see TR ITE! — aoe wore? Re aed ara Ee RP eae Fo at angry Sipe See saints 2 a eS ae 2 Se ta Aa ge alae 5 . = ‘ a efron RE gee Oe 5 . ip a, 9 ‘< - . r > aan ~ ae sti’ 4 pe saving = - oe a Fath s ed cee tater aie - > om eigen st ee ae tinge " 3 “ patented Se inserted ce ean de iedinied ’ a nates” liad igre TE ee a Pee ae aoe ae et ~ eet were one’ oo wag Mee ee Age oer oe he Meal ig tat eee wile ee * ~e - Fe Nagy gE SN jhe eae Yo eee ee oe and eae pan er Rae ee a . Snare alleen ee - goaee ear aie e: a cece siete ie ea eo - nme eee we = ~ 3 . ee, ek, ee el ‘ + = ‘ re - ew 4 - - . -* = ~ a a le were ee “ae rn . - > _ eee crete meee en Se ncaa bene Re a as peas ie 8 . ewe oa AR rin * a EE = he 0 7 ons ve x - ve i a and : : —— were - nate we ee a ~ - ‘ : ene “ ~e* - _——ow-* aoe - peers ee oe ee ds eae 2) * ra eetiea ‘ahten~ -oF Report — Papers ae e oe 14, 27, 41, 70, 149, 177, 203, 383 Boyd, Hugh : dee oe He bes Oe 483 Bristol Botany .. Be ae os .. see Botany — Channel, studies on the Biology pias oe se .. see Biology — — Elminius modestus in ae 223, — — Littoral and Sub-Littoral Fauna of Northern ‘Shores, near Cardiff .. a aH 285 — District, white-flowered Viola odorata in 4] — — Lepidoptera Notes ue ie : "291, 405 — — Ornithological Notes a ‘19, 79, 161, 209, 393. — — a Revised List of the Birds of é 225. — Insect Fauna (Diptera) ‘ a is .. see Audcent — The Occurrence of Leisler’s Bat at _ 486. — — — the Pine Marten near 121 — The Plesiosaurs in the City Museum a. 343: British Fungi, Notes on Bucknall’s drawings of . 177 Bucknall’s Drawings of British Fungi, Notes on .. 177 li INDEX PAGE Calcite, Circular Structures in. a a 104 Cardiff, Fauna of Northern Shores of Bristol Channel near .. Wi Nig aay ec) Circular Structures in Vein-Calcite .. Ae Se “ke see Abbots Leigh Clifton Gorge, Bristol, Age of.. a 283 Ponpremulatory, Address to Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club . He 136 — Royal Asiatic pode of t Pees a Sis 60 Contents, Table of 1, 49, 123, 187, 361 Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club, Address to a3 ; ae Je 136 Council .. . ae 2, 50, 124, 188, 362 — Reports “of ai ue i Be es 4, 59, 134, 192, 373 Dayis, H. H. ... is si ae i 19, 79, 161, 209, 225, 393 Dinner, Annual . Ne a ue ie ae see Annual Dinner Diptera .. : a oe es Ps Be .. see Audcent Donovan, Desmond 4 he oe Ete ee 181, 329 Drawings of British Fungi, Notes on Bucknall’s .. ys ae oi 177 Eastwater Borehole... =f bi #3 sis rr 3 ne 481 Editorial .. me ue sie si 4 EOE EN Papers Es Me “3 "46, 107, 221, 269, 405, 409 Section, Report of ~ 3: : .. see Report Erlong Borehole : : be He BOR = se a's 482 Exchange and Gift List : ae as oe ; 139 Exhibition Meeting of Society _ en 68, 148, 201, 381 Exposures and Borehole Records in ‘the Bristol Area, Temporary 311, 329, 471, 479 Fauna (Diptera), Bristol Insect ee Lad 8 ie .. see Audcent — of Skomer Island, The | “% os 44 109 — he Littoral and Sub-Littoral near Cardiff a Me Os 285 Fermor, Sir Lewis L. .. a0 : i es a 201, 380 Field Meeting Report . vA ole 5 eg ae Be 202, 381 — Section Report .. Big ee a 9, 65, 143 Fungi, Notes on Bucknall’s Drawings. of British .. ie Ve be 177 Gait, R. P. ye 3 ste ie ae A 37 General Meetings oe as de “i 68, 147, 201, 380 Geological Papers : é 93, 104, 181, 283, 311, 329, 343, 471, 479 — Section, Report of : . 9, 66, 144, 198, 377 Gift List, Exchange and : up ee ate ae 139 Gorge, The Age of the Clifton a ae se ae s fer 283 Great Spotted Nec i. ise avd sks bie ie Sc 37 Greenly, E he ee oe Bs wi e, 283 Grignon, Miss A. E. —Obituary aie ss bs be sa ba 192 Grindon, Leopold Hartley 5 exe is Sc . ee 27 Hawkesbury, Rhetic and Lower Lias near.. ss i 3 art 181 Inglestone Common, near Hawkesbury, Rheetic and L. Lias of .. a 181 Insect pine pera (Orthorrhapha), Bristol .. 24 on as 409 — Additions to the Bristol . oe .. 46, 107, 269 Tgepoda of Steep Holm, The Terrestrial .. ae oe sie ais 483 Jurassic Rocks at Bath, Some Exposures in the st Se an 329 Leisler’s Bat at Bristol, The Occurrence of ae dis aie bse 486 Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol District, 1948 .. we) Ai Si, a 405 — 1947, Some Records and Observations of .. Ke 221 Librarian, Report of Hon. .. eg ai see Report Littoral and Sub-Littoral Fauna near Cardiff, The ideas pi 285 Loupekine, I. S. si a - a 104 Lyell Medal aS wh oh 2 32, ee st hs 194 ian aa Pn Pt AXK\2 os 1 ~ JAN 1 8 1951, NG e LN ~ of i | Wve C INDEX iil PAGE Matthews, L. Harrison sat a wth es a ie 122, 486 Mayes, W. E. . ig a ar ns a 1 ae 122, 486 Meetings, Reports Cie iene me on bi ae oY sl see Report Members, Lists of % os Bs a ue a 51, 125, 363 Mendip, Boreholes on aa aa Re Ae Uae ates si 479 Nightingale and Great Spotted Woodpecker, Notes on the .. & 37 ‘Notes, Lepidoptera, Bristol District, 1948 .. At 405 — Ornithological, Bristol District bf if ON (race Ornithological — on white-flowered Viola odorata L. . Be A Ks a 4] — Zoological, 1947 Gi a ip ns 223 Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl.) at Bristol, Occurrences of a Ae a 486 Obituary : -, te ae -.) 12; 69; 192 Observations of Lepidoptera, 1947 ; ‘Some Records and bye a 221 Occurrence of Leisler’s Bat at Bristol, The cs on a oe 486 = — the Pine Marten near Bristol i: ae a 43 121 Officers of Society, and of Sections .. ae a ‘ . see Council Ornithological Notes, Bristol District Ne ee "19, 79, 161, 209, 393 i Section, ae Ole gee ae Ne : - see Report Orthorrhapha a a os Be, aes ae Av 409 Owen’s ‘‘ Observations ” ms a a bes ie ae ee 93 Part I be oP Ss ve - ie ae ne ae 1 —I e ae ne ate oi ue us ‘a a 49 — Il My he Be nae Ne ow se ay tt 123 — IV ae as aye ee Ne ae a oF as 187 — V oe ee i ae Bs me a aus ue 361 (Peach, A. H. .. a a ie Pe re ba on Ue 221 Pearson, A. A. .. é » a a en i Wr erl Pine Marten near Bristol, Occurence of the es ws ae ay IAL Plesiosaurs in the City Museum, Bristol, The As os ie i 343 Priddy Borehole os ue Ay a oe: 479 Purchon, R. D. ae is ase ae a oe i a 285 Record of Circular Structures in Vein-Calcite at Abbots Leigh, near Bristol é ia fi a 104 Records and Observations of Lepidoptera, 1947; Some .. Me “ 221 — in the Bristol Area, Borehole ; 311, 471 — of Boreholes sunk for the Tunnel under the Bristol- Gloucester Road as is ae a ae us 471 te pert of Council ae ae se a ee 4, 59, 134, 192, 373 Hon. Librarian a ne ae ae 6, 62, 138, 195, 373 = Botanical Section .. a a Ae 7, 63, 141, 196, 375 —— Entomological Section .. a a 8, 64, 142, 197, 376 — Field Secton Si as ae wT ae as 9, 65, 143 — Geological Section .. ds ve ee 9. 66, 144, 198, 377 Ornithological Section uf ; 10, oe 146, 200, 379 Toned List of the Birds of the Bristol District, ax a a 225 Rhetic and L. Lias Rocks of Inglestone Common, The . 45 18] Royal Asiastic Society of Bengal, Congratulatory ‘Address to the a 60 Sandwith, C. Il. and N. Y. .. “a? Ws i 14, 70, 149, 203, 383 Sections, Officers of .. a ie ie Ae ohh .. see Council — Reports of a be an ee a a: see Report Selley, A. J. W. —Obituary : ie a ue 69 Severn Bridge, Records of Boreholes sunk for the new .. ae ie 311 Skomer Island, The Fauna of re ate oe te He bs 109 Smith, Stanley Bi ay o a 93 Some Records and Observations of Lepidoptera, 1947, 4) os 221 Statement of Accounts, Hon. Treasurer’s .. .. 5, 61, 137, 193, 374 Steep Holm, The Terrestrial Isopoda of .. be Ne ss 483 iv INDEX PAGE Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Channel .. oe A 190, 285. Swinton, W. E. f. } Ae at ae EE 343. Table of Contents Em a ys he ae a .. gee Contents Tetley, H.—Obituary .. she #5 iF ee oh 12 Treasurer's Statement of Accounts, Hon Ps se ae .. see Accounts. Vein-Calcite at Abbots Leigh, Circular Structures in Nt 104 Viola odorata L. in the Bristol District, Note on the white-flowered a 41 Walters, S. M. .. sis bes be a bP Hs oe ar 41 Warne, L. G. G. ce ie 58 ue ye re 27 Whittard, W. F. Ms ie As et a 311, 471, 479 Woodpecker, Great Spotted bf she a a2 37 Wye Bridge, Records of Boreholes sunk for the new... 43 aD 311 Zoological Notes, 1947 .. ae Hh me Be ot he Sis Pappa OF “PHE: « | } | Naturalists’ Society pitED wY H. W..TURNER, AssistEp By 4 COMMITTEE cS aga Se ee Ls * Pi * é HD ‘ ; 5 a : “ae “Rerum cognoscere causas.”—Virgil. f PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. ~- )° - _ AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS, BRISTOL E Tssued June. 18th, 1045 _ N.B.—AUTHORS ALONE ARE ‘THE ACCURACY OF THEM e O\.E r+ LA VOL. XXVIII, PART I, 1944 CONTENTS PAGE rR a 2 New Members as 3 He i a ae ee ae 3 Editorial .. : sf Ge we ue OP Be a a 4 Report of Congo! 4 Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of one : bs a wf 5) Hon. Librarian’s Report nit be Me ai ae oe bz 4) Report of Botanical Section .. at - : as Bs ay 7 Report of Entomological Section 23 bes a és ed = 8 Report of Field Section .. aN oc “es as oe - a3 91 Report of Geological Section .. sls iN ae iN, #s wt 9 Report of Ornithological Section i ae ae oe ae ie 10 Account of Annual and General Meetings .. oe oe de - id Obituary: H. Tetley ue oe i 4 me 12 _ Bristol Botany in 1944, by Geel L. Sey hy ie a 14 Ornithological Notes, Bristol! District, 1944, by H. H. Davi is,,M. B. 0. U. 19 Leopold Hartley Grindon: his life and contributions to Bristol etc, by L. G. G. Warne, M.Sc., Ph.D. ee 27 Notes on the Nightingale and Great Spotted W Seauccken, by He P. Gait 37 Notes on white-flowered Viola odorata L. in the Bristol district, by S. Ma Walters, B.A. ri ye 41 Additions to Bristol Insect Terie (Diptera) since 1942, by H. iL. F. Audcent, M.Sc. - a : ie 46 All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of exchange, gift or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto and to purchases of the Society’s publications should be addressed to :-—- Hon. LIBRARIAN, Bristou NAT. Soc., Tue Ciry Museum, BRISTOL, 8. All matter for inclusion in the next issue of the Proceedings should reach the Hon. Editor :— H. W. Turner, Esq., M.A., F.G.S Tue UNIVERSITY, BRISTOL, 8. NOT LATER THAN JAN. 31. The SOCIETY’S LIBRARY in the City Museum is open to members as under at present :— Weekdays eiget Sie Ve et a) oe OO ame tO OO p.m: Sundays -~ - fe Moe e et) | oh 2a Dem.) LOlO.Oo p.m. N.B.—Much of the Library is still removed from Bristol ; members will be notified of arrangements on its return, Applications for membership of the Society should be addressed to the present Hon. Secretary :— _ R. BASSINDALE, Esq., M.Sc., THE UNIVERSITY, BrisTot, 8. i) COUNCIL FOR 1944 OFFICERS : PRESIDENT : HM. TEVLEY, B.Sc... F°Z.5.5 MG Oaue PAST PRESIDENTS: Sir ERNEST COOK, D.Se. F. § WALLIS, D:Se., Ph.D. 86-5: H. WOMERSLEY, F.R.E.S.,A.E.8. G. E. J. McMURTRIE. J. W. TUTCHER, M.Sc. Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, D.Sc., F.0.8. VICE-PRESIDENTS : H. 0. EDMONDS. Prof. W. F. WHITTARD, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S. HON. TREASURER: A. H. PEACH, 5, Hanbury Road, Bristol, 8. HON AO DED Otis F. W. EVENS, A.C.A. HON. SECRETARY : Miss M. D. “HILEY: HON. LIBRARIAN: H. GORVETT, B.Sc., Ph.D., The City Museum, Bristol, 8. HON. EDITOR: H. W. TURNER, M.A., F.G.S., The University, Bristol, 8. OFFICERS OF SECTIONS: BOTANICAL: President—Prof. MACGREGOR SKENKH, D.Sc., F.I.S.. The University, Bristol, 8. Hon. Secretary—Mrs. A. G. BELL, 25 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol, 2. ENTOMOLOGICAL: President—J. W. NORGROVE, 22 Alma Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Hon. Secretary—A. H. PEACH, 5 Hanbury Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. FIELD: President—l. W. EVANS, 46 Horfield Road, St. Michael’s. Bristol, 2. Hon. Secretary—Miss M. D. HILEY, 9 Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8. GEOLOGICAL : President—¥. 8. WALLIS, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., The City Museum, Bristol, 8. Hon. Secretary—-l. 8. LOUPEKINE, B.Sc., F.G.S., The University, Bristol, 8. ORNITHOLOGICAL : President—-H. TETLEY, B.Se., F.Z.S., 4 The Avenue, Snevd Park, Bristol, 9. Hon. Secretary—H. H. DAVIS, M.B.O.U., Little Stoke, Patchway, nr. Bristol. OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: Miss M. BOWEN, B.8c. G. S. MAUNDER, B.Sc. A. H. CAMPBELL, B.&c.. Ph.D. Miss D. A. PRATT. Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR, O.B.E., D.Sc., Mrs. C. I. SANDWITH. F.R.S. . STANLEY SMITH, M.A., D.Sce., F.G.8. Prof. (C. M." YONGE, 'D.se: ay, SS SOS NEW MEMBERS From 31 March, 1944, to 31 March, 1945 Barke, Miss K. H. Booth, John ........ Bullard, John, A.I.E.E. Butler, P. R. A. .... Clark, G. C. A.M.L.C.E., P.A.S.I. Farmer, Miss P. - Frost, Miss E. ...... Gibbens, E. P....... Hague, Miss J. L. Halliday, C. E. Hamilton, Mrs. R. G. Hankey, Rev. J. D. Herrington, W. G. .. Jay, Miss F. E. Knight-Adkin, Mrs. G. Melville, K. J. ...... Miles, H. W., Ph.D., D.Sc. IIL ES) el Monro, Miss E....... Montgomery, Miss M. Partie es 6.cis's e's 6's Puddy, “Maxwell R., B.Sc. Raw, Frank ........ Roden, Rev. H. C. B., M.A. Ross, Dy Be esc... plein Reds oss. 3. Dprawuen De yes. Swaine, Miss A. K. Trapnell, David - Treen Sse coh ee Wareham, Miss C. A. L. Webb, Hi) M: 7...4.. Westcott, Miss M. V.. Williams, Miss M. St. C. Handchurch, Rowley Heath Road, Downend, Bristol 156 Milton Road, Weston-super-Mare 64 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. 14 Fraley Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 12 Horseshoe Drive, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Capri, Gardens Road, Clevedon, Som. Hill Side, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8 12 Sefton Park Road, Bristol, 7 24 Kingsdown Parade, Bristol, 6 9 Great Brockeridge, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol 15 Elmlea Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 All Saints’ Vicarage, 68 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 The Fairlie, North Weston, Portishead, Som. 6 Rose Walk, Hillfields Park, Fish- ponds, Bristol, 5 4 Oakland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 70 St. Kildas Road, Oldfield. Park, Bath ; Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol 50 Channons Hill, Fishponds, Bristol, 5 99 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Manor Cottage, Winford, nr. Bristol Bromley House, Pensford, nr. Bristol 54 Baldwin Street, Bristol, 1 61 Seymour Road, Bristol, 5 c/o Resident Technical Officer, Bristol Aeroplane Co., Filton, Bristol Research Station, Long Ashton, nr. Bristol 7 Henleaze Avenue, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol, 9 25 Tugela Road, Bristol, 3 Wills Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 3 Regent Street, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Pisang Cottage, Nailsea, nr. Bristol 19 Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 9 2 Charlton Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, 9 252 Charlton Road, Kingswood, Bristol 7 College Fields, Clifton, Bristol, 8 20 Linden Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 38 Ravenswood Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 2 & MS > OD 2 Bis =m QOASE io EDITORIAL deen has agreed to a re-numbering of the volumes of the Proceedings commencing with the present volume. This will secure a simplification of the title for purposes of reference. Up to the present, the ‘ Proceedings’ appear to fall into four groups as ollow :— 1. 1862—1865 .. unpublished except in newspaper reports (see Presi- dential Address, 1932, by J. W. Tutcher, Proc. B.N.S., 4th Series, Vol. VII, p. 335), 2. 1866—1872 .. Vols. I—VII of a ‘ New Series,’ 3. 1873—1903 .. Vols. I—X_ of the New Series proper, 4. 1904—1943 .. Vols. I—IX of the Fourth Series. It will thus be seen that 26 volumes of the Proceedings have been published, and it has now been decided, therefore, to issue the present volume as Vol. XXVII of the whole series, though the term ‘ Whole Series’ will not be used in the title, and references to this and to future volumes will be by means of the volume number without qualification. Council also wishes to make it known that it does not generally accept for publication in the Proceedings, papers, lectures or addresses which do not, to some extent at least, specially bear upon local Natural History and include matter hitherto unpublished. REPORT OF COUNCIL 1944 T the Annual General Meeting, held on 27 January, Mr. H. Tetley was elected President for a third year, Mr. H. QO. Edmonds and Professor W. F. Whittard were elected Vice-Presidents, and Miss D. A. Pratt and Professor C. M. Yonge to serve on Council. The annual Field Meeting was held on 24 June at Radstock, Clandown and Camerton, and was led by Mr. G. E. J. McMurtrie. Your Society has suffered a great loss in the death of its President, Mr. Humphrey Tetley, B.Sc. Never of robust health, he was keenly interested in the activities of the Society when the end came quite suddenly. He passed away on 21 September, and his death leaves a great gap amongst those who had been associated with him for so many years. We also report with regret the death of Miss A. Dunscombe and Mr. T. Hosegood Davies, both of whom had been Ordinary Members of the Society for many years, and also that of Captain Maxwell Brown, killed in action. Our grateful thanks are due to Mr. H. O. Edmonds. Vice-President, who has kindly acted as President from September to December. Council would congratulate Professor C. M. Yonge, a past Vice-President, on his appointment to the Chair of Zoology at the University of Glasgow, and wish him all success in his new sphere of work. In this sixth year of war it is exceedingly satisfactory to be able to report the considerable influx of 39 new members during the year. The total membership now stands at 229, which includes 17 on Active Service. It would appear that the policy of the Society, determined at the outbreak of war, by which officers and members resolved to make every endeavour to con- tinue work and activities, has been abundantly justified. The pre-war organization of this Society remains intact for post-war development. M. Dorts Httry, Hon Secretary. ile) “Cr6l ‘Arenuef /| ‘Toys “Ch6{ ‘Arenuref 9 ‘“4oppny “oH ‘SNAAA ‘“M ‘A ‘4adnsv-tT “oH ‘HOWdd ‘H ‘y0eII00 punoy pue pezIpny ¢ € #ScF LL 19¢ GS € S27 L £ 19¢ t592 96 = : i‘ (A\| te AI¥}INES "UOH | puvy ul yseg Oy 2° 7% 6 91 68 AUK_ ssutaes syO 3sod 3e ysodaq 8. | “¢e Ol tl SE yued }e Yyse) L Sl 09 —: JUNOD0Y }xXoU 0} sdURTeEg “ 9 Ol -? ——— _ (s¥0T}995 0} enp [HS st "pO ‘s9 ZF) OEE Saar 4 [eoTsOTOYITUIO O eels 9 819 [eorsofoory 9 819 OLS ; PP 2 7G0S 9 ¢ Z ** TeorsoTOUIOyUy OF -AIe € b 96 yUNOOSY 4Se[ Uo’ aoueTeg “6 Q /| PR Te Olac. Teorueyod OP Se 9 Pt 9c ‘* (erjuo9 tod) suolyoeG 0} suoljdriosqng “ 9 Z ¢€Z —:1aa0 pred suorya9§ 0} suoMdrisosqns ‘ 8 bp él [et ime S| L 9 ¢0l Ol €1 IFI a ———_— {ith {I yueg ssutAeS s04JO 4sod ut zyisodeq uo ysoroyuy “6 f QI 0 F yoog onbeyo) “ 00 Ol (uo01}99S par cory) Surpurqyoog 1oj uoleuog “ 9 9Q{ | aes SUIpUIqyoog C6: 9 L {I =. oe v6 oe . syoog jo [eS iad 0 0 Cl 041 a (ur00y regia yO asn) quey “OZ 0 0 gz aE ¢r6ol ‘suapaao0d spremo} sjurery “S Q QI 19 0 l SqUv]q USI Jo suoKvassnyy dayqan.gt “ood Zo ¢l Be a suorzeorqnd jo ses “ 9 IL 9 0 FF * (apishajunog) yeotportog “© Qf 9° 21-92 92 19 OSS 4] 2 yee ‘“* uInlWelg eeweq ren “ Q Ql Z SSS eae et 0 oll aa ade sourmsuy ol“ 0 Ot I Ome a aera eas 0 sii OLE 3S 0 Old ol a vv6l a Ol SI : a uelelqry ‘uoy € +l 9 2 - ve oy CHG ‘sorun 0 Ol . oo a “* 40}IpPH "WOH Or OF I0INSE see 0 Ol Ol 6 vii = 4 ae TaIMseot], “UOF{ Q Olt 0 ¢ Crol ‘i C250. 25 ; ATE} ae “UuOH Oc -S On OS eu * vrol . Puy Sea Beet 0 ¢ €h61 ‘ayersossy Gaon 7 oe Pe Zunuig pue ArauonesS: "E71. 7 OO Lon ae aa 9 £1 4% U= 6) £8 i oa te "* €p6l ‘ssurpasz04g “ It Qt OL 0 40" __¥ Cr6l ui 2s Hee S Rae pe recpen aad OS Oe: ve ie vrol = 0 Ol ‘3 ee UOTUs) ,SISITEINJEN “M'S OmOsl 0 the Watson Bot. Exch. Club, p. 8 (1889). The characters and. status of this plant are discussed by N. Y. Sandwith in a note published in the North Western Naturalist this year. When fully ripe the fruits are spinulose-cristate along and near both. margins. Scirpus cernuus Vahl. A single tuft in the salt-marsh at Berrow, S., C. and N. Sandwith. Rynchospora fusca Ait. This extremely rare species was rediscovered. in July, 1931, in very small quantity on Shapwick peat moor, S., by Mr. A. W. Graveson. Owing to the death of Mr. J. W. White in 1932, the annual “ Bristol botany ” notes were suspended until 1935, and this important find has not previously been recorded. in them; it was, however, given due mention in the Report of the Botanical Section of the Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society for 1931, p. 7 (1932), and in Mr. W. D. _ Miller’s paper of notes on extinct and rare species of the county of Somerset, in B.#.C. 19382 Rep. p. 275 (1933). Carex acuta L. In wet furrows in a field off Woodend Lane at Hill, G., 1937. Under-sized plants with all (8-5) the spikes staminate, which may be due to the uncongenial habitat: this species usually grows on the margins of streams. C. riparia and C. acutiformis, too, become more or less sterile and otherwise abnormal when they creep away from streamsides into adjoining meadows. Boott (Illustr. iv. 166, t. 551: 1867) has a f. staminifera from “ York-. shire’ with utricles containing anthers instead of ovaries.— E. Nelmes. C. Paver F. Schultz. On Silurian (“trap ’’) rock at Middlemill and. in and about Michael Wood, near Damery, G., #. Nelmes, who writes: “ Usually very short-stemmed when growing in the turf on the hillocks formed by the igneous rock at Middlemill and just outside (east of) Michael Wood, and having flat and bright green leaves in this locality.” The first record for the Gloucestershire. side of our area. Avena fatua L. var. pilosissima 8. F. Gray. A weed in an old field of potatoes between Clays End and Newton St. Loe, S., Oct., 1945,. J. P. M. Brenan. Confirmed by Mr. C. E. Hubbard. Bromus lepidus Holmb., B. secalinus L. and its var. hirtus Asch. et Graebn. ex Hegi were found in June in cornfields near South Stoke, Bath, S., by D. EF. Coombe, who sent specimens to Mr.. C. E. Hubbard, of Kew. | 716 CECIL I. SANDWITH AurENS. Silene Behen L. Wapping Wharf, G., and Ashton Gate, S., 1941, C. I. Sandwith. Spirea salicifolia L. On the side of a rocky path a good way from © houses near Hanham Abbots, G., J. W. Hvans. Lactuca macrophylla (Willd.) A. Gray. In a deserted garden at Clevedon, S., Miss E. S. Todd. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Bombed site, Jamaica Street, Bristol, G., Mrs. Bell. The material is to be referred to the typical form of ssp. eu-ambrosiordes Aellen. Euphorbia virgata Waldst. et Kit., auct. angl. Clover-field between Midford and Combe Hay, S., 1944, D. E. Coombe. Bank by Wookey Station, §., C. and N. Sandwith. None of the numerous British specimens at Kew of this widely spread introduction agrees with the typical plant of Central Europe, the leaves of which are short and stiffly erect, narrowing from the base, while the inflorescence is narrow and sub-racemose. Some of them can be referred, ex descriptione, to the forma esulifolia Thellung, which has leaves broadest above the middle and long-attenuate to the base. A possible solution of the problem is that our British colonies represent a variable and. vigorous hybrid, #. Hsula x E. virgata (E. intercedens Podp. 1922, non Pax 1904). Ina recent paper in the American Midland Naturalist, 23, pp. 231-243 (1945), M. L. Croizat discusses the plants of this complex group which have been found introduced in North America and states that the records usually or always refer to H. intercedens Podpera. EH. Esula L., which has occurred mainly in N. Britain, particularly in the last century, may be distinguished from virgata forms winter alia by the blunt or rounded and mucronate apex of the leaves, which are broadest above the middle, and their revolute margin which is minutely serrulate near the apex.—N. Y. Sandwith. Hepatics. Cololeyeunia Rossettiana (Massal.) Schifin. In shade on limestone rocks in Ebbor Gorge, S., J. P. M. Brenan. This is the second locality for this species in North Somerset: it was first recorded by the late Mr. H. H. Knight, from Leigh Woods. | Microlejeunea ulicina (Tayl.) Evans. On a beech trunk in Ebbor Gorge, S., C. and N. Sandwith. Calypogeia arguta Nees et Mont. Wood at Tickenham, and bank near the Abbot’s Pool, S., C. Sanduvth. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1945 17 Funer. About 500 coloured drawings made by the late Cedric Bucknall have just been presented to the Kew Herbarium by his daughter, Miss Dorothy Bucknall. Most of the paintings illustrate local species listed by Bucknall in his “ Fungi of the Bristol District,” published in these Proceedings between 1878 and 1891, and some are the original drawings of new species published in that work. The collection also includes a number of paintings of fungi executed by the late Edwin Wheeler, mostly of species collected near Clevedon about 1901. Mrs. Boley’s two papers on the vegetation of Berrow (see Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 1942, pp. 427-433 ; 1943, 510-520) are of great value for their careful description of the progressive changes occurring in the salt-marsh and sand-dune communities in this interesting area, and for comparison with the observations of Dr. C. E. Moss (1907), Dr. W. Watson (1918) and Mr. H. 8. Thompson (1922, 1930). Limoniwm occidentale is now classed as “ locally frequent ” in the dune-marsh, and I saw it myself in August in the salt-marsh, near the northern edge. Mrs. Boley’s record of Ginanthe pimpinelloides as locally abundant in the salt-marsh is likely to refer to GH. Lachenalii. Carex extensa is evidently on the increase in the open community towards the north end of the marsh; while the numerous tufts of Juncus bufonius come under the var. congestus (see note above). A small patch of Althea officinalis by the trackway separating the land from the salt-marsh has recently been reported by several observers; I do not know if this is a development from the single plant found near Berrow in 1916 by Mr. J. W. Haines (see Mr. White’s “ Notes Supplemental” in Journ. Bot., 1918, p. 16). Dr. L. G. G. Warne’s delightful paper on Leopold Hartley Grindon (1818-1904), published in Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 1944, pp. 27-36, is an important supplement to the account of this naturalist given by Mr. White (Flora, pp. 87-88). Grindon’s herbarium of 21,000 sheets, ‘containing many Bristol specimens, was presented by his widow in 1910 to the Museum, Manchester University. Dr. Warne points out that it is doubtful if White ever consulted it, although he almost certainly corresponded with Grindon. The herbarium contains local specimens from Rootsey and Thwaites, from Canon Ellacombe of Bitton, and from Miss A. E. Martin of Bath. A few collected by T. B. Flower (whose herbarium, like that of Thwaites, has not been traced) come mainly from North Wraxall, Wilts. Most of the Bristol specimens, however, were collected by Grindon himself. Dr. Warne tabulates ‘Ff CECIL I. SANDWITH ‘details of 85 important sheets which present no ambiguities. In his own words, some of the specimens on these sheets “ antedate anything ‘seen by White (see The Bristol Flora), some confirm doubtful localities cited by White on the authority of Grindon, Thwaites, Rootsey or Flower, and some represent the only known specimen from old (and now built over) but well authenticated stations.” This list will be indis- pensable to the compiler of a supplement to Mr. White’s book. — The news that the “ Flora of Gloucestershire ”’ is “‘ now in the press— to be published shortly ” will be very welcome to Bristol botanists, who anticipate with pleasure the appearance of this long promised work. My thanks are due to Mr. N. Y. Sandwith for his collaboration in the work done on these notes. 79 Ornithological Notes, Bristol District, 1945 By H. H. Davis, M.B.O.U. | (Recewed, Feb., 22, 1946. Read in title, March 7, 1946) J N response to enquiries as to what, for ornithological purposes, is intended by the Bristol District, it may here be pointed out that the area covers a considerable portion of both South Gloucestershire and North Somerset, and includes the islands of Steep Holm and the Denny. The area covered in previous issues of these Notes can be briefly summarised as being that part of Somerset lying north of a line drawn from the county boundary near Frome to Wells and thence along the course of the R. Axe to Brean Down on the coast, and that part of Gloucestershire lying east of the Severn and south of a line drawn from Berkeley to the Glos.-Wilts boundary at Tetbury. As, however, observers are now making frequent visits to the Severn beyond Berkeley, the Gloucestershire portion—in this and subsequent issues—may be considered as that lying south of a line running from the New Grounds, at Slimbridge, to Tetbury. This slight extension, sso as to include the New Grounds, thus provides an opportunity to publish records from a haunt which, with its large winter population of wild geese and wild duck, is one of the most interesting bird resorts anywhere in the west country. It should, perhaps, be stated that no observations have been possible at Steep Holm during the war-time years, and that there is no additional information regarding bird-life at the Denny since the publication of a detailed account of the fauna and. flora of the island, by Dr. L. H. Matthews, in the B.N.S. Proceed- ings for 1932. - The return to more normal times has enabled observational work to be carried out with greater frequency in 1945 than at any time -during the previous six years and, once again, attention has been chiefly ‘directed to the North Somerset reservoirs and the Severn Estuary. Records of particular interest from the reservoirs include those of a family party of Bewick’s Swans at Blagdon in February and, at the same place, a Great Northern Diver in November and a Little Gull in September, while at Barrow Gurney a White-fronted Goose arrived for a brief stay during the cold spell in January and two Scaup were seen ‘with Tufted Duck in November. Among autumn occurrences reported. 80 H. H. DAVIS from Cheddar are those of a Shag found dead in November and of a. Little Stint in company with Dunlin and Common Sandpipers in September. Smew, including adult males, and Black-necked Grebes. were seen on various occasions at all three reservoirs, and Slavonian Grebes, the first to be noted since 1936, were clearly identified at both. Blagdon and Cheddar in December. The Severn area at Slimbridge was visited frequently from the end. of August to early October when among many waders noted on the sandbanks off the New Grounds were Bar-tailed and Black-tailed. Godwits, Curlew-Sandpipers, Sanderlings, Ruffs, Greenshanks and Grey Plover. Here also a Spoonbill was seen on two successive days in September and a Common Sandpiper, evidently a wintering bird, in the third week of December. Following the usual arrival of wild. geese, visits to the New Grounds were continued with equal frequency from mid-October onwards. These reached an exciting climax on December 16 when some 2,000 White-fronts were watched feeding on the saltings and with them about seventy Pink-feet, two Lesser White~ fronts, one Grey Lag, one Bean-Goose, one Barnacle and a Dark- breasted Brent. This unique gathering, viewed from a pillbox built. on the floodbank and examined almost bird for bird, was under observa- tion for nearly five hours by four observers, who were thus able to report: the presence of no fewer than seven species at once and, for the first known occasion in these islands, the occurrence together of all five species of the British grey geese. The only records of particular note. for the lower reaches of the river are those of a Curlew-Sandpiper, a Little Stint and two Little Terns on spring passage at Severn Beach, and of Curlew-Sandpipers at the same place in August and September. Other events of special interest include the appearance of a Black Redstart in the ruined Wine Street area in June, the breeding of Nightjars at Rangeworthy and Bleadon, and the presence of a Merlin at Stoke Gifford in October, a Hen-Harrier on the Mendips in February,. a Bittern on Kenn Moor in January and a Spotted Redshank along the Avon, near Hotwells, in October. A Quail was heard on several dates. at Stoke Gifford in late May and early June but, in contrast to the breeding event of the previous year, the bird did not remain. Reports of seven Barnacle-Geese on the coast near Clevedon on January 27 and. of a similar number at the New Grounds a few days later may, perhaps, refer to the same birds. With two or three exceptions the following specific notes refer only to 1945 and, unless otherwise stated, are the result of observations by ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 8L the following members of the B.N.S. Ornithological Section—R. E. Alley, A. E. Billett, Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, H. J. Boyd, G. EH. Clothier, H. H. Davis, Dr. C. F. Druitt, R. P. Gait, B. King, A. C. Leach, W. D. Melhuish, G. Mogg, H. W. Neal, C. W. G. Paulson, R. H. Poulding, R. D. Purchon, J. H. Savory, W. R. Taylor, B. W. Tucker, J. C. Walker and D. A. Weir. The letters G. and S. indicate respectively observations from the Gloucestershire side of the district and those from North Somerset. Raven (Corvus c. corax). G. A single bird was seen and heard at the New Grounds on September 5, and two were frequently noted in, or about, the Avon Gorge from October to December. §. Seer as follows—two at Long Ashton on January 25 and on October 30: and 31, two at Abbots Leigh on February 17 and two at Cheddar on December 9. Noted also in the Avon Gorge (cf. above). Three young were successfully reared at Brean Down (H. Cox). STARLING (Sturnus v. vulgaris). G. A dead bird, with ring bearing the inscription “ Universite Lithuanie F 23118” was found by Mr. J. H. Harford at Old Wood, Rangeworthy, on April 6. Mr. Harford reports the roosting of large numbers at Old Wood during the winters of 1943-44 and 1944-45, and again in the last three months of 1945. Hawrincn (Coccothraustes c. coccothraustes). G. Fifteen were counted at Durdham Down, Clifton, on February 4, and odd birds were seen in the same locality on various occasions from March to mid-April. §. Three were observed at Abbots Leigh on December 31. Lesser Reppoti (Carduelis f. cabaret). G. Reported only from Dyrham where one or two were seen on October 18. Crr~t Buntine (Emberiza c. cirlus). G. Again noted at Durdham Down, Clifton, where a male was frequently met with during the spring. A pair was watched at close quarters on a roadside near Charlton on October 14. §. Two were seen and heard between Cheddar station and the reservoir on April 14. Two nests were found in the Bleadon area—one with young on May 28 and the other with eggs on July l. TREE-SPARROW (Passer m. montanus). G. Up to twenty, or more, were noted at Dyrham on various dates from early January to mid- April, and again from mid-November onwards. A few were present. at Stoke Gifford in January and again in October and November. Woop-Lark (Lullula a. arborea). S. Probably bred on The Warren, above Hast Clevedon, where a family party of two adults and three young was seen on May 6 (Miss B. A. Coney). al nl 82 H. H. DAVIS Rock-Piprr (Anthus s. petrosus). §. One, in close company with Meadow-Pipits, was clearly identified at Barrow Gurney reservoirs on October 7. Grey WactTalIL (Motacilla c. cinerea). G. Bred at Henbury where a nest with three young was found along the R. Trym, near Blaize Castle, on July 13. A pair, or two, nested as usual on the R. Frome at Stapleton. Waite Wacrait (Motacilla a. alba). §. Twice noticed at the reser- voirs—one at Barrow Gurney on April 18 and one at Cheddar on May 8. : Great Tir (Parus major). §. Three independent residents of Saltford report that on several occasions they witnessed a Great Tit pecking off the cardboard cap of a milk bottle. Having removed the cap the bird proceeded to drink! RED-BACKED SHRIKE (Lanius c. collurio). §. Nested near Cheddar reservoir where a pair was watched feeding two young on June 14. SpoTTeD FiycaTcHer (Muscicapa s. striata). G. A pair at Dyrham Rectory laid two clutches in the same nest. The first eggs (four) unexplainedly disappeared on, or about, June 8. They were replaced by a second clutch of four a few days later, and these had successfully hatched by the end of the month. GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER (Locustella n. nevia). §. One was heard at Blagdon on June 29 and at least three near Cheddar on July 2. SronecHAT (Saxicola t. hibernans). G. A pair again bred, in close company with Whinchats, on railway land between Patchway and Stoke Gifford. Buiack Repstart (Phaencurus o. gibraltarvensis). G. A male was seen and heard on buildings adjoining the bombed area of Wine Street on June 12. The bird was not reported subsequently, nor was there any evidence that a pair was nesting. In view of the recent increase of the Black Redstart in the British Isles, both as a breeding species and as a winter visitor, close watch should be kept in devastated parts of the City for any further occurrences. NIGHTINGALE (Luscinia m. megarhyncha). G. Again nested, one or two pairs, in Savage’s Wood, Stoke Gifford. DrererR (Cinclus c. gularis). G. While there is no evidence that it now breeds along the Frome at Stapleton, the Dipper continues to be seen there from time to time. Single birds were met with at two widely separated parts of the river on September 20 and one was seen on November 14. : ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 83 SwatLow (Hirundo r. rustica). G. Two nests, one of which had _ obviously contained young, were found in a concrete pillbox at the New Grounds on September 24. - NicgHTsarR (Caprimulqus e. europeus). G. Mr. J. H. Harford reports the breeding of a pair at Old Wood, Rangeworthy, and that he saw a young bird there on August 16. §. A pair nested at Bleadon but the eggs were, unfortunately, taken. One was seen at Lawrence Weston on May 10. KINGFISHER (Alcedo a. ispida). G. On October 25 a Kingfisher was seen to alight on a twig almost touching the dining room window at Dyrham Rectory and to remain there for about a minute. GREEN WooDPECKER (Picus v. pluvius). G@. Three were observed in flight over Queen’s Road, Clifton, on February 8. As fruit is.seldom recorded as food of the Green Woodpecker it may be of interest to state that a bird was watched on October 27 attacking apples in a tree at Fishponds. A subsequent examination of the apples attacked disclosed no sign of larvee within, and it seemed evident, therefore, that the bird was feeding on the fruit. - Lesser SpoTtTeED WoOODPECKER (Dryobates m. comminutus). G. One was heard and seen at Westbury Park, Henleaze, on March 13. Fre- quently met with near Stoke Gifford from March to late July. §. One was noted at Abbots Leigh on July 10. Cuckoo (Cuculus c. canorus). §. A young bird was seen perched on the back of a horse, and being fed by a pairof Hedge-Sparrows, at Abbots Leigh on July 8. SHORT-EARED OwL (Asvo f. flammeus). §S. One was seen hunting at the Ubley end of Blagdon reservoir on February 4. A dead bird was found on Kenn Moor, Nailsea, on November 7, and two were put up, and a dead bird found, near the Yeo Estuary on the 25th. PEREGRINE Fatcon (Falco p. peregrinus). G. Single birds were noted in or about the Avon Gorge on a number of dates from January to early April. Two were seen in the same place on September 4 and one on December 25. One was observed over Clifton College on several occasions in April and September. Noted also, a single adult, at the New Grounds on various dates from late September to the end of the year. §. Bred successfully at Brean Down where the old birds and two fledged young were seen on May 25. One was watched overhead at Barrow Gurney on October 31. Also reported from the Avon Gorge (cf. above). Hossy (Faleo s. subbuteo). G. Single birds were identified overhead 84 H. H. DAVIS at St. George, Bristol, on June 10, and at Sea Mills on August 4. Two were seen chasing Swallows and MHouse-Martins at Dyrham on August 28. MERLIN (Falco c. esalon). G. On October 26 a small sharp-winged falcon was seen to dash in among Chaffinches on arable land at Stoke Gifford. It was viewed at very close range and was clearly identified as a female Merlin. | Common Buzzarp (Buteo b. buteo). G. Single birds were seen over- head between Patchway and Stoke Gifford on May 6, at Rangeworthy on September 6 (J. H. Harford), at Henbury on October 8, and at Clifton on December 3 (Ralph Whitlock). §. One was observed over Hursley Hill, Whitchurch, on April 8 and one over Brockley Combe on June 11. In the Bleadon and Loxton area three were watched soaring together on March 4, while single birds were noted in the same locality on April 2, July 15 and August 19. One visited the Pill area in December, 1944. It was first seen on the lOth but, as. reported in the local Press, was, regrettably, shot on the 24th. Hen-Harrier (Circus c. cyaneus). §S. On February 25 a large brown harrier, with conspicuous white rump and a distinctly barred tail, was watched quartering the ground at Rowberrow, on the Mendips. The bird was viewed at close range and, in view of the date, must certainly have been a female, or immature, Hen-Harrier. SPOONBILL (Platalea 1. leucorodia). G. Good views were obtained of an adult at the New Grounds on September 4. It was still present. on the following day but was not reported subsequently. This is, apparently, the only record for the Severn since one was obtained near Gloucester in February, 1920 (cf. British Birds, Vol. XIV, p. 234). Bittern (Botaurus s._ stellaris). S. One visited Kenn Moor, Nailsea, during the cold spell in January and was, unfortunately, shot on the 27th. The bird, a female, was forwarded to Dr. C. F. Druitt, of Clevedon, for preservation. Brewick’s Swan (Cygnus b. bewicki). §S. A family party of four (2 adults and 2 immatures) was present at Blagdon reservoir on February 20. Grey Lac-Goose (Anser a. anser). G@. One, an immature specimen, was clearly identified among many White-fronts at the New Grounds on December 16, 22 and 30. This is the first recorded occurrence for the Severn since a single bird was seen at the same place in October, 1939. WHITE-FRONTED GoosE (Anser a. albifrons). G. From 2,000 to 2,500 were present at the New Grounds throughout January and ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 85 February. They were still in similar strength on March 5, but about a week later they all departed. Autumn arrivals were first noted in the third week of October when 37 were counted on the 21st. On November 23 the flock numbered 165, and by December 4 had increased. to 250. In the second week of December there was a sudden influx of some 2,000 birds, and the total remained at that level to the end of the year. With those seen on November 23 were nine birds (three adults and six immatures) in strikingly dark plumage and with bright yellow bills. These were watched at close range on the saltings, and it was observed that they were keeping together and making no attempt to mix with the normal pink-billed and paler looking examples feeding near by. On the whole company being put up, the nine birds again made no attempt to mix with the rest, but flew round alone for some minutes before following the remainder of the flock to mid-stream. Later, they were again seen on the saltings, and once more were keeping very much to themselves. That they were strangers to the main body was quite evident, and it seems likely that they belonged to the reputed race of dark-plumaged, yellow-billed White-fronts from breeding grounds in W. Greenland (cf. The Handbook of British Birds, Vol. III, p. 190, footnote). §. About twenty grey geese flying S.W. over Queen Charlton on January 15 were confidently identified as being White-fronts. A single bird was seen on the bank of No. 3 reservoir, Barrow Gurney, on January 28. LEssER WHITE-FRONTED GoosE (Anser erythropus). G. Extremely good views were obtained at the New Grounds on December 16 of two adult specimens of this very rare visitor to the British Isles. One of them, probably a female, was first seen at a distance of about 200 yards, feeding among a number of common White-fronts. From a pillbox overlooking the saltings it was watched in a perfect light and, as it gradually grazed to within a 100 yards’ range, was under observa- tion for upwards of two hours by four observers—Lieut. Commander Peter Scott, Messrs. Clive Wilson and John Winter, and the writer. Compared with its companions, the bird looked darker and slightly smaller, and its shape and carriage seemed altogether more delicate. Its generally neater and smoother appearance was, no doubt, accen- tuated by its short neck and legs, and by the light edges of the mantle feathers being narrower and less prominent than in most grey geese. The bright pmk—almost coral pink—bill was noticeably small, thus giving the head, which was much darker than in typical albifrons, a somewhat rounded effect. When the bird was viewed head-on the 86 H. H. DAVIS white blaze on the forehead looked narrower than the usual blaze of the common White-front, and it extended well up between the eyes. Most important, however, of the field-characters noted were the swollen golden-yellow eyelids which were clearly seen by all four observers. The second bird, almost certainly a gander, was seen further out on the saltings and was also in company with common White-fronts. Again, the delicate shape and carriage and the very small bill were clearly noted, while the white blaze, extending in this case right to the top of the head, was most conspicuous. Although this bird was viewed (with telescope) at not less than 400 yards’ range, it was just possible - to get an occasional glimpse of the golden-yellow eyelids. One was again identified by various observers on December 28, 28 and 30, and it seemed highly probable that both birds were still present on the last named date. A more detailed account of this highly interesting event may be found in British Birds, Vol. XX XIX, p. 77. BEAN-GOOSE (Anser f. fabalis). G. One was identified, in company with White-fronts, at the New Grounds on February 3 (cf. British Birds, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 279). A single immature example among White-fronts on December 16 was seen by several observers and was still present on the 24th and 20th. Both birds were of the “‘segetum”’ type. PINK-FOOTED GoosE (Anser f. brachyrhynchus). G. Geese reported as arriving at the New Grounds in very small numbers during the last day or two of September were probably referable to this species. | None, however, were identified until October 14, when sixty Pink-feet were counted. From seventy to eighty, mcludmg both adult and immature birds, were seen on various dates from October 21 to December 16, but, despite frequent watch being kept, the only sub- sequent report was that of two (possibly more) seen on December £0. It seems evident, therefore, that the majority departed shortly before Christmas. BaRNACLE-GoosE (Branta leucopsis). G. Seven, apparently the highest number yet recorded for the Severn area, were seen together at the New Grounds on January 31 and February 3. One was still there on March 5. A single immature bird was noted among White- fronts at the same place on various occasions from November 25 to December 30. §. A party of seven was watched close inshore at Ladye Bay, near Clevedon, on January 27 (Miss B. A. Coney). DaRK-BREASTED Brent Goose (Branta b. berncla). G. An immature bird observed among White-fronts at the New Grounds on December 16 was still there on the 24th. : jim ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 87 Matiarp (Anas p. platyrhyncha). G. At the New Grounds on September 16 large numbers were watched flying from the river to settle in an adjoiming wheat field, where the crop was much damaged. and flattened by heavy rain. The birds were evidently feeding on the corn and when subsequently put up from the crop were estimated at not less than 300 strong. PinTaIL (Anas a. acuta). G. Several were noted at the New Grounds on two dates in March and about a dozen were seen at the same place on December 26. §. Frequently met with at the reservoirs from mid-February to early April and from mid-September to December. Twenty at Cheddar on February 25, five at Barrow Gurney on December 2 and six at Blagdon on December 9 are the highest totals reported. 7 SHOVELER (Spatula clypeata). G. Twice noted on the Severn at the New Grounds—six on March 19 and several on December 28. §S. The largest number reported from the reservoirs is that of a hundred, or more, at Cheddar on February 25. PocuarD (Aythya ferina). G. Single birds were met with on the pond at Stoke Park, Stapleton, on September 8 and on the lake at Kastville Park on December 19. Nine were seen off the New Grounds on December 26. This typically fresh water species 1s an uncommon visitor to the muddy waters of the Severn. S. The maximum total reported from the reservoirs is that of 300 at Blagdon on October 14. Scaup (Aythya m. marila). S. Two, females or immatures, were watched and carefully identified by three observers at Barrow Gurney reservoirs in November. They were first noticed on the 11th and were still present on the 25th. GOLDENEYE (Bucephala c. clangula). §. Highteen at Cheddar on February 25 is the largest number reported from the reservoirs. Common Scoter (Melanitta n. nigra). §. Twice seen at Barrow Gurney reservoirs—an adult male on September 2 and a party of five, females or immatures, on November 3. GoosaNnDER (Mergus m. merganser). G. As this species is seldom reported ‘from the Severn, it may be of interest to record here that five—an adult male and four brown-headed birds—were seen together on the sandbanks off the New Grounds on February 12, 1942. Smew (Mergus albellus). §S. Frequently met with at the reservoirs from January to early March and again in December. At Barrow Gurney eight, including three adult males, were seen on January I and. a similar number, including two adult males, on the 28th. Seven 88 H. H. DAVIS 4 ‘red-heads ”’ were noted at the same place on December 23. Among the various reports from Blagdon are those of seven “ red-heads ” and one adult male on February 18 and 20, five “ red-heads ” and four adult males on December 2, and eight “red-heads”’ and four adult males on the 14th. One, an adult male, was seen by Sqdn. Leader J. H. Barrett at Cheddar on December 9. These observations show a greater proportion of adult males than has been recorded in any previous year. | CorMoRANT (Phalacrocorax c. carbo). G. Three were observed in flight over the main streets of Clifton on September 15. EHighteen were counted on October 28 at the New Grounds where the bird is a regular visitor in winter. §. One was seen on the Avon at Saltford on November 11. Saac (Phalacrocorax a. arvstotelis). §. An immature bird was picked up dead at Cheddar reservoir on November 4. In contrast to the previous species the Shag is very seldom met with at the reservoirs. GANNET (Sula bassana). G. An adult was seen dead on the river bank at the New Grounds on August 19. Manx SHEARWATER (Puffinus p. puffinus). §. A dead bird was found on the rocks on the south side of Brean Down on May 25. SLAVONIAN GREBE (Podiceps auritus). S. Twice seen and clearly identified at the reservoirs—two at Cheddar on December 29 and one at Blagdon on the 31st. BLACK-NECKED GREBE (Podiceps n. nigricollis). S. Frequently noted at the reservoirs from early August to early November, after which ~ most, or all, of them departed. The highest numbers reported for each reservoir are those of five at Barrow Gurney on October 7, three at Blagdon on September 23 and October 14, and two at Cheddar on November 4. LITTLE GREBE (Podiceps r. ruficollis). §. At least fifty were present at Blagdon reservoir on October 14. Thirty were counted at Barrow Gurney on October 7 and November 3. GREAT NoRTHERN Diver (Colymbus immer). S. A diver watched at Blagdon reservoir on November 24 was, on account of its large size and massive bill, confidently identified as being of this species. RED-THROATED DivEeR (Colymbus stellatus). S. One was seen at Cheddar reservoir on December 29. What was probably the same bird was found dead a day or two later. Woop-PicEon (Columba p. palumbus). G. On January 20 a Wood- Pigeon, bearing a rubber ring on one leg, visited the farm premises ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 89 at Little Stoke where it remained in almost continuous company with domestic pigeons for the following four or five weeks, and on some nights roosted on the outside of the pigeon house. By mid-February it was calling frequently from the roof-tops and was sometimes seen displaying on the ground to its companions. The bird, which had no doubt been reared in captivity, disappeared on, or about, February 20 and was not seen subsequently. As early as March 21 a nest containing one freshly laid egg was found in Savage’s Wood, Stoke Gifford. Bar-TAILED Gopwit (Limosa |. lapponica). G. Twice identified off the New Grounds—a party of seven or eight on September 7 and a single bird on the 24th. §. One was seen along the R. Axe at Uphill on September 9. BLACK-TAILED Gopwit (Limosa I. limosa). G@. Observed oft the New Grounds on various dates from the third week of August to the last week of September. Numbers reported are seventeen on August 26, twenty-eight on September 4 and 7, and twenty-four on the 16th and 24th. CurLEw (Numenius a. arquata). G. A large gathering seen at the New Grounds on September 24 was found to contain not less than 300 birds. WHIMBREL (Numenius ph. pheopus). G. Two were seen at Severn Beach on September 14. §S. One was noted at Clevedon on the un- usually early date of April 6 and ten were counted at the same place on May 4. At the reservoirs one was observed at Cheddar on May 8 and one, or two, at Blagdon on September 9. Woopcock (Scolopax rusticola). G. Ten were killed during a shoot at Badminton on December 21. Four were seen at Dyrham Wood on December 26. Several were put up late in the year at Old Wood, Rangeworthy (J. H. Harford). §. Twice reported from Leigh Woods in March—one on the 18th and one on the 30th. Jack Snipe (Limnocryptes minimus). §. At Blagdon reservoir two were seen on September 1, two on the 30th and one on December 9. A single bird was flushed at Barrow Gurney on October 10. Kwot (Calidris c. canutus). G. Noted on the Avonmouth-Severn Beach mud-flats on several occasions in both spring and autumn. ‘Twelve, on May 19, is the highest number reported. A single bird was seen in the same place on December 25. CURLEW-SANDPIPER (Calidris testacea). G. One was seen among Dunlin at Severn Beach on May 19. The bird was just begining to assume the red underparts and was confidently identified. The follow- 90 H. H. DAVIS ing were noted with Dunlin at the same place on autumn passage— two on August 29, two on September 14, one on the 16th. Of six viewed at close quarters off the New Grounds on September 5, one was in partial red plumage. One was identified in flight along the same stretch of river on September 16. LirtLe Stint (Calidris minuta). G. A single bird observed among Dunlin at Severn Beach on May 9 provides the first spring record for this side of the district. §. One was present at Cheddar reservoir from September 2 to the 5th, or later. SANDERLING (Crocethia alba). G. Twice reported from the mud- flats below Severn Beach—a party of six on May 9 and a single bird on August 29. Four or five were met with off the New Grounds on September 7. §. One was noted along the R. Axe at Uphill on September 20. Rurr (Philomachus pugnax). G. Seven were seen feeding together off the New Grounds on September 5 and two were observed at the same place on the 16th and.24th. §. Single birds were seen at Blagdon reservoir on August 12, on two dates in September and again on October 14. CoMMON SANDPIPER (Actitis hypoleucos). G@. One was watched at the New Grounds on the unusually late date of December 16. The bird was feeding at a small pool on the saltings, and was seen and heard. by four observers. §. One was watched feeding below Pulteney Bridge, Bath, on September 80 (A. V. Cornish). : GREEN SANDPIPER (Tringa ochropus). G. One was put up at the Frampton end of the New Grounds on September 24 (Pilot Officer A. J. B. Thompson). §. The only records from the reservoirs are those of single birds at Barrow Gurney on August 26. and September 4 and 29, and at Cheddar on September 23. SporteD REpsHanK (T'ringa erythropus). G@. and §. Good views were obtained of a Spotted Redshank along the Avon near Hotwells on October 8. The bird was seen on both sides of the river, and was clearly identified by its characteristic call and the absence of white on the secondaries. GREENSHANK (Tringa nebularia). G. The following are reported from the New Grounds—one on August 19 and three on September 16 and 24. §. Frequently noted, up to three or four in number, at Blagdon and Barrow Gurney reservoirs from August 4 to September 17. GOLDEN PLovER (Pluvialis apricaria). G. About sixty were seen ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES OF at the New Grounds on March 19. Birds were regularly noted at the same place from late October onwards—the highest total being eighty on December 4 and 26. §. Ten were observed at Queer Charlton on April 4. Grey PLover (Squatarola squatarola). G. One was frequenting the mud-flats at Severn Beach on September 14. At the New Grounds a single bird was seen on September 27 and nine or ten were seen on October 21. Heard overhead at the same place on two sub- sequent occasions. OYSTER-CATCHER (Hematopus ostralegus occidentalis). G. On March ~ 19 four were watched on the river bank at the New Grounds where the bird is, apparently, of uncommmon occurrence. Buack TERN (Chlidonias n. niger). G. Asingle bird was seen hawking over the river at the Frampton end of the New Grounds on September 16. S. Frequently met with at the reservoirs on autumn passage— the largest numbers reported being five or six at Blagdon on September 23 and five at Cheddar on the same date. Common Tern (Sterna h. hirundo). §. At Blagdon reservoir fifteen, or more, were seen on September 1. Five were noted at the same place on the 2nd and one on the 9th. Single birds were present at Barrow Gurney on September 4 and 23. Some of these may have been Arctic Terns (Sterna macrura). LirtLe Tern (Sterna a. albifrons). G. Two were identified at close range on the shingle at Severn Beach on May 9. The yellow bill and leg coloration, and other distinguishing characters, were clearly seen. This is the only authentic record within recent years for this side of the district. LittLe Guu (Larus minutus). §. An immature bird reported, and accurately described, was watched, in close company with a Black Tern, at Blagdon reservoir on September 5. Common GuLt (Larus c. canus). G. In the late afternoon of August 19 at least 2,000 were seen on the sandbanks off the New Grounds, while others were arriving in a continuous stream from inland localities. This is evidently a favourite autumn and, winter roosting place for many of the birds which resort daily to the Cotswolds. Purrin (Fratercula a. grabe). §. Following a strong westerly gale a dead bird was found on Kenn Moor, Nailsea, on October 30 (Dr. H. W. Miles). Corn-CRAkE (Crex crex). §S. The only report is that of one heard. at Tickenham on May 7. 92 H. H. DAVIS Water-Ratt (Rallus a. aquaticus). G. One was shot at Badminton on December 21. A bird was heard in a reed bed at the Purton end of the New Grounds on December 30 (W. B. Alexander). §S. One was seen at the old reservoir, Barrow Gurney, on January 8. RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE (Alectoris r. rufa). G. One or two were met with on arable land at Stoke Gifford on several occasions from March 12 to May 15. On the latter date one was observed calling from the lower branches of a dead oak, and shortly afterwards from the top rail of a field fence. Three were seen in the same locality on August 5. Quart (Coturnix c. coturniz). G. A bird was calling daily in a wheat crop at Little Stoke Farm, Stoke Gifford, from May 30 to June 5. It was not heard subsequently. PLATE 3. Vou. XXVIE, Pr, 11 93] To face p 93: Owen’s ‘‘ Observations ”’ By Sranitey Smit, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S. (Recewed, Feb. 22, 1946. Read in title, March 7, 1946) HE earliest account of the minerals and rocks of the Bristol neighbourhood was written by a visitor to the district from London. The work to which I am referring is :— Owen, Edward.! 1754. Observations on the Earths, Rocks, Stones and Minerals, for some miles about Bristol, and on the Nature of the Hot-Well, and the Virtue of its Water. Sm. 8vo. pp. (12) + vi + 7-250; frontispiece and two plates. London. Although the author is mainly concerned with the subjects men- tioned. in the title, at the same time he gives us occasional glimpses of the century in which he lived and of the Bristol neighbourhood two hundred years ago. In dedicating his work to the Earl of Macclesfield, he modestly disclaims any special knowledge of those matters on which he writes ; nevertheless his remarks show him to be conversant with contemporary ideas and closely observant, and to possess originality of thought. In these notes no attempt is made to cover the entire work. On the contrary, from the very wide range of subjects with which its author deals, I have chosen only a few. The extracts I have made are of interest for different reasons: some reflect contemporary scien- tific outlook, while others shed side light on economic problems and social customs of the time. In 1754, it will be remembered, very little was known concerning the constitution of matter, or of the formation and disintegration of rocks. The great discoveries in chemistry and geology which were to revolutionize scientific thought later in the century had not yet been made. Owen writes in the discursive manner of his time, and is apt in places to become unduly expansive and even tedious. Yet anyone interested in ideas formerly held (an integral part of the history of every science) or in 18th Century Bristol, will find much that is both entertaining and profitable in this small volume. 1 My efforts to obtain information concerning the author have so far met with no success. |\oe 94 STANLEY SMITH Its contents can be most satisfactorily indicated by listing in abridged form the captions of the various chapters. The work is divided into six books and these into chapters. I. 1., etc., used throughout in this article, denote Book I Chapter i, etc. | I, i“... face of the country, .... soil and contents of the valleys and hills.” ii “... King-Road and the Lower Avon, ... the nature of the stones on the adjoining Downs.” ii“... rocks on Durdham and Leigh Downs, .. . ores and minerals found there.” iv “... useful earths..-... found=about bustelg Il. i. “.. . crystals and other like substances . . .” nu “... crystals ... called Bristol stones.” ii“... manner in which the Bristol stones grow to the stones and. ores.” iv... ... peculiar form of some crystallay a, Vi i: formation’ of crystals, vi « .. colours ofccrystals. Wil, “.... . spar of uncertain. form |) 32 vii“... spars ofa finer kind, . . . which are found in somewhat regular lumps.”’ ix “,.. spar that forms itself into shoots like crystals.” x “.. . formation and colouring ol .. .-2 spate III. i ‘“... manner in which the stone lies; its substance and uses.” i“... strength and duration of the stone...” ii “... manner of digging the stone, and blowing up the rocks.” iv “... the effect of that coat which covers stones in and out of the earth, and its nature.”’ v “... the recovery of this coat of stones, when they have lost it.” IV. i “.. . of the rise of the Bristol spring, and its general nature.” ii“... the method of drinking the Bristol water on the spot, and elsewhere.” ii “... the origin of the Bristol spring, and of the virtues of its waters.” ¥. i “... the Cotham stone.” ] i“... the outer surface and appearance of the Cotham bP) stone ... 66 OWEN’S ‘“‘ OBSERVATIONS ” 95 m1 *.:. . the-inside of the Cotham stone.” iv “... the substance, nature, and origin of the Cotham stone.”’ v “,.. the stones called snake stones.” vi “... the petrifying and encrusting power of the earth about Bristol.”’ vii“... the rough stones of Clifton-Hill.”’ VI. i “... stone and other contents of the earth about Bristol, and their uses.” iii © bath stone.” iii“... the stones called grey wethers on Marlborough Downs.” iv “... the nature of the stone of which the grey wethers are composed, and its uses.” last “.. . few farther remarks on a part of Wiltshire.” ‘“The Conclusion.’ DURDHAM DOWNS AND THE BRISTOL CHANNEL One’s attention is arrested in the opening paragraph of I.1., pp. 7 and 8, by the description we are given of the Downs and Leigh Woods as they appeared in the middle of the eighteenth century. “ On each side [of the Avon] there are hills, and they are more beautiful in prospect, than useful to the possessor. They are neither fertile in herbage, nor fit for the raising of timber. They are in great part covered with fern and furze bushes, in the manner of our waste land in other places. The grass is short, and the few trees that there are scattered about upon them, especially upon Leigh Down, do not seem to thrive as in better soils.” He also draws the following picture of the Bristol Channel, here spoken of as King Road, and of the pleasure parties which at times were in the habit of visiting its shores. ‘“‘ King-Road is a vast sheet ol salt water, or an arm of the sea, separating England from Wales ; it is three miles over at the new passage into Wales, but its breadth is irregular. This place is so very pleasant in summer time, that most of the nobility and gentry, who frequent the Hot-well, go once to view it; where the gentlemen and ladies divert themselves upon a noble sea beach, in picking up small pebbles of all shapes and colours, many of which are so covered with particles of mundick, and others with those of isinglass, that they seem full of gold and silver, and make a | 96 STANLEY SMITH very beautiful appearance when the sun shines upon them: and as the passage is seldom an hour, and the expense only fourpence for a man, and eightpence for a horse, several persons, merely out of a frolick, take a trip over in the passage boat.” (I.1., p.12.) Mundick is an old name for pyrites. This mineral occurs in the Rhetic Bone Bed at. Aust (“ New Passage’) and pyritous specimens of the rock may well have attracted the attention of the visitors. By isinglass may be meant either calcite or gypsum. Both minerals are present here. IRON ORES ‘Tron ore is frequent among them (i.e., the rocks on Durdham. Downs and in the vicinity) and is often very rich.” Having thus introduced the subject of ferruginous minerals and rocks the author discusses the question of whether or not iron can occur in nature in the metallic condition. “I have been told of iron found pure and. perfect in the earth; but others it seems dispute whether there be any such thing. That there is pure gold and pure silver in the earth, nobody ever doubted ... and there is also copper . . . quite pure and fit for use. Why this should not be the case with iron, as well as these metals, I cannot see” (I. i., pp. 17-18.) Later he touches on the problem of smelting iron by means of coal. . . . those who understand minerals, having seen what I brought to London, tell me there is scarce any kind of iron ore that I have not. 66 got. So that this single part of the kingdom contains almost every kind of ore of this useful metal. If the project that has been some. time on foot, of melting iron from the ore with sea coal, should ever be brought to bear, I don’t doubt but the neighbourhood of Bristo/ will be one of the most flourishing places in this kingdom. Itis pity such things should rest in dispute; either the ore can be worked with sea. coal, or it cannot; if it can, they have enough of that fuel at hand ; and I should think it worth their while to make any trials.” (I. i., p. 21.) One has here contemporary evidence from an unsuspected. quarter of the slow and uncertain progress that had been made in iron smelting during the past forty-five years—the period in which iron production in this country had reached its lowest figure. Abraham Darby, it may be remembered, had in the year 1709 or thereabouts successfully used coke in his furnaces at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, but as we may gather from Owen’s remarks, this success, achieved no doubt through careful attention to detail, was not. universal throughout the industry. VoL. XXVIII, Pr. II PLATE 4. OWEN’S ‘‘ OBSERVATIONS ”’ 97 COTHAM STONE We are indebted to Owen for the name inalienably attached to the lithological curiosity from the Upper Rhetic we less accurately style Cotham ‘ marble, and also for the earliest description and figure of the stone. The distinctive features of this compact, argillaceous lime- stone or, rather, impure, calcareous mudstone are its vermiculate or mam- millated upper surface and its internal pigmentation. Most of the bed, which is usually only four to nine inches in thickness, is of a greenish- grey colour, but the lower part, which is finely laminated, exhibits irregular bands of both much darker and much lighter shades. From a dark, almost black, layer, expanding arborescent columns of the same material rise into the more uniformly coloured layer above, and the pattern thus produced, when seen in longitudinal section, conveys the impression of trees growing by the side of water. There are in fact often two ‘landscapes,’ one above the other, as shown in Owen’s figure reproduced as Pl. 4. Owen noticed the similitude and allowed his imagination a loose rein. He writes: “The polished surface afforded a landscape that appeared the work of some masterly hand in painting. There appeared rivers, forests, mountains, grotto’s, and everything that could be conceived to embellish a fine picture. In one place specks of a dark colour, and irregular form, resembled clouds seen through some distant opening; in another place is the greatest token of an open country; and in others, trees, bushes, shrubs and hedges, with brooks and rivers running among them.” (V. ili., p. 175.) As in the case of most other rocks and minerals he mentions, Owen discusses the formation of the stone at some considerable length (V. iv., pp. 179-191). The explanation of the landscape he gives is not very different from that put forward by Beeby Thompson in 1894.? 1 The place from which the stone receives its name is stated by Owen to be Cotham House, near the top of Cotham Hill, in the grounds of which the Homceo- pathic Hospital now stands. The house still retains its decoration of Cotham marble. The formation has a very wide distribution in the south-west of Gloucestershire. 2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. L, pp. 393-410. Thompson suggests that the escaping gas was produced by the decomposition of the organic matter that gave the particular layers their dark colour. He also attributes the vermiculate surface in part to pressure exerted by the rising gas and in part to contraction, but the vermiculation and mammillation can be attributed to colloidal reaction. _ See also paper by H. B. Woodward : Geol. Mag., 1892, pp. 110-117. Woodward interpreted the arborescent markings as dendritic infiltrations of manganese ores, etc., but, as Thompson points out, the tree-like patterns rise from the bottom layer of the bed. They are, it may be added, not films along joints and cracks as in the case of ordinary dendritic introduction of iron and manganese oxides but irregular cones of darker matter introduced into the purer material. 98 STANLEY SMITH His idea, briefly stated, was that the air escaping from the darker layer carried some of the material up with it into the higher part of the sediment while the whole was still soft. In the eighteenth century and the early part of the eh. the stone was built into walls, gate posts, etc., as a decoration, the ver- miculate surface being exposed to view. Owen makes reference to the practice. “ In some places,” he says, ‘‘ about Bristol, I met with a very beautiful sort of rustic work in the stone facings of the gateways leading to the better houses.”” (V.i., p. 164.) “.. My wonder upon this subject was, after some time, turned another way. I found it was not art and labour, but nature that I was to admire in these wonderful pieces of rustic ; that no tool had ever been near them, but they were as they had been found in the earth, and the mason had put them into these places, and claimed no other merit in them.” (V. i, p. 168.) Examples of this form of decoration still survive. In Cotham Road, for instance, at the end of Cotham Park are two obelisks constructed mainly of Liassic limestone but containing courses of Cotham marble. The material was, we can be quite certain, obtained in the vicinity. Both these stones are susceptible to weathering and some of them in the obelisks have perished. The disintegrated blocks have been re- placed by the more durable Bath ‘freestone ’ (from the Oolitic Series), and where this has been substituted for Cotham stone it has been crudely carved to imitate the vermiculate surface. In the 19th century polished slices of Cotham marble, and small articles of use such as paper weights and pen trays were exposed for sale in Bristol shops. It would seem that Cotham marble was cut and polished at least as early as 1754, for we read, V. v., p. 192: “ The gentlemen in this part of the country are not without curiosity. I have mentioned already that I saw in their houses plates of the Cotham stone polished and set in frames for its beauty : in some places I also found what are called snake stones, preserved for their singularity.” SNAKE STONES rece In the passage just quoted we have evidence of the growing interest in fossils, which characterises the eighteenth century. The remarks on ammonites which follow, and to which the passage is an introduction, are valuable in so far that they express ideas which then prevailed concerning the organic remains found in rocks. By this time the organic origin of fossils had become generally accepted, but cnly a very few realised that most fossils represented extinct and not living species? 