Hie OFFA aa eee oat GePoN-AF-2 tnt eae RPT SE ae ES ee pe ee De Tasteot- ee aoa ane POI fae ene PN t s rc Fo a ana 5 8 in SLD presterar ery = pve ane PE: ", i H iB cand ly ‘ll Eee i WS il ft ¥ ss ue on : aoupra Se Va nis ey : gepee Ah Sas s, ‘gh “es pr, Ws. bess ates aN ies ae 5 a e Ske eZ me ve r” see ts m i i i ia , RP et 2a $ = se : 7 sit a “Ff fo ys fe arrange = CO pcbanet ce Sh, ees coger a ae eS aa) ae “y ea ta * Se 8 Bae oe “6 fess x Qo vg Px] E NY cast b) f afar ss it ey tran i ” ly OY > KD i ag fe i Pog 2 Rafe Bd, v el ea i 4 — a. x > 1.” yi My % i “eg i, \ | | | “a rs it a 7 M | On EVEVEAE BN af see aig ~. en i i | Y ae One Sat) i iy Fees Brae f fe Dt bh EE. ————— = at ot ae ‘ ae oe AP ori aot Spomiieee oe “See P HON ae Serene Ne, ee rasa ANC S PMSig. F Ry) FD Shiv atse ae =) Si! : By Se | y- © ee ‘As » i 32, >} yf a Ss “sy < es ‘ EY La, 8 / a = N ene: a y ” 25, © Sy, | .} eS > F ~~ Xo, pith ~, oe j " “ud | li, een or ae & a® %, f a i , “i dL ‘3 Yip, | i Me i ie “yy i vy bn 1a | i 4 i ‘ i‘ ie ” th i ae P95 9 VOLUME XXX, PART I PRICE EIGHT SHILLINGS PROCEEDINGS OF THE Bristol Naturalists’ Epitep sy A. J. WILLIS ASSISTED BY A COMMITTEE i 4 i me. 1 oye ‘‘Rerum cognoscere causas.”’—Virgil PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY A al i Society _ AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS, BRISTOL Issued 5th September, 1960 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. | 30,(1) | — pp.1—85 | 1960 | All matter for inclusion in the next issue of the Proceedings — should be sent to :-— Da, A.J. Wirt DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, THe UNIVERSITY, BrisTo., 8 NOT LATER THAN FEB, 28. Other instructions for authors appear on Contents page. All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of exchange, gift or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto and to purchases of the Society’s publications should be addressed — to. -— Hon. LrprariAN, Bristot Nat. Soc., THe Ciry Museum, BRISTOL, 8 Applications for membership of the Society should be addressed to the Hon. ‘Treasurer :— P. J. M. Netruercott, Esq., 44 Upper CRANBROOK Roap, BRISTOL, 6 Enquiries concerning Field Meetings should be made of the Hon. Secretary, Field Committee :— Dr. A. F. DEVONSHIRE, 59 FaLcoNnDALE Roap, WESTBURY-ON- ['RYM, BRISTOL. All other communications should be addressed to the Hon. Secretary :— A. Croome LEAcu, Esq., Lower LopcE, KNOLL HILz, BRISTOL, 9 The SOCIETY’S LIBRARY in the City Museum is open to. members as under :— Weekdays - - - - 10.0 a.m. to 6.0 p.m. and at other times as announced in monthly circulars. VOLUME XXX, PART I, 1959 CrON EEN ais PAGE Council ee 2 New Members and eee of eee 3 Report of Council 6 Report of Entomological Section 6 Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts a Report of Botanical Section 8 Report of Geological Section 9 Report of Ornithological Section .. ~ eras aes: se Me 10 Report of Junior Section me ~ ay er os = - Tat Account of the General Meetings .. axe ih ae i ne 12 Hon. Librarian’s Report iS zs aK 14. Bristol Botany in 1959, by Cecil I. a N. ee eae an a 15 Bristol Bird Report, 1959 ee ae Me tis aie ay. ae oI Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol District, 1959, by C. S. H. Blathwayt ie 49 A Revised List of the Lumbricids found in the Bristol District, by H. Davies 51 Gravels below the Flood Plain of the Bristol Avon at Keynsham, ms Ds. hi, Donovan ae af Ls a as ae He 55 Temporary Exposure of Lower Lias at ane ee by Grr ks Leese and F. S. Ross = : 67 An Inland Occurrence of the pointed Snail, by H, W. Bird cue ae 69 Hypogeous Fungi of the Bristol District, by Lilian E. Hawker .. Sl 71 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS 1. All matter offered for publication in the ‘‘ ProcreEpincs’”’ must be sent as directed on p. 2 of cover of current issue. ie) To ensure consideration for inclusion in the next issue, contributions must be received not later than February 28. 3. All copy must be type-written (preferably double-spaced) or in very clear manuscript and, in either case, with good margins. Copy submitted is not returnable and authors are advised to keep a duplicate. At the discretion of the Hon. Editor, contributors may be required to furnish short abstracts of their communications, for printing as summaries. 6. Photos and drawings supplied for illustrations will be returned. 7. The copyright of all published matter shall be the property of the Society, 3 on whose Council has power to permit reproduction. Authors shall be entitled to 25 copies of their papers (without covers), free of charge. NV.B.—AUTHORS ALONE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACCURACY OF THEIR ARTICLES. THE SOCIETY IS A SIGNATORY TO THE Fair CopyiINnG DECLARATION, DETAILS OF WHIGH MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ROYAL SoclrETy, BURLINGTON House, W.1. I A COUN CLE 1959 OFFICERS : PRESIDENT : Miss M. H. ROGERS, M.A. PAST PRESIDENTS : H. WOMERSLEY, F.R.E.S., A.L.S. F. W. EVENS Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, Prof. W. F. WHITTARD, D.Sc., F.L.S. D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. H. H. DAVIS, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. J. H. SAVORY F. S. WALLIS, D.Sc., Ph.D. R. BASSINDALE, M.Sc. VICE-PRESIDENTS : F. COLES PHILLIPS, M.A., Ph.D. P. F. BIRD, B.Sc. HON. TREASURER : P. J. M. NETHERCOTT HON. AUDITOR: A. E. BILLETT HON. SECRETARY : A. CG. LEACH, T.D.)Mouw HON. ASSISTANT SECRETARIES : Miss E. H. POPLETT, Mrs. H. G. HOCKEY CHAIRMAN, FIELD COMMITTEE : H. CG. HOCKEY HON. SECRETARY, FIELD COMMITTEE: .. A. F. DEVONSHIRE, M.A., Ph.D. HON. LIBRARIAN : R. BRADSHAW, M.Sc. HON. ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN : M. ACKLAND HON GE DITORS Ay: WILLIS, B.Se.,0 Php: S. SIMPSON, M.A., Dr. rer. nat. HON. PUBLICITY SECRETARY: B. FROST OFFICERS OF SECTIONS : BOTANICAL President—Il. W. EVANS Hon. Secretary—R. F. WILLS ENTOMOLOGICAL : President—N. A. WATKINS, M.A., F.R.E.S. Hon. Sec.—C. L. BELL, F.R.E.S. GEOLOGICAL : President—C. E. LEESE, B.Sc. Hon. Secretary—R. G. PAYNE, B.Sc. JUNIOR (ADVISORY COMMITTEE) : President—J. H. SAVORY Hon. Secretary—Mrs. R. F. WILLS ORNITHOLOGICAL : President—G. E. CLOTHIER. Hon. Sec.—S. M. TAYLOR, B.Sc., S.I1.Mech.E. OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL : Miss A. E. BENNETT, B.Sc. B. KING Mrs. M. L. COLTHURST jJ. A. KITCHING, ‘0:5 EZ) Se): V. D. DENNISON, B.Sc.(Econ.) F. STENHOUSE ROSS Miss C. GROVES W. F. VERNON M. A. WRIGHT Ex-officio the Professors of Botany, GEOLOGY and ZooLtocy at the UNIverRsity OF BRISTOL NEW MEMBERS (other than Junior Members) From 15 APRIL 1959 TO 27 APRIL 1960 A—Associate Member. C—Corresponding Member. H—Honorary Member The addresses of Junior Members may be had from the Hon. Secretary of the Junior Section. Pudenuy Gus BSC: 1... 2... 7 Vassall Road, Fishponds, Bristol. spray, Muss J. B........-... Cliff Cottage, Aust, Nr. Bristol. Barbour, Dr. R. F., M.A., Hill House, Iron Acton, Nr. Bristol. M.B:, Ch.B., D.P.M., F’R.G:P. barpour, Mrs,R. FS 2... Do; Daibye Warsaw, Do. . So kee Steppings, Bay Road, Ladye Bay, Clevedon, Somerset. Besum, Miss'P. TR. ....., Kington Mead Farm, Thornbury, Nr. Bristol. Beyer, Mrs. M. pe .. Nynehead, Brockley, West Town, Nr. Bristol. Brown, Mrs. D. L. M. pee 02), Nags. Head sbill,. Bristol, 5. Boyce. Massif be. tc... es Sleepy Hollow, Stone Allerton, Axbridge, Somerset. SIRES) 5 Ud Clean tee CON) y er Coombe Lea, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol. Campbell; Dr. B., Ph.D., B.B.C., Bristol, 8. M.B.O.U. Waits Wits ov, ess ws 14 Tyndalls Park Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Colesmivinrs. EK. 3......3.. 17 Tugela Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3. Coomilss, WMiss-V. Ew... se 27 Elberton Road, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9. Corelle Miss BV. os 3S. 39 Broadfield Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4. Che VAR oh Ae a ee 18 Belgrave Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Gray Mins ey ices ce Do. @urber’ ROM. oc ke ee ec 158 Englishcombe Lane, Bath, Somerset. Davies, Mrs. N. Vaughan .. 3 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. rastess DR Ow. we The Bank House, High Street, Marshfield, Nr. Chippenham, Wilts. Wastes Mrs.Z. *. ci. . ose a Do. English, Miss M. P., M.Sc... 6 Cotham Park, Bristol, 6. Ose rNiter uiehe ls Soden de os Pentire, 64 King’s Drive, Bishopston, Bristol, 7: Goi] 5 OIE Cea ae Allendale, Gloucester Road, Almondsbury, Nr. Bristol. Gibby ye Gr.. i ee Do. Gillett, Miss S. M. .. .. 29 Sea Mills Lane, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. Gorahuly Miss A. R. ...... 14 Chantry Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Gwillam, Miss F. M. ...... Wills Hall, Parry’s Lane, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. tama Wy ok. ees Myndeep, Westward Drive, Pill, Bristol. Fvannam, Nirs; M, J. .... 4: Do, iNstirutION JAN 2 5 1964 A, NEW MEMBERS AND CHANGES OF ADDRESS Harding, Miss ko ee eee 39 Broadfield Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4. Hawkins, K. A. ate .. 78 Chelwood Drive, Odd Down, Bath, Somerset. iearle, Nitss 1K Vi Se agen 21 West Park, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Etobios, Wisse Nits oar 18 Clare Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7. mere Witssu lean Eis ae eee 169 Redland Road, Bristol, 6. Elusband. aVirs.An Re ee Downfield Lodge, 2 Downfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Jermyns Mins 10s: ean 6 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. slonessVissebe eee. eran se 27 Barley Croft, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. Rone eRe Ba eer ek ee, ee 6 Bromley Heath Avenue, Downend, Bristol. Knreit. tier Sarde aos ae Woodlands, Bridge Road, Leigh Woods, Bristol. Reniehier virssee bie eee Do. maker vinss |pVie aa. aturaer 138 High Street, Marshfield, Nr. Chippen- ham, Wilts. cerNites iin) Com ee ee 78 The Dell, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. IewaisseViiss Se. Beg ean. 11 Haytor Park, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9. cong. mivitss Min Greece 3 14 The Chine, Stapleton, Bristol. OV CUSOIRE ioe ices <4 ge en See White Cottage, Butcombe, Nr. Bristol. Gove lrseg Nile ks eee ee Do. @OiConars Wissio;) a1. seer 15 Berkeley Square, Bristol, 8. Owens Mins? On ats a eee Hillside, Rhodyate Hill, Blagdon, Bristol. Parsons; Jivus. eaten A: sce 88 Station Road, Glastonbury, Somerset. Peerless eu We hei dee 42 Downs Park East, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6. Phillips; Mrs: Fe Coless sas a 89 Coombe Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. IRrowsesd or. Rises «cen sareney aces Stevelands, Thornbury, Nr. Bristol. IBrowsesp Vins: wk .oe cietee oe Do. ees Wiiss Be Mine kee 23 Montague Hill, Kingsdown, Bristol, 2. Rogers, Mrs. M. J., M.A. .... 21d Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Rose flo sD hil eiartoceren ee 93 Sydney Mews, Bathwick, Bath, Somerset. Rushton; Miss C. F.....0,..) 19 Redland. Park, ‘Bristol 6, Sauter Cab. ne ckdien koi ae 25 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6. Salter) MrsiGi: Bas. Jaa esse Do. DOG ing sore oie aet. cs ko ee 24 Hanham Road, Kingswood, Bristol. Swanborough, Mrs. I....... 24 Highfield Avenue, Hanham, Bristol. Vann Missa Evi, 2 ee 128 King’s Head Lane, Uplands, Bristol. Wane, MAISSeID | eae ae ca ea 64 The Crescent, Henleaze, Bristol. Walmsley, Massa) 2255 153 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Wilmott, H. A., B.Sc.(Eng.), 17 Salisbury Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. A.M.1.C.E. Wilmott, Mrs) HaAw a. .e Do. Winchester, Miss D. E. .... 8 Richmond Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Wood, C. A, .scsceseraae @ Wiears Close, Wells Semetcer ae NEW MEMBERS AND CHANGES OF ADDRESS 5 CHANGES OF ADDRESS Sallvein.”) (Sa) 141 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Ramey NlIss Pw. ee Yorkshire Insurance House, 8 Colston Avenue, Bristol, 1. Bowens Wliss Act. 2.2. ee eee 211 Redland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6. Bowen, Miss M., B.Sc....... Do. (Cale Cle eg ieee 8 Hazeley Close, Hartley Wintney, Hamp- shire. @ollmay iiss IM. A. ....0.. 22 Park Road, Shirehampton, Bristol. Dennison, V. D., B.Sc.(Econ.) Manor Cottage, Winford, Nr. Bristol. Hye Sy NNE LS ers soc cies se Avenue House, 5 Cotham Park North, Bristol, 6. ISON) DS ane 1 Maurice Road, St. Andrew’s Park, Bristol, 6. Pinay Pe B.SC, 6. ees The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey. iendall @.9D., MLA. ....4. 111 Passage Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. AS ny SIAR D0] oe ee Ridgewood, Rudgeway, Nr. Bristol. Minar, Wisi E.R. : 2 sv... 4 Granville Road, Sevenoaks, Kent. INGWIS@My Us Sie. helo. ew Long Cottage, Ropers Lane, Wrington, Bristol. Parson, Ivins. Ay BH. a-.. 2... 14. Eastfield Gardens, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. Simpson, Prof. Scott, M.A., Department of Geology, Queen’s Building, Drerer, nat., F.G.S, The Queen’s Drive, The University, Exeter, Devon. SLOVO NICE, 1 Sana ae een 31 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Meanie Re Urs hs ss he es 17 Miles Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8. Mneanle eins. Rook, an cos Do. Warne, L. G. G;,; M.Sc., 34 Clothorn Road, Didsbury, Manchester, ERoDs ELAS: 20. \Widiitanms.< Wins. G,. Bs 20.5 3 Pineheath, de Maulley Road, Canford Chffs, Bournemouth. Wirarsht (GV. N.DD. ..:. 31a Sherborne Road, Yeovil, Somerset. VWraiohteWvins. G. Ve... 6s Do. REPORT OF GOUNG@s: Wee) a Junior Section of 113; there are 22 affiliated Societies. Despite this it has been found necessary to increase the rates of subscription. At the Annual General Meeting the Officers and Members of Council were duly elected with Miss M. H. Rogers as President. Many General and Sectional meetings were as usual held during the year and the Field Section was very active. The Society was able to see the R.S.P.B. films “ Highland Birds’? and ‘‘ Island of Birds’’. ‘The Annual Dinner, at which there was an attendance of 87, was held on March 13 in the Senior Common Room of the University, by kind permission of its members. ‘The Guest Speaker was Professor Rh. Eo W.. Peel, M.B-E., Mia The deaths of Mr. G. H. Beacham, Mrs. M. A. Wallington, Dr. E. E. Lowe and Mr. M. Sutton were recorded with much regret. A. C@. LEACH, Aon. Secretary. O: membership continues to increase and now stands at 666, including REPO hy. Oa ENTOMOLOGLOAL SEC tae Log T the 95th Annual Business Meeting held on Tuesday, January 6, 1959, Mr. Norman A. Watkins was re-elected President and Mr. Cecil L. Bell Secretary. i During the year the Section held five indoor meetings and one Field Meeting as follows : Feb. 3: Talk by Peter F. Bird, B.Sc., on ‘‘ Something about Insects ”’. Mar. 3: Film—Life History of the Monarch Butterfly. June 6: Field Meeting at Burrington Combe. Oct. 6: Visit to City Museum to inspect collections. Nov. 3: Annual Exhibition. Dec. 1: Talk by J. C. Hartley (Bristol University) on “ Hoverflies ’’. CECIL L, BELL, Hon. Secretary. ‘0961 ‘Arenuef eT ‘0961 ‘Arenuef eT ‘soppny “vo ‘ITLATIIA “A ‘“V ‘4IANSva4T “WOH ‘LLOONAHLAN “W ‘f ‘d ‘yOoIIOD PUNOJ puke poyIpNy ¢ € OF6F Il » Tl6s | & & OF6F 10s ae ai [SOL CLASS = ; Ll Il ace | SLT Z oi ** Arejoto9g JO spuey uy ‘DP SE LaF OATOSay ATeUs}UID ‘Op | Om On Sc 99}}]1WMIOD ~Plely jo spuey uy "PS “ST OFF JUNOOW SUIPUIqYOoY Sulpnpouy | t+ € 006 a yue_ SSUIARS s0IJQ 3sO0q | F 1 Ie ae ae a yueg :ssourreg “ aa CRGGG O &I 8S¢ (i at DY (AuJO 3SsOq) Hsodeq uo jser}uUT “ OL GI 8S t $ 13 Sits ke earl o- SuTjo0ul | « SPlg purlysiy ,, uo yyorg “ ae 9 0 6 oe oe a (ery sasuodxa miaco JoAO snjdins 9ayyMIOD ppry “ 0 oF OC —- es Aleya10eS jURSISSy JO spuey UT Semin OM t1¢ < 6 TF O: 2 v8 <. "* 99}}TWUWIOD Pjaly Jo spuey uy 99 ee" Sans 020-006 —* a8 spuog s0usjoqd %¢ 00ZF — O20. = Tea cle a Se Yue SSUIARS OIJO 1S0d% Te eG. 4) 0 O1G : te we suoneoyqng “ 0 1 1 9 Z 02 = O=0. (suorditosqns gg6T) ssurpescoig “ () 0 F 0 @ 6&4 enboyy pojuesaiduy, ssa7 | _. 