transient’’ (Praeger). Linn—(Bailey, Berry). Powe- shiek—‘‘ rare transient’’ (Kelsey, Jones). 4. (4). Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heerm.). American Eared Grebe. This species appears to be somewhat locally and irregularly distributed in Iowa, although common at certain points. ‘‘It has been found breeding in small numbers at West Point and Omaha’’ (Rev. Bds. Neb., p. 17). County records: Hancock—Dr. B. H. Bailey found this spe- cies quite common at Eagle Lake, in July, 1902. They were more common than the Pied-billed Grebe. ‘Three adult speci- mens were shot there July 18-19, 1902, and many were seen lead- ing their young. Hesays: ‘‘I took eggsand also photographed and shot birds in June, 1903.’’ Pottawattamie— Mills—‘‘ com- (Proc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] [August 11, 1906. } to (50 DAVENPORT -AGADEMNT-OM SCIENCHS. mommigrant?} (Prastler se; Woodbury >Dx. Rich reports.a speci- amengtaken, at, Siieuss City, (Wests OF8 Y¥ i tog909s PH RDE baa ET if tolemblyncoumpr migrant), (Bermye Ils ontiismot rienooer V7 sromllid mort sono ,sloeomml rrott bstioqgst need oals esti Genus PODALYMEPYS, HESOR oft 1890 -yin09 5. (6). Podilymbus pddiepst{Linniy. | Riedsbilled\Grebe. (2) .¢ it IMG fami Nee! Greheisbyiallineas the mosp coniinon rep- lpeseiftativeldf tne! orderiat Iowa! artis reported dy atl dhsérvers -adepnnhdory bwalPlakes; pordy land Stréanhor the sthte! dritethe Sprihl and faliand4s Found Hesting dx almost ati¥lodalit\y where A mdfsh) pond Or -Shotigh W'to! be Pwd TH ‘Yie¢nmér? "Most Gnt- erelaré Amita witledtPadeptneds mm aieie! which HAS gdfhéa Por it'the Hnidst Yanieat hain! bra HE ML dived Ae" leet oAGAHHE mass of? wet! deca yi itdsethtion fa pond ox math, ‘itlatly Uittated here RE grea WeHtek ‘pares OP opett water, piel otd Hird is aes defioth En‘ hetit ne te ve and the ee sae “atnist nWaHanly Buea inthe Wet, rotten; if ies? thar Bit! oui eggs ate § Hae a i rbd ple p tie w ue “iaial BUY ap bed re Ly Tomine Iso lespo@ WB! (ps! a1 vin HOD idly cont ming stainec a dirty brown. “Tn™ rind bago county eggs cy are lai sl about Tue Te However on une 4, niece ; al Grehe “Followed by ‘downy young, ant ‘tht same ra Be sef Gr aieNty 8 oe oI ‘ineubaied eggs. C F brett ae fecords a set of PE a $a Boon ats a C aemtbbr iostensith momye oe “tog of 97 ( And Jo, ol plo a set 0 SIX 23 1891, im Ig “tila afisse d.)— rar (199981 a MeenTs : » es Ey of 895,.PP} dao AP fensit otet ?’—rlotde The writer kept two specimens alive for several days at the Sci- TEHOe Béildin g OP the) UAVS Whar placed Si the fidb? théy progressed by a series of hops, with breast restiti? br {72 ‘Hbor, or “aisitw the body Suadenh!! ratiiiin26n the toes Aapparg thé Wings oad tHe’ samb! tond!! They appeated WaAbIe to My/ap Bidtathe Hout. “TilsWirhliting atid divi” thedHebés! padaledsalderntdly With tHe legs, the lobate webs on each side of the tos: £61ding? togetler “dteritig? che forwatitStrbkd! and -openiy Ibut withthe bekward SevOKe In dresding' the Pluitdye the bird woud ie on! Sie side, ath HE foe dot of Water, and 'padaid adbudad fa d'eHdO with tHe ‘othe PROPIA Rein MB inte Gh the doWnl Which’ donde eatist, PapBeaRed ey Hinie anid TteH ‘replaced fA the wate “alte Fhaiflic “efforts to OMe ertake' the dat!” * peeping © ae fest deol bie OOUT ,11 Jemeitdé | [TK dO 6c ofc GD sGiaorny -CAINDERSON'C-THE! (BARDS TOP) TOW. [50 WM Ng bboter(CRPBEML 1 Tdonsy aks) IMufred fetal ,slidse nO** {00 Painily® CAVIPDIFY ydenge! egaibbtod .. Ho rnsrs IqqieeleeiM 93 mo jode esw slem stnisorei os os .vo/%i , Thres, specigs, of this family, arg, fant eas pint gy ys BS af all conjm10} ; The Loousarg, sunilar tg the Grebes, in, structur 2 and, habits, byt are,considerably. larger, | indpy ts moadst esw ye BUS Genus GaGrh #¢tbter2@ -b89A svol I .9010) Gy! (7). Gio Peise (Gunny. PEGHY) ww HIGH (OT) 8 UP He’ Lodi’ds repérted! as “cotton durin! he migrations lin nearly dil’ parts of the “state /thote-a