4 OWEN’S ‘‘ OBSERVATIONS ”’ 99 Owen, although he calls ammonites ‘snake stones,’ following the common. usage of the time, is fully cognisant that these fossils are not petrified ‘serpents as they were then commonly thought to be (an idea even to-day not entirely eradicated from popular belief), but were the remains of “some sea shell.” What kind of a shell, he is at a loss to say, but of some living species he imagined, remarking, “ there may be thousands of shells in the sea we know nothing of ; for we do not go to the bottom, but only find a few that are about the shores.” {V. v., p. 201.) In order to convince the sceptic of this, he cites the case of what we can readily recognise as a rhynchonellid. “It is very natural to call a little shell fish, that is as big as my thumb end, and is ribbed all the way down, a cockle ; but if we examine these that we so freely call cockles strictly, we shall find that they are no more cockles than they are oysters or muscles; though they very much resemble cockles: they are particular sorts of shell fish that we know nothing of, only as we see them in the stone ; and why should we wonder that the great one is unknown to us, when the little ones are the same.” {V. v., p. 201.) Owen was of the opinion that the ammonites and other fossil shells were introduced into the rock adventitiously. He was under the impression that fossils ‘‘ are mostly lodged in the ground near to the sea shores, or at least where floods might have carried them, or else about the banks of rivers that have a communication with the sea.” (V. v., p. 198.) He puts forward, as a reason for believing that the snake stones. were introduced into the place where he saw them (between Bath. and Keynsham), their ‘unhealthy’ condition: “ The surface of this stone [the Cotham], whichis curdled into a sort of rustic work, is hard and fair and healthy, and.so would the representations of these snakes if they were the natural features. of the stone, and the stone were in health; but instead of that, they are faint and worn out more or less, and defaced so that there is no appearance of the stone being in a healthy state.” (V. v., pp. 199-200.) He considers a rock to be healthy when it is fresh and not in any way :decomposed. He held the strange belief that the ‘health’ of rocks could only be maintained when water was circulating freely through them. “It appears to me, from repeated observation, that springs are, as I may say, the life and support of rocks ; and that while the waters flow under them, they will be strong and healthy, and never lose their virtues or their qualities ; and, on the contrary, that rocks do lose their weight and soundness, and every quality which before 100 STANLEY SMITH distinguished them, when by any accident the springs forsake them. .... I verily think the decayed rocks, which are found at depths under the earth, owe their decay as much to the water’s having changed their course and forsaken them, as to extreme old age itself.” (IV. ii., p. 144.) As to when these fossils came into the rock in which they are now found, Owen is not certain. “ Many,” he says, “ have referred their coming to these places, and being sunk in the bodies of stone, to the changes that were wrought upon the earth at the time of Noah’s flood. Perhaps a great many of them may be as old as that time: but we know that changes happen in the earth so frequently, that a great many may have come by their present situation otherwise.” (V. v., p. 195.) THE HOT WELL Book IV is entirely given to the Hot Well, the virtues of its water and the clientele of this once much frequented spa. The water was warm, 70°-76° Fahr., and slightly alkaline. The spring was lost in the latter part of the 19th century, following alterations to the cliffs in the Avon Gorge in 1868. During the middle decades of the 18th century the spa had reached its greatest prosperity. A few extracts from chaptersi. and u. are given here. In chapter 111. Owen discusses at great length, but to little purpose, the source of the spring. He is chiefly concerned in proving to his own satisfaction that the water did not rise from a great abyss. “The rock, out of which issues the famous water called the Hot-well water, and in other places the Bristol water, stands on the north side of the river Avon, and affords a romantic and beautiful prospect.” (IV. i., p. 120.) “ As this water passes through a vast bed of rocks, and among a variety of different substances, it doubtless borrows taste and virtues from the most particular kinds; and, when drank at the spring head, it has a fine gentle warmth, nothing like the heat of the Bath pump: and a delicate soft milky taste; and it is very grateful to the stomach, and very favourable in many complaints. It is generally allowed to be cooling, cleansing and balsamick ; but one of its great qualities is its astringency: this renders it useful in that very terrible complaint the diabetes; and, in consequence of its other qualities, it 1s drank with great success in obstructions of the urinary passages from gravel, as also in many of the chronic cases which are least to be relieved by the common course of medicine.” (EV hi aap aol) were OWEN’S ‘* OBSERVATIONS ”’ 101 ‘Everything conspires to render the thing [i.e., the Season at the Hot Well] agreeable. The accommodations of all kinds are excellent, and there is good attendance. The people in general are obliging more than in almost any other place I know, and those belonging to the Hot-well are particularly so. There is always good company; and the many innocent amusements and diversions during the season, which is from May to September, contribute greatly to the pleasure. _ For those who love riding, there is the finest country in the world ; and, even for carriages, nothing can exceed it ; the Downs are spacious and open, and we enjoy the healthful exercise in a pure air.” (IV. 1., p. 125.) “Clifton, one of the most agreeable villages in the kingdom, presents itself just upon the hill rising from the Hot-well, for lodging. From the mount adjoining to it, there is another extensive and glorious prospect ; and the air of this particular spot is so excellent, that it is called the English Montpelier.” (IV. 1., p. 126.) “ The principal amusements and diversions of the Hot-well are these: the gentlemen frequently go in pleasure-boats, attended with music, down the Avon to King-Road, and from thence to view the light-house upon the flat holms, but they always take care to return with the tide, the stream running so prodigiously strong, that there is no such thing as rowing against it. This is a most delightful pleasant voyage, the windings of the river between the rocks and hills beautifully diversifying the scene almost all the way. The gentlemen also have many pleasant rides over Leigh Down on the Somersetshire side of the Avon, even as far as Falen’s Inn, and Dundry Tower, from both which places scarcely any thing can exceed the prospect, the latter being placed as a land- mark for ships in their passage up Bristol channel. The ladies seldom partake of those pleasures. Their amusements and diversions are pretty much confined to the Pump-room and the Long-room ; not but that they have, besides visiting, assemblies, balls and plays alternately, to which they are carried in coaches or sedan chairs, several of these always attending for that purpose.” (IV. i., pp. 127-128.) “ At the first coming down [to Bristol], the method is to go to the Pump-room in the morning, and drink a glass or two before breakfast ; and about five in the afternoon to return and take another or two, most usually two. This is the beginning if the water suits; that is, if the spring tides do not prevent it. The next day the person takes three glasses before breakfast, and three in the afternoon, and this he continues during the time he stays there.” (IV. ii., p. 129.) “ There is yet one advantage I must needs give to the Bristol water upon the spot, over 102 STANLEY SMITH most other medicines, which is, that it costs nothing, or what is so near to nothing . . . No price is paid for the water: all the expence that attends the drinking of it, is, that every one, when he goes away, makes a present to the master, and a trifle to be divided amongst the servants. This is at his own pleasure, but is generally proportioned to the number of the family, and time of the stay. It is- however a very inconsiderable thing when done ever so genteely.” (IV. u., p- 133.) “ Those whose affairs will not permit them to leave London, and whose constitutions require its assistance, have it here at fivepence the bottle, if they write to Mr. Barratt, the master of the Hot-well, for a hamper of it to come by sea, a price sufficiently moderate.” (Vi) p.a132)) GREY WETHERS During his stay in the west country Owen visited Wiltshire. There he was much impressed and not a little puzzled by the spectacle of the grey wethers lying scattered over the downs. At that time these blocks of Eocene sandstone were no doubt much more numerous than now. “These grey wethers upon Marlborough Downs are indeed an amazing sight. Ata distance they have the appearance of flocks of sheep lying down in different places. As we come up to them, we find them to be all distinct stones, many lying very near, and others at a distance from one another. On examining them, I found them in a strong and healthy condition, like the tops of the rocks on Durdham and. Leigh Downs. Far from having sustained any damage from the air, they have each its coat or crust like the healthy limestone rocks already mentioned, and are perfectly strong and sound within. The coats of these stones are all of a greyish colour, one only excepted, this is white, and looks at a distance like a heap of snow: they are of irregular figures, many of the shape of pebbles ; and they are of all sizes, some prodigiously large, and others but small.” (VI. iii., pp. 241-242.) By ‘coat’ he means the weathered surface a rock acquires, either along the joints when in the ground or on its surface when exposed. to the atmosphere. Two earlier chapters (III. iv and v) are entirely devoted to discussing these ‘ coats on stones.’ Owen was very undecided concerning the origin of the grey wethers. His first impression was that they had been “ brought there to build a 1 The remains of a Tertiary formation removed by denudation. 4 OWEN’S “‘ OBSERVATIONS ”’ 103 place of strength, or some place of public worship (VI. iii., p. 243), but he veers round to the view expressed by the people of the place that they grew where they stood, “... the tops of numbers of them, just shooting as it were healthy and strong out of the earth, as if they belonged to large masses growing up within it, seemed to confirm them in that opinion ; but be that as it will, the oldest and most sensible part of the people assured me, it was their stedfast belief, that they had grown very considerably in their time.” (VI. iil., p. 242-243.) I wish to acknowledge assistance from the University of Bristol Colston Society towards the cost of publication of this paper. 1 Owen was fully aware that megaliths at Stonehenge were fashioned out of grey wethers, but he rightly concluded that this was because the material was the nearest to hand. 104 Record of Circular Structures in Vein-Calcite at Abbots Leigh, near Bristol By I. 8. Louprxine, B.Sc., F.G.S. (Recewed and read in title, March 7, 1946) Ae exposed in the old limestone quarry at Abbots Leigh on the Bristol-Portishead Road (440 yds. east of Manor Farm) exhibits circular patches of calcite which do not appear to have been previously recorded. The beds, which belong to the Zaphrentis Zone of the Carboniferous Limestone Series, have an approximate dip of 36° to east-south-east (117°). The vertical joint-face, which runs in the direction of dip, faces south-south-west, and measures about 25 ft. in length. The circular structures, of which over fifty can be counted, occur in varying degrees of development and preservation (pl. 5); the largest attains a diameter of 60 cm. The thickness of the vein material varies, but is usually less than 0.5 cm. The patches consist of white calcite, and are set in a matrix of transparent grains of colourless to pink calcite. The white calcite exhibits a radial lamellar and feathery structure, each blade or sheaf being 1-2 mm. wide (pl. 6, fig. 1). The material is pigmented in patches by iron oxides, and groups of transparent calcite crystals which are arranged at random show up red on account of the layer below being strongly ferruginous. The circles are remarkably regular, and they are usually sharply defined at their peripheries, the borders being sometimes emphasized by black or red impurities. Between the circles, scalenohedral crystals of calcite, some attaining a length of 3 cm., are developed in places, but are imperfectly preserved. Many exhibit reéntrant angles due to twinning on {0001 }, and a preferred orienta- tion is indicated by the fact that the vertical crystal axes lie in the plane of the joint, in which plane they are also distorted by lateral enlargement. Powdered material and thin-sections were studied in an attempt to account for the whiteness and opacity of the calcite, which are appar- ently due to the presence of disseminated dust-fine particles of clayey material. The impurities are concentrated preferentially along cleavage CIRCULAR STRUCTURES IN VEIN- CALCITE 105 planes, and thus give rise to the feathery structure (pl. 6, fig. 2). X-Ray ‘powder photographs revealed no diffraction lines other than for calcite. ‘ORIGIN OF THE STRUCTURES. There is no evidence which indicates that the structures were de- veloped as surface features after the overhanging wall had been removed: some of the structures are still partially concealed, and thus it is clear that they were developed before the surface was exposed ‘by quarrying. The mode of origin is comparable to ordinary veins which occur abundantly in local limestones.- The interest attached to these structures is their radial, bladed character, their circular form, and their relatively large sizes: it is with the origin of these features, and not of the vein-material, that this paper is concerned. . There can be little doubt that the disc-shaped developments of white calcite were preceded and followed by the deposition of granular, transparent calcite, below and between the discs respectively. The stage that gave rise to the structures was no doubt connected with a change in the physico-chemical environment, possibly an admixture of a suspension of clayey matter, and following perhaps a temporary ‘dissolution effect due to compressional agencies. Crystallisation of the calcite seems to have been rapid, thus failing to clear it from the impurities present and, at the same time accounting for the peculiarities ‘of structure. Itis significant that the centres of the discs often coincide with bedding planes and joints intersecting the face, for such places would favour the initiation of crystallisation. The structures may be likened to spherulites developed in two dimensions only, and in this connection it is useful to refer to the experiments of Vater (1893-9) on the crystallisation of calcium carbonate under diffusion conditions : using impure solutions of calcium chloride and potassium bicarbonate, he produced hemispherical aggregates of ‘calcite composed of radially-arranged fibres, and, moreover, attributed the production of disc-like crystallites of calcite to the presence of impurities. Spherulitic and sheaf-like growths were obtained by similar diffusion methods, using gelatine, by Morse and Donnay (1931, 1936) and by Lengyel (1937). A colloidal reaction for the production of these circular structures is therefore inferred. My thanks are due to the University of Bristol Colston Society for a grant from which a part of the cost of publication was defrayed. 106 I. S. LOUPEKINE REFERENCES Lengyell, E. v. 1937. ‘“ Zum Problem der Spharokristalle.” Zeits. Hrist.. Volo Wisp, vou. Morse, H. W. and J. D. H. Donnay. 1931: ~ “Calcite ‘artificielle: obtenue par diffusion dans un gel.” Bull. Soc. Franc. Min. Vol. 54, p. 19. % | —— and ——. 1936. “ Optics and structure of three-dimensional spherulites.”” Amer. Min. Vol. 21, p. 391. - | Vater, H. 1893-9. “Ueber den Einfluss der Lésungsgenossen auf die Krystallisation des Calciumcarbonates.” Zeits. Kryst. Min. Vol. 21, p. 483; Vol. 22, p. 209; Vol. 24, p. 366; Vol. 27, p. 477; Vol. 30, pp. 295, 485; Vol. 31, p. 538. EXPLANATION OF PLATES Plate 5. Circular patches on joint-face of limestone. The radial structure is well displayed by the disc marked A. The bedding plane B is seen to pass through the centres of several discs. Plate 6, fig. 1. Photomicrograph of calcite showing bladed structure (x 16; between crossed-polaroids). fig. 2. Photomicrograph of calcite showing feathery structure (x 16; in ordinary light). Won X XVII, Pr. IL PuatTe 5. STRUCTURES IN VEIN-CALCITE AI ABBOTS LEIGH Photos IS. L. [To face p. 106 107 Additions to the Bristol Insect Fauna (Diptera) since 1944 (See Proceedings 27, (1), 46-8) By H. L. F. Aupcent, M.Sc. (Received, Jan. 31, 1946. Read in title, March 7, 1946) Treutipar (Limontnae) Molophilus propinquus Egg. G. Stow-in-the-Wold (L. W. Grensted) 16/8/44. SYRPHIDAE Mynolepta potens Harr. (luteola Gmel. nec Scop.) G. Coombe Dingle, Bristol (HK. E. Lowe) 13/6/45. §S. Bridgwater (J. Cowley). CoNOPIDAE Conops vesicularis L. G. Moorend (J. Bowden) 4/8/45. §. Long Ashton (J. Bowden) 3/8/45. LARVAEVORIDAE (TACHINIDAE) Actia fissicorms Strobl. §. Clevedon (A.) 3/8/44. Dinera grisescens Fall. §. Clevedon (H. W. Andrews) 17/6/43. Stomatorhina lunata F. G. Blaise Castle, Bristol (H. A. Fonseca) 25/8/45. | jo dey yo424¢ ; 112 R. BASSINDALE smaller resident birds can be seen daily. The rare chough is also seer regularly. Among small mammals there seem to be several species of mice and. shrews but the most interesting is undoubtedly the Skomer or Drane’s. Vole. This confiding, russet-coloured species is considerably larger- than the mainland species and is found only on Skomer. Other members of the vertebrate terrestrial fauna seen on this. occasion were the slow-worm, lizard, frog, toad and palmate newt. No particular attention was paid to the insects, but butterflies. (mainly the peacock), some moths and humble bee queens were in evidence as well as five species of ant. Ground-beetles are present in some variety but the most noteworthy insect was undoubtedly the dung-beetle, Ceratophyus typheus L. The centimetre-wide burrows of this species are scattered all over the island and the popula- tion must be enormous. Turning to the somewhat limited fresh-water habitat, a representative fauna was discovered. This included the flat-worm Polycelis nigra > nematode worms; tubificid worms and the two leeches, Hemopis sanguisuga and Helobdella stagnalis ; among arthropods, daphnids, copepods, Gammarus pulex, Velia currens, corixids, may fly larvee- of apparently one species, caddis larvee, in sand-grain tubes, apparently of one species, two species of beetle with larve, and both red and. green Chironomid larve; and among vertebrates, one frog, Rana temporaria, several toads, Bufo bufo, with a good deal of spawn, and. the palmate newt, Molge palmatus, with numerous young stages. THE MARINE FAUNA AND FLORA Not all of the coastline of Skomer can be reached from the land and. some account of the accessibility of the shore-collecting areas is necessary. North Haven is easily accessible from the land by means of a eart: track and consists of a steeply walled bay at whose head is an unpro- ductive, shingle beach. The sides of the bay provide a graded series. of stones and weed-covered boulders very suitable for shore-collecting. Further out, the intertidal area merges into the steep rock-face which girdles the island and is covered by barnacles, limpets, dog whelks. and anemones. The approach to South Haven is much steeper but is negotiable by all students. The boulder beach gives way on the flanks to the steep rock-face as in North Haven but in the middle of the bay at low tide: BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL Tas: is a patch of sand with Arenicola. There is no shingle as in North Haven. A limited but good collecting ground is present between the Mew Stone and the island. The approach here is steep but simple—over a bank of sea-pink tussocks. The boulders are much too large to turn but interesting species are to be found here. At the Basin the boulders are immense and indicate a more extreme type of storm-washed shore than that of the Mew Stone collecting ground. Much of the remaining shore of the island is even more storm-washed and consists of native rock covered by barnacles. Pigstone Bay and Tom’s House are of this type and are both easily accessible over steep slopes. The Basin, on the other hand, is not directly accessible, but can be reached by active collectors from Tom's House. The fauna is restricted but notable for the growths of sponges, corals and ascidians. The Wick is a deep gully with a precipitous cliff on one side and a steep rock-slope on the other. The approach over the rock-slope is easily negotiated in tennis shoes in dry weather, but leather or nailed boots are definitely unsuitable. In a general way it seems that the less easily approachable the gully, the less interesting the fauna. The North and South Havens, the Mew Stone and an open shore, as at Pigstone Bay or the coast at the opposite (east) end, probably provide the collector with whatever the island has to offer in the way of intertidal fauna. THE INTERTIDAL FLORA On the open, storm-washed rock-coast large weeds are absent. In the bays and gullies, however, large brown weeds are well developed. The species noted in some abundance were :— Pelvetia canaliculata Fucus spiralis Fucus serratus Fucus vesiculosus Ascophyllum nodosum Himanthalia lorea Laminaria digitata Laminaria cloustont Porphyra sp. Chondrus crispus Polysiphonia fastigiata Other weeds were present, for example, Cladophora, Corallina, Inthothamnion, Rhodymenia and Delesseria, but were not properly determined. — 114 R. BASSINDALE THE FAUNA Identifications were made by inspection or from Hales (1939) and are subject to the limitations of these methods. The sublittoral fauna Two short dredging trips were made, one in the North and one in the South Haven. The latter was not very successful but specimens of Corystes and of Venus indicated the presence of a soft bottom. In the North Haven both rock and mud were encountered and the ~ following characteristic species together with strands of Zostera were obtained :-— Caryophyllia smathi Pectinaria belgica Aphrodite aculeata (small) Balanus wmprovisus Eupagurus bernhardus (in Turritella shells) Corystes cassivelaunus Nassarius reticulatus and egg cases Gibbula cineraria Turritella communis (abundant) Venus fasciata Cardium edule (small) Ensis ensis (small) Shells of Tellina tenuis Tellina crassa Macoma balthica Chlamys sp. Brittle Stars: four species. Echinocardium cordatum (dead shell) The intertidal fauna The intertidal fauna was more extensively investigated and will be dealt with under phylum headings. Phylum PORIFERA A normal range of species was found, the most noteworthy growths being those of Pachymatisma in the Basin. } Leucosolenia clathrus. Under boulders in the Basin. Grantia compressa. Numerous small colonies in 8. Haven under stones. Halichondria panicea. Common, 8. Haven and at the Mew Stone. Hymeniacidon sanguinea. Common, 8. Haven and Mew Stone. Pachmatisma johnston. Very good growths in the Basin: present at S. Haven, Mew Stone and Matthews Wick. Phylum CCKLENTERATA Hydroids were not abundant but anemones were common. The rare Balanophyllia was the most noteworthy species of the whole fauna. Among hydroids Tubularia was present in N. Haven and was BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 115 common at the Mew Stone and the Basin under boulders or on open rock. Both T. indwisa and T. larynx appear to be present. Several species of Sertularia or related genera were present in N. and S. Havens and at the Mew Stone. _ Alyconium digitatum. One tiny fragment in N. Haven. Actinia equina. Widespread in all colour varieties. Anemonia sulcata. Frequent in 8. Haven. Not recorded elsewhere. Tealia felina. Frequent, Mew Stone and N. Haven; rare, 8. Haven. Bunodactis verrucosa. Occasional, N. Haven. Sagartia sphyrodeta. Frequent, Mew Stone. (Probably this species.) Caryophyllia smitht. Frequent, Mew Stone, Basin, N. Haven. Corynactis viridis. Frequent, Mew Stone. Balanophyllia regia. Frequent, 8. Haven, Basin, Mew Stone. The easily accessible and beautiful colony in a crevice on the east sideofS. Haven should be left intact for all to see. Phylum NEMERTINEA Two nemertines, Lineus longissimus and another, were obtained in N. Haven. ; Phylum ANNELIDA Numerous species of polychete worms including polynoids, nereids and. tubicolous species were taken, but few were determined. Polynoids. Short polynoids were common in the N. and 8. Havens and at the Mew Stone. Aphrodite is recorded in the sublittoral list. Eulaha viridis. Frequent, N. and 8. Havens; rare, Mew Stone: one egg mass, Mew Stone, 5.4.46. Phyllodoce laminosa. Frequent, N. Haven; present, 8. Haven and Mew Stone: spawn common in 8. Haven, 2.4.46. Nereis pelagica. N. Haven. Arenicola marina. Colony in sand at low-tide level, 8. Haven. Arenicola branchialis. One, N. Haven. Amphitrite gracilis. Frequent, N. Haven. Pomatoceros triqueter. Frequent, N. and S. Havens. Spirorbis spirdlum. Common, N. and 8. Havens. Filograna sp. Colonies in the Basin of this genus or Salmacina. Phylum GEPHYREA Thalassema neptunisp. One, N. Haven. Phylum ARTHROPODA A wide variety of crabs is present but the main crustacea are un- doubtedly the barnacles which girdle the island. 116 R. BASSINDALH Balanus balanoides. Forms a continuous ring around the island. In 8. Haven a high proportion had egg masses (2.4.46) and nauplu hatched immediately from eggs placed in sea water. Newly settled spat was common and in 8S. Haven there was a high percentage infection of Hemioniscus. Balanus perforatus. Frequent wherever searched for. Balanus wmprovisus. Occasional, Basin. Balanus sp. A large barnacle, possibly B. porcatus, occurs rarely in N. Haven and at the Mew Stone. Chthamalus stellatus. The distribution of this species conforms to its known requirements of wave action (Moore and Kitching, 1939). It is abundant at Pigstone Bay and along the south side of the island near the Mew Stone. It is rarer in the more sheltered areas inside the Mew Stone and bordering the Little Sound and is absent from the heads of the N. and 8S. Havens. Where abundant it excludes Balanus balanoides from the highest levels, where rarer it is mixed with B. balanoides and where absent the Balanus is found alone at the high levels. Verruca stremia. Common atthe Mew Stone and probably elsewhere. Apseudes talpa. One, N. Haven. Ligea oceanica. Midland Isle: probably widespread on Skomer. Idothea sp. Rare, 8. Haven. Janira maculosa. One, S. Haven. Spheroma sp. Common in empty barnacle shells, 8. Haven: probably widespread. Hemioniscus balani. A high percentage infection of Balanus balanoides in 8. Haven ; some had ripe larve : present but apparently rarer in N. Haven and on Midland Isle. Orchestia gammarella. N. and 8. Havens: some quite terrestrial specimens were taken from a rabbit burrow mouth on Midland Isle about 150 ft. above sea level. Leander squilla. Two, small, N. Haven. Athanas nitescens. One, N. Haven. Eupagurus bernhardus. Common, 8. Haven: (dredged, N. Haven). Galathea strigosa. One, Mew Stone. _ | Galathea nexa. One of this species or of G. dispersa, Basin. Porcellana longicorms. Common, N. Haven ;° much less common, S. Haven and Mew Stone. : Porcellana platycheles. Abundant, N. Haven; common, 8. Haven; frequent, Mew Stone: one in berry, 4.4.46. BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL Py Carcinus menas. A few, N. and 8. Havens. Cancer pagurus. Rare, 8. Haven; commoner, N. Haven; frequent. Mew Stone. | Xantho incisus. Common, N. and 8. Havens; present, Mew Stone : females in berry, 4.4.46. Pilumnus hirtellus, Rare, N. and 8. Havens: female in berry, 4.4.46. Portunus puber. Common, N. and 8. Havens; present, Mew Stone. Pyenogond, One of the long-legged type, 8. Haven. Phylum MOLLUSCA The usual wide range of gastropod molluscs was present in N. and S. Havens and included Diodora, Trivea and Emarginula. Lepidochiton cinereus. One, 8. Haven. Two other chitons from the Mew Stone were probably Tonicella and Acanthochitona. Patella sp. No attempt was made to discriminate the species of Patella but the genus is abundantly represented on every part of the coastline. Patina pellucida. Not common, N. Haven and Mew Stone. Patelloida virginea. Common, Mew Stone. Diodora apertura, Rare, N. and 8. Havens, Mew Stone. Emarginula reticulata. One, N. Haven. Calliostoma ziziphinum. Frequent, N. Haven, Basin, Mew Stone ; one, 8. Haven: several white specimens from the Mew Stone. Gibbula cinerarva. Common, N. and 8. Havens; frequent, Mew Stone. Gibbula umbilicalis. Common, N. Haven; not so common, S8. Haven; rare, Basin. Osilinus lineatus. Common, N. and 8S. Havens. Inttorina neritoides. Probably widespread and common: some very fine specimens taken at 8. Haven and Pigstone Bay. Iittorina littorea. Common, N. Haven; frequent, 8. Haven. Inttorina saxatilis. Common, N. and 8. Havens, Mew Stone. Inttorina littoralis. Common, N. and 8. Havens: spawn, 2.4.46, Trivea europea. Frequent, 8. Haven. Trivea arctica. Frequent, N. Haven; rare, Mew Stone. Ocenebra erinacea. Rare, N. Haven. Nucella lapillus. Widespread: egg cases, 2.4.46. Nassarius reticulatus. Present, N. and 8. Havens: also dredged : capsules on weed, 2.4.46. : 118 R. BASSINDALE Nassarius inerassatus. One, N. Haven. Goniodoris nodosa. Frequent, Mew Stone. Jorunna tormentosa. One, N. Haven. ~ Archidoris brittanica. Frequent, N. Haven and Mew Stone: spawn in both places and (probably of this species) in S. Haven. One each of three other undetermined species of nudibranch were also taken -in the Basin, at the Mew Stone and in N. Haven. Anomia sp. or Heteranomia. Frequent, 8. Haven and Mew Stone. Mytilus edulis. Small specimens in greater or lesser abundance were recorded from N. and 8. Havens, Mew Stone and Pigstone Bay. Chlamys sp. Several, N. Haven. Papha pullastra. One, Mew Stone. Hiatella arctica. Several, N. Haven. Phylum POLYZOA The Polyzoa were not studied but Electra pilosa, Umbonula (?) and a Crisia were common. Phylum ECHINODERMATA A representative echinoderm fauna was present (including at least four species of brittle stars, dredged in N. Haven) but the noteworthy species were Antedon and Henricia between tide marks, Antedon bifida. One, Mew Stone. Henricia sanguinolenta. Two, Mew Stone. Asterias rubens. Several, Mew Stone; one, N. Haven; one, Midland Isle. | Marthasterias glacialis. Two, Mew Stone. Ophiothri« fragilis. Common, N. Haven; frequent, Mew Stone. Ophiocomina nigra. Three, small, N. Haven. Another brittle star (Amphiura elegans ?) was common in 8. Haven. Psammechinus miliaris. Frequent, N. Haven; rare, Mew Stone. Echinus esculentis. Not recorded on the island but specimens were obtained from the adjacent mainland. Cucumaria saxicola. Frequent, N. Haven. Phylum TUNICATA Ascidians were not studied but both solitary and compound species were represented. A Ciona-like type was present in N. Haven and a reddish, gregarious species (Molgula *) was present at the Mew Stone and abundant in the Basin. Only small colonies of Botryllus were present in 8. Haven and the Mew Stone; colonies of Morchellium (?) were numerous at both places, | eee BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 119 Phylum VERTEBRATA _ Nerophis lumbriciformis. One male with eggs, 8. Haven, 2.4.46. Ammodytes tobianus. Two, 8, Haven. Onos mustela. One, N. Haven. Onos tricirratus. One, N. Haven; one, 8S. Haven. Blennius gattorugine. One, large, S. Haven, Blenmius pholis. One, N. Haven. Centronotus gunellus, One, N. Haven. Lepadogaster gouann. Abundant among stones, N. Haven ; frequent, Mew Stone; rare, S. Haven. Grey seals and ‘ porpoises’ were seen off shore regularly. Plankton | One plankton haul with a medium net yielded barnacle nauplii, copepods, zcea larvee, Sagitta and eggs of Littorina littorea and of fish. CONCLUSION From a general consideration of the intertidal fauna and the available collecting stations on Skomer Island it is clear that there is present a good, representative, marine, rocky shore fauna. When compared with the fauna of Porlock Bay (Bassindale, 1942) the presence of echinoderms and ascidians in greater variety indicates the absence of any estuarine effect. There are differences between the different collecting stations on the island which seem to be due to variations in wave action. It seems possible that the comparison of a series of carefully worked stations -—for example, Pigstone Bay, the Basin, the Mew Stone, 8. Haven and N. Haven, in which series the size of boulder gets progressively less— might yield interesting information on the habitat requirements of different species. During the present survey only the Mew Stone and the N. and 8. Havens were examined at all carefully, although both the Basin and Pigstone Bay were visited. The wave exposure requirements of Chthamalus stellatus (Moore and Kitching, 1939) seem to be illustrated by its abundance at Pigstone Bay, its presence at the Mew Stone in smaller numbers and by its absence from the Havens. There are numerous differences between the Mew Stone and the Havens and these may prove to be habitat preferences directly attributable to wave action, From the point of view of the visiting general zoologist, Skomer offers a good marine fauna of the rocky shore type. The use of a boat, 120 R. BASSINDALE which is included in the plans of the station, would provide oppor- tunities of visiting the near-by mainland sand-beaches as well as per- mitting the use of dredge and tow net to investigate the benthic and planktonic fauna which both seem promising. In addition, there is a limited fresh-water fauna, a terrestrial fauna whose limitations are offset by the abundance of an otherwise not easily seen dung-beetle and a vole found nowhere else, the whole set against a background of picturesque scenery and a display of sea birds not to be surpassed in the British Isles. REFERENCES Bassindale, R. 1942. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Channel. XIII. The Intertidal Fauna of Porlock Bay. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. (4) Vol. IX, Part IV, pp. 386-399. Cantrill;, T. C., E. E. L. Dixon, H..H. ‘Thomas, and O. ¥. Jones. 1906: The Geology of the South Wales Coalfield, Part XII, The Country around Milford. Memovrs of the Geological Survey of ae and Wales. 227. H.M. Stationery Office. Hales, N. B. 1939. The Littoral Fauna of Great Britain. cee Press, Cambridge. Moore, H. B. and J. A. Kitching. 1939. The Biology of Chthamalus stellatus. Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. Vol. XXIII, pp. 521-541, sf li 121 Occurrence of the Pine Marten near Bristol +7 HE Pine Marten, one of the shyest and rarest of British mammals, is a small carnivore resembling a very large stoat with a long bushy tail. The fur is a rich dark brown in colour except for a patch of yellow on the under surface of the neck and breast. Until the seventeenth century it was a common animal in the British Isles, but since that time it has been exterminated nearly everywhere except in the Lake District, parts of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland. Its extermination was due to the disafforestation which accompanied increasing agriculture, its destruction as vermin, and, formerly, to the demand for its fur. Typically the Pine Marten is a creature of the woodlands and is an expert tree climber, but in this country it has largely abandoned its arboreal habits, for the remote mountains to which it has retreated are mostly treeless. During the last twenty-five years it has increased again in numbers, especially in Scotland and Wales, partly because of the general decrease in game preserving and partly because the Forestry Commission’s areas of reafforestation have given it suitable secluded habitats. Nevertheless, it was a great surprise when the report came that one had been found near Bristol for, though Pine Martens are great travellers, our district les many scores of miles from their nearest known haunts. On March 10, 1946, a male Pine Marten was shot in Prior’s Wood, Portbury, Somerset, by a gamekeeper who did not know what it was. The animal was presented to the Bristol City Museum where it 1s now preserved ; it was in splendid condition, showing no signs of having escaped from captivity. The measurements were, head-and-body 465 mm., tail 201 mm., hind foot 88 mm., ear 44 mm.; the breast spot was arich yellow. The origin of the animal could only be a matter for conjecture, though it seemed. unlikely that it could have reached this part of Somerset unaided. The matter was of sufficient interest to be noted in the press and for mention of it to be made by the B.B.C. Asa result of this publicity, word was received from a gentle- man living near Plymouth that two of his captive Pine Martens had escaped in September, 1945. Here, then, was a possible origin for the Portbury animal, though the distance from Plymouth would make a very long journey for so small a beast. —— 122 OCCURRENCE OF THE PINE MARTEN And now in April, 1946, a second Pine Marten has appeared near Bristol. This one is more fortunate than the last for it has not been shot, but is being protected in the wood where it is living. It will probably be best for the sake of the animal not to disclose the exact locality, but one may say that it is in Somerset and not more than ten miles from Bristol. It will be gratifying if this interesting species can again become established in our district for it was a regular part of our fauna a hundred years ago, Knapp’s Journal of a Naturalist (1829) recording that it was still to be found in the neighbourhood of Thornbury. The last Pine Marten found in the Bristol district before the present occurrences was one captured alivenear Berkeley in1882. — L. Harrison MatTTHEWS. W. E. Mayes. — ee VII, PART III PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS ITED BY Hz. W. TURNER, ASSISTED BY A COMMITTEE bh er ome qm | TRAY 6 y ft Mime i tees Ms, | _ Rerum cognoscere causas.’’—Virgil. ; ‘PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS, BRISTOL oe . Issued July 25th 1947 \ Ay VOL. XXVII, PART III, 1946 123 CONTENTS PAGE Council ... dhe on Ae deo coe te es befell le 4h Members at March 31, 1947 re Ay ek a a Sod g NEI Report of Council de ns ae soy ee OM: Congratulatory Address to the Cote ewold Naturalists? Fr. C. AS Coan ee SSO Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts ... ae oe sah Wee Co) Hon. Librarian’s Report sah ae ee se At a patti 1240) Exchange and Gift List sch ie sei Bee be net ae el aG Report of Botanical Section ... ae a hs is Jas ie Se ae Report of Entomological Section... 4 weil wt ha Pee iar 1 Report of Field Section oe Bae Bis ee es RNs chimera Report of Geological Section ._... ae ve ae ee Jaan Cat Report of Ornithological Section... ee Ne oe is fey aris Account of Annual and General Meetings ine sae ae att AN Bristol Botany in 1946, by Cecil I. Sandwith _... 149 ~ Ornithological Notes, Bristol District, 1946, by H. H. Davis, MB.O.U. 161 Notes on Bucknall’s drawings of British Fungi, by A. A. Pearson, F.L.S. 177 The Rhetic and Lower Lias Rocks of Inglestone Common, near Hawkesbury, Gloucestershire, by D. T. Donovan, B.Sc., F.G.S. .... 181 All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of exchange, gift or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto and to purchases of the Society’s publications should be addressed to :— Hon. LiprariAn, Brisrot NAT. Soc., THe Ciry Museum, BrRIsTOL, 8 All matter for inclusion in the next issue of the Proceedings should reach mthe Hon. Editor :— H. W. Turner, Esg., M.A., F.G.S., THE UNIVERSITY, BrRisTou, 8 NOT LATER THAN JAN. 31. The SOCIETY’S LIBRARY in the City Museum is open to members as under :— Weekdays a CR Pena) ico yKoyet- 5 cami Koy oon oF) eae DMG avai) 8m at ek = |" O90 p.m. to 5.0-p.m. Applications for membership of the Society should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary :— R. BassiInDALE, Esg., M.Sc. THE UNIVERSITY, BRIsTOL, 8 DEC 2 3 1947 COUNCIL, «#0 Rigas OFFICERS : PRESIDENT : Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. PAST PRESIDENTS : H. WOMERSLEY, F.R.E.S., A.L.S. F. S. WALLIS, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S. J. W. TUTCHER, M.Sc. G. E. J. McMURTRIE Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, D.Sc., F.L.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : Miss M. D. HILEY. H. HH. DAVIS; M.E:@-U: HON. TREASURER : A. H. PEACH, 5 Hanbury Road, Bristol, 8 HON. AUDITOR: F. W. EVENS, A.C.A. HON. SECRETARY : R. BASSINDALE, M.Sc., The University, Bristol, 8 HON. LIBRARIAN : L. HARRISON MATTHEWS, M.A., Sc.D., The City Museum, Bristol, 8 HON. EDITOR: H. W. TURNER, M.A., F.G.S., The University, Bristol, 8 OFFICERS OF SECTIONS : BOTANICAL : President—Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, D.Sc., F.L.S., The University, Bristol, 8 Hon. Secretary—Mrs. A. G. BELL, 25 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL : President—J. V. PEARMAN, F.R.E.S., 56 Clifton Park Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Hon. Secretary—A. H. PEACH, 5 Hanbury Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 FIELD : President—F. W. EVENS, A.C.A., St. Ives, Station Road, West Town, Som. Hon. Secretary—Miss M. D. HILEY, 9 Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 GEOLOGICAL : President—H. W. TURNER, M.A., F.G.S., The University, Bristol, 8 Hon. Secretary—I. S. LOUPEKINE, B.Sc., F.G.S., The University, Bristol, 8 ORNITHOLOGICAL : President—J. H. SAVORY, Windyridge, Abbots Leigh, nr. Bristol Hon. Secretary—H. H. DAVIS, M.B.O.U., Little Stoke Farm, Patchway, nr. Bristol OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL: A. E. BILLETT Prof. J: EE. HARRIS, MEAs Pro H. O. EDMONDS Miss D. A. PRATT I. W. EVANS Mrs. C. I. SANDWITH Miss M. E. HABGOOD W. R. TAYLOR, M.A. Prof. W. F. WHITTARD, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.. A= Associate Member. S Ashley, W. 125 MEMBERS at March 31st, 1947 C=Country Member. H=Honorary Member, L=Compounded for annual subscription. , * Have contributed papers to the Proceedings, Ackland, D. M. Addison, Miss C. E. ‘Alexander, D. A., M.B., Ch.B. Allen, E. E. Allen, , Mrs. M. Alley, R. E. Allison, Miss J., B.Sc. Andrews, Mrs. M. L., M.Sc... ee eee eeesececend wero errdece were eee ere ere ere ruses ee ee eee eee reese sene Ce ey weeceroce ee eee ere ese see oestene Audeent, da. 4. Fs3;°M.Se....... Bach, DMisseMi A. eee cese Badock, Miss J., M.A. Bailey, S. W., B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Baker, Miss K. E., B.A. Ball, P. D. Barke, (ia) eal Sl ik OH ae eeenee ee ee er) bate Was. FAG Besse... Barnett, S. H. G. Barnett, Mrs. S. H. G.......... Bialiy Nass Peep.) cel iene ie coc es Barton, Miss F. M. Bassindale, R., M.Sc. BAN ESE! Siew! nae as takes Beacham Guides egos. cece. ds Bell eins: Biche Ty toe. Bell, Rev. A. F., B.A. VU 1) di Meaty aie a eee ims. Wiss VO Py od. ces ces os Bide fe) CP eRGESS. cel. sees e. ee eee ecse ee scecce we eee ceo cece were cceoe Bird, H. W. Blackburn, C. Woes. fcbiiecks. Blathwayt, C. S. H., M.A. .. ee ee reer ee esos eee seee Blathwayt, Rev. F. L., M.A., M-B-O.U Blathwayt, Mrs. F. L. Boley, Mrs. G. M. MOOUN AEs tab isee we ccle dives seco PIOWCOM GUN wi chins ie basses sess’ Cr ee eee coce eee ec ecoceee Bowen, Miss M., B.Sc. MOVE tds Jie la avinee pce veclonnce e 08 Bricknell, E. F. Bridges, Mrs. I. A. [Es cicaio) Fevial Bid Calg ses en aaa Bristol City Library ..:......... Britton, Miss E. L., B.Sc. Brown, Lt.-Col. E. C. eooereecesces 17 Grange Park, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 7 Hanbury Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 112 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Hensol, Brookvale Road , W. Cross, Swansea Glen Arrow, Nailsea, Som. 23 Trelawney Road, Cotham, Bristol, 6 Gardenhurst, Burnham-on-Sea, Som. 167 Bishop Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 gt Rookery Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, Som. 8 Clifton Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Gardenhurst, Burnham-on-Sea, Som. g Julian Road, Sneyd Park, Bristol, g Gardenhurst, Burnham-on-Sea, Som. 152 Henleaze Road, Henleaze, Bristol Briarside, Charlton Lane, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol D oO. 2 The Avenue, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9 Do. 22 Hurle Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 19 Park Street, Bath University of Bristol Glenavon, Long Ashton, Bristol 18 Raglan Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 25 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol, 2 Do. 17 Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 16 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6 Redclifie, The Avenue, Walton St. Mary, Clevedon, Som. Do. Broadway, The Ridge, Yate, Glos. Amalfi, South Road, Weston- -super-Mare, Som. Dyrham Rectory, Chippenham, Wilts. D oO. Willow Cottage, Dundry, Bristol 156 Milton Road, Weston-super-Mare, Som. 21 Springfield Road, Mangotsfield, nr. Bristol Exmouth Training College, Exmouth, Devon 24. Bedminster Road, Bristol, 3 50 Northville Road, ‘Bristol, 7 22 Hurle Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 North Road, Timsbury, Bath Bracken Hill, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8 The Grove, East Clevedon, Som. 126 = SS mo MEMBERS Brueton, B. F., A.R.I.B.A. ... 31 Old Sneed Road, Bristol, 9 Brueton, N.F. W., M.B.,Ch.B Do. Bullard rife A.I.E.E. ............. Victoria Road, Retford, Notts. Burroughs, LE. oF BSee REGS Nene eie whee *“* Fylde,” Long Ashton, Bristol . Butlers yP Ra A eM a es ae eta 14. Fraley Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Campbell, A. H., B.Sc., Ph.D. Glaxo Laboratory, Barnard Cross, Durham Campbell Ele ine 32 Gore Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol, 3 ary. Mass. 1 edMi es i oscars 144 Sefton Park Road, Bristol, 7 haniberlainy, G.-Msek oe. 4 Church Road, Abbots Leigh, Som. Clarkes (Miss.B: Distance soles 13 Eaton Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Clement, Miss G. G........:. 2 Effingham Road, St. Andrew’s, ‘Bristol, 6 Clements: iS .i8)/ nae soca Longmead, Queen’ s Road, Bishopsworth, Bristol lente Miss. Mik Avon (ater cuin. 29 West Mall, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Clothier) GG 5 cassia aeeonee The Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol Clough, Miss A. M. ............ 30 Henleaze Avenue, Westbury- on- -Trym, Bristol @ollingsi. A Bei oii. setae Brook House, Water Lane, Bristol, 4 Gook, ‘Miss Va.Vi tise, actors 16 St. Helena Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 Cooke, Miss E. M. G. .....;... 7 York Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Cooper, Mits. ME gevncehe acs 7 Hanbury Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Corbett qi R., NAC oe: ‘24 Woodland Grove, Bristol, 9 Corbett, Miss C. L., M.B., CEB ge ee le nae Do. Cormack, J. M., M.B., Ch.B., DBP ED ita attcare oan bee 1 Rodway Hill, Mangotsfield, nr. Bristol Cowley, J., M.A., F.R.E.S. .... Holywell House, Edington, Bridgwater, Som. Granston, RaW). eesoesasseess: 22 Hurle Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Cratchley, Rev.) W:J..0 Ph. D:, MOA. BSC Hae Cree esc. St. John’s Vicarage, Apsley Road, Bristol, 8 Creese, Miss K. Mii. suse. 12 All Saints’ Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 @rellin, Miss Eis Bigiasaitencee c/o Dr. Prowse, Wigmore House, Thorn- bury, nr. Bristol @rutiwell, Gi FW seis 22 Bath Street, Frome, Som. Giants. Mid AR see cee ee The Stock House, Berkeley, Glos. Daniels (hs: Ls6F. GS. 5 cee Stringer’s Court, Rodborough, Stroud, Glos. Daviess). Hi Phas. wR es, | Deg] EP eRe Om On nf oe rae Clifton College, Bristol, 8 Dawis, Es Es, IMCB.OaU.. ce Little Stoke Farm, Patchway, Bristol Davis, Nis HO ees Do. Davis, R. A., M.Sc., D.I.C.. 2 Sunderland Place, St. Paul’s Road, Bristol, 8 Day. pl Ei re ae 28 Rugby Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4 Denty. iiss Bi MGy eas 23 Downs Park West, Bristol, 6 Devonshire, A. F., Ph.D.:...... Wills Physical Laboratory, University of Bristol Dicks MESSI Pie lls ais ole 5 St. John’s Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Dinioline;MiassxGaie 430.5...52: 46. 11 Elgin Park, Redland, Bristol, 6 Donovan, D. T., B.Sc., F.G.S. 12 Royal Crescent, Bath Drayner,; /Miassa}ving cctoey 1s ss. 106 Downend Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7 Druitt,C.F. (since deceased) Springfield House, The Avenue, Clevedon, Som. Duddridge, Miss E., B.Sc. .... 59 Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6 Dugdale; Mrs. Aiken. 5: 23 Dundonald Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Dunn) Mass Av Jia ei haes ac. nes 24 Elm Park, Filton, Bristol Dunniclift; Elo, MvA.s) oa ee 10 Effingham Road, Bristol, 6 Durraraty Nisha ge reece c/o United Dominions Trust Ltd., 31 Corn Street, Bristol, 1 MEMBERS 127 Biperns MISSIN. Jeo. cos... Lasborough, Tetbury, Glos. Pipe. Hen WLOCs 5... 6 oss 45 Waverley Road, Bristol, 6 (Biche Ge LRG aN ena 5 Runswick Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4 Badmeonds,, He QO. \.........05.... 33 Wellington Park, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Bihis! Massy, M.S.R.. ......00. 40 Maywood Crescent, Fishponds, Bristol Ate le VN i io8: 2. lec oes ee 46 Horfield Road, St. Michael’s, Bristol, 2 Evens, F. W., A.C.A. ......... ** St. Ives,’’ Station Road, West Town, Som. he Gebarunen >) IWlIss Po. 222. foes cece +s Capri, Gardens Road, Clevedon, Som. LP ave ela Gene SSR ea a 94. Hill View, Henleaze, Bristol aren Wins Je Cs acces Do. Bayer Vitss MA AN Oso 2 Bishop’s Road, Cleeve, Bristol Fear, A. C. K.,B.Sc., F.R.H.S. _Lodway Road, Pill, Som. Re m@amals Weide ki tides ete enee! Beaumont, Chew Stoke, Som. * Fermor, Sir Lewis L., O.B.E., 1D oSYC2) Big). 20S Hea 24 Durdham Park, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Berndiore TAD Vice cee cic eesc cesses» Do. irshier, Mrs. cH. seco... 4 Redland Green Road, Bristol, 6 *C’, Fitzjohn, Miss A., M.Sc. ...... 13 Marlborough Buildings, Bath, Som. Plenmmac, Mass Mu LL. ) .2....... 23 Downs Park West, Bristol, 6 Floyds Major'G., BAe oo... The Croft, Winsley, nr. Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts. BORO radia tdaacle < qebarses et oce see's « 25 Wellington Hill, Horfield, Bristol, 7 As WATE) aati Goel Gi [A Oke Ba ana oe oes 16 Woodstock Avenue, Redland, Bristol, 6 Hore. yNirs lor. (BiA. 0:0... Do. uasereMirsn bl Ge clea 7 The Paragon, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Fraymouth, Miss J. ............ 24 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol, 2 [Ea O}SIES, Th) GICs) cee a Oe an Hillside, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8 rose; Wiss) Bo Mie. dees Do. LAs) rsh 3 [eel 2h Ae er 59 Air Balloon Hill, St. George, Bristol, 5 JAG GEN Gn aid CAAT te a pe ae 34 Windsor Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 7 ic igpl G2 tesa] 6 COM Ce nae eee a 51 Howard Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 Ge Se ice tebeilie ss vet cs lees 26 Henleaze Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, 6 Gipenise Bie i oe. voces 12 Sefton Park Road, Bristol, 7 C. Gordon, Prof. W. T., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.. ... University of London, King’s College, Strand, London, W.C.2 mo. Gorham, Major A. ............ Avonside, Limpley Stoke, Som. H. Gorvett, H., B.Sc., Ph.D. ... Zoology Dept., Imperial College, London, S.W.7 C. Graham, Cmdr. R. D., R.N. Stawell House, nr. Bridgwater, Som. Greaves, Miss DD. E.. 6 0 .i 5.3... 21 Aberdeen Road, Bristol, 6 A. Green, Mrs. M.B., L.L.A. .... 73 Cleeve Hill, Downend, Bristol Greening, L. E., M.Inst.C.E. 5 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol ‘A. .Grignon, Miss A. E............. 41 Filton Avenue, Horfield, Bristol, 7 Habgood, Miss M. E. ......... g Burlington Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Habgood, Miss V. M. ......... Do. Haddock, Miss M. J., M.Sc..... 42 Ravenswood Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Hague, Miss J: B., B.Sc. ...... 23 West Mall, Clifton, Bristol, 8 its euler gael cial Ca i eae 32 Balmoral Road, Bristol, 7 ialletts Wirs. BiG.) co elec. ss Do. me? Pallett,’ Wiss M. VG. so... Do. A Se ichl tle) al Oem OF has are g Great Brockeridge, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Hannltom;R:.G.; M.A; ..:.). 15 Elmlea Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Hamulton, Mrs.)M:) 2.00.03. ..... Do. Hankey, Rev. J. D., A.K.C..... 5 All Saints’ Road, Bristol, 8 mee pttarmaima Y Nie vs .sseescdocens 14b Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 oa pe pA pe pe ud CF Sale MEMBERS Fartord, Mrs, Ba Nasa etes Horton Hall, Chipping Sodbury, nr. Bristol Harris, Prof. J. E.,M.A., Ph.D. 6 Clifton Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Harrisson, WaReDY lee Monks Bench, Abbots Leigh, nr. Bristol Harvey, RYE Ghia *“* Byways,” West Town, nr. Bristol Hawker, Miss L. E., D.Sc.; Pe Dal! (ace eau ae 24 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol, 2 Herrington Wi Gee The Fairlie, N. Weston, Portishead, Som. Hesketh, E. J., B.Sc., F.G.S. 29 Charminster Road, Fishponds, Bristol Heslop: Mi; R.. B:,-) MA 1 8: el Py ito PR nee MEO nee reer ARC Belfield, Poplar Road, Burnham-on-Sea, Som. Rewer, Mrs, U: Fonte isaccd.. Vine House, Henbury, Bristol Filey. "Mass: Mi. Dh tees g Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Hiley, Miss, We F.5..1.:ccaee le, Do. PT NTS NTs 5 is cine i, holnger eps QI Avon Way, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 RAISCOK AE AED Gu sada eat 15 Clifton Vale, Bristol, 8 Pliscox Wins Boi) oF in od deanna Do. Hodder, Mrs..N. Fe: scans 219 Redland Road, Bristol, 6 Homeshaw, H.,; FOS(E.) .iu.c) (23a(Pembroke Road, Clifton , Bristol, 8 TOM SM cs ic er a eae 17 Wellington Park, Clifton, Bristol, 7 lowels.(G 3 i sate aes. 43 Wellington Walk, Henleaze, Bristol Humphries, Miss J. E. ..:.:..:. 36 Overnhill Road, Staple Hill, Bristol Efumphries? RvAs aut aos: 11 Saville Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8 is (OTTO) RO «RN Ue ge EO PP Ga Stratton Lodge, Nailsea, Som. Hutchinson, Miss M. I. ...... 57 Oakfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Piyde;'C., J, AL AcA as 7 Byron Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Jackson ,:)" Mass) “sMiy7@BiSe., ECSAG ACs. Sra eh tia eee 81.Queen’s Road, Bristol, 8 Jago, Miss M., B.Sc. ......... 5 Newcombe Road, Westbury- on- Trym, Bristol Jamies; Wiss, Wy gel irate sone 100 Cromwell Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6 SV are tty) 2) ck ak esase tone Nom teeee 59 Wellington Hill West, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol iJeticoat, Rev Ri MiAl We) 8 Alma Vale Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Jenkin, Miss P. M., M.A. ... Dept. of Zoology, Bristol Universtty Jenkins, F. G., M.B., Ch.B..... 51 Redcliff Hill, Bristol, 1 Jolntte,(G.G. E-GiAw Wt, c/o Miss Gregory, 12 St. Paul’s Road, Bristol, 8 ROMES, PA eB ve Nees ah) all eee 14, Chantry Road, Bristol, 8 Jones-Bateman, Miss P. ...... 30 Elmgrove Road, Bristol, 6 © IME Let iA meni eb ots cate leer 4 Wimbledon Road, Bristol, 6 Kearns, whl iG. He PhD»; Bisel eRe BS ic sees. The Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol Kellaway, G. A., B.Sc., F.G.S. Geological Survey and Museum, South Kensington , London, S.W.7 Kendall @ ee MIAN it. s. Wills Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Kenney,;"D. {J-K.; ASNT IMIECRAES Piel. ccceces es 298 Canford Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol amg By ds sete mane Mayfield, Uplands Road, Saltford, Som. aig, Miiss vide ap state Mt 20, seco Fir Trees, Strawberry Hill, Clevedon, Som. Knight-Adkin, Mrs. G. E. ... 4 Oakland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Kyte.“ Mrs. Pec Biac ea eaunse, Langley, Swan Lane, Winterbourne, Bristol Lace; Ps vALCaA aor 0, 5 Downfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Tuambert; Miss: Bo’ \.....0. 045.0055. 2 Bishop Road, Cleeve, nr. Bristol PLANO; TE st Maniatis te cee terns Westbrook, Flax Bourton, nr. Bristol ane, Mrs. AL Bree eee onl Blackdowns, Moreton in the Marsh, Glos. Bangrank: NioPis) 7 uae rennet 64 Burchall Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 * m * % he edeg 31 * Ob * — es MEMBERS 129 DUR yo 8 1 ad ee Dept. of Zoology, Bristol ae eal ResaomtA. @. MAA. lo... 6 The Avenue, Bristol, 8 Menem iviss CV. M.77........ Do. livingstones ih. Al’. ...........: Dept. of Zoology, Bristol University Wodge sis Ki 3M. 2... ae. 5 Worcester Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Loupekine, I. S., B.Sc., F.G.S. Dept. of Geology, Bristol University ULC El Ae a en 3 cece Road, Henleaze, Bristol Lovell, Dyas IEA ete Seco oe Lowe,’ E. E., B:Sc., Ph.D.....:. iy) Southfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Koxton ;. Wiss D. M... . ......... 15b Grove Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 MacGeorge, Major J. G....... Sefton, Woodhouse Drive, Almondsbury, Glos. iManier. Jha A. J. .Ph.D., PG ee a. 41 Henleaze Avenue, Bristol Mahler, MrsttP..A..P. 2.2... Do. Marsden, Ae Phw., Misc., BM arenes ok oc bos wae soe 0:2 161 Bishop Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 IMarsdem Wis. Aug i... cca. Do. IIE Y COCA ab Site ra go North Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6 Matthews, L. H., M.A., Sc.D. 27 Hanbury Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 MatderG.S.,.B.Sc. .....3. Newhaven, Moor Lane, Station Road, West Town, nr. Bristol McErvel, Miss N., M.Sc........ Gardenhurst, Burnham-on-Sea, Som. We WamessaWIISS Yo Piece... cs sc Diocesan ‘Training College, Fishponds, Bristol MeKay Wiss Jil. <.:t... ... 118 Stackpool Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 Mie Murtrie,/G. Ee Je ous... Eastfield House, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol McMurtrie, Mrs. G. E. J. ... Do. Wieag VESe Cr He oe... csscdsses 16 Quadrant West, Hillfields Park, Brist ol Melis, Fy jt. WD... 00. 56 Sunnyfield, Mill Hill, London, N.W-7 Te Metale MP ca tan chs Pan's 57 reat Terrace, Bayswater, London, Mackteburgh. BR. ©... se... e6 3 poe Belgrave Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Mickleburgh, Mrs. E. R....... Do. Mialiioumne, Nise Ds... e 3: 4 Downs Park West, Bristol, 6 PO UIUCRA NG eee os teM sss Sa alhawiers bh 10 Randall Road, Bristol, 8 Pelt ton WARS Ieee sles sce ee oe Do. Juan (ogo Al OA Pea air 13 Park Grove, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 Dio Ay Gr eta eh al, 200 5 34 olan a 483 Fishponds Road, Bristol, 5 Monro, Miss E., B.Sc. ...... 2 Bramham Gardens, London, S.W.5 Montgomery, Miss M.......... Manor Cottage, Winford, Som. Moore, I. R., B.Sc., Ph.D., CN eieae ot veteids be ccroes $1646 OL &f 46 ~ yued Je Ysey G 6 I6 -——! JUNOIDY }xou 0} oouLleq “ SSA ELALY =<. = (suorjoa5 0} JUIMO [[T}S ST —/ 9) O OL ZI 5 [ev SO[OuTUIAC) 0 FLZ 9 ¢ OL °° St an re [eorsojoaxy 02 6 Oe Orr Br ra ik oe “ppt 0 61 Y OF Caer Fa om Teolsopou0} uy 06 & On eg ntien = S5 ~P . ve Teorueyod 0 § §& —! 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SPOT EI eey, O +I 68 a a ‘* GH6L ‘Sdurpaav01g ‘“ 8 61 GQ 0 91 16 = eg on “ O FE T2 0 cI G a a : . eh Oo O° aia en 6c ORO: Te a “* uotuy) ,S}st[eInyeN “M'S 0 OL a Fic ae ‘ me ORG de Be ** AYBIOOS [eOIsO[Oo7Z 0: 028 Dee es ey “i iS CF6L ee OFeT Se a a ae ** Ayatoos Ary ‘i AP ae aa F ; ; eS — suot}dtiosqns ,sloquieyy OT ze ‘psf ‘ps F : suolydtiosqns Ag pos F psf pcs F ‘ps F oe Sr6l Gh6T 9F6T ‘UAAWAOUG T€ ONIGNA UVHA AHL YOI SLNAWAVd CNV SIdIMOdY “4d AJa100g S}SITVINJeNy [OIG ou} YUM JUNOSY UI JoINSvII~, “‘UOF{Z IYI, 138 HON. LIBRARIAN’S REPOR® 1946 ee care and time which Dr. Gorvett spent upon arranging the library after its return from war-time dispersal have greatly lightened the duties during the year of the present honorary librarian, who wishes to express his warm appreciation of Dr. Gorvett’s valuable work. During the year a card catalogue of all the books, apart from runs of periodicals, has been completed and the volumes have been press-marked. The catalogue of periodicals was left complete by Dr. Gorvett, and the checking of this and the press-marking of the volumes is in progress. Twenty-five volumes damaged during the war have been repaired or re- bound, and three volumes damaged beyond repair have been replaced. A start has been made on the arrears of binding, and about 100 volumes of periodicals are now at the binders. The Entomological Section has bound ten volumes, and the Ornithological Section three volumes, of periodicals. Exchange has been resumed with a further number of institutions abroad, and many arrears have been made good. Therevare, however, some bodies from whom the Society still awaits replies ; no doubt exchange of publications will be re-established with most of these in due course. New exchanges have been arranged with: the Royal Physiographical Society of Lund University, Sweden; the Carlisle Natural History Society ; the Hastings and East Sussex Natural History Society ; the Bath Natural History Society ; and the Devonshire Association for Science, Art and Literature. Negotiations for exchange are in progress with other institutions both at home and abroad. At the request of the United States Embassy, the Society now sends its Proceedings to the Library of Congress, Washington, U.S.A. Thanks are due to the following members who have presented books to the library : Professor S. H. Reynolds and Messrs. R. E. Alley, Ivor Evans and I. S. Loupekine. Two volumes have been presented by the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), and periodicals have been presented by the Botanical, Entomological, Geological and Ornithological Sections. Four volumes of the ““'New Naturalist ’’ series have been purchased, and the Zoological Record, 1943, Zeuner’s Pleistocene Period (Ray Society Monograph) and Countryside have been received by subscription. Several periodicals and volumes are missing from the library and have not been entered in the borrowing book. The Honorary Secretary will circulate the titles of these as the gaps are found, and any members who may have forgotten to enter them in the borrowing book when taking them out are asked to return them without delay. Because of the greatly increased use of the Museum lecture theatre adjacent to the library, the City Museum authorities have found it necessary to keep the doors of that part of the Museum building locked. In order to make the library accessible to members with as little inconvenience as possible, Full Members who have paid their subscriptions will receive annually a card, production of which will enable them to obtain the key from the Museum attendant on signing the book provided. It is satisfactory to report that an increasing number of members are making use of the library for reading as well as borrowing: during the year a total of 206 volumes was borrowed by 36 members. L. HARRISON MATTHEWS, Hon. Librarian PeeGHANGE AND: GreT LIST BRITISH SOCIETIES ASHMOLEAN NATURAL HisToRY SOCIETY OF OXFORDSHIRE Barrow NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB AND PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY Batu NatTurRAL History SOCIETY Bevrast NATURALISTS FIELD CLUB BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY British AssOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE CARADOC AND SEVERN VALLEY FIELD CLUB CARDIFF NATURALISTS SOCIETY CARLISLE NATURAL HisToRY SOCIETY RovaL CORNWALL POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS FIELD CLUB CovENTRY NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY CROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Devon BirpD WATCHING AND PRESERVATION SOCIETY THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION Dorset NATURAL HisToRY AND ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLuB EDINBURGH RoyAL BOTANICAL SOCIETY Society FoR British ENTOMOLOGY Essex FreELD CLUB FRESHWATER BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION RoyvaAut GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GLASGOW GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON GEOLoGciIsts’ ASSOCIATION 139 GLASGOW AND ANDERSONIAN NATURAL HisTorRY AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY HastTincs AND East SussEx NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY HERTFORDSHIRE NATURAL History SOCIETY AND FIELD CLuB Roya Irish ACADEMY ' LEICESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LINNEAN SocIETY OF LONDON LIVERPOOL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY LLANDUDNO AND CoLwyn Bay FIELD CLUB Lonpon NaturAwL Hisrory Society MANCHESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY MANCHESTER MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY MarInE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Royat MIcROsScOPICAL SOCIETY NorFoLk AND NorwicH NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY -NORTHAMPTONSHIRE NATURAL History SOCIETY QUEKETT MicroscoPicAL CLUB SOUTHPORT SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY SPELZOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BRISTOL Nortu STAFFORDSHIRE FIELD CLUB SWANSEA SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY Torquay Natura History Society IsLE oF Wicut NaturAL History SoOcIETY YORKSHIRE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY School Societies CHELTENHAM COLLEGE NATURAL History SOCIETY MARLBOROUGH COLLEGE NATURAL History SOcIETY Rucspy ScuHoot NATuRAL History SociETY 140 EXCHANGE AND GIFT LIST Public Institutions, etc. BopLeEIAN LIBRARY BristToL Ciry Mustum BrRIisToL Pusiic LIBRARY BristoL UNIveErRsITy LIBRARY British Muszum (CopyricguHT OFFIce) British Museum (NaATuRAL History) CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND MusEumM, LONDON MANCHESTER MusEumM LIBRARY NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SCOTLAND NATIONAL LIBRARY OF WALES SciENCE MusEum, LONDON Trinity CoLiecE LiprAary, DUBLIN EUROPEAN SOCIETIES, ETC. Belgium—Royat Museum oF NaAtTurAL HisTory BELGIAN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY France—LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LYONS Finland—FinnisH FAUNA AND FLORA SOCIETY Holland—NETHERLANDS GEOLOGICAL BUREAU Norway—TuHE UNIVERSITY, OsLo Poland—Zoo.ocicaAL Museum, WarsAw U.S.S.R. (Latvia)—Zoo.ocicaL INstTITUTE, RIGA Sweden—University LiprAry, LuND RoyaL UNIVERSITY, UPsALA RoyAL PHyYSIOGRAPHICAL SociETY, LUND Switzerland—CENTRAL LIBRARY, ZURICH Vaupors NATURAL SCIENCE SOCIETY, LAUSANNE DOMINION SOCIETIES, ETC. Australia—AUSTRALIA AND NEw ZEALAND ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE QUEENSLAND Museum, BRISBANE Canada—RoyvatL CANADIAN INSTITUTE India—GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA UNITED STATES SOCIETIES, ETC. AMERICAN Museum oF NATURAL HISTORY Boston NAtTuRAL History SOCIETY BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, SAN FRANCISCO UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DENNISON SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Luioyp LiprAry AND MusEum, CINCINNATTI MicHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Missourt Botanic GARDENS PEABODY MusEuM OF NATURAL HISTORY PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES San Dieco Society oF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Sr. Louis ACADEMY OF: SCIENCE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MusEUM VANDERBILT MARINE MusEUM WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ARTS AND LETTERS New York ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY es 141 REPORT OF BPO AN LEGAL, SEGT ION 1946 HE monthly indoor meetings have been continued throughout the year with additional field meetings in the summer. On January 21 Dr. L. E. Hawker gave a talk on Mushrooms and Toadstools with lantern slides lent by the British Museum, and on October 5 she led a ‘* Fungus Foray ”’ in Leigh Woods, collecting a basket of over 50 species. On February 18 Dr. L. C. Luckwill gave us the story of the Tomato from the middle of the sixteenth century, when it was first introduced into England as a curio from Southern Mexico ; he illustrated his talk with slides and herbarium specimens. On June 22 he led us round the Long Ashton Research Station, describing the work carried out there. During the summer fresh material was plentiful at the indoor meetings, and visits were paid to the University Gardens and Greenhouses by kind permission of Prof. Skene. Mr. Ivor Evans conducted walks in districts round Iron Acton, Hanham and Whitchurch, and Mr. F. W. Evens led parties to Cadbury Court Estate and from Cambridge Batch. At the October Exhibition Meeting the following were shown :—by Mrs. Sandwith, herbarium sheets of foliaceous Plantains ; by Mrs. Bell, British Thistles ; by Mr. F. W. Evens, seeds under the microscope ; by Mr. M. Wright and Mr. H. Williams, a collection of fresh wild flowers. On October 16 the meeting was devoted to Grasses. Mr. F. W. Evens read a description of the family while Mr. Ivor Evans and Mrs. Bell passed round 130 pecimens. On November 18 Mr. T. H. Payne gave a talk—“‘ Jottings from my Note- book ”’ and in his inimitable way told us many amusing nature stories. On December g Mr. Ivor Evans read a paper by Grant Allen written in 1881, “‘ The Romance of a Wayside Weed,” dealing with the rare Euphorbia pilosa. Other rare plants were also mentioned and a sketch of the origin of the British Flora was given. The new Flora of Gloucestershire has been purchased by the Section and, on publication, will be placed in the Library. Membership has now reached 72. ETHEL M. E. BELL Aon. Secretary 142 REP OR fal ENTOMOLOGICAL SEG iow 1946 HE 82nd Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 2 February, 1946, in the Wiglesworth Library, University of Bristol, when Mr. J. V. Pearman was elected President and Mr. A. H. Peach was re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer for the ensuing year. On 6 March a lecture was given by Mr. F. L. Vanderplank on ‘“ Mating Mechanism of Insects.’? Species mentioned included Lepidoptera, Diptera, Acridiidae, Locustidae and Hymenoptera. Living specimens of the tsetse fly were exhibited. On 4 October the winter session opened with an exhibition meeting, the Section joining in the general exhibition of the Parent Society. Exhibits by Messrs. ‘Taunton, Bassindale, Peach and Vanderplank were. shown. On 7 November the Section attended the lecture given to the Parent Society by Dr. Miles on ‘‘ Insects and the Soil.” On 1g December a lecture was given by Mr. R. Bassindale on “ Inheritance in Butterflies.”” This was specially given on account of the chapter on genetics by Mr. E. B. Ford in “ Butterflies ” in the New Naturalist Series. Mr. Bassindale was able, with the aid of diagrams, to assist in the better understanding and appreciation of what to the amateur is a difficult subject. The Section is much indebted to all these lecturers for such interesting lectures, and a vote of thanks was enthusiastically passed at each meeting. In April the Section was invited to Bath by the Bath Natural History Society to hold a joint discussion on general entomology. On 4 May the Section joined the Field Section for a day on the Cotswolds in collaboration with the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club. Fleet Paymaster Bainbrigge Fletcher acted as leader of our Section. On 1 June the Section joined the Parent Society, which met at Wookey Hole in collaboration with the Bath Natural History Society, afterwards proceeding to Priddy. Both days were cold and dull and very few insects were to be seen. On 15 June the Section visited the Almondsbury district under the leadership of Mr. R. Bassindale. We are glad to report that membership now numbers 50. We welcome ten new members elected during the year—Miss Darch, Miss Rogers, Col. E. C. Brown, and Messrs. C. B. Antram, R. A. Davies, N. ae Durrant, H. G. Phelps, W. C. Taunton, W. R. Taylor and N. A. Watkins. A. H. PEACH, Hon. Secretary ae an 143 ROE EG) Rel Ork PEE LD SEG LON 1946 , T the Annual General Meeting of the Section Mr. F. W. Evens was re-elected [\ President and Sir Lewis Fermor Vice-President. With increased facilities for transport, it was decided to hold six meetings during the Summer, to one of which the whole day should be devoted. On April 18, Mr. T. H. Payne led a party to the Eastern Mendips. Members proceeded by motor coach to Harptree Hill and then walked to the East Harptree lead mines where the old workings were examined. Much interest was taken in the numerous small streams which ran on the surface of the hilltop for a few yards and then disappeared in swallets. Harptree Combe provided a variety of material for the botanists. The second meeting took place on 4 May and occupied the whole day. It was held in collaboration with the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club and the leader was Mr. W. R. Price, F.L.S., who met the party at Painswick Beacon. Mrs. E. M. Clifford gave a short history of the Camp, illustrating her remarks with maps, after which members proceeded to Fiddlers Elbow. ‘This was the first occasion on which collaboration with the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club had been possible and it afforded an excellent opportunity of studying the natural history of the Cotswolds under expert guidance. The Society is also indebted to Messrs. R. J. Channon, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher and J. W. Haines for their leader- ship in Geology, Entomology and Botany respectively. The Annual General Field Meeting of the Society on 1 June at Wooeky Hole and Priddy was held in collaboration with the revived Bath Natural History Society. The party inspected excavations which were being carried out at Badger Hole by Mr. H. E. Balch who described the cave fauna and associated material that had been found. After tea the Societies visited Priddy Pool where Major H. C. Gunton, Messrs. E. H. R. Lubbock and H. C. Rainbird and Miss E. H. Stevenson (all members of the Bath Natural History Society) undertook leadership. The weather being cool and overcast, observation was not good for the ornithologists and entomologists, but among the interesting plants seen by the botanists were Botrychium lunaria, Carex pilulifera and, in the pool, Equisetum _ limosum, Carex rostrata and several examples of moss including Sphagnum, Aula- comnium, Campylopus and Polytrichum species. On 6 July Dr. Wallis led a party to Winscombe and Axbridge, the object being to study a typical part of West Mendip scenery and to note the relationships between the underlying rock, surface contours and vegetation. A useful series of notes, kindly supplied by Professor Lily Newton of University College, Aberystwyth, served to illustrated the major floral differences which could be easily correlated with the geology of the area. Mr. G. E. J. McMurtrie undertook leadership to St. Catherine on 17 August. Major Geoffrey Strutt kindly allowed members to go over the garden and he also gave a history of the Church and the Court. Mr. P. M. Matthews gave an account of the Batheaston coal-boring. On. 7 September members, under the leadership of Mr. H. O. Edmonds, proceeded by motor coach via Yate Rocks, Wickwar, Kingswood and Hillsley to Alderley where Mr. H. 8S. Shinner gave a brief survey of the surrounding geological formation. Boxwell was next visited and then, after tea at Westonbirt, Mr. H. J. Mitchell conducted members through the Arboretum, by kind permission of the Earl of Morley. / The Field Section again co-operated with the Botanical, Entomological, Geological and Ornithological Sections in giving publicity to their field meetings by the distribution of a printed programme. M. D. HILEY, Hon. Secretary 144 ROE POR Te Owe GEOLOGICAL SECT1I@G®™ 1946 ——___, INE General Meetings, at which the average attendance was 40, were held : during the year. At the Annual General Meeting held on January 24, the following elections “were made: Mr. H. W. Turner, President ; Dr. F. S. Wallis, Vice-President ; Mr. I. S. Loupekine, Hon. Secretary; Mrs. A. Marsden, Hon. Treasurer ; Mr. G. E. J. McMurtrie, Hon. Auditor. Mr. C. W. Blackburn, Sir Lewis Fermor, Mr. A. Marsden, Mr. G. S. Maunder, Dr. Stanley Smith and Professor W. F. Whittard were appointed Committee Members. The formal business was followed by a paper read by Mr. R. Hughes on “‘ * River Drift ’ and ‘ Cave ’ type tools from the Avon Valley,” which was illustrated by specimens obtained mainly at Chapel Pill, Somerset. An Exhibition Meeting, comprising fourteen individual exhibits on various branches of Geology, was held on February 21. The Section was particularly indebted to Professor W. T. Gordon, of King’s College, London, for an exhibit on “ Diamond,” which included numerous choice specimens of highly interesting crystallography. On March 21, Dr. A. E. Dunstan, D.Sc., F.R.I.C. (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.), introduced two interesting sound-films entitled “‘ An English Oil-Field ” and ** Distillation.”’ In the talks that preceded the showing of the films, Dr. Dunstan dealt with the principles of oil migration and accumulation ; he reviewed the history of oil-exploration in Great Britain, emphasizing the part that geophysical methods played in the discovery of oil-fields in the Eakring and other districts ; and, after demonstrating how the oil is worked, proceeded to explain the complex process of distillation of the crude oil. Four Field Meetings were held during the Summer. On April 27, Mr. J. Parfitt ably led a party to Pensford Colliery where the Management provided generous hospitality. On May 25, the working of Bath Stone at Corsham was demonstrated by Mr. F. Davis, F.G.S. A highly successful meeting took place on July 13 when Dr. Stanley Smith led an excursion to the iron-ochre deposits at - Winford and the recently exposed Carboniferous volcanic rocks at Goblin Combe. Finally, on September 21, Mr. T. R. Fry led a party to Corston and Stantonbury Hill to examine exposures in the Lower Lias and Inferior Oolite. Unfortunately, bad weather prevented a visit to Chapel Pill, under the leadership of Mr. R. Hughes, arranged for the evening of Thursday, June 20. On October 17, Mr. G. A. Kellaway, B.Sc., F.G.S. (H.M. Geological Survey of Great Britain), gave a stimulating lecture entitled ‘“‘ Geological Structures of Superficial Origin.”” Mr. Kellaway dealt with superficial structures which are due to a differential unloading of a land surface—land-slips, and the recently named ‘cambers,’ ‘ dip-and-fault’ structures, ‘gulls,’ ‘bulges’ and ‘sags.’ Mr. Kellaway carefully analysed each type, and by reference to examples selected from the Pennines, Midlands, and the local district, showed how the effects are, or can be, connected with plastic flow in incompetent beds such as clayey rocks. The last lecture of the session was given at an Open Meeting on November 21 by Professor F. W. Shotton, M.B.E., M.A., F.G.S., on the topical subject, ** Geological Work and the Invasion of N.W. Europe.” Professor Shotton, who had been on the Staff of the Chief Engineer with 21st Army Group from September, 1943 to VJ day, described how the work fell into two parts—the planning stage and the operational stage. The planning stage involved the choice of a suitable landing point in which the geology had to be taken into consideration—not only the materials and structures of the invasion beaches, but also the soil conditions Bie REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION 145 of potential airfield sites inland. By aerial photography and other means, detailed maps were prepared, and analogous examples in Great Britain were selected for operational experiments. Other geological activities during the planning stage were the preparation of water intelligence maps, the provision of information on the foundations of the enemy’s defences, on sources of road metal, sand and gravel, the submarine geology of ports and the effect of magnetite in igneous rocks on mine detectors, and the detailed study of certain rivers with a view to assault crossings. The operational stage included the development of certain activities such as the preparation of soil maps and water supply intelligence. Further beach intelligence work was done in Holland, and for the final attack across the Rhine, the bed and approaches of the river were investigated in detail with a view to amphibious operations. Membership on December 31 stoood at 08. I, S. LOUPEKINE, Hon. Secretary 146 REPORT om ORNITHOLOGICAL See, 1946 HAT the study of birds is becoming popular among an ever increasing number of people is clearly evident from the rapid growth of the Ornithological Section. Membership during the year has risen from go to 142, and at meetings, seven in all, there has been an average attendance of 56, with a maximum of 82 for a lecture by Dr. E. A. R. Ennion in November. Meetings were again held in the University, but the consistently large attendance finally necessitated the abandonment of the Wiglesworth Library Room for the “THE WREN {ff THE KING OF q : : THe wren 77 au ginos..- ff more spacious Physiology Lecture Theatre. In January Mr. A. C. Leach, in lecturing on “ Bird- life in North Cornwall,” dealt especially with the many interesting observations by members of the Clifton College Natural History Society during their residence at Bude from 1940 to 1945. At the February meeting a lantern talk entitled “ A Bird Trip to Shetland ” was given by the Rev. C. J. Pring. A comprehensive account of the various breeding species included remarks on the finding in 1936 of a nest and eggs of the Whimbrel. In March the Secretary, in an illustrated lecture called ‘Ten Days on Skomer Island,” described a visit to the island in the spring of 1945. Particular reference was made to Choughs, Storm-Petrels and Manx Shearwaters and to the results of a census of Herring and Lesser Black- backed Gulls. The September meeting was again devoted to Exhibits and Communications by members. A number of interesting exhibits were shown, and in addition to other short talks, Mr. G. E. Clothier gave an illustrated account of a recent visit to Steep Holm. At the October meeting Mr. J. H. Savory, in speaking on *“Lundy, its Scenery and Bird-life,’’ showed an excellent series of slides and described fully the island’s history, landscapes and great population of breeding birds. In November members were fortunate in hearing a highly instructive talk on ** Sketching Birds” by Dr. E. A. R. Ennion of the Flatford Mill Field Centre. Many useful hints on the best methods of drawing birds were followed by an exhibition of a large number of the lecturer’s fascinating studies in colour and in black and white. At the final meeting in December the Section welcomed an old member, Dr. C. J. F. Coombs, whose talk “‘ Some Investigations on the Rook ”’ was heard with keen interest. Valuable information on field counts, roosts and nesting behaviour was accompanied by drawings, maps and charts on the screen. Dr. Coombs also exhibited some of his recent oil paintings of Carrion-Crow, Magpie, Nutcracker and other Corvine species. For the promotion of more active field-work a Co-operative Field-work Committee was formed in March, and a suggested census of Rookeries within the City boundary was later carried out. Detailed results of the census were submitted at the September meeting and are given in brief in the Ornithological Notes in the Proceedings for this year. Arrangements were also made for the provision of more time at meetings for discussion and short talks,with Mr. R. P. Gait as leader. Two evening excursions—to Leigh Woods on May 1 and to Blaize Castle Woods on the 29gth—took place in conjunction with the Field Section, and both were well attended. In addition to its usual contributions to British Birds, the British Trust for Ornithology, and the Ornithological Section of the Somerset Archeological and Natural History Society, the Section has now assumed membership of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. H. H. DAVIS, Hon. Secretary we 147 RECOUNT OF THE ANNUAL AND GENERAL MEETINGS 1946 HE 83rd Annual Meeting was held on January 16 and, in addition to the dinner on February 7, the Exhibition Meeting of October 3 and a Special General Meeting on November 14, there were three lecture meetings, viz., on March 7, November 7 and December 5. The attendance has ranged from 27 at the Special General Meeting and 50 at the Exhibition Meeting to 73 at the dinner, the numbers at lectures averaging approximately 65. The President, being in India, was absent from the Annual Meeting in January and the Chair was occupied by Professor W. F. Whittard and, as it was not possible to have the Presidential Address, Professor J. E. Harris kindly consented to give his talk, which was originally scheduled for March. Professor Harris described a visit to the Dry Tortugas and the work he carried out there. The Marine Station is only occupied during the summer and then only by men. All stores and equipment must be brought by boat each season. Professor Harris himself had spent his time studying fishes and for this purpose had used a diving helmet. His description of the things to be seen and also of the dangers from large fish and from the diving helmet itself fascinated the audience, and after numerous questions Professor Harris was heartily applauded for his interesting address. The February Meeting was the Annual Dinner held at the Victoria Rooms, with the Headmaster of Clifton College, Mr. B, L. Hallward, M.A., as the Guest of Honour, and, in the continued absence of the President, with Mr. H. H. Davis in the Chair. In his address after the dinner, Mr. Hallward, who proved to be very interested in flower gardens, looked forward to the day when there should be a large and comprehensive Botanical garden, possibly of civic ownership and possibly associated, at some convenient spot on the other side of the Suspension Bridge, with a new, enlarged and modern Zoological garden. In addition, he suggested that a comprehensive ecological survey of the Bristol district would constitute a valuable contribution to Natural History knowledge and would be the sort of project which a Society such as ours, with its various experts, could and should undertake. We cannot fail to agree with Mr. Hallward on all three points. After the speeches there was a musical entertainment, arranged by Mrs. H. W. Turner, which was much appreciated. As the President was still in India for the March Meeting, it was again impossible for him to give his Presidential Address and the Society was fortunate in securing the services of Major H. C. Gunton, M.B.E., F.R.Ent.S., F.R.Met.S., Director of the Phenological Report of the Royal Meteorological Society. With Mr. H. H. Davis in the Chair, Major Gunton gave an interesting and charming account of his somewhat erudite subject. The Annual Phenological Report for which he is responsible attempts each year to correlate meteorological conditions with the flowering period of common plants and the emergence of common insects. For this purpose, observers at stations all over the country send 1 in reports which are tabulated and interpreted in the Report. After many years’ observation it is possible to give an average date for the flowering or emergence of many species and these can then be arranged in a time sequence. Each annual report can then record the advancement or delay in the appearance of bloom or adult insect and these deviations can be correlated with local variations in the temperature, rainfall or other physical conditions. Major Gunton was heartily thanked for his presentation, and it is with regret that Council has to report that so far as it is aware no volunteer observers for the Bristol district have been recruited for this work from members of the Society. 148 ANNUAL AND GENERAL MEETINGS The 1946-7 programme opened with the Exhibition Meeting on October 3, when Sir Lewis Fermor was in the Chair. Many members had contributed to fill the Senior Botany Laboratory with as interesting a set of exhibits as had been shown for some time. These included, as well as plants, seeds, Lepidoptera and a few geological specimens, an extensive display of African insects, a very fine set of lantern slides of marine animals, and living specimens of pond organisms under the microscope. ‘The Honorary Librarian contributed a selection of new books and journals from the Society’s library. The November Meeting, once more under the Chairmanship of Mr. Davis, because the President was now in Egypt, was held in conjunction with the Entomological Section to hear Dr. H. W. Miles talk on ‘‘ Insects in the Soil.” Dr. Miles, of the Long Ashton Research Station, proved to be an interesting lecturer and illustrated his account with very fine slides from his own photographs. As well as giving a clear account of the life histories of different species, Dr. Miles divided the insects into ecological groups according to their habits and showed that a large number of scavenging and carnivorous forms were of inestimable benefit to — man, particularly in permanent pastures and woodland. In these situations the scavengers were responsible for initiating the rapid breakdown of plant detritus which would otherwise remain unavailable for further plant growth, and the carnivorous group was responsible for keeping down the numbers of plant- -eating pests. In other ecological groups it was shown how a detritus-eating habit was combined with browsing on living tissues, either of root or stem or leaf, and under crop growing conditions, where the detritus was regularly ploughed in, some of these insects might eat the only available material—the crop plants—and so become pests. In the control of these and other insect pests, Dr. Miles pointed out that the widespread use of D.D.T., particularly on permanent pastures, might prove more harmful than beneficial unless some provision was made for replacing the activities of the useful scavengers which would also be killed off. In proposing a vote of thanks, which was heartily accorded, Mr. Taylor drew attention to the extremely important work that the Agricultural Entomologists, such as Dr. Miles, had performed during the war years in helping the farmer to produce maximum crops. Nowhere, perhaps, is the work of the academic biologist so noticeable or so easily understood by the general public as in this type of work. Mr. Davis again presided at the December Meeting and introduced the well known archeologist, Mrs. E. M. Clifford of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club, to talk on ‘‘ Roman Villas in Gloucestershire.’’ In proposing the vote of thanks, Dr. Wallis pointed out that Mrs. Clifford is the pre-eminent archeologist of the County and much of the work she described was, in fact, carried out by Mrs. Clifford herself. Dr. Wallis hoped that she could be induced to publish a - much needed account and guide book of the antiquities about which she knew so much. In her address, Mrs. Clifford gave an account of the ground plans, probable structure and mode of functioning of the several Roman villas of Gloucestershire. In addition to the excellent slides, a notable feature of the lecture was the manner in which Mrs. Clifford endowed these ancient ruins with life. The audience felt that they knew something of the everyday life of the people who lived in these homes and got some idea of the craftsmanship, habits and relations to the country- side of our predecessors of the Cotswold country. The Special General Meeting of November 14 was called to consider the amended rules which, after considerable discussion in Council, had been circulated to all Ordinary Members of the Society. There was a poor attendance of only twenty-seven Members, but after a good deal of discussion and some amendments the rules were approved. These new rules were again approved at the Bae stlec: Meeting and so came into effect for 1947. R. BASSINDALE, Hon. Secretary 149 Peis FOL BOTANY IN’ 194.6 By Cecit I. SANDWITH (Read in title at General Meeting, March 6, 1947. Received, March 10, 1947) 19 46 was a year of disappointment. There was little frost in January, but much rain, hail and storm. During the first ten days of February continuous rain caused damage and dislocation throughout the country. ‘There was no real summer, and September will be remembered for gales, rain and _ floods everywhere, with a belated harvest and black stalks of ungathered potatoes left standing in water-logged fields. December 26 ended locally with something in the nature of a ‘ tornado.’ At 3.20 p.m. suddenly the westerly wind blew with more than gale force, accom- panied by rain and hail, and the temperature fell almost immedi- ately about 6° F. Thislasted about three minutes. Mr. Clothier, of Long Ashton Research Station, told me that their anemometer was not in service, so no record was obtained, but from visual observation he was able to confirm these facts. At Tickenham the storm seemed to take a direct line within a limited area : breaking in half a tall Pine in my orchard, it travelled E.N.E. and uprooted a large tree in the wood beyond. Absence of sunshine and too much rain caused a lamentable scarcity of bees, but ants seem to have been a plague in many places. ‘Trees were very late coming into leaf, while gooseberry | bushes coming into young leaf in December were nipped by frost. The ploughing-up of the primitive heathland of Yate Common, one of the few large surviving tracts of the ancient Forest of Kingswood, is a disaster for the Floras of Bristol and Gloucestershire. _ Presumably, such rare and interesting species as Moenchia, Genista anglica, Rubus dumnomensis, Scutellaria minor, Polygonum minus and Carex binervis may not have survived there. The loss of the Carex would be particularly unfortunate: there was no other station on the Gloucestershire side of our area, and no specimens exist in Herb. White or Bucknall to verify the record in Mr. White’s Flora. Considerable tracts of Sodbury Common were also a sea of flax at the end of June. In the following notes the names of certain contributors are abbreviated in the interests of space: B.W. = Mrs. B. Welch ; io 6— )virs. C. J. Sandwith; D.C: = ‘David Coombe ier. =. ivor W.. Evans: /J.P.M.B, = J. P..M., Brenan: N.Y.S. = N. Y. Sandwith. FHtelleborus viridis L. A strong colony in the valley below Cold Ashton, well in Glos., Rev. F. L. Blathwayt. 150 ; CECIL I. SANDWITH Nasturtium uniseriatum Howard et Manton. In a recent paper in the Annals of Botany (vol. X, No. 37, 1946), Mr. H. W. Howard and Dr. (now Professor) I. Manton have distinguished and described under the above name a second wild species of Watercress, differing from NV. officinale mainly in the longer and narrower fruits with the seeds in a single row instead of two rows, the meshes of the reticulation of the seeds being smaller and far more numerous. ‘The authors have shown that this second species is an allotetraploid, half of its chromo-- somes being homologous with those of the diploid WN. officinale while the other half originated in another source, at present unknown, but suspected to be a species of Cardamine. A triploid hybrid between WN. officinale and N. uniseriatum is also. described. It is already known that NV. unisertatum is widely distributed in Britain, but no details have yet been published. It may prove to be nearly as plentiful, at any rate in some areas, as WN. officinale. British botanists have not often collected Watercress for their herbaria, and extensive field observations. must therefore be undertaken before the distribution and frequency of the two species can be estimated. Plants can be identified with certainty only when in ripe fruit. At present I have seen only two herbarium collections of W. uniseriatum from our area, wiz., dyke below Brean Down, &., June, 1921, C.U.S. ; and canal, Limpley Stoke [? S.], 1890, C’. Bucknall (Herb. Univ. Bristol). ‘The last-named locality may be in Wilts. Stsymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var leiocarpum DC. In some quantity by the R. Avon between Old Bridge and the gasworks ; also noticed in cultivated ground in Queen Square, Bath, S., Tully, tse MB. Minuartia tenufolia (L.) Hiern. In small quantity on limestone rocks high up on Crook Peak, S., June 26, 7. E. Lousley. This. appears to be the first record for this plant from the Mendip limestone. Stellaria Holostea L. In B.E.C. 1943-44 Rep., pp. 840-846, Messrs. J. P. M. Brenan and J. E. Lousley have a paper on floral variations in this species. ‘The form with deeply, narrowly and acutely bilobed petals found near Keynsham by J.W.E. (see “‘ Bristol Botany in 1941’) is referred to var. Lousleyt (Druce) Brenan and Lousley. Another form with the petals completely absent or very small, viz., var. apetala Asch. et Graebn., is recorded from roadside near Lancherley Cross, Wells, S., 1883, R. P. Murray in Fl. Somerset, p. 51. Scleranthus annuus L. Green lane on Milbury Heath and in an arable field between Grovesend and Itchington, G., B.W.. ae a 4 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1946 151] Melilotus alba Desr. A few plants on waste ground by Shepton Mallet railway station (Somerset and Dorset line), S., Sept., PPM. Trifolium filiforme L. Green lane on Milbury Heath and at Middlemill Quarry (The Rockies), Stone, G., B.W. Prunus insititia L. Several bushes in a field hedge on the limestone hillside above Ham Lane, near Shepton Mallet, S., 7.P.M.B. Rosa arvensis Huds. var ovata (Lej.) Desv. One bush, among abundance of normal R. arvensis, by a rough, damp, thicketed enclosure, Hollow Marsh, between Farrington Gurney and Hinton Blewett, S., 7.P.M.B. R. canina L. var. globularis (Franch.) Dum. Tom Tiddler’s Ground, near Keynsham, S., Sept., 7.P.M.B. Between Kewstoke village and the sea, S., 7.P.M.B. ‘“‘ The Keynsham bush is very weakly biserrate and much less glandular than usual, thus approaching var. spherica (Gren.) Dum. in the § Lutetiane.”’ R. dumetorum Thuill. var. incerta (Déségl.) W.-Dod f. Jevistyla W.-Dod. Roadside hedge between Maesbury Castle and hrape, 8.5 .7-P.M.B. R. Sherardi Davies var. omissa (Déségl.) W.-Dod. One bush in a roadside hedge between Thrupe and Croscombe, S., 7.P.M.B. Crategus monogyna Jacq., forma fructibus luteis. One tree by a’stone bridge connecting fields over the Cam Brook near Midford, S., Sept., 7.P.M.B., who writes: “ First brought to my notice by Miss F. M. Barton, of Bath, who gave a description of the locality to Mr. N. D. Simpson, who passed the information on to me. The haws, when mature, go from pale greenish to lemon-yellow, with no suggestion of red. An apparently similar form has been collected from Tweedside, near Galashiels, Selkirk, 29 Sept., 1911, by Miss I. M. Hayward, of which I have examined specimens in Herb. Druce.”’ Cotoneaster microphylla Lindl. Wyck Rocks, G., D.C. Recorded from here (without date) by Miss I. M. Roper in her interleaved copy of Fl. Bristol. Cromhall, G., 7. W.E. South Stoke, S., D.C: Epilobtum montanum L. x parviflorum Schreb. Very tall in a small, overgrown clearing by the path in the upper part of Ham Woods, near Croscombe, S., 7.P.M.B., confirmed by Mr. G. M. Ash. . adenocaulon Haussk. Several plants on side of platform by siding ata vatton. station, S., J\P.M:B. One plant seen near Weston-super-Mare station, S., 7.P.M.B. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Near the top of Cheddar Gorge, S., 7. Booth. 152 CECIL I. SANDWITH Artemisia Absinthum L. Near a farm at Tytherington, G., July, — B.W. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (C. lanceolatum (L.) Scop.). With white florets at Long Ashton and in Beggar’s Bush Lane, S., Michael Wright. | | Hypocheris glabra L. Having repeatedly failed to find this species. on our N. Somerset coast dunes, my son and I began to wonder if it really occurs in our area and we proceeded to investigate the evidence for the various records. ‘To begin with, we found no local specimens in the herbaria of Messrs.*White, Bucknall and D. Fry and Father Reader, all now preserved at Bristol University ; while Dr. W. Watson writes that none exist in the herbarium at Taunton. ‘The records are as follows. In White’s Flora of Bristol (p. 396) : Kewstoke Bay, with var.. Balbisu, Mrs. Gregory ; sandhills at Berrow, G. C. Druce ; Brean Down, E. §S. Marshall in Fl. Som. In White’s ‘‘ Notes Supplemental’? (Fourn. Bot. 1918, p. 45): var. Balbisiu, Berrow sand-dunes, 1915, Miss Roper (also written in her interleaved — copy of the Flora). In White’s “‘ Bristol Botany in 1923”: Old Down, Tockington, G., and Purn Hill, Bleadon, S., C. G. Trapnell. Mr. Brenan has found no Berrow specimen in Dr. Druce’s herbarium at Oxford; and Mr. H. Gilbert- Carter has traced no Brean Down or other N. Somerset specimen in Marshall’s herbarium, which is now at Cambridge University. Miss Roper’s herbarium at Leeds University seemed a more hopeful source of information, and we therefore wrote to Dr. W. A. Sledge to ask him if he could find her Berrow specimen of var. Balbisii. He replied that there was: only one sheet from the Bristol’ area in the AH. glabra cover in: Herb. Roper. It was labelled Hypocheris glabra var. Balbisiz, Berrow, N. Somerset, 23.9.1915. He added, ~ Buti 1s, 1 think, undoubtedly a form of H. radicata.’’ It is significant that no mention of H. glabra on the Berrow dunes is made in the ecological papers of C. E. Moss, H. 8. Thompson and Mrs. Boley. Mr. Colin Trapnell, who now resides in Rhodesia, presented his local collections to Clifton College. Dr. J. H. Davie, who is in charge of the school herbarium, tells us that he cannot find specimens substantiating Mr. Trapnell’s two records of H. glabra, but the Purn Hill record is entered in a list of his notes in which H. glabra is described as on “‘ limestone ledges. In bud ’’ ; while the site is indicated in an accompanying photograph illustrating some of the rare limestone species on Purn Hill noted by him on April 28, 1923. Each of Trapnell’s localities, on a limestone hill, is a most unlikely one for H. glabra, and we do not think that the records should be accepted until they are confirmed by specimens BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1946 153 There remained the Kewstoke records of Mrs. Gregory, which alone were accompanied by a note of exclamation indicating “‘ personal inspection ”’ of the specimens on the part of Mr. White (Flora, p. 103). We therefore hoped that the Kewstoke plant would be represented in Mrs. Gregory’s collection, which is now at the herbarium of the British Museum at South Kensington. At our request, Mr. A. J. Wilmott kindly searched for H. glabra in Mrs. Gregory’s herbarium, and writes, “I find that there was no specimen there, nor in any other of our herbaria, from North Somerset.”’ Our attempt to prove the existence of H. glabra on our dunes has therefore failed so far, but continued search should be made for the living plant, especially in Kewstoke Bay. The species should not be confused with H. radicata by anyone familiar with it in southern and eastern England. Although it is decidedly not a plant of the west, Dr. Watson writes that he found it some years ago on Minehead Warren, in South Somerset, a locality given in Murray’s Flora of Somerset. There are good scattered localities in Devon, but the only satisfactory evidence for the existence of this plant in Gloucestershire is Mr. Riddelsdell’s record from the extreme north of the county, at the end of the Malvern Range, in v.c. 34. Verbascum Blattaria L. One plant on a wall at Stoke Gifford, G., AH. Williams and Michael Wright. The white-flowered form has been found on a blitzed site in Park Street, Bristol, G., by Miss M. E. Habgood. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. x vulgaris Mill. On rubble by the railway © between Avonmouth and Severn Beach, at Chittening Warth, Hallen Marsh, G., Michael Wright. This, I learn from Miss Bowen, is a more accurate description of her locality, ‘‘ disuseds railway bank, Hallen,”’ reported in “ Bristol Botany in 1936.” Mimulus guttatus DC. Hanham Abbots, G., 1.W.E. I have not seen a specimen. Orobanche Picridis Hol. This very rare species, recorded chiefly from the south-east of England, was added to the Bristol flora (“‘ Bristol Botany in 1927’) on the strength of a plant gathered at Brislington by D. Fry and identified by Prof. G. Beck von Mannagetta. Other gatherings were reported, but with doubt, from the Berrow sand-hills, §. The latter were perhaps O. minor Sm. var. compositarum Pugsl. in Journ. Bot., 1940, p. 111, a form distinguished from typical O. minor by its suberect, narrower (3-4. mm.) and more glabrous corollas. This variety generally grows on Crepis capillaris and Hypocheris radicata and is,cited from Brean, N. Somerset, by Mr. Pugsley ; but specimens observed recently on Composite on the Burnham dunes had the characters of typical O. minor. i 154 CECIL I. SANDWITH O. Hedere Duby. Steep Holm, S., R. P. Gait. This appears to be an addition to the flora of the island, as listed by McLean and Hyde in Journ. Bot., 1924, pp. 167-175, and by Prof. Skene in the Survey of Steep Holm, published in Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 1938. ‘The island is not strictly within the limits of the ~ area defined by Mr. White. Mentha rubra Sm. Ina ditch in a wet pasture below Tom Tiddler’s Ground near Keynsham, S., 7.P.M.B. Prunella lacimata (L.) L. In good quantity on a limestone down at ‘Tytherington, G., July, B.W. An excellent discovery, the first record for vice-county 34 and for the Gloucestershire side of our area. Plantago lanceolata L. var. spherostachya Mert. et Koch (var. capitellata Koch). ‘‘ A ribwort seen, growing in great abundance in July, 1946, by the stream in Shipham Bottom, on Mendip, S., seems best named as above. It attracted attention by its remarkably narrow, almost linear, leaves up to 12 mm. wide but usually less. ‘The spikes were mostly subglobose to ovoid, but on the most robust plants shortly oblong. Inspite of their abundance, the plants were strikingly uniform except in height, varying from less than 10 cm. to occasionally more than 35 cm, high. Itis possibly only a habitat form, but if so a very marked one and surprisingly variable in size; in any event it seems worth further observation.”—7.P.M.B. Very dwarf speci- _ mens with leaves only about 2 mm. wide and small ovoid- subglobose heads were collected in the same locality in Sept. 1923, by N.Y.S. and Mrs. Wedgwood, and were referred to the same variety. : Orchis latifolia L. sec. Pugsley (O. incarnata L. of British authors). Marshy pasture by the Boyd between Doynton and Dyrham, G., Rev. F. L. Blathwayt. Guided by Mr. Blathwayt’s direc- tions, we visited the spot on June 7, and were delighted to see a good quantity of plants, the majority with the beautiful flesh-coloured flowers of the typical form, but a few purple- flowered plants were also seen. ‘There was some variation in the markings of the labellum, since some plants with flesh-coloured flowers showed only dots (though otherwise typical), while others with both flesh and purple labella had the normal boundary line as well as the dots. More interesting was the presence of two plants of undoubted O. pretermissa Druce, right on the edge of the area of O. latifolia, and easily distinguished by the characteristic, more bluish-green, colouring of the nearly solid stem, and the more spreading leaves, as well as the well-known distinctions afforded by the labellum. O. pretermissa Druce. In a clearing in Priest Wood, Cromhall, G., Dr. David Prowse. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1946 155 Lemna gibba L. Flowering freely in a dyke near Brent Knoll Station, S., August, C./.S. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Marshy ground by a roadside ditch near Doynton, G., C.L.S. and 7.P.M.B. Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link. Plentiful in a boggy meadow on the E. side of Windsor Hill, near Shepton Mallet, S., 7.P.M.B. Carex polyphylla Kar. et Kir. (C. Leersat F. Schultz of Bristol FI. p. 626, not of Gmelin). Limeridge Wood, Tickenham, §S., May, 1920, C.I.S. and V.V.S. Roadside bank near Axbridge, S., May, 1936, E. Nelmes, who has confirmed both gatherings, which are the first records for the Somerset side of our area. C. pallescens L. One fine clump in Ham Woods, near Croscombe, Sef Pia. : C. distans L. x extensa Good. (probably x C. Tornabeniit Chiov. in Annali di Botanica, xvii (1927), 83, teste Brenan and Simpson, N.W. Nat. for 1945, 202-206, 1946). With the parents, Berrow salt-marsh, S., June 26, 7. E. Lousley and Dr. C. West. This hybrid was recently added to the British flora by Messrs. Brenan and Simpson and was discussed in the paper cited above. Mr. Lousley, finding the two parents growing together in quantity at Berrow, made a special search for the hybrid and was duly rewarded. He writes: ‘‘ Two forms of the hybrid were found. Of the first (Ref. A.) there was a fair- sized patch. ‘The spikes were congested as in extensa, but the fruits did not form regularly and many of the female spikelets terminated in a few male flowers. The leaves were slightly glaucous but less so than in extensa. Of the second form (Ref. B.) there was only one small patch. Most of the spikelets were spaced down the stem as in distans but very much stouter and formation of fruit was irregular. The leaves were yellowish-green but broader than those of distans. Material of this very convincing hybrid has been deposited at Kew and South Kensington. Having regard to the numbers of the parents, the hybrid must be regarded as very rare at this locality. Only the two plants mentioned were found after a lengthy search, though it is possible that there may be other forms of the hybrid closely resembling each of the parents which were passed over as atypical distans or extensa.”’ C. veswcaria L. ‘“* In moor ditches (‘ rhines’), Axbridge, Somerset, June 27, 1877,” W. B. Waterfall, several splendid fruiting specimens (perhaps taken from a single tuft) correctly named in his herbarium, which was recently presented to Kew (see “ Bristol Botany in 1941’). ‘These outstanding local speci- _ mens, found in a herbarium which narrowly escaped destruc- tion in Bristol during the late war, have been confirmed by Mr. E. Nelmes. This is a first record for North Somerset, 156 CECIL I. SANDWITH and the species was unknown in}the entire county until its discovery in 1924 near Muchelney, Langport (see fourn. Bot., 1924, p. 308; B.E.C., 1924 Rep., p. 600). It is surprising that the specimens did not come to the notice of Mr. White, who printed many of Waterfall’s records and may even have gone through his herbarium. It is pleasant to be able to add that on May 31, 1947, while these notes were in the press, my son and I made a special excursion to the moorland below Axbridge and were delighted to rediscover C’.. vesicaria in Mr. Waterfall’s locality. We found the plant in small quantity, extending for a few yards along two rhines. Spartina Townsend H. and J. Groves. Dr. L. H. Matthews reports the appearance of small tufts of this grass at Portishead, S. Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. A large patch on the railway embankment at Boiling Well, under Ashley Hill, G., C.I.S. and N.Y.S. This forms part of the native vegetation covering the high embankment. It cannot be a recent introduction and it is remarkable that it has escaped notice for so long. Agropyron pungens (Pers.) R. et S. x repens (L.) Beauv. Alluvial flats by the Avon below Shirehampton, G., Aug., 1945, C.I.S., det. C’. &. Hubbard. The specimens have glabrous, strongly ribbed leaves, brownish awned spikelets along a hairy rhachis, and no pollen. Apparently a first record for Gloucestershire. Dryopteris Borrert Newm. (Lastrea Filix-mas var. paleacea Moore of Bristol Fl., p. 681). Deep, wooded stream-valley between West Horrington and the Wells to Chewton Mendip road, S., much less.common here than the ordinary male fern, 7.P.M.B. This fern is now generally regarded as a distinct species, differing from the male fern in its habit, the fronds remaining erect and green throughout the winter, as well as in such characters as the massed, golden or brownish, chaffy scales © and the shape of the yellowish-green pinnules. Phyllitis Scolopendrium (L.) Newm., lusus. Deep, wooded stream- valley between West Horrington and the Wells to Chewton Mendip road, S., 7.P./.B. ‘One plant with all its fronds repeatedly dichotomous towards apex, each frond thus ending in a spreading, many-fingered tuft. This condition must be similar to that described as Scolopendrium vulgare var. multifidum S. F. Gray, although the fronds of our plant were not especially wavy.” : ALIENS. Lepidiurn neglectum ‘Thell. A re-examination of alien material of Lepidium in our herbarium results in the following additional Bristol records for this species: waste ground, Stapleton, G., 1917; and Bedminster, S., 1927, C.J.S. ; while F.P.M.B. reports it from Ashton Gate, S., in 1940. On the other hand, the Portishead specimens (1921) referred to _ BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1946 157 L. neglectum in the Adventive Flora prove to be L. virginicum L., which was frequent in the area during the 1914- 1918 war, but is rarely met with now. Crategus orientalis M. Bieb. Mr. A. E. Wade writes that this is the correct name for the tree recorded as C. Azarolus L. from ~Durdham Down, G., in B.E.C., 1924 Rep., p. 570. He also refers to C’. orientalis specimens collected by C. Bucknall near Clevedon Court, 8. The correct identification of the Shapwick Moor bush with this species was reported in “ Bristol Botany in 1942.” Sedum spurium M. Bieb. Abundant in a rough, open field, where there are numerous outcrops of limestone rock, between Beryl and Knapp Hill, near Wells, S., July, 7.P.M.B. ‘“‘ Confined to the outcrops of rock, where it forms low and often extensive mats, but produces its heads of pink flowers rather sparsely and ‘shyly. Most, if not all, of the British records of S. stoloniferum S.T. Gel. rest on misidentifications of S. spurtum.”’ Solidago canadensis L. A patch in a lane far from houses at Hollow Marsh, between Farrington Gurney and Hinton Blewett, S., G.P.M.B. Anthemis Wiedemanniana F. et M. Rubbish-tip, Ashton Gate, Bristol, S., May, 1939, C.J.S. Compared with specimens of Mr. White’s 1911 gathering which were named by Thellung, now in Herb. Druce. Lactuca macrophylla (Willd.) A. Gr. Hedge ofa field near Thornbury, G., Dr. David Prowse. Buddleja Davidii Franch. Many bushes, some large, in an old, derelict limestone quarry on the E. side of Windsor Hill, near Shepton Mallet, S., 7.P.MB. Anchusa hybrida Ten. Rubbish tip, Ashton Gate, S., 1939-1940, C.I.S. Native of the Mediterranean Region. New to the Bristol adventive flora. A. stylosa M. Bieb. Rubbish tip, Ashton Gate, S., May, 1939, C.I.S. Veronica filiforms Sm. Bath, S., &. H. R. Lubbock. Herniaria glabra L. Ellenborough Park, Weston-super-Mare, S., on a site occupied by American troops, G. Nichols. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Fowl-run, Baptist Mills, Bristol, G., maemcsS.. and N.S. This gathering was incorrectly recorded in the Adventive Flora of the Port of Bristol as A. Thunbergit Moq., a species which has not yet been collected in our area. Waste ground, Ashton Gate, Bristol, S., 1940, CIS. and 7.P.M.B. The specimens have been determined at Kew by 7.P.M.B. and N.V.S. A. blitoides is a native of North America, not previously correctly recorded from Britain : its characters will be fully discussed in the B.E.C. Report for 1946. 158 CECIL I. SANDWITH Helxine Soleirolu .Req. One large patch on the stone retaining wall of the stream flowing past the sewage-farm between Bowlish and Croscombe, S., July, 7.P.M.B. Avena byzantina C. Koch. Rubbish tip, Portway, G., CLS. First record for our area. This is a “ cultigen’? known as Algerian or Mediterranean Oat, and is derived from A. sterilis L. in the same way that A. sativa has been derived from A. fatua. Poa palustris L. On bombed site, Bridge St., Bristol, G., June 24, j. E. Lousley and Dr. C. West. Hepatics. ossombronia pusilla (L.) Dum. With perianths in Leigh Woods, S., January, C./.S. and N.Y.S. Scapania aspera Bernet. A large patch in turf overlapping a block of stone (oolite) at Bathford Hill, Bath, S., D.C. ; growing with moss and some Cephaloziella Hampeana (Nees) Schiffn. Microlejeunea ulicina (Tayl.) Evans. On birch at Stratton Common, Edford, S., Sept., D.C. Miss Roper’s interleaved copy of the Flora of Bristol was be- queathed, with her herbarium, to the University of Leeds where it can now be consulted. As she had entered in it many of the discoveries and records made since the publication of the Flora up to the time of her death in 1935, its removal from Bristol was regarded as an unfortunate loss by local botanists. Accordingly, Mr. Ivor Evans very kindly undertook the task of borrowing the volume and copying Miss Roper’s notes found on the interleaved pages (see “‘ Bristol Botany in 1936”’). A typed copy of his work is now deposited in the Library of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society. It must be emphasized that these notes could not possibly be used, as they stand, as the basis for a Supplement to Mr. White’s Flora. Most of the records are undated, while many are accredited either to no named botanist or not to the original discoverer of the new locality. The fact is that very many of these records have already been correctly published in detail in our Proceedings, or in the Journal of Botany, or in the Reports of the Botanical Section of the Somerset- shire Archeological and Natural History Society, or those of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles ; and it is these published records which, when collected together, would form the basis of a Supplement. ‘There remain, of course, a con- siderable number of unpublished records and localities, mostly of less important species or critical varieties, and many of these would have to be verified by the examination of the relative speci- mens in Miss Roper’s herbarium. With these important reserva- tions, this book of notes is a useful and convenient guide to the Bristol records made between 1912 and 1935; and it is necessary that it should constantly be consult21 before new records are BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1946 159 printed, so that Miss Roper may be given due credit when she was the first to note the existence of any given plant in a new locality. The publication of the “‘ Check-List of British Vascular Plants,”’ compiled by Prof. A. R. Clapham for use by contributors to the Biological Flora of the British Isles (now being issued in parts by the British Ecological Society), marks a great step forward in the effort to standardise the names of British plants in accordance with the International Rules of Plant Nomenclature. No varieties, and few hybrid binomials, are given, while, apart from natives, only naturalized aliens and some commonly encountered casuals are included. ‘The List has been prepared with the help of specialists in both taxonomy and nomenclature, but it does not claim to be either authoritative or final. It marks a complete break with the past of Druce’s List and the London Catalogue in its careful appli- cation of the Rules to specific names and its attitude to generic segregation, fearlessly adopting views which have for long been accepted on the Continent. Every serious botanist will welcome it with relief and will use it with confidence. Special lists of Rubi and Hieracia have been added as appendices, and the list of Rubi concludes with a valuable key to the sections, subsections and series of the great subgenus Fubatus. The List is obtainable from the publishers, Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Road, London, N.W.1 (price 2s. net, plus postage). The Editor of the Flora of Gloucestershire, Mr. W. R. Price, B.A., 64 Elsworthy Road, London, N.W.3, writes as follows :— As it is likely that the many subscribers to the Flora of Gloucestershire may be becoming anxious for news of its progress at the hands of the printer, the Editor feels that some information is called for. The actual ‘ Flora’ section, comprising three- quarters of the book, has been typeset and corrected. This constitutes the most technical part. There remain about 170 pages of introduction, lists, etc., to be set and illustrations and maps to be printed. ‘The printers have been at work steadily since December, 1945, with only one break—at the end of 1946. The uncertain factor is the binders, who are in a difficult position and cannot give dates for delivery. The printers wrote me on February 19, 1947 :—‘‘ If matters progress as they are doing now, we should say some time in the autumn should see publication, but a great deal depends on the binders.”’ Mr. Price will be glad to receive orders for the book at publication price—£2 2s. od., but payment should not be made yet. Invoices will be sent on publication. My thanks are again due to Mr. N. Y. Sandwith for his collaboration in the preparation of this paper. 161 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES, BRISTOL DISTRICT; r946 COMPILED FROM THE REPORTS OF MEMBERS OF THE B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION By H. H. Davis, M.B.O.U. (Received, Feb. 27, 1947. Read in title at General Meeting, March 6, 1947) HE year 1946 has been one of continual activity on the part of observers and, as usual, attention has been focussed largely on the North Somerset reservoirs where, despite the invariably high water-level and the consequent scarcity of waders on both passages, observations have proved to be no less interesting than those given in previous issues of these Notes. Important records from Blagdon include those of six Bewick’s Swans in January, Gadwall in March and April, Garganey from March to June and again in August, a Black-throated Diver in April and an Osprey in May, while from Cheddar there are reports of three Whooper Swans and a Gadwall in January, and a Long-tailed Duck and two Little Gulls in May. An American Wigeon seen at Blagdon in the last week of January remained until early February or later, and what was, no doubt, the same bird was reported from Cheddar in March and again at the end of December. From Cheddar also there are records of exceptionally large numbers of Teal and Shoveler in January, and of a Great Northern Diver in November and December. Slavonian Grebes were reported from Barrow Gurney, Blagdon and Cheddar between early January and the middle of March. The New Grounds geese continued at great strength and were under frequent observation from January until their departure in March. Of the two Lesser White-fronts identified in the previous December one was repeatedly seen and remained until the fourth week in February or later. On the arrival of the first autumn flocks, observations were resumed, and among the various reports are those of a Pale-breasted Brent in company with Pink-feet from late September to late November, and of a Grey Lag, a Lesser White-front and several Bean-Geese among a huge gathering of common White-fronts in the last fortnight of December. From this same area there are also reports of an American Wigeon in March, two Common Scoters in October and two Whooper Swans in December. Responsibility for the protection of wildfowl at the New Grounds is now in the hands of Lieut. Commander Peter Scott, under whose direction the pillboxes overlooking the goose- marsh have been greatly improved and a number of additional 162 H. H. DAVIS observation huts built. As no such amenities for close up obser- vations are available at any similar haunt in the British Isles, it is to be hoped that the recently inaugurated Severn Wildfowl Trust, with the intensive study of wild geese and other birds, the ringing of wild duck at the adjoining decoys and the formation of a com- parative collection of live waterfowl as its chief objects, will be enthusiastically supported. Spring migration records from the Severn include those of a remarkable gathering of waders seen on the mud-flats below Severn Beach in the second week of May and consisting of Dunlin and Ringed Plover in very large numbers, eight Bar-tailed Godwits (three in red dress), fourteen Knots (all red birds), and seven Grey Plover, of which three or four were in full breeding plumage. Among the many waders noted on autumn passage off the New Grounds were Bar-tailed and Black-tailed Godwits, Knots, Curlew- Sandpipers, Little Stints, Sanderlings, Ruffs and a Greenshank. From other parts of the district there are reports of a Willow-Tit near Stoke Gifford in September, Merlins at Clevedon in April, Garganey on Kenn Moor in the last week of March, a Spotted Redshank on the R. Axe in August and a probable Iceland Gull at Hotwells in January. Among breeding records of particular interest, attention may be drawn to the successful nesting of Grey Wagtails in the heart of the City, and of Hobbies near Berkeley, Buzzards in the Mendip area and Shoveler at Blagdon reservoir. Special mention may also be made of the nesting of Herons (a pair, or two pairs) at the New Grounds, and of a pair of Robins near Pilning in the third week of December. Steep Holm was visited by ornithologists for the first time since 1939, and bird-life, despite war-time activities on the island, was reported as hone in no way diminished. During a visit at the end of May, both Raven and Peregrine were seen, the Cormorant colony was found to be flourishing, and more Great Black-backed Gulls were noted than on any occasion in pre-war years. Among migrants observed were Willow-Warbler, Whitethroat, Cuckoo and Common Sandpiper. A ringing expedition was carried out by several members on the last day of June when the combined population of Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls was estimated at not less than 1,000 pairs, and the increase of the Great Black- backed Gull was again noted. Rock-Pipit, Blackbird and Hedge- Sparrow were proved to be breeding, a flock of eight Starlings was seen, a Song-Thrush was heard, and Wrens were either seen or heard in various parts of the island. A census of rookeries in the City and County of Bristol, under- taken by about twenty-five members as part of a spring and summer field-work programme, showed that very few Rooks were breeding within the City boundary. Though the whole area was carefully - yx. “P ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 163 investigated, only nine colonies were located—giving a total of 115 nests and an average of 12-8 nests per rookery. Thus, in an area extending to 36-3 square miles and one by no means deficient in suitable sites, there was found to be the surprisingly low density of 3:1 nests per square mile. No account was taken of the old established site at Eastville Park which, following the completion of five nests, was deserted, while the College Green trees, last used about 1942, were reported as being still unoccupied. ‘The largest rookeries were those at Ham Green, Brislington Hill and Purdown with 44, 24 and 16 nests respectively. At six rookeries the nests were solely in Elms—the exceptions being Queen Square, a total of seven in Plane trees; Frenchay Park, three, all in a Copper Beech ; and Ham Green, where the nests were in trees of not less than six kinds—Elm, Oak, Beech, Lime, Horse-chestnut and Scots Pine. Unless otherwise stated the classified notes below refer only to 1946 and are the result of observations by the following members— ie i. Alley,-A. E. Billett, Rev. F: L. Blathwayt, H. J. Boyd, G. E. m@iothier, rH. H. Davis; Dr. C. F. Druitt, Miss A. J. Dunn, R. J. Eastwood, Miss P. Farmer, Miss M. L. Flemming, R. P. Gait, B. King, A. C. Leach, W. D. Melluish, G. Mogg, Dr. J. M. Naish, H. W. Neal, R. H. Poulding, J. H. Savory, W. R. Taylor, B. W. Tucker and D. A. Weir. The following non-members have also -contributed—J. S. Ash, H. Cox, J. H. Harford, E. G. Holt, W. J. Langley, H. C. Playne, Lieut. Commander Peter Scott, Capt. K. D. Smith, A. J. B. Thompson and C. Wilson. The appropriate initials are given with all observations. G indicates records from the Gloucestershire side of the District, and S those from North Somerset. ‘he area covered by the Bristol District for ornitho- logical purposes is that given in the Proceedings, B.N.S., 1945, Pp. 79- RAVEN (Corvus c. corax). G. The only report is of two at Severn Beach on August 19 (H.W.N.). §S. Nested as usual at Brean Down but no young were reared (H.C.). Pair seen and nest located on Steep Holm, May 29 (E.G.H.). Noted elsewhere as follows—two at Clevedon on January 2 (A.C.L.), one in the Yeo Estuary on October 7 and two over Long Ashton on December 7 (G.E.C.) Hoopep Crow (Corvus c. cornix). G@. A single bird seen at the New Grounds on October 20 remained until November 10 or later (P.S.. H.H.D. and others). S. One was observed feeding with Rooks in a field at the foot of Brean Down on October 26 (H.C.). CaRRION-CRow (Corvus c. corone). §. From March to the end of the year, Carrion-Crows were repeatedly seen in unusually large numbers at the Bath Sewage Farm, near Saltford. Between 50 164 Ho A DAWAS and 100 were frequently noted, while the maximum counts were 112 on May 19, 102 on July 21 and 126 on November 30. In contrast, Rooks were seldom seen in excess of half a dozen at a time, despite the existence of a large rookery nearby (B.K.). STARLING (Sturnus v. vulgaris). G. Enormous numbers reported by J.H.H. as roosting at Old Wood, Rangeworthy, from January to the middle of March, after which there was a rapid decrease and by April 10 the site had been deserted. ‘The roost was again in full use from the last week of October to the end ot the year. HawFincH (Coccothraustes c. coccothraustes). G. Twice noted on Durdham Down, Clifton—four on January 3 and two on May 2 (R.P.G. and R.H.P.). Two were seen at Coombe Dingle on May 1 (R.P.G.). §. The only note is of a single bird near the top of Brockley Combe on March 31 (G.E.C.). SISKIN (Carduelis spinus). S. Eighteen were Watehed in an Alder spinney at Blagdon reservoir on March 17 (A.E.B. and B.K.) and three were seen in the same place on December 29 (R.H.P.). A single bird was noted at Saltford on March 20 (B.K.), LressER REDPOLL (Carduelis flammea cabaret). G@. A party of ten was seen at the New Grounds on October 13 (B.K.). S. Six were observed in Alders at Barrow Gurney reservoirs on December 15 (BK.). BRAMBLING (Fringilla montifringilla). S. From twelve to fifteen were frequently seen at the Long Ashton Research Station from January 12 to March 3 (G.E.C.). Corn-Buntinc (Emberiza calandra). G. Single birds were seen or heard on the Cotswolds at Hawkesbury Upton and near Petty France on May 12, and near Old Sodbury on June 9 (H.H.D.). Cirt Buntinc (Emberiza c. cirlus). G. Frequently noted on Durdham Down, Clifton, in winter—twelve or more on January 3 (R.H.P.) being the highest total reported. At least four pairs nested successfully in the Sneyd Park area (R.P.G.). 8S. Twice seen at Cheddar—single birds on January 20 and June 2 (R.E.A. and bit D.):, TREE-SPARROW (Passer m. montanus). G. Reported as follows— numerous at Dyrham on January 21 (F.L.B.) ; a dozen or more with House-Sparrows at Acton Turville on March 13 (H.H.D.) ; two near Stoke Gifford on April 6 (H.H.D.) ; several at the New Grounds on October 24 and 27 (K.D.S. and H.H.D.). §S. A single bird was seen at Failand on June 11 (G.E.C.). Woop-Lark (Lullula a. arborea). S. Met with in a number of localities during the year and is evidently increasing. A single bird was noted on Backwell Hill on March 31 and April 7 (G.E.C.), and two were seen near Barrow Gurney on April 14 and 20 (G.E.C. and R.H.P.). Reported also from the Clevedon area—two on May 26 (A.C.L.), and from Cheddar—two on June g (B.K.). ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 165 At Long Ashton two were seen on May 30, and one was heard overhead on various occasions throughout the summer, but no nest was located (G.E.C.). Breeding was proved near Failand, a nest with four or five fledged young being found on June 11 (G.E.C.). Subsequent notes from Failand were of two seen on August 17 and one on September 2 (R.H.P.). Rock-Pipir (Anthus spinoletta petrosus). §. observations at Steep Holm on June 30 showed that at least five pairs were nesting (R.H.P.). A single bird was identified at Barrow Gurney reservoirs on December 1 and 15 (B.K.). Grey Wactait (Motacilla c. cinerea). G. Again nested near Henbury (H.W.N.), also along the R. Frome, near Stapleton, where two pairs with fledged young were seen on July 10 (H.H.D.). A report from W.J.L. that a pair was breeding in a bombed building at the junction of King Street and Queen Square, and at little more than two hundred yards from the Centre, was investigated by H.H.D. and H.W.N. and found to be correct. The birds were first noticed on July 17, and the nest was subsequently located in the ruined masonry at about twenty feet from ground level. Waitt Wactait (Motacilla a. alba). §S. Among several spring passage records is that of six at Cheddar reservoir on May 5 (B.K. and G.E.C.). Buiue Tir (Parus ceruleus obscurus). G. A pair seen nesting in a wall at Clifton on May 17 was using a hole only one foot from the ground (A.C.L.). WitLtow-Tir (Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti). G. A single bird, identified by the characteristic nasal call-note, was heard by H.H.D. in a hedgerow near Stoke Gifford on September 23. Identification was fully confirmed on the 24th when the same observer obtained excellent views and clearly noted the sooty- brown crown, the light secondary patches and the well marked buffish flanks. RED-BACKED SHRIKE (Lanius c. collurio). G. The only report is of a female and two young seen at the New Grounds on August 11 (B.K;). GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER (Locustella n. nevia). G. One was heard between Dyrham and Doynton on April 23 (F.L.B.). S. Single birds reported as heard on Kenn Moor on April 22 (H.H.D.) and near Cheddar reservoir on May 5 and 19 (B.K., R.P.G. and others), while six or more were reeling in the Clapton-on-Gordano area on the 23rd (G.E.C.). FIELDFARE (Turdus pilaris). §. A flock of between fifty and sixty was noted at Abbots Leigh as late as May 1 (A.E.B.). Sonc-THRusH (Turdus e. ericetorum). G. Three fledglings, just out of the nest, were watched by H.H.D. at Little Stoke on June 5 being fed by a female Blackbird (Turdus m. merula) as well as by one 166 H. H. DAVIS of their parents. ‘The birds were under observation for not less than an hour, during which they were seen to be fed four or five times by the Blackbird for every one occasion by the Thrush. REDsTART (Phenicurus ph. phenicurus). G. A male, perhaps one of a nesting pair, was seen at Swangrove, between Badminton and Didmarton, on June g (H.H.D.). BLack ReEpsTartT (Phenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis). §. Single birds, females or immatures, were noted on Brean Down on January 17 and 19 and on March to and 24 (H.C.), and near the railway station at Weston-super-Mare on December 31 (P.F.). Rosin (Erithacus rubecula melophilus). G@. A freshly built nest with five eggs was found in the dashboard pocket of a disused car at Northwick, near Pilning. in mid-December. Incubation was seen to be in progress on the 15th and again on the 16th, but subsequent visits to the site showed that the birds had deserted. The nest and eggs were finally taken and sent to the City Museum (EET D>), Diprer (Cinclus c. gularis). G. Single birds were seen on the Little Avon between Stone and Michaelwood on May 12 (H.H.D.), and on the River Frome, Stapleton, on July 3 and 10 (G.M. and HEEL: ): SWALLOW (firundo r. rustica). G. Late birds were reported from , the New Grounds—one on October 27 (B.K. and H.H.D.), and from Chipping Sodbury—three on the 28th (J.M.N.). SAND-MartIn (Reparia r. riparia). §. Unusually large numbers— estimated at between 400 and 500 birds—were hawking over Cheddar reservoir on May 5 and 6 (B.K. and H.H.D.). NIGHTJAR (Caprimulgus e. europeus). §. Several were seen or heard in the Portishead area during the latter half of June, and a female, brooding two recently hatched young, was found in the same locality on the 24th (A.E.B., R.H.P. and H.H.D.). Single birds were met with at Cheddar on June g (B.K.) and in Leigh Woods on June 22 and July 2 (J.H.S.). LEssER SPOTTED WoopPECKER (Dryobates minor comminutus). G. Close views were obtained of a male near Frenchay on April 7 (A.J.D. and H.H.D.). §S. One was seen at Long Ashton on July 27 (G3): SHORT-EARED Ow. (Asio f. flammeus). §. The following were reported—one on Black Down, Mendips, on October 29. (W.R.T.) and three at Kingston Seymour on December 27 (H. Bird per C.F.D.). aly PEREGRINE Faucon (Falco p. peregrinus). G. Noted in the Avon Gorge—one on May 5, two on August 4 and one on October 27 (A.C.L., H.W.N. and R.H.P.). One, evidently an adult female, was present at the New Grounds on various dates from October 13 to the end of the year (P.S., D.A.W. and others). §. Bred as usual ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 167 at Brean Down, two young being reared (H.C.). ‘Twice seen at Steep Holm—one on May 29 (E.G.H.) and two on June go (G.E.C. and A.E.B.)—but no eyrie was located. A pair was watched off Clevedon on November 17 (B.K.). Hossy (Falco s. subbuteo). G. The location of a breeding pair in the Berkeley area provided one of the most noteworthy events of the year. The birds were first noticed on August 4 (H.H.D.), -and the eyrie, containing two fully fledged young (one of which was secured and ringed) and the remains of a Swift, was found by H.W.N., R.H.P. and others on the 11th. The adults and both - young were frequently seen in the vicinity until the last few days of September. Good views were obtained of single birds overhead near Stoke Gifford on July 25 and August 5 (H.H.D.). S. Two were identified near Cheddar on June g and one over Blagdon reservoir on the 23rd (B.K.). MerR.IN (Falco columbarius a@salon). §. Two small falcons, undoubtedly Merlins, were watched near Clevedon on April 28 (A.C.L.). Common Buzzarp (Buteo b. buteo). G. Single birds were seen over Clifton on January 13 (A.C.L.), and over Dyrham Wood on January 9, May 26 and November 23 (F.L.B.). S. Reported on several occasions from the Mendip area where a pair was found breeding and the young birds (three) were ringed on June g (R.H.P.). Breeding almost certainly took place in a second locality in the same area (R.H.P. and H.H.D.). Osprey (Pandion h. halietus). S. A large hawk seen by R.E.A. and H.J.B. at Blagdon reservoir on May 23 was, although in view for no more than go seconds, confidently identified as an Osprey. When first noticed at about 400 yards the bird was descending toward the reservoir. It finally levelled out to about 40 feet over the water, to which, by its head movements, it was evidently being attracted, and passed, moving in circles, within 60 yards of the observers before being lost to sight. H.J.B. reports that, owing to bad light, colour determination was difficult, but that the upper parts looked slaty-brown rather than red-brown, while the head, which projected well beyond the wings, appeared whitish, with a dark streak on side. Other details noted were the dirty-white under-parts with a dusky band across the upper breast, and the almost uniform width of the wings, which were angled back slightly at the carpal joint. Common HERON (Ardea c. cinerea). G. An occupied nest was found in a small wood at the New Grounds on April 19 by J.S.A. who reports that incubation was in progress and that “‘ it was only after kicking the tree several times that the bird was induced to leave.” The same observer also reports that two other birds were put out from the wood and that he discovered another large nest 168 H. H. DAVIS but did not see a bird actually leave it. §. A census undertaken at the Brockley Combe and Banwell Heronries on May 26 showed that there were sixteen occupied nests at Brockley and twenty-one at Banwell (B.K. and R.H.P.). A party of nine was seen at Barrow ~ Gurney reservoirs on July 20, and fifteen were seen together at Blagdon on the 28th. Almost all were immature birds (B.K. and REE AL) WHOOPER Swan (Cygnus cygnus). G. Two adults were watched in flight by B.K., H.H.D. and other observers at the New Grounds on December 22. S. Three, two adults and an immature, made a brief visit to Cheddar reservoir during a hard frost in January. They were first seen on the 20th (R.E.A. and H.J.B.) but had departed by the 22nd. BEWICK’s SwAN (Cygnus b. bewickiu). §. A family party, two adults and four immatures, visited Blagdon reservoir late in January. ‘They were first noticed on the 27th (B.K.) but had left by the following day. ies Grey Lac-GooseE (Anser a. anser). G@. One, an immature bird, arrived at the New Grounds with the main body of White-fronts in mid-December. It was first identified on the 15th and was still present at the close of the year (P.S., B.W.T., H.H.D. and others). WHITE-FRONTED Goose (Anser a. albifrons). G@. Reported from the New Grounds, up to 2,000 or more, throughout January, February and the first week of March. ‘The majority were seen to leave in a N.E. direction on March 8, the remainder departing in the following few days (P.S. and H.H.D.). The first autumn reports were of 19 on October 6, and 295 on the 13th (P.S.) A gradual increase to about 450 during the next seven weeks was followed by a great influx on December 14 and 15. By the 22nd the number was estimated at not less than 4,000, and from a careful approximation on the 30th, it appeared evident that the geese were slightly in excess of that record total (P.S. and H.H.D.). On December 26 about 350 were watched feeding in a field between Newport and Oakleaze Farm, about five miles south of the New Grounds (H.H.D.). S. A single bird was seen in the Yeo Estuary on March 10 (R.H.P.), and the following, almost certainly White- fronts, were noted during the last three days of December—21 over Blagdon on the 29th, a small party over Saltford on the 30th, and 42 over Barrow Gurney, 23 over Whitchurch, and a single bird on Cheddar reservoir on the:same date (R.E.A., H.J.B., B.K. and D.A.W.). Four were seen to alight on Blagdon reservoir on the gist (R.E.A. and H.J.B.). LessER WHITE-FRONTED GoosE (Anser erythropus). G. Frequent watch for the two adults identified on the New Grounds in the previous December (cf. Proc., B.N.S., 1945, p- 85) showed that ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES ee both birds may have remained until January 13 or later. One was certainly seen on that date, and subsequently on the following occasions—January 27 and February 13: and 24. (HAD) BK, B.W.T. and others). Clear views were obtained by P. S. on | December 28 and by the same observer and H.H.D. on the goth, of a single adult among a great gathering of common White-fronts —thus suggesting the possibility that this species, hitherto regarded as no more than an extremely scarce visitor to the British Isles, may occur not infrequently among flocks of typical albifrons from continental breeding areas. BEean-Goose (Anser f. fabalis). G. A single immature bird, first noticed toward the close of the previous year, remained at the -New Grounds until February 23 or later (F.L.B., B.W.T., H.H.D.), while half a dozen or more different individuals (adults and immatures) were identified among White-fronts at the same place during the last three weeks of December (P.S.). PINK-FOOTED Goose (Anser fabalis brachyrhynchus). G. ‘The only reports from the New Grounds early in the year were of half a dozen seen.on January 13 (D.A.W. and H.H.D.) and a party of 17 on the 19th (P.S.). The first autumn geese at the New Grounds, about 20 on September 29, were probably of this species, while 41 seen on the 3oth were definitely Pink-feet (P.S.). Subsequent | counts were of 74 on October 13, 85 on the 24th and 95 on November o (P.S. and H.H.D.). All had evidently departed by the last week of November. Odd birds, sometimes two or three, were, however, noted among White-fronts on several dates in the last fortnight of December (P.S., H.H.D. and others). BARNACLE-GooskE (Branta leucopsis). G. The following were seen at the New Grounds—one on January 13 (B.K. and D.A.W.), four on the 27th and February 9 (H.H.D. and others), and two on various occasions from December 1g to the end of the year (A.C.L., B.W.T. and others). DARK-BREASTED BRENT GoosE (Branta b. bernicla). G. Reports from the New Grounds were of one on January 27 (H.H.D.), two on February 3 (B.K.), and a single bird on several dates from Pebruary 13° to March 3 (F.L.B., P.S., B.W.T. and others). One arrived at the same place on December 15 and was still present mt the end of the year (P.S. and H.H:D.). PALE-BREASTED BRENT Goose (Branta bernicla hrota). G. A single bird, clearly identified as being of this form, was seen at the New Grounds on September 30 and on various occasions subsequently (P.S., K.D.S. and H.H.D.). It arrived among Pink-footed Geese, with which it remained in constant company, and _ evidently departed with them late in November. ‘The only previous record for the district is that of one reported from the same place, F pe: March, 1o41 (cf. Proc., BuN.S., 1943, p. 505): 170 H. H. DAVIS SHELD-Duck (Tadorna tadorna). G. As many as 105 were counted off the New Grounds on September 1 (B.K.). §. At the reservoirs, single birds were seen at Blagdon on January 13 and 20 and at Cheddar on February 26 (R.E.A. and H.J.B.). Two were present at Blagdon on May ig (R.E.A. and H.J.B.). GADWALL (Anas strepera). §. One, a male, was noted among Mallard at Cheddar reservoir on January 22 (H.H.D.), while at Blagdon a single bird was seen on March 28 and a pair on April 1 (H.J.B.). TEAL (Anas c. crecca). S. Unusually abundant at Cheddar reservoir in January—numbers on the 6th being estimated at little short of 1,500 (H.H.D.). Many, probably 1,000 or more, were still present on the 22nd (H.H.D.). GARGANEY (Anas querquedula). §S. A pair was seen on Kenn Moor on March 26 (M. J. Wotton per H.J.B.). Two pairs visited Blagdon reservoir in the last week of March, remained throughout April and May and were still present on June 5 or later. Despite a close watch, there was no evidence of either pair attempting to nest (B.K., W.D.M., H.H.D. and others). What were almost certainly six Caner were seen at the same reservoir on eogust 2 and 71(R.E.A. and H.J-B.): AMERICAN WIGEON (Anas americana). G@. Good views were obtained, at about 150 yards range, of a male, among common Wigeon and Teal, on the Severn between Frampton and the New Grounds on March g (A.J.B.T.). §. A male was clearly identified among common Wigeon at Blagdon reservoir on January 27 and 28 (B.K., R.H.P. and H.H.D.), and again on-February 4 and 5 (R.E.A.). It could not be found there on February 10, but what was undoubtedly the same bird was seen by A.E.B. and B.K. at Cheddar reservoir on March 2 and 17. (For detailed accounts of this and the Gloucestershire occurrence and for editorial remarks on the probability of the records referring to different individuals cf. British Birds, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 219-220.) A male, no doubt the same as that reported from the reservoirs in the previous winter, was seen by R.E.A. and H.J.B. at Cheddar on December 30. PintaiL (Anas a. acuta). @G@. Noted on several dates off the New Grounds—about twenty on January 13 and February 24 (R.H.P.) being the highest totals reported. §. Two were seen at Barrow Gurney reservoirs on February 13 (W.R.T.), and four at Blagdon on January 13, March to and November 3 (R.E.A., H.J.B. and H.H.D.). Seven were counted at Cheddar on January 2 (H.H.D.), and about a dozen on two occasions in the last week of December (H.J.B. and others). SHOVELER (Spatula clypeata). G. Reported from the New Grounds area on various dates—the maximum totals being about forty on March 24 (R.H.P.) and twenty on October 13 (P.S.)._ ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 171 S. Unusually abundant at Cheddar reservoir early in the year— numbers on three occasions in January being estimated at not less than 450 (R.E.A., H.J.B. and H.H.D.), while 150 or more were still present on March 2 (R.H.P.). The breeding of a pair at Blagdon reservoir was proved when a female, accompanied by » three ducklings, was seen on June 17 (R.E.A. and H.J.B.). PocHarpD (Aythya ferina). G. The following were seen off the New Grounds—thirty on January 13 (R.H.P.), nine on September 29 (H.H.D.), and twenty-five on November 24 (P.S.). Four were seen on the Duchess’ Pond, Stapleton, on December 29 (A.J.D.). TuFrtTED Duck (Aythya fuligula). G. Five (3 males and 2 females) were noted off the New Grounds on January 13 (R.H.P.), and a single male was seen, in company with Pochard, at the same place on September 29 (H.H.D.). Scaup (Aythya m. marila). S. As in the previous year, two, females or immatures, visited Barrow Gurney reservoirs in November. ‘The birds, seen on the 16th, were watched under good conditions and were clearly identified (G.E.C.). : GOLDENEYE (Bucephala c. clangula). G. What appears to be the only authentic record for the New Grounds area is that of an immature specimen on the decoy pool on November 13, 1944. The bird, viewed under cover of the screens, was seen at very close range and was repeatedly diving (H.H.D.). S. ‘Twelve at Cheddar on December 30 and ten at Blagdon on the 31st were the largest totals reported from the reservoirs (R.E.A. and H.J.B.). LONG-TAILED Duck (Clangula hyemalis). S. A male, stated to have been still in winter plumage, arrived at Cheddar reservoir on the afternoon of May 5. It was seen, at close quarters, resting on the concrete slope at the west end by G.E.C. and B.K. who re- port that it was definitely not at the reservoir earlier in the day. Despite a careful search, there was no sign of the bird on the 6th. Common ScoTER (Melanitta n. nigra). G. Two adult males were seen off the New Grounds on October 14 (P.S.), and a female was found dead at Severn Beach on December 3 (H.H.D.). S. Single adult males were noted at Blagdon reservoir on January 13 (R.E.A.) and Barrow Gurney reservoirs on March 31 (R.H.P.). GOOSANDER (Mergus m. merganser). S. The following red-headed birds were reported—one at Barrow Gurney reservoirs on December 22 and 30, and two at Cheddar reservoir on December 30 (R.E.A., fH. ).B. and R.H.P.). SMEW (Mergus albellus). §. Frequently seen at Blagdon reservoir from early January to the end of March, the largest numbers reported being as follow—twelve, including four adult males, on January 20 (R.E.A.) ; twelve, including two adult males, on March 15 (R.E.A. and H.J.B.) ; twenty, including two adult males, on March 19 (H.H.D.). A single red-head was still at the 172 H. H. DAVIS same place on April 1 (H.H.D.). Two, adult male and female, were seen at Barrow Gurney reservoirs on March 21 (A.C.L.), and an adult male was noted at Cheddar reservoir on December 15. (R.E.A. and H.J.B.). CormMoRANT (Phalacrocorax c. carbo). §. About fifteen pairs were estima‘ed as breeding on the north cliffs, Steep Holm, on May 29 (E.G.H.). This compares favourably with pre-war estimates of eighteen pairs in 1939 and sixteen in 1937. GANNET (Sula bassana). G. An adult was found dead on the mud- flats below Severn Beach on February 24 (R.J.E.), and another, also adult, was picked up at the same place on July 21 (H.H.D.). STORM-PETREL (fydrobates pelagicus). §. Following strong westerly gales, a small petrel, reported by H.C. as being of this species, was picked up alive at Weston-super- Mare on November 26. It was subsequently taken to Brean Down and, on being released, flew directly out to sea. GREAT CRESTED GREBE (Podiceps c. cristatus). §. Seventy-two were counted at Cheddar on November to (R.H.P.). This is the largest number yet reported from the reservoirs, and a remarkably high total for the time of year. SLAVONIAN GREBE (Podiceps auritus). S. Noted with greater frequency at the reservoirs than in any previous year. A single bird was seen at Blagdon on various occasions from January 4 to March 10 (R.E.A., W.R.T. and H.H.D.), while one was identified at Barrow Gurney on January 14 and 16 (B.K. and A.C.L.). At Cheddar two were present on January 20, 22, and February 10 (R.E.A. and R.H.P.), and a single bird was observed on several dates from mid-February to the third week of March (R.E.A., A.E.B. and B.K.). One was noted at the same reservoir on December 8 and two were seen there on the 15th (R.E.A. and Hj: Bo). Th eee GREBE (Podiceps n. nigricollis). §. Single birds were seen at the reservoirs as follows—Cheddar, January 20 (R.E.A.), February 10 and November 10 (R.H.P.; Barrow Gurney, February 13 (W.R.T.) and various dates from August 28 to December 1 (G.E.C. and R.H.P.) ; Blagdon, several occasions from August 25 to mid-September (R.E.A.). GREAT NorTHERN Driver (Colymbus immer). S.. One was seen at Cheddar reservoir on November 24 (B.K.). What was, perhaps, the same bird was noted at intervals during December and was reported as being still on the reservoir at the end of the year (R.E.A., H.J-B., and R-H.P.). BLACK-THROATED DIvER (Colymbus a. arcticus). §. At Blagdon reservoir on April 1 good telescopic views were obtained by H.H.D. of a diver which was clearly identified as being of this species. It remained until the 9th or later and was seen under excellent ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 173 conditions by five other observers—R.E.A., H.J.B., B.K., W.R.T. and D.A.W. Among field characters particularly noted were the pale, greyish-brown head, the conspicuously white foreneck and breast and the almost uniformly blackish-brown mantle. Apart from a few large white spots in the region of the scapulars, there was little evidence of summer plumage being assumed. Compared with Great Northern Diver, the bird was slighter in build, while its bill was less massive and noticeably more pointed. This is the first record of a Black-throated Diver for the district. RED-THROATED DIVER (Colymbus stellatus). §. Single birds were met with at Cheddar reservoir on February to and 27 (B.K., R.H.P. and others) and at Barrow Gurney reservoir on March 5 and 7 (A.C.L.). TurTLE-Dove (Streptopelia t. turtur). §. A nest, with two eggs, was found in larches at the Ubley end of Blagdon reservoir on May 2 (G.E.C.). BaR-TAILED GopwitT (Limosa I. lapponica). G. Reported from the Severn on various occasions in spring and autumn, the largest totals being eleven near Severn Beach on May 11 (R.E.A.) and ten off the New Grounds on October 5 (R.H.P.). §S. Two were seen near Clevedon on May 17 (G.E.C.). BLACK-TAILED GopwirT (Limosa l. limosa). G. As in the previous year, Black-tailed Godwits were met with off the New Grounds in August and September. Twelve on August 4 and a similar number on September 1 were the highest counts reported (H.H.D., H.C.P. and C.W.). Three were seen at Aust on October 1 (R.E.A.). S. A single bird was identified in the Yeo Estuary on August 17 (R.H.P.). CurRLEw (Numenius a. arquata). G. Many, probably not less than 300, were seen at the New Grounds on August 4 (H.H.D.), while the number was estimated at approximately 500 at the same place on October 5 (R.H.P.). About 200 were present at Severn Beach on September 5 (A.C.L.). S. A flock of 200 was seen in the Yeo Estuary on August 17 (R.H.P.). WHIMBREL (Numenius ph. pheopus). G. Noted in small numbers at Aust and Severn Beach in May (F.L.B. and H.H.D.), and on autumn passage at Severn Beach and the New Grounds: (A.C.L. and H.H.D.). §. Reported on both passages from Clevedon and the Yeo Estuary (G.E.C. and R.H.P.). Woopcock (Scolopax rusticola). §. Single birds were flushed at Abbots Leigh on February 24 and March 3 (J.H.S.), and in Leigh Woods on December 15 (R.H.P.). TURNSTONE (Arenaria 1. interpres). G. Three seen by B.K. off the New Grounds on August 11 provided the first record for this part of the Severn. Knorr (Calidris c. canutus). G. ‘Twenty-five were counted near oe inom 174 H. H. DAVIS Severn Beach on May 11 (R.E.A.), and fourteen, all in red plumage, ~ were found near the same place on the 13th (R.H.P. and H.H.D.). A flock of 400 or more, the largest number yet reported from the Severn, was seen off the New Grounds on August 12. Of these, a few were still in partial red dress (H.H.D.). Two were noted at Severn Beach on September 5 (A.C.L.). §. The only report is of two near Clevedon on May 17 (G.E.C.). Dunutn (Calidris alpina). G. A partially albino bird was seen on the mud-flats below Severn Beach on March 24 (H.H.D.). | CURLEW-SANDPIPER (Calidris testacea). G. Observed off the New Grounds on several occasions in September—up to ten or twelve being counted on the 15th (B.K., H.H.D. and C.W.). Two were identified among Dunlin near Severn Beach on September 13 and. one was noted there on the 21st (H.W.N.). LirtLte Stint (Calidris minuta). G. Two were seen off the New Grounds on September 14 and 15 (B.K. and R.H.P.) Js and five in the same place on the 29th (B.K. and H.H.D.). SANDERLING (Crocethia alba). G@. Twice noted at Severn Beach on spring passage—one on May 11 andtwoonthe 14th (R.E.A. and | R.H.P.). Several parties, perhaps fifty birds in all, were seen at the New Grounds on August 12 (H.H.D.), while up to twelve or fifteen were reported from the same place on two occasions in the first ten days of September (B.K. and R.H.P.). §. Reported from Cheddar reservoir on various dates in May, a party of fourteen being seen on the roth (B.K. and H.H.D.). One winter record— that of a single bird at Weston-super-Mare on December 27 (B.K.) RurrF (Philomachus pugnax). G. A single bird was seen off the New Grounds on August 12 (H.H.D.), and three were present in the same place on the 31st (R.H.P. and C.W.). ComMoN SANDPIPER (Actitis hypoleucos). G. One was watched feeding at the lake in Badminton Park on May 12 (A.J.D.) and two were present at Tortworth Court lake on the same date (H.H.D.). S. A single bird was seen on the rocks at Steep Holm on ey 29 (E.G.H.) GREEN SANDPIPER (Tringa ochropus). G. The following were reported—one near Berkeley on February 6 (M.L.F.) ; two on flooded pastures at Stoke Gifford on August 31, and a single bird in the same place on September 1 and 7 (H.H.D.) ; one at the New Grounds on November 3 (R.H.P.). S. One was put up at Barrow Gurney on a number of dates from early August to mid-November (G.E.C.), and one in a field near the Yeo Estate on aaa ry CREEP... Common REpDSHANK (Tringa totanus). §. A flock, eseinated at not less than 400, was seen in the Yeo Estuary on August 17 (ent Pa) SPOTTED REDSHANK (Tringa erythropus). S. One was clearly ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 175 identified at the mouth of the River Axe on August 18 (D.A.W.). GREENSHANK (Tringa nebularia). G. A single bird was noted off the New Grounds on September 1 (B.K. and C.W.). Rincep PLover (Charadrius h. hiaticula). @. Many, probably not less than 350, were present on the mud-flats below Severn Beach on May 13 (B.K. and H.H.D.). Although occurring regularly in similar abundance near Severn Beach in autumn, this is the largest spring passage total yet reported. GOLDEN PLOVER (Pluvialis apricaria). G. A party of six was seen overhead near Stoke Gifford on February 6 (H.H.D.). Noted in moderate numbers at the New Grounds on various dates from late September to the end of the year (D.A.W. and H.H.D.). S. Abundant on Lansdown, near Bath, in October and November —200 on October 29 being the highest total reported (F.L.B.). GrerEY PLOVER (Squatarola squatarola). G. Of seven seen on the mud-flats below Severn Beach on May 11 and 13, three or four were in full summer plumage (R.E.A. and H.H.D.). Twice reported from the New Grounds—two on October 5 (R.H.P.) and two on the 24th (K.D.S. and H.H.D.). §S. Eight were countedin the Yeo Estuary on March 10 (R.H.P.) OvysTER-CATCHER (Hematopus ostralegus occidentalis). G@. Three were observed as far up the Severn as the New Grounds on August 4 and again on the 11th (H.H.D. and B.K.). 8S. A single bird was met with at Blagdon reservoir on April 1 (H.H.D.). Brack TERN (Chilidonias n. niger). G. Three were seen off the New Grounds on August 31 (R.H.P. and C.W.) and as many as twelve were counted at the same place on September 1 (B.K.). S. Spring passage records from the reservoirs include those of one at Barrow Gurney on May 1 (R.H.P.), three at Cheddar on the 12th and roth (R.E.A. and others), three at Blagdon on the 2oth and one at the same place on June 20 (B.K.) Among the very few autumn records is that of two at Blagdon on August 21 (W.R.T.). SANDWICH TERN (Sterna s. sandvicensis). §. A tern seen in flight over Cheddar reservoir on December 6, 1945, was found dead later on the same day and was identified as a Sandwich Tern (cf. British Birds, Vol. XX XIX, p. 93). | Common TERN (Sterna h. hirundo). §. Reservoir records are of two at Cheddar on May to (B.K.) and a single bird at Blagdon oni ithe, rath-(R.P.G.). LirTLe Guu (Larus minutus). §S. ‘Two, an adult and an immature, were clearly identified by R.E.A., B.K. and R.H.P. at Cheddar reservoir on May 12. ‘Two, evidently the same birds, were again seen on the 19th (R.E.A. and B.K.). GREAT BLACK-BACKED GuLL (Larus marinus). §. Three were seen at Cheddar reservoir on March 2, and a single bird was present at the same place on February 27 and on two occasions in 176 H. H. DAVIS May (B.K.). About eighteen pairs, nine of which were proved to be nesting, were noted at Steep Holm on May 29 (E.G.H.). | [IceLAND GuLL (Larus glaucoides). G@. and §. An immature bird seen on the Avon between Ashton swing-bridge and Hotwells on several dates in the first half of January was believed to be this rather than a small Glaucous Gull (L. hyperboreus). It was first noticed, by H.H.D., on the 6th, and was in company with an immature Herring-Gull, with which it corresponded in size but, apart from the uniformly dusky-white plumage, differed in its more tapering appearance. B.K., who saw the bird under excellent conditions on the 13th, reports that in size it closely resembled immature Herring-Gulls with which it was associating, and that, when at rest, its long pointed wings extended well beyond the tail. - Similar characters were noted by A.C.L. and W.R.T. on the toth and 15th.| KiTTIWAKE (Rissa t. tridactyla). §. An adult was seen at Cheddar reservoir on March 2 and again on the 17th (A.E.B., R.P.G. and B.K.). A single adult was noted off the coast at Clevedon on November 17 (B.K.). Corn-CRAKE (Crex crex). @. One was heard at Rangeworthy on several occasions in June, but there was no subsequent evidence of a pair having bred (J.H.H.). 177 NOTES ON BUCKNALL’S DRAWINGS OF BRITISH FUNGI By A. A. Pearson, F.L.S. (Read in title at General Meeting, March 6, 1947 Receiwed, March 22, 1947) N the years 1877—1891 records of the fungi of the Bristol district were published in these Proceedings. They were by Cedric Bucknall and there were 13 Parts, the last of which contained an index of all the species he had recorded. A few paintings and black and white drawings were published with some of the parts. Bucknall was an enthusiastic collector of fungi, and everything he picked up was scrutinised, carefully sketched or painted and duly recorded. His range was wide and included the ascomycetes, for the study of which the microscope was essential, and his published figures of this group give all the necessary details. Phillips named his discomycetes, including several new to science. Bucknall was in correspondence with all the specialists of his day, and such names as Berkeley, Cooke, Plowright and Broome frequently occur in his lists—but he himself must have had a remarkable flair for species. The present writer recently had the pleasure of looking through his paintings of the Agarics and Boleti which, some years ago, were acquired by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. They are of a high quality. There are some hurried sketches of no value, but the finished drawings are first rate and represent the fungi so well that they can be named with little hesitation. Most of them are correctly named, and one is full of admiration for the perspicacity of these old mycologists who could acquire an accurate knowledge of species without knowing any of the microscopic features which to-day we should consider indispensable, at least for the smaller species of Agarics. We have been through Buckland’s water- coloured drawings, and the following critical notes may be of some value in correcting the original determinations of some of the more interesting species : 178 A. A. PEARSON * Signifies drawing made from the published collection. x xX + * —-—t be) (64 & 523) 324 (1142) (1531) 162 (430) (1655) (601) 201 (490) (1339) 53 (51) 218 (522) (1275) (1527) 5 (33) & 160 (428) OES) (1657) (48) (36) (88) 158 (417) 154 (413) 265 (746) (1310) (1656) (71) 55 (54) & (982) (1250) (800) (810) (1515) (124) (1312) (443) & (473) (520) be) 99 Published Name Agaricus solitarius A asper »» polystictus if albo-brunneus as amplus as fumosus metachrous Hygrophorus murinaceus Marasmius insititius iy omadelphus Agaricus leptocephalus 99 “ hE) x lineatus 8A stanneus 9? 99 es sudorus e electricus os griseus pseudo-androcaceus Lactarius exsuccus Russula sardonia 3 pulchralis 39 i alutacea 35 integra 9 29 be) 39 > rubra 3 ochracea » sfragilis Agaricus prunuloides os repandus . jubatus as pascuus 5 asprellus, corrected to vilis i vilis ae reticulatus bi pudicus ms ombrophilus ie mycenoides Ny muricatus v. gracilis Le flocculosus bes fastigiatus oe) ” Bristol collection but not that published. Corrected.name Amanita echinocephala >», pantherina Lepiota irrorata Tricholoma ustale form of Tricholoma ean Tricholoma cinerascens Clitocybe vibecina Hygrophorus nitratus Marasmius Vaillantii a ramealis Mycena alcalina > metata », chlorantha var. pallida Pearson = M. lineata sensu Lange >> metata 35 ammoniaca Leptonia sericella Mycena tenerrima 5, cinerella > spetrea Russula delica 5, - veternosa 5, veternosa 59.) abt > exalbicans 5, pseudo-integra > @ruginea and a small vesca 5, exalbicans a atropurpurea » fellea » venosa Melz. or nitida ) yee Entoloma sp (?) not prunuloides 5 prunuloides a porphyropheum Nolanea staurospora Bres. Eccilia undata bP) be) Pluteolus aleuriatus Pholiota egerita » erebia 5, . fogulans Ex. mon Ricken erinacea Inocybe umbrina 3 asterospora », scabella nnn nnn n reer a reer 179 (1808) (1524) 285 (794) 325 (1219) (1586) 261 (11) (7005) 1316 no number (685) (421) 161 (429) Agaricus geophyllus v. lat Ss NN S 9) Cortinarius cyanopus 99 tius asterospora fibrosus rimosus ‘scabellus lubricus alnicolus rubi_ Phillipsii melinoides sparteus vestitus largus scaurus testaceus claricolor Riederi penicillatus decoloratus sublanatus callisteus raphanoides camurus injucundus eri- tJ bivelus, corrected in Index to C. laniger macropus helveolus licinipes dilutus armeniacus (corrected to saturninus) germanus acutus Agaricus stercorarius epixanthus egenulus appendiculatus fimiputris pennatus 39 hydrophilus pronus corrugis comptulus 5) be) Coprinus tomentosus be) nycthemerus Boletus candicans ba) ode) castaneus spadiceus Corrected name Inocybe Godeyi », napipes Lange >» lucifuga » geophylla », obscura Flammula lenta a gummosa >) b}e) Naucoria effugiens Crepidotus vartabilis Tubaria furfuracea (?) Crinipellis stipitarius Galera appendiculata more like C. infractus Cortinarius albo-violaceus a callisteus ‘i rufo-olivaceus es delibutus bP) >)p) a humicola nA crystallinus 5 cotoneus un bulbosus 99 : 99 PS rigens “3 armillatus 3 bivelus Doubtful Cortinarius erythrinus 8 incisus Stropharia semi-globata Hypholoma capnoides . Candolleanum 99 Le) Paneolus sphinctrinus Psathyra pennata - gossypina doubtful 39 (?) Psilocybe coprophila Psathyrella gracilis var. corrugis gle gracilis Coprinus niveus Fe plicatilis Boletus albidus 5, badius (form) >, badius 180 A. A. PEARSON Pub- | MS. No. lished of Published Name Corrected name No. drawing *1414 | (1922) | Boletus tenuipes Boletus cramesinus 746 | (1309) 35) a WariecOlor >, erocipodius 107 (456) », Chrysenteron »> sub-tomentosus 745 | 63 (72) | 4, subtomentosus Porphyrellus porphyrosporus 304 | (1044) » pachypus Boletus albidus *1345 Clavaria lilacina Clavaria amethystina’ 1063 ;> umbrina Kd botrytis 143 | 205 (493) | Typhula Grevillei This or T. candida In addition to the above there are a large number of unpublished original drawings by Cedric Bucknall, most of which are un- named. We have been through these and they include many species which may not have been recorded in the Bristol district. As the localities are not mentioned, it cannot be stated with certainty that they were found within easy reach of Bucknall’s home, but they probably were, so a few of the less common species may be given : Lepiota castanea Lactarius lilacinus Tubaria crobulus Armillaria ramentacea », volemus Inocybe sambucina , Mycena inclinata Hygrophorus erubescens 55 umboninata Omphalia rustica Entoloma ardosiacum Cortinarius turbinatus Marasmius cauticinalis Bs ameides Ss triformis Russula exalbicans Leptonia sarcita % penicillatus > osea Quel Nolanea fumosella a: decolorans Lactariu . flexuosus Tubaria autochtona Psilocybe physaloides (Thanks are due to Dr. R. W. G. Dennis, of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, whose help was given unstintingly in the preparation of the above lists.) “2h SNe 18] THE RHATIC AND LOWER LIAS ROCKS OF INGLESTONE COMMON, NEAR HAWKESBURY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE By Desmonp T. Donovan, B.Sc., F.G.S. (Read in title at General Meeting, March 6, 1947. Receiwed March 28, 1947) EW sections through the Lower Lias are known between Bath and Gloucester, a distance of 36 miles. In 1940 a system of shallow trenches to carry a water pipe-line was dug in the neigh- bourhood of Inglestone Gommon, about 15 miles due north of Bath. ‘The trenches were nowhere more than four feet deep, and in many places solid rock was not reached ; moreover, certain lengths of trench were infilled before the excavations could be ex- amined. The record is therefore incomplete, but a number of horizons in the Lower Lias have been recognised. The Lower Lias -and Rheetic rocks appear in natural exposures nearby and these have also been described in order to make the account as complete as possible. Only passing reference will be made to strata higher than the Lower Lias. The geological examination of the trench was made in 1940 by Prof. W. F. Whittard, assisted by Dr. Stanley Smith and Mr. E. W. Seavill. The other exposures have been examined by the writer. I am indebted to Dr. L. R. Cox and Dr. L. F. Spath for assistance in the determination of the lamellibranchs and the ammonites respectively. Dr. W. D. Lang has named the belemnites. I also wish to acknowledge the receipt from the University of Bristol Colston Society of a grant towards the cost of publication of this paper. RHATIC Rhetic beds are exposed in Saltmoors Ditch and in the Little Avon River. The former occurrence was referred to by Richard- son (1904, p. 534). The best exposures are at Shepherd’s Knap and along the Little Avon southwards from this point for a distance | of about 800 yards. : 182 DESMOND T. DONOVAN The section along the stream is as follows :— ft. ins. Blue limestone, abundant lamellibranchs 2 oO seen Grey, paper shale AS O 4-5 Flaggy, grey limestone with fame! ibrnens oO: 2 Black, paper shale, ferruginous weathering 0-1 O Cotham Marble .. Se ae ae 0 0-9 Laminated, grey clay... 2 o plus Micaceous, calcareous santas. eee surface ripplemarked O of Laminated, grey clay Oo 6-11 Grey marl, nodular O 10 Grey clay .. 2 O Grey marl .. Ons 5 Grey clay 3 oO seen The Cotham Marble is variable in thickness, thinning from 9 inches to nil within a distance of two feet ; the top surface of the bed is uneven and mammilated. At Shepherd’s Knap (31)*, a double “ landscape ”’ is developed. Hard limestones, somewhat similar in texture to the Cotham Marble but lacking the “ landscape,”’ are found in lenses at about the same horizon. A limestone with Naiadites sp. has been found but its exact stratigraphical position is not certain. Where the basal limestones of the Lower Lias rest upon the Cotham Shales, and sometimes where they rest upon the Cotham Marble, there is developed a bed, up to 2 inches in thickness, con- taining pebbles of Gotham Marble and oysters. ‘There appears therefore to have been erosion of the Cotham Beds prior to the deposition of the Lower Lias. Little can be said as to the lithology of the Westbury Beds, which are poorly exposed. The Bone Bed has not been en- countered in the present investigation but was found by’ Richardson (1904, p. 534) and by Whittard and Smith (1944, p. 68) just west of the present area. The base of the Rhetic beds has been located 170 yards west- north-west of the exposure at Shepherd’s Knap. The Cotham Beds show a general similarity of lithology to the various exposures in the immediate vicinity of Bristol, and are typical of the predominantly argillaceous facies which replaces northwards the more calcareous development which characterises the Carboniferous Limestone islands of Bristol and Mendip. The ripplemarked bed which occurs in the clay below the Cotham * Throughout this paper fossil localities are given by numerals enclosed in brackets, and their position is indicated on the accompanying map. eee fies RHETIC AND LOWER LIAS NR. HAWKESBURY 183 Marble is paralleled by similar beds, in a similar position, in several temporary sections in Bristol. (Kellaway, 1931, pp. 288, © 902). ' LOWER LIAS The zonal and subzonal scheme used in the following account is that proposed by Spath (1942). HETTANGIAN Zone of Pleuromya tatei The basal beds of the Lias consist of dark, flaggy limestones with shaly partings, and are exposed in Saltmoors Ditch and along the Little Avon. In the former section (37) the following succession was observed : ins. Blue-grey limestone, lenticular, with Mactromya arenacea (Terquem) and Protocardia phillipiana (Dunker) 1. 25 Shale aes a 48 a 7 at i 2 Light-grey, flaggy limestone with Ctenostreon terquemi . (Tate), Lima (Plagiostoma) valonensis Defranc, Mac- tromya arenacea, Ostrea irregularis Minster, Pleuromya striatula Agassiz, P. tatei Richardson and Tutcher and Protocardia phillipiana.. ey Ne H se 4 Shale of hy af oe Ad = As. 3 Dark-grey, flaggy limestone with Modiola_ levis Sowerby, M. wickest Richardson and Tutcher, Paral- lelodon hettangiensis (Terquem), Pleuromya striatula Agassiz and Protocardia phillipiana a rh ie 10 Zone of Psiloceras planorbis The subzone of Caloceras johnstoni was proved in stream sections. Grey shales with hard, nodular limestones, and mudstones with the index fossil (32, 34) outcrop along the east-west tributary which joins the Little Avon at Shepherd’s Knap. Beds of similar lithology occur in Saltmoors Ditch at a number of points between (37) and the “‘ Fox and Hounds ”’ and are probably of the same age, although no fossils have been recovered. LOWER SINEMURIAN Zone of Ammonites bucklandi The rocks belonging to this zone in the trench were brown- weathering, blue clays with nodular limestones. Irregular beds of limestone, 3 to 5 inches thick and separated by blue-grey shales with Gryphea obliquata Sow., appear in the stream at Bucklesbury 184 - DESMOND T. DONOVAN Farm (33) and probably fall into this zone. The following fossils were found in the trench: Oxytoma sinemuriensis (D’ Orb.) ti (2) Gryphea obliquata Sow... a a (1) Possibly not 2n situ. Piarorhynchia radstockiensis (Dav.) . . ai (3) Spiriferina sp. ne ae ee 55. (3) Large ammonites were represented by fragments not specifically identifiable. Zone of Arnioceras semicostatum Blue clays with fossiliferous limestone nodules represented this zone. The subzones of Agassiceras scipionianum and Euagassiceras sauzeanum were proved by their index fossils. In addition to the trench exposures, the beds are developed in the stream about 900 yards east of Bucklesbury Farm. The following fossils were.recovered : Agassiceras scipionianum (Dum.) .. ae dee (4) ‘A. transformatum (Simpson) Me ie as (6, 22) A. nodulatum (S. Buckman) i Oe et (18) Arnwoceras bodleyt (J. Buckman) .. (8) Coroniceras aff. forficatum (Strickland— An Buckman) (18) Euagassiceras sauzeanum (D’Orb.) Bt a (555°7) Gryphea aff. incurva Sow. a a a (20-23) Chlamys equalis Quenst. .. a: a ener ee ey (ego The specimens recorded as Coroniceras aff. forficatum differ from the typical form of this species in that the costae are not inclined back- ‘wards and the lateral keels are less distinct and tend to merge with the tubercles at the ends of the costae. In the style of ribbing, some specimens collected approach the form figured as Ammonites aussonensis by Reyneés (1879, Pl. IX, figs. 13, 14). Fragments of large specimens of a Euagassiceras of sauzeanum type were collected at (8, 23). Arnioceras bodleyi occurred in abundance at (8) to the virtual exclusion of other fossils. On the northern branch of the trench, Spiriferina tumida (Quenst.) and ‘“‘ Rhynchonella’’ ? lineata Young and Bird (a small form) were found, the latter in abundance. Their horizon is uncertain but is possibly semicostatum zone which was proved 150 yards to the south- east at (22). ; Zone of Arietites turneri The zoual fossil only was found, in brown-weathering, blue clays (9). ( RHETIC AND LOWER LIAS NR. HAWKESBURY 185 UPPER SINEMURIAN Zone of Asteroceras obtusum The subzone¢ of Promicroceras planicosta and Asteroceras stellare have been proved. The lithology is mainly brown-weathering, blue clays, but there occur thin, flaggy limestones with Promicroceras and septarian nodules with Asteroceras obtusum. ‘The fauna includes : Asteroceras obtusum (Reynés) af se Set Gi (LQEM aay A. stellare (Sow.) : (15) Promicroceras sp... oc bes (10) Aipheroceras binodulatum S) Buckman Cie The Promicroceras is probably planicosta (Sow.) pat is not sufh- ciently well preserved for certain identification. Zone of Oxynoticeras oxynotum The only evidence for this zone was a single specimen of Gagati- ceras gagateum (Young and Bird) in hard, blue limestone at (13). Zone of Echioceras raricostatum The zone is represented by a single fragment of Deroceras spicatum (Simpson) (16) ; it was not found i situ. LOWER PLIENSBACHIAN Zone of Tragophylloceras ibex Along the southern branch of the trench there was no evidence for Lower Lias rocks higher than the zone of Echioceras raricostatum, but along the northern branch the subzone of Acanthopleuroceras valdam was identified, the following fossils being obtained : Liparoceras cheltiense (Murchison) ue He (26) L. rusticum Spath .. a i ye See (26) Lytoceras fimbriatum (Sow.) al: she Le (27) Passaloteuthis sp. Ee bi te rer ha sph.) Pseudohastites sp... BRE (Cn 10) The belemnites occurred in “abundance. ‘The horizon corres- ponds to the upper part of the Belemnite Marl on the Dorset coast. Eastwards from (27) the clay became lighter in colour and more sandy, and at (28) was shaly in texture. At (29) hard, blue, lime- stone bands occurred, succeeded by soft, blue clays. MIDDLE LIAS Micaceous, yellow-weathering clays were exposed on the south- - ern and northern branches of the trench (17, 30) and yielded Gonomya sp. and Aquipecten equivaluis Sow. Grey clays exposed in the stream which flows northwards from Lovettswood Farm yielded from limestone bands at (36) a lamellibranch fauna including 44, equivalvis. Middle Lias rocks are also seen in roadside exposures in Hillsley village (35) and provided lamellibranchs and a small amaltheid ammonite. 186 DESMOND T. DONOVAN CONCLUSIONS Reliable dips could not be obtained in the trenches but in the stream sections the dips are small, and all the evidence points to a generally low dip towards the east throughout the area. The thick- ness of the zones could not be reliably estimated, but several inter- 5 fay esting points emerge in this connection. ‘The zone of Scamnoceras — angulatum has not been detected in the area, and if present must be ~ very thin. The zone of Arietites turneri is much attenuated and is impersistent, since at (10) 1t was developed between the zones of Arnioceras semicostatum and Asteroceras obtusum while at (15) the two latter zones are in contact. The zone of Tragophylloceras ibex is associated with abundant belemnites and resembles in this respect the development on the Dorset coast, where the Belemnite Marl occurs at this horizon. Faulting must be assumed on the northern branch of the trench, between (24) and (25), and along the southern branch between (15) and (17). In the former case, strata of semicostatum age are brought against those of zbex age, five complete zones being missing. The ground slopes downhill to the east at this point, and the semicostatum beds are on the same topographical level as the Middle Lias rocks at (35). ‘This fault is possibly the one which displaces the Marlstone feature by about 50 feet vertically in the neighbourhood of Abbot’s Well. Along the southern branch of the trench, beds of obtusum age occur at (15), while Middle Lias was found at (17), about 300 yards to the east. The reappearance of beds with Caloceras johnstont to the east of the outcrop of the bucklandi zone at Bucklesbury Farm may also be due to strike faulting, but may equally well be caused by a ene undulation in the dip. REFERENCES Kellaway, G. A. (1931) ‘‘ The Rhetic and Liassic Rocks of Hen- leaze: and Southmead,” Proc. B.N.S. (4th ser.), vol. VII, pp. 285-302. Reynés, P. (1879). Monographie des Ammonites. Atlas. Paris. Richardson, L. (1904). ‘‘ Notes on the Rhetic Rocks around Charfield, Gloucestershire.’? Geol. Mag. (Decade 4), vol. I, PP- 5327535: | Spath, L. F. (1942). ‘‘ The Ammonite Zones of the Lias.” Geol. Mag., vol. LX XIX, pp. 264-268. Whittard, W. F. and S. Smith. (1944). ‘‘ Unrecorded Inliers of Silurian Rocks, near Wickwar, Gloucestershire, with Notes on the Occurrence of a Stromatolite.’’ Geol. Mag., vol. LXXXI, pp. 65-76. ee ge ee Va Seaport OF THE FOSSIL LOCALITIES : i. Byake. OF INGLESTONE COMMON, / NEAR HAWKESBURY, GLOS, y Ys. Ye mite cs is Ny To WICKWAR Taricostatum_ bucklandi Fox & Hounds e Lovettswood Fm y in riff HAWKESBURY Common Trench Fic. 4 [To face page 186 ne ~ ‘ *% & - —S Se en ee i PROCEEDINGS OF THE BristoL NaTuRALIsSTs’ SOCIETY _ The Society has stocks of back numbers of some volumes of the Proceedings which may be purchased at the published price Application should be made to the Honorary sake th B Naturalists’ Society, City Museum, Bristol, 8. : Series 4. Vol. I. Pt. 1 (1904) 2/-, Pt. 2 (1905) OP. (1906) 2/-. a Vol. TI: Pt. 1 (1907) 2); Pee: (1908) 2 2/6 Pi. : (1909) 2/-- ‘ Vol. III. Pt. 1 (1910) 2;-, Pt. a (1911), Pt, 3 ‘ | 1/6 ea. | Vol. IV. Pt. 1 (1913), Pt. 2 (1914) 16 ea., Pt ; (1915-16) 2/-. sf Vol. V. Pt. 1 (1917), Pte (1918), Pt. 3 (1919) 2/ 7 Pt. 4 (1920-21), Pt, 5 (1928) 97 ea Vol.:-VI. Pt. 1 (1923) OF) oe (1924), P (1925), Pt. 4 (1926), Pt. 5 (1927) 4/- ea. Vol. VII. Pt.-1 (1928), Pt. 2 (1929), Pt. 3 (1 Pt. 4 (i931), Ft 5 (ipa), Bae (1938), | Pt. 7 ( 4/- ea. 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RICE FIVE SHILLINGS | vy) R sf Wits ie) cH th # > } ¥ ‘ ' fF AGE: OF THE | iy F | ne i ‘ , : t 7 i * ‘ il: | é | : inna HH ike & , X y * PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY —s_— PS Mae ae THE BURLEIGH PRESS, BRISTOL ileed aneuit 27th, 1948 ba Ret ci All Books Darriobebe of exchange, gift or. sere and thereto and to ents of the Soe C addressed to Se: ‘ eBay Sidon, Lamansan, BRISTOL THe Crry ‘MN US sPNETTE 8 » i ‘HL w. Toit, ey) an : THE UNIvERS: ITY, na 4 Be ‘aie 8 NOT LATER THAN a ae - | to ‘members as ‘under: wid “Weekdays: Sadar - ai Pa cua for membership of the s : tot the Hon. Seeey he ! = VOL. XXVII, PART IV, 1947 CONTENTS Council ... New Members .. Changes of Address Report of Council Obituary Pe Hon. Treasurer’s Sidebar of ic beehs The Lyell Medal Hon. Librarian’s Report Report of Botanical Section ... Report of Entomological Section Report of Geological Section... Report of Ornithological Section Account of the General Meetings Bristol Botany in 1947, by Cecil I. and N. Y. Sandal Ornithological Notes, Bristol District, 1947, by H. H. Davis, M.B.O. U. Some Records and Observations of Lepidoptera, 1947, by A. H. Peach Zoological Notes, 1947, by R. Bassindale, M.Sc. A Revised List of the Birds of the Bristol district, by H. H. Davis M. B.O. U. Additions to the Bristol Insect Fauna ee since 1945; by H. L. F. muccent,, M.Sc. 7. The Age of the Clifton Giirbe: Bristol, So E. eee: D. ae, “ Fy. G. S. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Channel :— XVII. The Littoral and Sublittoral Fauna of the Northern Shores, near Cardiff, by R. D. Purchon, B.Sc., Ph.D.... ee Bs Temporary Exposures and Borehole Records in the Bristol area :-— I. Records of boreholes sunk for the new Severn and We Bridges, by W. F. Whittard, D.Sc., Ph.D. bg II. Some exposures in the ee rocks at Bath, ay D. ls Donovan, B.Sc., F.G.S. ne ae ee : es Bar The Plesiosaurs in the rae Museum, Bristol, 1 W. E. 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Bristol Gale Cee Chen oa 17 York Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Garrad, Miss F, EB. ............ The Vicarage, Barrow Gurney, nr. Bristol Goodfellow, R. F., PX eR StPUCt Bis sacajeee's ees 3 Westfield Park, Redland, Bristol, 6 Goodfellow, Mrs. R. F. ...... Do. Greenway. J: Pi Co. ce. ccseccs 19 Manilla Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Gully, Miss Je Bie, asiccec cans 6 Osborne Avenue, Ashley Down, Bristol, 7 Hamilton, Miss L. G. ......... 1 Elgin Park, Clifton, Bristol, 6 a Witss (Gs Min occ siecencies 14 Chertsey Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 NCU CS A Barrow Court, Barrow Gurney, nr. Bristol Johns, Miss C. M............. g Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 INTE Ad Cel c Ce eae 2 Coniston Road, Patchway, Bristol MEAC SR WWe chek cis enced ogee sues 5 Ragnal Terrace, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos. Lehmann, Miss S. P. K-G. ... Talbot Cottage, Shirehampton, nr. Bristol fmm hs PIU BISCS iwcecc cesses Zoology Dept., University, Bristol, 8 Mages, Miss F..R..........60000. 57 Barton Road, St. Philip’s, Bristol, PAAUI Ee. Wie Sovscsesdssocessssees High Street, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos. Len 2ue(6 tS) (aR ee 8 York Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Moore, Mrs. B. A., B.Sc....... 20 Hurle Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 oO NEW MEMBERS Morgan, Gi Elo cease 106 Springhill, Kingswood, Bristol Mount, Mrs.C. V. A. ...... 6 The Avenue, Clifton, Bristol, 8 A. Moumnit, Miss MAS ieee ae Do. A. Mbountstephens, Miss P. M. 80 Cranbrook Road, Bristol, 6 Mundy, Miss O. S., B.Sc. .... 28 Redland Grove, Bristol, 6 Newton SDwS) 2 et eee 11 Harrowdene Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 Ge Parker, MissiG A eter rre Gwel-an-Mor, Mylor, nr. Falmouth Perkins, Miss M. B: P. ..>...%.. 17 Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. ‘Pertyanan vie setae eee Nan! 21 St. Alban’s Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 Pugsley, Prof. A. G., O.B.E., DESC Rac eer ea ne Aarne Sycamore Cottage, East Hartptree, Som. Pugsley, ING SSeS Sore eee Do. *C’, Purchon, R. D, B.Sc., Ph.D. Zoology Dept., University College, meer Road, Cardiff Russell Re Ee eae ee eae 64 Monks Park Avenue, Bristol, 7 5 OPM OSs ienr tie ey ae iad Faragarh, Limpley Stoke, Bath Selbiet Mins yore. rater oes Do. Gay Smith, "JRO lear eee 23 Sandlea Park, West Kirby, Cheshire Storr; Miss ID. IVE Se soos ae High School for Girls, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Mavilor, Wiss St Were. eats ane 5 Pembroke Vale, Clifton, Bristol, 8 ‘Thomas, * Miss Wire ens, 93 Alma Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Vinnicombe, Miss E. J.. M.A. ‘* Denver,’ Ridgeway, Long Ashton, nr. Bristol Wants RG ase an Ween cae Drakes Broughton, Pershore, Worcs. Wade. Miss Psi pap reeemananen 37 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Wakefield, Mrsv'Go S200 )..2: 21 Fenton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 Wallington, Mrs. H. E. ...... ** Penwarden,”’ Station Road, West Town, nr. Bristol Watkins: IViiss Mile eee ce 22 Knowle Road, Bristol, 4 Watters, Miss E. D., M.A. .... The Little House, F renchay, nr. Bal Watters, Miss M. M., M.A.... Do. CaWebb tol soon. aa eres Elmside, Old Town, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos. Weeks Go biec titre. canteen Camerton Hill, Camerton, nr. Bath PAR ST NN ENGST OS an tes as resen hee Se Down Farm, Winterbourne, Glos. Williams, Mrs: G, EB. 0.0.0 .0c.: 13 Effingham Road, Bristol, 6 : Walhamasyivirs 71 Bie eet. sen 1 Christchurch Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Willis, Miss M. P., B.Sc. ...... 38 Chandos Road, Bristol, 6 Willson, MuassvAc Weel 52. The Mount, Long Ashton, nr. Bristol Wiltshire, Miss M. O. P., D.Sc. Clifton Hill House, Bristol, 8 Wrath Petar. 2 ne tice ees 1 Northfields, Lansdown, Bath AFFILIATED SOCIETIES Natural History Society, Nursery Nurses’ Training School, Brandon Steep, Bristol Natural History Society, City of Bath Training College, 101 Sydney Place, Bath Geological Society, Geology Department, The University, Bristol, 8 CHANGES Allemee Wins, Mi: .c..c.cccccceceess Davis, R. A., M.Sc., D.I.C.... Wieck. pWitss Wire oi oc ence eececdeues Bills, Miss D. My ..............- Fayle, Miss M.A. .........4.. Borelslhtelerss aise shisdcesiecoweets Ford) Mrsi4t.H., B.A. ........: Hliley, Miss (W). Feo... 255.0006 A (CVEC ie eambert, Miss. Bi-................ MacGeorge, Major J. G....... Monro, Miss E., B.Sc. ......... Morrison, Miss E. M. D., M.A. eererecesceereeoeseesoeeseees Overend, Miss E. D., B.Sc. ... Popert AL i BAL vo... ci .c..- Popert, Mrs. A. Hi. .......1.... iaee, Miss\E. My. .e.d...2...: Sampson, Miss A. ............... Saunders, Miss C. E. ......... SUtClse. Ay Jani cereeci.shaecises Taylor, S. H., B.Sc., SU IVICCI ME WGsccccesiceesce ss Vanderplank, F. L., Ph.D. ... Vanderplank, Mrs. F. L....... Wallington, W. A,............... Wallington, Miss J. ............ 191 OF ADDRESS 16 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 28 Holyoake Walk, Ealing, W.5. 55 Manor Park, Redland, Bristol 29 West Mall, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Linmere, Backwell, nr. Bristol 5 Imperial Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Do. 8 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Osborne Hotel, 24 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Linmere, Backwell, nr. Bristol Moorend, Hambrook, nr. Bristol g Pembridge Crescent, London, W.11 2 Flatwoods, Claverton Down, nr. Bath New Grounds, Slimbridge, Glos. 16 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Do. 16 Upper Belgrave Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 142 Coronation Road, Bristol, 3 25 Robertson Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5 c/o Mrs. Roberts, 14 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, 2 23 St. Alban’s Road, Bristol, 6 West African Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, c/o Medical Head- quarters, Kaduna, Nigeria, W. Africa. Do. ** Penwarden,”’ Station Road, West Town, nr. Bristol Do. 192 REPORT OF GCOUNSG TE 1947 EMBERSHIP of the Society has now reached 400 and, particularly in view of the increased subscription rate, this is regarded as highly satisfactory. : At the Annual General Meeting Sir Lewis Fermor was re-elected President, with the support of Mr. H. H. Davis and Dr. L. H. Matthews as Vice-Presidents. The other officers remained unchanged but with the addition of Miss M. E. Habgood as Honorary Assistant Secretary. During the year Miss A. Dunn has also been added to Council as an Honorary Assistant Secretary and these two assistants are now responsible for the duplication and despatch of the winter circulars. Other officers and members of the 1947 Council are listed on p. 188 of this issue of the Proceedings. As last year, our President’s services as a geologist were in demand and, during his absence in Rhodesia, Mr. Davis deputised. The Society acted as host for the Whitsuntide Conference of the South- Western Naturalists’ Union and made all arrangements for meetings and the accommodation of delegates. A successful gathering included, on the Friday evening, a Reception by the Lord Mayor at the City Museum, where an exhibition was organised by Dr. Wallis, a lecture by Mr. Bassindale on the biology of the Bristol Channel, on Saturday evening, and excursions to Blaise Castle, Goblin Combe, the Cotswolds, and the Severn Wild Fowl Trust at Slimbridge. The Field Section has been reorganised so that the summer activities of the Society are now brought into line with the winter activities and are con- trolled in a similar way. This change has the desirable result of giving the officers who arrange the summer programme the same status as those who arrange the winter programme. The whole of the year’s meetings, both lectures and field meetings, have © been well attended and an air of activity pervades the Society. The Society regrets the loss of Miss Rutter, Miss Walsh, Dr. Druitt, Mrs. Fraser and Miss Grignon who died during the year. Miss Grignon was one of our oldest members and died at the age of 94 years. R. BASSINDALE, Hon. Secretary. —_. OBI TU 25K Y MISS ADELAIDE ELIZA GRIGNON HE Society lost a very interesting personality from its membership by the death on December 23, 1947, of Miss A. E. Grignon, at the age of g1. She was a most assiduous attendant at lectures and field meetings until near the end of her long life. The Editor is indebted to Mr. Laurence Currey for the following informa- tion about her :— The only child of the Rev. William Grignon, she was named after her mother who was a goddaughter of Queen Adelaide, wife of William ITV. Her father was for twenty years headmaster of Felstead School in Essex, and it was here that her early years were spent. On Mr. Grignon’s retirement, his daughter accompanied him on extensive travels in Europe and the Near East. Subse- quently they made a home at Frenchay, but after her father’s death she moved to London where she did much philanthropic work. In 1921 she came to Bristol and very soon joined the Society. Her principal interest was in botany, and in the 1920’s she exhibited at a meeting of the Society a collection of wild plants growing in the streets of Bristol, which aroused considerable interest. Mrs. Barke writes :—I first met Miss Grignon in 1925 at a field meeting of the Geological Section ; the rain poured down but, undaunted,, she visited every exposure: that was typical of her for she was full of vitality and a most painstaking naturalist. Her activities were by no means confined to intellectual pursuits for she was a true humanitarian, helping all with unstinted generosity, and I think this impressed me even more than her clear, alert brain. 193 SPELT ‘Arenuel ET ‘[oisg SFGL ‘Arenuel Z soupnp “MoH ‘SNHAD “M ‘A *yOo1IOD puNoZ pue pozIPNY “UIANSDOAT. “HOH ‘HOWVAd “H ‘V § LI 90tF 6 ¢T soe | & LI 90FF 6 ST S0s 0 4 88t b 91 TOL ie ; yunoooy 4se] wo sourreg “ Z L IZT 9 T ggrT xUed SBUIALS EERO) ysog 3e pIsodeq 9 G@ 9 Il 0 G06 OFS 8Ca yueg 7e yse) OT ST LE [a —!juNOSOY }xoU 07 voURIeEgG “ € OL 8Iz 6 0 8& OF 0) 0 a i [eoIsoTOUWUIO 0 9L ZI Ose Ole ie 3 "* yeorsojoary 9 § OT 0024 * Ss hy = “ppm 9 6 8 Gch cae a - [eoIsojoul0y uy 07.1 38 0 0 G6 be ze ee *a yeorue}Og 9 T G —1 SUOTJOVS 0} S}URIN) “ 9 GI&I oe oe oe oe Surpurq-yoog “6 0 cI 9 0 OL ce of a Ino} yoerog uo ssoT ‘ — —= HG oie a =i Jouuig uo ssoT *f 0 614 me te ee ee ee ee soxog SeulySIIy’) “ce 0 OL T —_ sce oS og oe ‘* (jeoddy 0 ¢ G — AP : fe SUOT}D9S 0} suondriiosqns “ Q SI IF TyomnyD) A}ISIVATUL) [O}SIIG 0} UOTJeUOG ge OF Qane a . ie “* yueg 9 238597 0 6 ("90S Uo} Jed) soue}sISSY [eOTIe[D Ie Ween) SBUIARS BOIJO SO Ul ISOdeq Uo jser1e}yuT “ OZ G SsUl}90]] Jo sosuodxq pue soieyq “‘ — Tae je hE 0 Ff is si : yoog enbeyy “ Gg F Lease Oh oe ; oe suoryeoqndg joaes “ T Zig 0 T + ee (m100y Areiqry Jo esn) yuoy “ OT OM Ga565 = * OFG6L ‘S8Utpaaz04g Sp1eMO} jURIL) 0 FI 02 & SF € = pa is s[eoIpolieg pue syoog “ g IT g 9 OT 282 0 Lt SIT 0 OLT i one "+ (Areiqry) soueinsuy ong “ 0 OTT 6 ST 06 0 OLG x: ‘ LEGL ‘SatyeI00S pozel[yZV 0 0iT G GIa@ a = oy ueIIeIqry “UO T 8té& O Tt OF 0 g¢ §& 0 8st ck ay a “* 1OVIPA “UOP 9 GL 9 LIT 6 es ; LP6T ‘ns . OL6 §& ie ee ae toiInseely ‘uop{ 9 91 ZG 9 § a : QFGL ‘sayetoossy ,, MON ,, LEWES = ve .* AieyaIVVS “UOFT y ST6 0 6 FI 0 0 9 ‘oy ‘saseysog “ Omer | "' LP6T rs IT G 6P = = ‘* Zurjyulig pue Alouorye}yS “ G FT EZ 0 2 i 9F6T ‘SazyeTOOssy {, PIO ,, 0 GS 62 pci 3) ee OF6L ‘sduspaavorg ““ Q FL 68 9 GL FFG 0 OTL 16 09 9 9 G PF ce *" 6-SP6L 0 0 6G < = UOIUL) ,S}SI[PINJEN “M'S 0 6 iT 0 6 L483 "° ; L¥6L O.Cae a 2 ** Ay@TOOS [eITSOTOOZ 0-¢ § OSG ss” ** OF6T ‘ATeUIPIO 0 Tt tL 24 os i "+ Ayatoog AeYy ott O GT ST .s ; : oe Ola — suondriosqns Aq ° —: suol}dtiosqns ,siequioy| OL | Sa ies ee Paes ‘pe sa Digs sys ei seo" 7 3D. “Seoj 9F6T 9OF6L LI6L ‘MAGNADAG 18 DNIGNA UVAA AHL WOH SLNAYWAVd ANV SLd1lHOde “Aq Aya100g_ SIsITeInyeN [OIslIg oy} YUM JUNODW UI JoINsesI], “UOF{ WY], 194 PRESENTATION OF THE LYELL MEDAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON TO DR. STANLEY SMITH N the Proceedings for 1928 (pp. 24-5) an account is given of the Medal and of its award to Prof. S. H. Reynolds in that year. The Medal has again been awarded to one of our members—Dr. Stanley Smith, who received it in 1947. The presentation took place at the Annual General Meeting of the Geological Society on 19 March, 1947, and was rendered the more interesting to us because it was made by another of our members, Dr. A. E. Trueman, who was President of the Society that year. The Editor is indebted to the Council of the Society for permission to extract the following from its Quarterly Journal :— The PresipeNT then presented the Lyett MeEpat to Dr. STANLEY SMITH, and said :— Dr. STANLEY SMITH: It is a great pleasure to me to hand the Lyell Medal to you in recognition of your great service to palaeontology and stratigraphy. Much of your work has related to the Palaeozoic corals, and in this branch of study you have long had an international reputation. Your work, at first on the Carboniferous corals, and later on those of the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Permian, has been characterized by a masterly clarity of statement and of illustration. I recall that fully thirty years ago, when I was beginning to write palaeontological. papers, I was advised to read your papers on Carboniferous corals, published in our Journal, and to use them as a model : I hope I may be forgiven for falling short of your standards. Later, when I was for a time your colleague, I saw with what care those papers were prepared and learned how many times they were re-cast before they emerged as finished products. Your coral studies have furnished a solid foundation for further work on this group, and many have followed in your footsteps. But you your- self have been called in to undertake work on corals from many countries. —France, Belgium, China, Canada, India and Australia. Among your papers many have included discussions of the fundamental principles of palaeontology, none more important than that with Dr. W. D. Lang in which the concept of genomorph is introduced. A good palaeontologist is not content to work in a laboratory, and you: have always been active as a field worker. Your stratigraphical studies,, especially in Northumberland and the Bristol area, have been chiefly con- cerned with Carboniferous rocks, and you have added much to our know- ledge of those areas. But your discovery of Cambrian rocks in the low-- lying areas of the Tortworth inlier is of peculiar interest. Many geologists who have benefited by your enthusiastic leadership of excursions or for whom you have named specimens, will wish me to pay tribute to this generosity, which has always extended particularly to younger workers. In the hope that your enthusiasm will never grow less,, I welcome this opportunity to hand you the Lyell Medal, which you have so richly deserved. Dr. STANLEY SMITH said in reply :— Mr. PRESIDENT : To receive one of the awards of the Geological Society is an honour of which anyone may well be proud and I thank the Council for this—the Lyell Medal. I also thank you, Sir, for the kindly way you have spoken of my work. The pleasure that the award gives me is in- creased by the fact that I am receiving it at your hands. It is a happy reminder of the time when you held the Chair of Geology at Bristol. ‘* Men of the North Country,” wrote Belloc, “ love their cold grey fells’’. This is true in my case. It was the fells of Northumberland that attracted. PRESENTATION OF THE LYELL MEDAL 195 me to the Carboniferous Limestone and in the first instance provided me with the material which led to my taking up the study of Palaeozoic corals. On an occasion such as this we realize how much we owe to others— our teachers, our fellow workers and our students. It is the student who keeps our memory fresh and our interest catholic. I have special reason to remember with gratitude and affection Professor G. A. Lebour. I owe a very great deal to him. I have also good cause to be grateful to Professor IT. McKenny Hughes and others at Cambridge,particularly to Professor Marr and Mr. Henry Woods. My early work brought me into close contact with Dr. Arthur Vaughan, and the help and encouragement I received from him at the beginning of my career must not pass un- acknowledged. Much of my work has been carried on in association with Professor S. H. Reynolds and Dr. W. D. Lang. It is with intense pleasure I look back upon the time spent in the field with Professor Reynolds and with Dr. Lang, and with the latter and Dr. H. Dighton Thomas in the British Museum. Nor can I overlook the help and many kindnesses I have received from good friends on the Geological Survey and in the Department of Geology in Bristol University. It is pleasing to recall that Dr. Vaughan, Professor Reynolds and Dr. Lang were all recipients of the Lyell Medal. If I have been able to help a few embarking on palaeontological investgation, it is but a small return for all the aid I have myself received. Naturally the greater part of my work now lies behind me, but I trust that a few years of usefulness stil] lie ahead, and I am stimulated and encouraged by this medal and your remarks to further effort. meme HRIBRARIAN’S REPORT 1947 URING the year further progress has been made in the collation, arrange- ment and press-marking of periodicals. This work takes considerable time and is not yet complete. When gaps are found in the sets of periodicals, the missing parts are obtained if possible, and thanks are due to the following institutions for presenting back numbers to fill these spaces :— The American Museum of Natural History: Bulletin 8 parts and 1 volume; Natural History 16 parts. Boston Natural History Society : 4 parts. Geological Institute of Upsala: 14 parts. Lloyd Library, Cincinnati: 9g parts. Indiana Academy of Science: 13 vols. Zoological Institute of Riga: 2 parts. San Diego Society of Natural History: 1 part. The binders have returned 100 volumes of periodicals sent to them for binding in 1946 and hope shortly to return 30 volumes still outstanding. A further 46 volumes have been sent for binding and the return of these with less delay is expected. Three hundred and eighteen parts or volumes of periodicals have been received in exchange for the Society’s Proceedings during the year. Four volumes have been presented and thanks for these are due to the Botanical Section, Dr. F. S. Wallis, Mr. H. H. Davis, and Mr. C. Trapnell (through Mrs. Sandwith). Subscription volumes have been received from the Ray Society and Zoological Record Committee. One volume of the New Naturalist series has been purchased. Several unbound parts of periodicals are missing from the library and not entered in the borrowing book. Members are earnestly requested to be parti- cular in recording all books borrowed and to return without delay any that they may have forgotten to enter in the book. More members have used the library than during the previous year : 264 volumes have been borrowed by 50 members. L. HARRISON MATTHEWS, Hon. Librarian 196 REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION 1947 HE twenty meetings held by the Section during the year were highly successful, mainly due to those members who kindly came forward and gave talks or led the field walks in the neighbourhood. On January 20, Mr. R. P. Scase gave a talk on British Orchids, with lantern slides of many photographs he had taken, giving hints for getting the best results with the camera. On February 17, Dr. L. E. Hawker described penicillin and some other anti-biotic substances, and the culture of the organisms producing them. On March 17, Mr. F. W. Evens gave us his results from searching through folklore regarding plant names. The Parent Society invited the South Western Naturalists’ Union_to visit Bristol at Whitsuntide. Our members helped with the excursions, and staged a display of fresh wild flowers, and herbarium specimens of the rarities of the Avon Gorge, at a Reception given by the Lord Mayor at the City Museum. Field Walks. Mr. F. W. Evens led walks along the left bank of the Avon, and over Broadfield Down; Mr. Michael Wright to Wraxall and Failand ; Mr. Ivor Evans to Hanham and Willsbridge, to Iron Acton, and a third to the Feeder tips in search of aliens. On June 21 we went to Oaklands, Almondsbury, where Mrs. Hiatt Baker kindly showed us round her garden, which, although not quite back to pre-war splendour, has a never failing interest. Visits were paid to the University Gardens and Greenhouses by kind permission of Professor Skene. On November 4, Dr. L. E. Hawker took us again through Leigh Woods searching for fungi. The weather had been rather dry, so the number of specimens fell short of last year’s, being just over forty, which she described and named on returning to the Plateau before dispersing. On October 20 the Rev. R. Jeffcoat showed films he had taken on a visit to South Africa. The films, in colour, were mainly of flowers of the Cape, Namaqualand and the Kruger National Park. On November 17, in a joint meeting with the Entomological Section, Dr. L. E. Hawker talked on “‘ Fungi and Insects”. The lecture, which was illustrated by lantern slides, dealt with:— (1) Insects which feed on fungi. (2) Fungi parasitic on insects. (3) Cultivation of fungus gardens by certain ants, termites and ambrosia beetles. (4) Symbiosis between certain insects and yeasts. (5) Dissemination of fungal spores by insects, and the effect of this on the spread of certain fungal diseases in plants. On December 15 Mr. H. O. Edmonds spoke on ‘‘ Common Names and Folk- lore of Wild Flowers.”’ At the Exhibition Meeting the following were shown :—plants from Saltash, by Mr. Ivor Evans; seed under the microscope and plant illustrations, by Mr. F. W. Evens; seed of Bertholletia excelsa, by Mrs. G. S. Wakefield; a collection of fresh flowers, by Mr. Michael Wright ; Life history of Fungi, by Dr. L. E. Hawker; Grasses and Sedges, by Major MacGeorge ; conifers commonly met with in the Bristol District, by Mrs. Bell. Wonders of Wild-Flower Life by F. Martin Duncan has been purchased and placed in the Library. We regret to report the death of Miss A. E. Grignon at the age of 91. Miss Grignon joined the Section when it was revived in 1925, and was for many years a regular attendant. ETHEL M. E. BELL, Hon. Secretary ‘ REPORT). OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION 1947 T the 83rd Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 8 January, 1947, Mr. J. V. Pearman was re-elected President and Mr. A. H. Peach re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. On 12 February a lecture was given by Dr. E. T. Burtt of the University Zoology Department on ‘‘ The Red Spider and its Enemies.’”’ Exhibits of the eggs and perfect insect of the red spider and of stages of many of its predators were shown. On 12 March a lecture was given by Mr. F. Raw, of the Ministry of Agri- culture and Fisheries’ Advisory Service, on ‘‘Some British Chafers’’, with a series of exhibits. On 8 October the meeting was devoted to exhibits and observation records of the past season. Exhibitors were Mr. J. F. Bird, various Lepidoptera from Somerset ; Mr. S. Blathwayt, a series of Colias croceus and varieties ; and Mr. Norman Watkins, Agriades covidon taken at Worth, Dorset, and Colias croceus, mostly bred from insects taken in Devon and Cornwall. It is a matter for regret that there were no other exhibitors and it is hoped that next year a greater number will exhibit. On 17 November the meeting was held in conjunction with the Botanical Section, when Dr. J. E. Hawker, Lecturer in Botany in the University, gave a lecture on “‘ Fungi.and their Insect Visitors.”’ On 11 December a lecture was given by Mr. R. A. Davis (a member of the section, now living in London), on “‘ Insect Pests of Stored Products,” illus- trated by lantern slides and living and “set” insects. The Section is much indebted to all these lecturers for such interesting and varied subjects. A vote of thanks was proposed and carried with acclaim at each meeting. The weather during the early part of the year was severe and, in the circum- stances, attendances were satisfactory, being up to the average of former years ; but with the increased number of members it is hoped that more support will be forthcoming, which will encourage the Officers to arrange the programmes with less misgiving. On 28 June the Section visited Savage’s Wood, Stoke Gifford, by the kind permission of Mr. H. H. Davis. In spite of heavy rain during the morning, about a dozen members attended, but owing to the dreary conditions very little was observed. On 5 July, the Hon. Secretary was invited to lead the Section at a Field Meeting of the Society at Frome, but only three Entomological members were present. Although the weather was dull, there were occasional gleams of sun which brought out a few insects. The Section has been responsible for binding the Entomological Magazine and the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine to date for the Society’s Library. A. H. PEACH, Hon. Secretary 198 REPORT “Oe GEOLOGICAL ‘SEC Toe] 1947 WELVE General Meetings, at which the average attendance was 41, were held during the year. At the Annual General Meeting held on January 23, the following Officers were elected: Mr. H. W. Turner, President ; Dr. F. S. Wallis, Vice-President ; Mr. I. S. Loupekine, Hon. Secretary ; Mrs. A. Marsden, Hon. Treasurer ; Mr. G. E. J. McMurtrie, Hon. Auditor. Mr. C. W. Blackburn, Mr. D. T. Donovan, Sir Lewis Fermor, Dr. A. Marsden, Mr. G. S. Maunder, Dr. Stanley Smith and Professor W. F. Whittard were appointed Committee Members. The formal business was followed by an Exhibition of Members’ Collections, which comprised 24 individual exhibits and a general exhibit of Specimens Collected at the Section’s Summer Field Meetings, 1946. On February 20, in place of a lecture from Dr. A. E. Trueman who was | unfortunately not able to attend, Dr. Stanley Smith, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S., kindly consented to give, at very short notice, an alternative lecture entitled ““ Some Geological Pioneers’’. Dr. Smith delivered a pleasant address in which, as he stated, he endeavoured to paint the portraits of a number of eminent geologists in whom personality was the main characteristic. After briefly tracing the position of geology during the Renaissance, and mentioning Leonardo da Vinci, Lamarck and Lyell, Dr. Smith spoke of Werner, “‘ the brilliant teacher of Freiberg’ ; James Hutton, ‘‘ the Champion of Liberty”; Playfair; William Smith, ‘“‘the Father of Stratigraphy”; Buckland; Agassiz; Sedgwick ; Murchison ; H. C. Sorby; and finally, Charles Lapworth, “the last of the Giants’. On March 20 the audience was disappointed once more in not being able to hear the advertised lecture on ‘“‘ Air Photography and Geology’’, but the Section was fortunate in securing Mr. D. T. Donovan, B.Sc., F.G.S., to talk on ‘Geological Aspects of Mendip Caves’. Mr. Donovan reviewed the general structure and stratigraphy of Mendip and explained the essential mechan- ism of water-circulation in that area. He dealt in detail with the formation | of caves and swallets, and emphasised the geological uses of cave-exploration, ~ such as the revelation of structural details, and the opportunities of studying the various processes and products of physical geology as relating to caves. Six Field Meetings were held during the Summer, one of which was a whole-day excursion, three were afternoon excursions, and two were evening excursions. On May 10 Mr. H. W. Turner led a coach-party to Woodspring and Spring Cove, Weston-super-Mare, where fine exposures of Carboniferous Volcanic rocks were seen. On June 7 the Section, under the leadership of Mr. D. T. Donovan, visited the Bath area for Mesozoic stratigraphy and palaeontology and for the study of local physiographic features. On June 25 a visit, under the leadership of Mr. R. Hughes, was made to Chapel Pill to examine a “‘stony loam’’ connected with the finding of Prehistoric implements of ‘“Drift’’ and “‘Cave’’ types, and members were rewarded not only with fine weather this time, but also with the finest exposure yet seen on this site. On July 19, for the whole-day ~ excursion, Professor W. F. Whittard led a coach-party to May Hill, Glos., where a wide range of stratigraphical horizons of great interest was examined. On August 21, under the able leadership of Dr. Stanley Smith, a successful visit was paid to the Clifton side of the Avon Gorge, where the Carboniferous Lime- stone succession was worked out both in broad outline and in detail. Finally, on September 20, Dr. A. Marsden led a large party to Old Mills Colliery, near Radstock, to examine the underground and surface workings, including the Washeries ; the party was received generously by the National Coal Board to which the Section’s thanks are due. REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION 199 On October 16 two sound-films were shown to a large audience. The first film, entitled ‘‘ Buried Treasure’’, gave a detailed account of coal-mining in a modern pit. The second film, entitled ‘‘ Waterworks’? and obtained through the courtesy of the Bristol Water Company, gave a picturesque account of the utilization of the water resources in the country. November 20 was the gala evening of the year, for the Section had the privilege to welcome back Dr. A. E. Trueman, F.R.S., to speak on ‘‘ Some Features in the Scenery of Scotland’. Dr. Trueman gave a vivid outline of the various scenic features of Scotland and showed how they could be correlated with the natural geological subdivisions which separate the country into three broad tracts—the Southern Uplands in the south, the so-called Midland Valley in the centre, and the Highlands in the north. The last meeting of the year was held on December 11 with the main object of discussing the activity of the Section in recording the geology of temporary exposures in the district. An intensification of this activity was agreed to, and Mr. D. T. Donovan was elected Recorder for the scheme. Following the busi- ness meeting, practical demonstrations were given by Mr. D. T. Donovan on “** Cleaning and Preparing Fossils”? ; by Mr. T. R. Fry on ‘‘Practical Hints on , Collecting’? ; and by Mr. I. S. Loupekine on ‘‘ Simple Section-Making”’. The composition of the Section, as shown by the Sectional Register, on December 31, was as follows: 1 Hon. Member; 64 Full Members (including 1 Life Member) ; 10 Country Members; 24 Associate Members. The total membership is thus 99, to which must be added 1 Affiliated Society. The latter is the Geological Society of the University of Bristol Union, which the Section welcomes. Among resignations, the Section regrets the loss, owing to departure from the district, of Mr. C. W. Blackburn, who for many years has been an active and helpful member of the Section’s Committee ; and of Mr. H. C. Shilstone who served for many years as Hon. Secretary of the Section. The Section also learns with regret of the death of Miss A. E. Grignon, a veteran supporter of the Section. I. S. LOUPEKINE, Hon. Secretary 200 REPO R Tow ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION 1947 —_——_ HIS Section has enjoyed another extremely successful year and, since the re-organisation of the B.N.S. in January, its membership roll has in- creased to 175. Eight meetings have been held— the attendance averaging 64, with a maximum of 100 at a joint regional meeting with the British Trust for Ornithology, at the Royal Fort, in November. At the Annual General Meeting in January Mr. J. H. Savory was elected President for a third year NE A io) eae eames and Mr. H. H. Davis was re-elected Honorary Secretary. Tae waen ff ait eines” The immediate preparation of a field-card scheme to “provide members with an easy and attractive method of making regular returns of their observations was discussed and approved. In February Mr. Peter Scott, in a most entertaining lecture entitled “‘ In Search of Wildfowl,’ began with a delightful blackboard drawing of a Red-breasted Goose,, and went on to give details of an expedition to Hungary, the Danube Delta* and the Caspian Sea. [Illustrating his remarks with slides and photographs, the lecturer continued with a vivid description of wild geese at the New Grounds, Gloucestershire, and concluded by outlining the objects of the newly formed Severn Wildfowl Trust. At the first of two meetings in March, a talk, accom- panied by photographs and coloured plates, was given by Mr. W. D. Lea Rayner on ‘The Homing Pigeon in Peace and War.” ‘The descent of the modern racing pigeon was traced from the wild Rock-Dove, Columba livia, following which the speaker mentioned some remarkable racing performances and made reference to the valuable work accomplished by the Air Ministry Pigeon Section during the War. Later in the month members heard a highly instructive lantern lecture on ‘‘ The Natural History of the Southern Ocean ”’ by Dr. L. H. Matthews. who dealt especially with the life histories of various albatrosses, petrels and pen- guins, and afterwards referred to operations at the South Georgia whaling stations. At the September meeting some excellent photographs and other exhibits. were shown, and short communications were given by several members. In October Mr. R. P. Gait lectured on ‘‘ The Life-cycle of the Wren ’’—the outcome of intensive observations on a breeding pair at Henleaze in 1945. A unique series of slides from photographs by the lecturer showed many aspects of the bird’s nesting behaviour. A large and enthusiastic audience gathered for the November meeting when Mr. David Lack spoke on “‘ The Significance of Family Size in Birds.’’ Many interesting facts were brought to light in this stimulating talk, which was followed by a film “‘ Birds and Reptiles of the Galapagos,”’ de- picting Giant Tortoises and other strange forms. Mr. Lack also showed a short film to illustrate the reactions of a Robin when confronted with a stuffed specimen. In December Mr. J. H. Savory, in lecturing on “‘ The Ancient Sport of Falconry,” dealt with the subject in considerable detail, illustrating his talk with a comprehensive series of slides and with hoods, bells, jesses and other equipment used in the management of hawks. Despite unfavourable weather, about 75 British Trust for Ornithology and B.N.S. members took part in a motor-coach excursion on November 22 to see the New Grounds geese and the Severn Wildfowl Trust’s collection of live waterfowl. The Monthly Field Card scheme, in operation from April to the end of the year and actively supported by nearly 40 members, has contributed much useful information on the distribution locally of many of the commoner birds. We regret to record the death of Mrs. H. G. Fraser, an ardent supporter of the Section ; also of Dr. C. F. Druitt, an accomplished naturalist, who at all times took a keen interest in our activities. H. H. DAVIS, Hon. Secretary a 201 ACGOUNT OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS 1947 HE Eighty-fourth Annual General Meeting was held on January 16, the Annual Dinner on January 9, and an Exhibition Meeting on October 2.,. and there were lecture meetings on February 6, March 6, November 6 and December 5. These lecture meetings were addressed by four eminent lecturers— Mr. Peter Scott, Professor M. Skene, Mr. D. P. Wilson and Mr. B. Vesey- Fitzgerald. Attendances ranged from 20, on a very inclement evening, to 120,, -150 and over 200 at other meetings. There were also five General Field Meetings. The dinner at the Victoria Rooms was attended by 88 members and friends. The Guest of Honour was Sir Philip Morris, Vice-Chancellor of Bristol University, and after his toast of the Society, Mr. J. Fursdon, of the West Wales Field Society, showed films of his Society’s work on the islands of Skomer, Skokholm and Grassholm. At the Annual General Meeting, business was conducted with despatch, and Sir Lewis Fermor then gave his Presidential Address to an audience of 47 members. In describing his ‘‘ Natural History Reminiscences from India,’’ Sir Lewis spoke of the interesting plants, animals and minerals to be seen there and entertained the audience with some account of the difficulties of the geologist in the remoter parts of India. The February meeting was a notable occasion when an audience of nearly 300 members and friends assembled in the Large Physics Theatre to hear Mr. Peter Scott talk on ‘‘ Wild Geese ”’ and to see his films. Mr. Scott, so well known as a wild fowl observer and painter, described how he came to choose the flats at Slimbridge for his new field station and showed photographs of the observation huts and of the geese themselves. New records had already been made and the films finished off one of the most entertaining meetings of the year. It is. worth noting that the Society has on three occasions this year organised excur- sions to see the field station and some 200 members have visited it. Owing to the very inclement weather on March 6, the audience for Pro- fessor Skene’s lecture on ‘‘ The Humus question’? was extraordinarily poor. The lecture, however, was extraordinarily good. Professor Skene described the nature and origin of humus and its value in the soil. He went on to show how it could be assisted by artificial fertilisers and how, in fact, our ancestors. had availed themselves of first one and then another artificial until the modern farmer had a large choice available. Some 60 members attended the Exhibition Meeting in the Botany Labora- tories on October 2. The Exhibition occupied two laboratories and was the best that has been staged for some years, occupying some 160 feet of bench space. Thanks are due to the members who contributed and it is hoped that next year’s exhibition will be even better. On November 6 members filled the Physiology Theatre to capacity to hear Mr. D. P. Wilson and to see his photographs of marine life. Mr. Wilson has won three medals from the Royal Photographic Society for his photographs, and members were amply repaid for their attendance, not only by the slides. but by the authoritative and interesting account that Mr. Wilson gave of the animals he portrayed. 202 GENERAL MEETINGS The last General Meeting of the year was also well attended when 150 members heard Mr. Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald give an intimate account of his contacts with the animals that live in his district and with those he keeps at his home. Members were highly appreciative of this talk and were much interested in hearing of the life and habits of the bats, snakes and badgers with which Mr. Fitzgerald lives. FIELD MEETINGS The first meeting was held at Providence, Long Ashton, and Flax Bourton on 12 April under the leadership of Mr. F.. W. Evens and Mr. G. S. Maunder. The route taken was to the top of Providence Lane and over the golf links and fields to Cambridge Batch. Owing to the backwardness of the season, plants were not numerous. Barrow Court and Barrow Gurney village were also visited. On Saturday, 3 May, the meeting was held in collaboration with the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society. Members proceeded by train to Caerleon where they were met by Lady Fox and Dr. V. E. Nash-Williams, who acted as guides. Lady Fox gave vivid descriptions of the various parts of the Roman Legionary Fortress and the excavations which she had conducted there. Later a visit was paid to the Museum at Caerleon, where the collection represents the bulk of the material found, including some pottery, tiles, glass implements and a large number of inscribed stones, some of which furnish fixed points in the chronology of the fortress. The Field Committee collaborated with the Bath Natural History Society on 14 June and visited Hunters Inn and Oakford Valley. The profusion of Symphytum was noted, and especially the red, pink, blue and white colour of the flowers. Maidenhair Fern growing in a wall near Batheaston Church was found to have survived despite the severe winter, possibly having been sheltered by a snow drift. Miss E. H. Stevenson, Messrs. J. Fry, E. H. R. Lubbock and H. C. Rainbird, members of the Bath Society, acted as leaders. On 5 July Dr. F. S. Wallis led a party to Vallis Vale. At the junction of Mells Stream and Egford Brook he gave a detailed description of the geological formation of this district, after which Messrs. G. H. Beacham, A. H. Peach and R. P. Gait acted as guides for the Botanical, Entomological and Ornitho- logical features respectively. After tea at Frome members were met by the Rev. W. J. Torrance (vicar) who conducted the party round and gave a detailed account of the history of the Parish Church. The return journey was via Beckington, Norton St. Philip, Odd Down and Newton St. Loe. On 16 August Chew Stoke reservoir and district were visited, the leader being Mr. T. Payne with Mr. F. Weston as co-leader. At Hinton Blewett a commanding view of the Chew and Yeo Valleys and the new catchment area was obtained. The Litton reservoir was also visited. At West Harptree members were shown over Gourney Court by Sir Hippisley and Lady Cox. Mr. H. O. Edmonds dealt with the Henbury District on 6 September, when Miss M. E. Habgood was co-leader. ‘The route was Lawrence Weston and over King’s Weston Down to Blaise Castle House. R. BASSINDALE, Hon. Secretary M. D. HILEY, Hon. Secretary, Field Committee 203 peers TOL BOTANY IN 1947 By Cecit I. and N. Y. SANDWITH (Received Feb. 12, 1948. Read in title at General Meeting, March 4, 1948) HE long winter, with snow and frost, and then a cold, late spring were followed by a really old-fashioned summer such as we had not known for years. ‘The effects of the severe weather were noticed in the early months of the season, for instance on Birch trees and the Bog Myrtle, much of which appeared to be bare and dead, while in June, young growth of Myrica was coming up from the roots and, in our district, there was no sign of its having flowered. ‘The Gorse notably suffered. It did not flower with its usual profusion, and seemed brown and withered. A letter from Cornwall observed, ‘ It is odd how the Gorse was killed.” Drought in August browned the hedgerows and some trees lost their leaves, but it was a marvellous summer, and the colours of the leaves in autumn were brilliant, which is a matter for speculation after such a contrast in seasons. Wasps were rare and appeared late. Berberis vulgaris L. In a hedge near Hale Well, Winscombe, S., | Miss M. Ashby. Papaver Lecoqu Lamotte. A frequent weed in garden ground at Ham Lane, Shepton Mallet, S., 7. P. M. Brenan. Arenaria verna L. On Mendip above East Harptree, S., H. W. Pugsley. Claytoma perfoliata Willd. Sand Bay, S., 1945, Miss M. Ashby. Silene Cucubalus Wibel x maritima (Hornem.) With. Varying forms of this hybrid occur on the sides of pits in old mining ground on Mendip, near Rowberrow, S., C.J.S. and N.Y.S. Identifica- tion confirmed by Dr. W. B. Turrill. Cerastium arvense L. Brean Down, S., on the south side, April, 1939, Pleasaunce Catchpool. ‘This record, vouched for by Miss M. Ashby, appeared in Rep. Bot. Sect. Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 19309. Vicia tenuissima (Bieb.) Schinz et Thell. (V. gracilis Lois.).. Sparingly on a drove on the peat moor near Mudgley, S., CLS. and N.Y.S. Sedum Telephium L. Sandford, 8., Miss M. Ashby. Epilobium adenocaulon Hsskn. ‘This species is now spreading to the _ city area : it was seen by us in the summer on a tip by Portway below Cook’s Folly, and in cracks of the pavement by Clifton College, G. It has also appeared in garden ground at Ticken- ham, S. B ams 204 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. var. longipedunculatum (F. Schultz) Druce. Specimens referable to the forma simulans Riddels- dell of this interesting variety—new to the district—were collected on the marshy border of a pasture on Nailsea Moor,S., in July, 1930, by C.L.S. and W.YS. | Whe pecultar deeply: cut leaflets, the conspicuous peduncles and the presence of up to 3 involucral bracts suggest a hybrid between A. nodiflorum and A. repens (Jacq.) Lag., but the latter rare species has never yet been observed in our area. For the description of Riddels- dell’s f. semulans, see his interesting paper, ‘‘ Notes on Helo- sciadium,”’ in Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F. C’., xviii, 231-242 (1914). Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) E. H. L. Krause. In quantity on a peat moor drove south of Shapwick Station, S., C.I.S. and N.Y.S. Anchusa sempervirens L. Lane between Cleeve and Goblin Combe, S., noticed on an excursion of this Society on May 24. Veronica aquatica Bernh. Quarry pool, Wickwar, G., C.I.S. and NYS. V. Anagallis-aquatica L. and V. scutellata L. were both noticed in marshy ground near Iron Acton, G., on the excursion of the Botanical Section of this Society on July 12. Pedicularis palustris L. A form with pure white flowers and pale green leaves occurs in a marshy enclosure on the peat moor near Shapwick Station, S., C./.S. and N.Y.S. Mentha piperita L. Drove on the peat moor near Mudgley, S., CIS. and N.V.S., referred to var. subcordata Fraser by Mr. R. Graham. Several colonies of this species are now known in widely separated spots on the peat moors. Leonurus Cardiaca L. ‘Tortworth, G., M. Parsons,-see B.E.C. 1945, — Rep. p. 67. The record was communicated by Mr. W. R. Price: Rumex Hydrolapathum Huds. x obtusifolius L. (x R. Webert Prahl). Several plants by a rhine on Walton Heath near Glastonbury, S., C.I.S. and N.Y.S. Our specimens were determined by the Austrian specialist, Dr. K. H. Rechinger, on his visit to Kew last September. For the correct identification with this hybrid of Bristol specimens reported as R. maximus Schreb., see “‘ Bristol Botany in 1929.” Euphorbia dulcis L. Sparingly on a bushy roadside, by houses, in Leigh Woods, S., J.W. Evans. The first record from the district — of this rare escape from shrubberies. Like all other British specimens which have been examined, Mr. Evans’s plant comes under var. purpurata (Thuill.) Koch, with glabrous and warty capsules. Salix purpurea L. By a drove on moorland below Axbridge, S., C.I.S. and N.Y.S. Near Winscombe, S., Miss M. Ashby, see Rep. Bot. Sect. Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1939. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1947 205 Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimm. Inarhine on Kenn Moor, S., Miss M. Ashby and Miss E. Rawlins. ‘This locality lies at some distance from the pools by the railway between Yatton and Clevedon, where this species has been known since 1921 (see “ Bristol Botany in 1920 and 1921’). | Epipactis purpurata Sm. In a wood west of Falfield, G., on a rich, rather sticky clay soil, Dr. David Prowse, who sent a fine speci- ment in July last to Kew, where it was named by W.Y.S. and V. S. Summerhayes. The first record for the district of this beautiful species, which occurs very rarely in Gloucestershire outside our area and is unknown in N. Somerset. Dr. Prowse writes that he has found E£. latifolia (L.) All. in other portions of the same wood. Orchis ericetorum (E. F. Linton) E. S. Marshall. Marshy field, Hallatrow, S., H. W. Pugsley. O. latifolia L. (“‘ incarnata’’) < praetermissa Druce. ‘This hybrid 1s found in marshy enclosures on Shapwick Heath, S., C./.S. and NYS. Juncus tenuis Willd. (7. macer Sm.). Has appeared on a grassy pathway near the Promenade on Clifton Down, G., C.Z.S. Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schult. Marshy meadow by the Land Yeo below Knightswood, Tickenham, S., C.l.S. and N.Y.S. The first inland locality to be reported, but the species is well known in marshy meadows in Central England and is probably overlooked. At Tickenham the tall, slender culms are in- conspicuous in the lush vegetation of the marsh, where E£. palustris also grows. ‘The identification is confirmed by Mr. S. M. Walters, who is making a critical study of this group. Rhynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. fil. Last August we had the good fortune to come across a large quantity of this species surviving on the peat moorsina very limited area at a considerable distance from the tiny patch near Shapwick Station, S. (see ‘‘ Bristol Botany in 1945”). ‘The interest of the discovery lies in the fact that the locality corresponds, more or less, to the place where Dr. Southby (formerly Gapper) found this very rare plant in August, 1832, and gave specimens to Thomas Clark (see White, Flora, p. 616). We believe that the plant has never since been reported from this part of the moors, and we earnestly hope that it will continue to survive here, respected by those who find it, and, if possible, under official protection. The hot, dry summer of 1947 was peculiarly favourable to the growth of both species of Rhynchospora, and we have never seen such tall plants, with so many culms and such well-developed inflorescences. Carex disticha Huds. Marshy ground at. Failand tan-pits, S., I. W. Evans. 206 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH C. polyphylla Kar. et Kir. (C. Leersii F. Schultz). In shade on a limestone down above Tytherington, G., C.l.S. and N.Y.S. x C. axillaris Good. By a moor ditch below Axbridge, S., C.L.S. and N.Y.S. C. strigosa Huds. Lane near Winscombe, S., Miss M. Ashby; see also Rep. Bot. Sect. Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1939. C’. binervis Sm. With reference to the loss of this species from Yate Common, G. (see “ Bristol Botany in 1946,’ introductory comment), Dr. W. A. Sledge has written to us that there are specimens from this locality gathered on June 5, 1920, in Miss Roper’s herbarium at Leeds University. C’. flava L. In the Flora of Bristol (pp. 635, 636) Mr. White gave, as usual, an interesting discussion of the local forms of this aggregate species, but since then much research has been undertaken, and our leading caricologist, Mr. E. Nelmes, has recently expressed his conclusions in a review of the four British species comprising this group (see B.E.C. 1945 Rep. pp. 95-99, followed by a discussion of the group C’. muricata L.). Three species of the flava aggregate occur in our area. ‘The commonest is C’. tumidicarpa Anderss., formerly known as C. flava var. minor ‘Towns. or as C. Oederi var. oedocarpa Anderss. This is a calcifuge and is the plant met with plentifully in marshy ground in the alluvial Severn Vale, on the Old Red Sandstone, in the North Somerset levels and on the peat moors. The second species, C’. lepidocarpa ‘Tausch, often a taller plant and with the utricles strongly bent back in the upper half, is a calcicole and is apparently uncommon in our area. Up to the time of writing, specimens have been verified from the peaty meadows near Max Mill, Winscombe, S., where Mr. W. B. Waterfall collected it as long ago as 1877-8, while speci- mens from this locality were discussed by Mr. White, and we saw the plant there in quantity in the summer. In addition, Mr. J. P. M. Brenan has collected C. lepidocarpa on the oolite of Bathampton Down, S., 1936; and in a boggy meadow on Windsor Hill, near Shepton Mallet, S., 1946. This species should be found in wet places among the spurs of the Cots- wolds on the Gloucestershire side of the district. The third member of the group, the C. Oederi of Mr. White and other British authors, is now to be known as C. serotina Mérat: this is the interesting sedge with crowded spikes and small fruits with short beaks (the C. Oederi var. cyperoides Marsson=C. chrysites Link, of White, Flora, p. 636), of which tall specimens occur in swampy enclosures in numerous places on the Somerset peat moor, by no means only near Shapwick Station. Bromus lepidus Holmb. One plant on a field border between oof BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1947 207 Windsor Hill and Bowlish, near Shepton Mallet, S., 7. P. M. Brenan. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. On Mendip above East Harptree, S., H. W. Pugsley. ALIENS. Chrysanthemum coronarium L. var. discolor Urville. Tip at Ashton Gate, Bristol, §., June, 1939, C.J.S. This variety is characterised by its creamy-white rays and golden disk florets. The commoner and typical form, with golden rays and disk, is var. concolor Urville. Dactyloctenium radicans (R. Br.) Beauv. Quarry near Twerton-on- Avon, S., Oct., 1915, C.LLS. and T. H. Green, det. C. E. Hub- bard. ‘This Australian grass was recorded from this locality as D. aegyptium (L.) Beauv. in B.E.C. 1915 Rep. 287 (1916) and the locality was incorrectly given by Dr. G. C. Druce as ** Bristol.” Chloris ventricosa R. Br. Another Australian grass, found with the above at T'werton, S., on the same occasion. The locality was incorrectly given in B.E.C. 1915 Rep. 217, as “‘ near Bristol.”” This was the first record for Britain, now con- firmed by C. EL. Hubbard. Mr. Ivor Evans has noted the colonisation of some unexpected native species on blitzed sites in the city, for instance, Galium palustre, Funcus inflexus and Carex remota. Hepatics. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi. Cleeve Toot, S., David Coombe. Pallavicinia Lyellii (Hook.) Gray. On peat near Shapwick Station, S., C.L.S. and N.Y.S. This is new for v.c.6 and for the entire county of Somerset. An unverified report of this species from Black Down was given in Dr. W. Watson’s ** Liverworts of Somerset,’? Proc. Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1920. Lophozia excisa (Dicks.) Dum. Shapwick Heath, S., 1946, Gas) New for.v.c:6. L. incisa (Schrad.) Dum. Westhay Heath, S., 1946, C.I.S. New for v.c.6. Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.) Lindb. Westhay Heath, S., 1642, C.1.S. and V.Y.S. _ New for v.c.6. Lepidozia setacea (Web.) Mitt. Westhay Heath, S., C./.S. and NEI S: Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dum. ‘Track in Leigh Woods, S., Dr. E. W. Fones. Attention is drawn to Mr. A. A. Pearson’s “‘ Notes on Bucknall’s drawings of British Fungi,”’ in Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. xxvii, 177-180 (1946). Corrected names are given of many of Bucknall’s published determinations of Agarics and Boleti, but the author pays tribute to 208 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH his accuracy and perspicacity, as well as to the high quality of the paintings (for their presentation to the Kew Herbarium, see ‘“* Bristol Botany in 1945”). Mr. H. W. Pugsley, the greatest British field-botanist of our generation, who died at Wimbledon last November in his eightieth year, was born at Bristol and educated at the Grammar School. His work at the Admiralty removed him from our district, but he visited it on many occasions and three of his records made this summer are printed in these notes. He was the rediscoverer of Carex depauperata in its North Somerset locality, in May, 1911. Mr. Pugsley was the leading authority on such critical genera as Fumaria, Euphrasia, Narcissus and Orchis, and had brought order to many other confused groups, while his last and greatest work, a Prodromus of the British Hieracia, is now in the press. 209 SmNITHOLOGICAL NOTES, BRISTOL DISTRICT, i947 (COMPILED FROM THE REPORTS OF MEMBERS OF THE B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION By H. H. Davis, M.B.O.U. (Received, Feb. 26, 1948. Read in title at General Meeting, March 4, 1948) HESE Notes, the twelfth of the series, giving the more im- portant observations by forty-three contributors, show that 1947 was, ornithologically, a remarkable year. Among an un- usual number of highly interesting records are those of Waxwings in the Bristol and Bath suburbs, a Hoopoe at Winford, a Marsh- Harrier at Frampton-on-Severn (just outside the district), a Red- necked Grebe at Saltford and a Kentish Plover at Severn Beach, while from the North Somerset reservoirs there are records of such noteworthy visitors as a Tawny Pipit at Cheddar, Whooper and Bewick’s Swans at the same place, Red-necked Grebes at Blagdon and Cheddar, Black-tailed Godwits at Barrow Gurney, and Sand- wich Terns at Blagdon. Other events of special interest included an exceptionally large spring passage of Common and Arctic Terns at the reservoirs and the occurrence for the second winter in suc- cession of Lesser White-fronted Geese at the New Grounds. The very severe weather from January to March was not without its effect on bird life, and with the advent of the nesting season it became clear that, in the district generally, Tree-Creepers, Long- tailed Tits, Wrens and other small passerines had been greatly reduced. Skylarks, Redwings and Lapwings, having probably made a hasty retreat southward, became noticeably scarce from the onset of the cold, but many Fieldfares remained and, forsaking their usual haunts, appeared commonly in suburban gardens at Clifton and elsewhere—several being sufficiently tame in one garden to be taken in traps and ringed. At the reservoirs a gradual— finally a total—freeze up, with ice to a depth of six or seven inches, forced all but a very small number of duck to depart. A few grebes and a considerable number of Coot, however, stayed, and at Blag- don the latter were to be seen in droves eking out a precarious existence on adjoining pastures and even foraging round haystacks. Remains of their less fortunate companions were strewn over the frozen reservoir, providing a welcome menu for the not to be denied Carrion-Crows. At Cheddar also, droves of Coot were to be seen in adjoining meadows. At Blagdon, on February 16, Messrs. H. J. Boyd and B. King 210 H. H. DAVIS had the unique experience of finding specimens of all the British grebes present—the count being two Great Crested Grebes, one | Red-necked Grebe, two Slavonian Grebes, four Black-necked Grebes and ten Little Grebes. Mr. King reports that with two- thirds of the reservoir frozen, identification was comparatively easy, and that, with the exception of the Black-necked Grebes (seen about 30 yards out), the birds were viewed only a few feet away, swimming in very small, clear patches of water close under the bank. The same observer states that concealment on the part of Mr. Boyd and himself was quite unnecessary as the grebes, when trying to escape by diving, were obliged, owing to the extensive icing, to return each time to their respective patches of water, and that they had in- sufficient water space in which to take flight. The classified notes below are the result of observations by the following members—R. E. Alley, A. E. Billett, Rev. F. L. Blath- wayt, H. J. Boyd, L. F. Burroughs, Miss K. M. Cary, Miss G. G. Clements, G. E. Clothier, H. H. Davis, Miss A. J. Dunn, W. H. Fegan, Mrs. H. Fox, G. Gadney, R. P. Gait, P. S. Gale, R. G. Hamilton, B. King, A. C. Leach, Miss C. V. M. Leach, G. Mogg, Miss M. Montgomery, Dr. J. M. Naish, H. W. Neal, Miss E. D. Overend, R. H. Poulding, J. H. Savory, Peter Scott, Miss S. K. Taylor, W. R. Taylor, J. C. Walker, H. F. Webb, D. A. Weir, H. E. Woolls, and M. J. Wotton. Non-members who have contributed are W. B. Alexander, J. S. Ash, A. H. Marshall, W. E. Mayes, C. A. Norris, E. Robinson, C. E. Taylor, A. Whitaker and R. Whitlock. ‘The appropriate initials are given with all observations. G = South Gloucestershire. S§ = North Somerset.! RAVEN (Corvus c. corax). G@. One, New Grounds, December 3 (E.D.O. and P.S.). §. Nested, unsuccessfully, at Sand Point, the eyrie being deserted early in March (G.E.C., H.W.N. and others). Probably bred on Cheddar Cliffs where R.P.G. and H.W.N. watched building in progress, March 23. Single bird, Abbots Leigh, May 4 (J.H.S.) ; two, Cheddar, October 5 and 20 (B.K.) ; and two, Priddy, Mendip, November 30 (H.J.B.). Hoopep Crow (Corvus c. cornix). G. Single bird, New Grounds, January 26 (R.H.P.), March 3 (R.E.A.) and December 28 (H.H.D.) CaRRION-CRow (Corvus c. corone). S. Unusually large numbers again noted on various occasions by B.K. at the Bath sewage farm, near Saltford. Maximum counts—130, January 26, and 100, February 15 and August 15. SisKIN (Carduelis spinus). @. Two in trees at the New Grounds decoy, November 30 (W.B.A.). §S. The following reported :— 1 A more complete list of records for North Somerset will be given in the 1947 Report on Somerset Birds. ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 211 four, Barrow Gurney, January 12 (R.H.P.), and seven, April 1 (M.J.W.) ; one, Saltford, February 15 (B.K.); five, Blagdon, February 16 (B.K.), and four, April 8 (R.E.A.) ; and about fifty in an alder copse on Kenn Moor, March g (R.P.G. and LessER REDPOLL (Carduelis flammea cabaret). G. ‘Two in trees at the New Grounds decoy, April 8 (R.E.A.), and several, same place, November 30 (W.B.A.). S. Twelve, Barrow Gurney, January 12 (R.H.P.), and up to twenty frequently seen at Long Ashton, January to April (G.E.C.). Corn-Buntine (Emberiza calandra). G. At least eight in song along road from Old Sodbury to Petty France, May 17 (F.L.B.). S. One identified, Saltford, December 14 (B.K.). Crraut Buntine (Emberiza c. cirlus). G. Several seen by H.F.W. at Wotton-under-Edge, May 11. Male seen and heard in the Rectory garden, Dyrham, July 22 (F.L.B.). Four pairs bred in the Sneyd Park area (R.P.G.) TREE-SPARROW (Passer m. montanus). G. Several, Slimbridge, March 1, and about a dozen, Olveston, April 12 (R.P.G.). Six, Aust, April 13 (H.W.N.), and several, New Grounds, October 26 (H.H.D.). Two adults feeding fledged young near Oldbury- on-Severn, August 24 (H.H.D.). §. The only notice is of one at Yatton, May 11 (G.E.C.). Woop-Lark (Lullula a. arborea). G. During the severe weather in February one was seen daily from the 23rd to the 26th on grass verges, circling the roundabout opposite Patchway Post Office (H.H.D.). Party of four on the Cotswolds, near North Nibley, September 7 (H.F.W.). S. Pair with young in nest, Failand, May 17 (A.E.B., G.E.C. and R.P.G.). Tawny Pipir (Anthus c. campestris). §S. At eed reservoir on May 4 R.P.G. and B.K. obtained excellent close-up views of a small wagtail-like bird which they confidently identified as a Tawny Pipit. B.K. reports that it looked slightly larger and relatively longer in the legs than a Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla f. flavissima), a few of which were close at hand, and that it im- mediately attracted attention by its generally light brown plumage, sleek appearance and unusually upright stance. The same observer states that when first noticed the bird was stationary but was later seen to run extremely quickly to and fro, easily out- stripping a Yellow Wagtail nearby. ‘The marked similarity of its call to that of M. f. flavissima was particularly noted by both observ- ers. Full details of this highly interesting record, the first for the district, are given in British Birds, Vol. XL, p. 343. Rocx-PipPir (Anthus spinoletta petrosus). S. Single bird identi- fied, Cheddar reservoir, October 5 (B.K.). YELLOW WAGTAIL (Motacilla f. flavissima). G. Four males 74 De H, H. DAVIS seen at the New Grounds on the unusually early date of March 30 (B.K.). Marsu-Tir (Parus palustris dresseri). §. Pair seen in late May at nesting hole in the metal upright of an electric light standard, Leigh Woods end of Clifton Suspension Bridge (W.R.T.). WaxwinG (Bombycilla g. garrulus). The exceptionally large invasion of Waxwings into the British Isles, which began in Scotland and northern England in October, 1946, did not apparently affect the Bristol district until early 1947, when birds were noted in various suburban areas. G. Five, Henleaze, January 5, and up to eight on subsequent dates until February 17 (R.P.G.). Up to four or five in the Stoke Bishop and Westbury- on-Trym areas and near Horfield in the first ten days of February (R.P.G., A.C.L., W.R.T. and others). About twelve, Redland, February 9 (N. P. Sedgman per R.W.), and one, Filton, on the a3rd (C.E.T.). §. One, Odd Down, near Bath, February 5, and two on the rith (B.K.). Two, Bathampton, February 16, and one, March 12 (B.K.). Single bird, Walton-St.-Mary, Clevedon, March 2 (A.H.M.). Prep FLycATCHER (Muscicapa h. hypoleuca). G. ‘Two males and perhaps a female, Oldbury Court Woods, near Frenchay, April 27 (G.M.), and a female, Stoke Bishop, May 3 (R.G.H.). S. A female, Butcombe, April 19 (M.J.W.). GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER (Locustella n. nevia). G. Heard, Wall- shut Wood, Filton, April 17 (A.J.D.), and on the Cotswolds at North Nibley, June 15 and subsequently (H.F.W.). REED-WARBLER (Acrocephalus s. scirpaceus). §. Probably nested at Blagdon reservoir where birds heard in two places, June 15 Rinc-OvuzeL (Turdus t. torquatus). G. One, a male, at the New Grounds, March 30 (B.K. and H.W.N.). RepstTartT (Phoenicurus ph. phoenicurus). G. A breeding pair reported from two places in the Wotton-under-Edge area (H.F.W. and J.C.W.). Pair nested at the New Grounds, where fledged young seen, June 15 (R.P.G.). Brack RepsTART (Phoenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis). G. A male, evidently unmated, was present in the heart of the City early in July. It was seen and heard daily from the 8th to the 11th on roof-tops between Baldwin Street and Queen Square (A.E.B., EOHD.; AiC.L.4 W.R-T. ‘and ethers): Dipper (Cinclus c. gularis). G. Single bird, R. Frome, Stapleton, August 28 (G.M.). Two, R. Trym, near Henbury, October 4, and one on the goth (H.W.N.). §S. Twice seen on R. Chew— one at Pensford, June 7 (G.G.C.), and one, Compton Dando, October 25 (B.K.). | ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 213 NiGHTJAR (Caprimulgus e. europeus). G@. One found dead, West Littleton, September 25 (F.L.B.). S. Nesting reported from Long Ashton (L.F.B. and G.E.C.) and Leigh Woods (R.P.G. and W.R.T.). Heard, May 22, by G.E.C. and others on Cadbury Camp where the bird probably continues to breed regularly. Hooport (Upupa e. epops). §S. Single bird reported, with fully conclusive details, as visiting a garden at Winford, April 17 (H.F. and M.M.). LEssER SPOTTED WoopDPECKER (Dryobates minor comminutus). G. Two, Slimbridge, January 1o (R.H.P.). Single birds at the New Grounds, March 2 (B.K.), and Wotton-under-Edge, May 12 (H.F.W.). §. Probably bred at Saltford, where young bird seen early in August (H.H.D. and B.K.). WRYNECK (Jynx t. torquilla). S. One was watched for about half an hour in a garden at White Cross Court, near Whitchurch, August 31 (Dr. Hastings Moore per R.E.A. and H.J.B.). SHORT-EARED Ow. (Asio f. flammeus). S. One, Blagdon reservoir, January 5 (R.E.A., H.J.B. and B.K.). PEREGRINE Faucon (Falco p. peregrinus). G. Single bird, New Grounds, February 3 (J.S.A.), and March 2 and 30 (B.K.). Two, same place, October 26 (H.J.B. and P.S.G.), and single birds, September 27 (P.S.) and December 29 (M.J.W.). Single birds, Avon Gorge, January 23 and 26 (H.W.N. and R.H.P.) ; May 25 (W.R.T.) ; and June 15 and August 17 (H.W.N.)._ S. One, Clevedon, November 22 (B.K.). Also recorded from the Avon Gorge (cf. above). Hossy (Falco s. subbuteo). G. Single birds reported from the New Grounds, May 11 (J.S.A.) and 27 (R.H.P.). One identified, Stoke Gifford, August 18 (H.H.D.), and two, Severn Beach, September 22 (S.K.T. and W.R.T.). MERLIN (Falco columbarius esalon). G. One seen at the New Grounds, January 26 (J.S.A.), and one, an adult male, March 10 (R.E.A.). Single birds reported from same place, November 15 (C.A.N.) and December 7 (P.S.). Common Buzzarp (Buteo b. buteo). G. Single birds recorded from Dyrham Wood, January 22, on various dates in September, and December 23 (F.L.B.) ; Almondsbury, April 9 (M.J.W.) ; Savage’s Wood, Stoke Gifford, July 23 and 24 (H.H.D.) ; New Grounds, November 9; and Wotton-under-Edge, November 9 and 15 (H.F.W.). S. One, Blagdon, January 26 (H.W.N.) ; one, Ashton Park, February 1 (A.C.L.) ; one Rickford, February 1 and 2 (W.H.F. and R.P.G.) ; and two near Cheddar (R.E.A. and H.W.N.). MarsH-HARRIER (Circus @. @ruginosus). G. An immature specimen visited marshy ground at the Frampton-on-Severn gravel pits in the autumn and remained for three weeks or longer. 214 H. H. DAVIS The bird was first reported on October 26 (A.W.) and was subse- quently seen by H.J.B., H.H.D., R.P.G., P.S. and other observers. A.W. records that it was still present on November 16. (N.B.— Frampton-on-Severn, about two miles north of Slimbridge, is just outside the district.) SPARROW-HaAwK (Accipiter n. nisus). S. At the Long Ashton Research Station on January 22, a Sparrow-Hawk, and a Blackbird (Turdus m. merula) which it was closely pursuing, crashed into a greenhouse window. Both birds were killed, the hawk going right through the glass (G.E.C.). ComMon Heron (Ardea c. cinerea). §S. A bird ringed as a juvenile at Banwell, June 6, 1946, was found dead at Thorpe Mandeville, Northants, January 7, 1947 (R.H.P.). Eighteen at Blagdon reservoir July 29, and twenty-one, same place, August 10, were almost all immatures (R.E.A.). BITTERN (Botaurus s. stellaris). §. One shot on Kenn Moor in January was sent to the City Museum (W.E.M.). One visited Blagdon reservoir in January and stayed fourteen weeks or longer (presumably the same bird throughout). It was first noticed on January 18 (E.R.) and was subsequently under frequent observation. On March 2 the bird, no doubt weakened by the prolonged spell of cold, was surrounded in a small clump of reeds and was caught and ringed (W.B.A., H.H.D., R.H.P. and others). It was last reported on April 26 (R.E.A. and H.J.B.). WHOOPER SwAN (Cygnus cygnus). §S. Four adults, Cheddar reservoir, November 30 (B.K.), December 4 and 9g (B.K. and H.H.D.), December 14 and 24 (H.J.B. and A.C.L.), and 29 (S.K.T. and W.R.T.). BEWICK’s SWAN (Cygnus b. bewickit). §S. The following reported from Cheddar reservoir in January :—four, 2 adults and 2 im- matures, on the 12th (H.J.B. and H.H.D.) ; one immature on the 15th (R.E.A.) ; and five, 3 adults and 2 immatures, on the 19th (B.K.). Grey Lac-GooseE (Anser a. anser). G. One seen at the New Grounds, December, 1946, was still present during the first fortnight of January (F.L.B., B.K. and P.S.). WHITE-FRONTED Goose (Anser a. albifrons). G@. About 200 geese, no doubt White-fronts, overhead at Chipping Sodbury, January 2 (J.M.N.). Seventeen overhead, Stoke Gifford, January 11 (H.H.D.) and same number on river bank, near Severn Beach, on the 15th (S.K.T. and W.R.T.). At the New Grounds numbers. - varied in early January from 2,000 to 4,000 or more, but at the onset of the severe weather many left the locality while others became widely dispersed over the surrounding country. P.S. reports that by early March at least 2,500 were again present, also that the final departure was unusually late—6oo being still ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 215 on the saltings, March 21. Last seen—a party of eight, March 29 (P.S.). First of the season at the New Grounds, about 60, October 13 (E.D.O.). Approximately 500 by late October and 800 or more in late November (H.H.D. and P.S.). Considerable influx in December—numbers reaching 3,000 by the 27th (P.S.). S. Fourteen over Cheddar reservoir, January 5 (R.E.A. and H.J.B.). LrEssER WHITE-FRONTED GoosE (Anser erythropus). G. In con- tinuance of observations in late December, 1946, when a single adult was seen among common White-fronts, close watch was kept at the New Grounds, and during the first week of January it became clear that three adults were present. On January 18 and again on March 1 all three birds were seen and satisfactorily distinguished one from another by P.S. and other experienced ornithologists. For full details cf. British Birds, Vol. XL, p. 280. BEAN-GoosE (Anser f. fabalis). G. Records from the New Grounds are of one, January 4, and two on 5th (F.L.B., H.H.D. and P.S.). Also of one, December 1, and another on the 2oth (E.D.O. and P.S.). PINK-FOOTED GoosE (Anser fabalis brachyrhynchus). G. The only New Grounds records for early in the year are of two seen on various dates in January and in the first week of March (F.L.B., H.H.D. and B.K.). First autumn birds at the New Grounds were twenty, September 24 (E.D.O. and P.S.). Total about 120 by October 6, remaining at that level to late November when about half departed (P.S.). Ten still present, December 11, but only a single bird left on 13th (P.S.). BARNACLE-GoosE (Branta leucopsis). G. Three, among White- fronts, at the New Grounds early in January (H.H.D. and P.S.) and three, probably the same birds, in the first week of March e)-5.A:,°B.K» and P.S.). DARK-BREASTED BRENT Goose (Branta b. bernicla). G. Single bird at the New Grounds, January 3 (P.S.); February 28 (W.B.A. and H.H.D.) ; and March 1 and 15 (P.S.). CanapDA Goose (Branta c. canadensis). G. Ten visited the New Grounds area early in March, remaining for a fortnight or longer Maer Ds Bus, and P.S.). SHELD-Duck (Tadorna tadorna). G. 260 or more at the New Grounds, July 6 (H.H.D. and P.S.G.). GADWALL (Anas strepera). §. Single males reported from Cheddar reservoir, January 22 (H.J.B. and H.H.D.) and December g (H.H.D.). TEAL (Anas c. crecca). §. Very large numbers, probably not less than 1,200, Cheddar reservoir in the first three weeks of January (B.K.). Atleast 1,000, same place, December 9 (H.H.D.). GARGANEY (Anas querquedula). G. Twice taken at the New 216 H. H. DAVIS Grounds decoy—two, male and female, April 7, and an im- mature bird, August 23 (P.S.). S. Observations by R.E.A., H.J.B. and others show that two pairs were present at Blagdon reservoir throughout the nesting season, and there is some evidence that one of them bred. A.E.B. reports that the excited behaviour of a female which he disturbed on May 27 was strongly suggestive of breeding and that he actually found two or three ducklings in reeds close by, but could not prove conclusively that they belonged to the old bird in question. ‘Two or three, perhaps all, of a party of eight ducks at the same reservoir, July 29, were Garganey (R.E.A.). WiGEON (Anas penelope). S. Largest total reported from the reservoirs—470 at Cheddar, January 19 (B.K.). AMERICAN WIGEON (Anas americana). S. A male, undoubtedly the same bird as that reported in 1946, was seen at Cheddar reservoir, January 5 and ig (R.E.A., G.E.C. and R.H.P.), and was still there on the 26th (B.K.). PinTAIL (Anas a. acuta). G@. Noted in very small numbers off the New Grounds, January 12 and on several dates in March (R.E.A., H.H.D., H.W.N. and others). §. Seen on various dates at the reservoirs—six, Blagdon, December 14 (B.K.), and seven, Cheddar, on the 22nd (M.J.W.), being the highest numbers reported. SHOVELER (Spatula clypeata). G. Of two immatures caught and ringed at the New Grounds decoy on October 12, one was recovered in Co. Wexford, Ireland, December 3, and the other in the Gulf of Morbihan, Brittany, December 9 (P.S.). S. A pair bred at Blagdon reservoir—the nest, with seven eggs, being found by R.H.P., May 26, and photographed by R.P.G. on . June 3. Common Pocuarp (Aythya ferina). G. Reported from the New Grounds on several occasions, January-March and again November-December. Highest totals—150, November 16 (P.S.), and 104, December 21 (J.S.A.). S. About thirty on the lake, Orchardleigh Park, near Frome, November 23 (H.H.D.). TuFTED Duck (Aythya fuligula). G@. A few visited the Severn off the New Grounds during the severe frost, January-March (J.S.A., H.W.N., P.S. and others)—the largest number reported being thirty, March 2 (B.K.). Eight, probably birds driven out — from the frozen reservoirs, seen in the Cumberland Basin docks, February 2 (R.H.P.). Scaup-Duck (Aythya m. marila). §S. Females or immatures, up to four in number, were clearly identified at Barrow Gurney reservoirs, October 19 (H.J.B.) and on several dates, November and early December (H.J.B., G.E.C. and B.K.). Female or immature bird twice seen at Cheddar reservoir in November (B.K.). ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES 217 GoLDENEYE (Bucephala c. clangula). G. Three, including one adult male, off the New Grounds, March 2 (B.K.). §S. Highest total noted at the reservoirs—eighteen, including four adult males, Blagdon, April 7 (H.H.D. and B.K). HETEROCERA (Moths) Herse convolvult : 2 September (S.B.). Macroglossum stellataram : unusually common throughout the summer. Cerura furcula: 31 May (S.B.). Notodonta dromedarius: g August (S.B.); at light (H.F.B.). Lymantria monacha: a few in August (S.B.). Pecilocampa populi: very common in December (S.B.). Drepana binaria and D. cultraria: August (S.B.) ; at light (J.F.B.). Eilema sororcula : afewin May (S.B.) and E. Complana at light (J.F.B.). Craniophora ligustri: 12 July (S.B.) ; var. oltvacea 14 July (J.F.B.). Lampria fimbria: 28 June (S.B.). Eumiditis adusta: 12 June (S.B.). : Brachionycha sphinx : several in November (S.B.). Laphygma exigua: three at light, 31 May to 1 September (J.F.B.). Atethima xerampelina : a few in September (S.B.). Tilacea aurago: 23 September (S.B.). Schrankia costrestrigalis: common in late June and early July. Nothopteryx polycommata : a few in March (S.B.). Nictosia obstipata: a few in late August (S.B.); abundant at light 31 May to 1 September (J.F.B.). Eupithecia dodoneata and E. exiguata: a few of each in May (S.B.). E. albtpunctata var. angelica: 22 June (H.W.B.). Arenostola fluxa: 25 and 27 July, two at light (J.F.B.). Rhodometra sacraria : 27 September, one male captured (H.W.B.). Ourapteryx sambucaria ab. Cuspidaria: 12 October (J.F.B.). Crambus margaritellus: 14 July at light (H.W.B.). Mr. J. F. Bird reports light was uncertain but several very attractive nights occurred, e.g., on 14 July 80 species of “‘ macros ”’ and 10 of “ pyrales ’’? were recorded. Among the captures at light, not above mentioned, were :— Cenopia rufa, Pyrrhia umbra, Hadena conspersa, H. chenopodi, Ophinea pastinum, Plusia festuce, Geometra papilionaria, Pheosia gnoma, P. tremula, Gastro pacha, quercifolia and Keuzera pryini. = 223 ZOOLOGICAL NOTES, 1947 By R. BassiInDALE, M.Sc. (Received, Feb. 17, 1948. Read in title at General Meeting, March 4, 1948) Elminius modestus N the last few years evidence has been accumulating of the presence in British waters of a species of barnacle native to New Zealand. First identified in 1945 from Chichester Harbour (Bishop 1947), the barnacle was also discovered on ships at Southampton and Harwich. Later it has been found by Crisp and Chipperfield (1948) to be common in all suitable localities on the south-east coasts of England from Norfolk to Dorset. At the instigation of Mr. Chipperfield, the barnacle has been searched for and found in the Bristol Channel by Miss M. Harrison at Blue Anchor and by Dr. R. D. Purchon (a few specimens—see p. 296 ) near Cardiff. It seems clear that we have here a well established ‘species, new to the British list, which is easily distinguished from our indigenous barnacles, having four wall plates instead of six. It is widely distributed on the shore and seems to be thriving in competition with our native species. In fact it is the dominant species in some localities (Crisp & Chipperfield, 1948, Knight Jones, 1948). It is expected that this new member of our fauna may become a pest because it settles thickly on periwinkles and will probably settle on oysters, and these shell-fish are not accept- able to the market unless they are free from encrusting growths. It has now been reported also from the coasts of Holland. Bishop, M. W. H. Nature, 159, 501 (1947). Crisp, D. J. and P. N. J. Chipperfield Nature, 161, 64 (1948). Knight Jones, E. W. Nature, 161, 201 (1948). Craspedacusta sowerbit Among the hydroids and jellyfishes belonging to the Phylum Coelenterata is a small group of species known as the Trachylina. Of these, several species are fresh water in habit whereas the group as a whole is marine. While mainly confined to tropical regions, one species of the Trachylina—Craspedacusta sowerbii— is known from temperate regions. The species was first described in 1880 from the lily ponds at Kew Gardens and since that time sporadic outbreaks have occurred in lily ponds and reservoirs all over the U.S.A. and Europe. A feature of these outbreaks is the abundance of the jellyfish when it appears, the rarity and sporadic nature of the outbreaks, and the fact that all individuals of any one outbreak are of one sex. In October, 1947, an outbreak of 224 R. BASSINDALE male specimens occurred in the Witcombe reservoirs of the Gloucester Waterworks. The jellyfish is about one inch in diameter and has 70 or 80 tentacles round the margin of the disc. Search by members of the Bristol University Zoology department revealed the presence of the hydroid or polyp stage from which the jellyfish (or medusae) had developed. They are small, tubular creatures about one millimetre long, housed in a soft tube attached to the stones on the bottom of the reservoir. They have no tentacles, are colourless and feed on small animals living on the stones. ‘The medusa probably feeds on the copepods which were abundant in the water (Diaptomus sp). This outbreak at Witcombe, which may or may not recur, is of interest because outbreaks are very uncommon and because species of fresh water medusae are so rare. ‘The occurrence does not, of course, affect the reservoir as a source of drinking water. OF DEAN SKETCH MAP TO ILLUSTRATE FO ee A REVISED LIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT SSywre ts HIRE lebury ES Hill We To face p. 225) Fic. 5 225 meee VISED LIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT By H. H. Davis, M.B.O.U. (Received, Feb. 5, 1948. Read in title at General Meeting, March 4, 1948.) I. INTRODUCTION LTHOUGH the birds of the Bristol District have twice been listed in the Proceedings, no attempt has been made for nearly half a century to bring the subject up to date. The original list appeared in the issue for 1875-76 (New Ser., Vol. I, pt. III) and was compiled by Mr. E. Wheeler, who, under the title of ‘‘ Resident Birds, Summer and Winter Visitors, and occasional Stragglers, observed in the Bristol District,” enumerated 168 species. In November, 1896, the first B.N.S. Ornithological Section was formed, and had as one of its main objects the pre-— paration of a more complete avifauna of the neighbourhood. Having accomplished the task, to which the chief contributors appear to have been Messrs. H. J. Charbonnier, H. C. Playne and D. T. Price, and Dr. J. A. Norton, the Section, consisting of about twelve members, was dissolved in February, 1g01. The list so compiled totalled 197 species, and was published in the Proceedings for 1899 (New Ser., Vol. IX, pt. II). Taking into account records up to the end of 1947, it is now possible, owing largely to the results of a much widened interest in local ornithology, to give a list considerably longer and more detailed. Moreover, observations have lately been extended to cover a greater area, particularly on the Gloucestershire side of the district, than that dealt with in 1899. ‘Thus, with an increased amount of country under review and a rapid expansion of field activities in recent years, the present compilation, inclusive of both the northern and southern forms of the Dunlin, Golden Plover and Guillemot, and of four birds—Scandinavian Chiffchaff, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Glossy Ibis and Crane—obtained slightly beyond the boundaries of the district, totals 276 species and subspecies. No hard and fast rule has been adopted as to what birds should be admitted. Records, especially those of rare visitors, have been judged as far as possible solely on their merits, and the following, recorded without any corroborative details or on very uncertain evidence, have been excluded—Mealy Redpoll, Pine-Grosbeak, Scops Owl, Little Egret, Spotted Sandpiper and Little Crake 226 H. H. DAVIS (Terry, 1864 and 1888); Goshawk (Terry, 1864, and Reps. - Wells N.H. © A.S., 1922 and 1924) ; Rock-Dove (Smith, 1869> and ool., 1903); Scandinavian Rock-Pipit (ool., 1870) ; Surf-Scoter (Proc., B.N.S., 1875-76); Parrot-Crossbill (Zool., 1888) ; Red-footed Falcon (Mathew, 1893) ; Ortolan Bunting, Roller and Wilson’s Petrel (Knight, 1902) ; Sooty Shearwater (Mellersh, 1902) ; Dartford Warbler (Blathwayt, 1906) ; Lesser Grey Shrike, Collared Flycatcher and Isabelline Wheatear (Rep. Som. Birds, 1911-13). Also excluded are Tengmalm’s Owl, the only notice of which is now known to have been due to faulty identification (cf. under Little Owl, p. 243), and Ruddy Sheld- Duck, of which the only record does not refer to a genuinely wild specimen (Proc. B.N.S., 1942). The birds listed here may be classified as :— Residents st on: _ e. ee 7 Resident in the present century, but now, apparently, extinct B oh a I Summer-residents. nid Ac ay i 29 Regular winter-visitors and passage-migrants 58 Irregular and occasional visitors, vagrants, etc. 115 276 Of the above total 118 are birds which breed regularly, or have bred on one or more occasions in the present century, and may be summarised as :-— Residents which breed regularly: Raven, Carrion-Crow, Rook, Jackdaw, Magpie, Jay, Starling, Hawfinch, Greenfinch, Gold- finch, Linnet, Bullfinch, Chaffinch, Corn-Bunting, Yellow Bunting, Cirl Bunting, Reed-Bunting, House-Sparrow, ‘Tree-Sparrow, Wood-Lark, Sky-Lark, Meadow-Pipit, Rock-Pipit, Grey Wagtail, Pied Wagtail, Tree-Creeper, Nuthatch, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Coal-Tit, Marsh-Tit, Long-tailed Tit, Goldcrest, Mistle-Thrush, Song-Thrush, Blackbird, Stonechat, Robin, Hedge-Sparrow, Wren, Dipper, Kingfisher, Green Woodpecker, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Little Owl, Tawny Owl, Barn-Owl, Peregrine Falcon, Kestrel, Sparrow-Hawk, Common Heron, Mute Swan, Sheld-Duck, Mallard, Cormorant, Great Crested Grebe, Little Grebe, Wood-Pigeon, Stock-Dove, Common Snipe, Redshank, Lapwing, Herring-Gull, Great Black- backed Gull, Moorhen, Coot, Pheasant, Common Partridge and Red-legged Partridge—7o. Residents which have bred, but are not known to breed regularly : Long- eared Owl, Common Buzzard and Oyster-catcher—3. Resident and has bred, but now regarded as extinct in the district: Black Grouse—1. BIRDS OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 227 Summer-residents which breed regularly : Tree-Pipit, Yellow Wagtail, Red-backed Shrike, Spotted Flycatcher, Chiffchaff, Willow- Warbler, Wood-Warbler, Grasshopper-Warbler, Reed-Warbler, Sedge-Warbler, Garden-Warbler, Blackcap, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Whinchat, Redstart, Nightingale, Swallow, House- Martin, Sand-Martin, Swift, Nightjar, Cuckoo, ‘Turtle-Dove and Lesser Black-backed Gull—25. Summer-residents which have bred, but are not known to breed regularly: Marsh-Warbler, Hobby, Corn-Crake and Quail—4. Winter-visitors and passage-migrants which frequently, or very occa- sionally, remain in summer, and have bred: Lesser Redpoll, Pied Flycatcher, Ring-Ouzel, Wheatear, Teal, Shoveler, Common Pochard, Tufted Duck, Common Curlew, Woodcock, Ringed Plover, Golden Plover and Water-Rail—13. Irregular and occasional visitors, etc., which have remained to breed : Common Crossbill and Hoopoe—2. Mention should be made of three birds—Blue-headed Wagtail, Wryneck and Garganey—which have probably bred within the period stated. As a nesting species the Wryneck was evidently not uncommon in some localities toward the close of the last century. Despite its subsequently rapid decline it may well have continued to breed until 1900 or later, and perhaps still nests occasionally in the district. Blue-headed Wagtail has once been reported as breeding, and Garganey twice, but the records are without the necessary conclusive details. TOPOGRAPHICAL. The district, for ornithological purposes, {see sketch. map, fig. 5), has a land surface of approximately 762 square miles, is generally well timbered and is almost entirely agricultural in character. It lies on both sides*of the R. Avon, embracing a wide area of South Gloucestershire and North Somerset, and extends into the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary! so as to include Steep Holm and Denny Isle. The R. Avon, from its mouth to Cumberland Basin and thence through the industrial region of the City docks to a point just beyond Keynsham, forms a natural division between the two counties. Like the docks, it is the haunt at nearly all times of numerous gulls, while the mud-banks along its lower reaches are not infre- quently visited by Curlew, Dunlin, Redshank and other waders. Within fairly recent years the Avon Gorge cliffs, despite road, river and rail traffic below, have held eyries of Raven and Peregrine Falcon. 1'The phrase Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary is given throughout the list as the Channel and Estuary, while such terms as the coast and coastal areas refer to the coastline from Brean Down to the mouth of the Avon and also to the Severn reaches from the Avon northwards to the New Grounds. 228 H. H. DAVIS South Gloucestershire has as its chief physical features the southern portion of the Cotswold Hills and the Severn Vale. The southern Cotswolds, a country of arable fields, stone walls and wooded combes stretching from Dursley and Tetbury down to Bath, reach a maximum height (near Dursley) of rather more than 800 feet and are the home, locally, of Corn-Buntings, and the daily resort in autumn and winter of great numbers of Common Gulls. Lying parallel to the river from Avonmouth to the New Gounds at Slimbridge, the Severn Vale, with its highly fertile pastures, is fringed along its entire length by extensive mud-flats and saltings—the much favoured winter resorts and _ halting places on migration of wild geese, wild duck and waders. From late summer to early spring the mud-flats and shingle beds off Severn Beach are the feeding grounds of flocks of innumerable Turnstone, Dunlin and other shore-birds, while the famous goose- marsh at the New Grounds and the adjoining sand-banks may justly be described as the haunt of a greater wealth of bird-life than is to be found anywhere else in the district. North Somerset is for the most part hilly or undulating, the main exception being in the extreme north-west of the county, where low-lying moors and marshy lands predominate, providing suitable nesting ground for Grasshopper-Warblers and other interesting passerines, and for such waders as Common Snipe and Redshank. Its most important feature is that of the Mendip Hills, which, with Black Down (1,068 feet) as their highest level, extend from the Frome area right across the southernmost part of the district. ‘These hills are the resort of Wood-Larks, and until comparatively recent years were the home of a small population of Black Grouse. On the southern side of Mendip the R. Axe forms a convenient natural boundary from the coast-line almost to Wells. The -coastal headlands of Brean Down, Worlebury and Sand Point are structurally continuations of Mendip and so is the island of Steep Holm—sixty-three acres over-all and five miles off Weston-super-Mare. Steep Holm, like Brean Down, is a breeding haunt of both Raven and Peregrine, and is the nesting resort of Cormorants and an immense colony of Herring- and Lesser Black-backed Gulls. No remarks on the topography of the district in relation to its bird-life would be complete without some reference to the reser- voirs at Barrow Gurney, Blagdon and Cheddar. ‘These reservoirs, under frequent observation by kind permission of the Bristol Waterworks Company, and from which so many valuable records have been added to Somerset ornithology, are the favourite haunts of wild duck and grebes, the regular halting places of passage waders and other migrants, and the happy hunting grounds of the bird-watcher. BIRDS OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 229 Key to Loca.ities mentioned in the list. As the district covers a portion of two counties, the following key may be found useful. Localities shown in brackets are beyond the limits of the district. An asterisk denotes a place within the City of Bristol boundary. South Gloucestershire: Alderley, Almondsbury, Alveston, [Arlingham], Ashley Down*, Aust, Avonmouth*, Badminton, Berkeley, Bitton, Charfield, Chipping Sodbury, Clifton*, Cold Ashton, Cotham*, Cowhill, Cumberland Basin*, Dodington Park, Doynton, Dursley, Dyrham, Filton, [Framilode], Frampton Cotterell, |Frampton-on-Severn], Hallen, Hambrook, Hawkesbury Upton, Henbury*, Horfield*, Horton, Hotwells*, Kilcott, Kings Weston*, Littleton-on-Severn, Marshfield, [Moreton Valence], New Grounds, New Passage, North Nibley, Oldbury-on-Severn, Old Sodbury, Odzleworth, Patchway, Pucklechurch, Purton, Rangeworthy, Redland*, St. Philip’s Marsh*, Sea Mills*, Severn Beach, Sharpness, Sheperdine, Shirehampton*, Slimbridge, Stapleton*, Stoke Bishop*, Stoke Gifford, Stone, [Stonehouse], Tetbury, Thornbury, Tortworth, Wotton-under-Edge and — Yate. North Somerset: Abbots Leigh, Ashton Park, Axbridge, Back- well, [Badgworth], Banwell, Barrow Gurney, Bath, Batheaston, Bathford, Bedminster*, Black Down, Blagdon, Bleadon, Brean Down, [Brent Knoll], Brockley, Buckland Dinham, Burnett, Burrington, Butcombe, Cadbury Camp, Chantry, Cheddar, Chew Magna, Chewton Keynsham, Chewton Mendip, Chew Valley, Claverton, Clevedon, Combe Down, Corston, Dolebury Warren, East Harptree, Emborough, Failand, Flax Bourton, Frome, Hinton Blewett, Hunstrete, Hutton, Kenn Moor, Keynsham, Langford, Lansdown, Laverton, Leigh Woods, Litton, Long Ashton, [Lympsham], Marksbury, [ Marston Bigot], Mells, Nailsea, Norton St. Philip, Oakhill, Orchardleigh, Pensford, Portishead, Priddy, [Pylle], Queen Charlton, Radstock, Rowberrow, St. Catherine, Saltford, Sandford, Sand Point, Sidcot, South Stoke, [Steart Island], Steep Holm, Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Tickenham, Ubley, Uphill, Wells, Weston-super-Mare, Whitchurch, Winford, Winscombe, Woodspring, Wookey, Worlebury, Wraxall, Wrington and Yatton. Denny Isle, usually regarded as belonging to the district for faunal purposes, is about two miles out from the Somerset coast- line at Portishead—its nearest point on the mainland. The island is, however, a part of the parish of Magor in the county of Monmouth. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL. In compiling the present list, full advantage has been taken of the results of many field observations carried 230 H. H. DAVIS out by B.N.S. members since the formation of the second Ornitho- logical Section in 1922. Such observations, of which some of the more important have appeared in British Birds magazine, are contained in the annual Reports on Somerset Birds and in Proc. B.N.S. These periodicals have been freely consulted throughout. For older records, full use has been made of the Koologist; of the Rev. F. L. Blathwayt’s able list of Somerset birds in the Victoria History of the County of Somerset; and of a large number of valuable MS. notes left by Mr. H. J. Charbonnier, a member of the B.N.S. from 1863 until his death in 1931 and for many years the leading authority on local ornithology. A bibliography of works from which information has been chiefly drawn is given on page 268. ‘The only references quoted in the list are those where records of some particular interest need additional qualification, or where recourse has been necessary to works dealing with bird-life in a part other than that under review. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Sincere thanks are extended to all who have helped to make this list possible. ‘Thanks are especially due to the Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, Dr. L. H. Matthews, Mr. A. C. Leach and Mr. W. R. Taylor for reading the original MS. and for helpful suggestions for its improvement; to Mr. H. C. Playne and Mr. B. W. Tucker for assisting with valuable in- formation ; to Dr. F. S. Wallis and Mr. W. E. Mayes for allow- ing frequent access to the collections in the City Museum, Bristol;? to Mr. Charles Green, curator of the Gloucester Museum, for details of several important records; and to Mr. Peter Scott and Mr. R. P. Gait for permission to reproduce here the photo-_ graphs which show what may be considered the most interesting bird haunts in South Gloucestershire and North Somerset, respectively. To the late Mr. H. Tetley, who, during his curatorship at the City Museum, 1927-1944, did more than anyone to further the cause of Bristol ornithology, gratitude must be expressed for constant help to the writer in matters regarding local -bird-life. But for ill-health, and much additional work occasioned by war damage to the Museum collections, Mr. Tetley would, undoubtedly, have himself compiled a revised list of the birds of the district. Finally, special acknowledgment is due to the Royal Society for a grant from the Scientific Publications Oran towards the cost of publication of this paper. ORDER AND NOMENCLATURE. Both are in accordance with 2 Until April, 1945, the City Museum was a section of the Bristol Museum and Art Gallery. BIRDS OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 231 that of a revised Check-List of British Birds (Witherby, 1941) com- piled from The Handbook of British Birds, 1938-1941. Status may be defined as—Resident: Present in the district throughout the year, and breeds. Suwmmer-resident: Arrives in spring, breeds, and departs in autumn. Winter-visitor: Arrives in autumn or winter and departs in spring or earlier. Passage- migrant: Occurs only, or chiefly, on spring and (or) autumn migration. Of the birds mentioned as summer-residents or as winter-visitors some are equally known as regular passage-migrants, while among the occasional and scarce visitors, etc., and those referred to as vagrants, are some which probably occur on migration more frequently than is supposed. As will be seen from the list, status has in a few instances been fully given. The plan adopted in general, however, is that of giving the status which seems most applicable. Il. SYSTEMATIC LIST Raven Corvus corax corax L. Resident. Local and chiefly confined to coastal areas. Breeds regularly on Brean Down and Steep Holm and, in some years, on Sand Point. Has bred periodically on the Cheddar Gorge cliffs, and a pair nested annually in the Avon Gorge, 1936-1940 (Glos. side except 1940). Formerly bred at Badminton and Dyrham. Two eggs from the latter place, dated 1849, were for some time in the City Museum, but were destroyed in 1940.? Hooded Crow Corvus cornix cornix L. Occasional winter-visitor. Latest records are of single birds at Bathford, 1943 ; Brean Down, 1946; and the New Grounds, 1946 and 1947. Carrion-Crow Corvus corone corone L. Resident. Common and widely distributed. Rook Corvus frugilegus frugilegus L. Resident. Common and widely distributed. Jackdaw Corvus monedula spermologus Vieill. Resident. Common and widely distributed. Magpie Pica pica pica (L.) Resident. Common and widely distributed. 3 Specimens and eggs referred to in the list as being for some time in the City Museum, but now destroyed, were lost during a severe air attack in November, 1940. 232 H. H. DAVIS Thick-billed Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes caryocatactes (L.) Very rare vagrant. An example of this form, recently acquired by the City Museum, is stated to have been shot near Wrington, 1887. The bird, originally owned by Mr. C. E. Edwards, was for some years in the possession of Mr. S. Lewis of Cheddar. A Nutcracker (subsp. ?) was reported from Leigh Woods, April, 1925. British Jay Garrulus glandarius rufitergum Hart. Resident. Gommon in woodland areas. Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.) Rare vagrant. A specimen in the City Museum was obtained at Cheddar, 1889. The only records for the last fifty years are of one over the cliff top on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon Gorge, July, 1900, and of single birds at Cheddar, October, 1927 ; Stratton-on-the-Fosse, January, 1930; and Sandford, winter, 1941-42. Starling Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L. Resident. Common and widely distributed. Often in great abundance following winter immigration. Reported in recent years as roosting in very large numbers at Chipping Sodbury, Rangeworthy, Patchway, Failand, Long Ashton, Marksbury and elsewhere. Some thousands roosted in the spire of St. Mary Redcliff, Bristol, November-December, 1929. Rose-coloured Starling Pastor roseus (L.) Rare vagrant. Single birds were obtained at Axbridge, about 1859; St. Philips Marsh, 1862; and Laverton, 1869. What appears to be the only subsequent notice is that of one at Clevedon, September, 1895. Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus ortolus (L.) Very rare vagrant. No authentic, dated record since that of a pair at South Stoke, June, 1893. Of two specimens mounted together in Mr. A. R. Robinson’s collection at Backwell House, one is said to have been obtained at Wraxall sometime prior to 1900. Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes coccothraustes (L.) ~~ Resident. Local, but not uncommon in suitable habitats. Breeds in Leigh Woods and nests have been found on various occasions round Clifton and Bath. Has also been reported as breeding, or in the breeding season, from Chewton Mendip, Winscombe, Pensford, Backwell, Henbury, Tortworth and other widely separated localities. Greenfinch Chloris chloris chloris (L.) Resident. Common and widely distributed. BIRDS OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 233 British Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis britannica (Hart.) Resident. Common and widely distributed. Siskin Carduelis spinus (L.) Winter-visitor in varying numbers. Has frequently been reported and is evidently not uncommon wherever Alders occur. Lesser Redpo!l Carduelis flammea cabaret (P.L.S. Mill.) Winter-visitor, occurring not uncommonly over much of the district. Also, perhaps, resident in very small numbers. No recent breeding information, but nests reported in former years from the Bath, Clifton, Flax Bourton, Clevedon, Winscombe and Frome areas. Twite Carduelis flavirostris (L.) Very scarce visitor. No record for the present century, but perhaps overlooked. The Rev. M. A. Mathew in his Revised List of the Birds of Somerset (1893) mentions having seen it in flocks during winter on sandhills near Weston-super-Mare. Single birds are stated to have occurred at Stapleton, c. 1893, and Avonmouth, c. 18096. Linnet Carduelis cannabina cannabina (L.) Resident. Common and widely distributed. Often abundant in autumn flocks. British Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula nesa Math. & Ired. Resident. Common and widely distributed. Common Crossbill Loxia curvirostra curvirostra L. Irregular winter-visitor, occurring periodically in considerable numbers and occasionally remaining to breed. Nesting reported in the present century from Kings Weston and Long Ashton, 1910; Winscombe, 1911 ; Ashton Park, 1930 ; and Failand, 1933. Two-barred Crossbill Loxia leucoptera bifasciata (Brehm) Very rare vagrant. The only record is of a male obtained at Keynsham, February, 1895. British Chaffinch Fringilla celebs gengleri Kleinsch. Resident. Common and widely distributed. The continental form, F. c. celebs L., probably occurs in winter, but no specimen has yet been reported. Brambling 9 Fringilla montifringilla L. Winter-visitor. By no means common, but occurs in most areas. Usually met with in small numbers, often among Chaf- finches, Greenfinches, etc., in fields and stackyards. Corn-Bunting 9 Lmberiza calandra L. Resident. Very local, being chiefly known from Marshfield, Hawkesbury Upton, and other parts of the Cotswolds. Has nested on Bleadon Hill and perhaps elsewhere in coastal areas. 234 H. H. DAVIS Yellow Bunting Lmberiza citrinella cttrinella L. Resident. Common and widely distributed. Cirl Bunting Lmberiza cirlus cirlus L. Resident. Local, but not uncommon in some parts of the district. In recent years has frequently been found nesting in close proximity to the City,* and breeding has been reported from Cheddar, the Weston-super-Mare area and elsewhere. Reed-Bunting Lmberiza scheniclus scheniclus (L.) : Resident. Breeds locally, chiefly in lowland areas. Becomes more widespread in winter. Snow-Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (L.) Irregular winter-visitor in small numbers. Has been noted fairly frequently, usually in coastal areas or on high ground. Latest records are of a party of six near Severn Beach, 1934, and of single birds at Barrow Gurney, 1936 ; Cheddar reservoir, 1938 ; and between the New Grounds and Frampton-on-Severn, 1942. House-Sparrow Passer domesticus domesticus (L.) Resident. Common and widely distributed. Tree-Sparrow Passer montanus montanus (L.) Resident, but appears to be chiefly a winter-visitor, often occurring in small parties with other finches. As a breeding bird it is evidently very local, though perhaps: sometimes over- looked. Has been reported as nesting in the Chew Valley and at Stoke Gifford, Hallen, Sheperdine and Oldbury-on-Severn. Wood-Lark Lullula arborea arborea (L.) Resident. Local, and in breeding season chiefly confined to Backwell Hill and the Cheddar, Bleadon Hill and other Mendip areas. Has also nested at Clevedon, Failand, Worlebury and doubtless elsewhere. Tends to become more widespread in winter. Probably not infrequent, and perhaps breeds, in the southern Cotswolds, but the only report is of a party of four near North Nibley, September, 1947. Sky-Lark Alauda arvensis arvensis L. Resident. Common, widely distributed and often in great abundance following winter immigration. Shore-Lark Lremophila alpestris flava (Gm.) Very rare vagrant. No authentic record since that of one shot at Avonmouth, October, 1894. Richard’s Pipit Anthus richardi richard: Vieill. Very rare vagrant. Inclusion here rests on sight records of two at Clevedon, May, 1893, and two on Brean Down, October, 1920; and on a fully authenticated report of one obtained at * « City’ throughout the paper implies ‘ City and County of Bristol.’ BIRDS OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 235 Moreton Valence, just beyond the northern limits of the district, December, 1931. | Tawny Pipit roups from which additions to the fauna lists for Breaksea Point g three lloog. column b in each case) Water Mark of Ordinary Spring Tides. Sully Island and Peterstone Went High-Water Mark of Ordinary Spring Tides. Subdivision of the sublittoral records into a\.... Low- have been made ( eee —_— 288 R. DENISON PURCHON sward terminating to seaward in a vertical earth cliff some 6 feet high. ‘This zone was not examined in the present survey. At a comparatively recent date, it appears, the middle zone, which is typical of salt marshes, has been entirely removed by erosion. In consequence, at the foot of the above mentioned cliff there is open mud, fairly firm to the foot as it lies above H.W.N.T., colonised sparsely by Salicornia sp. and Spartina townsendi. Surface drainage has led to the formation of shallow pools between the clumps of Spartina. In the following description of the distribution of the fauna, mention will be made of the most abundant species encountered. In the fauna list for this beach the species recorded by C. B. Rees (1940) are included with acknowledgments. From the visits to the beach in 1947, certain broad impressions of the distribution of the fauna were gained which did not entirely agree with the findings of the exhaustive survey by Rees. For example, in 1947 Macoma balthica was especially abundant only in the region of and below L.W.N.T. Aydrobia ulvae, which Rees found in greatest abundance on the firm but rough-surfaced mud below M.S.L., in 1947 was most abundant on the softer, smoother mud higher up on the beach near M.S.L. More accurate comparisons are not possible as no population counts and no measurements of vertical level were made in 1947. In 1937, Rees found Corophium volutator in abundance only near L.W.O.S.T. and suggested that its appearance there was only temporary. In 1947 the distribution of this species was unchanged. In shallow pools on the mud above H.W.N.T. Crangon vulgaris and Gobius spp. were abundant, and a large specimen of Anguilla vulgaris was obtained. At the seaward end of the Spartina zone there was a small pile of boulders and stones bearing a small growth of Pelvetia canali- culata and here Lineus gesserensis, Melita palmata and Mercierella enigmatica were obtained. Below this level and extending some distance below M.S.L. the mud is fairly firm except on the banks of shallow, meandering water courses. The dominant species here were Nereis diversicolor and Hydrobia ulvae. Over quite a wide area of the upper third of this zone the empty shells of Scrobicularia plana occurred in abundance, lying wedged vertically in the mud as though exposed by erosion. Undoubtedly S. plana has lived here in abundance recently but no traces were found on the surface of the mud sug- gesting the presence of living specimens, and much searching deep in the mud failed to produce a single specimen. In 1937, Rees obtained one living specimen of S. plana. It is conjectured that erosion of the middle zone of this salt marsh, or unusually sharp frosts, may have caused a great local reduction of this species. BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 289 A short distance below M.S.L. Hydrobia ulvae became rare. In crevices in a fallen tree wedged in the mud at this level, large congregations of Jera marina were found, and specimens of Tealia felina and Lepidochiton cinereus were also found here. At and below L.W.N.T. the mud became stiffer, and lighter in colour, and its surface was pitted instead of smooth, as described by Rees (1940). The extent of this area may vary from season to season according to temporary variations in the strength of inshore currents and variations in the rate of deposition or erosion of soft, surface mud. In this area of stiff mud the dominant species were Corophium volutator and Macoma balthica. Laomedea gelatinosa was quite common on stones lying on the surface of the mud, as also was the anemone Diadumene luciae but this species was most abundant on the wooden piles near the mouth of the sewer. Rees recorded the presence of this species in 1937 but did not state whether it was typical in form and colouration or not. Specimens taken in 1947 were unusual and a description is given in Section 7. One living specimen of Teredo navalis was found in one of the piles near the mouth of the sewer. Fauna List at Peterstone Wentlloog a. Intertidal b. Sublittoral CELENTERATA HyDROZOA Tubularia indivisa L. tHydrallmania falcata (L.) Laomedea gelatinosa (Pallas) Sertularia cupressina (L.) TObelia dichotoma ANTHOZOA *Diadumene lucie (Verrill) Tealia felina (L.) CTENOPHORA ne Pleurobrachia pileus (O. F. Miller) Beroé cucumis Fabricius NEMERTINI Lineus gesserensis (O. F. Miiller) ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA * Nereis diversicolor (O. F. Miller) Lagisca extenuata (Grube) TN. succinea (Leuckart) Nereis pelagica L. tNephthys sp. Sabellaria alveolata (L.) *Polydora ciliata (Johnston) Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel OLIGOCHAETA Clitellio arenarius ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA Ostracoda {Leptocythere castanea (G. O. Sars) Copepoda TStenhelia palustris (Brady) tNannopus palustris Brady {Platychelipus littoralis Brady t Tachidius discipes 290 R. DENISON PURCHON Cirripedia *Balanus improvisus Darwin B. balanoides (L.) Malacostraca Cumacea {Diastylis rathkei Kroyer Isopoda Limnoria lignorum (Rathke) Spheroma serratum (Fabricius) TS. rugicauda Leach Jera marina (Fabricius) Ligia oceanica (L.) Amphipoda Melita palmata (Montagu) *Corophium volutator (Pallas) Schizopoda Decapoda *Crangon vulgaris L. *Carcinus menas Pennant - Pycnoconiwa Nymphon ? rubrum Hodge Pycnogonum littorale (Stroem) MOLLUSCA PLACOPHORA Lepidochiton cinereus (L.) GASTROPODA *Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) LAMELLIBRANCHIA * Macoma balthica (L.) {Scrobicularia plana (da Costa) Teredo navalis L. POLYZOA EcTOPROCTA Electra hastingsae Marcus VERTEBRATA PISCES Anguilla vulgaris Turton Gobius flavescens Fabricius Gammarellus homari (Fabricius) Gammarus z. salinus Sexton Praunus flexuosus (Miller) Portunus marmoreus Leach Eupagurus bernhardus (L.) Pasiphae sivado Risso Pandalus montagui Leach Callopora aurita (Hincks) Escharella immersa (Flem.) Clupea spratius L. Ammodytes lanceolatus Lesauvage Gadus luscus L. G. minutus L. Pleuronectes limanda L. Agonus cataphractus (L.) III. SULLY ISLAND The island is connected to the mainland by a causeway of smooth rock which slopes gently westwards and is submerged in the centre at about half tide. This causeway divides the_-shore * indicates species obtained both in 1937 by C. B. Rees and in 1947 by the present writer. + indicates species obtained only by C. B. Rees. t indicates drifting material not necessarily typical of the area in question. _ Except where otherwise stated, all records were made in the autumn of 1947. BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 291 into an eastern and a western bay. ‘The consequent differences in exposure to wave action provide a variety of habitats in close proximity, each supporting a characteristic fauna. Field work has been more intensive here than on other beaches which were more uniform in character. The western bay consists principally of smooth rocks sloping gently towards the sea, rock pools being rare. Rock ledges some two feet high are present and when these are overhung by a canopy of Ascophyllum their fauna is poor. Ledges devoid of algae and fully exposed to wave action carry Balanus balanoides principally on overhanging surfaces, and Chthamalus stellatus on vertical and upward facing surfaces. Zonation of the larger algae is very clearly exhibited on this shore, the following species being present in the order given as one passes from H.W.N.T. to L.W.N.T. Pelvetia canaliculata Fucus spiralis Ascophyllum nodosum Fucus vesiculosus F. serratus ae Enteromorpha occurs on a small area of thin sand on rock, above Pelvetia. In a broad area of very shallow standing water in the centre of the causeway, the following weeds are common :— Chondrus crispus Corallina officinalis Ulva lactuca Cladophora rupestris Ceramium rubrum Polysiphoma fastigiata is abundant on Ascophyllum, Chondrus again occurs under a dense canopy of F. serratus, and in a pool near L.W.N.T. Nemalion multifidum was obtained. The distribution of the principal elements of the fauna of the western bay may be summarised as follows :— In crevices in the cliffs, under large dry stones and in the upper part of the causeway in crevices :-— Petrobius sp. Orchestia gammarella Ligia oceanica Littorina saxatilis Marinogammarus marinus On the rocks, under stones and on the weed in the Ascophyllum ZONE :— Actinia equina Littorina saxatilis Gammarus locusta Carcinus menas L. littoralis Patella vulgata L. littorea On éxposed ledges at and below M.S.L., exposed to consider- able wave action :— Balanus balanoides Chthamalus stellatus Hemioniscus balani 292 R. DENISON PURCHON On the rocks, under boulders and on the weed in the Fucus serratus zone :— Spirorbis spirillum Patella vulgata Pomatoceros triqueter Lepidochiton cinereus Idothea viridis Gammarus locusta In shallow standing water near M.S.L. in the centre of the causeway :— Spirorbis spirillum Lepidochiton cinereus Gibbula umbilicalis Pomatoceros triqueter Patella vulgata Alcyonidium polyoum Polydora ciliata Littorina littorea Escharella immersa Jjera marina In this region Patella is larger and more abundant than elsewhere and the shells of the largest specimens are bored by large numbers of Polydora. 7 At L.W.O.S.T. in the centre of the western bay there is a broad zone of boulders and stones. Oyster shells are not uncommon, and several valves have been found firmly attached to large stones and showing no signs of abrasion. It seems probable that oysters have lived here recently but no living specimens were found either on the shore or in dredging offshore. The fauna here is:— Lepidonotus squamatus Lepidochiton cinereus Callopora aurita Lagisca extenuata Acanthodoris pilosa Alcyonidium polyoum Gammarus locusta Adalaria proxima Pyura sp. Balanus improvisus Escharella immersa Adjacent to this zone of boulders is an area of flat rocks colonised by a weak growth of Sabellaria alveolata. This area is kept perman- ently wet by sea water draining from the causeway. A number of species has been collected from this association, but all were uncommon. A few examples are as follows :— Tealia felina var. lofotensis Marinogammarus obtusatus Cancer pagurus Cyclopterus lumpus At L.W.O.S.T. close to the Sabellaria association is an area of shale which has at one time been bored by species of Barnea. No living specimens have been obtained. A small fauna has been obtained from empty borings and from thin splits in the rock, for example :— . Syllis armillaris Lepidonotus squamatus Polydora ciliata Berenicia patina At L.W.O.S.T. at the western, most exposed tip of the island the rocks are bare and there are some small pools in crevices. | On the rocks there are small specimens of Patella vulgata, and Chthamalus stellatus is abundant. At the lowest level, C. stellatus is replaced by Balanus improvisus and some dead specimens of B. crenatus were also present. In the small pools quite large skeletons of Chalina sp. occurred. AHalichondria panicea and Poma- toceros triqueter were present. BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 293 The eastern bay is more complex in character, greater protection from wave action and currents permitting the deposition of sand and mud. There is a small area of shallow sand, a little below H.W.N.T., in which the mud content increases considerably as one approaches the protection of the causeway which at this point presents a vertical face 4 feet high and facing due east. Here Arenicola marina 1s typical of the cleaner sand whilst Bathyporeia pilosa and WNerevs dwersicoler were obtained from the more muddy sand. 3 The centre of the bay is covered by a shallow layer of soft mud, gravel and stones, in which collecting is difficult. Apart from one small specimen of Scrobicularia plana (alive), little more than Nereis diversicolor has been obtained in this area. A spur of shingle projects into the bay and on the eastern side of this fairly clean and deep sand drops down steeply towards L.W.O.S.T. In this sand the only specimens obtained were Nephthys cirrosa. Passing farther east, a rocky promontory encloses a muddy area in which Arenicola marina occurs. At L.W.O.S.T. on this promontory there is an area of stones and small boulders on a firm but muddy substrate. ‘The fauna here is much the same as that recorded for a similar area in the centre of the western bay but Acanthodoris pilosa and Adalaria proxima were more abundant in the eastern bay, due perhaps to greater protection from wave action. On the opposite side of the eastern bay, on the northern shore of the island, a broad expanse of fairly stiff mud passes from about M.S.L. to L.W.O.S.T. Oligochaets (unidentified) were found in this mud but no traces were seen of Scrobicularia, Macoma, Hydrobia or Corophium. In spite of the great variety of habitats offered at Sully Island, the fauna here—67 species recorded—is considerably less than that recorded for Breaksea Point—8g species. This may be attributed partly to the differences in salinity and turbidity between the two stations, and partly to the lack of rock pools, crevices and overhanging ledges, especially at L.W.O.S.T. Fauna List at Sully Island a. Intertidal b. Sublittoral PARAZOA Halichondria panicea (Pallas) Chalina ? oculata CCLENTERATA HyDROZOA Dynamena pumila (L.) Tubularia indivisa L. Sertularia cupressina (L.) * Hydrallmania falcata (L.) * Drifting material. 