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The Wild Plant table at the Bristol Museum has again been much appre- ciated and owing to the fine summer many plants have been shown. We offer our sincere thanks to Dr. F. S. Wallis and Mr. P. F. Bird of the Museum and to Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Mr. Ivor Evans, and to all our members who have contributed specimens. On June 20, a whole day coach trip was taken to the Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley. The Bath Natural History Society also ran a coach trip on the same day and we were all met by Mr. R. P. Scase, one of our life members who is on the staff at Wisley. We were shown a wonderful collection of shells from all over the world and also many interesting rare wild flowers from his garden. Afterwards Mr. Scase kindly showed us round the gardens. During the year the following Winter meetings were held : Jan. 12: Annual Business Meeting. Impressions of the vegetation in Rhodesia and the Union of S. Africa. Mrs. H. H. Davis. Keb; 9: Succulent Plants. ~Dr. W: D: Gli: Mar. 9: Rare Plants of the Lizard Peninsula. Dr, L. C. Frost. Apr. 13: Summer Field Programme. Oct. 12: Members’ Evening. Nov. 9: Plant Names. Dr: A. F. Devonshire: Dec. 14: The British Sorbus Species. Dr. E. F. Warburg. The following field excursions took place during the Spring and Summer under the leadership of those named. May 2: Goblin Combe and Wrington Warren. Dr. A. F. Devonshire. May 30: Coombe Hay. Mr. H. F. Howard. June 20 : R-H.S. Gardens, Wisley. Mr: R; Fe) Walls. July 4: Painswick Beacon. Mr. E. P. Bury and Mr. H. F. Webb. July 18: Sharpham and Berrow. Mr. I. W. Evans and Mr. P. J. M. Nethercott. Sept.12: Stoney Littleton. Miss C. Groves. In addition, evening walks were taken as follows : Abbot’s Pool. Miss A. M. Sampson. Long Ashton? Mr. H. F. Howard. River Avon at Keynsham. Mr. J. A. Eatough. Compton Dando. Mr. I. W. Evans. Clevedon Salt Marshes. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. Five indoor meetings in the Botany Lecture Theatre were held on the following dates: May 4, June 1, July 6, July 20 and Sept. 14, when specimens collected on field excursions were brought in for identification. On June 1, Mr. Mann gave a talk illustrated with numerous colour slides on the scenery and plants of the West Indian Islands. \ T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Physiology Lecture Room of R. F. WILLS,’ ion.sSecreiony: T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Geology Department of the A University on January 14, 1960, the following officers were elected : President, Mr. C. E. Leese; Vice-President, Mr. F. S. Ross; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. G. Payne; Field Secretary, Mr. V. D. Dennison ; Ex-Officio, Professor W. F. Whittard and President of Students’ Geological Society ; Committee, Mrs. F. S. Wakefield, Miss L. Carlton, Mr. R. Bradshaw, Dr. M. Ee hene@unns, vir A, C. IK. Fear, Mr. T.R, Fry, Dr. F. C. Phillips, Dr. R. J. G. Savage, Mr. H. W. Turner, Mr. W. F. Vernon, Mr. D. Vowles. During 1959 the Committee met twice, on January 8 to make proposals for officers and on February 12 to arrange Summer and Winter programmes. The Annual General Meeting was held on January 15 when reports were read and officers elected ; an exhibition meeting followed, at which eight members exhibited geological material. There were four lecture meetings of the Section during the year : Feb. 12: Mr. D. Findlay—Geological problems of Soil Survey. Mar. 5: Prof. T. M. Harris—Flora of the South Wales fissures. Oct. 22: Dr. W. Campbell-Smith—Meteorites. Nov. 19: Dr. F. S. Wallis—Rocks and the Archaeologist. In January, Dr. D. T. Donovan was awarded the Murchison Fund for his work on Mesozoic stratigraphy and palaeontology. The Section would like to record its thanks to Dr. Scott Simpson for his services to the Section and to the Society, and to congratulate him on his new appointment as Professor of Geology, Exeter University. At Easter, a highly successful four-day trip to Cornwall was arranged and admirably led by the President, Mr. C. E. Leese. Based on Callington, the party visited many sites ranging geographically from Boscastle to St. Austell. First-class geological material was collected. There were five Field Meetings during the Summer as follows :— Apr. 18: Cattybrook ; leader Mr. W. Vernon. May 9: Malvern Hills; leader Dr. B. Leake. July 4: South Wales; leader Mr. R. Bradshaw. July 22: Whitchurch; leader Mr. C. E. Leese. Sept. 26: Yate and Chipping Sodbury; leaders Dr. F. S. Wallis, W. Stock, R-.G, Payne: All lectures were held in the Geology Department of the University, and the Section would like to record its thanks to Professor Whittard and its indebted- ness to the University for making the premises freely available for these activities. R. G. PAYNE, Aon. Secretary. 10 K YF. "Os I LS Ree er T the 35th Annual Business Meeting in January, Mr. G. E., Clothier; Mri Ss3M. Waylor and Miss F. Wareham were re-elected President, Hon. Secretary and Assistant Hon. Secretary, re- spectively. Miss D. M. Crampton and Messrs. P. J. Chadwick, H. H. Davis, H. W. Neal and G. Sweet were re-elected to the Committee. Mr. G. A. Forrest was elected, and Messrs. B. K. Brooke and M. A. Wright retired by seniority. The Editorial Committee STEW REND T/T TREIKING GE was also re-elected. ude ah Miia ct Oe During the year the following indoor meetings were held :— Jan. 14: Annual Business Meeting and Ornithological Brains Trust. Feb. 13: The Story of the Osprey in Britain, by P. E. Brown, Secretary of ‘the R2S. 2B; Mar. 6: Annual Field Programme Meeting, 1959, and records of Bird Songs. Mar. 25: ‘“‘ Canada’s Duck Factories,” by Hugh Boyd, Biologist, Wildfowl Trust. Sept. 30: “‘ Should the Great Black Woodpecker be on the British List ? ’” by Ik. S.- Re Pitter: Oct. 28: ‘“‘ Eighteen Months on Ascension Island,’ by Dr. B. Stonehouse. Nov. 20: Annual Field Programme Meeting, 1960; ‘“* The Breeding Population of Mallard in North Somerset,” by Hugh Boyd ; Reports on 1959 Fieldwork. Dec. 4: R.S.P.B. Films Reed Warblers and Island of Birds—special meeting, admission by ticket. Attendance at the first seven meetings averaged 62 ; all 350 tickets for the last meeting were sold, including about 100 at a reduced rate to school pupils. Three field walks were held in the Spring, to Chew Valley Reservoir, the Saltford area and Leigh Woods. ‘Twenty-one took part in an all-day excursion to Salisbury Plain in May. The “‘ Fieldwork Review ”’ for 1958—the tenth of the series—was published in March. Its contents included an account of the discovery by Mr. M. A. Wright of a Bridled Tern, the fourth British record and the first for Somerset ; details of an important scheme organised by the Steep Holm Trust Gull Research Station to obtain speedy details of any future ‘“‘ wrecks’’ of seabirds in the area ; and a report on a co-operative study of the breeding-season Shelduck population on the Bristol shore of the Channel. Fieldwork in 1959 included a continuation of the Shelduck study, in co- operation with the Wildfowl Trust, which showed some interesting differences from 1958 and yielded new statistics on breeding and mortality. A survey of the Lapwing breeding population on the North Somerset moors in the area was also made, for comparison with one carried out in 1949. The B.T.O. Nest Record and Ringing Schemes were supported, and mem- bers contributed to other nationally sponsored investigations. S. M. TAYLOR, Hon. Secretary. T 11 REP OR. OF PUNEOR SECT I 1959 ON HE Annual General Meeting was held in the Physiology Lecture Theatre on January 23, when the following officers were elected to the Members’ Committee :—Nigel Webb (Chairman), Stephanie Sweet (Hon. Secretary), Stephen Chapman, Colin Godman, Timothy Lait, and Jack Read. During the year nine indoor meetings were held :— Jan. 2: New Year Party. Jan. 16: “ Bats.” Dr. David Harrison. Jan. 23: Two films—Reptiles and Birds of the River. Feb. 27: ‘‘ Wild Life in Rhodesia and Cape Province.” Mr. H. H. Davis. Mar. 20: ‘* Natural History and the Camera.” Mr. R. F. Wills. Sept.19: Films, and Questions answered by Mr. Maxwell Knight, O.B.E. Oct. 3: Exhibition. Nov. 6: “Animals and Birds of East Africa.” Prof. R. Milnes Walser. Dec. 11: ‘‘A Bird Watching Holiday in France,’ by Timothy Lait and “A Visit to Juniper Hall, Surrey,’ by Nigel Webb. The following field excursions were held under the leadership of those named :— | H. H. Davis. Jan. 18: Blagdon Reservoir. Mr. Feb. 15: Chew Reservoir. Michael Edgell and Nigel Webb. Mar. 7: Wild Fowl Trust, Slimbridge. Mr. B. King. Apr. 12: Durleigh Reservoir and the Quantocks. Miss E. Palmer and Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills. May 8: Flax Bourton to Cambridge Batch. Mr. G. Sweet and Michael Edgell. May 24: Steep Holm. Mr. H. Savory. June 6: Gordano Valley. Mr. P. J. M. Nethercott and Mr. B. King. July 29: Tickenham Moor. Mr. H. F. Howard. Aug. 26: Burrington Combe to Shipham. Mr. V. D. Dennison and Mir R. G. Payne. Sept.13.: Bitton to Weston (Bath). Dr. A. F. Devonshire. Sept.27: Portland Bill. Mr. B. King. Oct. 10: Brockley Combe. Miss A. E. Bennett and Miss M. Jago. Oct. 17: Durleigh Reservoir and Taunton Castle. Nov. 8: Kellaway Rocks. Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross and Mr. R. G. Payne. Dec. 2 Wild Fowl Trust, Slimbridge. Mr. B. King. The Chew Valley reservoir was visited on Oct. 24 and Dec. 20, and the Blagdon reservoir on Nov. 22, under the leadership of Mr. B. King. Un- fortunately on the visit to Steep Holm on May 24, members were not able to land because of the rough sea. Mr. P. Bird and Mr. V. D. Dennison were elected to the Advisory Committee to replace Miss M. Jago and Mrs. Morris who resigned. Mrs. R. F. Wills was elected Hon. Secretary in place of Mrs. Rosemary Millard, who has now left Bristol. On her departure a presentation was made in appreciation of her work for the Junior Section. D. WILLS, Hon. Secretary, Advisory Committee. STEPHANIE SWEET, Aon. Secretary, Members’? Committee. when the Officers and Members of Council were duly elected. Miss M. H. Rogers was re-elected as President. On his retirement from the post of Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Peach was thanked for his 20 years of valuable service. Mr. Peach, Mr. Ivor Evans and Mr. C. S. Carlile were elected Honorary Members. ‘There followed a lecture by Dr. R. J. G. Savage on “‘ Oases of the Sahara’, beautifully illustrated by colour slides. He referred especially to the water problem which is gradually becoming more serious. On February 9 Dr. Alan F. Rogers, medical adviser to the Trans-antarctic expedition, gave us a thrilling account of the journey across Antarctica, illustrated with many colour slides. The tremendous difficulties encountered on land, sea and in the air were most vividly brought home to us. Unfortunately local foggy conditions reduced the number attending. Professor L. J. Audus of Bedford College, London, came to us on October 1 and described the use he made of his biological training when a prisoner of the Japanese in Indonesia. Under incredible difficulties and with the most primitive materials he and Dr. Alston managed to produce a culture of yeast, which proved invaluable, because as a result of its use the pellagra disease more or less dis- appeared, and the bad eye conditions got no worse ; however, it did not help with beri-beri. Even this much greatly raised the morale of the prisoners, and it gave to the lecturer an interest that kept him alive. On October 29 Miss Valerie Finnis from the Waterperry Horticultural College, near Oxford, showed us many colour pictures of Alpines in their natural setting. First she showed them in the Dolomites, then near Champéry in Switzerland. She also showed us pictures of the College and gardens at Water- perry at the close of her very interesting and lively lecture. On November 28, in the Museum Lecture Theatre, we were told by Mr. and Mrs. J. D. H. Hooper about the work done in “‘ Banding Bats ”’ in Devon- shire. The bands are aluminium rings clipped onto the forearm. Most of the pictures shown were of the Greater and Lesser Horseshoe Bat and the film illus- trated clearly the small size of cave through which the observers had to crawl. The idea that bats go into complete hibernation is incorrect. A. C. LEACH, Hon. Secretary. T g6th Annual General Meeting was held on Thursday, January 22, GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS on last year’s record number. An innovation was the holding of two evening coach meetings. ‘These were successful, and were attended by some members who are unable to come to week-end meetings. More evening meetings will be held next year. The meeting to Aberystwyth and Devil’s Bridge was probably the longest and most ambitious in the Society’s history. In accordance with a resolution of Council, sectional secretaries now attend all meetings of the Field Committee, and it is hoped in this way to minimise clashes between sectional and general field meetings. A brief summary of the field meetings under the leadership of those named is given below,and a much fuller account is kept in the records of the Field Section. Pron tase 9 general field meetings took place during the year, an increase ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS 13 Arlingham Passage. Mr. H. G. Hockey. Wick St. Lawrence Wharf. Mr. D. A. Cullen. Silbury Hill, West Kennett Long Barrow, and Avebury. Mr. D. Grant King, Dr. A. F. Devonshire and Mr. Ivor Evans. Quantocks : Wind Down and Ruborough Camp. Mr. A. N. Marriage and Mr. H. G. Hockey. Mendips: Rodney Stoke. Mr. T. H. Payne. Elan Valley Lakes, Aberystwyth, Rheidol Valley railway and Devil's Bridge. Mr>H:. G. Hockey. : Tickenham and Cadbury Camp.” Mr: A. C.K: Fear: Selworthy, Selworthy Beacon and Hurlstone Point. Mr. H. G. Hockey and Dr. A. F. Devonshire. Lyme Regis and Charmouth. Mr. H. G. Hockey and Mr. Ivor Evans. Velvet Bottom. Mr. H. F. Flook. Crook Peak. Miss C. Groves. Brecon Beacons: Caerfanell valley, ‘Tal-y-Bont reservoir, and the Monmouth canal. Mr. D. A. Cullen. East Brent, Brent Knoll and South Brent. Mr. Ivor Evans and Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. Quantocks : Holford and Hodder’s Combe. Mr. H. G. Hockey. A. F. DEVONSHIRE, Hon. Field Secretary. 