few observer's“reportit/ad alltare transiete?! “Thee ‘spririgintigtation is usttallly!in: Apriland tHe fami gation in Névembéregidoi lM oAsl no jnsbiest som THe Loot appears! to be 4 stitimer resident only in the sorthern parede the state, oP HET OW alters! tépbrts ‘the! Ison jas“arpstocea! sidval Sumter! Visitatt” i Blaek hawk’ county. // Dr. ByH. Bailey observed them bf! Clear! Lake (Cerré/Gordo) July“7 to-p4; (and Jon Eagle Lake! (Haticock) frilly 19! rg! \At Rite Lake (Winttebago) J. Eugene Law took a set of eggs from the top of att oldmuskrat house abbat theilast of May ‘or first df] June, 1893,:and !MyoHarl Halvérsen has obsetved/the species ivsuinmer at the;same place; Phe lwritet’ $aw) three and:shot one atoRicé Lake: June 15 1895 }and -$aw/ One specimen om Swart ake; near Lake | Mills, OW imsiebago) ; May 36)i0895x1alsoomounted onelshbdt omctilver Lake 1(Worth) Fume it, 87 och A prilven orgogelaaught adjeomalive within the limitsiof iowa City thenmorning saftetoarsevererthunder-storim It seemed to be unable to fly up ) from the € gto pd id, alehowen appar- ently uninjured. When approached} it made Wau ic efforts to escape! fiutteting and dashing along the gtound: for several ods ata time o Jie voicelof ithe wont hassomething syeind and mys- teriolts ‘abouteit when sheardlatenight/on aiquietodake|jsometunies resembling a peal of maniacal eas or laughter. 2ApA SRWTOMA vyiimstdse 7. (9). Gavia arctica,(Lapm.), ; Blagk;throated Loon. The Black- Ae peer is a northern species w hich very cas- ually visits Iowa!” Math 6 ''ebimens Hive Heat taken in Jackson county: ! PGiddingsoréporté. (Towa! Orny; ii) 4.91896) 731-1 “Nov. t's 01 89)5\al male Black-throated near, Ro ck Island, ‘We . fWilson)..97 3 490 onto} jdeuotd bus AvdosA stte tay 45q)uio Warns dellawarensis Ord!’ Ring=bitled-Gullo eyse tsi Mie Ringtbilled Gull is probably te most eoiimion re preach ta tive Of the genus lin Towa!’ There is'no evidenc@of dts néstinelin Tow! ‘Although matty olisetVers reporbit to be igenerallyeommidn asa inigrafte! oS .iqoc Some momtooge sf yolts@ JES | ebtity! recbtad! “Bikek hawk UC Peck’);"Booné L0(rehnin es) ; {Sheath (Berry)) Hantock! one Shot. toni a! Rock? of three on Lake Bdwatde May" F893 CAnbersot)©? JAdperLlUPowe- ANDERSON FH ER BIRDS, OF OWA 155 shiekr- (H.W. Parker; Am, Nat... 4871) £09)5) Johnsouz-(sAn- derspn,);; Lees(Currier, Praeger); Linnay ~( Bailey; Berry); Jack- son (Giddings) 5, Malls;- oltawattamig = (Prostig AP OH Iic (Johnson); Woodbury—-(Rich). Inoiene1 momm«m1oont Bit = Ce8) 1 arud atricilla ann. atigtih eer! ut ywdterovin Sx) eee Va\aly This pal is sduttiern § Species, ep WOomias as‘ far. north ‘as apbwraleih Het desta nana Say (Rong SEX pi] ppp. 266- 70), d6tes!

it (ner ae oe * oa ve ee ee ee ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 18I Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte. 55. (167). Erismatura rubida (Gmel.). Ruddy Duck. The Ruddy Duck is quite generally distributed over Iowa dur- ing the spring and fall migrations, but appears to be somewhat locally distributed and in irregular numbers. A few undoubtedly breed in favored localities in the state. Dr. B. H. Bailey writes: ‘“‘T did not personally collect eggs of the Ruddy Duck, but am positive that they nest at Eagle Lake (Hancock county), as they are there in full breeding plumage and the boys there have found their nests. I shot a male in full plumage there about June 15, £903,"" County records: Blackhawk—‘‘rare migrant’’ (Walters); ‘‘a scarce but regular migrant’’ (Peck). Boone—‘‘rare migrant’’ (Henning). Hancock—‘‘pair seen on Lake Edwards, May 5, 1893; male shot’’ (Anderson). Howard—‘‘the Ruddy Duck I have shot at Cresco’’ (EK. B. Webster). Johnson—occasional migrant; female shot April 27, 1902, above Coralville (Anderson). Lee— ‘‘common migrant’’ (Praeger); ‘‘migrant, in irregular abundance’’ (Currier). Linn—‘‘migrant’’ (Bailey). Polk—‘‘migrant’’ (John- son). Pottawattamie— Mills—‘‘common