294 R. DENISON PURCHON ANTHOZOA Actinia equina L. Tealia felina (L.) T.f. var. lofotensis Stephenson Sagartia troglodytes (Price) CTENOPHORA NEMERTINI Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston) ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA Lepidonotus squamatus (L.) Harmothoé longisetis (Grube) Lagisca extenuata (Grube) Eteone longa (Fabricius) Syllis armillaris (Miller) Nereis pelagica L. N. diversicolor O. F. Miller WN. virens Sars. Nephthys cirrosa Ehlers Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu) Polydora ciliata (Johnston) Cirratulus cirratus (O. F. Miller) Arenicola marina L. Sabellaria alveolata (L.) Pomatoceros triqueter (L.) Apomatus similis Marion & Bobretzky Spirorbis spirillum (L.) Amphitrite johnstont Malmgren ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA Cirripedia Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) Balanus balanoides (L.) B. improvisus Darwin B. crenatus Bruguiére Malacostraca Isopoda Spheroma serratum (Fabricius) Idothea granulosa Rathke Janira maculosa Leach Jera marina (Fabricius) Ligia oceanica (L.) Hemioniscus balan (Spence Bate) Amphipoda Bathyporeia pilosa Lindstr6m Gammarellus homari (Fabricius) Melita palmata (Montagu) Marinogammarus marinus (Leach) Gammarus locusta (L.) Orchestia gammarella (Pallas) Decapoda Eupagurus bernhardus (L.) Carcinus menas (Pennant) Cancer pagurus L. INSECTA Petrobius sp. Pleurobrachia pileus (O. F. Miller) Nemertopsis flavida Beaumont Phyllodoce ? mucosa Anthura gracilis (Montagu) Eurydice pulchra Leach Gammarus z. salinus Sexton Pasiphae sivado Risso Pandalus montagui Leach Crangon vulgaris L. Portunus marmoreus Leach BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 295 MOLLUSCA PLACOPHORA Lepidochiton cinereus L. GASTROPODA Patella vulgata L. Buccinum undatum L. Gibbula umbilicalis (da Costa) Littorina littorea (L.) L. saxatilis L. L. littoralis (L.) Acanthodoris pilosa (Abilgaard) Adalaria (Doris) proxima Alder & Hancock Ancula cristata (Alder) LAMELLIBRANCHIATA Heteranomia squamula (L.) Mytilus edulis L. Scrobicularia plana (da Costa) tHiatella arctica (L.) {Barnea parva (Pennant) + In spite of abundant signs of their borings, no living specimens of these two species were obtained. POLYZOA ECTOPROCTA Callopora (Membranipora) aurita (Hincks) Electra hastingsae Marcus Bicellariella ciliata (L.) Escharella immersa (Flem.) Flustra foliacea (L.) = Mucronella peachi (Johnston) Berenicia patina (Lamk.) Alcyonidium polyoum (Hass.) ENDOPROCTA TUNICATA ASCIDIACEA Pyura sp. VERTEBRATA PISCES Anguilla vulgaris Turton. Ammodytes tobianus L. Onos mustela (L.). Gadus luscus L. Cyclopterus lumpus L. G. minutus L. G. merlangus L. Pleuronectes limanda L. Rhombus maximus L. Liparis vulgaris Fleming IV. BARRY HARBOUR During 1947, two students in this Department have carried out a survey of Barry Harbour and the two neighbouring pro- montories, Cold Knap Point and Friars Point, with special refer- ence to the influence of exposure to wave action and to the degree of immersion upon the distribution of the fauna. Full acknowledgment must be given to Mr. R. Blacker and Mr. D. Waugh for their extensive field work at this station and for their identification of the species there obtained. It is hoped that they will be able to publish their conclusions in due course but it was thought desirable to include their fauna list here for various reasons. In all cases their identifications have been checked by myself. The area examined included both east and west sides of each of the promontories, a broad strip of sand extending from within Barentsia gracilis (Sars) 296 R. DENISON PURCHON the mouth of the harbour down to L.W.O.S.T., an extensive area of mud and lesser areas of sand above M.S.L. within the harbour, and all rocky exposures around the harbour. Special mention must be made of the discovery of a few speci- mens of the barnacle Elminius modestus (29.10.47; 28.1.48) at this station, the first record of the occurrence of this species in the upper reaches of the Bristol Channel. A sparse settlement has been recently recorded at Neyland, Pembrokeshire (Crisp & Chipperfield, 1948). ‘The second record at Barry was only made after repeated searches and it seems probable that Elminius is only just beginning to be established at this station. Variation in the course of surface drainage channels and of the extent of the areas of mud and sand in the harbour indicate considerable mobility of the subtrate here. Mud may be de- posited extensively during a protracted period of calm weather, only to be removed and deposited elsewhere during rough weather. This will not be without influence on the distribution of the infauna. The accumulation of sewage on the lower levels of Cold Knap Point must have made field work here rather trying, and probably had some. influence on the local fauna. Actinia equina was especially abundant at low levels on the eastern side of this point and Eupa- gurus bernhardus was abundant on the western side. Water samples collected at intervals throughout the winter reached a minimum salinity of about 27 per cent. in March, 1948. At this time Solaster papposus was found in abundance at low water mark of equinoctial spring tides. Fauna List from Barry Harbour, Friars Point and Cold Knap Point. PARAZOA ANNELIDA Halichondria panicea (Pallas) ARCHIANNELIDA Chalina oculata (Pallas) Dinophilus sp. POLYCHAETA COELENTERERATA Lepidonotus squamatus (L.) HyDROZOA Lagisca extenuata (Grube) Dynamena pumila (L.) Sertularia cupressina (L.) Clytia johnstoni (Alder) Obelia dichotoma (L.) Tubularia indiwisa L. ANTHOZOA Actinia equina L. Tealia felina (L.) Sagartia troglodytes (Price) S. elegans (Dalyell) PLATYHELMINTHES ‘TURBELLARIA Leptoplana tremellaris (O. F. Miller) NEMERTINI Lineus gesserensis (O. F. Miller) Amphiporus lactifioreus (Johnston) Harmothoe impar (Johnston) Phyllodoce maculata (L.) Eteone longa (Fabricius) Syllis armillaris (Miller) Nereis pelagica L. J. diversicolor (O. F. Miller) Lumbriconereis fragilis (O. F. Miller) Scoloplos armiger (O. F. Miller) Scolelepis ciliata (Keferstein) Nerine cirratulus (Della Chiaje) Pygospio elegans Claparéde Polydora ciliata (Johnston) Cirratulus cirratus (O. F. Miller) Arenicola marina L. Amphitrite johnstont Malmgren Pomatoceros triqueter (L.) Spirorbis spirillum (L.) Potamilla reniformis (O. F. Miller). BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 297 ARTHROPODA MOLLUSCA CRUSTACEA PLACOPHORA Copepoda Lepidochiton cinereus (L.) ?Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer) GASTROPODA Cirripedia Patella vulgata L. Chithamalus stellatus (Poli) Littorina littorea (L.) Balanus balanoides (L.) L. saxatilis L. B. improvisus Darwin L. littoralis (L.) B. perforatus Bruguiére (spat) L. neritoides (L.) Elminius modestus (Darwin) Nucella lapillus (L.) Verruca stremia (O. F. Miller) Buccinum undatum L. Malacostraca Retusa alba (Kanmacher) Isopoda Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) Idothea granulosa Rathke LAMELLIBRANCHIATA Janira maculosa Leach Mytilus edulis L. Jara marina (Fabricius) Hatella arctica (L.) Spheroma serratum (Fabricius) Cardium edule L. Ligia oceanica (L.) Macoma balthica (L.) Hemioniscus balani (Spence POLYZOA Bate) Ecroprocra Amphipoda : Membranipora pilosa (L.) Bathyporeia guilliamsoniana Flustrella hispida (Fabr.) ; (Bate) Bugula plumosa (Pallas) Gammarellus homari (Fabricius) Scrupocellaria scruposa (L.) Marinogammarus marinus Berenicia (Diastopora) patina (Lamk.) (Leach) Bicellariella ciliata (L.) M. obiusatus (Dahl) Vesicularia spinosa (L.) M. finmarchicus (Dahl) ENDOPROCTA Apherusa bispinosa (Bate) Pedicellina cernua (Pallas) _ Schizopoda i Barentsia gracilis (Sars) _ Praunus flexuosus (Miller) ECHINODERMATA oe integer (Leach) a ecapoda Pandalus montagui Leach Solaster:papposus (1..) Leander squilla (L.) TUNICATA L. serratus (Pennant) ASCIDIACEA ; ce Crangon vulgaris L. Small solitary Ascidian, as yet Porcellana longicornis (L.) VERTEBRATA unidentified. Eupagurus bernhardus (L.) PIscES Carcinus menas (Pennant) Anguilla vulgaris Turton Cancer pagurus L. Mugil ? chelo Cuvier Spirontocaris cranchi (Leach) Onos mustela (L.) Galathea squamifera Leach Blennius phollis L. INSECTA Gobius pictus Malm. Petrobius sp. G. minutus Pallas V. BREAKSEA POINT The upper margin of this shore is formed by a steep shingle bank below which there is a narrow zone of clean sand. Where water trickles out from the shingle on to the sand, Gammarus locusta was found underneath stones. In places the sand was. colonised by large specimens of Arenicola marina. Below this sandy zone the beach is a broad expanse composed largely of rock terraces which tend to rise very gently towards the sea (south) and towards the west. The shore level descends towards low-water mark by a regular series of shallow steps, there being two large pools above M.S.L., one at Breaksea Point 298 R. DENISON PURCHON and the other in Limpert Bay. Water drains from each of these pools through an area of boulders and stones, the borders of the pools elsewhere being principally of smooth, gently sloping rock. Shallow water stands on the terraces west of the pool in Limpert Bay and also on the terraces between M.S.L. and L.W.N.T., and here the water cascades steadily over the steps and in conse- quence much of the lower half of the beach is covered by running water during the whole of the ebb tide. Around the two large pools mentioned, under stones and boulders where the water flows away, quite a large fauna has been observed including the following species :— Amphiporus lactifloreus Spirorbis spirillum Gibbula umbilicalis Oerstedia dorsalis Balanus improvisus Paphia saxatilis Actinia equina B. crenatus Mytilus edulis Lagisca extenuata Littorina saxatilis Amphipholis squamata Pomatoceros triqueter L. littoralis On the western side of the pool in Limpert Bay where the terraces retain shallow pools, large specimens of Patella vulgata occur both on dry rocks and in the water and those in water carry abundant Polydora ciliata in their shells. Each rise consists of a cap of rock overhanging a layer of greenish clay. Theclayis partly covered by standing water and is bored by :— Polydora ciliata Corophium vulutator Barnea candida The cap of rock on each rise carries Chthamalus stellatus on its vertical face and Balanus balanoides principally on its overhanging surface. ‘This last species is parasitised by Hemioniscus balan. The rock cap is easily broken, and in dry crevices Marinogammarus marinus has been obtained. In rock pools Blennius pholis or Onos mustela may be found. On the western side of the pool in Limpert Bay a broad strip oe muddy sand extends almost to L.W.N.T. In its uppe half in particular it is colonised by Nephthys cirrosa Scoloplos armiger Macoma balthica Near the upper margin of this zone an area more muddy than elsewhere is covered by small stones and shallow standing water. Here several species may be collected, including :— Spirorbis spirillum Melita palmata Lerebella lapidaria Lepidochiton cinereus Near L.W.N.T. where drainage water cascades on to the sandy strip, an area of peat is exposed. ‘This peat is colonised by Barnea candida and to a lesser extent by B. parva. Phyllodoce mucosa has been collected from an empty Barnea burrow at this point. BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 299 -Owing to the presence of shingle and sand on the upper part of the beach, Pelvetia canaliculata and Fucus spiralis are excluded, and owing to the smoothness of the rock terraces lower down > and the great exposure to rough weather, there is not much Ascophyllum nodosum on this beach. Over the flat, bare, rocky terraces collecting is poor. Here, on the rocks and under boulders, one may find the following species :— Jera marina Patella vulgata Carcinus menas Littorina littorea Chthamalus stellatus Blennius pholis Balanus balanoides Below M.S.L. there are good growths of Fucus serratus on which one may obtain Dynamena pumila and Flustrella hispida. At low-water mark a number of distinct habitats may be dis- cerned. In places a thin growth of Sabellaria alveolata mingles with or replaces the F. serratus, and here few species are likely to be collected. The edges of the rock terraces may be very easily broken in places, revealing an abundance of Hiatella arctica. Other species which may be found here are as follows :— Phascolosoma minutum B. crenatus Harmothoe longisetis Nucella lapillus Balanus perforatus (spat) In some places there are outcrops of a very hard rock with overhanging ledges, beneath which there is a seam of more friable rock bored by Hiatella. Here Nucella lapillus is seen more frequently than elsewhere and, from the lack of any other food source in abundance, it seems probable that Nucella feeds here on Hiatella. On the under side of the ledges there are some good growths of sponge, including :— Halichondria panicea Grantia compressa Hymeniacidon sp. At L.W.O.S.T. in places Fucus serratus and Sabellaria alveolata are replaced by a dense, stunted growth of Laurencia pinnatifidum. No fauna was found on the patches of this weed. The best collecting to be had on this beach is in the boulder zone at L.W.O.S.T. Some of these boulders are extremely hard and their undersurfaces are closely bored by Hiatella arctica. ‘The most striking species on the underside of these boulders is Porcellana platycheles, dozens of which may be found clinging to a single large boulder. The tube worm Potamilla reniformis is found in abund- ance, boring into the rock or occupying empty /iatella holes. The rock is difficult to split and examine, so other species may also occur within these holes. H 300 R. DENISON PURCHON Other species collected in this area may be listed as follows :— Leucosolenia lacunosa Balanus crenatus _ Electra hastingsae Leptoplana tremellaris Ocenebra erinacea Lepralia pallasiana Lagisca extenuata Calliostoma zizyphinum Barentsia gracilis Apomatus similis Gibbula cineraria Pedicellina cernua Pomatoceros triqueter Adalaria proxima Henricia sanguinolenta Janira maculosa Acanthodoris pilosa Solaster papposus Eupagurus bernhardus —_Heteranomia squamula Amphipholis squamata (spat) Porcellana longicornis _Alcyonidium polyoum Onos mustela Cancer pagurus Schizoporella linearis Liparis montagui Verruca stremia Pyura sp. Fauna List at Breaksea Point a. Intertidal b. Sublittoral PARAZOA Leucosolenia lacunosa (Johnston) Grantia compressa (Fabricius) Halichondria panicea (Pallas) Hymeniacidon sp. C@LENTERATA . HyDROZOA Dynamena pumila (L.) Halecium sp. Clytia johnstoni (Alder) * Hydrallmania falcata (L.) Sertularia cupressina (L.) *§. operculata L. Plumularia setacea (Ellis & Solander) *Drifting material. ANTHOZOA Actinia equina L. PLATYHELMINTHES TURBELLARIA Leptoplana tremellaris (O. F. Miller) NEMERTINI Lineus gesserensis (O. F. Miller) Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston) Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard) ANNELIDA BoLven ers Harmothoe longisetis (Grube) Protula tubularia (Montagu) H. impar (Johnston) Lagisca extenuata (Grube) Phyllodoce mucosa Oersted Nereis pelagica L. Nephthys cirrosa Ehlers Scoloplos armiger (O. F. Miller) Polydora ciliata (Johnston) Arenicola marina L. Sabellaria alveolata (L.) Terebella lapidaria L. Potamilla reniformis (O. M. Miller) Pomatoceros triqueter (L.) Apomatus similis Marion & Bobretzky Spirorbis spirillum (L.) GEPHYREA Phascolosoma minutum Keferstein BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 301 ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA Cirripedia Verruca stremia (O. F. Miller) Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) Balanus balanoides (L.) B. improvisus Darwin B. crenatus Bruguiere B. perforatus Bruguiere (spat) Malacostraca Isopoda Janira maculosa Leach Jera marina (Fabricius) Hemioniscus balani (Spence Bate) Amphipoda Gammarellus homari (Fabricius) Melita palmata (Montagu) Marinogammarus marinus (Leach) M. obtusatus (Dahl) ~ Gammarus locusta L. Amphitothoé rubricata (Montagu) Corophium volutator (Pallas) Decapoda Pandalus montagui Leach Pasiphae sivado Risso Spirontocaris cranchi (Leach) Crangon vulgaris L. Leander squilla (L.) Portunus marmoreus Leach Porcellana platycheles (Pennant) P. longicornis (L.) Eupagurus bernhardus (L.) Carcinus menas (Pennant) Cancer pagurus L. MOLLUSCA PLACOPHORA Lepidochiton cinereus (L.) GASTROPODA Patella vulgata L. Trophonopsis muricatus (Montagu) Calliostoma zizyphinum (L.) Idulia coronata (Gmelin) Gibbula cineraria (L.) . G. umbilicalis (da Costa) Tricolia pullus (L.) Littorina littorea (L.) L. saxatilis L. L. littoralis (L.) Rissoa parva (da Costa) Nucella lapillus (L.) - Ocenebra erinacea (L.) Acanthodoris pilosa (Abildgaard) Adalaria (Doris) proxima Alder & Hancock LAMELLIBRANCHIATA Heteranomia squamula (L.) Mytilus edulis L. Paphia saxatilis (Fleurian) Macoma balthica (L.) HMiatella arctica (L.) Barnea candida (L.) B. parva (Pennant) 302 R. DENISON PURCHON POLYZOA EcTOPROCTA Cryptosula (Lepralia) pallasiana (Moll) Bicellariella ciliata (L.) Schizomavella (Schizoporella) linearis (Hass.). _ Callopora (Membranipora) aurita Berenicia patina (Lamk.) (Hincks) Lichenopora hispida (F lem.) Escharella (Mucronella) immersa Alcyonidium polyoum (Hass.) (Flem.) Flustrella hispida (Fabr.) Flustra foliacea (L.) Amathia lendigera (L.) Bugula plumosa (Pallas) Electra hastingsae Marcus Vesicularia spinosa (L.) Crisia eburnea (L.) Valkeria uva (L.) ENDOPROCTA Pedicellina cernua (Pallas) Barentsia gracilis (Sars) ECHINODERMATA ASTEROIDEA Solaster papposus (L.) Henricia sangutnolenta (O. F. Miller) OPHIUROIDEA Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje) ECHINOIDEA TUNICATA ASCIDIACEA Pyura sp. VERTEBRATA PIscEs Onos mustela (L.) Gadus luscus L. Blennius pholis L Liparis montagut (Donovan) VI. SUBLITTORAL SURVEY From a base at Penarth a number of trips were made in “‘ Progress I’, navigated by Mr. F. J. Boyce. The area worked most thoroughly was that off Penarth and Lavernock Point and around the south-west end of the Cardiff Grounds. A voyage was made upchannel as far as the Newport Deep Buoy, and another out as far as Stout Point (a little to the east of Nash Point). Trawl- ing and dredging were also carried out near the Monkstone, Flat Holm and Steep Holm. Many water samples were taken for the estimation of salinity, especially on a transect passing from Sully Island due south to the ‘‘ East One Fathom’’ Buoy. From this sublittoral survey a number of additions have been made to the local fauna lists for Peterstone Wentlloog, Sully Island and Breaksea Point (column b in each case). Here it is desirable to review the sublittoral records in an effort to identify any associations in the area examined. In all, 31 trawl and 17 dredge hauls were made. The Agassiz Trawl operated something like a dredge, collecting small stones, pieces of Sabellaria reef and, on occasions, large rocks and pieces of cement rubble which rubbed and tore the net considerably. Due to the simple, bag-like structure of the trawl, no large and Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 303 active fish were caught in it. A moderately large Turbot (Rhombus maximus) was caught by the dredge off Cardiff Grounds, and it appears probable that an Otter Trawl operated here might take some large food fish. On several occasions the haul produced no catch and no in- formation as to the nature of the bottom (trawls 6, 20, 24; dredges 1, 5, 9, I1, 12). On many occasions several species were taken but no indications of the substrate were gained. When the gear worked extremely smoothly on the bottom, it was tempt- ing to conjecture that it was gliding over smooth rock surfaces. Sometimes a change from such smooth gliding to working over Sabellaria and small stones was quite abrupt. ‘The nature of the bottom was unknown but possibly was smooth rock in the following cases :—trawls 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, 29; dredges Beh ead hand 2a iT. Clean sand or sand and piled Macoma shells were encountered in the region of Cardiff Grounds, and sand was also found near Newport Deep Buoy (trawls 5, 19, 23, 32; dredges 6, 17). Thick mud was met off Steep Holm (trawl 9g) and off Penarth — (trawls 18, 20). The most commonly encountered substrate was a mixture of Sabellaria and small stones which characterised all hauls hitherto unmentioned. In the following table a summary is given of the distribution of the principal species obtained, in relation to the type of sub- _ Strate. For each species the number of hauls in which specimens were obtained is given. TABLE—DIsTRIBUTION OF THE COMMONEST SUBLITTORAL SPECIES COLLECTED Unknown Small substrate Mud and | stones and | ? smooth Sabellaria Sand rubble mud rock = _ Total No. of Hauls 15 4 4 Crangon vulgaris ~ Pandalus montagui ... Pasiphae sivado Portunus marmoreus ... Eupagurus bernhardus Sertularia cupressina... Gammarus zaddachi... Pleuronectes limanda... Balanus improvisus ... Nereis pelagica Tealia felina Electra hastingsae Callopora aurita Escharellaimmersa ... Lagisca extenuata Sabellaria alveolata ...| m OO 69 O1 © meme NNeH eH NN NOD meee NOON ND ae PPO Orn MOOI OP LOND HWOUNW AD b—< 304 R. DENISON PURCHON In addition to those species listed in the Table, a considerable number of species was encountered on rare occasions. Gadus minutus, G. luscus and Biucellariella ciliata were each obtained in five different hauls, and 48 other species were obtained on one occasion at least. Several species of Polyzoa and the two echino- derms Henricia sanguinolenta and Psammechinus miliaris were taken in hauls between Breaksea Point and Stout Point. The general impression gained was that the sublittoral fauna was impoverished, due to the combined action of lowered salinity and powerful currents. It seems possible, however, that work with an Otter Trawl would indicate a greater abundance and variety of fish than has so far been discovered. Very small specimens of Pleuronectes limanda were most abundant on the sandy bottom in the region of Cardiff Grounds, and a landing was made on this sandbank to search for Macoma balthica or any other species which might be suitable as food for fish. No living specimen was seen nor were there any signs of an infauna, due, it is considered, to the mobility of the sand. The five decapod crustaceans listed at the top of the Table appear to be distributed indifferently over the various substrates encoun- tered. ‘Their abundance in individual hauls varied considerably and it is possible that further work on a statistical basis might disclose marked preferences for particular types of bottom. Pleuronectes limanda was most abundant on soft bottoms, while the majority of the other species listed in the Table require a rocky substrate on which to settle. VII. BIOLOGICAL NOTES Diadumene luciae Verrill 15.10.47. Specimens were found in abundance at L.W.N.T. at Peterstone Wentlloog. Large specimens draped the sides of the lowermost 15 of a series of wooden piles near the mouth of the sewer, being least abundant on the west sides of the piles. Smaller specimens were also found in moderate abundance on small stones lying here and there on the surface of the mud below L.W.N.T. ‘These specimens were far from typical, and I am grateful to Dr. H. O. Bull who checked their identity. He described them as most unusual variants of the species. For this reason-I give a brief description of the appearance of this anemone. Large specimens about } inch in diameter of disc and less than this in height. Scaphus green, showing a large number of pale stripes, but with no signs of the typical 12 orange stripes. Capitulum not easily seen on large specimens. Disc green, usually with a very distinct pattern of radiating and subdividing stripes of opaque white. This pattern was BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 305 especially well developed opposite the two siphonoglyphs but was sometimes repeated over the whole surface of the disc. ‘Tentacles buff in colour, the outer ones having a diffuse opaque white ring at the base. Of the inner ring of tentacles, often one, opposite a siphonoglyph, was much paler than the remainder. Sometimes such a pale tentacle was found opposite each siphonoglyph ; in such cases these two tentacles were sometimes exactly opposite each other but sometimes they were placed slightly asymmetrically. The smaller specimens were more nearly colourless and lacked any pattern on the disc. These specimens readily extended to the full length of the column, showing the capitu- lum clearly. Transverse sections of one of these small speci- mens were atypical in that only one pair of directive mesen- teries could be found, and these were very small in comparison with the other mesenteries. This condition was possibly due to the habit of reproduction by longitudinal fission possessed by this species. Examination of acontia showed the spirulae to be of the dimensions typical of this species. Large specimens obtained on slivers of wood scraped off the wooden piles sometimes appeared to lie in a row, for their bases were markedly oval in shape and adjacent anemones touched each other by these extensions of their bases. Tealia felina var. lofotensis 22.1.47. Some specimens obtained at L.W.O.S.T. at Sully Island were similar to those described by Bassindale (1940) from Blue Anchor and Kilve. Phyllodocid egg masses 21.4.47. Greenish egg masses about I cm. in diameter were found attached on the surface of rocks and on sand, near L.W.O.S.T. at Sully Island. Brought into the laboratory, these hatched over night. Syllis armillaris (Miller) 21.4.47. Iwo specimens in a thin film of mud in a split in the rock at L.W.O.S.T. at Sully Island. Both were ripe females, the posterior half of each being swollen and purplish with ova. Verruca stremia (O. F. Miiller) 5-2.47. Many taken at L.W.O.S.T. at Breaksea Point carried large compact egg masses. Balanus perforatus Bruguiére 31.10.47. Many very small, newly settled specimens amongst large specimens of B. crenatus at L.W.O.S.T. at Breaksea Point. 306 R. DENISON PURCHON Anthura gracilis (Montagu) 8.9.47. In dredge haul 4, off Sully Island, one female was found in an empty Sabellaria hole. The aperture of the hole was clos- ed by her caudal fan which appears to be specialised for this pur- pose. Deep inside the burrow ten young specimens were found. Jera marina (Fabricius) 15.10.47. Very large numbers were found at Peterstone Wentlloog, closely packed together in crevices and splits in a fallen tree lying on the mud near L.W.N.T. Many of these were carrying large green egg masses. Hemioniscus balan (Spence Bate) : Extremely abundant in Balanus balanoides at Sully Island. Single specimens, female, have also been obtained from B. improvisus at Sully Island (21.4.47) and at Barry (29.10.47). Bathyporeia pilosa Lindstrom 20.6.47. Specimens carrying ova were obtained in muddy sand near H.W.N.T. at Sully Island. Eupagurus bernhardus (1.) 8.1.47. A female in a shell of Nucella lapillus obtained at L.W.O.S.T. at Sully Island was carrying eggs. Adalaria proxima Alder & Hancock The character of the radula distinguishes this species at once from Onchidoris aspera (Alder & MHancock) (=Onchidoris muricata (Miiller)) from which it could not be distinguished for certain on external features. The specimens obtained at Portishead in 1937 (Purchon, 1939) and recorded in the text as O. muricata were possibly in fact A. proxima. ‘This record was omitted from the fauna lists of Purchon (1939) and Bassindale (1940). 7.1.47. Spawn was found at L.W.O.S.T. at Sully Island on the under side of boulders. This distinguishes the species from O. muricata which is said not to spawn before April. Specimens from Kilve (10.3.40) and Weston (22.4.39), kindly lent by Mr. Bassindale for examination, prove to be Adalaria proxima and not Onchidoris muricata. Acanthodoris pilosa (Abildgaard) 31.10.47. Several very tiny, newly metamorphosed speci- mens were found on the underside of a boulder at L.W.O.S.T. at Breaksea Point, on a sheet of Alcyonidium polyoum. Escharella immersa (Flem.) 7.1.47. A young colony found at L.W.O.S.T. at Sully Island was described by Dr. A. B. Hastings as showing the ancestrula as figured by Hincks, Text fig. 16, p. 361. This specimen has been added to the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 307 Alcyonidium polyoum (Hass.) 5-5-47. Largesheets were found under boulders at L.W.O.S.T. at Breaksea Point. Mature larvae were present in clusters of 6-8 and these were emitted in the laboratory over night. Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje) 31.10.47. Several very tiny, newly metamorphosed speci- mens were found on a sheet of Hymeniacidon sp. on the under- side of a boulder at L.W.O.S.T. at Breaksea Point. VIII. DISCUSSION From the data obtained from the survey of four beaches on the coasts of South Wales and Monmouthshire, it is possible some- what tentatively to compare the distribution of the fauna on both sides of the Bristol Channel, and to indicate the limits of range of certain species into the Bristol Channel. As yet, too little is known of the physical conditions obtaining in the Channel to attempt to isolate the environmental factors which bring about such limitations in distribution. It must be remembered, when making comparisons between | the faunas of different beaches, that the distribution of a species is dynamic and its penetration into an estuary may vary, and perhaps considerably, from time to time. Bassindale (1940) states, for example, that Gibbula cineraria was found by Swanton In 1912 as far up channel as Weston, but no higher than Blue Anchor in 1940. Similarly Sabellaria alveolata was recorded in 1923 at Portishead, whereas more recently it was found no higher than Weston. Again Littorina littorea has retreated from Portishead (1923) to Weston (1940) (map in Bassindale, 1943 a). Altogether 89 intertidal and 21 sublittoral species were collected at Breaksea Point and offshore in the vicinity. The shore here is very extensive, and doubtless further collecting will add many species to the fauna list. Including 9g sublittoral species, 33 species -were collected at Breaksea Point but not at stations higher up on the northern coast of the Bristol Channel. ‘The most important of these records are those species which are not likely to have been missed when collecting at the other beaches, where suitable substrates appeared to be present. These species are listed as follows :— Leucosolenia lacunosa Calliostoma zizyphinum Cryptosula pallasiana Grantia compressa Gibbula cineraria Henricia sanguinolenta Hymeniacidon sp. Ocenebra erinacea Amphipholis squamata Terebella lapidaria Paphia saxatilis Psammechinus miliaris Phascolosoma minutum Barnea candida (sublittoral) Porcellana platycheles B. parva Many species as yet unrecorded here have been obtained at Barry Harbour. Some of these may be excluded from Breaksea Point by lack of shelter. At Barry Harbour and on the neigh- bouring promontories, Cold Knap Point and Friars Point, Mr. 308 R. DENISON PURCHON Blacker and Mr. Waugh have collected a total of 98 intertidal species. Of these as many as 43 species have not been taken either at Sully Island or at Peterstone Wentlloog. It is probable that quite a number of these species are prevented from pene- trating further up the Channel by the lack of suitable substrates and adequate protection from rough seas, rather than by their intolerance of further reductions in salinity. The following list includes those species which have not been found on apparently suitable substrates at Sully Island or at Peterstone Wentlloog, and whose distribution on the southern shores of the Bristol Channel does not suggest an ability to penetrate more deeply into the estuary :— Potamilla reniformis Nucella lapillus Balanus perforatus (spat) Retusa alba Verruca stremia Hiatella arctica Porcellana longicornis Flustrella hispida Spirontocaris cranchi _ Pedicellina cernua Nerine cirratulus Galathea squamifera Barentsia gracilis Pygospio elegans Littorina neritoides Solaster papposus Elminius modestus must be considered separately as a recent addi- tion to this shore. The distribution of Elminius in British waters has been treated by Bishop (1947) and by Crisp and Chipperfield (1948). The presence of echinoderms at Breaksea Point and at Barry Harbour suggests that these two beaches should be compared respectively with Blue Anchor and Kilve on the southern shores of the Bristol Channel. It is less easy to determine what species reach a natural limit to their potential range into the Bristol Channel at Sully Island, for the shore at Peterstone Wentlloog offers little variety in habitat and many species are probably restricted above Sully Island by the lack of a suitable substrate rather than by an inability to endure the estuarine conditions. At Sully Island 67 intertidal and 22 sublittoral species were collected. Of these, 51 intertidal and 10 sublittoral species were not recorded on the shore at Peterstone Wentlloog or offshore in the vicinity. Many of these species, however, have been recorded at higher stations on the opposite side of the channel, e.g., at Portishead and at Aust. Excluding such species and a number of uncertain cases, the following list includes those species found at Sully Island and whose deeper penetration into the estuary is thought to be pre- vented by estuarine conditions other than the absence of a suit- able substrate :— Sagartia elegans Leptoplana tremellaris Lumbriconereis fragilis Scoloplos armiger Scolelepis ciliata Halichondria panicea Actinia equina Sagartia troglodytes Harmothoe longisetis Lagisca extenuata Arenicola marina Sabellaria alveolata Pomatoceros triqueter Apomatus similis Spiroribs spirillum Cirratulus cirratus Marphysa sanguinea Chthamalus stellatus Balanus crenatus Janira maculosa Hemioniscus balani Cancer pagurus Gammarus locusta Gibbula umbilicalis Buccinum undatum Littorina littorea Acanthodoris pilosa Berenicia (Diastopora) . patina BIOLOGY OF THE BRISTOL CHANNEL 309 When considering those species which appear to reach their limit of penetration along the coast of South Wales at Sully Island, it appears that there are similarities between this beach and Weston- super-Mare. Here Bassindale recorded rather more than 50 species and suggested an ‘“‘assumed’”’ fauna of about 70 species. The mouth of the Severn is arbitrarily fixed at Avonmouth, and Bassindale (1943a, 1943b) has shown that 10 miles below this point there may be a slow seasonal change in salinity at any particular station, but that during any one tidal cycle only slight changes in salinity occur. A series of observations taken on April 21st, 1947, at low tide, half tide and high tide at various stations agrees with this in showing little variation in salinity at each beach. Station Min. Salinity | Max. Salinity . Yoo %o0 Portskewett (Black Rock) es 12.5 14.5 Peterstone Wentlloog ba i) 19.9 21.1 Sully Island oA isa Le 27.4 27.9 Porthcawl _ - he 29.5 30.2 Above the point ten miles below Avonmouth the fauna has to endure either a slow change of salinity over a considerable range on each tide or, a more arduous experience, a lower range of salinity but a much greater rate of change of salinity. It appears certain that the beaches here under consideration are not exposed to such extreme conditions ; salinity changes but slightly during one tidal cycle but there will be a slow change in salinity from season to season. ‘Too few records are as yet available to admit further discussion of the environmental conditions characterising the four beaches which have been examined. IX. SUMMARY 1, During 1947 a survey has been made of the shores at Peter- stone Wentlloog, Sully Island, Barry Harbour and Breaksea Point. 2. The four shores are described briefly and a fauna list is given for each shore. 3. During September, 1947, a sublittoral survey was carried out from a base at Penarth. Trawl and dredge hauls were made offshore from Peterstone Wentlloog to Stout Point and around the Monkstone, Flat Holm and Steep Holm. A map has been prepared showing the shore stations, and the trawl and dredge hauls have heen plotted. 4. ‘The commonest substrate encountered in the sublittoral survey was Sabellaria and stones. Sand, mud and rubble, small stones and mud, and? smooth rocks were also met. An attempt has been made to identify the typical animal associations for each of these environments. 310 R. DENISON PURCHON 5. It was concluded that the sublittoral fauna of the area examined was impoverished, due to the combined effects of low salinity, strong currents and other factors. Probably however the use of an Otter Trawl would add considerably to the collection of large fish. 6. Some short notes relating principally to breeding habits have been collected in Section 7, Biological Notes. 7. In all, 184 species have been collected from these four — beaches (including the data of Rees, 1940). Of these, 38 are new records for the Bristol Channel. 8. An attempt has been made to determine what species reach their limit of penetration into the Bristol Channel at Breaksea Point, Barry Harbour and Sully Island. Echinoderms have been found at Breaksea Point at a salinity of approximately 30%, (summer), and at Barry Harbour (Solaster papposus in waters 27°, salinity in spring). g. Comparisons have been made with the faunas recorded for beaches on the southern shores of the Bristol Channel. X. REFERENCE LIST Bassindale, R. 1940. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Channel. IY. The Invertebrate Fauna of the Southern Shores of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. Ser. 4., [X, pt. 11, pp. 143-201 1942. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Channel. XIII. _The Intertidal Fauna of Porlock Bay. Jbid. Ser. 4. IX, pt. IV, pp. 386-399. 1943a. A Comparison of the Varying Salinity Conditions of the Tees and Severn Estuaries. 7. Anim. Ecol. 12, no. 1, pp. I-10. 1943b. Studies on the Biology of the Bristol Channel. XI. The Physical Environment and Intertidal Fauna of the Southern Shores of the Peat! Channel and Severn Estuary. J. Ecol. XXXI, no. 1, pp. 1-29. Bishop, W. H. 1947. Seether of an Immigrant Barnacle in British Waters. Nature, 159, p. 501. Crisp, D. J. and P. N. J. Chipperfield. 1948. Ofcuenenke of Elminius modestus (Darwin) in British Waters. Ibid. 161, p. 64. Knight Jones, E. W. 1948. Elminius modestus: Another Im- ported Pest of East Coast Oyster Beds. Jbzd., Vol. 161, p. 201. Rees,C.B. 1939. ‘The Plankton in the Upper Reaches of the Bristol Channel. 7. Mar. Biol. Assoc. XXIII, no. 2, pp. 397-425. 1940. A Preliminary Study of the Ecology of a Mud Flat. Ibid. XXIV, no. 1, pp. 185-199. Spooner, G. M. 1947. The Distribution of Gammarus species in estuaries. Part 1. Jbid. XXVII, no. 1, pp. 1-52. 311 TEMPORARY EXPOSURES AND BOREHOLE RECORDS IN THE BRISTOL AREA I. RECORDS OF BOREHOLES SUNK FOR THE NEW SEVERN AND WYE BRIDGES By W. F. Wuittarp, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Received, March 1, 1948. Read in title at General Meeting, March 4, 1948.) HE new Severn Bridge is planned to be a suspension bridge with a span of 3,300 feet, supported on two piers, one to be built on Great Ulverstone Rock and the other on the foreshore at Beachley. The stratigraphy of the area is not complex, but the strata have been deformed by tectonic disturbances of more than one age, the effects of which do not call for the same degree of detailed investigation as would be demanded if the scheme for a tunnel, and not a bridge, had been approved. The geological problems of a fundamental kind which call for careful examination are, firstly, the selection of sites where the rock is strong enough to carry the vertical loading of the piers and, secondly, the deter- mination of the position for the anchorages where an appreciable horizontal component of the stresses involved would operate within the foundation rock. The purpose of the present article is not to describe the strati- graphy, structure and palaeontology of the area, because these aspects of the investigation will be considered at a later date, but to provide factual information of the rock successions proved in a series of boreholes. The stratigraphical sequence is given below :— Alluvial deposits PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT Shales and limestones JURASSIC Cotham Beds Westbury Beds } Ruarie UNCONFORMITY Tea Green Marls > Red Marls i TRIAS Dolomitic Conglomerate UNCONFORMITY Dolomitic Limestone (C,—S, zones) > Lower Dolomites (Z—C, zones) CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Lower Limestone Shales (K zone) Massive Sandstones Oxp RED SANDSTONE 312 W. F. WHITTARD In a region where Triassic rocks rest unconformably on Carboni- ferous Limestone and where the contact is extremely irregular, it was necessary precisely to explore the ground with the object of determining the most suitable positions for the piers and anchor- ages. A borehole programme was drawn up by the Consulting Engineers, and, of the thirty-seven sites selected, Nos. 17, 18 and 23 were not drilled. The reports are not presented in numerical sequence but commence with the log of Borehole 1, situated at the south-eastern end of the centre-line of the Severn Bridge, which is followed by the logs of the boreholes next in succession to the north-west, the last group of holes being put down on the western bank of the Wye for the smaller bridge over that river (see fig. 7). I am happy to acknowledge the facilities for the examination of the cores provided by Messrs. Mott, Hay and Anderson, Consulting Engineers for the Severn Bridge, and to thank Dr. Stanley Smith for his unfailing help in the determination of the fossils. I also wish to acknowledge the receipt from the University of Bristol Colston Society of a grant towards the cost of publication of this paper. Borehole 1 Location: on centre-line of bridge 100 feet south-west of spot level 139 Aust Head. Height above Ordnance Datum: 130 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins ft. ins. Soil sae ote oe sab are mae ae SER OTIEO I O- Jurassic: Lower Lias Yellow clay with rounded pieces of limestone _... 6 6 7 AG Bluish-grey limestone with oyster shells (Ostrea hisinget Nilsson) . o 6 So Thin platy limestones with O. hisingeri and yellow clay ; small percentage only of core recovered ... 1 iy: 9 4 RuztTic : CoTHAM BEDs Crazy-Cotham limestone Ow g II Greyish-white shale with some thin beds of light-grey sandstone Meat sce a ist : 10 6 20 5 RuaztTic: WeEstsBury BEDs Black paper-shale with two limestones, one 8 inches thick and the other 6 inches thick (incomplete core) ... ome i) 35 0 Sdodrag HAMA GNV NYZAGS MiaN HHL YOd SHIOHANOM AHL AO SNOILISOd AHL ONIMOHS dVW-HOLAYS EOS) 0S | eos 143900) BUOISLIAIN 7ea19 Uy \ CO vi auo07S4dAIN 279977 Anyreag = yrooy Kiea7 314 W. F. WHITTARD Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins. ft. ins. Trias: KEUPER MARL Greenish-grey marl with bands of pk sandstone i = Tea Green Marl) _... Sg si 4 sty “ie “ie OLCO 44 0 Brick-red marl . 122 0 166 o Closely bedded, ‘colour- banded, green and lavender-grey shale ; gypsum occurs at depth 1664 feet . 8 o 174.0 Brownish-red marl with occasional green beds ; ; thin layers (+ inch) of satin-spar ... at ae) ORIG 182 0 Dark maroon shale with some streaks of alabaster ie BLE 200 O Dark maroon marl with rounded masses of alabaster ... I Oo 201 Oo Dark maroon marl with we of eypsn arenes sub- parallel to the bedding ; 130 214 0 Green shale, mottled brown, “with nodules and a bed 3 inches thick of grey limestone 3 0 217. O Light yellowish-grey, dolomitised, sandy marl with occa- sional small rock fragments up to 1 inch across siheg soe 1 (QeeG 220 0 Trias :. Dotomiric CONGLOMERATE Coarse-grained breccia with some pieces of Carboniferous Limestone traversing the diameter of the core... oo SaaS 225,93 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Medium grey, mauve-tinted, dolomitised limestone with crinoid ossicles preserved as casts and showing a charac- teristic ochreous colour ee ae As ae. sea, ES 227 0 Borehole 2 Location: 260 feet north-west of Borehole 1 on centre-line ; Aust foreshore. Height above Ordnance Datum: at Ordnance Datum. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION ALLUVIUM Loose stones and mud Ree nee ae We saad Wi 7a 7.10 Trias : KEUPER MARL Brick-red, sandy marl, with rare, nodular pieces of alabaster, and some greenish-grey bands of marl Be cle emer; 12 a9) 38 oO Greyish-green marl ate 2: 0 40 O Brick-red marl . ae Bae a 5 Oo 45 0 Red marl rich in nodules of alabaster his ae mera oC) 46 oO Maroon marl ... : 31.0 49 O Maroon marl with abundant nodules of alabaster. I Oo 50 Oo Maroon marl with veins of alabaster 10 O 60 oO Dark maroon marl with gypsum arranged subparallel to bedding ... Bs awe ee ong Vero 67 Oo Green shale, mottled brown ... 2 0 69 oO Greyish-cream, sandy, dolomitic marl with small pebbles 3 6 726 ‘Trias : Do.tomitric CONGLOMERATE Brick-red, hard marl with ane pices of red and cream Carboniferous Limestone ‘ 1} 6 74.0 Angular pieces of red and cream “Carboniferous Lime- stone set in a yellowish, dolomitic, sandy matrix ... era cy, e) 77 ve BOREHOLES FOR SEVERN AND WYE BRIDGES 315 Thick- Total ness Depth : ft. ins. ft. ins. C/ARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Fine-grained, liver-coloured, grey and maroon, dolomitic limestone which is extensively jointed wee 15, 0 92 0 Incomplete core owing to shattered limestone, but rocks as described above ... we 5. 0 97 Oo A section drawn through the Peden of Berens 1 and 2 shows the exist- ence of an unsuspected, deep valley in the Carboniferous Limestone, now in- filled by Trias deposits. The north-western flank of this valley falls through 77 feet in a horizontal distance of 105 feet, or a minimum inclination of 36°. The origin of the steep flank may be attributed to faulting, but a violently fluctuating topography of the ancient Trias land surface is characteristic throughout much of the Bristol district ; the Trias valley, the lowest level of which probably attains a minimum depth of 120 feet below Ordnance Datum, could reasonably be explained by the rapid erosion by a fast flowing stream, arising through torrential rainfall, under subarid conditions. Borehole 30 Location: 200 feet from Block H on centre-line ; Aust foreshore. Height above Ordnance Datum: 2.4 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION TrisAs : KEUPER MARL Red, occasionally greyish-green, dolomitic marl ... Sent O40 18 6 Soft, red marl (few cores)... es wa ste Sry Wea Yc) a1 6 Gypsiferous, red marl (incomplete cores) with nodular gypsum in places oe oe ae oe ae acy 8) (0) 31 6 Gypsiferous, red marl “eg a aoe ne isp, USO 35 3 Trias : Do.Lomitic CONGLOMERATE Yellowish-grey, hard, dolomitic marl 3 9 39 Oo Ochreous-yellow rock with angular pieces of Carboniferous Limestone up to 2 inches across... se one Sacle Wk Gua 42 9 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Medium grey, compact, crystalline, dolomitic, crinoidal limestone, in places extensively jointed AW 3 90 oO Grey and purple, compact, dolomitic, crinoidal limestone 10 0 100 Oo Borehole 36 Location : Aust foreshore, 200 feet north-west of block H and 64 feet upstream. Height above Ordnance Datum: 0.1 foot. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION TriAs: KEUPER MARL Red, dolomitic marl with some Sigman Th bands iterel as Or (aaah) 17 0 Cavity re Lid Bos Said was : ame ioe hae Gane 18 Oo Soft, red marl ... : as a a as sae 6 22 6 Red marl with gypsum ban ee Ls 6 24 O Red marl with abundant specks of r gypsum oe foe 12) 0 36 Oo Greyish-green marl... . sat ear 2st 0 38 oO Trias : Do.omitic Gaverouawate Buff-coloured, dolomitic, marly sandstone passing down into a coarse-grained breccia including fragments of Carboni- ferous Limestone up to 2 inches across hes zai ve 40 42 0 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Grey, crystalline, compact, dolomitic, unfossiliferous lime- mone ... a ee ae ae at ae een ALO, YO 52 0 316 W. F. WHITTARD Borehole 37 Location: Aust foreshore, 225 feet north-west of block ist and 70 feet down- stream. Height above Ordnance Datum: 3.5 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION ness Depth ft. ins ft. ins. Trias: KEuUPER Maru Red marl with greenish-grey bands ; ssbris hag 17 6 Yellowish-grey marl with rounded masses of gypsum sie 4h VO 21 oO Trias : Dotomitic CONGLOMERATE Greyish marl with augue pieces of Carboniferous Lime- stone we : are wich Ee ue 2 tb the 22 6 Coarse-grained breccia _ sei ee a oy exit ON 23 Oo CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Grey, crystalline, compact, dolomitic limestone with occa- sional bands carrying crinoid ossicles a et Ree) 50 Oo: Borehole 25 Location: rock platform below Aust Head, the south-easterly corner of the proposed anchorage, 70 feet upstream from centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: 1.5 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Trias: KEUPER MARL Red, dolomitic marl ... 10 oO 10 0 Greenish-grey, dolomitic mar! “becoming harder and more calcareous towards base se sae age ae iat ee 15 oO Trias : Dotomiric CONGLOMERATE Angular fragments of Carboniferous Limestone set in a reddish-brown, dolomitic matrix... aks vit oot Mg |G I9 9 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Medium grey, compact, crystalline, dolomitic limestone ... 25 3 45 0 The junction between the Dolomitic Conglomerate and the Carboniferous Limestone was inclined at about 25°. Borehole 28 Location: rock platform below Aust Head, the south-westerly corner of the proposed anchorage, 70 feet downstream from centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: 0.5 foot. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Medium grey, compact, crystalline, dolomitic, crinoidal limestone. No fossils were recovered Ae Bhs ven FBR OO 55 0 Borehole 26 Location: rock platform below Aust Head, the north-easterly corner of the proposed anchorage, 70 feet upstream from centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: 2 feet. BOREHOLES FOR SEVERN AND WYE BRIDGES 317 GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins. ft. sins: CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Dark, medium and light grey, occasionally purplish, com- pact, crystalline, dolomitic and sometimes crinoidal lime- stone, which yielded at a depth of 12 feet a poor specimen of Kaphrentis sp. ... ote ae ut ee a. Siete SAIGAO 4 NO Borehole 27 Location: rock platform below Aust Head, the north-westerly corner of the proposed anchorage, 70 feet downstream from centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: minus 1 foot. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES . Medium grey, fine-grained, compact, crystalline, occa- sionally crinoidal, dolomitic limestone ae #03 ec SOY -O 50 oO Borehole 13 Location: Great Ulverstone, 100 feet south-west of centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: minus 8 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Light grey, fine-grained, compact, jointed, dolomitic, crinoidal limestone which yielded specimens of 40 3. 8 Medium grey, dolomitic, crinoidal limestone 2. 9 6 Oo Pink and grey, dolomitic limestone . I oO 7. @ Light to medium grey, occasionally pink, compact, “crystal- line, dolomitic, sometimes crinoidal limestone He siesta 32 0 Borehole 11 Location: 250 feet north-west of Great Ulverstone, measured along centre-line, and 100 feet north-east of centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: minus 59 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Grey, dolomitic, sometimes crinoidal, compact, jointed limestone with calcite infilling the joints. The rock is jointed between 33 and 38 feet and has been converted into a breccia, cemented by yellowish-weathering dolomite with some calcite. One specimen of sealiic wris cuspidata (Martin) was obtained. sais sins , io nude no 48 oO Borehole 21 Location : Beachley foreshore on site for a pier of the bridge, 80 feet south-west of centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: minus 17 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION No cores available = ca ioe: pon fae cane ao 21 0 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER LIMESTONE SHALES Brownish, calcareous siltstone with joints infilled with Trias marl 23 Pe a: wrt Ey? eh FOS 21 6 No cores available sae 12.18 34 2 Brownish, calcareous siltstone, “with Fenestella and crinoid ossicles, greyish shale and thin limestone I Oo 35 2 No cores available ad Vie 26° 4 Purplish-brown, calcareous siltstone ... Oo 5 36 8 No cores available 3 9 40 5 Brown and purplish, calcareous siltstone 0 7 41 O No cores available 3 0 44 0 Ochreous and purplish, calcareous siltstone with Fenestella sp., Trepostomatous bryozoa, ? Phillipsia sp., Orthotetes crent- stria (Phillips), Chonetes cf. hardrensis Phillips us i vio AO 46 oO Greenish-grey marl... 2 O 48 oO Greenish-grey and purplish, crinoidal limestone and silt- stone which provided Fenestella sp. ... 1 2 ao 50 O The fauna points to a correlation with the K zone and shows a close similarity to the succession found in borehole 20. Many of the cores had been removed for test purposes and the geological succession given above is incomplete. BOREHOLES FOR SEVERN AND WYE BRIDGES 319 Borehole 20 Location : 250 feet south of the eastern end of the Landing Pier, Beachley, and 75 feet north-east of the centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: minus 14.5 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Tota] ness Depth ft. ins. ft. ins. Trias: KEUPER MARL ‘Red marl with occasional greenish-grey shale... 16 o 16 Oo Thin layers of greenish-grey, micaceous flag contained in red marl carrying numerous small pebbles ... Fe coer ere BIO 18 o CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE: LOWER Tana LONe SHALES Maroon, and pinkish-grey, micaceous flag and shale 4 Reddish-grey, micaceous shale an 6 oO 28 o Dull maroon and dark green micaceous ‘shale and silt- ‘stone with occasional thin calcareous bands yielding Rhab- domeson sp., Fenestella sp., Syringothyris cuspidata (Martin), and Productus (Pustula) subpustulosus ‘Thomas Ao ee tre 6 39 «6 Purplish-grey and light green siltstone is 3a Ses 50 43 0 Dark, bluish-grey shale cd 3 0 46 oO Alternations of bluish-grey shale and more calcareous layers rich in crinoid ossicles : 2 0 48 o Dark, bluish-grey shale passing occasionally into siltstones and also showing thin bands rich in crinoid ossicles se 55 O 103 O Irregularly banded, blue-black and brownish-maroon shale and siltstone, calcareous to varying eam sometimes approaching a limestone, rarely crinoidal . 5 0 108 o Greenish-grey, irregularly banded siltstone, - in places suffi- ciently calcareous to grade into a medium grey limestone 5 6 113 6 Greenish-grey and brownish-maroon shale and _ siltstone yielding Orthotetes cf. crenistria eee) S: UREUNDE cuspidata and Fenestella sp. ... : sted, O 117. 6 Yellowish-purple, calcareous siltstone. 6 6 124 0 Dark, greenish-grey, calcareous siltstone “which “yielded ? Streblopteria, possibly S. ornata Etheridge ... ov, he tT'O-O 134 0 Brownish-maroon, calcareous siltstone are ees oat 2p y2 136 2 Grey, crystalline, granular, crinoidal limestone with Camarotechia sp., and Orihotetes sp. 2 10 139 O Brownish-maroon, calcareous siltstone o 6 139 6 Grey, crystalline, crinoidal limestone with | Spirifer torna- censts de Koninck ; ae eae ite ee eS I4l O Brownish-maroon, calcareous siltstone : on La ACS) 142 0 Dark grey, crystalline, crinoidal limestone . 3 0 145 0 Irregularly banded, dark medium grey, calcareous silt- stone, rarely maroon in colour : ae = Ro 150 Oo The dip in the Carboniferous Limestone increased from 20° at a depth of 22 feet to 30° at a depth of 100 feet. The latter angle was maintained except that at one place an inclination of 35° was measured. The rock succession belongs to the Lower Limestone Shales and is to be classi- fied as within the K zone. The fossils, however, are not exclusively typical of this zone. The lithology compares closely with that found in borehole 5 and here the fauna indicates the K zone. 320 W. F. WHITTARD Borehole 6 Location: at the foot of Beachley Jetty. Height above Ordnance Datum: minus 13 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Trias: KEUPER MARL Maroon and brick-red marl . ae ea ee ee Grey-green and liver- coloured, calcareous and dolomitic marl . ee oe BA Liver- Rabe And brick- red, banded, calcareous and dolomitic marl . Yellowish-red, calcareous and ‘dolomitic marl Brick-red sara Yellowish and pinkish-red, calcareous and dolomitic marl Borehole 5 Location: 400 feet west of the south-east end of Beachley Jetty. Height above Ordnance Datum: 15 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION ALLUVIUM Yellow sand Trias : KEUPER MARL Soft, red marl ... Red marl with occasional bands of yellowish-green, sandy marl CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : Paes Lae SHALES Dolomitised, crinoidal limestone with fragments of pro- ductids Green and occasionally. red, micaceous shale is Greyish-maroon, fine- grained, dolomitic, argillaceous lime- stone : Dark greyish-maroon shale with green bands Greenish-grey shale... Brownish-grey siltstone with Productus “vaughani Muir-Wood Greenish-yellow, fine-grained, dolomitic, crinoidal lime- stone which is ochreous in some bands and also carries blebs of green shale Greyish-yellow siltstone hi Uae is Ae Maroon, green and purple, " banded, micaceous_ shale which becomes more calcareous towards its base ... Soft, green, micaceous shale ... Maroon and green shale with bands of thin, decalcified limestone which yielded Productus cf. vaughani see Ochreous, dolomitic, fine-grained limestone, in places stained a maroon colour, and yielding Fenestella sp. Maroon, purple and green, slickensided shales sometimes with harder, dolomitic bands approaching fine-grained limestones Yellow and greenish-grey, fine-grained, dolomitic lime- stone, sometimes crinoidal .. Purple, calcareous siltstone with bands of yellow, decalcified, dolomitic limestone ... 5 : Ff Maroon and purple, fine-grained limestone | Purple, calcareous siltstone Thick- ness ft. ins. me moO Oo ~I OoO000 ono nae nO Ano Total Depth ft—1ns. 25 O 26 Oo 29 O 34 0 37, +O 48 oO 2 6 9 O 22 6 25 oO 28 oO 30 O Bi" 32 3. See 34 8 37° 9 40 O Aus" 44 6 47 oO 54 6 59 6 62 6 64 0 65 6 BOREHOLES FOR SEVERN AND WYE BRIDGES 321 Thick- Total ness Depth ft. "ins. ft. ins. Maroon and purple, calcareous siltstone with harder courses of dolomitic limestone which yielded Productus sp. The silt- stones predominate and provided Productus cf. vaughani, ? Rhabdomeson sp., and innumerable white crinoid ossicles 4 6 7FOURO Maroon shale with Rhabdomeson sp. and crinoid ossicles 1 4 71 4 Maroon, calcareous shale and argillaceous, fine-grained limestone with coarser-grained lenticular masses of crinoidal limestone. One sample of Productus (Pustula) pustulosus Thomas was collected ee S52 79 6 Green siltstone, sometimes carrying ‘calcareous, crinoidal masses... 60 85 6 Purplish-grey micaceous siltstone which yielded ‘Syringo- thyris cuspidata (Martin) and Rhabdomeson sp. 5 6 (opie ae) Grey, calcareous, micaceous siltstone containing “Productus (Pustula) subpustulosus Thomas, Fenestella aR ., and Rhabdo- meson sp. o 6 gt 6 Purplish-grey, micaceous siltstone 4. 6 96 o Greenish-yellow, banded siltstone Ie, gO 97 O Dark purplish-grey, micaceous siltstone Pamane) 99 Oo Light brown, fine-grained, crinoidal limestone ose eal oO LOL: /.0 Purple and bluish- -grey, banded, calcareous, crinoidal limestone ‘ a bis? oF Pe TIN a LO2593 Bluish-grey, micaceous shale ... ah Os 3 103. 70 Yellow and greenish-grey, banded, ‘crinoidal, micaceous, calcareous siltstone... ye sate (Ones 103 6 Banded, DEE ASerey> micaceous shale and Marie siltstone ... 26 106 o Purple and grey, crinoidal limestone crowded with im- perfect and badly preserved brachiopods such as Syringo- thyris sp., Productus of the vaughani group, Orthotetes sp., and Rhipidomella sp.; one spermen of a Murchisonia was found ... tae SP Mas ISI AS) 107 6 Bluish-grey siltstone with some calcareous bands... 1 6 109 0 Bluish-grey, banded, micaceous siltstone and shale con- taining poorly preserved and unidentifiable lamellibranchs ; a fragment of Orthotetes sp. was also obtained : 8, 6 ri 7an 6 Brown shale, siltstone and fine-grained, calcareous sand- stone, the latter containing numerous crinoid ossicles sat 135 10 HIP | XO) Yellowish-brown, fine-grained sandstone, sometimes cal- careous and crinoidal, and siltstone interbedded with shale 7 0o 128 oO Reddish-brown shale with some thin beds of crinoidal, fine-grained sandstone.. Be MER GeT@) 133 O Grey-hearted, ochreous- brown, weathered, ‘crinoidal, cal- Careous, fine-grained sandstone and ochreous Hien mica- ceous siltstone ... spb eet ‘ ee ‘ Bets Me Gate 0) 134 O The Triassic deposits were almost Hoey beaded, and, as far as could be determined,the surface of the unconformity was also horizontal. The dip in the Lower Limestone Shales was ascertained at several positions ; down to a depth of g1 feet the average angle was 25°, but below that depth to the bottom of the borehole the dip was generally in the neighbourhood of 40°. The fauna clearly indicates that the Carboniferous rocks belong to the K zone. Those traversed down to a depth of 107 feet 6 inches can be correlated with the K,; subzone, while from that level to the bottom of the borehole there is presumptive evidence, based on the lamellibranchs and lithology, of a cor- relation with the Km beds. During the sinking of the borehole, water was lost at the unconformity between the Triassic and Carboniferous rocks, and with a feed of 350 gallons per hour the water did not overflow at the surface. 322 W. F. WHITTARD Borehole 16 Location : 220 feet.south-east of borehole 15, measured along centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: 57.5 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total ness Depth git...ims! ft. ins. Soil hee ae af nde oe es A Los TS @ I Oo PLEISTOCENE Sandy clay ae fhe mn ie Luunog aie 8 Oo Sand, stones and boulders... i a, a ae TEU 21 oO TRIAS: KEUPER MARL Red clay and marl _... sl ah was said Py ale 6 fled 36 6 Greenish-yellow marl ... Eo Seg 38 oO Red mar! with rare, thin bands of greenish-grey marl... 17 0 55 Oo Green marl ode at oe 2 ee ta cas RG 56 o CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : ?LOWER DOLOMITES Medium grey, tough, occasionally crinoidal, jointed lime- stone, shattered and veined with calcite between 63 and 66 feet ... on se ine we Ae ap ta 15 (aan The junction between the Keuper Marl and the Carboniferous Limestone was almost horizontal. The details in the above record, down to a depth of 28 feet, were supplied by the borehole foreman. Borehole 31 Location: midway between boreholes 15 and 16, and 60 feet upstream from: centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: 57 feet. Remarks : Only two pieces of core were available for examination. One piece (depth 69-71 feet) was definitely Carboniferous Limestone, Lower Dolomites. ‘The other (depth 67-69 feet) appeared to be a coarse-grained Dolomitic Conglomerate with large fragments, but it could also be interpreted as the top of the Carboni- ferous Limestone which was jointed, the joints having been infilled by sandy mark of Triassic age. Borehole 32 Location : midway between boreholes 15 and 16, and 60 feet downstream from. centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: 57 feet. Remarks : Few cores were available for examination. The Keuper Marl rests directly upon the Carboniferous Limestone, without any development of Dolomitic Conglomerate, and the junction between them was found at a depth of 55 feet 6 inches. The Carboniferous Limestone, which was entered for a distance of 4 feet 6 inches, the borehole being discontinued when a depth of 60 feet was reached, comprises purplish and light-buff, crinoidal, dolomitic limestone ; this yielded Kaphrentis omaliusi E. & H., Productus (Pustula) subpustulosus Thomas and Spirifer tornacensis de Koninck. The fauna clearly indicates a correlation with the Z zone and the rocks are to be included in the Lower Dolomites. BOREHOLES FOR SEVERN AND WYE BRIDGES 323 Borehole 15 Location : 300 feet south-east of borehole 7, measured along centre-line. Height above Ordnance Datum: 57.5 feet. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins. ft. ins. Made ground ... aa aoe ae ae = setae SEO 2 0 PLEISTOCENE Sandy clay ae oe ae isn se Ou O 8 o Sand, stones and boulders... iat Ta tiie ese gg 10 22 0 Trias: KEuPER MARL Red and grey marl (no cores) ot sas a2 deceLatO 37 oO Greyish-green marl... Ae tas ae Bes ee ney ee 0) 41 oO Maroon and red marl ae ae ies tha ie 169.6 57 6 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE : LOWER DOLOMITES Grey, crinoidal, dolomitised limestone from which were collected Rhipidomella michelini (\’Eveille), Athyris cf. expansa (Phillips), Syringopora near S. ramulosa Goldfuss and Se ( larvae saprophagous. cincta F. 1787. G. Frenchay (A.) 14/4/35. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 27/1 /23,. Clevedon (A.) 9/9/40. Not very common, more often found out-of-doors, on walls and tree-trunks. fenestralis Scop. 1763. G@. and §, Very common. punctata F. 1787. G. and §. Fairly common chiefly out-of-doors. MYCETOBIA Mg. 1818 Wing clear, discal cell absent, membrane bare ; larvae mycetophilous. pallipes Mg. 1818. §S. Clevedon (A.) 15/7/42. Rare. Family :—Liriopeidae Medium-sized, black flies with suture on thorax ; ten veins reach edge of wing and there are two forks in apical portion ; there are also longitudinal folds ; the lowest longitudinal vein is long and curved downwards; there are some large, black spots on the wing, no hairs on veins or membrane; antennae have sixteen segments; the flies are found among Reeds and Sedges; the larvae: are saprophagous. LIRIOPE Mg. 1800 (PrycHoPpTERA Mg. 1803) S. G. Liriope s.str. contaminata L. 1758. G. and S§. Common. 422 H. L. F. AUDCENT Psychodidae albimana F. 1787. G. and §. Very common. -scutellaris Mg. 1818. G. Gloucester (W.), Olveston (A.) 2/9/23. S. Tickenham (A.) 24/5/26, Shapwick (A.) 16/7/27, Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 24/4/28. Fairly common. S. G. ParapTycHoPpTERA Tonn. 1919 paludosa Mg. 1804. G. Olveston (A.) 4/6/22, Tortworth (A.) 27/4/27, Tormarton (A.) 18/7/29.S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Leigh Woods (H.), Sharpham (A.) 22/8/22, St. Audries (A.) 23/8/29, Long Ashton (A.) 2/6/34. Fairly common. dacustris Mg. 1830. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 27/6/47. S. Crook Peak (Rd.), Tickenham (A.) 16/9/25, Kewstoke (A.) 19/5/33, Limpley Stoke (A.) 19/5/34, Kenn Moor (A.) 16/6/39. Fairly common. Family :—Psychodidae Very small flies with broad wings which are covered with scales ; flies found in damp situations ; larvae saprophagous. N.B.— Most of the records come from Rev. E. A. Eaton’s Papers in Fnt. ‘mon. Mag. 1893-8. No modern entomologist seems to be studying this family. The compiler of this list has many specimens awaiting determination. PERICOMA Hal. 1856 S. G. PErRICOMA s5.str. -trifasciata Mg. 1804. S. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). calcilega Feuer. 1923. §S. Wincanton (Eat.) 10/6 /o2. ‘blandula Kat. 1893. S. Blackmore Vale (Eat.). pulchra Eat. 1893. S. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). exquisita Kat. 1893. §S. Blackmore Vale (Eat.). -diversa Tonn. 1920. §S. Cole (Tonn.). fallax Eat. 1893. S. Blackmore Vale (Eat.). -avicularia Tonn. 1940. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.). §. Cole (Eat.) 2/9/04, Prior Park, Bath (A.) 20/5/29. ee 1818. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.). §S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Minehead at.). trivialis Eat. 1893. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.). §. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). palustris Mg. 1804. §. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). gracilis Kat. 1893. §. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). mutua Eat. 1893. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.). S. Bruton (Eat.). cognata Eat. 1893. S. Bruton (Eat.). compta Eat. 1893. S. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). extricata Eat. 1893. S. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). canescens Mg. 1804. S. Wincanton (Eat.). neglecta Eat. 1893. S. Minehead (Eat.}. fusca Macq. 1826. §S. Wincanton (Eat.), Shepton Mallet (Eat.). S. G. Utomyra Hal. 1856 SJuiginosa Mg. 1804. §S. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). CLYTOCERUS Eat. 1904 ocellaris Mg. 1804. S. Wincanton (Eat.). TELMATOSCOPUS Eat. 1904 S. G. Panimerus Eat. 1913 notabilis Eat. 1893. S. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). | Culicidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 423 S. G. TELMaToscopus s5.str. ustulatus Wik. 1856. S. Ashcot (Eat.). incertus Eat. 1893. §S. Wincanton (Eat.). morulus Eat. 1893. S. Wincanton (Eat.). fraterculus Eat. 1893. S. Wincanton (Eat.). consors Eat. 1893. §. Ashcott (Eat.), Edington (Cw.) 30/10/46. soleatus Wik. 1856. S. Wincanton (Eat.). S. G. Moria End. 1935 revisenda Eat. 1893. S. Stoney Stoke (Eat.). caliginosa Eat. 1893. S. Minehead (Eat.). PSYCHODA Lat. 1796 S. G. PsycHopa s.str. alternata Say 1824 (sexpunctata Curt. 1839). G@. Mangotsfield (Bw.), Bristol (C.), Painswick (W.). Phalaenoides L.. 1758. G. Bristol (C.). §. Edington (Cw.) 30/10/46. severini Tonn. 1922 var. parthenogenetica Tonn. 1940. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.). ‘brevicornis Tonn. 1940. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.). trinodlosa Tonn. 1922. G@. Mangotsfield (Bw.). S. Edington (Cw.) 6/11 /46. wgrisescens Tonn. 1922. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.). spreta Tonn. 1940. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.). erminea Eat. 1893. G. Mangotsfield (Bw.) 28/9/46. S. Cutcombe (Eat.). S. G. Tureticus Eat. 1904 Aucifugus Wik. 1856. S. Bruton (Eat.). Family :—Culicidae These include the Mosquitoes. Costa extends beyond the apex of the wing. Warvae mainly aquatic, phytophagous (minute algae) cr carnivorous. S. F. Drxinae Antennae long, slender, not plumose in either sex; wing bare ;_ proboscis ‘soft. DIXA Mg. 1818 S52) Gs, Drxa. “s.sir: mebulosa Mg. 1830. §. Tickenham (A.) 23/7/22. nubilipennis Curt. 1832. S. Rodney Stoke (A.) 6/4/29, Prior Park, Bath (A.) 20/5/29, Clevedon (A.) 13/2/41. uberula Lw. 1849. §S. Holford (A.) 28/8 /29. maculata Mg. 1818. §S. Cheddar (C.). submaculata Edw. 1920. §. St. Audries (A.) 24 /8 /29. S. G. ParaprxA Tonn. 1924 aestivalis Mg. 1818. G. Shepperdine (A.) 10/8 /24. smphibia Deg. 1776. S. Shapwick (Edw.) 7 /g /30. N.B.—The local Drxa need further attention. S. F. CHAOBORINAE CHAOBORUS Licht. 1800 (CorETHRA Mg. 1803) Antennae of male plumose, of female long and slender ; veins bearing hairs ; proboscis short and soft ; larvae transparent. 424 H. L.. F. AUDCENT Culicidae — S. G, CHaogorus s.sir. CO ana: Deg. 1776 (plumicornis F. 1794). G. Frenchay (C.), Henbury (A.)i 5/9/26. §. Shepton Mallet (C.), Backwell (A.) 16 /4/27, Taunton (A.) 6 [6 ue flavicans Mg. 1818. S. Nailsea (A.) 27/6/39, Clevedon (A.) 17/6/42. S. G. Soromyia Coq. 1903 pallida F. 1792. S. Sharpham (A.) 5/8 /25. S. F. CuticinAgE Antennae of male long, plumose, of female with short hairs ; veins of wing, and often body and legs, bear hairs and scales ; proboscis long and hard ; the females suck the blood of man and various animals, and in doing so they, may inject the germs of disease. ANOPHELES Mg. 1818 Abdomen without scales; female palpi as long as proboscis; scutellum with rounded edge and an unbroken row of bristles ; females attack man. plumbeus Steph. 1828. @G. Westbury-on-Trym (Wm.) 4/6/20. S. St. Audries. (A.) 18/8/29, Shepton Mallet (A.) 5/9/44, Luccombe (Cl.) 24/4/45- Arboreal species breeding in cavities in trees; thorax blackish; wing. unspotted ; not uncommon in woods. claviger Mg. 1804 (bifurcatus Mg. 1818 nec L.). G@. Tortworth (A.) 7/6/27. S.. Shepton Mallet (C.), Freshford (C.), Nailsea (A.) 24/4/27 and (Wm.) 1/5/27. Rural species, thorax brown, wings unspotted, fairly common. maculipennis Mg. 1818. G. Olveston (C.), Mangotsfield (Bw.) 1/4/44- S. Shepton Mallet (C.) 29/12 /o9, Sharpham (A.) 22/8/22. Domestic species hibernating in dwellings, thorax brown, wings spotted, legs wholly black. THEOBALDIA Nev.-Lem. 1902 Abdomen covered with scales; female palpi shorter than proboscis ; scutellum three-lobed with three groups of bristles ; hind metatarsus shorter than the tibia. Female abdomen with blunt apex. S. G. THEOBALDIA s5.str. annulata Schrk. 1776. G. and S. Common. Domestic species hibernating im dwellings, thorax brown, wings spotted, legs with white rings, females attack man. S. G. CunitceLtta Felt. 1904 fumipennis Steph. 1825. §S. Shapwick (A.) 9/8/23. Uncommon rural species, wings clear, female proboscis partly pale, does not attack man. morsitans Theob. 1901. §. Clevedon (A.) 18/6/40, Taunton (Cl.) 25/5/45. Fairly common rural species, wings clear, female proboscis wholly black, does not attack man. AEDES Wied. 1818 Like THEoBALDIA, but female abdomen with pointed apex; claws of front legs toothed (not toothed in all the other genera) ; all species attack man. S. G. OcHueRotatus Arrib. 189! cantans Mg. 1818 (maculatus Mg. 1827). S. Sharpham (A.) 27/8/25. Uncommon ; white rings on hind tarsi. detritus Hal. 1833. S. No locality (J. F. Marshall). punctor Kirby 1837 (communis auctt. nec Deg., nemorosus Aust. nec Mg.). G. Olveston (A.). S. Leigh Woods (C.), Nailsea (C.), St. Audries (A.) 24/8 /29. Clevedon (A.) 19/8/44. A common rural species. Tendipedidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 425 rusiicus Rossi 1790. G. Kingsweston (A.) 31/5/24, Olveston (A.) 4/6 /22, Filton — (A.) 29/5/35. §. Wellington (MI1.), Shapwick (A.) 9/8/23, Clevedon (A.) 27/4/45. Fairly common woodland species. S. G. Finuaya Theob. 1903 geniculata Oliv. 1791. G. Stroud (W.), Bristol (A.) 14/7/29. S. Brockley Combe (H.), Leigh Woods (H.) 10/7/17, St. Audries (A.) 24/8/29. Fairly common arboreal species, distinguished by its silvery-white knees. GQULEX L. 1758 Like THEOBALDIA, but hind metatarsus longer than the tibia; does not attack man. pipiens LL. 1758. G.and§&. Common. Domestic species hibernating in dwellings. Family :--Tendipedidae (CHrRONOMIDAE) These flies, known as Gnats or Midges, are moderately large, have long legs, the antennae are plumose in the male, short haired in the female ; no ocelli ;. wing long and narrow, bare or slightly hairy, sometimes spotted, about six longitudinal veins reach the edge of the wing, the costa does not reach beyond the apex of the wing ; no cross suture on thorax ; males often dance in the air in swarms; some larvae, called Blood-worms on account of their colour, live in the mud of ponds and are carnivorous, some are parasitic on aquatic plants and animals, some form cases like Caddis Flies and some are terrestial. None of the species are blood-suckers, many do not feed at all in the imago stage. There is much work to be done locally on this family. S. F. TAanypopinarE Cross-vein (m-cu) present between fourth and fifth longitudinal veins, second longitudinal vein (R2 + 3) forked or absent. PENTANEURA Phil. 1865 Fifth longitudinal] vein (Cu) forking at the cross-vein, costa not produced beyond apex of the third longitudinal vein (R4 + 5). S. G. Isopitasrus Skuse 1889 lentiginosus Fries 1823. G. Stone (A.) 21/5/27. nubilus Mg. 1830. S. Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 18/4/28. melanops Mg. 1818. G. Kingsweston (Wm.) 19/5/22, Stone (A.) 27/6/28. S. G. PENTANEURA 5.str. binotata Wied. 1817. G. Painswick (W.)._ Serrugineicollis Mg. 1818 (brevitibialis Goet. 1921). S. Shepton Mallet (C.). ANATOPYNIA Joh. 1905 Like PENTANEURA, but costa produced beyond apex of third longitudinal vein. S. G. Macropetopia Thien. 1916 nebulosa Mg. 1804. G. Winterbourne (A.) 28/4/23. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Sharpham (A.) 16/4/29, St. Audries (A.) 20/8 /29. notata Mg. 1818. S. Brockley Combe (Wm.) 23/4/27. punctata F. 1805. G. Bitton (C.). S, Abbots Leigh (A.) 16 /5/26., nugax Wlk. 1856. G. Fishponds (A.) 7/5/27, Blaise Castle (A.) 28/5/27. S. G. Psecrroranypus Kieff. 1909 varius F. 1787. G. Painswick (W.) Winterbourne (A.) 28 /4 /23, Fishponds (A.} 7/5/37. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Shapwick (A.) 25/3 /21, Prior Park, Bath (A.) 8/5/26, Nailsea (A.) 21/4/27, Wedmore (A.) 6/10/39. trifascipennis Zett. 1838. G. Painswick (W.). 426 H. iG. F.) AUDCENT Tendipedidae TANYPUS Mg. 1803 (PROTENTHES Joh. 1905) The fifth longitudinal vein (Cu) forks beyond the cross-vein and the stem of the fork is less than one-third the length of the lower prong. punctipennis Mg. 1818. G. Painswick (W.). S. Moreton (A.) 15/6/31. PROCLADIUS Skuse 1889 (TricHoTranypus Kieff. 