14 HON. LIBRiARIAN’S REPORT Toe St sf Exchange of publications was instituted with the following :—Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Polish Academy of Science; Academy of Science of the U.S.S.R. Ail the books in the library have been recatalogued and a start has been made on the periodicals. The Society acknowledges with thanks the gift of several books from various organisations and also a number of Bird Reports from one of our members, Mr. H. H. Davis. Mr. M. Ackland was appointed Honorary Assistant Librarian in January, 1959: [LD sci the year, 326 books and periodicals were borrowed by members. R: BRADSHAW, Hon. Librarian. : he gi 15 PRistTOL BOTANY IN 19569 By Ceciz I. ano N. Y. SANDWITH HE glorious summer of 1959, lasting from May until October, was succeeded by two wet months and a stormy Christmas season. Plants were dried up early on downs and dunes, but the wild flowers of marshes and streamsides flourished exceedingly. The hot sun brought to flower a wonderful autumn crop of aliens (especially weeds from North America) at Avonmouth Dock, as we record below, and Botanical Society members came from far and near to take their toll of the spoil. Two field meetings were held in our area, both centred on Wells : the British Bryological Society was there in April, while Dr. A. J. Willis was the leader of the Botanical Society’s Whitsun meeting. Reports of both meetings will appear in the publications of the two Societies. The bryologists added several Mosses to the North Somerset list, as well as two Hepatics, Ptilidium pulcherrrmum and Nowellia curvifolia (the latter a sensational discovery by Dr. Willis in Ebbor Gorge). The Report of the Committee of the City Museum for 1958 states that “‘ the Miller Herbarium, formed during the period 1880-1900 and including many specimens from Somerset, was given by the courtesy of the authorities of Sidcot School.’ ‘This Herbarium is evidently that of W. F. Miller (1834-1918), who had many records from Mendip in Mr. White’s Flora and was a friend of White and David Fry. Among his good finds were Schoenus in Max Bog (now gone ?) and Orchis ustulata on Wavering Down. A still more recent accession is the Herbarium of Mr. Ivor W. Evans, which he has presented to the Museum. Mr. Evans tells us that it will occupy a special steel cabinet, and that he is now re- arranging it according to the new List of British Vascular Plants. This Herbarium contains a fine series of specimens of Bristol aliens. The death at Kew of Mr. Ernest Nelmes, on February 5th, 1959, _aged 62, is a loss to Bristol and Gloucestershire botany. He sent important records from the Gloucestershire side of the area to Mr. White for the “ Bristol Botany’ notes after 1920, and his name appears on very many pages of the Flora of Gloucestershire for localities contributed in District 5, especially around his native village of Hill. Mr. Nelmes was a world authority on Cyperaceae, and he was always pleased to help with the naming of Bristol specimens. The names of principal contributors are abbreviated as follows : Pele. or. A. ji. Willis G.W.G., G. W. Garlick DMCS. Or: D. Munro-smith P.J.M.N., P. J. M. Nethercott 16 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH Ranunculus Lingua L. Still on Catcott Heath, S., “6 poor plants, 4 of them flowering ’’, 7. Cowley in Somerset Botany for 1958, in Proc. Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1958-59, p. 95. In 1942, we found it also in small quantity in a new station in a rhine on the north side of the railway, north-east of Catcott Burtle. Rorippa x sterilis Airy Shaw. Calcareous stream, Seven Springs, Dodington Park, G., G.W.G. Cardamine flexuosa With. x pratensis L. Stone, G., P. G. Munro-Smith, det. D. E. Allen. The first record for the district of this hybrid. Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. “‘A hybrid form, approaching D. plumarius L.’’, det. Miss S. Hooper at Kew, has been introduced on a rocky slope far from houses at Rookham Hill, Wels, S., where it was first noticed by Mr. P. Sheasby and was later studied and compared with native Cheddar forms by Dr. 7. F. Hope-Simpson. Lathyrus sylvestris L. Berrow dunes north of the Church, S., first seen in 1958, 7. I. Robbins. Sanguisorba officinalis L. Damp field between Tytherington and Stidcot, G., Miss I. King, comm. Dr. D. C. Prowse. Sorbus anglica Hedl. Rodney Stoke Wood, S., 7. Northover, det. A.F.W. Pyracantha coccinea Roem. One bush far from houses in Leigh Woods, S., P.7.M.N. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Eastville Lake, G., not flowering, D.M.S. Callitriche platycarpa Kiitz. Drain on Yate Common, G., G.W.G., confirmed by 7. P. Savidge. C’. intermedia Hoffm. ‘Two of the localities given in White, Fl., Pp. 529-530, should be cancelled since the corresponding specimens (labelled C. hamulata Kitz.) in White’s herbarium at Bristol University are referred by 7. P. Savidge to C. obiusangula Le Gall. These localities are: ditch between Shirehampton and Avonmouth, G. (see also Fl. Glos., p. 219), and old coal canal at Midford, S., 1901. It will be noticed that White himself (Fl., l.c.) repeated the same two localities under C. obtusangula. Ne are grateful for this information to 4.7.W. Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. Leigh Woods; and Walton-in- Gordano moor, S., P.7.M.N. E. Lamy F. Schultz. Waste ground, Downend, G., D.M.S., det. G.M. Ash. Ivory Hill, Frampton Cotterell, G., G.W.G. E. palustre L. Marshy ground above Lower Farm, Charterhouse- on-Mendip, S., C./.S. and N.Y.S. CEnanthe fimpinelloides L. Abundant in a rough hillside pasture, Har-y Stoke, Stoke Gifford, G., D.M.S. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1959 led Thelycrania sericea (L.) Dandy (Cornus stolonifera Michx.). Riverside, . Hambrook ; and waste ground, Downend, G., D.M.S. Leycesterta formosa Wall. Established at Portishead Camp, S., POF M,N, Senecio aquaticus Hill x Facobaea L. Occurs in plenty in a number of fen meadows in the Gordano Valley, S., 4.7.W., confirmed by P.M. Benoit. See also the delightful paper, “‘ The plant ecology of the Gordano Valley’, by A. F7. Willis and R. L. Jefferies, in Proc. B.N.S. 29(5), pp. 469-490 (1959), where reference is made to this hybrid on p. 482. Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. St. George’s Wharf, Portbury, S., 1921, F. Samson in Miss I, M. Roper, ms. in her interleaved copy of White, Fl., and (one small tuft) 1959, P.7.M.N. We know of no station for Thrift nearer to the City. Veronica scutellata L. Marshy ground above Lower Farm, Charter- house-on-Mendip, S., C.l.S. and N.Y.S. Orobanche Hederae Duby. Wall, Frenchay, G., D.M.S. Mentha X< piperita L. A very interesting series of forms of Pepper- mint occurs by a stream above Lower Farm, Charterhouse-on- Mendip, S., C.L.S. and V.Y.S. At least three forms were noted, in distinct clumps, the most striking being the greyish, shaggy forma /uirsuta (Fraser) R. Graham of var. piperita. ‘The two other forms were glabrescent, viz. the typical var. pipertta and the var. subcordata Fraser, the latter with very distinct leaves, shorter, much more finely toothed, and rounded or subcordate at the base. M. X piperita L. var. vulgaris Sole. Drain by railway, Strawberry Gardens Inn, Yate, G., G.W.G. M. X geniilis L. var. gentilis. ‘Tip at Hambrook, G., D.M.S. Chenopodium ficifollum Sm. Cultivated ground between Hambrook and Moorend, G., D.M.S. Manure heap at Blackford, Wed- more, 9., JV.1.9. Ceratophyllum submersum L. Wayside pond, Upper Morton, Thorn- bury, G., D.M.S. Orchis ustulata L. A single plant in short, limestone turf at Callow Rocks, Sidcot, S., John Hodgson (B.S.BJI. Field Meeting). This had not been reported from Mendip during this century, although it should still occur in W. F. Miller’s station on Wavering Down. QO. praetermissa Druce. Damp hollow near Priddy lead-mines, 8., Dr. Jj» 1, A. Knight, . Compare the record of “‘ O. latifolia”’ from the ‘* Mineries Bog”’ (B. W. Tucker) in Journ. Bot. for 1917, p. 188. 18 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH Sisyrinchium Bermudiana Mill. Dune-slack at Berrow, S., B.S.B_T. Field Meeting, comm. A.7.W. It was noted as still at Burnham in Rep. Bot. Sect., Som. Arch. and Nat. fist. Soc. for 1930, and may well have been known there to other observers in the intervening period. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. ‘Two clumps in a hedgerow near North Wootton, Wells, S., A. A. Franey. Colchicum autumnale L. Lane between Nettlebridge and Ashwick, S., F. M. Pilkington. Juncus compressus Jacq. Further peat moor localities (see “ Bristol Botany in 1958”’’) are a grassy drove on Ashcott Heath, and two marshy fields on Glastonbury Heath, S., C.l.S. and NW.Y-S. J. tenus Willd. Berrow, S., in slack and on edge of salt-marsh, A.F7.W. Compare H. 8. Thompson’s record from “ Burnham Links ’’, in Rep. Bot. Sect., Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1930. Sparganum minimum Wallr. At the western end of the peat moors on Catcott Heath, S., 0.14.8. Acorus Calamus L. Bank of the Avon under Cleeve Wood, Hanham Abbots, Gi, 2.7. Vi. Wolffia arrhza (L.) Hork. ex Wimm. Rhines on Mark Moor, Commander R. G. B. Roe, and on Blackford Moor, S., NV.Y.S. Butomus umbellatus L. Bank of the Avon under Cleeve Wood, Hanham Abbots, G., P.7.M.N. Potamogeton coloratus Hornem. Rhine at the Portbury end of the Gordano Valley, S., P.7.M.N. Eleocharis quinqueflora (F. X. Hartmann) Schwarz (Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf.). Still at Berrow, S8., G.W.G. See also Journ. Bot. for 1918, p. 83, for a 1915 record of its survival] there. Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. Still at Berrow, S., in slack and on the edge of the salt-marsh, A.7.W. An interesting, previously unpublished, station is “‘ bog under Lansdown =Langridge Bottom ’’, §., 1917, Miss I. M. Roper, ms. in her interleaved copy of White, Fl. Carex pamculata L. Still at Berrow, S., in swampy ground among the dunes, D.M.S. and B.S.BI. Field Meeting. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. parviflora (Thuill.) Coss. et Germ. Hambrook, G., D.M.S., det, C. E. Hubbard. Glyceria declinata Bréb. On a track in Greyfield Wood, Clutton, S., CALS: and gv. ds: BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1959 19 Azolla filiculoides Lam. Rhine on the Brean side of Lympshan,, §., 3. P. M. Brenan. In three spots on the peat moor near Catcott Burtle, S., Commander R. G. B. Roe. ALIENS. Pride of place must be given to the genus Amaranthus, which germinated successfully and revelled in the prolonged heat. The railway tracks and waysides at Avonmouth Dock were thronged with specimens of at least eight taxa. A. albus teen anias IL, (A. gracilis Desf.\, A. retroflexus L. and A. hybridus L. and its subspecies cruentus (L.) Thell. are relatively well known at Bristol. Far more remarkable has been the appearance during the last three years, scattered about the Dock and some of them in quantity, of no less than four Western North American species of the dioecious group Acnida, all now recorded for Britain for the first time : they are A. tamariscinus Nutt., $ (1957 and 1959, J. HE. Lousley) ; A. tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer, 2 (1958-59, C.LS. and WN.Y.S.) ; A. Palmeri S. Wats., S and 2 abundantly (1959, first noticed by Miss M. McCallum Webster) ; and A. Watsoni Standl., g and 2 (1959, first noticed by D. McClintock and WN.Y.S.). The Avonmouth material of Amaranthus has been thoroughly studied by Mr. 7. P. M. Brenan, who has prepared an account of all the species which have occurred in Britain. We are most grateful to Mr. Brenan for his help, also to Prof. F. D. Sauer, of the University of Wisconsin, who first identified our 1958 specimen of A. tuberculatus. Collected also at Avonmouth Dock last season, the following species are first records for Bristol: the pantropical Com- posite, Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kze., sensu lato as probably in- cluding F. australasica Hook., found by Mrs. N. Saunders, det. N.Y.S.; the Pedaliaceous, Gloxinia-like weed, Proboscidea loutstanica (Mill.) Thell.,a native of North America, found by D. McClintock and N.Y.S.; Polygonum pensyluanicum L. var. laevigatum Fernald, by C.I.S. and N.Y.S.; the small, prostrate, American Spurge, Euphorbia serpens H.B.K., det. C. C. Townsend, collected by Mrs. B. H. S. Russell; and the grasses, Chloris virgata Sw. and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., collected and determined by Miss M. Webster. Of these, the Flaveria and Euphorbia are first British records. The following, also at Avonmouth, are first records for the Dock : Anoda cristata (L.) Schl. var. brachyantha (Rchb.) Hochr. (7. E. Lousley) ; Impatiens capensis Meerb. (C.L.S. and N.Y.S.) ; Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton (previously recorded from Bristol as Coreopsis aristosa Michx.), found by Mrs. P. C. Hail, 20 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH det. C. C. Townsend; and Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Willd. var. edulis (Gaertn.) DC., found by Mrs. B. H. S. Russell. Other noteworthy, but not new, Avonmouth aliens were Lathyrus annuus L. (Mrs. Russell), Galium spurium L. var. echinospermum (Wallr.) . Hayek (Miss Webster), Plantago aristata Michx. (D. McClintock and N.Y.S.) and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees (Miss Webster). Finally, alien records from outside the Port of Bristol area are as follows : Oxalis corniculata L. var. microphylla Hk. fil. Lawn-weed, Downend, G., DIM.S., det, D. P> Touns: Potentilla recta L. Channel bank, Sheperdine, G., Dr. R. W. G. Dennis. Arable field, Lansdown, Bath, S., 1950, Miss D. M. Frowde in Kew Herb. Rubbish by roadside, Winscombe, S., 1916, Rev. HE. Ellman in 7. W. White, ms. in his interleaved copy of White, Fi. Tagetes minuta L. Roadside kerb, North Road, Yate, G., G.W.G. This species appears regularly at Avonmouth Dock. Artemisia Absinthum L. Rubbish tip, Frenchay, G., D.M.S. Datura Stramomum L. var. Tatula (L.) Torrey. Garden at Nettlebridge, S., F. M. Pilkington. Nicandra physaloides (L.) Gaertn. Garden path, Horse Street, Chipping Sodbury, G., G.W.G. Verbascum Lychnitis L. A plant of the yellow-flowered form on the Channel bank at Redwick, near Passage Halt, G., H. S. Semple, comm. Commander R. G. B. Roe. This form occurred at Avonmouth in 1932 and 1938, and perhaps Jater. Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell. Garden at Nailsea, S., 1958-59, Mrs. F. M. Vance, det. J. P. M. Brenan. The form with green, drooping inflorescence. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Leigh-on-Mendip and Glastonbury, S., Dr. jf) tiga huge Rumex scutatus L. Wall, Backwell West Town, S., 1958, A. A. Graham, R. M. Harley and D. H. Lewis, see Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. I5:, 935; pt. 35.9: 206) (1959) Helxine Soleirol Req. Pavement, Downend, G., D.M.S. Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss. In small quantity in a basin of the Canal at Bath, S., P.7.M.N. Native of South Africa, and an aquarist’s throw-out (see “ Bristol Botany in 1956” for the record of another alien species of Hydrocharitaceae, Elodea callitrichoides, in the same Canal at the Dundas Aque- duct). New to the district. best OL BIRD REPORT Les. COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION P. J. Guapwick R. H. PouLpINnG Me. Davis M. A. WRIGHT XCEPT where otherwise stated, records below refer only to 1959, and are followed by the appropriate initials throughout. ‘Observers’ names, forming a key to the initials, and a note outlining the area covered, appear later in this introduction. Available space does not permit publication of all the many records received. ‘Those not included will, as usual, be filed for future reference. At the New Grounds White-fronted Geese again reached peak numbers in February (5,000 on 14th), two Lesser White-fronts and a single Red-breasted Goose being frequently seen among them from late January to the middle of March. Other important records for the same locality are of a Sandwich Ternon the Estuary in April, two Avocets on the Estuary in December and, in the same month, a Spotted Crake in the Wildfowl Trust enclosures. Chew Valley reservoir continues to attract a great variety of bird-life and remains the chief centre for breeding ducks in Somerset. As well as Mallard and Tufted Duck, Shoveler enjoyed a successful season, and broods of Garganey, Gadwall, Pochard and Shelduck were also reported. Here, as at all Bristol reservoirs, the low water level, following a remarkably fine summer, provided abnormal areas of feeding ground for autumn waders—the following, among others, being reported: Turnstone, Black-tailed Godwit, Wood Sandpiper, Spotted Redshank, Little Stint, Temminck’s Stint and Curlew Sandpiper. From Chew Valley, also, there are records of Water Pipits (up to 10 or 12) in March and April; an Osprey in August; and a party of five Barnacle Geese in December, while the visit of a Whiskered Tern in June gave various observers the surprise opportunity of watching a species seldom seen in Britain and not hitherto met with in Somerset. A Red-necked Grebe was identified at Cheddar reservoir in October and Great Northern Divers were reported from the same place in November- December. Noteworthy records from other localities include those of a 22 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT Little Gull at Weston-super-Mare in April ; a Hoopoe at Almonds-- bury in April and another at Winterbourne in August ; an Osprey over Steep Holm in September ; a Grey Phalarope feeding along a roadside near Bath in October ; a Waxwing at Shirehampton in November ; and a Hen Harrier at Sand Bay in December. Crossbills, up to 40 or more, visited Clapton-in-Gordano in July, and at least one Lapland Bunting was seen on Brean Down in mid—December. Contributors to the Report are: L. P. Alder, R. Angles, S. J. G.. Barnett, A. E. Billett, H. J. Boyd, G. L. Boyle G@3imett BK Brooke, K. B. S. Brown, Mrs. M. L. Butterworth, G. C. Buxton, Mrs. 8S. I. Buxton, Dr. B. Campbell, E- Chapman, Miss G. G. Clement, G. E. Clothier, R. V. Collier, Miss. D. M. Crampton, A. J. Croote, R. M. Curber rile soavis, M. Davy, A. G. Dixon, -)=—G- Evans, Miss??? tiavtnen ian, Franey, W. G. Fussell, R. P. Gait, J. Gould, Miss C. Graham, D. Griffin, D. R. Hamblett, H. R. Hammacott, RY 5) Harkness, Dr. J. G. Harrison, Col. F. G. Highway, Mrs. H. Highway, H. G. Hockey, D. A. Holmes, W. A. Holmes, E.G. Holtis) johmetone: B. King, J. A. Lance, R. J. Lewis, J. A. MceGeoeh, Si eviadges Dr. G. V. T: Matthews, T. D. HI. Merrie, C:-Mitehel iy Neale P. J. M. Nethercott, E. G..M. Niblett, Mirs..PeiNimmes ie? Norman, P. J. Olney, R. Ormond, Miss E. D. Overend, B. A. Owen, Mrs. B. C. Palmer, Miss E. M. Palmer, Mrs. M. Palmer--. Smith, R. J. Pearce, D. Pollard, R. H. Poulding, W. L. Roseveare, J. Sander, P. Scott, H. G. Sheppard, J. B. Silcoeks, P> J) Smms: Ei. Fe Sitters, B. Slade, W. Smith, W. J: Stone, L. Gz Sullivan, 72 o. Sutherland, C. M. Swaine, G. Sweet, Miss S. Sweet, C. E. Taylor, Ss. M. Taylor, J. Upsher, J. D.-R. Vernon, M. Waddicar iE, Walsh, L. Williamson, M. G. Wilson, M. A. Wright, P. J. Wycherley,, and K. B. Young. The ‘abbremations Res. Stn. and);jmr Sect. refer, respectively, to the Steep Holm Gull Research Station and. the B.N.S. Junior Section. Initials D.B.P.S. denote observations: by members of the Dursley Bird Watching and Preservation. Society, and W.T. indicates Wildfowl] Trust. The area covered is that part of Gloucestershire (G). lying east of the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds to the County boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S.) north of the: R. Axe and a line from Wells to the County boundary near Frome. For the purpose of this Report the area extends westwards into: the Channel and Estuary to include the promontory of Brean Down, and the islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch Map, Proc. B.N.S., 1947, Pp. 225). Vr BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 23 GREAT NORTHERN DIVER Gavia immer '§. Two divers, probably this species, Jeaving Cheddar res., Nov. 15 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). Single bird, same place, various dates, Nov. 29—Dec. 18 (R.M.C., J.A.McG., .M.G.W. e¢ ai.). GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus G. One on river, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 18 (J.G., W.A.H.). S. Highest autumn and winter totals, Cheddar res.—27, Pepaineand 25, Dec. 27 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.).. At least eight pairs at breeding sites and 23 ads. concentrated near dam, Blagdon, July 30 (W.L.R.). Size of breeding population, Chew Valley res. uncertain : twenty-two pairs located, Apr. 5 (B.K., G.S.) but only thirteen pairs recorded May 3 (B.K.) ; six nests in reed bed, in close proximity to one another, May 23, and 54 ads. in same area of lake on following day (E.G.M.N.). RED-NECKED GREBE Podiceps griseigena S. One, possibly a first-winter bird, seen at Cheddar res., Oct. 25 by B.K. who has supplied a detailed description. SLAVONIAN GREBE Podiceps auritus S. One in breeding plumage, Chew Valley res., Mar. 30 (S.I.B.) and one, Blagdon res., Apr. 21 (A.G.D.)—field descriptions received from both observers. BLACK-NECKED GREBE_ Podiceps nigricollis S. Several reported from Chew Valley res. : one in breeding plumage, Mar. 29 to May 12 (R.S.H., G.S. e¢ al.) ; two in moult and keeping together, June 24 and July 12 (B.K.), and a single bird in winter plumage, several dates, Sept. 6-19 (G.C.B., S.I.B. a al). | LirTLE GREBE Podiceps ruficollis S. Noted frequently at reservoirs. No detailed survey of breed- ing population made at Chew Valley, but post-breeding season concentrations of 111, Aug. 3 (B.K.) and 147, Sept. 20 (G.S.) were reported. No records from other localities. GANNET Sula bassana G. Dead ad. on tidewrack, Severn Beach, Oct. 22 (W.A.H., H.W.N., K.B.Y.). 24 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT HERON Ardea cinerea S. Brockley Combe heronry now reduced to nineteen occupied nests, May 5 (B.K., P.J.S.). Twenty-seven occupied nests, Uphill, May 7 (W.L.R.) and two, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe, Jen Oj tee 1d (08) Oe LitrLe BiTTERN Jxobrychus minutus S. Immature bird seen by A.J.C. on R. Avon, Keynsham, Sept. 28, 1958 (cf. Rep. Somerset Birds, 1958, p. 9). BitTERN'~ Botaurus stellaris G. One m Rushy Pen, New Grounds, Now 2p s 171.) S. One disturbed from reeds, bank of R. Avon, Saltford, @Oct729 (T- Gis" per 2 -s:). MALLARD Anas platyrhynchos G. Approx. 1,200 on Estuary, New Grounds, mid-Feb. and 1,300-1T,400, late August (per H.J.B.). Counts of 110-120, St. George’s Park lake, Bristol, mid-Jan. to mid-Feb. and ¢.135, INov.915, Deck re) (W. Joo. S. As usual, peak occurred in late summer /autumn, but numbers at resrs. far greater than in previous years, probably due to drought and low water levels. Most of coastline and all major waters counted on following dates: c. 3,175, Sept. 13 (1,330, Blagdon; 1,390, Chew Valley) and ¢23e7, 3 @ct. ae (886, Blagdon ; 790, Chew Valley) with ¢.1,875, Nov. 15, Dec. 13 (various observers). Potential breeding population, Chew Valley res. of c. 100 pairs which produced a minimum of 35 broods (B.K.). TEAL Anas crecca G. Approx. 200 on Estuary, New Grounds, Jan._Feb. Increase through August to 220 on 26th but only 65-75 mid-Sept. to late Dec. when large increase occurred—c. 1,700, Jan. 3, 1960 (per H.J.B.). Approx. 55, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 18 (J.G., WORSE): S. Max. counts, Jan._Mar. of 644, Chew Valley res., Jan. 3 (B.K.) falling to 171, Feb. 15 (G.C.B., 5.1.B.)5 and 12etenveoasr, R. Yeo to Clevedon, Jan. 11 (P.J-C.; M.A.W-)2 Automanyariiecat exceptionally early and unusually large numbers present—total of 872 at resrs. and inland waters, Sept. 13 (576 at Blagdon) increasing to ¢. 2,150, Oct. 18; 1,550, Nov- 15,aaags 1050; Dec. 13 (B.K.B., G.C.B., S.1-B., J.A-McG., MEG RV ee oe BRISTOL BIRD REPORT ; 25 First-winter bird ringed, Abberton res., Essex, Nov. 9, recovered, Cheddar res., end of month (per B.K.). GARGANEY Anas querguedula G. Up to six (5939), New Grounds enclosures, Mar. 20-June 4 ; most seen on any occasion being four males, May 19, 20 (per F1.).B.). Seeeam, Cheddar res., Mar. 15 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). Noted, Chew Valley res., Mar. 20 to mid-Sept.: single male, Mar. 20 eaGebe, ELW.N.),. five (4¢¢) on g2end (P.J.C., B.K.) and up bo seven, early’ April (G.S., M.A.W. ¢ al.) ; upto eight (6 gd) in May (B.K. e al.) and seven (at least 4 $3), June 3 (A.E.B., Eaje@in). “kwo broods reared, same res. (B.K.).. Party of three (1 3) on rhine, Kewstoke, nr. Weston-super-Mare, Mar. 29 BS.), GADWALL Anas strepera S Successful breeding again reported, Chew Valley res. (B.K., M.A.W.), where up to 13 adults seen, Jan.—_Mar. (R.M.C., M.G.W. Had. i oeigiat to ten present, Apr._luly (H.H.D., G.S. et al.) and 18, Sept. 13, but only two, Nov. 15 (G.C.B., S.I.B.), when 18 reported from Blagdon res. (B.K.B.). Three records from Miveadaryres, => )two, Oct. 31 (B.K.),; three, Nov. i (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and one on 15th (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). WiGEON Anas penelope G. Totals from New Grounds include: goo, Feb. 12; 740, Nov. 4; 1,200, Nov. 16 ; and c. 950 in early December, increasing noi ¢. 3,000 by.end of year (H.J.B. e¢ al.). S. The only large numbers reported in early months were from ihew Valley res.—1,170, Jan. 18 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) and ¢. 1,150, Feb. 1 (P.J.C.). Max. res. counts, autumn/winter : 879, Blagdon, Nov. 15, and 921, Dec. 13 (B.K.B.) ; 111 and 832, Chew Valley, on same dates (G.C.B., $.1.B.) ; ¢. 350, Cheddar, Nov. 29 and over 200, Dec. 6, but generally less than 50 present (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). PINTAIL Anas acuta G. Nine, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 18 (J.G., W.A.H.). Highest totals from New Grounds : 240, Feb. 16, and 150, Dec. 15 feet H.J.B.). S. Max. of 27, Chew Valley, res., Jan. 3 (B.K.) with up to ave im Feb. (M.G.W..et al.) ; pair, same place, Apr. 3 (R.M.C.) ; Cc 26 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT May 3 (B.K.) and single ¢ on 26th (P.J.C.).. Numbers in autumn / winter small, less than ten in any locality except Cheddar res. where 35 counted, Nov. 1 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). SHOVELER ‘Spatula clypeata S. Evidence of passage movement, Chew Valley res., mid- March (cf. also Report, 1958, p. 438). Up to 300 present early January falling to 175-200 in February (T.D.H.M. et al.) ; 242, Mar. 8. (B.K.) and 468. on 15th (G.CJBy SSeeeyeireeding population of c. 20 pairs, same res., where at least g broods (59 ducklings) located, May-July (P.J.C., B.K.). Autumn counts, Chew Valley : 166, Sept. 27; -127;. Nov. (apeeaene awe oot: and 324, Dec. 13 (S.I1.B., R.S.H., M-AOW. ehtaite ioe wrescun, Blagdon res. in early months but counts returned of 195, Oct. 18, and 180, Nov. 15; only_.13, however, Dec. 13 (Bais 2 vias of 44, Cheddar res., Nov. 1 (P.J-C.,7 M Agee RED-CRESTED POCHARD Netta rufina S. Three (1 ¢), Cheddar res., Dec. 9 (W-.S)) and@one Memale or immature, Blagdon res. on 27th (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.)—perhaps genuinely wild birds (cf. Report 1953, pp. 390-1). Scaup Aythya marila S. Single females, Cheddar res., Mar. 8-25 (M.G.W. et. ai.): and Chew Valley res., Mar. 22, Apr. 24, May 12 (W.A.H., B.K.). Autumn /winter occurrences : single female or immature, Cheddar res., Oct. 11-25 (D.A.H. ef al.) but party of mme there, Oct. a1 (B.K., J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and up to four im Now Gnci2 ga on 29th) and three in December (various observers). Female, Chew Valley res., Oct. 25 (B.K.). TurTrep Duck Aythya fuligula S. Approx. 650-700 in Area, Feb. 15, Mar. 15 (various observers). Influx at Chew Valley res. in early April where numbers increased from c. 300, end March to 441, Apr. 5 (B.K.) and 600 on 15th (G.C.B., S.I.B.), falling to c. 300 at end of April but then increasing to 570 by May 3 (B.K.). Summer popula- tion at this reservoir of some 275 adults but apparently fewer pairs bred successfully—28 or 29 broods located July-August (P.J.C. et al.). No evidence of breeding elsewhere. Approx. 700 in Area on Nat. Wildfowl count dates, Nov. 15, Dec. 13: majority at Blagdon (344 and 250) and Chew Valley resrs. (266 and 224) (B.K.B:, G.C.B:, 78.103) Po) Wes By et vale bo ~~] BRISTOL BIRD REPORT PocHarpD Apythya ferina S. Bred successfully, Chew Valley res.