migrant’’ (Trostler). Des Moines, Nov. 11, 1890, male and female; Oct. 22, 1895, female, Burlington, (Bartsch). Scott—‘‘ migrant; Mississippi River’’ (Wilson). Winnebago—‘‘rare; have seen a few on Rice Lake’’ (Richardson). Woodbury—‘‘uncommon transient’’ (Rich). Subfamily ANSERIN A Geese. The Geese are large birds, much more terrestrial than the Ducks, and feed principally upon grass and green vegetation. When on the water they feed much as the river ducks do, by dip- ping the head and neck under water with the tail pointing upward. At least eight species and varieties are found in Iowa, all of which are migratory, only one species breeding in the state at all, and that only in very small numbers. Genus CHEN Boie. 56. (169). Chen hyperborea (Pall.). Lesser Snow Goose. The Leser and Greater Snow Geese, both of which are found in Iowa during the migrations, resemble each other so closely in form and coloration that they are only distinguishable from each [PRoc. D. A. S., VoL. XI.] 26 {August 29, 1906. ] 182 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. other by their measurements. Dr. Coues says of the Greater Snow Goose (Key to N. A. Birds, 5th Ed., ii, goo): ‘‘ The dimensions grade down to those of the preceding; both vary much and are specifically inseparable, but their extremes are far apart, and there is generally a difference which enables us to refer specimens to one or the other.’’ The Lesser Snow Goose is said by most authorities to be found chiefly in western North Amer- ica, commonly in the Mississippi Valley, and less regularly along the Atlantic coast ; while the Greater Snow Goose is said to be confined more to eastern North America. Both species breed in the far north, passing through the United States only during migrations. Both species are commonly known as ‘‘ White _ Brant’’ in Iowa, and their close similarity has led to great con- fusion of records, it being practically impossible to distinguish them apart unless the bird is in the hand. The reports of observers vary as to its abundance: Black- hawk—“‘‘ occasional migrant’’ (Walters); ‘‘ frequent migrant’’ (Peck). Decatur—Mahaska—‘‘ common spring and fall migrant; rarely alights’’ (Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc., xv, 1872, 241). Frank- lin—‘‘ abundant migrant’’ (Shoemaker). Boone—‘‘ comes to us from the south sometimes as early as January, and scatter along through February and March, according to the season. Can often be found along the Des Moines River, at times in company with the more hardy species of ducks’’ (Henning). Jackson— ‘‘rare transient’’ (Giddings). Lee—(reported by H. W. Parker, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 169); ‘‘rare migrant” (Praeger); ~~ miprame not common’’ (Currier). Linn—‘‘spring and fall migrant’’ (Bailey). Polk—Sioux—‘‘ migrant’’ (Johnson). Pottawattamie —Mills —‘‘common migrant ’’ (Trostler). Scott —‘‘ rare tran- sient; always seen in flocks with the Canada Goose. Seven April 16, 1886; four March 22, 1890; four April 1, 1891’’ (Wil- son). Van Buren—‘‘ spring migrant, very rare’’ (Savage). Winnebago—‘‘ migrant’’ (Halvorsen); ‘‘I have only observed it asa rare straggler with flocks of American White-fronted Geese’’ (Anderson). Woodbury —‘‘ common transient. The Lesser is often in the market’’ (Rich). John Krider (Forty Years’ Notes, 71), states that he found it in Iowa, where they pass in great numbers in April, stopping to feed in the grain fields.’’ The Museum of Natural History in the State University of ANDERSON—THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 183 Iowa contains a very large series of Snow Geese in the D. H. Talbot collection, mostly collected in the Mississippi Valley. The writer examined and took careful measurements of seventy-eight skins collected in Iowa. The length of wing (from bend of closed wing to tip of longest primary), and the length of bill (chord of the culmen) being the most constant dimensions, were taken as a basis of comparison for determining what proportion might be referred to Chen hyperborea and what to Chen hyper- borea nivalis. Dr. Coues gives the average measurements of C. hyperborea as: Length about 25.00; wing 14.50-17-00 ; tail 5.50; tarsus 2.73-3.25; bill 2.00-2.12. Chen hyperborea nivalis—length 27.00-31.00 or more; wing 17.00 or more; tail 6.50; tarsus 3.00-3.50; bill 2.35-2.65. One of the specimens measured was taken at Sloan, Iowa, and all of the others at Whiting, Iowa, from March 7 to April 8, 1885, and March 23 to April 6, 1886. Three specimens had wings measuring less than 15 inches; thirty specimens between 15 and 16 inches; seventeen between 16 and 16.50 inches; twenty between 16.50 and 17 inches; and eight over 17 inches, the maximum being 17.50inches. ‘Twenty-six specimens had bill measuring between 1.90 and 2.12 inches (Ayferborea); forty-two between 2.12 and 2.35 inches (intermediate); and ten over 2.35 inches, the maximum being 2.48 inches (z7zvatis). On the basis of these measurements only ten or twelve per cent of the specimens from Iowa can defi- nitely be considered as Greater Snow Geese, the remainder being the Lesser variety, with every grade of intermediates between. In the face of such perfect intergradation, the attempt to differenti- ate between the varieties seems to be almost a useless refinement. 57. (169a). Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.). Greater Snow Goose. What has been said under the preceding species applies equally to this variety. It appears to be less common in Iowa than the Lesser Snow Goose, but unless birds are captured it is impossible for an observer to distinguish between the two. In Wisconsin, Kumlien and Hollister class the Greater Snow Goose as a “migrant, formerly abundant, but now rather rare. . . . Of the specimens examined, taken during the past sixty years and mostly when the birds were abundant, about one-half are typical of either 184 DAVENPORT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. hyperborea or nivalis, and in about equal numbers, the balance intermediate. They feed sparingly now about the larger corn- fields in Southern Wisconsin, especially in spring, where they formerly resorted in large numbers’’ (Birds of Wis., 1903, 27). County records. Blackhawk—‘‘rare transient’’ (Salisbury). Cerro Gordo—‘‘ commonly called Brant in this locality ’’ (Rich- ardson). Linn—‘‘tolerably common migrant. In spring of 1898 two hunters shot twenty-seven Snow Geese in one day, at Cone, Iowa’’ (Berry). Pottawattamie — Mills—‘‘common migrant’’ (Trostler). Warren—‘‘rare migrant’’ (Jeffrey). Winnebago— “taken at Forest City’’ (Anderson). Woodbury—‘‘common tran- sient. I am quite sure that I have seen large and small white geese in the markets of Sioux City, not in late years, however’’ (Rich). 58. (169.1). , Chen cerulescens (Linn.). Blue Goose. The Blue Goose is quite rare in Iowa, which appears to be its status everywhere in the United States. W.W. Cooke states that it ‘‘breeds on Hudson Bay, migrates through the Missis- sippi Valley. During migrations it was noticed at Burlington, Iowa, where the bulk arrived March 20, 1884’’ (Bird Migr. in Miss. Val., 1884-5, 74). Kumlien and Hollister state that “‘it is of irregular and erratic occurrence anywhere in Wisconsin except along the Mississippi’’ (Bds. of Wis., 28). County records. Blackhawk—‘‘a regular and not uncommon migrant across Blackhawk county. Sometimes alights in corn- fields in the spring migration’’ (Peck). Lree—‘‘rare migrant’’— Keokuk district’? (Praeger). Linn—‘‘spring and fall migrant’’ (Bailey). Pottawattamie—Mills—‘‘scarce migrant’’ (Trostler). The University museum contains six Iowa specimens. Male, March 12, 1891; female, March, 1891, Burlington, Paul Bartsch; two males, Clinton, C. P. Chase; male, March 30, 1886, Whiting, by A. T. Dailey; male, Whiting (no date). Genus ANSER Brisson. 59. (171a).