1906) Like Tanypus, but stem of fork half as long as lower prong : fourth tarsal segment cordiform. choreus Mg. 1804. G. Clifton Zoological Gardens (Ty.) 15/5/47. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Prior Park, Bath (A.) 8 /5/26. culiciformis L. 1767. S. Nailsea (A.) 21/4/27. CLINOTANYPUS Kieff. 1913 Like Prociapius, but fourth tarsal segment cylindrical. nervosus Mg. 1818. §S. Kenn Moor (A.) 27/6/39. S. F. DIAMEsINAE Like TANYPODINAE, but second longitudinal vein (R2 + 3) always present and unforked. PRODIAMESA Kieff. 1906 olivacea Mg. 1818. G. Littledean (A.) 25/5/31. S. F. OrTHOCLADIINAE Cross-vein (m-cu) between fourth and fifth longitudinal veins absent ; fore- tibiae spurred. BRILLIA Kieff. 1913 Wing clear ; cross-vein r-m long ; membrane hairy. modesta Mg. 1830. S. Bicknoller (A.) 24/4/48. METRIOCNEMUS v.d.Wulp 1874 Wing membrane bears decumbent hairs : cross-vein r-m short. S. G. METRIOCNEMUS 5.str. fuscipes Mg. 1818. G. Painswick (W.), Bristol (C.), Hallen (A.) 4/3 /28, Dursley (A.) 4/6/30. S. Shapwick (A.) 25/3/21, Backwell (A.) 25/4/25, Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 17/4/28. S. G. PARAPHAENOCLADIUs Thien. 1924 irritus Wik. 1856. §. Axbridge (Rd.). CRICOTOPUS v.d.Wulp 1874 Wing membrane bare ; eyes pubescent ; tibiae white-ringed. pilitarsis Zett. 1850. S. Sharpham (A.) 22 /8 /22. speciosus Goet. 1921. G@. Minchinhampton (Rc.). éremulus L. 1758. S. Axbridge (Rd.). bicinctus Mg. 1818. §S. Shepton Mallet (C.) 9/9 /o9. motitator L. 1761. S. Nailsea (A.) 21/4/27. biformis Edw. 1929. G. No locality (Edw.). vitripennis Mg. 1818 (variabilis Staeg. 1839). G@. Olveston (C.) 2/3/13, Fishponds (A.) 24/3/22. S. Shepton Mallet (C.). HYDROBAENUS Fries 1830 (SPANIOTOMA Phil. 1865, OrtTHocLtapius v.d.Wulp 1874) Wing membrane and eyes bare ; tibiae unicolorous. ‘Tendipedidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 427 S. G. TricHociapius Kieff. 1906 ducidus Staeg. 1839 (lucens Zett. 1842). S. Leigh woods (H.). “oveatus Edw. 1929. G. Minchinhampton (Rc.). S. G. BryYoOpHAENOcLADIUS Thien. 1934 xanthogyne Edw. 1929. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 29/4/28. thienemanni Kieff. 1906. G. No locality. (Edw.). brevicalcar Kieff. 1911. G. No locality. (Edw.). S. G. Smrrtia Holmg. 1869 (Camprociapius v.d.Wulp 1874) aterrima Mg. 1818. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 18/3/22, Fishponds (A.) 24/3/22. S. Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 17/4/28. stercoraria Deg. 1776 (byssinus Schrk. 1803). G. Kingsweston (A.) 4/4/27, S. Leigh Woods (H.). trilobata Edw. 1929. S. Shapwick Edw.) 7/9/30. brevifurcata Edw. 1926. S. No locality (Edw.). THALASSOMYIA Schin. 1856 Antennae of male not plumose ; small, dark-brown, marine species. Srauenfeldi Schin. 1856. S. No locality. (Edw.). S. F. CHIRONOMINAE Like ORTHOCLADIINAE, but fore tibiae not spurred. TENDIPES Mg. 1800 (CHiRoNomus Mg. 1803) Wings bare. S. G. TENDIPES 5.str. fentans F. 1805. G. Westbury-on-Trym (A.) 9/20, Bristol (A.) 29/4/35. S. Sharpham (A.) 5/8/25, Nailsea (A.) 21/4/27, Clevedon (A.) 13/7/40, Shapwick (F.) 28/8 /48. pilicornis F. 1787 (moerens Wlk. 1848). S. Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 19/6/28. plumosus L. 1758. G. Painswick (W.). S. Tickenham (A.) 26 /4 /36. var. ferrugineovittatus Zett. 1850. G. Stone (A.) 28/6/28. S. Keynsham (A.) 14/7 /26. annularius Deg. 1776. S. Axbridge (Rd.). cingulatus Mg. 1830. G. Hallen (A.) 24/9/27. aprilinus Mg. 1830. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 10/4/21. S. Nailsea (A.) 21/4/27, Rodney Stoke (A.) 6/4 /29. riparius Me 1804. G. Olveston oe 4/6/22. §. Cheddar (H.), Prior Park, Bath (A.) 20/5/29, Keynsham (A.) 1/6/29. dorsalis Mg. 1818. G. Painswick (W.). S. Dunster (A.) 8/16. var. venustus Staeg. 1839. G. Kingsweston (A.) 29/4/35. paganus Mg. 1838. G. Walham (Fl.) 19/8/43. notatus Mg. 1818. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Tickenham (A.) 24/4/22. S. G. Cryprocutronomus Kieff 1918 b ibevidsi Kruse. 1933 (virescens Goet. nec Mg.). S. Nempnett (C.). S. G. GLypToTeNpDIPEs Kieff. 1913 glaucus Mg. 1818 (annularius Verr. nec Deg., pallens Goet. nec Mg.). G. Olveston (A.) 8/4/23, Shepperdine (A.) 2/8 /24, Hallen (A.) 12/4/26, Kingsweston (A.) 13/3/26. S. Taunton (C.), Burnham (A.) 28 /8 /22, Blagdon, Mendy (A.) 12/4/28, Sharpham (A.) 31/5/36. paripes Edw. 1929. S. Sharpham (A.) 7/8 /25. 428 H. L. F. AUDCENT Heleidae S. G. Enpocutronomus Kieff. 1918 dispar Mg. 1830. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 18/2/22. [S. Axbridge (Rd.), Shapwick (A.) 25/3/21, Tickenham (A.) 16/9/23, Sharpham (A.) 7 /8 /25, Prior Park, Bath (A.) 20/5/29, Clevedon (Bd.) 25/8 /47. impar Wlk. 1856. G. Tortworth (A.) 27/4/27. tendens F. 1794. S. Sharpham (A.) 22 /8 /25. rufipes L. 1761. S. Hanham (A.) 19/6/22, Taunton (A.) 9/6/24, Keynsham (A.) 24/5/36. S. G. STENOcHIRONOMUsS Kieff. 1919 gibbus F. 1794. S. Chewstoke (A.) 19/5/33. S. G. PARATENDIPES Kieff. 1911 albimanus Mg. 1818. §S. Shepton Mallet (C.). S. G. Microrenpires Kieff. 1921 pedellus Deg. 1776. G. Painswick (W.). S. Leigh Woods (H.), Sharpham (A.): 10/9/25, Prior Park, Bath (A.) 20/5/29, Keynsham (A.) 1 /6 /29. chloris Mg. 1818. §S. Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 18/4/28. Suscipennis Mg. 1818 (pedestris Mg. 1830). G. Painswick (W.), Tortworth (A.) 27/4/27, Bristol (Wm.) 21/5/27. §S. Chewstoke (A.) 19/5/33. nitidus Mg. 1818. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 7/5/32. S. G. Sticrocuironomus Kieff. 1919 maculipennis Mg. 1818. G. Minchinhampton (Rc.). PENTAPEDILUM Kieff. 1913 Wing hairy ; squamae fringed. tendipediforme Goet. 1921. S. Shapwick (Edw.) 7 /9 /30. flavipes Mg. 1818. §S. Dundry (A.) 13/2 /21. TANYTARSUS v.d.Wulp 1874 Wing hairy ; squamae not fringed. S. G. Lunpstroemia Kieff. 1921 praecox Mg. 1818. S. Nailsea (A.) 21/4/27, Rodney Stoke (A.) 6/4/29. bituberculata Edw. 1929. G. Minchinhampton (Rc.). S. G. TANyTARsus 5.str. tenuis Mg. 1830. G. Bristol (A.) 25/9/33. Family :—Heleidae (CERATOPOGONIDAE) Small, black midges, some of which are blood suckers and attack man ; male has antennae with a brush of long hairs ; the wing has two, long-forked veins. and short, thick, dark veins close to the costa; larvae saprophagous. Family neglected locally. FORCIPOMYIA Mg. 1818 Empodium as long as claws ;_ thick vein near costa short, wings densely hairy,. eyes bare ; females suck juices of other insects, do not attack man. S. G. Forcrpomyi s.str. pallida Winn. 1852. G. Stroud (FI.) 24/8/38. bipunctata L. 1767. G. Stroud (FI.) 2/7/42. S. West Town (Wm.) 26/8 /28,. Clevedon (A.) 17/9/39. brevipennis Macq. 1826. G. Aust (A.) 6/9/22. picea Winn. 1852. S. Vallis Vale, Frome (Wm.) 6/6/27. Heleidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 429 S. G. Eurorciromyta Mall. 1915 titillans Winn. 1852. S. Shapwick (Edw.) 7 /9 /30. S. G. Tuyrmomyia Saund. 1925 palustris Saund, 1925. S. Shapwick (Edw.) 7/9/30. ATRICHOPOGON Kieff. 1906 Empodium as long as claws, thick veins near costa long, wing sparsely hairy, eyes bare ; female attacks Beetles, not man. winnertzi Goet. 1922. G. Painswick (W.) 8/7 /o2. TETRAPHORA Phil. 1865 (DaAsyHELEA Kieff. 1911) Empodium short or absent, thick veins near costa short, wing densely hairy, eyes pubescent ; female does not attack man. holosericea Mg. 1804 (aestiva Winn. 1852). G. Westbury-on-Trym (A.) 4/21. flavoscutellata Zett. 1850 (egens Winn. 1852). S. Backwell (Wm.) 29/7/28, Shapwick (Edw.) 7 /9 /30. versicolor Winn. 1852. S. Brockley Combe (Wm.) 21 /8 /28. CULICOIDES. Lat. 1809 Empodium short ; thick veins near costa long, wing hairy and usually spotted ; eyes bare ; females attack man. nubeculosus Mg. 1830. S. Tickenham (A.) 6/21. riethi Kieff. 1914. S. Burnham (W. H. Thorpe) 27. chiopterus Mg. 1830. G. Bristol (A.) 25/9/33. §. Clevedon (A.) 20/10/39. obsoletus Mg. 1818 (varius Winn. 1852). G@. Painswick (W.). S. Backwell (Wm.) 2/9/28, Clevedon (A.) 5/10/39. fulicaris L. 1758. G. Painswick (W.), Kingsweston (A.) 20/4/25, Stroud (FI.) 12/4/43. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Shapwick (A.) 20/5/23, Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 17/4/28. SERROMYIA Mg. 1818 Empodium absent, thick veins under costa long, hind-femora thick and spiny beneath, eyes bare, wings sparsely hairy, predaceous on other insects, do not attack man. femorata Mg. 1804. S. Nailsea (C.), Holford (A.) 8/19, Shapwick (A.) 20/5/23. STILOBEZZIA Kieff. 1g11 Like SERROMyIA, but hind-femora not thickened. flavirostris Winn. 1852. S. Nailsea (Wm.) 20/7 /29. JOHANNSENOMYIA Mall. 1915 (SpHaERomiAs Curt. 1829 #.p.) Like STILOBEzzi1A, but wing bare. nitida Macq. 1826. G. Painswick (W.) 8/7/91, Olveston (A.) 18/6 /22. PALPOMYIA Mg. 1818 Like JOHANNSENOMYIA, but fore-femora spinulose beneath. flavipes Mg. 1804. S. Tickenham (A.) 27/5/22. BEZZIA Kieff. 1899 Like PaLPomyiA but thick veins below costa short and fore-femora with no spines or at most three. nigritula Zett. 1838. S. Rodney Stoke (A.) 6/4/29. ornata Mg. 1830. S. Sharpham (A.) 9/8 /25. Thaumaleidae Melusinidae 430 H. L. F. AUDCENT Bibionidae Family :—Thaumaleidae (ORPHNEPHILIDAE) THAUMALEA Ruthe 1831 (ORPHNEPHILA Hal. 1832) Small, rather stout, dark-brown flies with broad wings which have six. unforked veins ; antenna short with eleven segments ; found near streams; larvae aquatic, feed on Diatoms. verralli Edw. 1929. S. Weston-s-Mare (Wm.) 28/7 /28, St. Audries (A.) 26 /8 /29, Clevedon (A.) 2/9/29. Family :—Melusinidae (StmuLipDAE) These are small, dark, hump-backed flies with broad, clear wings, the upper veins are dark, the other eight are faint; ocelli absent; antennae short with eleven segments; they are known as Sand or Black Flies ; some of the females are blood-suckers and attack man, the males often dance in the air in swarms in the evening ; the larvae are aquatic, they live in running water, are attached to stones or plants and waft food particles into the mouth by means of a pair of fringed appendages. MELUSINA Mg. 1800 (Simutium Lat. 1802) S. G. MELUSINA 5.sér. ornata Mg. 1818. G. Cirencester (T.) 28/6/23, Bristol (B.) 22 /7 /26, Blaise Castle (F.) 29/9/46, Coombe Dingle (F.) 16/4/47. S. Taunton (C.), Wells (C.). reptans L. 1758. §S. Shepton Mallet (C.). equina L. 1758. §. Taunton (C.). S. G. Eustmutrum Roub. 1906 latipes Mg. 1804. G. Olveston (C.) 25/8/13. S. Tickenham (A.) 24/4/22, Clevedon (A.) 10/9/41. aureum Fries 1824 (angustipes Edw. 1915). G. Stone (A.) 27/6/38. S. Wells (C.), Mendip Caves (GIl.) 17/7/47. This family has been neglected locally. Family :—Bibionidae Large and medium-sized, black, hairy flies ; eyes round and hairy ; ocelli present ; antennae short, thick, with seven to nine segments; tibiae spurred; upper veins of wing usually darker than the other six veins, no discal cell ; larvae are saprohagous ; all species rather common. BIBIO Geoff. 1762 There is a strong, beak-like process at the tip of the fore-tibia. venosus Mg. 1804. G. Painswick (W.), Kingsweston (A.) 6/5/28, Blaise Castle (F.) 24/4/48. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 21/4/28, West Town (Wm.) 29/4/28, Shapwick (Wm.) 24/5/30, Portbury (F.) 4/8/37, Brockley Combe (A.) 17/5/47. leucopterus Mg. 1804. G. Painswick W.), Blaise Castle (Wm.) 1922. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Axbridge (Rd.), Shapwick (A.) 20/5/23, Prior Park, Bath (A.} 8/5/26, Leigh Woods (A.) 20/5/26, Keynsham (A.) 1/6/29. pomonae F. 1775. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Oldbury Court (Wm.) 25/6 /27. Shepton Mallet (C.), Shapwick (Sl.) 22/6/27, Flax Bourton (Wm.) 2/7/27. marci L. 1758. G.and §S. Common in April, known as St. Mark’s Fly. hortulanus L. 1758. G@. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Durdham Down (F.) 10/5/47. S. Cannington (SI.), Leigh Woods (H.). clavipes Mg. 1818. G. Painswick (W.), Bristol (C.). S. Freshford (BI.) and (C.) Bleadon (C.). nigriventris Hal. 1833. G. Painswick (W.), Blaise Castle (F.) 10/5/47, Coombe: Dingle (F.) 20/5/47, Bristol (F.) 14/4/48. §. Leigh Woods (H.) 19/5/19, Longleat (Ch.) 14/6/25, Burrington Combe (Wm.) 14/5/27, Clevedon (A.) 22/5/39. ? | Scatopsidae Fungivoridae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 431 Serruginatus L. 1767. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). reticulatus Lw. 1846. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 8/5/47. S. Leigh Woods (H.). johannis L. 1767. G.and §&. Very common in May, known as St. John’s Fly. laniger Mg. 1818. G. and §. Common, with johannis L. varipes Mg. 1830. G. Winterbourne (A.) 28/4/23, Kingsweston (A.) 2/5/26, Blaise Castle (A.) 15/5/26, Tortworth (A.) 27/4/27. §S. Backwell (A.) 25/4/26, Clevedon (A.) 4/5/27, Leigh Woods (H.) and (A.) 5/5/28,. Keynsham (A.) 14/5/32. var. hybridus Hal. 1833. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 15/5/26. S. Backwell (A.) 25/4/26, Clevedon (A.) 25/4/41. DILOPHUS Mg. 1803 There is a crown of thorns at the apex of the fore-tibia. febrilis L. 1758. G.and §&. Very common in Spring, known as Fever Fly. femoratus Mg. 1804 (albipennis Mg. 1830). G. Painswick (W.), Kingsweston (A.) 31/5/25, Filton (A.) 1/6/32 and (F.) 30/5/46. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Tickenham (A.) 20/5/21, Leigh Woods (A.) 25/5/25, Priddy (A.) 7/6/36. Family :—Seatopsidae Like BrBioniDAF, but smaller; eyes reniform ; body not hairy ; no spurs on tibiae ; wing veins reduced in number. PSECTROSCIARA Kieff. 1912 Veins of wing bear fine hairs, upper prong of forked vein interrupted at the base. S. G. ALDROVANDIELLA End. 1912 coxendix Verr. 1912. S. Sharpham (A.) 7/9/25. halterata Mg. 1838. G. Olveston (A.) 6/21. S. Shapwick (A.) 3/9/22. S. G. PsEcCTROSCIARA S.str. soluta Lw. 1846 (palustris Edw. 1925). S. Clevedon (A.) 12/8/40. tenuicauda Duda 19209 (soluta Edw. nec Lw.). S. Tickenham (A.) 19/7/24. SWAMMERDAMELLA End. 1912 Costa very short, upper prong of forked vein complete, veins bare. brevicornis Mg. 1830. G. Shepperdine (A.) 15/8/24. SCATOPSE Geoff. 1762 Like SWAMMERDAMELLA, but costa and fork of vein longer. notata L. 1758. G. Olveston (A.) 6/21, Bristol (A.) 11/9/29. S. Tickenham (A.) 16/9/21, Clevedon (A.) 2/9/39. Sometimes found indoors. flavicollis Mg. 1818. G. Rodborough, Stroud (Fl.) 27/9/43, Blaise Castle (F.) 8/11/47. S. Leigh Woods (H.), Clevedon (A.) 1/11 /47. picea Mg. 5 8. var. scutellata Lw. 1846. G. Painswick (W.) S. Clevedon (A.) 26 /9/39. geniculata Zett. 1850. S. Clevedon (A.) 12/9/40 and 20/8 /47. JSuscipes Mg. 1830 (recurva Lw. 1846). G. Bristol (Wm.) 28/10/22. S. West Town (Wm.) 22/7/28. Family :—Fungivoridae (MycrTOpHILIDAE) Medium-sized to small flies of various colours, known as Fungus Gnats ; ocelli present ; no transverse suture on thorax ; third and fourth longitudinal veins usually forked ; tibiae spurred ; many of the larvae live in fungi (the few known hosts are recorded) ; flies usually found in woods. 432 H. L. F. AUDCENT Fungivoridae S. F. DrromMyvitnaE Lower cross-vein (m-cu) present, first vein below costa (Sc.) is short and does not end in the costa, wing hairy. SYMMERUS WIk. 1848 annulatus Mg. 1830. G. Painswick (W.), Wotton-under-Edge (P.). S. West Town (Wm.) 25/6/27. Rare, larvae in rotten wood. S. F. BOLiITopHILINAE Like DrromymnagE, but Sc. long and ending in costa, wing bare. BOLITOPHILA Mg. 1818 glabrata Lw. 1869. S. Wells (L.). Larve in Clitocybe nebularis Quel. Rare. cinerea Mg. 1818. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 29/10/22 and (A.) 3/9/30. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 18/10/24, Clevedon (A.) 30/9/46. Larvae in Hypholoma velutinum (Pers.) Fr. Not uncommon. saundersii Curt. 1836. G. Hallen (A.) 10/10/25, Dursley (A.) 12/10/30. S. Leigh Woods (H.) and (A.) 27/10/22, Brockley Combe (Wm.) 23/4/27. Larvae in Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr. and Tricholoma personatum Fr. Fairly common. spinigera Edw. 1924. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 18/2/22. Rare. S. F. EupHrRosyNINAE (MACROCERINAE) Antennae very long and thread-like ; only one cross-vein (m-cu), wing finely hairy. Life-history uncertain, larvae may be carnivorous. EUPHROSYNE Mg. 1800 (Macrocera Mg. 1803) anglica Edw. 1924. S. West Town (Wm.) 22/7/28. Rare. vittata Mg. 1830. G. Painswick (W.), Oldbury Court (Wm.) 23/6/27. S. Leigh Woods (H.), Brockley Combe (F.) 25/5/47. Fairly common. pusilla Mg. 1830. S. West Town (Wm.) 22/7/28. Rare. lutea Mg. 1804. G. Painswick (W.). §S. Cranmore Woods (C.) 24/8 /o7. Uncommon. fasciata Mg. 1804. G. Hallen (A.) 10/10/25, Bristol (A.) 20/10/25, Blaise Castle (A.) 28/5/27. S. Weston-s-Mare (J.), Leigh Woods (A.) 22/5/26, Clevedon (A.) 6/6/40, Brockley Combe (A.) 17/5/47. Common, may be found in caves and dwellings, largest species 6-8 mm. centralis Mg. 1818. G. Kingsweston (A.) 9/6/23. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Clevedon (A.) 14/5/27. Fairly common. angulata Mg. 1818. G. Painswick (W.), Blaise Castle (Wm.) 17/6/22, Hallen (A.) 13/6/26. S. West Town (Wm.) 11/8/28. Fairly common. maculata Mg. 1818. S. Tickenham (A.) 19/6/43. Rare. phalerata Mg. 1818. S. Kewstoke (Wm.) 25/7/22, Nailsea (Wm.) 6/29. Not uncommon. stigma Curt. 1837. G. Painswick (W.), Winterbourne (A.) 13/5/23, Blaise Castle (A.) 11/5/24, Kingsweston (A.) 31/5/24. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 30/5/18 and (Wm.) 13/3/20 and (A.) 22/5/26, Pensford (A.) 24/5/23, Vallis Vale, Frome (A.) 31/5/35. Common. S. F. C&rROPLATINAE Like EuPHROSYNINAE, but antennae thick and short ; larvae carnivorous. APEMON Joh. 1909 marginatum Mg. 1804. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). S. Wells (L.), Brockley Combe (Chm.) 16/5/26, and (F.) 25/5/47, Clevedon (A.) 3/6/40. Fairly common ; large (10-12 mm), black, shining fly with yellow femora. _ IFungivoridae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 433 ASINDULUM Lat. 1804 S. G. MacrorruyncHa Winn. 1846 {flava Winn. 1846 (rostrata Edw. nec Zett.). S. Leigh Woods (H.) 6/7/17 and 17/6/18, Flax Bourton (Wm.) 2/8/27, Tickenham (A.) 12/6/40. Fairly common. URYTALPA Edw. 1929 (ZeELMIRA Mg. 1800 #.p.) wochracea Mg. 1818 (dorsalis Stacg. 1840). G. Olveston (A.) 6/21. var. nigriceps Wlk. 1856. G. Kingsweston (A.) 31/5/25. Not uncommon. NEOPLATYURA Mall. 1928 (ZEtmirRA Mg. 1800 /.p.) ‘biumbrata Edw. 1913. S. West Town (Wm.) 10/9/28. Rare. migricauda Strobl 1893. S. Shepton Mallet (A.) 29/6/42. Rare. umodesta Winn. 1863. §S. St. Audries (A.) 19/8/29. Rare. ANTLEMON Hal. 1871 servulum W1k. 1837. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 1916. Rare. ISONEUROMYIA Brun. 1912 (ZELMIRA Mg. 1800 /.p.) ‘baumhaueri Mg. 1818, 235 (semirufa Mg. 1818, 237). G. Blaise Castle (A.) 8 /ar. S. Wells (L.), West Town (Wm.) 29/7/28. Fairly common. ZELMIRA Mg. 1800 (PLATyuRA Mg. 1803) aemoralis Mg. 1818. G. Kingsweston (A.) 6/6/26. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 22/5/27. Fairly common. pallida Staeg. 1840. §. Clevedon (A.) 24/6/44. Uncommon. nigricornis F. 1805. G. Bristol (Wm.) 13/6/25 and (A.) 14/7/37. Rare. jasciata Mg. 1804. G. Painswick (W.) 28/7/92. S. Culmhead (H.), Leigh Woods (H.), Brockley Combe (Wm.) 25/6/25, Clevedon (Bd.) 29/6/41. Common. CEROPLATUS Bosc. 1792 festaceus Dalm. 1818. S. Shepton Mallet (C.). Rare. CEROTELION Rond. 1856 dineatus F. 1775. G. Olveston (C.). §S. Leigh Woods (H.), Long Ashton (H.), Portishead (Bt.), Holford (Sl.) and (Wm.) 25/7/25, West Town (Wm.) 28 /6 /29, St. Audries (A.) 30/8 /29, Clevedon (A.) 31/5/48. Fairly common. fhumeralis Zett. 1850. G. Olveston (C.). §. Leigh Woods (H.). Rare. S. F. ScIlopHILINAE Lower cross-vein (m-cu) absent ; eyes round ; lateral ocelli far from edge of eyes ; larvae probably carnivorous ; some are fungivorous. TRIBE :—MycomylIinI ‘Two ocelli situated close together ; wings with only fine pubescence. MYCOMYIA Rond. 1856 Larvae in webs under bark. winnertzi Dz. 1885. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Hallen (A.) 24/9/27. S. Leigh Woods (H.), Brockley Combe (J.), Clevedon (A.) 12/10/45. Fairly common. fyalinata Mg. 1830. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 18/10/24. Rare. flavicollis Zett. 1852. G. Dursley (A.) 12/10/30. Rare. 4rilineata Zett. 1838. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 28/5/27. S. Sharpham (A.) 9/8 /23. Fairly common. 434 H. L. F. AUDCENT Fungivoridae — TRIBE :—SCIOPHILINI Three ocelli, wings with fairly long hairs, second long vein (R5) long. LEPTOMORPHUS Curt. 1831 walkeri Curt. 1831. G. Olveston (C.), Kingsweston (A.) 29/9/24. 11-12 mm. Rare. NEURATELIA Rond. 1856 nemoralis Mg. 1818. G. Hallen (B.) 29/5/29. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 30/5/18 and (A.) 22/5/27, Portishead (Wm.) 21/5/27. Not uncommon. SCIOPHILA Mg. 1818 varia Winn. 1863. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 18/10/24. Rare. lutea Macq. 1826. G. Stone (A.) 27/6/28. Uncommon. Has been bred from Polyporus giganteus (Pers.) Fr., Hydnum repandum (L.) Fr. and Stereum hirsutum (Wild.) Fr. hirta Mg. 1818. G. Bristol (Wm.) 16/9/22. Fairly common. Has been bred from Daedalea sjuercina (L.) Fr., Portia vaporaria (Pers.) Fr., Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr., Auricularia auricula-judae (L..) Schroet. and Lactarius volemus Fr. ACNEMIA Winn. 1863 nitidicollis Mg. 1818. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 18/2/22. Not uncommon. TRIBE :—GNORISTINI Three ocelli ; wings pubescent or bare, second vein (R5) long. PALAEODOCOSIA Meun. 1904 (Dzienzicxia Joh. 1909 #.p.) alpicola Strob] 1894. S. Ebbor Rocks, Wells (Cw.) 31/8/48. Rare. APOLIPHTHISA Grz. 1885 subincana Curt. 1837. §. Leigh Woods (Edw.) 6/9/30. Uncommon. Has been bred from Poria vaporaria (Pers.) Fr. BOLETINA Staeg. 1840 trivittata Mg. 1818. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 28/5/27. S. Leigh Woods (H.) and (A.) 22/5/26. Fairly common. dubia Mg. 1804 (inermis Lundst. 1906). G. Blaise Castle (A.) 9/6/21. S. Wells (L.), Abbots Leigh (Wm.) 8/5/27. Fairly common. Larvae possibly in. Liverworts. dispecta Dz. 1885. §S. Leigh Woods (Edw.) 6/9/30. Rare. nitida Grz. 1885. §. Leigh Woods (Edw.) 9/36. Uncommon. basalis Mg. 1818. §. Brockley Combe (H.) 26/5/16. Uncommon. nigricans Dz. 1885. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 18/2/22. Rare. gripha Dz. 1885. G. Dursley (A.) 30/3/30 and 16/10/30. S. Leigh Woods. (H.), Clevedon (A.) 11/4/42. Common. SYNAPHA Mg. 1818 vitripennis Mg. 1818. G. Dursley (A.) 12/10/30. Not uncommon. TRIBE :—LEIINI Like SciopHiini, but second long vein (R5) short. LEIA Mg. 1818 winthemi Lehm. 1822. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 1916. Rare. strobli Land. 1925. G. Tormarton (A.) 20/5/36. Rare. Fungivoridae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 435 ‘ fascipennis Mg. 1818. G. Cirencester (T.) 7/6/23, Olveston (A.) 8/10/22. S. Portishead (A.) 24/9/21, Moreton (A.) 15/6/31, Clevedon (A.) 16/9/41. Fairly common. crucigera Zett. 1838. S. Sharpham (A.) 10/9/25. Rare. cylindrica Winn. 1863. S. Sharpham (A.) 10/9/25, Clevedon (A.) 1/9/39. Uncommon. bimaculata Mg. 1804, var. fasciola Mg. 1818. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 9/8/19, Clevedon (A.) 20/6 /34, 21/8/40 and 11/9/41. Fairly common. MEGOPHTHALMIDIA Dz. 1889 crassicornis Curt. 1837. §S. Clevedon (A.) 20/8/40. Rare. DOCOSIA Winn. 1863 sciarina Mg. 1830. G. Frenchay (A.) 14/4/35. Not uncommon. S. F. FuncrvorinAE (MyCETOPHILINAE) Like ScIopHILINaE, but ocelli close to or touching edge of eyes, wings finely hairy, mainly fungivorous. TRIBE :—EXECHIINI Meso- and ptero-pleura bare, hind coxae with bristle at base, tibial bristles short. ANATELLA Winn. 1863 Costa produced beyond apex of second long vein. setigera Edw. 1921. §. Rodney Stoke (A.) 6/4/29. Rare. EXECHIA Winn. 1863 Costa ending at apex of second long vein, base of lower fork beyond that of upper fork. © spingera Winn. 1863. G. Clifton Down (Wm.) 1/2/22. Fairly common. Has been bred from Hygrophorus chlorophanus Fr. fusca Mg. 1804. G. Painswick (W.), Blaise Castle (A.) 18/2/22 and (Wm.) 18/3/22, Olveston (A.) 5/11/22, Dursley (A.) 12/10/30. S. Shepton Mallet (C.). Common. Has been bred from Boletus versicolor Rostk..,. Amanita mappa Batsch., Tricholoma nudum Fr., Hebeloma crustuliniformis (Bull.) Fr., Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr., Hygrophorus chlorophanus Fr. and others. dorsalis Staeg. 1840. G. Dursley (A.) 12/10/30. Fairly common. Has been bred from Cortinarius hinnuleus Fr. and Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke. nana Staeg. 1840. G. Hallen (A.) 14/9/25. Fairly common. parva Lundst. 1909. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 24/10/22. S. Clevedon i y 27 /[10/47.. Fairly common. Has been bred from Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) F festwa Winn. 1863. S. Backwell (A.) 25/4/26. Uncommon. contaminata Winn. 1863. S. Clevedon (A.) 23/9/41. Uncommon. trivittata Staeg. 1840. G. Olveston (A.) 5/11/22. Fairly common. trisignata Edw. 1913. G. Clifton Down (Wm.) 5/2 /22, Blaise Castle (A.) 18 /2 /22. Fairly common. unguiculata Lundst. 1911. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 18/2/22 and (A.) 4/3/22. S. Leigh Woods (A.). Fairly common. subulata Winn. 1863. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 16/7/48. Fairly common. RHYMOSIA Winn. 1863 Like ExecuiA, but base of lower fork situated before that of upper fork, lowest longitudinal vein (An.) long and strong. cristata Staeg. 1840. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 20/8/22. Rare. 436 H. L. F. AUDCENT Fungivoridae_ domestica Mg. 1830. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 15/5/26. S. Wells (L.) Rodney Stoke (A.) 9/6/29, Leigh Woods (A.) 12/4/30, West Town (Ma.) 6/10/45. Fairly common. Has been bred from Tricholoma nudum Fr., Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr., Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch.) Fr. and Marasmius orcades (Balt.) Fr. excogitata Dz. 1909 (macrura auctt. nec Winn.). S. Blagdon, Mendip (A.) 19 /4 /28. Uncommon. ; Senestralis Mg. 1818. @G. Painswick (W.), Olveston (A.) 24/3 /23, Dursley (A.) 12/10/30. §S. Leigh Woods (H.), Mendip cave (Wm.) 25/3/33. Common. Has been bred from Pholiota aurea (Mall.) Fr., Cortinarius fulgens (A. and S.) Fr., Pleurotus ostreatus | jacq.) Fr., Eutoloma porphyrophaeum Fr., Clitocybe infund- — ibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr., and Armillaria mellea (VahJ.) Fr. fasciata Mg. 1804. G. Painswick (W.), Blaise Castle (Wm.) 22 /3 /21, Olveston (A.) 24/3/23, Bristol (A.) 2/12/24 and (B.) 11/2/28. S. Clevedon (A.) 29/9/41, Mendip cave: (D.) 5/4/47. Common. Has been bred from Tricholoma spp. and Clavaria inaequalis (Mull.) Quel. spimpes Winn. 1863. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 4/3/22. §. Leigh Woods (A.) 12/10/22. Rare. ALLODIA Winn. 1863 Like Ruymosra, but lowest longitudinal vein short and weak, no fold in wing below the lower fork. ¢rassicornis Stann. 1831. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 9/7/22 and (A.) 11/4/27. S. Shepton Mallet (C.) 1/3 /og, Clevedon (A.) 21/8/40 and 1/5/42. Fairly common. dugens Wied. 1817. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 18/3/22. §. Leigh Woods (H.), (Wm.) 12/3/22 and (A.) 31/9/27. Common. Has been bred from Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) Fr. ornaticollis Mg. 1818. G. Olveston (C.) and (A.) 15/9/28. S. Portishead (A.) 12/11/22, Leigh Woods (A.) 10/9/34. Common. Has been bred from Hygrophorus coccineus (Schaeff.) Fr., Russula sardomia Fr., Paxillus involutus (Batsch.) Fr., and Inocybe pyriodora (Pers.) Fr. var. incarnata (Bres.) Maire. grata Mg. 1830 (nigricollis Edw. nec Zett.). G@. Blaise Castle (A.) 11/4/27. S. Clevedon (A.) 28/11/48. Common. Has been bred from Paxillus tnvolutus (Batsch.) Fr. and Hebeloma crustuliniformis (Bull.) Fr. . Suscipennis Staeg. 1840. S. Clevedon (A.) 25/3/42. Not uncommon. griseicollis Staeg. 1840 (caudata Winn. 1863). G. Olveston (A.) 5/11/22. Not uncommon. BRACHYPEZA Winn. 1863 Like ALLopiA, but a well marked fold in the wing below the lower fork. helvetica Wk. 1856 (spurta Edw. 1913). G. Blaise Castle (A.) 3/9/30. S. Wells (L.). Uncommon. TRIBE :—FUNGIVORINI Mesopleura hairy, hind coxae bare. POLYXENA Mg. 1800 (CorpyLtaA Mg. 1803) Pteropleura bare, tibial bristles short, second segment of palpi swollen. Susca Mg. 1804. G. Hallen (A.) 14/9/25. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 27/9/25. Uncommon. Has been bred from Russula spp. : PHRONIA Winn. 1863 Like Potyxena, but palpi normal as in all other FuncivoripAE. All the following species are fairly common :— flavipes Winn. 1863. §S. Clevedon (A.) 5/9/41. exigua Zett. 1852. G. Hallen (A.) 24/9/29. S. Clevedon (A.) 23/9/41. | Z % Fungivoridae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) forcipula Winn. 1863. §. Clevedon (A.) 6/5/41. basalis Winn. 1863. S. Weston-s-Mare (H.) forcipata Winn. 1863. G. Kingsweston (A.) 20/4/25. S. Leigh Woods (Edw.) 6 /9 /30. cinerascens Winn. 1863. G. Hallen (A.) 24/9/27. tarsata Steg 1840. G. Clifton Down (Wm.) 5/2/22. tenuis Winn. 1863. §. Leigh Woods (A.) 31/9/27 and 12/4/30. conformis Wik. 1856. G. Olveston (A.) 2/5/22. dubia Dz. 1889. S. Clevedon (A.) 23/9/41. signata Winn. 1863. §. Leigh Woods (A.) 12/10/22. 437 DYNATOSOMA Winn. 1863 Pteropleura bare ; tibial bristles long ; eight scutellar bristles. fuscicorne Mg. 1818. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 1/7/18, Shapwick (A.) 21/5/23,. Clevedon (A.) 18/5/40. Fairly common. Has been bred from Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr., Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr., Daedalia quercina (L.) Fr., Trametes suaveolens (L.) Fr. and Lenzites betuline (ol re ul are FUNGIVORA Mg. 1800 (Myceropuira Mg. 1803) Pteropleura hairy, tibial bristles long, fourth longitudinal vein (Cu.) forked,. costa not extending beyond apex of second long vein, four scutellar bristles. fungorum Deg. 1776. G. and §. Very common. Has been bred from Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) Fr., Boletus edulis (Bull.) Fr., Boletus calopus Fr. Boletus luridus (Schaeff.) Fr., Boletus submentosus (Schaeff.) Fr., Boletus versicotor Rostk., Russula atropurpurea Krombh., Russula delica Fr., Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr.,. Russula fellea Fr., Russula ochroleuca Fr., Clitocybe giganteus (Sow.) Fr., Lactarius vellerius Fr., Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr., Amanitacitrina (Schaeff.) Roques, Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull.) Roze. lineola Mg. 1818. G. Clifton Down (Wm.) 1 /2 /22, Blaise Castle (A.) 29/10/22, * Olveston (A.) 5/11/22. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Leigh Woods (A.) 12/10/22, West Town (Wm.) 24/1/26. Common. Has been bred from Sparassis: laminosa Fr., Russula fellea Fr., Russula nigricans Fr., Lactarius vellerius Fr., Lactarius volemus Fr., Cortinarius hinnuleus Fr. and Hebeloma crustuliniformis (Bull.) Fr. ocellus Wik. 1848 (dimidiata Staeg.1840 preoc.). G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 29 /2 /22, Olveston (A.) 5/11/22, Bristol (Wm.) 11/11 /22, Kingsweston (A.) 26/11 /24,. Dursley (A.) 30/3/30. Common. Has been bred from Porta vaporaria: (Pers.) Fr., Phlebia merismoides Fr., Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr., and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr. formosa Lundst. 1911. S. Bourton Combe (Wm.) 8/4/22. Fairly common. Has been bred from Phlebia merismoides Fr. unicolor Stann. 1831. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.). §. Leigh Woods (H.) 6/5/18.. Rare. vittipes Zett. 1852. S. Clevedon (A.) 1/5/42. Fairly common. gibbula Edw. 1924. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 29/10/22. Fairly common. ornata Steph. 1829. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 7/8/23. 8S. West Town (Wm.) 10/7/27. Common. Has been bred from Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr.,. Polyporus giganteus (Pers.) Fr., Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr. curviseta Lundst. 1911. G. Clifton Down (Wm.) 5/2/24, Blaise Castle (A.) 16/3/24. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 12/4/30. Rare. marginata Winn. 1863. G. Clifton Down (Wm.) 27/1/22, Blaise Castle (A.) Ee Ska 13/3/22 and (F.) 16/7/48. S. Leigh Woods (H.), Backwelk 13/5/34. Common. Has been bred from Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr., Portia vaporaria (Pers.) Fr., Fistulina hepatica (Huds.) Fr. 438 H. L. F. AUDCENT Lycoriidae— finlandica Edw. 1913. S. St. Audries (A.) 25/8/29. Rare. ductuosa Mg. 1830. §S. Clevedon (A.) 10/10/41 and 1/5/42. Not uncommon. Has been bred from Paxillus involutus (Batsch.) Fr. signatoides Dz. 1884. G. Stone (A.) 27/6/28. S. Shapwick (Wm.) 6/8 /22, Nailsea (Wm.) 8/22, Clevedon (A.) 4/9/41. Common. Has been bred from Boletus spp. guttala Dz. 1884. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 15/9/30. Common. Has been bred from Russula nigricans Fr. tarsata Winn. 1863 (occultans Lundst. 1913). G. Blaise Castle (A.) 29/10/22. Rare. trinotata Staeg. 1840. G. Olveston (A.) 25/4/23. S. Clevedon (A.) 17/12 /48. Common. Has been bred from Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fr. and Polyporus adustus (Wild.) Fr. cingulum Mg. 1830. §. Leigh Woods (A.), Nailsea (Wm.) 9/28. Fairly common. Has been bred from Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. ZYGOMYIA Winn. 1863 Pteropleura hairy ; tibial bristles long, mid-tibiae with ventral bristles ; fourth longitudinal vein not forked, third and fourth longitudinal veins divergent, lowest longitudinal vein (An.) short. valida Winn. 1863. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 29/10/22. Not uncommon. notata Stann. 1831. G. Ruscombe (W.) 15/10/18. §S. Pill (H.) 8/9/17. Rare. SCEPTONIA Winn. 1863 Like Zycomyia, but third and fourth longitudinal veins parallel, lowest longitudinal vein long and no ventral bristles on mid-tibiae. nigra Mg. 1804. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 29/2/22 and (A.) 29/10/22, Fishponds (A.) 7/5/27. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 31/9/27, Clevedon (A.) 5/5/41. Fairly common. PLATUROCYPTA End. t910 (EpicyprA Winn. 1863 ).p.) Like Funcivora, but costa reaching beyond apex of second longitudinal vein. gestata Edw. 1924. G. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 26/10/22. Uncommon. Has been bred from the Myxomycete Reticularia lycoperdon Bull. Family :—Lyecoriidae (ScrIARIDAE) Eyes united above antennae by a narrow bridge; three ocelli present ; antenna long, composed of sixteen segments ; flies often apterous ; when winged recognised by the two forked veins, of which the upper fork is wide and has a more or less visible stem ; tibiae spurred. Flies found in damp, dark places and indoors ; larvae saprophagous. ‘There is no complete English work on this family. LYCORIA Mg. 1800 (SciaRA Mg. 1803) S. G. Lycoria s.str. caudata Wlk. 1848. G@. Blaise Castle (Wm.) 12/5/22. thomae L. 1767. G. and S. Very common. ruficauda Mg. 1818. §. Leigh Woods (H.). hyalipennis Mg. 1804 (autumnalis Winn. 1867). §S. Keynsham (A.) 15/5/22. Has been bred from leaves of Ranunculus spp. S. G. Neosciara Pettey 1918 flavicauda Zett. 1855. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 22/5/26. praecox Mg. 1818. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Blaise Castle (A.) 18/3/22, ‘ Olveston (A.) 6 /4/23. modesta Staeg. 1840. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 18/10/24. . Itonidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 439 nervosa Mg. 1818. G. Painswick (W.)... nitidicollis Mg. 1818. G. Painswick (W.). S. Tickenham (A.) 6/22, Shapwick (A.) 20/5/23. forcipata Winn. 1867 (pallipes Leng. nec F.). §. Leigh Woods (H.), Portishead PCA Ley) 10/22. carbonaria Mg. 1830. G. Bristol (C.). S. Leigh Woods (H.). bicolor Mg. 1818. G. Kingsweston (A.) 6/6/26. brunnipes Mg. 1804. S. Shepton Mallet (C.). morio F. 1794 (lugubris Winn. 1867). S. Shepton Mallet (C.). ulicaria Mg. 1818. G. Painswick (W.), Bristol (C.). | S. G. TricHosta Winn. 1867 absurda Winn. 1867. S. Culmhead (H.). S. G. PHoroponta Coq. 1910 (S. G. PstLomeGALospHys End. 10911). flavipes Mg. 1804. G. and §. Common. S. G. ZycongurA Mg. 1830 sciarina Mg. 1830. S. Sharpham (A.) 2/8/25, Clevedon (A.) 25/9/29. EPIDAPUS Hal. 1851 atomarius Deg. 1778. G. Lawrence Weston (Pr.) 17/4/24. PNY OTA Joh. 1982 Minute flies (1-2 mm.) ; female apterous, male winged or subapterous ; eyes round, three ocelli ; antennae long ; only one forked vein in wing. Larvae cause ‘ scab’ of potatoes, also found on tomatoes and cucumbers. scabieti Hopk. 1895. G. Clifton (C.). Family :—Itonidae (CrEcIDOMYIIDAE) Very small midges with long, hairy, antennae and only four to six wing veins. Larvae may cause galls on plants, or feed on Aphidae or be saprophagous. Most of our records apply to galligenous species. LESTREMIA Macq. 1826 cinerea Macq. 1826. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 18/2/22, Dursley (A.) 12/10/30. S. Tickenham (A.) 16/9/22. ANARETE Hal. 1833 coracina Zett. 1851. §. Shapwick (A.) 7/9/25. Rare. LASIOPTERA Mg. 1818 wubt Heeg. 1851. S. Sandford (R.) 22/8/16. Gall on Rubus caesius L. RHABDOPHAGA West. 1847 heterobia Lw., H. 1850. S. Corston (R.) 28/8/15. Gall on Salix triandria L. amarginemtorguens Winn. 1853. S. Clapton-in-Gordano (R.) 20/7/07. Gall on Salix viminalis L. rosaria Lw., H. 1850. G. Hanham (R.) 22/3/19. Gall on Salix caprea L. S. Keynsham (R.) 12/5/17, Barrow Gurney (R.) 11/6/18 and (R.) 8/9/25, gall on Salix alba L., Bath (R.) 11/4/22, gallon Salix aurita L., Barrow Gurney (R.) 11/6/18, gall on Salix cinerea L. salicis Schrk. 1803. S. Kenn Moor (R.) 28/9/17, gall on Salix cinerea L., Minehead _.. (Ha.) 1922, gall on Salix purpurea L., Shapwick (A.) 10/6/23, gall on Salix sp. terminalis Lw., H. 1850. §S. Clapton-in-Gordano (R.) 30/8/15, gall on Salix fragilis Li, 440 H. L. F. AUDCENT ~ Ttonidae DASYNEURA Rond. 1840 affinis Kieff. 1886. G. Littleton-on-Severn (R.) 18/10/17, gall on Viola sylvestris: Lam. S. Long Ashton (R.) 12/5/08, gall on Viola sylvestris Lam. brassicae Winn. 1853. S. Shepton Mallet (C.). bruneliae Kieff. 1909. S. Barrow Gurney (R.) 24/8/07, gall on Prunella vulgaris L. cardaminis Winn. 1853. §S. Compton Dando (R.) 27/5/11, gall on Cardamine pratensis L. crataegi’ Winn. 1853. §. Long Ashton (R.) 18/7/04, Minehead (Ha.) 1922,. galls on Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Sraxin: Kieff. 1897. G. Frenchay (R.) 15/6/06. S. Leigh Woods (R.) 10/10/05,, Banwell (R.) 30/5/18, Minehead (Ha) 1922. All galls on Fraxinus excelsio; L.. galiicola Lw., F. 1880. §. Cheddar (R.) 24/10/06, gall on Galium mollugo L. muricatae Mde. 1886. S. Brent Knoll (R.), gall on Carex muricata L. papaveris Winn. 1853. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). serotina Winn. 1853. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.) on Hypericum sp. sisymbrit Schrk. 1803. G. Mangotsfield (R.) 11/3/22, gall on Barbarea intermedia: Bor., Iron Acton (R.) 4/6/08, gall on Barbarea vulgaris Br. S$. Stockwood (R.) 19/6/18, gall on Barbarea vulgaris Br. thomasiana Kieff. 1888. §. Leigh Woods (R.) 27/6/23, gall on Tilia vulgaris: Hayne. tiliamvolvens Rib. 1889. S. Leigh Woods (R.) 27/6/23, gall on Tilia vulgaris: Hayne. ulmariae Bremi 1847. G@. Durdham Down (R.) 15/6/11, gall on Spiraea filipendula L. S. Pensford (R.) 26/6/03, Compton Martin (R.) 21/6/07, Minehead (Ha.) 1922, all galls on Spiraea ulmaria L. urticae Perris 1840. G@. Upton Cheyney (R.) 14/7/06, Bank of Avon (R.) 8 /6 /18,. both galls on Urtica dioica L; Frenchay (R.) 24/10/16, Moorend (R.) 21/9/09, both galls on Urtica urens L. S. Leigh Woods (R.) 29/9 /20,. Brislington (R.) 6/10/16, Keynsham (R.) 15/7/22, Minehead (Ha.) 1922,, all galls on Urtica dioica L.; Woodspring Priory (R.) 20/7/27, gall om Urtica urens L. viciae Kieff. 1888. G. Shirehampton (R.) 28/6/24, gall on Vicia angustifolia L.,. Shirehampton (R.) 16 /6 /21, gall on Vicia tetrasperma Moench. S. Brislington (R.) 7/6/17, gall on Vicia angustifolia L., Pensford (R.) 28/8/24, gall om: Vicia cracca L., Tickenham (R.) 25/10/19, gall on Vicia sepium L. TAXOMYIA Rib. 1915 taxi Inchb. 1861. G. Yate Churchyard (R.) 19/3/24, gall on Taxus fastigiata: Lindl., Winterbourne (R.) 24/2/99, gall on Taxus baccata L. S, Chelvey- Batch (R.) 16/2/16, gall on Taxus baccata L. JAAPIELLA Rib. 1915 genesticola Lw., F. 1877. G@. Goose Green, Yate (R.) 22/10/20, gall on Genista tinctoria L. S. Publow (R.) 22/8/03, gall on Genista tinctoria L. veronicae Vall. 1827. G. Yate (R.) 22/10/20. §. Clapton-in-Gordano (R.) 21/6/07, Barrow Gurney (R.) 27/10/21, Minehead (Ha.) 1922, all galls. on Veronica chamaedrys L. voluens Riib. 1917. S. Leigh Woods (R.) 27/6/23, gall on Tilia vulgarts Hayne. CYSTIPHORA Kieff. 1892 sonchi Lw., F. 1874. G. Filton (R.) 2/8/09, Almondsbury R.) 27/5/18, both galls on Sonchus arvensis L. taraxaci Kieff. 1888. G. Ashley Down, Bristol (R.) 5/6/22, gall on Taraxacume officinale Web. Itonidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 44] GEOCRYPTA Kieff. 1913 galit Lw., H. 1850. G. Moorend (R.) 27/9/10, gall on Galium saxatile L. S. Winscombe 7R.) 17/6/04, gall on Galium verum L., Nailsea (R.) 18/7 /08, gall on Galium palustre L., ‘Cheddar (R.) 24/10 [06 and Minehead (Ha.) 1922, galls on Galium mollugo L. WACHTLIELLA Rib. 1915 persicariae L. 1767. S. Shapwick (R.) 14/6/04, gall on Polygonum amphibium L., Kenn Moor (R.) 22/6/11, gall on Polygonum persicaria L. rosarum Hardy 1850. S. Vinnehead (Ha.) 1922, on Rosa spp. stachydis Bremi 1847. S. Charterhouse-on-Mendip (R.) 24/8/15, gall on Stachys sylvatica L. MACROLABIS Kieff. 1892 corrugans Lw., F. 1877. S. Failand (R.) 2/7/17, gall on Heracleum sphondylium L. pilosellae Binnie 1877. S. Keynsham (R.) 19/6/14, gall on Hieracium pilosella L. MAYETIOLA Kieff. 1896 dactylidis Kieff. 1896. S. Yatton (R.) 30/9/20, gall on Dactylis glomerata L. destructor Say 1817. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.) ; this is the Wheat Midge. CRANEIOBIA Kieff. 1913 corn Giraud 1863. G. Ashley Down, Bristol (R.) 27/7/08, gall on Cornus sanguinea L. S. Asham Wood, Frome (R. ) 4/8/19, gall on Cornus sanguinea L. PHEGOBIA Kieff. 1913 tornatella Bremi 1847. G@. Wotton-under-Edge (R.) 29/8 [035 gall on Fagus sylvatica L. §. Abbots Leigh (R.) 10/8/06, Failand (R.) 3/9/11, both on Fagus sylvatica L. MIKIOLA Kieff. 1896 fagi Hart. 1839. S. Leigh Woods (R.) 29/8/13, gall on Fagus sylvatica L. PHLYCTIDOBIA Kieff. 1rg1r2 solmsi Kieff. 1906. S. Leigh Woods (R.) 23/9/11, Portishead (R.) 3/5/05, both galls on Viburnum lantana L. DIDYMOMYIA Rib. 1912 réaumuriana Lw., F. 1878. §. Leigh Woods (R.) 27/6/23, gall on Tilia vulgaris Hayne. HARTIGIOLA Rib. 1912 annulipes Hart. 1844 (piligera Lw. 1888). S, Failand (R.) 3/10/11, Minehead (Ha.) 1922, galls on Fagus sylvatica L. RONDANIOLA Riib. 1938 bursaria Bremi 1847. G. Horfield, Bristol (R.) 16/10/18, gall on Nepeta glechoma Benth. §S. Tickenham (R.) 16 /10 /98, gall on Nepeta glechoma Benth. ITEOMYIA Kieff. 1913 capreae Winn. 1853. §S. Long Ashton (R.) 15/6/27, gall on Salix cinerea L. RHOPALOMYIA Rib. 1892 millefolit Lw., H. 1850. §. Keynsham (R.) 6/8/16, gall on Achilles millefolium L. ptarmicae Vallot 1849. G. Milbury Heath (R.) 3/8/14, gall on Achilles ptarmica L. tanaceticola Karsch 1879. G. Hanham (R.) 24/9/20, Durdham Down (R.). 16/8/27. S. Leigh Woods (R.) 27/9/20, all galls on Tanacetum vulgare L. F 442 H. L. F. AUDCENT Stratiomyidae — SCHIZOMYIA Kieff. 1889 galiorum Kieff. 1889. S. Weston-s-Mare (R.) 5/8/15, Burnham (R.) 22/8/23, both on Galium verum L. KIEFFERIA Mik 1895 pimpinellae Lw., F. 1874. S. Yatton (R.) 14/8/16, gall on Daucus carota L. CONTARINIA Rond. 1860 corylina Lw., F. 1878. S. Failand (R.) 19/2/20, Cleeve (R.) 7/12/20, both galls on Corylus avellana L. pyrivora Riley 1885. G. Olveston (C.) 19/6/11, on Pyrus communis L. steintt Karsch 1881. G@. Oldbury Court (R.) 17/8/27, gall on Lychnis dioica L. diliarum Kieff. 1890. G@. Compton Greenfield (R.) 19/7/17, gall on Tilia cordata Mill, Durdham Down (R.) 1/8/07, gall on Tilia vulgaris Hayne, Stoke Bishop (R.) 6/7/23, gall on Tilia platyphylla Scop. S. Axbridge (R.) 18/6/13, gall on Tila cordata Mill, Leigh Woods (R.) 27/6/23, gall on Tilia vulgaris Hayne. AMETRODIPLOSIS Rub. 1910 thalictricola Rib. 1895. S. Cheddar (R.) 28/7/25, gall on Thalictrum minus L. HARMANDIA Kieff. 18096 tremulae Winn. 1853. G. Bishop’s Hil! Wood, Wickwar (R.) 30/6/25, gall on Populus tremula L. MACRODIPLOSIS Kieff. 1895 dryobia Lw., F. 1877. S. Old Cleeve (Ha.) 1922, Minehead (Ha.) 1922, galls on Quercus robur L. volvens Kieff. 1895. S. Old Cleeve (Ha.) 1922, Minehead (Ha.) 1922, galls on Quercus sessilifiora Salisb. MONARTHROPALPUS Rub. 18 92 buxi Geoff. 1764. G. Tortworth (R.) 4/1/11. §. Bourton Combe (R.) 27/3/20, Goblin Combe (R.) 7/12/20, all three galls on Buxus sempervirens L. II. BRACHYCERA Antenna with three segments, the apical segment may be ringed, or may bear an appendage, called Arista, which appendage may be bare, pubescent or plumose ; palpus has only one or two segments. Family :—-Stratiomyidae Large or medium-sized flies with yellow or green markings on a dark ground, or metallic green or blue ; apical antennal segment ringed ; costa not reaching beyond the apex of the wing ; larvae aquatic or saprophagous. S. F. BERIDINAE BERIS Lat. 1802 Eyes hairy, thorax dark ; apical antennal segment with eight rings ; abdomen dark-brown or yellow ; scutellum bears from four to eight spines ; two veins start from the discal cell ; tibiae not spurred ; life-history unknown ; flies found in herbage and on bushes near water. 3 | clavipes L. 1757. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). §S. Leigh Woods (H.), Sharpham (St.) 4/6/27, Edington (Cw.) 23/5/45, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) | 1/5/47, Catcott (Cw.) 24/5/47, Clevedon (F.) 27/5/47. Not uncommon. » vallata Forst. 1771. G. and §. Common. . geniculata Curt. 1830. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 8/21, Coombe Dingle (F.) 6/7/47, Filton (F.) 7/7/47. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Banwell (C.), Leigh Woods Stratiomyidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 443. (C.) 20/6/16, Flax Bourton (H.) 28/5/18, Prior Park, Bath On 18 /7 /25, Tickenham (A.) 25/6/26, Backwell (F.) 3/7/37, Clevedon (A.) 25/9/40, Edington (Cw.) 17/6/42, Oakhill (Cw.) 9/7/46. Fairly common. chalybeata Forst. 1771. G. and S. Common. morris Dale 1841. G@. Coombe Dingle (F.) 15/6/46, Durdham Down i" Oe 19/7/46, Morton (F.) 11/7/47. §S. Porlock (Verrall), Prior Park, Bath (A.) 25/6/32. Uncommon. CHORISOPS Rond. 1856 Like Brris, but eyes bare. tibialis Mg. 1820. G.andS, Fairly common. S. F. CHLOROMYIINAE Scutellum without spines ; colour of body metailic ; antenna bears an apical bare arista ; larvae saprophagous. MICROCHRYSA Lw. 1855 Eyes bare, touching in male; abdomen short ; small, metallic, green flies ; three veins start from the discal cell, but do not reach the edge of the wing ; larvae saprophagous. polita L. 1758. G. and §S. Common. lavicornis Mg. 1822. G. Painswick (W.), Olveston (C.) and (A.) 4/6/22, Hallen (A.) 12/7 [24 Shepperdine (A.) 30/7/24, Stone (A.) 21/5/27, Morton (F.) nil /A7; ee Woods (H.) and (A.) 22/5/25, Tickenham (A.) 20/7 /23, Moreton (s .) 25/5/35, Clevedon (A.) 29/5/39, Edington (Cw.) 27/5/42, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 21 /6/47 BD (F.) 5/7/47. Fairly common. . cyaneientris Zett. 1842. G. Stone (A.) 27/6/28, Morton (F.) 8/7/47, Coombe Dingle (F.) 19/7/47. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 8/18, Nailsea (H.) 5/7/16. Uncommon. GEOSARGUS Bezzi 1907 (Sarcus F. and Curysonotus Lw. both preoc.) Kyes bare, not touching in the male; abdomen elongated ; medium-sized, @reen, metallic flies ; ; three veins from discal cell reach edge of wing. S. G. GEosARGUS 5s.sIr. cuprarius L. 1758. G. Painswick (W.), Stroud (Wt.), Wotton-under-Edge (P.),_ Kingsweston (A.) 9/6/29, Blaise Castle (F.) 8/5/48, Coombe Dingle (F.) 9/5/48. S. Backwell (A.) 17/7/26, Evercreech (F.) 27/6/36. Uncommon. eridatus Scop. 1763. G. and S. Common. flavipes Mg. 1822 (sblendens auctt. nec Mg.). G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Clifton (Wm.) 4/8/18. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Batheaston (Bl.), Portishead (A.) 24/9/21, Tickenham (A.) 11/9/22, Shapwick (A.) 7/9/30, Brockley Combe (A.) 31/8/33, Coxley, Wells (F.) 23/9/45, Saltford (F.) 1/9/46, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 21/9/48. Uncommon. S. G. CHrysocHroma Willist. 1896 ibipunctatum Scop. 1763. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Olveston (C.) 25/9/14 and (A.) 2/9/23, Bristol (F.) 1/10/44, Filton (F.) 13/10/44, Durdham Down (F.) 9/8/46. S. Batheaston (Bl.), Shepton Montague (Verrall), Leigh Woods (H.) St. Audries (A.) 20/8/29, Clevedon (A.) 8/9/29, Coxley, Wells (F.) 23/9/45. Not uncommon. CHLOROMYIA Duncan 1837 _. Eyes hairy, touching in the male; abdomen short, colour metallic green : veins coming from discal cell do not reach edge of wing. formosa Scop. 1763. G. and §. Very common. 444 H. L. F. AUDCENT Stratiomyidae ~ S. F. STRATIOMYINAE Apical antennal segment annulated, no arista; scutellum bears two spines 5 veins rising from discal cell do not reach the edge of the wing ; larvae live in mud of ponds and are zoophagous. STRATIOMYS Geoff. 1762 (Stratiomy1A Agassiz 1846) First antennal segment three or four times the length of the second segment ; large, black and yellow flies. chameleon L. 1758. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). S. Highbridge (C.), Shepton Mallet (C.). Rare. furcata F. 1794. S. Wellington (BI.), Shapwick (J.) 22/6/17 and (Sl.) 22/6/27, Berrow (A.) 13/7/30, High Ham (Cw.) 5/7/43, Catcott (Cw.) 24/6/44, Coxley, Wells (F.) 4/8/45, Edington (Cw.) "ai /45 and (F.) 5/7/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (F.) 5/7/47. Not uncommon. potamida Mg. 1822. G. Bristol (C.), Painswick (W.), Shepperdine (A.) 12/7/24, Dursley (A.) 26/6 /30, Filton (F.) 17/6/47, Coombe Dingle (Lw.) 26/6 /47- S. Wellington (BI.), Tickenham (Wm.) 12/7/24 and (A.) 26 /7 /24, Clevedon (Bd.) 25/6/43, Edington (Cw.) 31/7/45 and (F.) 5/7/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 17/7/45. Uncommon. EULALIA Mg. 1800 (Opontomy1A Mg. 1803) First antennal segment about as long as the second; medium-sized flies with yellow or green markings. S) Gy EULAMA “ssre angulata Panz. 1798. S. Sharpham (A.) 2 /8 /23, Pedwell (F.) 21/6/47, Edington: (Cw.) 27/6/47. Uncommon. Green and black fly. ornata Mg. 1822. §S. Taunton (Wm.) 7/6/24, Sharpham (St.) 4/6/27, Catcott (Cw.) 31/5/42, Kenn Moor (Bd.) 9/6/42, Edington (Cw.) 3/6/44, Pedwell (Cw.) 21/6/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 26/6/48. Uncommon. Yellow and black fly. S. G. NEuRAPHANIsSIS End. 1914 Black, medium-sized fly. tigrina F. 1775. S. Nailsea (J.) 29/5/20, Shapwick (Wm.) 10/6/21 and (A.) 17/6/23, Sharpham (A.) 2/6/36, Catcott (Cw.) 5/6/42, Edington (Cw.) 14/5/43 and (F.) 21/6/47, Pedwell (Cw.) 21/6/47. Not uncommon. S. G. Horptoponta Rond. 1863 Black thorax, green abdomen. viridula F. 1775. G. Walmore (Fl.) 19/8/43. S. Sedgemoor (Sl.) 21/7 /21,. Shapwick (J.) 17/7/19 and (A.) 2916 /39, Tickenham (A.) 1/7/33, Berrow (A.) 26/6/39, Kenn Moor (Bd.) 416 I4 44; Coxley, Wells (F.) 4/8/45, Pedwell (F.) and (Cw.) 21/6/47, Hdington (A.) 5/7/47 and (Cw.) 36 /6 /47, Street (Cw.) 28/8/48. Fairly common. S. F. CLrmreELLARINAE Antenna with apical bare arista; abdomen with only five or six visible segments ; wing with four veins rising from discal cell; larvae aquatic and zoophagous. NEMOTELUS Geoff. 1762 Small, wholly black or with white markings ; face produced snout-like ;. scutellum without spines ; found on plants in marshy localities. pantherinus L. 1758. G. Chalford (W.). §. Tickenham (A.) 23/6/29, Kenn Moor (A.) 2e6 /39, Shapwick (A.) 29/6/39 and (Cw.) 3/7/48, Coxley, Wells (F.) 8/7/45, Edington (Cw.) 13/6/47. Not uncommon. 2 [ae a Erinnidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 445 wliginosus L. 1767. G. Shepperdine (A.) 12/8/24, Hallen (B.) 11/7/29. S. Minehead (Bl.), Tickenham (A.) 19/7/24, Sharpham (B.) 17/2/27. Fairly common. fotatus Zett. 1842. G. Hallen (A.) 12/7/24, Shepperdine (A.) 12/8/24, Kings- weston (Wm.) 16/6/22. §S. Berrow (A.) 13/7/30 and 26/6/39. Fairly common. aigrinus Fall. 1817. S. Shapwick (B.) 22/6/24, (A.) 24/6/26 and (Cw.) 3/7 /48, Kenn Moor (A.) 27/6/39, Shepton Mallet (A.) 29/6/42, Edington (Cw.) 21/5/42, Catcott (Cw.) 24/5/47. Fairly common. HERMIONE Mg. 1800 (OxycERA Mg. 1803) Medium-sized, black flies with yellow or green markings ; scutellum with two spines ; face not produced. S. G. HERMIONE s5.str. trilineata F. 1781. G. Hallen (B.) 17/7/24, Filton (F.) 30/6/47. S. Puddimore Milton (BI.), Shapwick (Wm.) 10/6/21, Berrow (A.) 13/7/30, Catcott (Cw.) 24/6/44, Edington (Cw.) 19/7/44, Street (Cw.) 11/7/45, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 24/6/47. Fairly common. morristti Curt. 1833. S. Edington (Cw.) 2/7/47 and 15/7/48. Rare. tardigrada Harr. 1776 (pulchella Mg. 1822). G. Painswick (Wt.) 10/8/92, Cheltenham (Wm.) 5/7/19, Hallen (B.) 17/7/24. §S. Batheaston (BI.), Edington (Cw.) 7/7/46, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (F.) 21/6/47 and (A.) and (Cw.) 5/7/47. Fairly common. pardalina Mg. 1822. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 26/6/48. S. Wells (L.). Rare. S. G. Paroxycera Pleske 1925 analis Mg. 1822. G. Filton (F.) 6/46, Coombe Dingle (F.) 26/6/47. S. Loxley Wood, Shapwick (F.) 21/6/47 and (Cw.) 24/6/47. Rare. terminata Mg. 1822. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 8/7/48. Rare. formosa Mg. 1822. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Coombe Dingle (F.) 14/7/46 and 26/6/48. S. Batheaston (BI.), Nailsea (Wm.) 27/7/22. Rare. S. F. PAcHYGASTRINAE Antenna with long, slightly pubescent subterminal arista ; three veins only arise from discal cell ; larvae saprophagous under bark of trees or in rotting wood. PACHYGASTER Mg. 1803 Small, black flies; apical antennal segment short ; abdomen short and broad. deachit Curt. 1824. G. Stroud (Wt.), Bristol (C.) 17/8/07, (B.) 22/7/26 and (F.) 9/7/47, Morton (F.) 11/7/47, Durdham Down (F.) 26/8/46, Filton (F.) 6/7/48. S. Wincanton (Verrall.), Tickenham (A.) 22/7/23, West Town (Wm.) 27/7/27, Clevedon (A.) 15/7/42, Edington (Cw.) 29/7/46. Fairly common ; chiefly on Oak. atra Panz. 1798. G.andS. Common; on Elm and other trees. minutissima Zett. 1840. S. Horrington, Wells (L.). Rare, on Firs. tarsalis Zett. 1842. S. Portishead (H.). Rare, on Beech. Family :—Erinnidae (XyLOPHAGIDAE) ERINNA Mg. 1800 (XyLopHacus Mg. 1803, ARcHIMyIA End. 1920) Apical antennal segment annulated ; costa reaching beyond apex of wings ; tibiae spurred ; medium-sized, black fly with long abdomen ; larvae in rotten wood, carnivorous. atra Mg. 1804. S. Leigh Woods (C.). Rare. Rhagionidae: — 446 H. L. F. AUDCENT Tabanidae Family :—Rhagionidae (LEPTIDAE) Moderately large to small flies; eyes bare; apical antennal segment not annulated ; abdomen long, almost cylindrical ; predaceous flies ; larvae live in damp soil and are carnivorous. S. F. RHAGIONINAE Fore-tibiae not spurred, mid- and hind-tibiae with two spurs. ATHERIX Mg. 1803 Apical antennal segment reniform, arista dorsal ; cheeks and jowls hairy ; wings spotted ; larvae aquatic. melancholia Harr. 1776 (ibis F. 1798). G. Slaughter (Curtis). S. Freshford (C.): Moreton (A.) 21/5/33. Rare. marginata F. 1781. S. Tarr Steps (J.) 18/8/22. Rare. RHAGIO F. 1775 (Leptis F. 1805) Apical antennal segment bulbous or triangular, arista apical; rather large, yellow flies with black markings ; wings spotted or clear. scolopaceus L. 1758. G. and S. Common. notatus Mg. 1820. G. Sheepscombe (St.) 29/6/24. Uncommon. tringarius L. 1758. G. and §&. Common. There are several vars. e.g. nigriventris Lw. 1869 and annulata Deg. 1776, both of these are common. monachus Harr. 1776 (lineola F. 1794). G. Stroud (W.), Wotton-under-Edge (P.),, Painswick (St.). S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Sharpham (A.) 4/8 /23, St. Audries (A.) 25/8/29, Street (Cw.) 10/7/45, Oakhill (Cw.) 9/7/46, West Town (Cw.) 22/6/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (A.) 5/7/47. Fairly common. S. F. CHRyYsOPmLINAE Fore-tibia without spur, mid-tibia with two spurs, hind-tibia with one spur ; body black, clothed with yellow hairs ; wings clear. CHRYSOPILUS Macq. 1826 Apical antennal segment conical, arista apical. cristatus F. 1775 (auratus F. 1805). G. and S. Common. aureus Mg. 1804. G. High Littleton (B.) 11/7/26, Shepperdine (A.) 30/7 /24, Stone (A.) 27/6/28. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Leigh Woods (A.) 22/6 /25, Backwell (A.) 27/7/26, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 8/7/45, Clevedon (A.) 5/8/40, Edington (Cw.) 1/8/46, Catcott (Cw.) 19/6/47. Fairly common. SYMPHOROMYIA Frfld. 1867 Apical antennal segment reniform, arista dorsal. immaculata Mg. 1804. §. Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Wm.) 30/6/23. Rare. Family :—Tabanidae These flies, known as Clegs, Horse Flies, Gadflies and Breeze Flies, are large or medium-sized, black with grey or fulvous markings ; all have coloured stripes: or spots across the eyes when alive ; the females are blood-suckers and attack. man ; larvae live in mud or damp moss and are carnivorous. S. F. Sy Lvmnage Hind-tibiae spurred ; ocelli present. CHRYSOPS Mg. 1803 Apical antennal segment annulated but not toothed ; wings with dark patches ;, eyes golden green with purple stripes. coecutiens I.. 1758. G.and §. Common. ‘ } Tabanidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 447 coecutiens form fulous Goffe 1931. S. Edington (Cw.) 17/8/46. form nigrescens Goffe 1931. S. Clevedon (Bd.) 25/6/43. form _ obsolescens Goffe 1931. S. Tickenham (Go.). quadratus Mg. 1820. §S. Catcott (Cw.) 24/6/44, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 2/7/47. form intermedius Goffe 1931. S. Edimgton (Cw.) 6/7 /42. form pictus Mg. 1820. S. Ashcott (Rd.), Sharpham (A.) 8/7 /25, Shap- wick (A.) 27/6/39, Street (Cw.) 11/7 /45, Edington (Cw.) 6/7 /46. : relictus Mg. 1820. G. Painswick (W.), Wot%ton-under-Edge (P.), Olveston (C.) 8/16. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Bridgwater (Sl.), Crook Peak (Rd.), Sharpham (A.) 22 /8 /22, Tickenham (A.) 31/5/39, Kenn Moor (A.) 17/6/39, Shapwick (A.) 29/6/39, Catcott (Cw.) 24/6/44, Edington (Cw.) 7/6/48. Fairly common. S. F. CurysozonrinaE (HAEMATOPOTINAE) Hind-tibiae not spurred ; no ocelli, apical antennal segment conical and. slightly annulated ; wings dark with clear markings. CHRYSOZONA Mg. 1800 (HarmaTopota Mg. 1803) pluvialis L. 1758. G.and § Very common. crassicornis Wahl. 1848. G. Sheepscombe (St.) 21/6/25. §. Nailsea (Wm.) 27/7/22, Shapwick (Wm.) 10/6/21 and (A.) 29/6/39, Tickenham (A.) 17/6/23, Edington (Cw.) 3/6/44 and 7/7/46. Uncommon. bigoti Gob. 1881. S. Tickenham (A.) 3/7/22. Rare. S. F. Tasaninag Hind-tibiae not spurred ; no ocelli; apical antennal segment flattened toothed at the base and slightly annulated ; wings clear. TABANUS. L. 1758 Eyes bare or very slightly pubescent; no oeellar triangle; females with frontal calli. ! S. G. TABANUS §5-.sér. In the male the eye facets are all the same size. bovinus L. 1758. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). S. Wellington (Bl.), Clevedon (Bd.) 22/6/42. Very rare. S. G. Srrasa End. 1923 In the male the upper eye facets are larger than the lower ones. sudetica Zell. 1842. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). Rare. autumnalis L. 1761. G. and §. Fairly common. bromius L. 1758. G. and §. Very common. form glaucus Mg. 1820. @. Cirencester (T.) 9/7/24, Hallen (B.) 26/6 /29. maculicornis Zett. 1842. G. Sheepscombe (St.) 21/6/25. Rare. SCILADYNUS End. 1925 (THERIOPLECTES auctt. nec Zell. 1842) Eyes hairy ; ocellar triangle present ; females with frontal calli. micans Mg. 1804. G. Olveston (C.). S. Wellington (Bl.). Very rare, black fly. luridus Fall. 1817. G. Painswick (St.) 19/6/24. Rare. bisignatus Jaen. 1866 (tropicus auctt. nee L.). G.and §. Common. distinguendus Verr. 1909. G. and S. Common. solstitialis Mg. 1820. G. Painswick (W.). Very rare Ogcodidae 448 He i, E. eAUDCENE Bombyliidae DASYSTYPIA End. 1925 (AtyLotus O.S. 1876 p.p., OcuRops Szil. 1915 p.p.) Eyes hairy ; no ocellar triangle ; females without frontal calli. fulva Mg. 1820. S. Wellington (Bl.). Very rare, fly covered with golden-yellow pubescence. Family :—Ogeodidae (CyrtipAr, ACROCERIDAE) Small, sluggish, humpbacked flies with tiny head and swollen abdomen ; antenna has two segments only and an apical arista ; squamae very large ; larvae are parasitic on Spiders. OGCODES Lat. 1796 (emend. Oncopes Blanchard 1840) Antennae situated close to the mouth ; two ocelli present ; third longitudinal vein not forked. gibbosus L. 1758. S. Ashcott (Bt.), Sharpham (A.) 27/7/23. Rare. pallipes Lat. 1811. G. Winterbourne (K.) 20/7/23, Hallen (A.) 12/7/24. S. Wells (L.) 7/03, Leigh Woods (C.) 1/8/07. Uncommon. Parasitic on Clubiona putris. PARACROCERA Mik 1886 Antennae situated on vertex ; three ocelli ; third longitudinal vein forked. globulus Panz. 1803. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). S. Shepton Montagu (Verrall). Very rare. Family :—Bombyliidae Medium to small flies ; antennae short, with or without an apical arista ; body covered with long hair ; wings often with dark patches ; larvae parasitic on larvae of other insects. S. F. ANTHRAGINAE Eyes reniform, separate in both sexes ; proboscis short. VILLA Lioy 1864 (ANTHRAx Scop. 1763 #,pf,) Wings clear ; antenna with short apical arista. paniscus Rossi 1790. §. Dunster (A.) 8/16. Rare. circumdata Mg. 1820. S. Dunster (A.) 8/16. Rare. S. F. PHTHIRIINAE Eyes oval, touching in the male; tibiae bare or only finely hairy ; proboscis long ; first posterior cell open ; anal cell closed, wings clear. PHTHIRIA Mg. 1803 Small, grey-black flies with short hairs ; found in sandy situations ; life-history unknown. pulicaria Mikan 1796. S. Berrow (Wm.) 6/21, (A.) 22/8/28 and (B.) 5/7/30. Rare. S. F. BomByLiINnAE Like PHTHIRIINAE, but tibiae with three rows of delicate spines ; first posterior cell closed, anal cell open, wings spotted. BOMBYLIUS L. 1758 Hind-femur with antero-ventral bristles ; antennae long, with short apical arista ; body covered with long brown to golden hair ; larvae parasitic in nests of Solitary Wasps. discolor Mikan 1796. G. and S. Fairly common in the spring ; wing with many small, dark spots. Oe ce “Therevidae “Omphralidae Asilidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 449 anajor L. 1758. G. and §. Common in the spring ; wing with black patch under costa. canescens Mikan 1796. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Hanham (C.), Henbury (Bt.) 1/6/03, Coombe Dingle (F.) 28/5/44. S. Brockley Combe (Bt.), ‘Tickenham (A.) 6/20, Clevedon (A.) 3/6/42, Edington (Cw.) 27/5/44. Uncommon, a smaller fly with almost clear wings. Family :—Therevidae Medium-sized flies covered with silvery hairs ; legs bristly; tibiae spurred ; ithe flies are predaceous, and their larvae, which live in the soil, are carnivorous. THEREVA Lat. 1796 Basal antennal segment long, cylindrical ; face hairy ; eyes touching in male ; frons with shining black calli (exc. annulata) in the female. -annulata F. 1805. S. Berrow (A.) 27/8/24 and 13/5/34, and (Cw.) 15/6/43 and 25/6/45. Fairly common on sand-dunes. dipunctata Mg. 1820. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Blaise Castle (A.) 7/21. S. Berrow (A.) 29/9/24. Not uncommon. nobilitata F. 1775. G. Painswick (St.) 29/6/24, Moorend (Bw.) 4/8/45. S. Freshford (C.), Tickenham (A.) 6/21, Shapwick (B.) 22/6/24 and (Cw.) 25/5/48, Sharpham (A.) 16/8/23 and (St.) 31/5/36, Edington (Cw.) 19/7/44, Catcott (Cw.) 27/5/48. Fairly common. _Jfulva Mg. 1804. G@. Cranham (C.). Rare. plebeja L. 1758. G. Cirencester (T.) 20/6/24. S. Freshford (C.), Burnham (BL), Berrow (A.) 22/8/28, Edington (Cw.) 19/5/42, Catcott (Cw.) 4/6/44. Uncommon. TABUDA WIk. 1853 (DiIALINuRA Rond. 1856) Basal antennal segment short, globose ; face bare. anilis L. 1761. S. Berrow (A.) 27/8/24. Rare. Family :—Omphralidae (ScENOPINIDAE) Small, bare, dark, beetle-like flies, no arista, wings clear, third longitudinal ‘vein forked, anal cell closed ; larvae saprophagous in dry dust and old birds’ nests. OMPHRALE Mg. 1800 (SceNopinus Lat. 1802) Sfenestralis L. 1758. G.and S. Common, especially indoors on windows. nigra Deg. 1782. G. Bristol (Wm.) 30/6/28, Elberton (C.) 21/6/14. Uncommon. semlis F. 1805. G. and §. Common, with fenestralis, of which it may be a var. Family :—Asilidae Medium-sized to large flies with long bodies and powerful wings ; legs very ‘bristly, tibiae spurred, claws long ; vertex of head sunk between the eyes ; face often protuberant and bearing bristles ; proboscis rigid ; genitalia conspicuous ; flies, known as Robber Flies, are predaceous ; larvae are saprophagous. S. F. LEpToOGASTRINAE Palpus with only one segment, arista fairly long, second and third longitudinal veins end separately in the costa, body long and very slender. LEPTOGASTER Mg. 1803 cylindrica Deg. 1776. G. and §, Fairly common in low vegetation. guttiventris Zett. 1842. G. Selsley (Wt.), Cleeve Hill (St.). S. Clevedon (A.) 4/7/41, Oakhill (Cw.) 29/6/47. Uncommon. S. F. DasyPoGoNINAE Palpus with two segments ; second and third longitudinal veins end separately un the costa. 450 H. L. F. AUDCENT Asilidae ISOPOGON Lw. 1847 Antenna with a long slender apical arista; fore-tibia with a curved spur ; anal cell closed. brevirostris Mg. 1804. G. Painswick (St.) LTP 23, Stroud (F.) 6/6/40, Selsley- (Wt.), Bristol (C.). S. Withycombe (S bi Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Wm.), 30/6/23. Uncommon. DIOCTRIA Mg. 1803 Antenna with short, blunt apical arista ; fore-tibia without curved spur ;: anal cell open. atricapilla Mg. 1804. G. and §. Common in low vegetation. oelandica L. 1758. G. Wotton-under-Edge (P.). §. Holford (Pn.) and (F.).. 12/6/48. Rare. cothurnata Mg. 1820 (reinhardi Mg. 1820). G. Bristol (Verrall). rufipes Deg. 1776. G. and §S. Common in low vegetation. baumhauert Mg. 1820. G. Kingsweston (A.) 25/6/31. 8. Weston-s-Mare (J.),. Clevedon (F.) 12/7/47. Uncommon. linearis F. 1787. @. Coombe Dingle (F.) 14/7/46. S. Weston-s-Mare (J.),. Backwell (A.) 17/7/26, Edington (Cw.) 28/6/46 and (F.) 17/6 /47, West Town (F.) 22/6 pe and (Cw.) “28 /6 /47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (F.) 5/7/47 and (Cw.) 24/6/47. Uncommon. S. F. LaApuHriinaE Palpus with two segments ; second and third longitudinal vems meet before- reaching the costa ; antenna without apical arista. LAPHRIA Mg. 1803 Black flies with dark wings, found in woods. marginata L. 1758. S. Loxley Wood, Shapwick (A., Cw. and F.) 21 /6/47, Street: (Cw.) 6/7/48. Uncommon. S. F. AsImtinaAE Palpus with only one segment, second and third longitudinal veins meet before reaching the costa, antenna bears an apical arista. PHILONICUS Lw. 1849 Legs wholly black. albiceps Mg. 1820. G. Bristol (C.) and (Bt.). S. Leigh Woods (Co Dunster- (A.) 8/16, Berrow (A.) 17/8/24 and (Cw.) 25/6/45, Brean Down (A.). 14/7/35. Not uncommon. ASILUS L. 1758 crabroniformis L. 1758. G. Painswick (W.), Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Bristol: (C.), Olveston (C.) 1/8/13 and (A.) 8/16, Moorend (Bw.) 15/9/45. S.. Batheaston (BI.), Tickenham (A.) 8/19, Glastonbury (A.) 12/8 /23, Clevedath (Bd.) 7/8/40 and (A.) 16/8/43, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 10/8/45). Edington (Cw.) 6/9/46, Porlock (La.) 21 /8 /47, Bossington (La.) 21/8/47. A large fly with Bice and yellow body, wings brown with apices of veins. darker, not uncommon. PAMPONERUS Iw. 1849 germanicus L. 1758. G. Bristol (Millard in Curtis). A rare, black fly with outer half of wing darkened. DYSMACHUS Lw. 1860 trigonus Mg. 1804. G. Bitton (C.). S. Axbridge (Rd.), Kewstoke (J.), Berrow- (A.) 17/6 /23 and (Cw.) 15/6/43, Brean Down (A.) 14/7/35, Portbury (A.) 10/6/39. Legs with reddish markings ; bristles on thorax very long 5 ; rows of white bristles on abdomen ; wings clear ; not uncommon. vie ” ——-. Empididae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 453 MACHIMUS Lw. 1849 Hairs behind the eyes short and straight. S. G. MAcuHIMUS s5.str. atricapillus Fall. 1814. G.and §. Common. rusticus Mg. 1820. G. Bristol (C.), Painswick (St.) 7/7 /23, Stroud (FI.) 25 /6 /36.. . Uncommon. S. G. Epirrrptus Lw. 1849 cingulatus F. 1781. G. Olveston (A.) 7/16, Moorend (Bw.) 4/8/45. 8. Taun tom (Go);, Rare. NEOITAMUS O.S. 1878 Hairs behind eyes long and bent forwards ; abdomen with blue sheen. cyanurus Lw. 1849. G. Painswick (St.) 7/7/23. §S. Clevedon (A.) 27/7 /40,. Tickenham (A.) 19/7/42, Ham Green (F.) 7/7/46, Cadbury Camp (F.): 12/7/47, Barrow Gurney (F.) 27/6/48. Not uncommon in woods. Family :—Empididae Medium sized to small flies ; legs long and may be swollen or bear scales 3. proboscis long or short but always hard because the flies are predaceous ; larvae- live in soil and are carnivorous. S. F. CorynetInaAE (TACHYDROMINAE) Small, dark flies found on tree-trunks or palings, may be swept from bushes ;- eyes separate in both sexes above the antennae but almost or quite touching below the antennae; antennae with a long two-segmented apical arista ; wings. with five unforked longitudinal veins. DRAPETIS Mg. 1822 Wings clear. exilis Mg. 1822 (pusilla Lw. 1859). §S. Leigh Woods (A.) 31/9/27, Clevedon: (A.) 13/7/40. Uncommon. TACHYPEZA Mg. 1838 Wing veins dark seamed. nubila Mg. 1804. G. and §. Common on tree-trunks. CORYNETA Mg. 1800 (TAacHypDromia Mg. 1803, Tacuisra Lw. 1860) Wings with broad, dark, transverse bands. arrogans L. 1761. G. and §&,. Common on tree-trunks. _ annulimana Mg. 1822. G. Painswick (W.), Durdham Down (F.) 14/9/46. S.. Sharpham (A.) 11/8/25, Edington (F.) 19/6/48, Barrow Gurney (F.) 27/6/48. Uncommon. ; PLATYPALPUS Macq. 1827 (TAcHypDRomiA Lw. nec Mg. 1803) Wings clear; a faint, sixth longitudinal vein present with a well-marked cross-vein from the fifth longitudinal vein. maculipes Mg. 1822. §. Shepton Mallet (C.), Sharpham (A.) 27/8/25. Une common. agilis Mg. 1822. G. and S. Common. nigritarsis Fall. 1816. S. Weston-s-Mare (J.). Rare. longicornis Mg. 1822 (pubicornis Zett. 1838). G. Hallen (A.) 24/9/27, Durdham. Down (F.) 14/9/46, Filton (F.) 17/9/46. S. Flax Bourton (H.), Sharpham (A.) 23/8/22, Shapwick (A.) 26/8 /25. pallipes Fall. 1815. G. Shepperdine (A.) 30/7/24, Kingsweston (A.) 29/8 /24.. S. Clevedon (A.) 4/9/40, Goblin Combe (F.) 28/9/46, Holford (F.) 12 /6 /48,, Barrow Gurney (F.) 27/6 /48. A452 HH. 2. FL AUDGENT Empididae etliaris Fall. 1816. G. Bristoi (C.). albiseta Panz. 1806. S. Shapwick (A.\ 17/6/23. minutus Mg. 1804. G. Bristol (C-); Kingsweston (A.) 9/6/23, Olveston (A.) 28/6/25, Durdham Down (F.) 15/9/46, Morton (F.) 11/7/47, Filton (F.) 5/5/48. S. Tickenham (A.) wove oa) Sharpham {(A.) 27/8/25, Clevedon 7A Ae /6/39, Shepton Mallet (A.) se 142, Failand (F.) 31/5/47. annulatus Fall. 1815. G. Bristol (C.), Olveston (C.) 7/19. S. Clevedon (A.) 23 /8 /40. notatus Mg. 1822 (fulvipes Mg. 1822). §S. Sharpham (A.) 3/9/22, Berrow(A.) 29/9/24, Priddy (A.) 6/6/37. coarctatus Coll. 1926. S. Sharpham (A.) 6/8 /23. candicany Fall. 1815 (varia Wlk. 1851). §S. Wells (L.), Shapwick (A.) 20/5/23, Abbots Leigh (A.) 16/5/26, Clevedon (A.) 25/6/29. cursitans F. 1775 (laticinctus Wik. 1851). G. Durdham Down (F.) 14/7/46. S. Kenn Moor (A.) 16/6/39, Tickenham (A.) 19/6/43. exilis Mg. 1822 (flavipennis Wik. 1851, lutea Verr. 1901 nec Mg.). G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 7/6/47. 8S. Holford (Pn.), Clevedon (A.) 5/7/40, West Town (F.) 27/5/47. . albicornis Zett. 1842. §. Leigh Woods (H.) 20/6/16. major Zett. 1842. G. Olveston (C.), Dursley (A.) 9/6/25, Blaise Castle (F.) 3/7/48. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 30/5/16, West Town (F.) 22/6/47. shat We 1822. G. Westbury-on-Trym (Wm.) 4/7/20. §S. Clevedon (A.) 319 /44- pallidiventris Mg. 1822. G. and 8. Common. calceatus Mg. 1822. G. Hallen (A.) 22/6/26. §S. Tickenham (A.) 21/6/23, Portbury (F.) 31/5/47. articulatus Macq. 1827. G. Bristo) (C.), Durdham Down (F.) 30/5/47, Filton (F.) 6/6/47. annulipes Mg. 1822. @. Durdham Down (F.) 30/5/47, Coombe does (F.) 7/6/47. S. Kenn Moor (A.) 19/6/39, Clevedon (A.) 20/6 /40 S. F. NorzinaE (HyYsBortinae) Medium-sized flies, eyes touching in both sexes; proboscis short ; arista apical, long, slender ; hind-femora more or less swollen ; wings clear with six jongitudinal veins, of which the sixth is weak, two cross-veins between fourth and fifth longitudinal veins forming a discal cell ; flies found in herbage and bushes. NOEZA Mg. 1800 (HysBos Mg. 1803) grossipes L. 1767. G. Hallen (A.) 18/7/24. §. Clevedon (A.) 2/7 /40. femorata Muell. 1776. G. Shepperdine (A.) 30/7/24, Coombe Dingle (F.) 10/6/47. §. Leigh Woods (H.), Clevedon (W.), Sharpham (A.) 9/8/23, St. Audries (A.) 30/8/29, West Town (F.) 28/6/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (F.) 5/7/47. tuliciformis F. 1775. G.and §. Common. PLATYCNEMA Zett. 1838 Small, black fly which was formerly included in the PLATYPEZIDAE. pulicaria Fall. 1816. @. Durdham Down (F.) 11/6/47. S. F. OcyDROMIINAE Eyes either touching in both sexes or only in the male; proboscis short, arista long or short ; wing clear with six longitudinal veins, discal cell present or absent ; found in woods and herbage. Empididae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 453: BICELLARIA Macq. 1823 (Cyrtoma Mg. 1824) No discal cell, fourth vein forked but base of lower prong absent. nigra Mg. 1824. G. Cirencester (T.) 3/6/24. S. Tickenham (A.) 16/9/22, Leigh Woods (A.) 22 /6 /25. intermedia Lundb. 1910. S. West Town (F.) 22/5/47. pilosa Lundb. 1910. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 30/5/48. spuria Fall. 1816 (melaena Hal. 1833). G. Cirencester (T.), Stone (A.) 21/5/27: Coombe Dngle (F.) 7/6/47. S. Freshford (C.), Sharpham (A.) 22/8/22, Tickenham (A.) 31/5/39. simplicipes Zett. 1842. §S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Shapwick (A.) 31/8/24, Clevedom (A.) 3/6/40. TRICHINA Mg. 1830 Arista short ; fourth longitudinal vein forked ; hind-femora normal. flavipes Mg. 1830. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 29/9/46. §S. Freshford (C.), Shapwick (A.) 22/6/35, Clevedon (A.) 21/9/40 and 13/6/41. clavipes Mg. 1830. G. Filton (F.) 22/5/47. S. Sharpham (A.) 9/8/23, Shapwick (A.) 22/6/35, Clevedon (A.) 3/6/39. OEDALEA Mg. 1820 Like Tricu1nA, but hind-femora swollen and spiny. zetterstedti Coll. 1926 (holmgrent Lundb. nec Zett.). G@. Kingsweston (A.) 31 /5/25. and (F.) 9/6/46, Coombe Dingle (F.) 26/6/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 5/7/48. S. Leigh 7 ioods (A.) 25/5/29, Clevedon (A.) 14/5/40, Portishead (F.) 24/5/47, West Town (F.) 25/5/47. stigmatella Zett. 1842. S. Holford (Pn.), Stourton (J.). flavipes Zett. 1842. S. Cheddar (C.). OCYDROMIA Meg. 1820 Discal cell present, six longitudinal veins, none forked; apical antennal! segment short, oval. glabricula Fall. 1816. G. and §. Common. LEPTOPEZA Macq. 1834 Like OcypromiA, but apical antennal segment long, conical. ruficollis Mg. 1820 (flavipes Mg. 1820). G. Bristol (A.) 22/6/35, Durdham Down (F.) 2/6/46. S. West Town (Wm.) 9/26, Leigh Woods (H.) 31/5/1735. Shapwick (A.) 22/6/35, Clevedon (A.) 2/8/40. OROPEZELLA Coll. 1926 (LEpropEzA Macq. 1834 p.p.) Like LEpropEzA, but wing longer and discal cell elongated. sphenoptera Lw. 1873. G@. Coombe Dingle (F.) 14/6/47. §. Portishead (H.),. Leigh Woods (H.) and (A.) 22/6/25, Backwell (A.) 17/8/26, Priddy (A.) 6/6, /37, Kenn Moor (A.) 16/6/39, Clevedon (A.) 5/7/40. S. F. Emprminaz Six to eight veins reach edge of wing, third longitudinal] vein may be forked, discai cell present ; proboscis Jong or short ; eyes of male usually touching, of female separate. MICROPHORUS Macq. 1834 Small, greyish-black flies; apical antennal segment conical, arista two-- segmented and long ; proboscis short ; only six longitudinal veins ; found in: damp woods. anomalus Mg. 1824. §S. Leigh Woods (C.). holosericeus Mg. 1804 (velutinus Macq. 1827). G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 3/5/47- S. Wells (L.), Leigh Woods (A.) 22/5/26, Clevedon (A.) 21/5/41. A454 H. i. FS AUDCENT Empididae GLOMA Mg. 1822 Like MicropHorus, but third longitudinal vein forked. _fuscipennis Mg. 1822. S. Brockley Combe (H.), Flax Bourton (H.). HILARA Mg. 1822 _ Medium-sized, dark flies ; eyes separated in both sexes, apical antennal segment conical, arista two-segmented, short ; proboscis as long as head, conical ; the male fore-metatarsi more or less swollen ; wing as in Gtoma ; flies found hovering over water. _fuscipes F. 1794 (carinthiaca Strobl 1892). G@. Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Olveston (A.) 18/6/22, Goombe Dingle (F.) 18/7/47. §S. Prior Park, Bath (A.) 4/6/30, Tickenham (A.) 20/5/31. beckeri Strobl 1892. G. Painswick (W.) 16/5/24. antermedia Fall. 1816. §S. Clevedon (F.) 28/5/47. quadrivittata Mg. 1822. G. and §. Common. albipennis v. Ros. 1840 (niveipennis Zett. 1842). G. Cirencester (T.). §. Shepton Mallet (C.). aeronotha Mik 1892. S. Ham Green (F.) 23/6/46. dundbecki Frey 1913. S. Portishead (F.) 24/5/47. flavipes Mg. 1822. §. St. Audries (A.) 30/8/29, Clevedon (A.) 5/9/40. (G. OREOGETON Schin. 1860). thoracica Macq. 1827. G. Stone (A.) 27/6/28, Filton (F.) 6/6 /47, Coombe Dingle (F.) 7/6/47, Durdham Down (F.) 11/6/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 17/7/48. S. Leigh Woods (H.). maura F. 1781. G. and S. Common. clypeata Mg. 1822. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 24/4/48, Filton (F.) 28/5/48. S. Leigh Woods (H.). griseifrons Coll. 1927. G. Durdham Down (F.) 4/7/46, Coombe Dingle (F.) 26/6/47. S. No locality (Collin). ditorea Fall. 1816. G. Tormarton (A.) 20/5/26. S. Wells (L.), St. Audries (A.) 24/8 /29. curtist Coll. 1927 (cilipes auctt. nec Mg.). S. Sharpham (A.) 2/6/36. interstincta Fall. 1816. S. Ham Green (F.) 23/6/46. pilosa Zett. 1842. §S. Shepton Mallet (C.). migrina Fall. 1816. G. Bristol (C.). §. Long Ashton (C.). subpollinosa Coll. 1927. G. and S$. Common. cornicula Iw. 1873. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 3/5/47, Filton (F.) 6/6/47. S. Leigh Woods (H.), Tickenham (A.) 31/5/39, Kenn Moor (A.) 29/6/41. chorica Fall. 1816. G. and §S. Common. dongevittata Zett. 1842 (bivittata Strobl 1892). G. and §. Common. brevistyla Coll. 1927. G. Kingsweston (F.) 9/6/46. lurida Fall. 1816. G. Stone (A.) 30/6/28. S. Leigh Woods (H.), Prior Park, Bath (A.) 25/6 /32. manicata Mg. 1822. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 18/7 /47. EMPIS L. 1758 ‘Medium-sized to large flies coloured black, brown or yellow ; proboscis very long ; wing as in Gioma ; fore-metatarsi of male normal ; legs of female may bear scales ; found in woods and hedges. - S. G. Lissempis Bezzi 1909 nigritarsis Mg. 1804. G. and §. Common. Empididae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 455 S. G. XANTHEMPIS Bezzi 1909 stercorea L. 1761. G. and §. Very common. érigramma Mg. 1822. G. and §. Very common. punctata Mg. 1804. G. and S. Common. dutea Mg. 1804. G. and §. Fairly common. S. G. Krirempis Coll. 1926 Yivida L. 1758. G.and §. Very common. S. G. Leprempis Coll. 1926 grisea Fall. 1816. G. Sheepscombe (St.) 18/6/27. S. Tickenham (A.) 26/6/24. S. G. PAcHYMERIA Steph. 1829 Semorata F. 1798. G@. and §S. Common. picipes Mg. 1804 (brevicornis Lw. 1869). G. Cirencester (T.) 22/5/23. éesseliata F. 1794. G.and§. Very common. S. G. Empis s.str. (PTEREMPIS Bezzi 1909) decora Mg. 1822. S. Cheddar (C.). nuntia Mg. 1838 (pennaria auctt. nec Fall. 1816). G. Filton (F.) 28/5/46, Durdham Down (F.) 30/5/47, Coombe Dingle (F.) 7/6/47. S. Flax Bourton (Wm.) 23/4/21, Ham Green (F.) 7/7 /46. jpennaria Fall. 1816 (vernalis Mg. 1822). G. Olveston (A.) 8/4/23, Blaise Castle (A.) 28/5/27, Coombe Dingle (F.) 24/5/47, Durdham Down (F.) 30/5/47, Filton (F.) oe S. Cheddar (C.), Wells (L.), Brockley Combe (J.), Backwell (A.) 25/4/25, Moreton (A.) 23 /5/35. dimata Coll. 1927. G. Painswick (W.). pennipes L. 1758. G. Dursley (A.) 4/6/30, Coombe Dingle (F.) 22/5/48. S. Cheddar (C.), Clevedon (A.) 4/7 /41. caudatula Lw. 1867. G. Cae (T.) 6/23, Kingsweston (A.) 6/5/23, Filton (A.) 20/5/36 and (F.) 6/6/46, Durdham Down (F.) 18/7/46. S. Wells (L.), Clevedon (A.) 12/6 /42. aestiva Lw. 1867. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 29/6/47. S. Clevedon (F.) 12/7 /47. chioptera Mg. 1804. G. Olveston (C.) 21/5/13, Kingsweston {A.) 31/5/24, Durdham Down (F.) 13/5/47, Goombe Dingle (F.) 19/5/47. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Nailsea (AN ) 21/4/27, Clevedon (A.) 9/5/46, (adiees Camp (F.) 11/5/47, Failand (F.) 31/5/47. S. G. CopropHuEBiA Bezzi 1909 albinervis Mg. 1822 (albipennis Zett. 1842). G. Shepperdine (A.) 30/7 [24> Coombe Dingle ae 18/7/47. S. Tickenham (A.) 23/4/25, Clevedon (A.) 5/6/43 and (F.) 23/6/47. vitripennis ee 1822. G. Kingsweston (A.) 6/8/24. S. St. Audries (A.) 30/8 /29. RHAMPHOMYIA Meg. 1822 Like Empis, but third vein not forked and proboscis not very long ; found an damp woods and marshy meadows. S. G. Hotocrera Schin. 1860 migripennis F. 1794. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 28/5/46. sciarina Fall. 1816 (hybrida Zett. 1838). S. Sharpham (A.) 25/8/25 and 4/8/35. flava Fall. 1816. G. Kingsweston (A.) 31/5/24, Blaise Castle (A.) 28/5/27, Coombe Dingle (F.) 7/6/47. S. Leigh Woods (H.), Tickenham (A.) 24/6 /24 Winscombe (A.) 5/7 /30, Portbury (F.) 31/5/47. wartabilis Fall. 1816. G. Kingsweston (A.) 6/8 /24, Durdham Down (F.) 21 /9 /47. S. Long Ashton (H.), Holford (A.) 6/18. 456 H. L. F. AUDCENT Empididae: S. G. MercacytTrarus Big. 1880 nigripes F. 1794. G. Tormarton (A.) 20/5/26, Stone (A.) 21/5/27, Coombe: Dingle (F.) 3/5/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 8/5/48. S. Tickenham (A.) 27 /5/22;, Prior Park, Bath (A.) 4/6/30, West Town (F.) 1/6/47. S. G. ParRARHAMPHOMYIA Frey 1922 barbata Macq. 1823 (pennata Macq. 1827). G. Awkley (A.) 4/6 /22. geniculata Mg. 1830 (plumipes auctt. nec Mg.). G. Cirencester (T.), Kingsweston (A.) 24/10/36, Blaise Castle (F.) 25/4/48, Coombe Dingle (F.) 2/5/48. S. Shapwick (A.) 20/5/23, Tickenham (A.) 12/5/29. filata Zett. 1842. §S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Tickenham (A.) 24/5/26. tibiella Zett. 1842. @. Coombe Dingle (F.) 3/5/47. §S. Cadbury Camp (F.) 11/5/47. dentipes Zett. 1842. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 24/4/25 and (F.) 25/4/48, Kingsweston (A.) 2/5/26, Coombe Dingle (F.) 2/5/48. S. Limpley Stoke (A.) 10/6/34. simplex Zett. 1849. G@. Coombe Dingle (F.) 3/5/47. tarsata Mg. 1822. G@. Dursley (A.) 9/6/25, Durdham Down (F.) 2/6/46, Blaise: Castle (F.) 3/7/48. S. Brecon Hill (Ch.) 19/6/26, Priddy (A.) 6 /6/37,. Clevedon (A.) 13/7/40, Cadbury Camp (F.) 11/5/47, Holford (F.) 12/6/48. S. G. AmypDRONEURA Coll. 1926 erythrophthalma Mg. 1830. §S. Clevedon (A.) 26/9/39. gibba Fall. 1816. S. Clevedon (A.) 7/7/41. S. G. Actonempis Coll. 1926 albohirta Coll. 1926. G. and S. Common. S. G. RHAMPHOMYIA 5.sir. stigmosa Macq. 1827. G. Littledean (A.) 5/6/32. subcinerasceris Coll. 1926. S. Cleeve Combe (J.). sulcata Mg. 1804. G. and §. Common. S. F. HEMERODROMIINAE Small flies ; proboscis short ; front coxae elongated, front legs armed with spines to hold prey ; found in damp woods. CHELIPODA Macq. 1823 (THAMNODROMIA Mik 18q2) Wing has five longitudinal veins, of which the first is short and the fourth forked, discal cell present ; apical arista long ; fore-femora swollen and armed. with two rows of strong bristles ; small, yellow flies found in damp wocds. albiseta Zett. 1838. S. Sharpham (A.) 18 /8 /25. PHYLLODROMIA Zett. 1837 (Lepipomyia Big. 1880, CHELIPODA auctt.) Like CHELIPODA, but no discal cell. melanocephala F. 1794. G. Hallen (A.) 9/6/16. S. Holford (A.) 6/19, Leigh Woods (Wm.) 15/6/21, Sharpham (A.) 5/9/25. CHELIFERA Macq. 1823 Arista short; fore-femora swollen and armed with strong bristles ; tibiae with long apical spur; five longitudinal veins, of which the third and fourth are forked, discal cell present ; small, dark flies found near water. praecatoria Fall. 1815. G. Olveston (A.) 6/21, Awkley (A.) 4/6/22. S. Portbury (H.), Bruton (A.) 9/6/37. aperticauda Coll. 1927. G. Bibury (Hm.). Dolichopodidae = BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 457 HEMERODROMIA Meg. 1822 Like CHELIFERA, but no discal cell. laudatoria Coll. 1927. G. Bibury (Hm.). baetica Coll. 1927. G. Bibury (Hm.). S. F. CLInocERATINAE Like Cuetiropa, but fore-coxae not much elongated, third and fourth longitudinal veins forked. TRICHOPEZA Rond. 1856 Rather small, dark fly, arista very long, bare ; fore-femora with bristly hairs. longicornis Mg. 1822. G. Littledean (A.) 5/6/22. S. Leigh Woods (H.) and (A.) 8/9/29, Clevedon (A.) 14/7/47, Guar Camp (F.) 12/7/47, Holford (F.) 12/6/48. HYDRODROMIA Macq. 1835 (HELEopRomIA Hal. 1833 .p.) Like TricHopEzA, but arista not so long and pubescent, dark spot at base of each fork and on the cross-veins in wing. stagnalis Hal. 1833. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 3/5/47. S. Ham Green (F.) 12/4/47. sien DOLICHOCEPHALA Macq. 1823 Like Hypropromtia, but first longitudinal vein short, an extra cross-vein between second longitudinal] vein and the upper prong of the fork of the third vein ; wing brownish with clear spots. irrorata Fall. 1815. G. Hallen (B.) 20/8 /24. gutitata Hal. 1833. S. Wells (L.). Family :—Dolichopodidae Medium-sized to small flies, mostly metallic green or blue; antenna with three segments; six longitudinal veins, no discal cell, a cross-vein between the fifth and sixth longitudinal veins ; the flies are predaceous and are usually found in damp situations ; the larvae live in soil or rotten wood and are carnivorous. S. F. DoLicHOPODINAE Basal segment of antenna hairy, arista dorsal, male genitalia large and pedunculated. DOLICHOPUS Lat. 1796 Metallic, green flies, the tarsi of the male may be plumed, the hind-metatarsi bear dorsal bristles. S. G. Leucopo.ticuopus Frey 1915 atripes Mg. 1824. S. Tickenham ( (A.) 19/7/24, Shapwick (Cw.) 3/7/48, Street (Cw.) 24/7 /48. , vitripennis Mg. 1824. §. Priddy (A.) 6/6/37 and (Cw.) 25/6 /47 signifer Hal. 1838. G. Filton (F.) 4/6/47, Coombe Dingle (F.) x /6 /47, Durdham Down (F.) 18/7/48. S. West Town (F.) 22/6/47, Clevedon (F.) 23/6 /47- S. G. MELANODOLIcHOPUS Frey 1915 planitarsis Fall. 1823. S. Catcott (Cw.) 24/5/47, Edington (Cw.) ; Shapwick (Cw.) 14/5/48, Walton Moor (A.) 30/4/49. ) 1715/47 atratus Mg. 1824. S. Holford (Pn.) and (F.) 12/6 /48 and (Cw.) 12/6/48, Priddy (A.) 6/6/37, East Harptree (Cw.) 25/6/47. piuipes Mg. 1824. S. Chew Magna (A.) 30/5/31. campestris Mg. 1824. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Sharpham (A.) 9/8/23 and (F.) 28 /8 138; Edington (Cw.) 10/7/48, Street (Cw.) 28/8/48, Shapwick (Cw.) 31714 lepidus Staeg. 1842. S. Kenn Moor (A.) 27/6/39, Shapwick (Cw.) 3 /7 /48. G 458 H. L. F. AUDCENT Dolichopodidae S. G. Eupo.iicuopus Frey 1915 claviger Stann. 1831. G. Cirencester (T.) 13/6/24. S. Clevedon (A.) 21/6/40, Tickenham (A.) 19/6/43, Cadbury Camp (F.) 12/5/46, Street (Cw.) 11/6/47, Edington (Cw.) 22/6/47. migrans Zett. 1843 (confusus Zett. 1843). S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Axbridge (Rd.), Barrow Gurney (F.) 27/6/18. discifer Stann. 1831 (nigricornis Par. nec Mg.). G. Cirencester (T.) 23/6/23, Olveston (A.) 30/7/22. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Chewstoke (A.) 8/7 /32, Mt (F.) 1/6/46, Holford (Cw.) 5/9/47 and (F.) 12/6/48, Portbury (F.) 31/5/47- plumipes Scop. 1763. G. and §. Fairly common. wahlbergi Zett. 1843. S. Clevedon (A.) 20/6/40 and (F.) 7/5/47, West Town (Cw.) and (F.) 28/6/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 2/7/47 and (A.) 5/7/47 and (F.) 6/9/47. | pennatus Mg. 1824. G. Painswick (W.), Hallen (A.) 1/8/29, Coombe Dingle (F.) 7/6/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 26/6/48. §S. Tickenham (A.) 11/5/29, Chew Magna (A.) 30/5/31, Freshford (A.) 5/6/37, Kenn Moor (A.) 27/6/39, Catcott (Cw.) 24/5/47, Edington (Cw.) 13/6/47, Shapwick (Cw.) 3/7 /48, Walton Moor (F.) 7/6/48. popularis Wied. 1817. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 3/7/45. S. Sharpham (A.) 3 /8 /25, Charterhouse-on-Mendip (Wm.) 22/6/29, Chewstoke (A.) 8/7 /32, Oakhill (Cw.) 29/6/47, Walton Moor (F.) 5/6/48, Holford (Cw.) and (F.) 12/6/48. urbanus Mg. 1824. S. Tickenham (A.) 14/6/40, Walton Moor (F.) 5/6/48. argyrotarsis Wahl. 1850. S. Walton Moor (F.) 5/6/48, Edington (F.) 20/6 /48. griseipennis Stann. 1831. G. and §. Common. virgultorum Wik. 1854. S. Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 30/8 /48. festivus Hal. 1832. G. and S. Common. pseudocilifemoratus Stack. 1934 (cilifemoratus auctt. nec Macq.). §. Clevedon (F.) 23/6 /47. cilifemoratus Macq. 1827 (trivialis Hal. 1832). G. and § Common. arbustorum Stann. 1831. @. Coombe Dingle (F.) 15/6/47. S. Shepton Mallet. (C.). linearis Mg. 1824. G. Stone (A.) 26/6 /28. . latilimbatus Macq. 1827. S. Sharpham (A.) 3/8/25 and (A.) 10/9/25 and (F.) 6/9/47, Shapwick (Edw.) 7/9/30 and (Cw.) 3/7/48, West Town (F.) 28/6/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (F.) 5/7/47, Edington (Cw.) 7/10/48, Street (Cw.) 24/7 /48. nubilus Mg. 1824. G. Shepperdine (A.) 23/8/24, Blaise Castle (F.) 25/5/46, Coombe Dingle (F.) 30/5/48. §. Sharpham (A.) 7/8/23 and (F.) 6/9/47, Clevedon (A.) 18/6/41, Berrow (B.) 18/6/30, Ham Green (F.) 7/7/46, Walton Moor (F.) 23/8/47. simplex Mg. 1824. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 10/6/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 5/7 /48, Filton (F.) 9/7/48. S. Shapwick (A.) 5/21 and (Cw.) 25/5/48, Tickenham (A.) 20/7 /23, Clevedon (A.) 20/6 /34, Edington (Cw.) 23/6/47, Street (Cw.) 11/6/47. longitarsis Stann. 1831. S. Norton Fitzwarren (F.) 16 /8 /47, Street (Cw.) 24/7 /48. brevipennis Mg. 1824. S. Dunster (A.) 8/6/24, Taunton (A.) 9/6/24, Keynsham (A.) 1/6/29, Yeovil (A.) 6/6/37, Kenn Moor (A.) 16/6/29, Shepton Mallet (A.) 24/6 /42, Clevedon (A.) 18/6/43, Catcott (Cw.) 19/6/47, Oakhill (Cw.) 29/6/47. ungulatus L. 1758. G. and S. Very common. HERCOSTOMUS Lw. 1857 Like Doticuopus, but no dorsal bristle on hind metatarsus and male genitalia not long pedunculate. Dolichopodidae © BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 459 | S. G. HERcOsTomus s.sér. chrysozygos Wied. 1817. S. Tickenham (A.) 11/7/31 and (A.) 14/6/40, Shapwick (A.) 29/6/39, Edington (Cw.) 23/6/47. Sulvicaudis Wik. 1851. G. Bristol (Verrall). bicolor Macq. 1827 (gracilis Stann. 1831). §S. Berrow (A.) 27/8/24 and (B.) 18/6 /30 and (SIL.) 21/7/28. .. chetifer Wik. 1849 (cretifer WIk. 1856). G. Durdham Down (F.) 2/7/47, Chalford (F.) 15/7/47, Coombe Dingle (F.) 19/7/47, Filton (F.) 22/6/48, Blaise Castle (F.) 5/7/48. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 27/8/18, Tickenham (A.) 1 /7 /33. germanus Wied. 1817. G. Olveston (A.) 15/9/28. S. Leigh Woods (A.) 8 /g /29. nanus Macq. 1827. G. Olveston (A.) 4/6/22, Coombe Dingle (F.) 19/6/47. S. Clevedon (A.) 20/6/36, Holford (F.) 12/6/48. nigriplantis Stann. 1831 (subsimplicipes Verr. 1912). S. Tickenham (A.) 20/7 /23 and (A.) 14/6/40, Berrow (A.) 26/6/39, Edington (Cw.) 29/7 /46. nigripennis Fall. 1823. §. Leigh Woods (H.), Berrow (SI.) 21 /7 /28, Shapwick ie /29 and (Cw.) 25/5/48, West Town (F.) 28/6/47, Street (Cw.) 6 /7 /48. parvilamellatus Macq. 1827. G. Olveston (A.) 4/6/22. S. Shapwick (A.) 22/6 /35, Edington (Cw.) 21/5/47. S. G. GymNopTernus Lw. 1857 chalybeus Wied. 1817. S. Meare (Cw.) 24/7/48, Shapwick (Cw.) 3/7 /48, Street (Cw.) 24/7/48. celer Mg. 1824. S. Leigh Woods (F.) 20/7 /47. brevicornis Staeg. 1842. S. Ham Green (F.) 23/6/46, Leigh Woods (F.) 20/7 /47. metallicus Stann. 1831. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 8/6/47. §. Shapwick (A.) 20/5/23, Edington (Cw.) 7/6/48. aerosus Fall. 1823, var. dahlbomi Zett. 1843. S. Sharpham (A.) 22/6/35 and (Cw.) ae Catcott (Cw.) 24/5/47, Edington (Cw.) 7/6/48, Street (Cw.) 24/7/49. Be was 1842. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 5/7/48. §. Norton Fitzwarren (F.) 24/7/49. cupreus Fall. 1832. §S. Shapwick (A.) 24/5/25 and (Cw.) 25/5/48, Sharpham (A.) 29/6/39, Ham Green (F.) 23/6/46, Catcott (Cw.) 24/5/47, Walton Moor (F.) 5/6/48, Edington (Cw.) 7/6/48, Holford (Cw.) and (F.) 12/6 /48. VS HYPOPHYLLUS Lw. 1857 Like HEeRrcostomus, but more slender and male genitalia long, pedunculate. o&curellus Fall. 1823. G. and §. Common. discipes Ahr. 1817. G. Chalford (F.) 15/7/47, Bristol (A.) 6/7/32. §S. Clevedon (Bd.) 26 /6 /43 and (A.) 23/7/48. crinipes Staeg. 1842. S. Holford (F.) 12/6/48. POECILOBOTHRUS Mik 1878 Like HeRcosromus, but arista hairy ; male wing darkened leaving a snow- white spot at the apex. nobilitatus L. 1767. G. and §. Common. S. F. HypropHorRINAE Medium-sized, green, not very metallic, flies ; arista dorsal ; palpi large male genitalia not pedunculate. HYDROPHORUS Fall. 1823 Fore-femora and tibiae spiny ; scutellum with two to four bristles. oceanus Macq. 1838 (bisetus Lw. 1857). G. Aust (A.) 9/23, Shepperdine (A. 460 H. L. F. AUDCENT Dolichopodidae — 6/8/24. S. Kewstoke (H.), Wick St. Lawrence (J.) 8/8/16, Burnham (A.) 28 /8 /22, Brean Down (A.) 27 /g /29. praecox Lehm. 1822. S. Clevedon (A.) 4/7/46. bipunctatus Lehm. 1822. S. Portbury (F.) 7/4/47. LIANCALUS Lw. 1857 Rather large, green fly with purple stripes on thorax and dark purple bands on abdomen ; fore-femora and tibiae without spines ; male wing slightly clouded with a small, clear spot at the apex ; scutellum with six bristles. virens Scop. 1763. G. and S. Fairly common on damp walls and rocks. S. F. MEDETERINAE Small, green flies, not very metallic; arista apical; male genitalia comparatively large and pedunculate ; flies found on tree-trunks, palings and walls. MEDETERA Fisch. 1819 (MEDETERUS auctt. nec Fisch.) micacea Lw. 1857. S. Shapwick (J.) 5/8/16. jacula Fall. 1823. G. Whiteshill (W.), Wotton-under-Edge (P.), Durdham Down (F.) 19/7/46, Morton (F.) 8/7/47. petrophila Kow. 1877. G. Durdham Down (F.) 10/7/46, Filton (F.) 22 /6 /48. S. Shepton Mallet (A.) 25/6/42. petrophiloides Par. 1925. S. Berrow (A.) 28/6/25. truncorum Mg. 1824. G. amd 8S. Fairly common. dendrobaena Kow. 1877. G. Cirerfcester (T.), Filton (F.) 19/7/48. S. West Town (Wm.) 20/8 /28, Clevedon (A.) 18/6/40, Barrow Gurney (F.) 27/6 /48. saxatilis Coll. 1941. §S. Cossington (Cw.) 27 /8 /48. nitida Macq. 1834. S. Edington (Cw.) 3/8 /46. obscura Zett. 1838. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 3/7/48. S. Barrow Gurney (F.) 27/6 /48. pinicola Kow. 1877. §. Barrow Gurney (F.) 27/6/48. incrassata Frey 1909. S. Loxiey Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 29/6/48. pallipes Zett. 1843. G. Filton (F.) 22/6/48. S. Edington (Cw.) 30/7/46 and (Cw.) 19/6/48 and (F.) 20/6/48. tristis Zett. 1838. G. Filton (F.) 22/6/48. apicalis Zett. 1843. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 7/6/47. S. Clevedon (A.) 30/7 /42, West Town (F.) 1/6/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 2/7/47, Barrow Gurney (F.) 27/6/48. ; ~ jugalis Coll. 1941. §. Edington (Cw.) 7/6 /47. muralis Mg. 1824. S. Edington (Cw.) 15/6/47. S. F. RHAPHIINAE Medium-sized to large, metallic, green flies ; male apical antennal segment very long, arista long and apical; male genitalia small and not pedunculate ; flies found in marshy situations. PORPHYROPS Mg. 1824 Second antennal segment does not overlap the apical segment ; no bristles on outer side of hinda-coxae. communis Mg. 1824 (spinicoxa Lw. 1850). G. Stinchcombe (Chm.) 20/6/25, Blaise Castle (F.) 5/7/48. S. West Town (F.) 25/5/47. crassipes Mg. 1824. G. Littledean (A.) 5/6/32, Coombe Dingle (F.) 10/6/47. S. Leigh Woods (H.) 22/5/17, Newton St. Loe (Chm.) 9/6/25, Chew Magna (A.) 30/5/31, Brockley Combe (A.) 17/5/47, West Town (F.) 25/4/47. laticornis Fall. 1823 (nemorum Mg. 1830). S. Wells (L.). riparia Mg. 1824. G. Shepperdine (A.) 6 /8 /24. Dolichopodidae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 461 XIPHANDRIUM Lw. 1857 Like PorpHyrops, but bristle present on outer side of hind-coxae. monotrichum Lw. 1850. S. Holford (F.) 12/6/48. appendiculatum Zett. 1849 (macrocerum Par. nec Mg.). G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 10/6/46 and 3/5/47. S. St. Audries (A.) 27/8/29, Brockley Combe (A.) 17/5/47, Edington (Cw.) 22/5/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 26 /5/47. caliginosum Mg. 1824 (zetierstedtt Par. 1925). G. Morton (F.) 11/7/47, Coombe Dingle (F.) 22/5/48. §S. Leigh Woods (A.) 23/5/25, Keynsham (A 14/5/32, Edington (Cw.) 7/8/47, Holford (Cw.) 30/8 /47. lanceolatum Lw. 1850 (caliginosum Par. nec Mg.). G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 10/5/47. SYNTORMON Lw. 1857 Second antennal segment with a thumb-like prolongation on the long conical apical segment ; male genitalia small and not pedunculate. macula Par. 1928. @. Coombe Dingle (F.) (first British record) 7/4/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 14/3/48 to 2/5/48. pallipes F. 1794, var. pseudospicatus Strobl 1899. G. Aust (A.) 6/9/22, Coombe Dingle (F.) 7/6/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 24/4/48. S. Leigh Woods (H.), Uphill (J.) 9/9/16, Shapwick (A.) 26/8/25, St. Audries (A.) 27/8/29, Clevedon (A.) 14/9/40 and (F.) 28/5/47, West Town (F.) 17/5/47, Edington (Cw.) 23/6/47 and 1/10/48. — denticulatus Zett. 1843 (pumilus Par. nec Mg.). G. Queenhill, Tewkesbury (A.) 1/11/25, Coombe Dingle (F.) 11/4/48, Filton (F.) 1/10/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 17/7/48. §. Leigh Woods (H.), Edington (Cw.) 29/7/46, St. Audries (A.) 26 /8 /29. zelleri Lw. 1850. G. Filton (F.) 10/9/48. sulcipes Mg. 1824, var. obscurior Par. 1927. G. Filton (F.) 1/10/47, Coombe. Dingle (F.) 13/3 /48, Blaise Castle (F.) 3/7/48. EUTARSUS Lw. 1857 ' Like Synrormon, but the apical antennal segment short and the arista dorsal. aulicus Mg. 1824. S. St. Audries (A.) 25/8/29, Edington (Cw.) 2/10/47. MACHAERIUM Hal. 1832 Apical antennal segment very long in both sexes and suddenly hollowed ventrally, arista long and apical, second antennal segment not overlapping the apical segment ; a coastal species. maritimae Hal. 1832. G. Aust (C.) 26/6/14 and (A.) 6 /g/22. S. Burnham (Rd.). BATHYCRANIUM Strobl 1892 Small flies with green thorax and yellow abdomen ; apical antennal segment short, arista long and subapical, second antennal segment overlapping the apical segment ; flies found in damp woods. bicolorellum Zett. 1843. S. Sharpham (A.) 10/9/25, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 9/8/47. | NEUROGONA Rond. 1856 Medium-sized, yellow flies ; apical antennal segment short, arista long and subapical, second antennal segment not overlapping the apical segment ; male genitalia shortly pedunculate ; flies found mainly on tree-trunks. pallida Fall. 1823. G. Cirencester (T.), Coombe Dingle (F.) 10/6/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 5/7/48. S. pena (H.), Leigh Woods (A.) 22/5/27, Clevedon (A.) 18/6/44, Ham Green (F.) 23/6 146, West Town (F.) 28/6/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) oa /48. suturalis Fall. 1823. G@. Olveston (C.), Cirencester (T.), Dursley (A.) 9/6/25, eo abe (F.) 9/6/46, Morton (F.) 11/7 /47, Coombe Dingle (F.) 19/7 /47. S. Wells (L.) 7 el Clevedon (A.) 4/7 /at. 462 ) H. L. F. AUDCENT Dolichopodidae quadrifasciata F, 1781. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 15/6/47. S. West Town (F.) and (Cw.) 28/6/47. S. F. DIAPHORINAE Medium-sized to small, metallic, green flies, like NEuRoGoNa«, but the male genitalia not pedunculate ; found in low vegetation and on leaves of bushes. DIAPHORUS Meg. 1824 The only Do.icnopip in which the eyes touch in the male ; apical antennal segment reniform, arista dorsal. oculatus Fall. 1823. S. Street (Cw.) 6/7/48. CHRYSOTUS Mg. 1824 Like DrapHorus, but male eyes separate and arista situated on or below the middle of the somewhat reniform apical antennal segment. cilipes Mg. 1824. S. Tickenham (A.) 19/7 /24. laesus Wied. 1817. S. Freshford (C.), Shepton Mallet (C.) and (A.) 6/7 /42. neglectus Wied. 1817. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 8/6/47. S. Priddy (A.) 6/6 /37. Semoratus Zett. 1843. S. Shapwick (A.) 29/6/39. cupreus Macq. 1827. G. Filton (F.) 6/6/47. blepharosceles Kow. 1874. G. and §. Common. microcerus Kow. 1874. G@. Coombe Dingle (F.) 5/7 /48. gramineus Fall. 1823. G. and §. Very common. ARGYRA Macq. 1834 Medium-sized, green flies with silvery sheen, especially in the male ; apical antennal segment more or less triangular, arista subapical ; four scutellar bristles ; flies found near the ground in damp woods. S. G. ARGYRA s.str. diaphana F. 1775. G. and S$. Common. perplexa Beck. 1918. G. Filton (F.) 28/8/47. argentina Mg. 1824. G. Shepperdine (A.) 18/8/24, Filton (F.) 6/6/47, Coombe Dingle (F.) 7/6/47. §S. Prior Park, Bath (A.) 18/7/25, Clevedon (A.) 26 /6 /39, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 9/8/47. argentella Zett. 1843 (discedens Par. nec Beck.). G. Morton (F.) 8/7/47, Blaise Castle (F.) 5/7/48. S. Edington (Cw.) 4/7/47 and (F.) 19/6/48. argyria Mg. 1824. G. Tockington (C.) 17/7/15, Coombe Dingle (F.) 15/6/47, Filton (F.) 17/6 /47, Blaise Castle (F.) 5/7/48. S. Portbury (H.), Tickenham (A.) 16/5/25, Sharpham (A.) 4/9/25, SG Mallet (A. y 7/7/42; Edington (Cw.) 7/8/47 and (F.) 19/6/48. leucocephala Mg. 1824. G. and §. Common. elongata Zett. 1843. S. Edington (Cw.) 22/5/48. a ae 1857. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 8/6/47. S. Prior Park, Bath (A.) 18 /7 /25. confinis Zett. 1849. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 6/7/47. S. West Town (F.) 28/6/47, Leigh Woods (F.) 20/7/47, Oakhill (Cw.) 29/6/47. S. G. Lrucosrota Lw. 1857 Like ArcyrRA, but only two scutellar bristles. vestita Wied. 1817. §. Berrow (A.) 26/6/39, Edington (Cw.) 6/7/47, Shapwick (Gw.) 3/7/48. S. F. CAmpsicNEMINAE Small flies, not very metallic ; in the male some of the legs are more or less peculiar in sha “Ve or armed with stiff bristles; male genitalia small and not pedunculate ; flies found by sweeping herbage. Musidoridae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 463 CAMPSICNEMUS WIk. 1851 Abdomen flattened, face widening towards the mouth. scambus Fall. 1823. G. Durdham Down (F.) 26/9/46. S. Sharpham (A.) 9/8 /23 and 6 /g/25, Edington (Cw.) 5/10/48. curvipes Fall. 1823. G.and§. Common. loripes Hal. 1832. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 20/3 /48. armatus Zett. 1849. S. Clevedon (A.) 16/9/41. SYMPYCNUS Lw. 1857 Abdomen compressed laterally, face not widening towards mouth. spiculatus Gerst. 1864. S. West Town (F.) 28/6/47. desoutteri Par. 1925 (annulipes auctt. nec Mg.). G. Stone (A.) 30/6/28, Coombe Dingle (F.) 19/5/47. S. Sea een (A.) 22/8/22, Shapwick (J.) 5/8/16, Tickenham (A.) 8/6/28, Bleadon (A.) 20/9/41, Portishead (F.) 24/5/47, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 26/5/47, Edington (Cw.) 7/6/48 and 5/10/48. MICROMORPHUS Mik 1878 Very small (under 2 mm.), dark, somewhat metallic flies. albipes Zett. 1843. S. Clevedon (W.). CHRYSOTIMUS Lw. 1857 Small flies (2-3 mm.) ; male metallic-green, female with yellow abdomen. molliculus Fall. 1823. S. Sharpham (A.) 27/8/25 and (Edw.) 7/9/30. XANTHOCHLORUS Lw. 1857 Small flies (g mm.) ; both sexes with yellow abdomen and some yellow on thorax. tenellus Wied. 1817. G. and §, Fairly common. ornatus Hal. p838: G. Durdham Down (F.) 19/7/46, Coombe Dingle (F.) 15/6/47. S. Berrow (A.) 26/6/39, Clevedon ae ) 18/6 /40 and 23/7 /48. S. F. CHrysSOMATINAE The only subfamily with the fourth longitudinal vein forked, the upper prong of this fork is bent upwards, the lower prong is weak. SCIAPUS Zell. 1842 (Psttopus Mg. 1824 preoc.) Medium-sized, metallic, green flies ; long dorsal arista; long cylindrical abdomen ; male genitalia small and not pedunculate; flies usually found in damp herbage, sometimes on tree-trunks. platypterus F. 1805. G. and §. Common. wiedmanni Fall. 1823. G. Painswick (W.) 17/7/95. S. Shepton Mallet (C.) 6/7 /10. longulus Fall. 1823. G. Cirencester (T.) 6 /7 /23. Family :—Musidoridae (LONCHOPTERIDAE) MUSIDORA Mg. 1800 (LONCHOPTERA Mg. 1803) Small, dark-yellow flies ; apical antennal segment almost globular, arista long and subapical; in the wing the first two longitudinal veins are straight, the third one forks. twice, the fourth longitudinal vein ends in the edge of the wing in the male but in the female this vein turns up and ends in the lowest prong of the third vein (this is an unusual form of sexual dimorphism) ; the flies are caught by sweeping herbage, and the males are much rarer than the females ; the larvae live in decaying vegetable matter. tristis Mg. 1824. G. Olveston (A.) 5/11/22. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Leigh Woods (Hh) and (A.) 3/9/24, Clevedon (A.) 1/12/48. 464 H. L. F. AUDCENT Phoridae lutea Panz. str G. Awkley (A.) 8/9/21, Blaise Castle (A.) 6/9/30. S. ee (A.) 22/8/22, Leigh Woods (A.) 18/10/22, Tickenham (A 16 /g /22. var. flavicauda Mg. 1824. G. Shepperdine (A.) 30/8/24, Blaise Castle (A.) 15/5/26. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Backwell (A.) 25/4/25, Sharpham (A.) 4/8/25, Clevedon (A.) 17/8/40, Edington (Cw.) 1/10/48, Loxley Wood, eae (Cw.) 4/11 /46. var. palustris Mg. 1824. @. Olveston (A.) 23/9/22. S. Sharpham (A.) 7/9/25, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 4/11/46, Edington (Cw.) 28 /2 /48. var. trilineata Zett. 1848. G@. Olveston (A.) 5/11/22. S. Sharp ham (A.) 22/8/22, Tickenham (Wm.) 22/4/22 and (A.) 23/7 /22, Priddy (A.) 6 /6 /37, Clevedon (A.) 20/4/45, Edington (Cw.) 1/10/48, Loxley Wood, Shapwick (Cw.) 4/11 /46. var. cinerea Meij. 1906. G. Blaise Castle (A.) 16/3/24. S. Shapwick (A.) 1/5/27, Tickenham (A.) 24/4/22, Prior Park, Bath (A.) 19/3/32, Clevedon (A.) 11/4/39, Edington (Cw.) 1/12 /46. Jurcata Fall. 1823. §S. Clevedon (W.) 29/8 /o2. var. hee cy 1824. S. Clevedon (W.) 29/8/02 and (A.) 11/9/41, Bleadon 20/9/41. var. lacustris Mg. 1824. G. Fishponds (A.) 24/3/22, Blaise Castle (A.)18 /3 /22. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Sharpham (A.) 19/4/24, Berrow (A.) 27/8/24, Tickenham (A.) 23/7/22, Backwell (A.) 21/4/27. var. cinerelia Zett. 1838. S. Clevedon (A.) 25/9/40 a 16/9/41. Family :—Phoridae Small, black, hump-backed flies ; frons wide and bearing strong bristles ; eyes large, hairy ; legs short and strong ; the costa is short and thick, two thick veins, of which the lower one may be forked near the apex end in this costa ; there are three or four more, weak, longitudinal veins ; the flies are caught by sweeping herbage, they may also be seen on leaves or windows running about in a jerky manner; some females are micropterous or apterous ; the larvae are saprophagous, occasionally parasitic. N.B.—The generic names given in brackets are those used by Lundbeck. ANEURINA Lioy 1864 unispinosa Zett. 1860 (PARASTENOPHORA Mall. 1910). G@. Olveston (A.) 30/7 /22. thoracica Mg. 1804. (CHAETONEUROPHORA Mall. 1912). G. Stone (A.) 27/6/28, Stoke Bishop (Ct.), Filton (F.) 24/6/47. S. Taunton (Pa.), Shepton Mallet (A.) 7/7/42, Clevedon (A.) 8/8 /44. urbana Mg. 1830 (caliginosa Wood nec Mg.) (CHAETONEUROPHORA). G. Filton (F.) 12/4/46. CHAETOPLEUROPHORA Schm. 1922 erythronota Strobl 1892 (PARASPINIPHORA Mall. 1912). §S. Backwell (A.) 17/7 /26, St. Audries (A.) 25/8/29, Clevedon (A.) 20/6/40. TRIPHLEBA Rond. 1856 (TRUPHEONEURA Mall. 1909) opaca Mg. 1830. G. Filton (F.) 25/3/47. intermedia Mall. 1908. G. Filton (F.) 24/3 /48. lugubris Mg. 1830. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 7 /6 /47 and 7/3/48. S. Leigh Woods (F.) 12/4/47. intempesta Schm. 1918. G. Durdham Down (F.) 16/3 /47. autumnalis Beck. 1901. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 15/2/48. SPINIPHORA Mall. 1909 (PARASPINIPHORA Mall. 1912) maculata Mg. 1830. G. Bristol (F.) 6/3/48, Coombe Dingle (F.) 6/3/48. S. Shepton Mallet (C.), Brockley Combe (Wm.) 24/8 /22. immaculata Strobl 1894. (dorsalis Beck. 1901). G. Olveston (C.). bergenstammi Mik 1864 (domestica Wood 1906). S. Taunton (Pa.). Phoridae BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 465 DIPLONEURA Lioy 1864 (DoHRNIPHORA Dahl 1808) abbreviata v. Ros. 1840. §. Clevedon (A.) 19/7/44, West Town (F.) 28/6/47. abdominalis Fall. 1833. G. Hallen (A.) 1/8/29. S. Langport (C.), Brockley Combe (A.) 31/8/33, Bishopsworth (Ba.) 6/42, Clevedon (A.) 19/7 /42. florea F. 1794 (abdominalis Wood nec Fall.). G@. Durdham Down (F.) 11/9/47. var. versicolor Schm. 1920. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 8/5/48. S. West Town (F.) 1/6/47. concinna Mg. 1830. G. and §. Fairly common. nitidula Mg. 1830. G. Coombe Dingle (F.) 4/5/47. PHORA Lat. 1796 aterrima F. 1794. G@. Durdham Down (F.) 26/9/47. S. Wells (L.), Tickenham (A.) 25/6/26, St. Audries (A.) 19/7/29, Priddy (A.) 6/6/37, Clevedon (A.) 4/5/39 and 13/7/40, Cadbury Camp (F.) 11/5/47. obscura Zett. 1848. G. Filton (F.) 19/9/46. BOROPHAGA End. 1924 (Hypocrra Lioy 1864 p.p.) ancrassata Mg. 1830. G. Durdham Down (F.) 3/8/37. S. Wells (L.), Kewstoke (C.) 8/19, Sharpham (A.) 7/8/23, Burrington Combe (F.) 4/8/36, Winford Down (F.) 28/8/37, Clevedon (A.) 23/8/40. CONICERA Mg. 1830 atra Mg. 1830 (dauci Mg. 1830). S. Freshford (C.), Clevedon (A.) 20/4/45. tarsalis Schm. 1920. S. Castle Neroche (Edw.) 12/5/36. pauxilla Schm. 1920 (similis auctt. nec Hal.). §S. Tickenham (A.) 19/7 /24. GYMNOPHORA Macq. 1835 arcuata Mg. 1830. S. West Town (F.) 28/6/47. quartomollis Schm. 1920. S. Portbury (F.) 4/2/37. PSEUDODACTEON Coq. 1907 Sormicarum Verr. 1877. S. Dundry (A.) 2/21. MEGASELIA Rond. 1856 (ApHiocHAETA Brues_ 1904) meigeni Beck. 1901. S. Clevedon (W.) 25/8 /o2. errata Wood 1912. §S. Dunster (A.) 8/16. giraudii Egg. 1862 (rata Wood 1908). G. Bristol (Pr.). S. Clevedon (A.) 24/8 /44. angustifrons Wood 1912. §S. Clevedon (A.) 20/8 /40. lutea Mg. 1830. S. Shepton Mallet (C.). flava Fall. 1823. G. Bristol (Wm.). crassicosta Strobl 1892. S. Brockley Combe (A.).17 /5/47. rufipes Mg. 1804. G. and §. Very common, often indoors. pulicaria Fall. 1823. G. Hallen (A.) 11/9/26, Bristol (A.) 20/11/26. S. Tickenham (A.) 20/7 /23, Shapwick (A.) 26 /8 /25, St. Audries (A.) 25/8 /29. melanocephala v. Ros. 1840. G. Olveston (C.) 8/17, Morton (F.) 27 /g /46, Coombe Dingle (F.) 5/7/48. S. Taunton (Pa.), Leigh Woods (H.), Backwell (A.) 20/3/26, Clevedon (A.) 29/9/41. sulphuripes Mg. 1830 (minutissima Wood 1910). S. Shepton Mallet (C.) 29/9/07. projecta Beck. 1901. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 6/10/46. ciliata Zett. 1848. G. Bristol (A.) 2/10/32. fungivora Wood 1909. S. Taunton (Pa.) pleuralis Wood 1909. S. Taunton (Pa.), Shapwick (A.) 20/8 /25. meconicera Speis. 1925. G. Blaise Castle (F.) 6/10/46, Durdham Down (F.) 17/3/47, Coombe Dingle (F.) 22 /4/47. variana Schm. 1929 (variabilis Wood nec Brues). G. Blaise Castle (F.) 10/5/47. PHALACROTOPHORA End. 1912 berolinensis Schm. 1920. S. Clevedon (A.) 20/6 /36. 466 H. IL. F. AUDCENT BIBLIOGRAPHY This is not an exhaustive list ; it is sufficient to indicate the most useful modern books and papers which can be consulted by those who wish to study British Orthorrhapha. CLASSIFICATION Schiner, R. 1860. Fauna Austriaca, Vol. I. Coquillet, D. W. 1901. A systematic arrangement of the Families of Diptera. Proc. U.S.A. Museum, 28, 653-8. Wingate, W. J. 1906. Durham Diptera, 1-29. Williams and Norgate. Hendel, F. 1928. Diptera, Allgemeiner Teil. Tierwelt Deutschlands, 2, Fischer, Jena. Grimshaw, P. H. 1934. Introduction to the study of Diptera. Proc. R. Phys Soc. Edinburgh. Enderlein, G. 1936. Diptera. Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, 6 (3), 1-259. Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig. Séguy, E. 1937. Diptéres. La Faune dela France, 8. Delagrave, Paris. Coe, R. L. 1945. British Orthorrhapha, excerpt from Kloet and Hincks’ Check list of British Insects, 327-377. Stockport. SEVERAL FAMILIES IN ONE VOLUME Wingate, W. J. 1906. Durham Diptera. All Families ; excellent, but out of date. Verrall, G. H. 1909. British Flies. Brachycera, 5. Gurney and Jackson, London. Lundbeck, W. Diptera Danica (in English). Wesley, London. —— 1907. 1. Stratiomyiidae, Tabanidae, Leptidae, Acroceridae. —— 1908. 2. Asilidae, Bombyliidae, Therevidae, Scenopinidae. 1910. 3. Empididae. — 1914. 4. Dolichopodidae. —— 1922. 6. Phoridae. Séguy, E. Faune de France ; Lechevalier, Paris. —— 1925. 12. Ptychopteridae, Orphnephilidae, Simuliidae, Culicidae, Psycho- didae. —— 1926. 13. Stratiomyiidae, Rhagionidae, Tabanidae, Bombyliidae, Therevidae. —— 1927. 17. Asilidae. —— 1940. 86. Fungivoridae, Bibionidae, Scatopsidae, Phrynidae. Diptera Tierwelt Deutschlands, 5, 1932. Fischer, Jena. Szilady, Z. Stratiomyiidae, Rhagionidae. BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 467 Kréber, O. Tabanidae, Therevidae. Engel, E.O. Omphralidae, Asilidae. Edwards, F. W., H. Oldroyd, and J. Siar 1939. British blood-sucking Flies. British Museum. Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, Rhagionidae, Tabanidae. SINGLE FAMILIES TIPULIDAE sens. lat. Riedel, M. P. 1910. Die paladarktischen Arten der Dipteren-Gattung Pachyrhina, Deutsch, ent. Keit. 409-429. 1913. Die palaarktischen Arten der Dipteren-Gattung Tipula. Abh. Lehv. fiir Nat.-k., Crefeld, 1-120. Goetghebuer, M., and A. Tonnoir, 1920, 1921, 1924. Catalogue raisonné des Tipulidae de Belgique. Bull. Soc. ent. Belg. 2, 131-141, 8, 105-126, 6, 83-84. Brolemann, H. 1923. L’hypopygium de Pachyrhina pyrenaica Pierre (and other Pachyrhina). Bull. Soc. Hist. nat., Toulouse, 51, 472-521. Pierre, C. 1924. Tipulidae. Faune de France, 8. Lechevalier, Paris. Audcent, H. 1932. British Tipulinae. Trans. ent. Soc. S. Engl. 8, 1-34. Lackschewitz, P. 1932-3-4. ‘Tipuliden Studien, Konowia 11 (1) 74-86, 12 (2) : 129-143, 18 (2) 125-144. Edwards, F. W. 1938. British short-palped Craneflies. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 5, 1-168. —— 1939. Additions to the list of British Craneflies. Ent. mon. Mag. 75, 241-9. ANISOPODIDAE (RHYPHIDAE) Edwards, F. W. 1926. British Rhyphidae. Ent. mon. Mag. 62 (May.). LIRIOPEIDAE (PTYCHOPTERIDAE) Audcent, H. 1934. British Liriopeidae. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent..1, 103-118. PsyCHODIDAE Eaton, A. E. 1893-8. Synopsis of British Psychodidae. Ent. mon. Mag. 29 to 34. Tonnoir, A. 1940. Synopsis of British Psychodidae. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 7, 21-64. CULICIDAE Lang, W. D. 1920. Handbook of British. Mcsquitoes. British Museum. Edwards, F. W. 1920. British Chaoborinae and Dixinae. Ent. mon. Mag. 56, 264-270. 1930. British species of Chaoborus and Mochlonyx. ibid. 66, 163-5: Séguy, E. 1923. Histoire Naturelle des Moustiques de France. Eneyl. prat, du Nat. 14. TENDIPEDIDAE (CHIRONOMIDAE) Goetghebuer, M. 1927-8-32. Chironomidae. Faune de France, 15, 18, 23. Edwards, F. W. 1929. Non-biting Midges. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 17, 279-430. Dibb, J. R. 1929. Tanypodinae. Ent. mon. Mag. 65, 213-217. 468 H. L. F. AUDCENT HELEIDAE (CERATOPOGONIDAE) Goetghebuer, M. 1923. Larves et Nymphes des Ceratopogonidae. Ann. Biol. lac. 11, 173-6. Kieffer, J. J. 1925. Ceratopogonidae. Faune de France. 11. Edwards, F. W. 1926. British Biting Midges. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 74, 389-426. Goetghebuer, M. 1933. Catalogue des Ceratopogonidae de Belgique. Bull. Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 73, 363-372. ‘THAUMALEIDAE Edwards, F. W. 1929. Revision of Thaumaleidae. Kool. Anz., Leipzig, 82, 121-142. MELUSINIDAE (SIMULIIDAE) Edwards, F. W. 1915 and 1920. British species of Simulium. Bull. ent. Res. 6, 23-42, 11, 211-246. 1927. Notes on British Simulium. Ent. mon. Mag. 68, 255-258. Smart, J. 1944. British Simuliidae. Freshw. Biol. Ass. Brit. Emp. No. 9. ——— 1945. Classification of the Simuliidae. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 95, 463-522 BIBIONIDAE and SCATOPSIDAE Morris, H. M. 1921-2. Larval and pupal stages of Bibionidae. Bull. ent. Res. 12 (3), 221-232, 13 (2), 189-195. Edwards, F. W. 1925. Synopsis of British Bibionidae and Scatopsidae. Ann. appl. Biol. 12, 263-275. FUNGIVORIDAE (MYCETOPHILIDAF) Edwards, F. W. 1925. British Fungus-Gnats. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 57, 505-570. 1941. Notes on British Fungus-Gnats. Ent. mon. Mag. 77, 21-32, 67-82. Mansbridge, G. H. 1933. Biology of some Ceroplatinae and Macrocerinae. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 81, 75-92. Nielsen, P. 1943. Danish Fungus-Gnats. Ent. Medd. 28, 120-131. ITONIDAE (CECIDOMYIIDAE) Bagnall, R. S., and J. W. H. Harrison 1917. Preliminary catalogue of British Cecidomyiidae. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 50, 346-426. —— 1921, 1922, 1924. New British Cecidomyiidae. Ent. Rec. 38, 151-5, 166-9, 34, 61-6, 149-154, 36, 36-8, 53-5, 99-102. Dallman, A. A. 1921. Plant Galls of Cheshire. Lancs. Chesh, Nat 14, 50-70, Q7-125. . Barnes, H. F. 1927. Material for a monograph of the British Cecidomyiidae. Journ. S.E. Agric. Coll., Wye, 24, 65-146. | —— 1927-8. British Gall-Midges. Ent. mon. Mag. 68, 164-172, 211-221, 64, 68-75, 142-148. Edwards, F. W. 1937. New records of British Cecidomyiidae. ibid.73, 145-154. 1938. British Lestremiinae. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 7 (1), 18-24, 7 (2) 25-32, 7 (5) 102-108, 7 (g) 173-182, 7 (10), 199-210, 7 (11), 293-243 7 (12), 253-265. 1941. Notes on British Heteropezinae. ibid. (B) 10, 1-4. BRISTOL INSECT FAUNA (DIPTERA) 469 STRATIOMYIIDAE Lindner, E. 1938. Stratiomyiidae. Flieg. paldark. Reg. 18, 1-218. RHAGIONIDAE (LEPTIDAE) Lindner, E. 1925. Rhagionidae. Flieg. paldark. Reg. 20, 1-49. TABANIDAE Surcouf, J. M. R. 1924. Les Tabanides de France. Encycl. Ent. 5, 1-261. Krdber, O. 1925. Tabanidae. Flieg. paldark. Reg. 19, 1-146. Goffe, E. R. 1931. British Tabanidae. Trans. ent. Soc. S. Engl. 8, 43-114. OGCcODIDAE (/CyYRTIDAF \ Sack, P. 1936. Cyrtidae. Flieg. paldark. Reg. 24, 1-35. Andrews, H. W. 1939. The Family Cyrtidae. Proc. S. Lond. ent. N.H. Soc. 76-9. BoMBYLUDAE Engel, E. O. 1937. Bombyliidae. Fveg. paldark. Reg. 25, 1-619. THEREVIDAE Kréber, O. 1924-5. Therevidae. Flieg. paldark, Reg. 26, 1-60. Collin, J. E. 1948. British Therevidae. Proc. R. Phys. Soc. 23 (2). OMPHRALIDAE (SCENOPINIDAE) Kréber, O. 1925. Omphralidae. Flieg. paldark. Reg. 27, 1-8. ASILIDAE Engel, E. O. 1925-30. Asilidae. Flieg. paldark. Reg. 24, 1-441. Hobby, B. M. 1930. Key to the British species of Asilidae. Trans. ent. Soc. S. Engl. 8, 45-9. EMPIDIDAE Collin, J. E. 1926-7. Notes on Empididae. Ent. mon. Mag. 62, 146-150, 185-100, 213-219, 231-237, 68, 20-29, 61-67, 93-98. Engel, E. O. 1938-40. (Part of) Empididae. Flieg. paldark. Reg. 28, 1-192. DOLICHOPODIDAE Verrall, G. H. 1904-5. British Dolichopodidae. Ent. men Mag. 40, 164-173, 194-199, 223-228, 241-245, 41, 51-57, 81-83, 1¢8-112, 167-172, 189-196, 248-252. Collin, J. E. 1927. British species of Neurigona. Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. 2 (1), 19. 1941. British species of Medeterus. Ent. mon. Mag. 17, 141-153. 1943. British species of Argyra. ibid. 79, 114-117. Parent, O. 1938. Dolichopodidae. Faune de France. 35, 1-720. Stackelberg, A. 1930-4. (Part of) Dolichopodidae. Flieg. paldark. Reg. 29, 1-128, 129-176. MusIDORIDAE (LONCHOPTERIDAE) Czerny, L. 1934. Musidoridae. Flieg. paldéark. Reg. 30, 1-15. Collin, J. E. 1938. British species of Lonchoptera. Ent. mon. Mag. 74, 60-65. 470 H. L. F. AUDCENT PHORIDAE Becker, T. 1901. Die Phoriden. K.K. Zoo. Bot. Ges. Wien. 1 (1), 1-100. | Wood, J. H. 1906-1914. British species of Phora. Ent. mon. Mag. 42, 186-196, 262-266, 44, 164-174, 215-218, 253-254, 45, 24-28, 59-63, 113-120, 143-149, 191-195, 240-244, 46, 149-154, 195-202, 243-249, 48, 94-99, 166-181, 50, 152-154. (It is hoped to publish the Cyclorrhapha in the Proceedings for 1949, 1.€., iN 1950.) 47] TEMPORARY EXPOSURES AND BOREHOLE RECORDS IN THE BRISTOL AREA III. RECORDS OF BOREHOLES SUNK FOR THE TUNNEL UNDER THE BRISTOL—GLOUCESTER ROAD By W..F. Wuittarp, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Received, Nov. 20, 1948. Read in title at General Meeting, Feb. 3, 1949.) HE completion of the Severn Bridge will involve the con- struction of trunk roadways. A road approaching from the east will cross the main road from Bristol to Gloucester (A38) a short distance to the north of Almondsbury. ‘The route to Glouces- ter in this region passes along the crest of a ridge which is sufficiently defined topographically to enable the bridge road to be carried in a tunnel beneath the road to Gloucester. A series of nine shallow boreholes was sunk along the centre-line of the projected tunnel (fig. 9) and the details of the logs are recorded below. My thanks are due to the Consulting Engineers for the Severn Bridge Scheme, Messrs. Mott, Hay & Anderson, for permission to examine the cores, and to Dr. Stanley Smith and Dr. L. R. Cox for assistance in the identification of fossils. Borehole 38 Height above Ordnance Datum: 163 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins. ft. ins. Soil aes OF ae ma as er me can | SISO I Oo Red clay oes ae ae ee ee het cael adi te O 5 Oo Trias: Kruper MARL Red Marl ate oe Pe ae ue Soe cd, BOLO Ir 6 Greenish-grey marl with alabaster... ae ate coeen Me DuenO 1} 0) Red Marl aes ene 3250 E7290 The base of the Keuper Marls was not reached. SH#IOHAYOM AO ANII ONOIV ATIVOS OL NOLLOAS TWOISO108L)—OI ‘O14 do > adNv SIYVW YadNIY — 2) yv a NO dee Si 8 5 CDILSWHY ? Faurt Cm © Yop si N eS Se © 25s sy ia 5 3 WHY Iv Or Cr ee Eb 1334 Ooo! Osz OOS O0O¥v OOF O02 oo! ro) aqvoy adaLSdONOT+)-TOLSING YaaNnN T4ANNO]T Youd saIoHaYOd AO dV ALITVOO'"T—'6 “SIA Z 1s ss w\> =~ - —-—200~° BOREHOLES FOR TUNNEL UNDER BRISTOL-GLOUCESTER ROAD 473 Borehole 40 Height above Ordnance Datum: 207 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Soil os Yellow clay : TriAs : KEUPER MARL Yellowish-grey, hard, highly cane sandy marl Yellowish-grey, sandy marl Red marl with occasional nodular masses of alabaster The base of the Keuper Marls was not reached. Borehole 41 Heighi above Ordnance Datum: 233 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Soil TRIAS : KeueeER MARL Light, ochreous eM calcareous, hard marl with sand grains Red marl with some greyish-yellow bands ... Greyish-yellow marl becoming coarser-grained towards base and containing angular limestone fragments up to 1 inch across Red marl Yellow, banded with red, hard marl . Red marl ; Grey and ereyish-yellow, calcareous marl Trias : DoxLomtric CONGLOMERATE ... Breccia with angular blocks of limestone larger than 6 inches across se. eee CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Non-oolitic, fine-grained, compact, grey limestone, occasion- ally crinoidal, yielding rare aaa of Productus hemi- sphericus Sowerby a oe Grey and maroon limestone with some red shale (? pseudo- breccia) ... ae a: Be Grey, fine-grained, compact limestone | The fossils obtained from the Carboniferous Limestone give no sure indication of the subzonal age. Borehole 42 Height above Ordnance Datum: 257 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Soil CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE Light grey limestone veined with calcite Grey limestone stained a maroon colour Thick- ness ft. ins 20 5 Oo 8 oO 2 0 30 oO r © 15 Oo 20 O 4 O I Oo 2 0 I Oo 3 0 7 O 6 Oo 6 1 6 Doo Total Depth ft. ins 2 0 FAO I5 Oo 17 O 47 0O I oO 16 Oo 36 Oo 40 O 41 O 43 O 44 0 47 0O 54 0 60 Oo 62 6 64 0 18 Oo 474 W. F. WHITTARD Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins. ft. ins. Limestone-breccia cemented with calcite... 20 2A So Grey, maroon-stained, fine-grained limestone with some bands of compact, grey, poe ens limestone: Litho- strotion martini K. & H. was collected . wee Be 78 oI 2 Red, slickensided shale A 0 3 gr 6 Grey and maroon, fine-grained limestone, frequently richly oolitic and rarely crinoidal ; veined throughout with calcite. Composita sp. was obtained _.. sek oe ean @ 44. 6 Maroon and grey, oolitic, soft, earthy limestone... By erase ie 5 46 oO Grey and maroon limestone oO 50 O Grey limestone, sometimes oolitic, becoming maroon-stained towards the top and yielding Composita sp., and Productus a of hemisphericus group. . ee Ne va + tb 43 66 3 Dark grey shale, much slickensided ... He sed ; Ome 66 6 Medium grey, fine-grained limestone, in some cases a porcellanous type (‘‘china-stone’’). Composita sp. and Lithostrotion martini were collected _.... se says ja EERO 70 O The borehole entered the Carboniferous at base of the D, subzone or at the top of S,. The rock from the depth of 31 feet is suggestive of the D zone, but the fossils are more indicative of the S zone. The rocks from the cores below a depth of 31 feet are unmistakably of the S zone but the borehole did not reach the Seminula Oolite. Borehole 43 Height above Ordnance Datum: 262 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Soil & ee “os ey ne ae ae ve BAO 2 oF Yellow clay a Bean Soe mn fee ae bk OAS 6 oOo Ruaztic: WeEstsury Beeps Weathered, black shale ae dist mr ee eet, Ae 10 O CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE: S, subzone Dark grey, compact limestone with Syringopora reticulata Goldfuss .. 6.40 16 0 Light orey, earthy limestone with wisps of dark grey shale 3 0 LO«5o Grey, calcareous shale . 4 0 23. O ‘Medium grey, compact limestone with shaly partings and, near the top of the bed, common Productus hemisphericus ‘Sowerby and Syringopora sp. tees uae 8 Oo 3t 0 Grey, calcareous shale . : 36 34 6 ‘Grey, compact limestone with occasional Composita sp. Pree sac 46 0 ‘Compact, grey limestone with porcellanite (“‘ china-stone”’’) 5 0 Gidea Dark grey limestone with many wisps of dark shale 2 O 53 0 Dark grey, compact limestone. . bey iin ds eh) 56 oO ‘Grey, concretionary (algal) limestone and red shale: the rock has a nodular appearance ; 5 Oo 61 oO Medium grey, compact limestone 9 O 70 O A high dip of 60° was measured at a denen of 42 feet the Carboniferous Limestone is correlated with the S, subzone mainly because of the presence of the algal concretionary bed between the depths of 56 and 61 feet. BOREHOLES FOR TUNNEL UNDER BRISTOL-GLOUCESTER ROAD 475 Borehole 44 Height above Ordnance Datum: 267 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins. fe 1ns; Soil a ies ee nde ie ee iad eee fe oeRO 2 0 Yellow clay er a ee eke foe on om 2s 30 4 0 RuatTic : WeEsTBuRY BEDs Highly weathered, blue-black shale, associated with yellow clay carrying nodular limestone. Owing to the difficulty of drawing cores the latter deposits may not be “‘ in position’? 6 oO IO O C/ARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE: ? I) zone Grey and maroon, crinoidal limestone veined with calcite... 7 0 17 0 White, fine-grained limestone ne sie oe Bre A ag 6) 20 O Grey, crinoidal limestone aot 34080 54 0 Maroon limestone with numerous ooliths, ‘the majority ‘of which enclose sand grains Ae Tro 55 Oo Maroon and grey, quartzitic sandstone with occasional thin bands of shale ... TRO 62 oO One foot of quartzitic sandstone was recovered : apparently a fissure was reached but there was no change in water feed to borehole ia sa dist oes Be aS irae (02.80 68 o No fossils were obtained from the Carboniferous Limestone and thus it was not possible to determine the age of the rocks penetrated, but Reynolds and Innes* have recorded the Dibunophyllum Zone at Ridge Wood and it is probable that the Carboniferous Limestone proved in the borehole belongs to the same subdivision. ‘They also record the occurrence of a ‘‘ grit’’ associated with the limestone in a quarry by the side of the Tockington road at Woodhouse Down, and this “‘ grit’? would compare with the quartzitic sandstone recorded from the bottom 14 feet of the borehole. Borehole 45 Height above Ordnance Datum: 274 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Soil ee x os. ae ae Las saa nah 2.0 2 0 Ruztic: Westsury Breps Weathered, black shale Ne ee a oe eee ek GAG 10 6 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE: D, subzone Grey and maroon, crinoidal limestone which yielded Lithostrotion martini, Paleosmilia murchison’ E. & H., and Productus hemi sphericus tS AAO 15 0 Maroon and grey limestone with many wisps and thin partings of shale 3 3 ey Maroon, light and medium grey, crinoidal limestone with Lithostrotion sp. near L. junceum (Fleming), phaceloid Litho- strotion, Dibunophyllum cf. Bourne Garwood & Goodyear, Palaosimilia murchisoni, Productus hemisphericus and| giganteid productids Ae oe ee a. at, a vaste el 29 5 ie) * Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., Ser. 4, Vol. IV, part i, 1914, p. 100. 476 W. F. WHITTARD Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins ft. ins Red shale See Oo 4 29 9 Light grey, sometimes maroon- -stained, "predominantly oolitic, crinoidal limestone in which fossils are uncommon but include Lithostrotion sp. near L. junceum and L. cf. pauciradiale (McCoy) 28 3 58 Oo Light, maroon-grey limestone with detrital sand grains, becoming richer towards top, and Productus ne “ent eG 60 6 Maroon, quartzitic sandstone . : 2 Preemie (0) 63 6 At a depth of 26 feet the Garbanieraus Lima showed a dip of 25°. Borehole 46 Height above Ordnance Datum: 276 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Soil cae oe ite ne oes ae ae sl Batino I Oo Jurassic: Lras (Pleuromya tatei Zone) Bedded limestone with yellow clay, the former providing Modiolus levis Sowerby, Pleuromya tatet Richardson & Tutcher, Protocardia phillipiana (Dunker) and Ostrea hisingeri Nilsson... 6 oO ae) RuaztTic : CorHam BeEDs Yellow clay with nodules of fine-grained limestone some- times carrying iron pyrites ; one of the nodules showed the Cotham Marble structure, and the bed is two inches thick... 3 oO 10 Oo Greenish, shaly mudstone much weathered to clay 2 +6 13 6 Grey, calcareous flag with Naiadita lanceolata Buckman sy NO 15 oO Greenish-grey, shaly mudstone containing innumerable fragments of shells ; these are mainly indeterminable but Cardinia sp. nov., Cardium cloacinum Quenstedt, Modiolus sp.., Pecten sp., Pleuromya sp., Protocardia rhetica (Merian), Gyrolepis : alberti Agassiz, and ? Lepidotus sp. have been identified ... o 6 15 6 RuHa&TIC: WESTBURY SHALES Grey, weathered shale with selenite and poor fossils ite Up aaa ©, 16 6 Grey, earthy limestone o 6 17 0 Black, weathered, fissile shale which yielded "Modiolus minutus (Goldfuss), M. sodburiensis (Vaughan),* Pteria contorta and Pteria sp. nov.T : oo ae O 22 0 Grey limestone with unidentifiable shell frasments .. Oo 2 Dery 2 Fissile, black shale containing Modiolus sodburiensis*, Pla- cunopsis alpina (Winkler), Pteria contorta and Gyrolepis albert... OnlF 22 9 Fragments only of black shale with Pieria contorta were recovered. 2 6 25. 3 Fissile, black shale kes a Bets ae eo) Dy a) Coarsely congolomeratic ‘bone bed... a i SS. ex Owas 28 Oo Trias: KEuPER MARL Greenish-grey, arenaceous, calcareous marl, sometimes with small angular fragments of limestone s. miei 2 fee IO 40 O * “° These specimens are considerably larger than those figured by Vaughan, which came from the Lower Rhetic of Chipping Sodbury”’. L. R. Cox t ‘‘ The most closely comparable described species is Pteria deshayesi ( Terquem) figured from the Rhetic of Italy by hor seas but the body of the shell and the auricles differ appreciably in shape’. L. R. Cox. BOREHOLES FOR TUNNEL UNDER BRISTOL-GLOUCESTER ROAD 477 Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins. ft. ins. Greenish-grey, mottled with darker green, arenaceous, calcareous marl with wisps of alabaster ae eo A ao 43 0 Red marl with angular pieces of limestone up to 4 inch iia size 1) ESS iT 1.6 44 0 Fine-grained, calcareous, orey breccia with limestone fragments up to one inch in size 250 46 oOo Hard, red marl . Aa 50 O Hard, calcareous red and orey marl . ore (0) 52 0 Grey ‘and yellow limestone with dolomite 2 6 54 6 Yellowish-grey, hard, calcareous, including dolomitic, marl «1 6 56 o The base of the Trias was not reached. Borehole 48 Height above Ordnance Datum: 255 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Soil ae ae a ee se sar a op lee G I-36 Jurassic: Lias Yellow clay with grey-weathering, blue-hearted limestone... Yellowish-grey clay with flaggy, earthy limestone Fissile, grey shale with harder, more calcareous bands : Earthy, grey limestones with Mactromya arenacea (Terquem), Modiolus levis, Pleuromya tatei and Protocardia phillipiana (Zone of P. tatez.) ee eh oe oes Wa Nat ea LOR ome Or oo io) 20 fe) - Ruaé€tic: CotTHam BEps Cotham Marble O Green and grey banded shale with harder, highly calcareous bands. Thin layers composed of minutely comminuted fish-remains and shells occur at intervals throughout the thickness of the bed; the following fossils have been recognised : Ctenoptychins SP; See alberti, Dee es sp. and Pecten Spee ais ALG oly» (G) ite) 22 6 The core of the ridge extending to the north-north-east from Almondsbury is shown by the traversing boreholes to be composed of Carboniferous Limestone, the surface of which must, however, descend westwards underneath ‘Triassic strata at a minimum average angle of 15 degrees (fig. 10). The inclination of this un- conformity is in marked contrast, as it generally is elsewhere in the Bristol district, with the unconformity beneath the Rhetic rocks where the surface is almost horizontal. A thin veneer of Rhetic rocks effectively obscures most of the Carboniferous Limestone of the Almondsbury ridge on the eastern side. Further south-eastwards along the line of section Liassic strata are introduced and may be explained either by a gentle dip in that direction or by the effect of a fault or faults possessing a down- throw to the east. The records from boreholes 46 and 48 are 478 W. F. WHITTARD significant because the thin Cotham Marble occurs respectively at 266 feet and 233 feet above Ordnance Datum, requiring a down- throw of 33 feet if the strata are assumed to be horizontal ; mid- way between the boreholes there is a. pronounced topographical feature, and faulting, instead of gentle dip, appears better to explain the difference in level of the Gotham Marble. _ 479 TEMPORARY EXPOSURES AND BOREHOLE RECORDS IN THE BRISTOL :A REA IV. BOREHOLES ON MENDIP By, W.. FF. Wairrarp, DSc, Ph.D. (Received, Dec. 22, 1948. Read in title at General Meeting,. Feb. 3, 1949.) OREHOLES which have been sunk to tap water on Mendip” have not generally proved satisfactory of recent years, and of | the three recorded herein one alone can be claimed as successful.. The several Old Red Sandstone anticlines of Mendip succeeded: by the Lower Limestone Shales of the Carboniferous have not infrequently been quoted as examples of water in permeable, anticlinal cores being held back by impervious shales. Theoretic- ally, the sandstones might be expected to yield considerable supplies ; in practice, they usually possess an exceedingly low porosity ratio because secondary silica occupies the voids. The sandstones are massive, bedding planes are tight and joints are so close set as to be of no importance from the viewpoint of rock permeability. The optimum conditions often exist alongside a fault zone, but even these may prove disappointing because the joints are infilled by minerals, particularly calcite, which may have been derived from the overlying limestones of Carboniferous age. Springs are well known to flow near the Carboniferous—Old Red Sandstone junction but the quantity is invariably small. The Old Red Sandstone of Mendip is so far from being a good aquifer that it is generally true to state that only under exceptional cir- cumstances will supplies in excess of 5,000 gallons an hour be won from the ground. | I am indebted to Dr. Stanley Smith for the identification of the: fossils. Priddy Borehole Location: well,in coppice, 400 yards E. 36° N. of St. Lawrence’s Charch,.Priddy, Somerset. Height above Ordnance Datum: 800 feet. Remarks. A well 15 feet deep had been dug several years ago and a small water- supply piped to Priddy Village. A borehole was sunk in the bottom of the well with a view to increasing the yield. 480 W. F. WHITTARD GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins. ft. ins, Depth of well... ie des Bio tei dh fh I5 Oo Sediment ae a as ei 8 Saf oo EON 21 O CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE: K, SUBZONE Dark grey, calcareous shales with thin bands of darker grey limestone 4 0 25 O Dark grey, crinoidal limestone which provided Chonetes stoddarti Vaughan, C. cf. hardrensis Phillips, orthotetid frag- ments, Productus (Avonia) bassus Vaughan, Camarotechia mitcheldeanensis Vaughan and Spirifer tornacensis de Koninck.. 4 6 29 0 Uncored 4.6 32 6 Dark grey, crinoidal limestone, sometimes stained pink, with thin, calcareous shale-partings and two beds, 9 inches and 6 inches thick, of bryozoal limestone. The grey limestones yielded Chonetes sp. belonging to the C. cf. hardrensis group and comparable with C. tuberculata McCoy, fragments of young orthotetids, Productus (Avonia) bassus and Camarotechia sp. The bryozoal limestones provided fragments of the above-listed forms and in addition Spirorbis sp. 4, i.. hrm 16 45 0 Dark grey, calcareous shale carrying thin, sometimes crinoidal, limestone... oe at ae aoe ef Or e@ 54 Oo Bryozoal ‘limestone te 9 54 9 Dark grey, calcareous ‘shale with thin limestones not exceeding 1 inch in thickness ... Fos 62 0 Medium grey, crinoidal limestone with Rhipidomella michelini VEveille, Chonetes of the C. cf. hardrensis group, Camarotechia sp. and ? Eumetria SPs pixie vi xych- pfs 63 3 Dark grey, calcareous shale ne bok paced eae 65 6 Bryozoal limestone 6 666 Dark grey, calcareous shales with a few thin limestone bands rarely reaching a thickness of 4 inches ; the latter provided Orthotetes (Schellwienella) crenistria Phillips and an allied type with a rounded form and shorter hinge es Lippi) 83 6 Dark grey, fine-grained, non-crinoidal limestone... VBSESS, 85 oO Dark grey, calcareous shales with dark grey limestones up to g inches thick... 7 @ 92 O Dark grey, crystalline, fine- grained “limestone containing Orthotetes (Schellwienella) crenistria and Productus (Avonia) bassus 1 6 93 6 Dark grey, calcareous shale... a3 ves ee wet pi4ey gO* 7 98 oO Medium grey, crystalline limestone ... ve coe De es XS) 99 0 Dark grey, calcareous shale 6 99 6 Bryozoal limestone with Rhipidomella michelini, ‘Orthotetes (Schellwienella) crenistria, Productus (Avonia) bassus and Spiri- ferina octoplicata (Sowerby) 1 6 IOI oO Light grey limestone which contained Rhipidomella “michelini in abundance, Orthotetes sp., Leptena analoga Phillips and Syringothyris cf. principalis North NBS bials ane Ree ll OS) 102 6 Dark grey, calcareous shale... as ae Ses 0, Hi ae 1r5 “@ The dip of the beds is 20°. The fauna shows nothing unusual except the abundance of Chonetes at certain levels ; the beds can be correlated with the K, subzone of the Carboniferous Limestone. Bryozoal limestones are not frequently developed so high in the K zone and five bands were found ; although these distinctive BOREHOLES ON MENDIP 48] rock-types are commonly associated with the a horizon, Welch has recorded the presence of similar beds at the top of K, in the Eastern Mendip.* A pumping test was run for nineteen days, and over a period of thirteen days the yield of water fell from 6,000 to 5,000 gallons per hour. The flow of water is from the south-west along a fissure. The total water hardness is 19 parts per 100,000, of which 5 are permanent and 14 temporary hardness. Eastwater Borehole Location : 550 feet due east of old quarry alongside Eastwater Drove north of Eastwater Farm. Height above Ordnance Datum: 8g0 feet GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total ness Depth ft. ins ft. ins CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE: K ZONE Predominantly crystalline, grey limestones (sometimes with wisps of dark grey shale) and some interbedded dark grey shales. The rocks are unfossiliferous except for crinoid ossicles. The dip is 48° : 73 (0 73730 Micaceous, dark, bluish-grey shales with occasional thin beds up to 8 inches thick of crinoidal, crystalline limestones, much veined with calcite. No Bryozoa Bed was recognised. A dip of 60° was measured at a depth of 110 feet. The fossils recovered included Chonetes cf. hardrensis Phillips, Orthotetes sp., Productus (Avonia) bassus Vaughan, Camarotechia mitchel- deanensis Vaughan, Syringothyris cuspidata Martin, eee tornacensis de Koninck and Eumetria sp. a) pally O 190 O O.tp RED SANDSTONE Grey, pink and brown, massive, calcareous sandstones with many veins of calcite, bands up to 2 inches thick of conglom- erate, and occasional beds up to 2 feet thick of brick-red and greyish-green shale, and maroon, micaceous shales _ ... 110 0 300 O The borehole yielded little water, and on test produced no more than 200 gallons per hour. The rocks were extensively jointed but in nearly all cases the joints were mineralised. A borehole was driven in 1943 by Messrs. Clements for the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, the position being 700 feet from the Eastwater borehole in a direction E.8° N. Six-inch perforated lining-tube was inserted within the eight-inch borehole, and test pumping was carried out for about 8 hours at maximum capacity of 1,000 gallons per hour. During the test the water-level was not depressed to more than 20 feet from the surface; normally the water stands at 2 feet below ground level. The only geological data are those provided by the contractors, who report that the * Q.J.G.S., vol. Ixxxix, 1933, pp. 15-16. 482 W. F. WHITTARD hole was 86 feet deep, that broken, red sandstone and sand were penetrated to a depth of 83 feet, harder rock being met through the last 3 feet of drilling, and that the water was found nearly at the bottom of the hole. This report suggests the presence of a con- siderable thickness of hillwash material derived from the Old Red Sandstone. Erlong Lane Borehole Location: Erlong lane, goo yards W. 110° N. of St. Paul’s Church, Easton, Somerset. Height above Ordnance Datum: about 45 feet. Remarks. Some years ago the borehole had been cut to a depth of 208 feet and then abandoned. Work continued in 1943 when a depth of 350 feet was attained. GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Thick- Total — ness Depth ft. ins. ft. ins. Soil ssi ss en Bee Stic oe sins shea ORO 2 Ok Trias : KEUPER MARL Red marl ug Eelol7OryO 180 © Red marl interbedded with greenish-grey bands... ie EO O 208 oO Borehole re-opened in 1943 : oe Pty Sludge of mud ... ant Ee — v2) 2Od50 228 oO Red marl with ereenish-grey bands ... aot ae sett) WAGEO 229) 6 Grey limestone-breccia with fragments and pellets of calcareous shale oe she me ie: abe a 6 232 6 Red marl on Sed au tf ate oA wae SRO 238 oO Greyish-green marl .. AYO 242 Oo Greyish-green and red marl with bands of ; gypsum (satin- spar) up to 15 inches thick ... siete oc ete 244 O Red marl with occasional greyish-green marl cies fo SOAS NO 328 Oo Greyish-green marl with bands of Se ste Bi, ere av) EN 0) 330 oO Red marl ; 5 Pe Bae - eiey Ole 350 oO A continuous anne test was run for fourteen days and a steady supply of 5,000 gallons per hour was maintained. The rest-level before pumping was 15 feet below ground-level, and the depressed level during pumping was 130 feet ; the water returned to 17 feet twenty-four hours after the conclusion of the test. ‘The water proved excessively hard and analysed 64.5 parts per 100,000, of which 54 were permanent and 10.5 temporary hardness ; chlorine, calculated in terms of sodium chloride, was present to the extent of 5.7 parts per 100,000. The thickness of marls proved greater than was expected, particularly in view of the outcrop of hard, massive Dolomitic Conglomerate which occurs 1 mile to the north-east and supplies good potable water. THE TERRESTRIAL ISOPODA OF °S hE PP WOM By Hucu Boyp (Received, Fan. 20, 1949. Read in title at General Meeting, March 3, 1949.) HILE visiting Steep Holm on May 2, 1948, with a party of members of the Society, the writer made a collection of terrestrial Isopoda. Since less than three hours could be devoted to collecting, it is obvious that a thorough examination of the island was not made, and it is most unlikely that examples of all the species present were obtained. Nevertheless, the publication of a brief account of the collection is deemed to be justified by the occurrence of several species not previously recorded for the island. Two previous lists of the terrestrial Isopoda of Steep Holm have been published. Pearcey (1915) collected on the island at the end of May, 1914. He found only four species. Hamilton (1939) took part in the biological survey carried out by several members of the Society in July, 1938. He names five species, and notes another for which the specific determination was not made. The following list is of all the species so far recorded. Identifica- tion of the 1948 collection was carried out by the writer. Ligia oceanica (Linn.). Recorded by Pearcey as “‘ not common on rocks at low water.” Not listed by Hamilton, but stated by Yonge and Lloyd (1939), in their report on the shore fauna, to be ‘** abundant in cracks in the rocks at and above high tide mark.” Not looked for in 1948. Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt. Found in 1938, but not in 1914 or 1948. A surprising omission from the recent collection, for this species is usually readily apparent where it occurs. Platyarthrus h hoffmannseggu Brandt. Found in 1938 and 1948, but not in 1914. This species is common in ants’ nests, conspicu- ous, and readily identified, so that it is odd that it was not found by Pearcey. Porcellio scaber Latr. Numerous in 1948, especially in heaps of stones. Recorded by Pearcey. Hamilton lists a species of Meto- ponorthus (=Porcellionides) or Porcellio, not more precisely identified, which he equates doubtfully with Pearcey’s P, scaber. 484 HUGH BOYD Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt). One taken in 1948. Not previously recorded. Tracheoniscus sp., prob. ratzeburgi (Brandt). Only one obtained, 1948. Not previously recorded. Oniscus asellus Linn. Found in 1914, 1938 and 1948. Though numerous in the latter year, not the most abundant species. Philoscia muscorum (Scop.). ‘Taken in 1938 and 1948, but not in 1914. Another surprising omission from the earliest list, for, though it did not seem very plentiful in 1948, the species is more active and obvious than most. Armadillidium vulgare (Latr.). In all three collections. Abund- ant and widespread in 1948. In 1914 noted as “‘ common under stones at base of cliffs near ruins of Hotel.’? Found on plateau and in dampish situations, 1938. A. pulchellum (Zencker). Not taken in 1914 or 1938. Recorded as numerous in 1948, especially near the huts in the south-west. A. pictum Brandt. One found 1948. Not previously recorded. Thus the 1948 collection adds four species to those previously found. It will be remarked that three of the new records are based ~ on single specimens. This is probably an indication of scarcity, though the possibility that the collector paid relatively little atten- tion to the habitats favoured by these species cannot be excluded. | The adequacy of the 1914 collection is doubtful. It was made in a single day and may thus have been even less comprehensive than that of 1948. ‘The 1938 survey extended over three days and might be expected to be fairly representative. However, in 1948 © the collector was concerned only with Isopoda and Myriapoda, whereas the earlier visitors were not so restricted, and this may. have reduced the effectiveness of the latter. In view of the inadequacy of the material, it would be imprudent to assert that significant changes in the isopod population of Steep Holm have taken place since 1914; but, equally, the possibility cannot be dismissed. It is, indeed, likely that some changes have occurred, for several modifications in the environment have taken place, and have been such as to favour these animals. ‘Iwo wars have provided an abundance of temporary structures, giving rise in their decay to a multitude of suitable micro-habitats. A great increase in the numbers of nesting gulls has added to the amount of vegetable debris, and the re-emergence of Alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum) as a dominant plant over extensive tracts may also be of importance in this respect. Clearly, further collections of Isopoda on Steep Holm are desir- able, to establish more certainly the number of species present — and to determine the status of each. That the comparison of the three collections made so far appears to indicate several changes in THE TERRESTRIAL ISOPODA OF STEEP HOLM 485 the isopod fauna, even between 1938 and 1948, suggests that repeated biological surveys of the island, at intervals of not more than ten years, would be of value, for it may be supposed that com- parable changes are also taking place in other elements of the biota. REFERENCES Hamilton, J. E. 1939. A Survey of Steep Holm. VI. Land Invertebrates, excluding Insects. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. Ser. 4, VIII, pt. IV, pp. 468-470. Peareey, F.9G. 1915. “[he Natural History of Steep Holm. Land Crustacea. Ann. Rep..and Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. Ser. 4, ny got. 1, p. 147. Yonge, C. M. and A. J. Lloyd. 1939. A Survey of Steep Holm. VIII. The Shore Fauna of Steep Holm. Proc. Bristol Wat, 806. ocr. 4, VIII, pt. [V, pp. 474-478. 486 THE OCCURRENCE OF Lit cuk S BAT (Nyctalus leisleri (KuuHu.)) at BRISTOL By L. Harrison Matruews, M.A., Sc.D., and W. E. Mayes (Received, and read in title at Council Meeting, May 4, 1949.) N 10 July, 1948, an example of Leisler’s Bat was picked up dead at Stoke Bishop, Bristol, and brought to the City Museum. Examination showed that the animal was a female and that she was Carrying, clinging to the fur, a recently born young one which was still living. The occurrence of this species at Bristol is of interest for it has only once previously been recorded from the district, from Winscombe, Somerset, in 1915, as noted by Wigles- worth (1915) and Tetley (1941). Leisler’s Bat is generally regarded as a rare species in England, being known chiefly from parts of Yorkshire, Cheshire and the valley of the Avon in Warwickshire, Worcestershire and Gloucester- shire (Barrett-Hamilton, 1910). Elsewhere it has been found only as isolated examples at infrequent intervals. The Somerset speci- men mentioned above exemplifies this, as does a more recent one found in Cambridgeshire (Harrison, 1946). ‘There appear to be practically no further records of the species, at least by reliable observers. On the other hand, the resemblance of the species to the common Noctule Bat may have led to its being overlooked, as also may its habits for it is said to inhabit inaccessible holes in trees far above ground level ; it may thus be less uncommon and restricted in its range than is generally supposed. In Ireland it is common and widely distributed over the eastern half of the country. LEISLER’S BAT AT BRISTOL 487 The fur of the present specimen is rusty brown ; lighter, almost buffish, below, and darker on the head, neck and throat. The rusty brown colour is, however, confined to the tips of the hairs, about the outer third of each, the rest being dark brown. The dimensions in the flesh were, head and body 65.0 mm., tail 40.0 mm., expanse of wings 270mm. ‘The young one is a female, its measure- o— \ ments being, head and body 38.0 mm., tail 18.0 mm; the body was hairless and unpigmented, only the flying membranes, the ears and face being dark brown in colour. The formula of the —23.1.12 123-1 .19 the lingual point being the larger ; mc is slightly recurved. Each mi bears three, short, rounded cusps ;_ mc bears two, small points —one posterior, the other posterior and lingual to the main one, milk dentition is on each side. Both mi are three-pointed, 488 L. H. MATTHEWS AND W. E. MAYES which is slightly recurved. All the post-canines are simple points. Fig. 11 shows the head of the adult female ; fig. 12 shows the under surface of the naked young one; the scale in each represents 1.0 cm. REFERENCES Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H., 1910. A History of British Mammals.. London. Harrison, D. L., 1946. An extension of the distribution of Leisler’s Bat (WNyctalus leislert Kuhl.) in Great Britain. Naturalist, London, 1946, 147. van Tetley, H., 1941. Land Mammals of the Bristol District. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 8.4. 9, 100. Wiglesworth, J., 1915. Leisler’s Bat in Somerset.