—two adult females seen with young (S.1.B., P.J.C., G.S. e¢ al.) Largest numbers reported as usual from Cheddar res. where max. of c. 1,750 present, Mov 2o but none there, Dec. 27 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). ‘Total number in Area reached peak ofc. 2,000, Dec. 13 (various observers). GoLDENEYE Bucephala clangula G7One on Estuary, nr. Berkeley, Nov.-8 (J.D.R.V.). S2) otal of 98 at resrs., Jan. 18 (18, Blagdon ; 11, Cheddar ; 9, Chew Valley). Other high counts from Blagdon include : momen 29 (G.G.B., S.1.B.) ; 12,.Mar. 15 (S.E.C., K.B.Y.) ; and 14 on 20th (T.B.S8.) ; while from 27 to 39 noted at dusk, Chew Valley res., Mar. 12—Apr. 5 (S.E.C., B.K.) with max. of 55, Mar. 18 (S.E.C.). Fewer in autumn/winter : total of eleven muresrs | Novs-15, Dec. 19 (B.K.B., J.A.McG. e al.). Coastal record of two off Brean Down, Nov. 8 (E.G.H.). ComMon ScoTER Melanitta nigra G. Single male on Estuary, New Grounds, Apr.15,29 (L.P.A.). % Once male, Weston Bay, Jan. 15 (E.G.H.); five birds, Bame place, Mar. 8,.16 (E.M.P., T.B.S. e¢ al.) and four (3 gd), pin Oo wvy-LR)). Female, Cheddar res., Jan. 17 (M.G.W.). Also reported from Chew Valley res. : female, Apr. 5 (B.K., GS.) aad four (3 ¢6)-on 9th (D.G. per J.D.R.V.). Summer records of a male, Sand Bay, June 14, 15 anda pair, July 7 (T.B.S.), while the only autumn/winter occurrences are of a male, Weston Bay, Pov..15 (B.8.) and three, Dec. 26 (T.B.S.) ; and two on R. Severn, nr. Kingston Seymour, Dec. 13 (P.J.C.). GOOSANDER Mergus merganser S. Very few reported. Female, Cheddar res., Jan. 18; three, same place, Feb. 8, 15 ; two in Mar.; and a single female, Dec. Q-27 (various observers). Single male, Chew Valley res., Jan. 20 (W.L.R.) and solitary females Jan. 24, 25, Feb. 15 (W.J.S. et al.) and again. Nov. 29, Dec. 29 (R.M.C.). Two females, Blagdon mas) Heb. 9 (P.N.) and one on 22nd (G.C.B., S.LB.). SMEw Mergus albellus S. Reported only from Chew Valley res. in Jan.—Mar. : jaiax. monthly counts of five (2 gg), Jan. 18 (G.L.B.); 15 (5 33), mem 15.((G.C.B., S.I.B.); and seven (2 64), Mar. 8 (B.K.). Autumn /winter records of two, Blagdon res., Nov. 8 (D.A.H., 28 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT T.D.H.M.) ; four, same place, early Dec, (BaguBe aes) cand seven (1g), Dec. 26, 28 (T.B.S.) ; nine, Chew Valley, Dec. 13 (G.C.B., 5.I.B.) and up to four at end of month (B.S., M.A.W.) ; four, Cheddar res, Wee, 220 (BK: SHELDUCK Tadorna tadorna G. and S. Repeat of 1958 coastal survey (cf. Report 1958, p. 441) showed c. 520 birds present, mostly paired but many immature, early May. Some 260 ducklings (36 broods) located, of which 200-220 still surviving, July 12 (various observers). Inland breeding records: two females with young, Chew Valley TESay os eone? sale). Ecyptian Goose Alopochen. aeg yptiacus S. One, an unringed bird, Chew Valley res., Dec. 20 (Jnr. Sect.). One, also unringed. reported by B.K. from same res., Apr. 6, 20, 1957. This species, frequently kept in waterfowl collections, is not on the British List, but feral birds have long been known in some parts of the Country (Eds.). WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons albifrons G. New Grounds: 1,200 in early Jan. (H.J.B.) but total up to 3,000 on 31st (B.K.) ; subsequent increase 10 )3,700,7) eo-mG and 5,000 on 14th, but not more than 3,000 at end of month— numbers falling through Mar. to 1,500 on 2i1st-22nd. when the birds all departed (H.J.B.). Autumn records, same place, of 67 arriving Oct. 1, with sharp increase to 710 on 5th and 860 on 31st; further increase to 1,500 by mid-Dec., total remaining thus to close of year (H.J.B.) ; 26 flying S.W. over Stapleton, Noy. 20) (E.G Ht) S. Two, Chew Valley res., Jan. 3 (B.K.) and three on 17th (B.K:, G.S.) and 18th (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; =twelvessamier place! Feb. 4 (A.G.D.). Three on coast nr. Kingston Seymour, Jan. 11] (P.J.C., B.K.). Party of five, Cheddar res. 7Octio De Ete JA.McG:, T.D.H.M. et al.).. Ten; Chew Valley mest Becise, CREME G2): GREENLAND WHITE-FRONTED Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris G. A ringed bird seen at close quarters, New Grounds, Mar. 14, 16 (number read as Copenhagen 271698) had been marked as a gosling in Jakobshavn district of West Greenland, Aug. 1, 1958 (G.V.T.M.). One, probably different, New Grounds, Apr. 4-13. (M.D:). Five ads., same place, Dec. 15,:16 (H.J-B:, P.j-O:% BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 29 LrssER WHITE-FRONTED GOosE Anser erythropus G. Of two ads. at New Grounds, mid-Feb., one remained to 27th or later, and the other was still present, Mar. 21; what may have been a third seen with a single White-front (A. a. flavi- rostris), Apr. 4-13 (H.J.B.). PINK-FOOTED GOosE Anser brachyrhynchus G. Forty-five still at New Grounds, Jan. 3, of which only one stayed and was noted frequently to Mar. 19 (H.J.B.). First autumn arrivals 22, Oct. 20, with increase to 34 by end of month but total down to 18, early Dec. ; none later (H.J.B.). BARNACLE Goose Branta leucopsis S. One, with a semi-feral Greylag, Blagdon res., Nov. 7 may have been a wild bird; one, probably the same, Chew Valley res., on following day (K.B.Y.) and again at Blagdon, Dec. 13 fislc.Bs).. Party of five, Chew Valley res., Dec. 1 to close of year, were first reported by W.G.F. and subsequently by various ob- servers ; the birds, described by P.J.C. as being unringed and by G.S. as being “very wary’’, were evidently wild visitors. First records for the N. Somerset resrs. (Eds.). CANADA GoosE Branta canadensis S. One, perhaps genuinely wild, St. George’s Wharf (mouth et Avon), June 9 (W.A.H.). RED-BREASTED GoosE Branta ruficollis G. An adult, presumably a wild bird, frequently seen among White-fronted Geese at New Grounds, Jan. 24 to Mar. 13 (H.J.B., Ba, PS! et al.). Mute Swan’) Cygnus olor S. Usual mid-summer gatherings at resrs. with max. of 87, Chew Valley, Aug. 23 (B.K.) and 53, Blagdon, July 30 (W.L.R.). Pierd of 70, Cheddar res., Dec. 6 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and 53, probably part of same herd, on flood water on nearby Draycott migon wee. 20 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). About 40 wintering on R. Avon, Bath (B.K.). Immature ringed, Chew Valley res., 18/7/57, found dead, North Curry, 27 m. 8.W., 4/12/59 (per R.H.P.). WHOOPER SWAN Cygnus cygnus S. Single record of an adult, Chew Valley res., Jan. 3 (B.K.). 30 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus bewicku G. Two in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Jan. 5—Mar. 21 but six present, Jan. 11 ; 15, Feb. 3; three on 18th and 10 on 21st (M.D. et al.) Family party of four, same place, Nov. 3—Dec. 29 (per ia. Jibs). S. ‘Herd of eight, Blagdon res., Feb. @2)iiaw abe, SBE BuzzArRp Buteo buteo G. Reported in breeding season from New Grounds, Wotton- under-Edge, Dursley, ‘Tortworth, Thornbury and _ Frenchay (various observers). S. Pair bred successfully within six miles of City boundary (H.H.D.). Other breeding season records from Long Ashton, Clevedon, Hutton, Blagdon, Mendip, Cheddar and Wells (various observers). One disturbed from plateau, Steep Holm, Sept. 5 GRies! Stn.).. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus S. Female or ummature, Sand Bay; Dees (KR Kena): Osprey Pandion haliaétus S. One seen to take a large trout, Chew Valley res., Aug. 2 (P.J.C.) ; another low over Steep Holm, Sept. 5 (Res. Stn.)— full details received. Hossy- Falco Ghana G. Single bird, Iron Acton, June 10 (HD): S. One, nr. Clapton-in-Gordano, May 6 (H.H.D.). Two, possibly three, hawking insects, Chew Valley res., May 25 (F.G.H., H.H.) ; single birds, same place; June 1° (MUAYWoeaialy. 25 (B.K., M.A.W.), Aug. 22 (P.J.C.) and on -o9rai i eiice. : One, Charterhouse, May 30 (R.M.C.) and another, Brean Down, Sept. a Nee PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus G. Single birds, New Grounds, Mar. 7 (R.M.@)) Waj-s:) - St. George, Bristol, on 22nd (G.B.) ; and Wotton-under-Edge, June '267(D BRes. S. No evidence of breeding although frequently seen at coastal localities. Inland records of single birds: Cheddar Gorge, Jan. 18 (D.A.H., T.D.H.M.), Sept. 19 (D.R.H) Se G@itewar alex res., Feb. 8 (B.K.) ;: and’ nr. Crook Peak, Mar a7(Gaaae BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 31 Meru’ Falco columbarius GaeWhree (New Grounds records: male, Jan. 23 (L.P.A.) ; female or immature on 31st (B.K.) ; and a male, Oct. 5 (H.J.B.). S. A male, Brean Down, Feb. 28 (R.A.)—another, Yeo Estuary, Mar. 27 and Sand Point on 28th (T.B.S.). KestreL Falco tinnunculus Pwo vine east over Steep Holm, Oct. 3 (Res. Sin.). RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa G. One seen to fly out of Spartina, Severn Beach, Mar. 15 cee} -C., T.ELS.). QuatLt Coturnix coturnix Gey sOone beard, Marshfield, July 2 (R.M.C., B.K.). S. One calling from field of barley and oats, Failand, June 18 but not heard subsequently (R.H.P.). WatTeR Rat Rallus aquaticus GG .One}- RY Boyd, Wick, Nov. 15, 16 (D.R.H.). Three in wVor. enelosures, New Grounds, Dec.:27 (G:S.). S. Immature, Chew Valley res., various dates, Jan.—Mar. fovics) > heard, same place, May 23 and pair seen, June 14 f-G.M.N.) ; single birds. noted, Sept-Oct. (K.B.Y. ¢é al.). Again reported from Sand Bay, usually single birds, Jan. and Aug.—Dec. (R.A., T.B.S.) but 12 driven out of Spartina by high BoeewNev. 2.and 14, Dec. 3 (1.B.8:.). One, Pill, R. Avon, Rep. 16: ).D.R.V.). SPOTTED CRAKE Porzana porzana G. Detailed description received of one seen at close range, in ®V.1. enclosures, New Grounds, Dec. 29 (L.P.A.). ioot = Fulica atra S. Up toc. 2,000, Cheddar res., Jan. 18—Feb. 15 but only 400, Mar. 1; c¢. 650, same place, Oct. 11, numbers increasing to c. 1,300, Nov. 15 and c. 2,500 by end of year (J.A.McG., W.L.R. | ef al.). Counts from other reservoirs : 537, Chew Valley, Jan. 24 ; 1,000, same res., Mar. 1, and 1,050, Aug. 8 (B.K.) ; 1,100, Blagdon, Pemt, 20 (G.S.) and c..2,000, Nov. 15, 29 (D.A.H., T.D.H.M.). 32 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT OysTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus S. Highest counts, Sand Bay, include: 60, Jan. 11 (R.A.) ; 65, Feb. 23 and Mar. g (T.B.S.), and 82, Nov. 8 (R.A.). Winter peak of 140, Weston Bay, Jan. 9, and autumn maximum of 217, Oct. 22 (R.A.). Single bird flying over Blagdon res., July 26 (GCG) Bre onl bs): Lapwinc- Vanellus vanellus G. Approx. 2,000 on Estuary, Purton, Sept. 21 (M.P-S.). S. Max. autumn res. counts—384, Blagdon, Sept. 20 (G.S.) ; 400, Cheddar, Oct. 25 (J.A.McG.) and 400, Chew Valley, same date (B.K.). RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula G. Over 400 on river, New Grounds, Aug. 15 (M.D.) and 163, nr. Avonmouth, Aug. 18 (W.A.H.). S. Chew Valley res.: one, May 17 and tenon worn Pac: M.A.W.) ; small parties, Aug. 13 to mid-Sept., with largest total of 40, Sept. 2 (M.P-S.); six, Dec. 13 (DMG) sudelesord: Cheddar res., Sept. 1, and three; Oct. 11 (J:A.MieG))) Peatmeounts: spring passage, Sand Bay—2o0, May ig (R.A.) and 130 on 23rd (T.B.S.) ; autumn passage totals, same area, include 240, Aug. 15, ANG 270 oe pl. a labsos Grey PLOVER Charadrius squatarola G. Severn Estuary: one in breeding plumage, Hill Flats, nr- Sheperdine, May 1o (J.D.R.V.) ; single birds, same area, Oct. 25, Nov. 8 (W.A.H.) and three, Nov. 1 (T.D.H.M.) ; seven, Oldbury, Nov 24) (I DEVE: S. Numbers, Weston Bay—Sand Bay inclusive: seven, Jan. 7 (W.S.) ; four, May 21 (T.B.S.) ; single birds, May 27 and several dates Sept._Nov. (R.A., T.B.S.). Other coastal records—two, nr. Clevedon, Jan. 11 ; four, “Yeo estuary same date; Psjpen save. same locality, May 11, 16, and five on 17th (T.B.S.). GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius G. Up to 30, Thornbury, Jan.Mar. ; c. 100, nr. Sheperdine, Jan. 4, Feb. 8, and ¢. 150; Berkeley, Oct. 31 (] Dike: S. Notable autumn influx, Blagdon res.—five, Sept. 27 (G.G.C.); 75, Nov. 24 (T:D.H.M.) and 124 on 28th (1:B55))) 3 sboymored Chew Valley res.,where single birds seen Aug. 16, Sept. 26 (R.M.C.); six, Oct.:25 (W.J.S.) and at least 30;°Dec. 19° (ByKe 3 e@cnex je BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 33 inland records—250, Marksbury, Jan. 3 and Mar. 8 (B.K.), and c. 100, same area, Nov. 1 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; 80, Queen Charlton, Jan. 28 (S.I.B.) and c. 100, Lulsgate, Dec. 12 (J.A.McG.). Few coastal records: 31, Woodspring Bay, Jan. 19 (G.S.) ; 73, Weston may et, 5 (R.A.); c. 100, Brean Down, Oct. 28 (R.H.P., RieA.VV.) and ¢c. 130, Axe Estuary, Nov. 5 (R.A.). TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres G. Estuarine counts: 52, nr. Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 18 micG. W.A.FL); seven, New Grounds, May 17 (L.P.A.); 30, Sheperdine area, Nov. 7, and c. 200, Severn Beach, Nov. g and Dec, 24 (J.D.R.V.). S. Coastal. records: five, Yeo Estuary, May 16 (T.B.S.) ; two, Sand Bay, May 1g (R.A.) and single birds, same place, Aue. 4 (T.B.S.), Sept. 4 (R.A.). Four in flight, Woodspring Bay, Sept. 1g (I.B.S.) and two nr. Clevedon on aist (P.F.). oy reservoir records are of one, Chew Valley, Aug. 2 (J.A.McG.) and three, same place, on 3rd (B.K., GS.). Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus G. One found dead, Durdham Down, Clifton, c. Nov. 6 by D.P.—identification confirmed by other observers. S. Single bird, Blagdon res., Oct. 4 (R.S.H.) and two, Chew Valley res., Oct. 25 (B.K.). Up to twelve in Spartina, Sand Bay, Nov.—Dec., where one caught in mist net, Dec. 13 (R.K.N.). Woopcock Scolopax rusticola G. Single birds, Wotton-under-Edge, Jan. 30 (D.B.P.S.) and Hinton, nr. Chipping Sodbury, Oct. 24 (D.A.H.). S. One disturbed from roadside, Sand Bay, jan. 18. (RAY) and one flushed, Srna Wood, Clapton-in-Gordano, Dec. 26 (r.H1.D.). CurLEw Numenius arquata S. Pair, probably breeding, again reported from Walton moor, nr. @leveden (R.A.). Heard on moors, Clapton-in-Gordano, various dates in breeding season (H.H.D.). Flock of 15 on pasture, Failand, July 3 (R.H.P.). WHIMBREL WNWumenius phaeopus G. Reported in small numbers from Estuary on spring and autumn passage. Twenty-one flying east, Thornbury, May 12 (J.D.R.V.). 34 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT S. Noted frequently on coast in late April. Party of 43 flying north, Weston-super-Mare, May 22 (R.A.). One or more re- mained, Woodspring Bay, June to late July when numbers aug- mented from 23rd (T.B.S.). Last recorded, Woodspring, Aug. 29 (T.B.S.) and Sand Bay, Aug. 30 (R.A.). Many inland records for May, particularly Nailsea and Tickenham moors where flocks up to 30 seen (W.J.5S., S.M.T.. ec al.). Ome.) occasionally “two. Chew Valley res., July 31-Aug. 16 (G.C.B., S.LB., G.G.C. et al.). BLACK-TAILED Gopwit Limosa limosa G. Three, New Grounds, Apr. 5, 11, and up to nine, same place, several dates June. Numerous on return passage with max. counts of sixteen, July 12; 32, Aug. 15; 38, Sept. 18, and fifteen, Nov. 27, (L.P.A., H.J.B., M.D.). Eight) (Avommouth, Sept. 7; six, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Sept. 27, and sixteen, Sheper- dames Nov... 71) DER. Via S. One, St. George’s Wharf, nr. Pertbum Mepis sue. same area, June 23, and four, Aug. 16 (W.A.H.). Two in grass field, Kenn Moor, Apr. 18 (R.A.). Chew Valley, spring and autumn: eight, Mar. 27 (B.K.); nine, July 26 (Bij) up ite five, early Aug. to Sept. 26 (many observers). BAR-TAILED Gopwir Limosa lapponica G. Up to eight on Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 2g—May 17, and two, Aug. 16 (L.P.A., M.D.). One with Knots, Severn Beach, Sept. 13) TD: MM.) S.. One, nr: -Portbury, Sept. 13, “Oct. “16 (Wai es Estuary: four, May 11, and two on 17th; four, Aug. 15 (T.B.S.). One, Sand Bay, Sept. 1, 16 (71.3 S,)) GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus G. One, New Grounds, Apr. 5; also several dates July, and PAU 22 gq erote ene VL): S. Seen in all months except Jan. and May, with exceptional number of coastal occurrences—at least three nr. Portbury, Aug. 16 (W.A.H.); single birds, Portishead, Augi17 (Gb) and Kingston Seymour, Sept. 9, Oct. 18 (P.J.C.) ; one, Wood- spring Bay, Feb. 28, Mar. 7 (T.B.S., W.S.) and one, sometimes two, same area, early Aug. to late Nov. (T.B.S.). Sand Bay records include two in flight, June 22, and one, several dates, " hh. eee BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 35 Aug. to Oct. (T.B.S.). Reservoirs: two, Barrow Gurney, Oct. 18 (W.J.S.) and two, Blagdon, Aug. 16 (K.B.Y.), Sept. 11 (D.A.H.., W.A.H.), with single bird on 2oth (G.S.) ; one, Chew Valley, Apr. 25 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) is the only spring record but more numerous on return passage from mid-June with max. of 18, July 4 (G.S.) and 20, Aug. 2 (J.A.McG.). Winter record of one, same mes., Dec. 24 (R.A.). Single bird, Cheddar res., Sept. 27 to end of Oct. (B.K., J.A.McG. ef al.). Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola S. Three, Chew Valley res., July 25 (G.S.) and four on follow- ing day (B.K.). ‘Two. occasionally three, same res., late July to Sept. 18 (various observers). (COMMON SANDPIPER Tringa hypoleucos Ge lwo, Elorse Shoe Bend, R.. Avon, Feb. 22 (R.H.P.). S. Two, presumed wintering, Jan.-_Mar., Chew Valley res. (B.K., J.A.McG. et al.) and two, same res., Dec. 27 (B.S.). Late autumn record of four, Cheddar res., Nov. 8 (D.A.H., T.D.H.M.). REDSHANK Tringa totanus S. Breeding reported from three localities: ten pairs, Chew Valley res., where four or more pairs reared young, Apr.—June (B.K.) ; two nests found, Clevedon, June 1o (M.P-S.) ;_ three pairs, evidently with young, Woodspring Bay, June 21 (W.L.R., fo.o.,, 1.B.S.). SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus G. Single bird, New Grounds, June 20, 21, and one to three, same locality, various dates, late Aug. to early Dec., with five, ment. 13 (L.P.A., M.D.). S. Coastal records include: single birds, Sand Bay, Aug. 9 (R.K.N.) and Woodspring on 29th (T.B.S.) ; two, Uphill, Sept. 11 (R.A.). Reservoirs: up to three, Blagdon, mid-Sept. to end ft year (S.1.B., G.G.C., T.D.H.M. eé al.) ; one, Cheddar, Oct. 18 (B.K., J.A.McG., M.G.W.); three, Chew Valley, Aug. 29 (R.M.C.) and single birds, Sept. g-19 (G.L.B., R.M.C.). GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia G. Single birds, New Grounds, May 27, July 31 and early Aug. ; five, same place, Aug. 19, Sept. 8, 9 (L.P.A., M.D. ef al.). 36 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT Two, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Sept. 27, Oct. 25 (W.A.H.) ; one, Sheperdine, Sept. 27, Oct. 11 and Nov. 7 (2D Rae: S. Reported frequently from Blagdon and Chew Valley resrs. between July 11 and Oct. 1 (many observers) : highest counts— four, possibly five, Blagdon, Sept. 6 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) and six, or more, Chew Valley, Sept. 15 (Risse) smelter birds, Barrow Gurney, Sept. 27 (K.B.Y.) and Cheddar, Oct. 11 (D.A.H.,. W.A.H., J.A.McG.). Coastal records of single birds, Weston Bay, Aug. 10 -(R.A.) ; and Sand Bay, Aug. s@y(f Bis) epi. 6 (R.S.H., T.B.S.) ; also Axe-Estuary, Sept. 19 (Rea pane RR Yco, ANUS E20, nocpin 1O- (eB onl Knor Calidris canuta G. Approx. 200, New Passage, Jan. 26 (J.D.R.V.) ; 32 on Estuary, New Grounds, Aug. 30 (L.P.A.) and 62, Severn Beach, Sept. 19° (LD A wW,). S. Frequently seen Weston Bay-Sand Bay area: max. counts of 200, Jan. 31, and 70, Sept. 4.( Ve Boe: PURPLE SANDPIPER Calidris maritima S. One in flight over rocks, Sand Point, Nov. 14 (T.B.S.) and one amongst other waders, Weston-s-Mare, on 16th (R.A.). LittTLe Stint Calidris minuta G. Single bird, New Grounds, several dates, Aug.—Sept., and. Oct 25.0 (MED): S. Two, Cheddar res., Sept. 27 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and four, same res., Oct. 18 (B.K..J:A. McG., M:'GAW_ ic sone wehew, Valleyres;) Oct. 187 ( BK ae TEMMINCK’S StiInr Calidris temminckit S. One watched at close range, Chew Valley res., Sept. 15 (R.S.H.), and also on 19th by same observer and G.L.B. who have both supplied conclusive field descriptions. Dunn Calidris alpina G. Coastal counts: 1,500, New Passage, Jan. 26, and 2,000 Oldbury-upon-Severn, on 31st (J.D.R.V.) ; 1,300, New Grounds, Aug. 15 (M.D.) and 1,500, Severn Beach, Nov. 9 (J.D.R.V.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 37 S. Large flocks frequently noted Weston Bay—notable counts maciuicis 25200 , Jan. 26; 1,800, Feb. 9, and 1,200, Nov. 6 (R.A,). ‘Totals of approx. 1,000 recorded, Sand Bay, Jan. 31, May 10 and Aug. 3 (I.B.S.). Many records from resrs., late July to Dec.— largest totals for each res. are: 22, Blagdon, Nov. 24 (T.D.H.M.) ; 107, Chew Valley, Nov. 15 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; and six, Cheddar, several dates, Oct.-Nov. (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). CuRLEW SANDPIPER Calidris testacea G. Single birds, New Grounds, Aug. 20-Sept. 3 and Oct. 25 gizP A. M.D.). S. Two, Woodspring Bay, Aug. 4 and one on 5th (T.B.S.). Also noted in small numbers, early Aug. to mid-Sept., Weston Bay-Sand Bay area—total of eight, Sept. 2, 3 (R.A., T.B.S.). single bird, Chew Valley res., Aug. 13, 31 (D.M.C.). SANDERLING Croceihia alba G. Unusually high numbers on spring passage, New Grounds —g92, June 4; 118, June 5, and 60, June 7. Fewer on return passage, early Aug.—max. total of 15 on 4th (L.P.A., M.D.). S. Seen, Weston Bay—Sand Bay, various dates, May 13—June 5, with max. count of 24, May 22 (R.A., T.B.S.).. Two, Woodspring bay, June 21 (G.S., 8.8.) and three, same place, July 12 (T.B.S.). Fifteen, some still in breeding plumage, Weston beach, Aug. 17 (R.A.). Rurr Philomachus pugnax G One on Estuary, New Grounds, Feb. 17, and present in small numbers, same area, Aug.—Dec. with max. of seven, Oct. 25 (Ee P.A., M.D,)-- S. Records for Blagdon res. include: three, Sept. 27 and four, Bo. ye (G-G-C.). ' Chew Valley res.: two, Apr-7 (E.D.O.) ; single birds, June 20. (B.K.) and on 25th (R.M.C.) ; up to six, many dates, July to late Dec. (W.A.H., T.B.S. e¢ al.). One with Lapwings, Stoke Moor, Cheddar, Dec. 13 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.), Single birds, Axe Estuary, Sept. 12, 15 (R.A.) and Woodspring Bay, Nov. 8 (T.B.S.). Avocet Recurvirostra avosetia G. Two on Estuary, New Grounds, several dates, Dec.’ 22 fovene of year (R.V.C., R.J.P. e al.). 38 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT GREY PHALAROPE Phalaropus fulicarius S. Adult in winter plumage seen on roadside, Lansdown Hill, nr. Bath, Oct. 15, 16 by H.P.S., who has supplied a detailed description of this very tame bird in an unusual site. Identi- fication confirmed on 16th by two other observers. Although stream 170 yds. away, phalarope remained on short grass bordering road, occasionally flying to the other side. Single birds, Chew Valley, res. Oct. 15 (K.B.S.B., L.W.), and Cheddar res. on 25th (J) -AuMcG SMEG. W.: GREAT BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus marinus G. Fifty-two adults, New Grounds, Nov. 1 (B.K.). LrssER BLACK-BACKED GULL Larus fuscus graellsi S. 185, Chew Valley res., Mar. 26; 200 at roost, same place, Nov. 7a (BK. ): SCANDINAVIAN LESSER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus fuscus The following records refer to birds presumably of this race : G. One in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Jan. 10 (B.K.) and’ two.in City docks, Nov, 16 (GE): S. Single bird, ‘Cheddar res., Oct. 16)(Bake7 HERRING GuLtt Larus argentatus S. Fourth-year bird ringed, Steep Holm, 13/11/55, found dead nr. Longcroft, Stirling, 20/4/58. Roosting again noted, Chew Valley res., but no counts available (B.K.). Lirrte Gui Larus minutus S. One in first-winter plumage, Weston Bay, Apr. 13 (R.A.). BLACK-HEADED GULL Larus ridibundus S. Maximum roost count, Chew Valley res., 1,700, Jan. 24 (B.K.). Immature ringed, Sels}, Zealand, Denmark, June 25, found dead nr. Bleadon, July 12 (R.K.N., W.L.R.). KirtTiwAkE Rissa tridactyla S. Single adults found dead, Weston-s-Mare, Feb. 4 (M.L.B.), Sand Bay, Feb. 8 (P.J.C., M.A.W.), Dec. 27 (T.B.S.). Immature, Cheddar res., Aug. 16 (J.A.McG.)—another, Weston-s-Mare on. 24th (R.A.). : BRISTOL BIRD REPORT af Brack TERN CAlidonias niger G. Six, New Grounds, May 17 (L.P.A.). S. Eleven, Chew Valley res., May 10 (B.K.). Heavy passage noted at resrs., May 23, when over 160 reported—106, Chew Valley (B.K.) and 60-70, Cheddar (W.A.H.); 40-45, Chew Valley res., May 25 (W.A.H.) ; 28, same place, May 26 (P.J.C. et al.) and two on 27th (B.K.). Very few in autumn: one, Chew BValley res., July 26 (G.C.B., 5.I.B.) and up to five, same place, Aug. 16-Sept. 15 (various observers) ; single bird, Cheddar res., Bept 6 ().A.McG., M.G.W.) and three, Oct. 11 (J.A.McG.). Sone, KL, Axe, Uphill, Oct. 20 (R.A.). WHISKERED TERN Chilidonias hybrida S. One flying, and at rest, Chew Valley res., June 24, 25— first seen and identified by H.H. and later by H.H.D., B.K., G.S. and M.A.W. Field notes supplied include: pronounced black cap reaching to nape; pure white of cheeks extending down throat and blending into grey of underparts; grey upper-parts and tail (only slightly forked) ; white outer tail feathers and under- tail coverts; thick, deep crimson bill, and legs same colour. First record for Somerset. Common TERN Sterna hirundo Arctic ‘TERN Sterna macrura G. New Grounds: single birds reported as hirundo, May 4, 12, July 7, 20, 21; mixed party of at least 30 moving up-river, May 17 (L.P.A., M.D.)—-see below, same date. S. Spring passage: up to three, Chew Valley res., several dates, May 3—June 25 (various observers) ; 43 moving N.E. off mand-Point, 0850 hrs.. May 17 (T.B.S.); five, Cheddar res., may, 29 (D.A.H., W.A.H.). Autumn passage: one, Yeo Estuary, July 5 (T.B.S.) ; two or three, Chew Valley res., July 26— Aug. 29 (various observers) and one same place, Oct. 25 (B.K.) ; two, firundo, Blagdon res., Oct. 11 (B.C. et al.) ; three, Cheddar met, Oct. 11, 18, 25 (J.A.McG.) and one, same place, Nov. 1 (J.A.McG., M.A.W.). LirtLe TERN Sterna albifrons S. Single bird, Woodspring Bay, June 7 (T.B.S.). SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis G. One, New Grounds, Apr. 12 (L.P.A.). 40 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT RAZORBILL Alca torda S. Immature swimming off Steep Holm, Aug. 16 (T.B.S.). Dead first-winter bird, Sand Bay, Oct. 29 (T.B.S.). Purrin Fratercula arctica S. Young bird found dead, Weston-s-Mare, Aug. 15 (J.M.L.); another, Sand Bay, Nov. 1 (R.A.). Barn Ow Tyito alba S. Breeding reported from Backwell (R.O.), and Easton-in- Gordano where fledged young seen, Sept..2) (Pa@y Other breeding season records from Chew Valley res., Kewstoke and Yatton. LirrLE Ow Athene noctua S. One, Steep Holm, Oct. > (Res) stner SHORT-EARED Ow. Asio_flammeus S. Single birds, Chew Valley res., Jan. 4 (K.B.Y.) and Weston- s-Mare, Feb. 2 (B.S.). Two over coastal marsh, Clevedon, Feb. 25 (W.S., M.W.) and one nr. Kingston Seymour, Mar. 21 (H.W.N.). NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus europaeus G. At least three heard, Inglestone Common, Hawkesbury, May 23 (T.D.H.M.). Single bird, Bournstream, Wotton-under- Edge, May 26, and one or two, Michaelwood, nr. Tortworth, various dates, mid-May—mid-July (D.B.P.S.). Swirt . oe Aan one wnpyaof WE (suonseTjoo &) + oo -|- aa + + Ae "* wingoanaxa 4aqn T, 8 + + oe + oe can oe oe poisanyds peuar) (uo1d9T[O9 1) + oe ae se oe .. ee oo oe SNYDILANUL “7 (suonda]]09 z) + eae + os +- a a a gas SNIDINUDIS “7 he a + ae + zk oe "* snulapayquo sarduoygo)q SHLADANWODOSV (suorndaqjoo 2) + rt i+ = ooo Bg : ba? DGLDIOANUL JUOTOPUT SHaLAOAWODAHd (6S61—-9761) (16-9491) dWOOIgG (VLer) (2Sg1) |(6£g1-17g1) , sdoNON,,| sois0dg A}ISIBATUL] JOISTIG [Teuyong ope} si oOo Ig YO}0IQ | oWlO0Ig 2 AdTayI0q _ | 76 LILIAN E. HAWKER have been the grounds of a large house which formerly stood there. A few large trees in private gardens may be relics of the area referred to by Broome. A recent search of the park areas of East- wood, Frenchay and the Frome Valley (Snuff Mills) yielded only Elaphomyces muricatus from Frenchay. 4. Hanham Woods Another of Broome’s favourite collecting grounds was Hanham Woods which he describes as between Hanham Ferry and Bristol. Here he records among other “ rarities’ Pachyphloeus citrinus, P. conglomeratus! (‘* the only habitat known in Great Britain ’’), Genea hispidula, Tuber puberulum, and Tuber dryophilum. In addition, specimens of Pachyphloeus melanoxanthus, Hymenogaster tener, Melano- gaster ambiguus and M. variegatus var. broomeianus (as M. variegatus) from Hanham are in Broome’s herbarium. Again the exact site of Broome’s collecting ground is not clear. A search of possible relics of such a wood in the Hanham area yielded Tuber dryophilum, Hymenogaster arenarius and H. olivaceus under lime trees by a roadside. 5. Miscellaneous areas From the various sources given above a number of species can be listed for “‘ Bristol”? (Tables 2 & 3) or for certain specified sites in the city. Notable among these are Tuber macrosporum which according to Broome (1874) *‘ occurred first for Great Britain ’’ at Stoke House, Druid Stoke, together with Stephensia bombycina. By kind permission of the principal of the theological college now occupying Stoke House the writer was able to search the grounds. ‘The grounds of the adjacent Wills Hall were also visited. Several specimens of S. bombycina were found under conifers in the Wills Hall grounds and afterwards a single specimen was found under lime just outside the’ present boundary of the Stoke House grounds. It is interesting to think that these may have been produced by the same perennial mycelium from which Broome collected fruit-bodies a hundred years ago. Later the writer found large numbers of fruit-bodies of this supposedly rare fungus on Mendip near Burrington Combe. During this search the following species were also found : in Wills Hall grounds, Hymenogaster olivaceus and Tuber nitidum ; under lime near Stoke House boundary (since built over), Endogone microcarpa, Pachyphloeus citrinus (two immature fruit-bodies), Tuber borchiu, T. brumale, T. rapaeodorum, Balsamia fragiformis, Hymenogaster arenarius, Hi. griseus, H. olivaceus, H. sulcatus and H. tener. Tuber macrosporum was not found here or anywhere else during this survey. | 1 A single fruit-body was collected by the writer in 1950 at Wotton-under-Edge. HYPOGEOUS FUNGI OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT rar A number of species has been recorded at various sites in Bristol ; the writer found a number of large fruit-bodies (some weighing several ounces) of the edible white truffle, Tuber aestivum, and a single specimen of Hymenogaster olivaceus under holm oak in the grounds of the Royal Fort, University of Bristol ; earlier records are Stephanospora carotaecolor from Durdham Down (Bucknall 1878-91) ; Hymenogaster olivaceus from Bedminster (Crotch, 1852) ; specimens of Hymenogaster muticus (collected at Southmead by W. Phillips) and Melanogaster ambiguus (collected by H. O. Stephens at Clifton) are in Broome’s herbarium. MYPOGEOUS FUNGI COLLECTED IN THE COUNTRY SURROUNDING BRISTOL In addition to the collections made within the present boundaries of the city of Bristol, Broome and his associates record a number of hypogeous fungi from areas in the surrounding country, including Batheaston (where Broome lived for some time), Abbots Leigh, Portbury and Wraxall (Naish House). Crotch records Hymeno- gaster olivaceus from Westridge, Wotton-under-Edge. The writer and her associates, as already described, explored the old collecting grounds in Bristol as far as present day conditions permitted. Areas outside the city, notably the beech woods of the south Cotswolds around Wotton-under-Edge (40 species) and the Brockley and Cleeve Combe areas (27 species) were, however, more profitable collecting areas. The woods round Burrington yielded a number of specimens (20 species) although visited less often than the preceding areas. The Abbots Leigh—Failand area, including Abbots Pool woods (12 species), and the country around Portbury and Wraxall (10 species), were less productive. No collecting was attempted in the Batheaston area worked over by Broome. A few specimens (6 species) were received from Frome and the Wylie Valley. Two attempts to find hypogeous fungi in the Forest of Dean (one in the dry year of 1955) yielded only three species. These collections, together with those made in Bristol itself are summarised in Tables 2 and 3. A few records are available for other parts of the West Country (S. Somerset, S. Devon and Herefordshire), including some made during the present study. No other part of the country has yielded so many species of hypogeous fungi and experience suggests that the richness of the yield from the Bristol area is not entirely due to the greater amount of attention it has received but reflects the suitability of conditions in this area for growth of these fungi. [eorsojooA sYSNIAIG) sTOYDIN ‘O ‘A “Aq AQ Uvaq] jo j}so10q UT pue ay} Aq apeUL suOT]Ia]]09 Jo ssoquINU ay} JUOSoIdaa soInSY IU], ‘(e£G61) Aaaypory) Aq payooajoo uauitzeds a8uig , *(eL£GS61) Aosypory Aq uleIg IOJ popsOdII ISI ¢ *(1661 Aerog uumyny AjoWog TWP IM ‘[ “A “A Aq Aq wore 9UIOIY UT po}O9T[09 osTY , ‘(elG61) Aoyjpoyp = 9 ‘(16-9491) ]Teuyong = ng ‘uNTIegisy s,duUIOOIg UI = Ig qJoz] ‘(VLg1) suI00Ig = ‘Ig ‘(6L4g1-1Fg1) osut001g 2 AdpPyIog = q H ‘suoutgods snoiaunu poure]uOd gsoy} JO JWIOG *sozyBIOOSse PUL 19}LIM ‘g8esn Avp juasaid 0} Wu40yUOD 0} pojIerI09 oI soroads jo soureny or v gy ‘98 pnyfyon) : ty ; e(dnoas vsafiqnoisaa -pyvynnaspf) -ds aq oe ny aie oe oe . vyvjnosvf ier : 72) “Ig quay Oe NG & I ‘Iq GioH ‘gz ‘6 a Ig ‘q~wq ‘Sz {OGADI0ANUL “a o ‘?) “J I 2) MG DqAvI04IDUL BUOSOPU (Ysno1loquiy 29 AIT] []2XePaM (vole ospy uoysul1ing ) pur pue uojdeyy puryieyg pue | (spooAA ysto'y -I2PUN-UO0}}0 AA ) sdipusjy Aa, qooig ‘Anqyiog ysioyT sioqqy SuIpNyoUut) sotoads SP[OMS}Or) — S| 4 [OIStIg *JIIYS1IISIONO] +) JOSIOULOG IOLSIYG AO SATIN 2% NIHLIM GALOAUTION ANODOGNGA AO SALIDUdS 6 aTiv Ll HYPOGEOUS FUNGI OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 79 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF HYPOGEOUS FUNGI From Tables 2 and 3 it is clear that a few species, notably Endogone microcarpa, Elaphomyces granulatus, E. muricatus, Tuber puberulum, Hymenogaster luteus, H. olivaceus and H. vulgaris are widely distributed throughout the area under consideration. Not only were these species collected frequently but each collection usually contained numerous specimens. Others such as Endogone lactiflua, Elaphomyces anthracinus, Genea hispidula, Tuber excavatum and Hymenogaster tener were less generally distributed but abundant in some places. Others again were found in only one or two places where, however, they were always to be found in abundance in favourable seasons. These include Aysterangium nephriticum, Rhizopogon rubescens, R. reticulatus and Melanogaster variegatus var. broometanus. Some were found sporadically in gregarious clusters (e.g. Genea klotzschi, Stephensia bombycina, Gautieria morchellaeformis and Sclerogaster com- pactus) or as isolated fruit-bodies (e.g. Pachyphloeus spp.). Weather, soil conditions and surface vegetation were recorded for each collection and from this mass of data some conclusions can be drawn relating to the influence of these factors. 1. Season and weather The fruit-bodies of the hypogeous Gasteromycetes develop rapidly and are soft and evanescent. Consequently they are found at all times of the year when temperature and soil moisture are suitable and are absent in very dry or very cold periods. In contrast the fruit-bodies of the Tuberales are initiated in spring, develop slowly and are mature in late summer and autumn. Some are leathery or hard and may persist in the soil until the following January. Cold, dry weather in the early parts of the year delays or prevents the initiation of fruit-bodies. Fruit-bodies which begin development in late spring or summer either fail to mature or are reduced in size. A dry spell later in the year may also reduce the size of fruit-bodies or, if prolonged, cause them to abort. Similarly the fruit-bodies of Endogone lactiflua are initiated in spring and develop during the summer, sometimes persisting in the soil until the following spring. Those of other species of Endogone are initiated in greatest number in spring but may also be initiated at other times of the year under suitable weather conditions. Hence, while mature specimens are most readily found in summer and autumn, they may often be found at other times of the year. ! The British species of Elaphomyces, with the exception of the rare E. leucosporus, produce fruit-bodies with a tough outer peridium. ¢ dey S11 19) _ + 10) ad I Ig “1 “apd ‘FY axq ‘S G a ra Ig qi9H Ig qieH “1g Ig ‘1 Ig 49H “1g eral R I al Foe or ng ‘ag ‘19 ‘z Ig qioy ‘ag ‘& 6) o ID ‘Ax [exer pue uojdeyj') ‘Ainqi10g puepey pue ysioT sjoqqy ” z & Ig qisyy oF P s z o& In v Me c& 9 I 6g 8 16 v IN & ee ayq Se z is Lo ad z La cs z I ; Te) =~ oar 11 1 fe 50) oe I I v oe e- ¢ I v ef I z I oe I v I z ae 5 a (vole psoywieg (ysnoroquiy IAIN ospy-aopun pue pue pue -U0}10 AA ) uoyseoyjyeq | uoisuTIINg) Aa] yoo1g . Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc. HYPOGEOUS FUNGI OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 85 Broome, C. E. (1874). Notes on Bristol fungi. Proc. Bristol Nat. bags NeS.), 1, 290-8. Bucknall, C. (1878-91). The Fungi of the Bristol District. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 2, 349 (in 341-50), 3, 63, 68 (in 60-70), 4, 57, 58, 59 (in 54-60), 148 (in 145-50), 6, 425-75 (Index). Crotch, W. R. (1852). List of fungi. Proc. Somerset Arch. & Nat. Hist. Soc., 132-156. Dodge, C. W. & Zeller, Z. M. (1934). Hymenogaster and related genera. Ann. Mo. bot. Gard., 21, 625-708. Godfrey, R. M. (1957a and b). Studies of British species of Endogone. 1. Morphology and Taxonomy. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc., 40, 117-135. II. Fungal Parasites. Jbid. 40, 136— 144. Hawker, L. E. (1951). Hypogeous Fungi. I. A hypogeous Gasteromycete, Sclerogaster macrosporus. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc., 34, 216-210. ——— (1952a and b). Hypogeous Fungi. II. A new variety of Hydnangium carneum Wallr. from North Wales. III. ‘Three new British records : Gautterta morchellaeformis Vitt., Hymenogaster hessete Soehner and Elaphomyces aculeatus Vitt. Ibid., 35, 279- 284. —— (1954). British Hypogeous Fungi. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., B., 237, 429-546. ——— (1955a and b). Hypogeous Fungi. IV. British species of Rhizopogon. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc., 38, 73-75. V. Two fungal parasites of hypogeous fruit-bodies. Jbzd. 38, 75-77. Patouillard, N. (1914). Contribution a la flore mycologique de Jura. Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr., 30, 349-54. Saccardo, P. A. (1895). Syll. Fung., 11, p. 170, Padua. Zeller, Z. M. & Dodge, C. W. (1935). New species of Hydnangi- aceae. Ann. Mo. bot. Gard., 22, 365-73. fy, j We, 7 | te PRESIDENTS _ WILLIAM SANDERS... oe p ify 4 .. 1862—1876 i: HENRY E. FRIPP i Oa a 76— 80 * pCEORGE FORSTER BURDER is Ng 3 80— 83 JOHN BEDDOE .. aps wi i ‘ 83— 84 ‘d - Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY . us ott sh yi 84— 87 Be. THOMAS HINCKS____... ae ty Bi Ei, 87— 90 _ Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN - ye ie 7 90— 93 Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER ae Re ies of: 93— 94 Professor SYDNEY YOUNG _.. ui Ng aie a 94— 96 cs. H. SWAYNE .. a a Me es os 97— 98 Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN . , Mg hk 99—1900 ARTHUR B. PROWSE .. He ane 4 a nla I9Q0I— 03 wo. K. RUDGE .. i es % a ve a 04— 06 JAMES W. WHITE ie ig os a be pt 07— 09 -G. MUNRO SMITH __.. ae me a aS oe 10— 12 ‘Miss I. M. ROPER we Ph a oe ie Ny 13— 16 G. C. GRIFFITHS hs ve 8 ae 17— 18 ERNEST (later Sir Ernest) H. COOK i air - I9g— 21 -H. WOMERSLEY 4 oi Fs - ae. A 22-—— 2g Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE .. i) ee AC oes te 24— 26 JAMES RAFTER oe Ste ie a oe ae 27— 29 A. L. FLEMMING is phe See eller oy aR 30 Meow. TUTCHER .. .. .. SP ie en ANE Rs 3I— 32 F. S. WALLIS as : aN Ue sf A; sie: 33 Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE eh ore a sis Py 34 G. E. J McMURTRIE Se ty ae ty a 35— 37 _ Professor MACGREGOR SKENE = 3 Ky He 38— 41 H. TETLEY Me é ote ae Fs aay as 42— 44 Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR- a me n: as ae: 45— 47 F. W. EVENS Be a ne ai e ne ae 48— 49 ai. H. DAVIS be a re ie i Be 50— 51 Professor W. F. WHITTARD ie ws ers is Me 52— 53 mi H. SAVORY .. ie a es “yi a Re 54—- 55 _R. BASSINDALE .. Be ie 7% et 14 ss 56— 57 Miss M.H. ROGERS... ... a a be x 5B— 59 e - numbered XXVII. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BristoL NATURALISTS’ Sincere The Society has stocks of back numbers of some volumes of 4 the Proceedings which may be purchased at the price of 5/— per part (postage extra). Application should be made to the Honorary © Librarian, Bristol Naturalists’ Society, City Museum, Bristol 8. 4 : Series 4. Vol. I. Pt. 1 (1904), Pt. 2 (1905) OP. Pe a eeoG). q Vol. II. Pt. 1 (1907), Pt. 2 (1900), Fars (1909), i Vol. III. Pt. 1 (1910), Pt. 2 (1911),.8e et rore: ¥ Vol. IV. Pt. 1 (1913), Pt. 2 (1914), Pt 3 (1915-16) Vol. V. Pt. 1 (1917), Pt. 2 (ag18), Pi gi rero), Pt. (1920-21), Pt. 5 (1922). % Vol. VI. Pt. 1 (1923) O.P., Pt. 2 (1924), Pt. 3 (1925), Pt. 4 (1926), Pt. 5 (1927). P. Vol. VII. Pt. 1 (1928), Pt. 2 (1929), Pt. 3 (1930), Pt. 4 (1931), Pt. 5 (1932), Pt. 6 (1933), Pt. 7 (1934). Vol. VIII. Pt. 1 (1935), Pt. 2 (1936)) (Pi 3 (19977 Pt. 4 (1938). 3 Vol. IX. 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WRIGHT Ex-officio the Professors of BoTaNy, GEOoLoGy and Zoo.Locy at the UNIVERsITY OF BRISTOL 89 NEW MEMBERS (other than Junior Members) From 28 Apri 1960 To 17 APRIL 1961 A—Associate Member. C—Corresponding Member. H—Honorary Member. The addresses of Junior Members may be had from the Hon. Secretary of the Junior Section. AHEM OtEI. Yio ce. cise ee eS Ball, Dr._j. C., B.Sc., Ph.D., ACRCL.C: Pall 1. Dalliager, Mrs. P. A. C. .. Barberi. Be JLL.B.......).. ibanwer, irs: K.. B... 2... Barrett, J. H. Bebbington, A., B.Sc., M.1I.Biol. Ae Bell Miss" Views oss. ees Bell, J. K., M.A. Bird, H. W. ISTO SMCIUIS, [Ee eae cae Bowles. Dis B.S€i.05i6 06 « eas « Brain, Miss M.D. M. ...... Brownsey, B.G: 2.)...2...6... Burton, J. F., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. Charleston, W. A. G., B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S. Charleston, Mrs. W. A. G. .. Charman, Mass'B........... GlarkouMirs) Re Jes es a es a Cleverley, Miss P. J., B.A. .. Cluttords Mass J. M. ........ A. Cockcroft, Miss S. J., B.A. .. Colthurst, Mrs. W. D....... 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Hughes; Miss HsiMi 2s. 33 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Pughes: Wins Gabe een tere 44 Druid Stoke Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 bull Missle. ie see eo 42 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Job eR, BoA, Miedeith. 0. ar 68 Grove Park Avenue, Brislington, Bristol, 4 WJienes® MiIRta wast cca 10 Park Road, Warmley, Bristol Jones, Miss S. M., B.Sc. .... 20 Ormerod Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Abaraa) WVETS SIG 7. esa: Stacie erates 88 Kingsway, St. George, Bristol, 5 Darn) cD 0h wisi ct et ee Do. Ibennon, ole Gr ake tpaciac es 8 Druid Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 duong, MiuisssGe Biss ci.8 aye seek 57 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol Tong, (hiss a). jBsie me, cere oe Do. Machins Mrsic),) Bea. ooee 106 Cromwell Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6 MeKeag, Muars:i1. Mi. 2.2: 4 Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Noddle, Miss B. A., M.A., 36 Old Sneed Avenue, Bristol, 9 M.B.Vet. @wen,dMirs se Ae nes a. 2 ote 31 Kendon Drive, Westbury-on-Irym, Bristol Parfitt, Mirs?3B. Ji csr. 3 < 4 Caine Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7 Pascoe, Miss P.'B. ccc. 2k 31 Rannoch Road, Bristol, 7 Peddle. Fu viik ieee abe epee 87 Chiphouse Road, Kingswood, Bristol Peddie; Mrs Fey ee ee Do. Peters; [uA Ve, Gai ale ausrepie 208 Henleaze Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Pillman; Miss Jive ceive: sce Glenbarr, 10 Seaton Road, Bristol, 5 Pitty irs. Wes es ae ee eee Trout Cottage, Chota Castle, Chew Magna, - nr. Bristol Poégals, Vie Boone ncicdarnys Begbrook Farm, Begbrook Lane, Stapleton, Bristol NEW MEMBERS 91 IEG hy laa Cs 16 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 OPER, MO. WW. kk kc oc te es Exmoor, Southdene, Bristol, 9 Brocton On BAL cece 17 Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Prector, Mrs. D., NEFF. .... Do. Punkis, iiss EB. M. ........ 1 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Radley, P. F., B.A., B.Litt... Penhaven, Winscombe, Somerset INeades i). .; B.Sc. s...... 5.6 39 Florence Park, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 INowat, Miss B......0.05...6 Bury House, Wick, nr. Bristol Sandwith, N. Y., M.A., F.L.S. The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey Sewell, Miss H. M. E....... 10 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Bileocks, Mrs) 1. B. .. 2.5: Bryher, Kenmeade Close, Shipham, Wins- combe, Somerset Sligo. Miss E.Ei- se 21 Lodore Road, Fishponds, Bristol Snaart: Miss M. E., B.Sc. .... The Old Library, King Street, Bristol, 1 Sma vdisss Bey. fn. ls g West Parade, Sea Mills, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol VOGUE Cid bee See ae ae a Elmleaze, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol Simtel, Wits. WR. a. 8 ok ae es Do, * Sropher AY BSc... 5.5... 12 St. Hilary Close, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Banner, WiissA. oS. es Garden Flat, 15 Grove Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Mavion Goyeta. ...6 6. hee 12 Claremont Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 Thompson, Mrs. M. E. .... 157 Westbury Lane, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9 Trewman, Mrs. Y. C. B..... 11 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Watson, Miss V. M......... 28 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 WEEKS ua Esc. 64s ahi os 4:0 oc The Bungalow, The Causeway, Yatton, nr. Bristol Whiteway, Mis, G. ........ 24, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol, 8 NEW AFFILIATED SOCIETY Brislington Secondary School Brislington Secondary School, Hungerford Natural History Society Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4 CHANGES OF ADDRESS NG Neh ove id DH! 2 ae 61 Hampton Park, Redland, Bristol, 6 BS Ae APM MEER i siicsy s/s e/a eve costa The Veterinary Field Station, Langford House, Langford, Somerset Bennett.,Miss EB. Bo ... 0s. 2 Alexandra Road, Southmead, Bristol BOX nIVEISS IN Cre acc ice oa 104 Wells Road, Bath, Somerset BrookertBe Wal. scccil eacdere a Moorside Cottage, West End, Nailsea, nr. Bristol Bryces iiss. Jails skh ads Buckland’s Cottage, Cold Ashton, Chippen- ham, Wiltshire Campbell "D. G.. eo ka ed's 30 Albert Road, Clevedon, Somerset [DBS LSS eae os ee Manzai, Dancing Lane, Wincanton, Som. Fleetham, Miss M. W. .... Woodside, Hallen Lodge, Hallen, Bristol 92 CHANGES OF ADDRESS Flo@lks, iis ie co cae vise teuar Ford Jets ccs ne eeeoae Ford) (Mrs: ajebs. ..2 eee Foster, Vins i Wc sven cc oo eee GrimessIN2 Wee BeSGa.ae ee Harris, Professor J. E. M.A., Ph.Ds ERS: Hobbs p@r Rime: a ate. Hobbs Mitts: (Ce Rai che aero Horn, Miss E. J., M.A. Flowellli Ways 25-7 spo aes onaenore ss Husband, Mrs. A. R. Jolly, G. F., D.Obst., R.C.O.G. Jones, Miss B. E., B.Sc. Loupekine, Professor I. S., Bec. Ph );, A.M.I.M.M., F.G.S. Merrie, T. D. H., B.A., G.I.Mech.E. Parslows Ay Ess. oye 52 ees Parslow, Mis: Aw Ei. se Pitman, WR Ae 22st 5 ee ger ee Boole’ JB Weg eos fous eke e Potter, Ni Bis visemes Rake, Miss B. A., B.Sc. fs Rogers, Mrs. M. J., M.A. .. Silcocks,( Ws sBi a. Sb Seal Spiers, D. R., M.B.O.U., A.mem.A.O.U. Stops, Mrs 'S. 5.3. .s 227: Sutherland, TY. Hh. oes s.. Turner, Miss E. E. A. Wallis, Dr. F. S., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S Withers, Miss BD ae eerie Sunnyside, Keyton Hill, Blackford, Wed- more, Somerset Do. The Small House, Syston, Mangotsfield, nr. Bristol Do. 150 Portway, Sea Mills, Bristol 33 Balmoral Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 7 Pine Trees, Camp Lane, Clapton-in- Gordano, nr. Bristol The Cottage, 137 Tower Road North, Warmley, Bristol Do. Wentwood, Ram Hill, Coalpit Heath, nr. Bristol 26 Bibury Avenue, Stoke Lodge, Patchway, Bristol 6 Downside Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 The Lodge Bungalow, Southmead General Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 1 Julian Road, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9 Geology Department, The Royal Technical College of East Africa, P.O. Private Bag, Nairobi, Kenya 12 Southpark Avenue, Glasgow, W.2 41 Woodleigh Gardens, Whitchurch, Bristol, 4 D oO. 127 Coldharbour Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 54 Gloucester Road North, Bristol, 7 15 Victoria Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8 18 Providence Lane, Long Ashton, Bristol 21 Canynge Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Bryher, Kenmeade Close, Shipham, Wins- combe, Somerset Rose Cottage, ‘Tunworth, Basingstoke, Hampshire Ford’s Farmhouse, Queen Charlton, Keyn- sham, Bristol Anatomy Dept., The University, Bristol, 8 12 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Torquay Natural History Museum, Tor- quay, Devon 104 Wells Road, Bath, Somerset 93 MEP OR TT OF GOUNCIL 1960 Section of 105; there are 22 affiliated Societies. Next year is our Cen- tenary year and we would like to see the membership reach at least 700 then. At the Annual General Meeting the Officers and Members of Council were duly elected with Dr. F. Coles Phillips as President. The usual General and Sectional meetings were held and the Field Section maintained its vigorous character ; in fact the Society seems to be full of life. Perhaps our most exciting venture was the film “ Seabird Summer ” organised conjointly by the R.S.P.B. and the Ornithological Section, and shown in the Colston Hall. This was a great success and the Society received a useful sum from the profits. The Annual Dinner, at which there was an attendance of 130, was held on March 18 in the Senior Common Room of the University, by courtesy of its members. The guest speaker was Professor H. R. Hewer, O.B.E., M.Sc., Sec.L.S. The deaths of Mr. A. H. Peach (late Treasurer), Geoffrey Lowndes, Miss A. L. Naylor, Dr. C. L. Corbett, Mr. A. H. Russell, Mrs. M. D. H. Phillips and Mrs. C. I. Sandwith are recorded with much regret. A. GC. LEACH, Aon. Secretary. ()s<« membership has been maintained and is now 662, including a Junior REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL § 1960 Norman A. Watkins was re-elected President, and Mr. Cecil L. Bell Secretary. There were five indoor meetings during the year as follows : Feb. 2: Films—Leather Jacket, Flea Beetle, Red Spider. Mar. 31: Films—The Marsh Fritillary Butterfly, Blowfly, Red Spider. Oct. 4: Visit to the City Museum to examine the various Insect collec- tions. Nov. 1: Colour slides of varieties of British Butterflies shown by Norman A. Watkins. Talk on “‘ Hemiptera”? by M. Ackland. Dec. 12: Joint Meeting with the Botanical Section, ‘‘ The Inter-relation of plants and insects”: Behind the Scenes, a sound and colour film by Cecil L. Bell ; The Living Soil, a Shell film ; colour slides of flowers by J. A. Eatough. On Saturday, June 18, the Section held a Field Meeting in the Mendips at Burrington Combe. AS the 96th Annual Business Meeting, held on January 5, 1960, Mr. CECIL L. BELL, Hon. Secretary. tiie: | hath taal ie - id a atta inion nn eae T96t ‘Arenuef et T96T ‘Atenuef ZT aia “oppnpy “wo ‘LLATIIA “A “V ‘saansvaaT, “UOT ‘LLOOUAHLAN ‘W ‘f ‘d ‘yo01109 punoy pue poszipnV L ¥ SOlTF G¢ § Or67 | 24 6 SOTTT G § OF6F ‘p9 ‘SOT 9QF OAToSay, Aleus}USD SUIpNpOUTy, 0 ST 8&P . 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W. Evans ; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. R. F. Wills ; Committee : Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Miss A. M. Sampson, Dr. A. F. Devonshire, Mr. F. W. Evens, Mr. J. A. Eatough and Mr. H. F. Howard. The Wild Plant table at the Bristol Museum has been much appreciated during the year and we offer our sincere thanks to Mr. A. Warhurst and Mr. P. F. Bird of the Museum and to Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Mr. Ivor Evans and to all our members who have contributed specimens. Special mention should be made of the following two events. On June 18 the Section enjoyed a trip to the Wiltshire Downs led by Mr. G. W. Collett of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Several of their members joined the party and over twelve different species of orchids were seen. On February 8 more than 200 members and friends attended a meeting to hear Mr. G. T. Goodman from Swansea and to see the film Between the Tides. ‘This was without doubt the largest audience ever in the history of the Section. During the year the following Winter meetings were held : Jan. 11: Annual Business Meeting, followed by colour transparencies of flowers by Mr. J. A. Eatough. Feb. 8: Coastal Vegetation of South Wales by Mr. Gordon Goodman and the film Between the Tides. | Mar. 14: The Classification of Grasses and the British Species. Mr. C. E. Hubbard, O.B.E. Apr. 11: Summer Field Programme meeting. Oct. 10: Short papers and slides by members of the Section. Nov. 14: Shrubs for Scent and Colour. Mr. Eric W. Hobbis, M.B.E. Dec. 12: Joint Meeting with the Entomological Section. Behind the Scenes, a film by Mr. C. E. Bell, and colour slides of flowers by Mr. J. A. Eatough. The following field excursions took place under the leadership of those shown. Apr. 30: Purn'Hill and Uphill. Dr. A. F. Devonshire. May 21: Westonbirt. Mr. P. J. M. Nethercott. June 18: The Wiltshire Downs. Mr. G. W. Collett. July. 9: Chew Valley Reservoir. Mr. R. F. Wills. Aug. 21: Steart. Mr. J. Morley (Warden for the Nature Conservancy for Somerset). Sept. 3: Claverton and Warley Woods. Mr. H. F. Howard. In addition, evening walks were taken as follows : Mangotsfield and WarmlJey. Mr. I. W. Evans. Durdham Down. Miss A. M. Sampson. Gordano Valley. Mr. R. L. Jefferies. Frenchay and Hambrook. Mr. I. W. Evans. Bath Botanical Gardens. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. Bracken Hill Botanical Gardens. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield. Five indoor meetings were held in the Botany Lecture Theatre on the following dates : May 2, May 23, June 20, Aug. 22 and Sept. 5, when specimens collected on field excursions were brought in for identification. R. F. WILLS, Hon. Secretary. 96 University on January 12, 1961, the following officers were elected :— President, Dr. J. W. Cowie; Vice-President, Mr. C. E. Leese; Hon. Secretary, Mr. R. G. Payne ; Field Secretary, Mr. V. D. Dennison ; Ex-Officio, Professor W. F. Whittard and President of Students’ Geological Society ; Com- mittee, Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Miss L. Carlton, Mr. R. Bradshaw, Dr. M. L. K. Curtis, Mr. A. C. K. Fear, Mr. T. R. Fry, Mr. I. G. Lennon, Dr. F. C. Phillips, Dr. R. J. G. Savage, Mr. W. Stock, Mr. D. Vowles, Mr. H. A. Wilmott. During 1960 the Committee met twice, on January 14 to make proposals for officers and on January 28 to arrange Summer and Winter Programmes. The Annual General Meeting was held on January 14, when reports were read and officers elected. The Annual General Meeting was followed by an illustrated talk on British Guiana, given by Mr. R. Bradshaw, M.Sc. There were five lecture meetings of the Section during the year :— Feb. 11: Dr. A. J. Lloyd—Geology of the Neuchatel Juras. Mar. 11: Mr. C. W. Green, M.A.—Mineralisation of the Mendips. Oct. 27: Mr. L. G. Brown, B.Sc.—The Physical Geology of the Granite of S. W. England. Nov. 24: Mr. D. Hamilton, M.Sc.—Some aspects of New Zealand Geology. Dec. 8: Professor S. W. Wooldridge, F.R.S.—South East England and the Bristol District—a Physiographic Comparison. A T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Geology Department of the The first four lectures were held in the Geology Department of the University, and the Section would like to record its thanks to Professor Whittard and its indebtedness to the University for making the premises freely available for these activities. The December lecture was held in the Geography Department of the University, and the Section would also like to thank Professor Peel for helping to make this very protracted meeting so highly successful. The Section takes pleasure in recording the distinction, Doctor of Science, bestowed on Dr. D. T. Donovan by the University of Bristol. During the year Council debated the advisability of including Archaeology within the scope and activities of the Society. It was decided by a Sub-Gommittee of Council that there was no case for creating a separate Archaeological Section, but that any inherent interest among members of the B.N.S. should continue to be satisfied by occasional lectures and outings which should include some archaeo- logy. Mr. A. Warhurst, Director, City Museum, subsequently offered to help train any members from the Section who wished to pursue the subject further. The Section would like to record its thanks for this generous offer. At Easter, Mr. Leese again led a party to Cornwall, a larger one this time centred on Port Isaac. The zeal and drive of our youthful President allowed the party to cover a wide range of topics including the volcanics of Port Isaac and the metamorphosed volcanics of Trebarwith: the metamorphic aureole around Camelford : the industrial and mineralogical aspects of the China Clay industry of St. Austell : the quarrying for granite and associated ore deposits in the Pendeen district : the complex folding of the culm and upper Devonian around Tintagel and Boscastle and the Pleistocene peneplanation of the Delabole area. This admirably planned trip was excellently led and proved to be another great success. REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION 97 There were six Field Meetings during the Summer as follows :— April 9: Bridgwater Dist. (including Burtle Beds); leader Dr. R. J. G. Savage. May 28: Cotswolds ; leader Dr. J. W. Cowie. June 25: South Wales ; leader Mr. R. Bradshaw. July 23: Aust District ; leader Mr. R. G. Payne. Aug. 13: Portishead ; leader Mr. T. Fry. Sept. 24: Farringdon and Swindon ; leader Mr. R. G. Payne. R. G. PAYNE, Hon. Secretary. 98 SECTION Mr. George Sweet was elected President in succession to Mr. G. E. Clothier. Mr. S. M. Taylor was re-elected Hon. Secretary, and Miss D. Crampton and Messrs. P. J. Chadwick, H. H. Davis, and G. A. Forrest were re-elected to the Committee. Miss F. Wareham and Mr. H. W. Neal retired, and Mrs. G. Buxton and Mr. J. D. R. Vernon were elected to succeed them. ‘The Editorial Committee, comprising “THE WREN THE KING OF Messrs. P. J. Chadwick, H. H. Davis, R. H. Poulding THe WREN Tf Att BROS" sand M. A. Wright, was re-elected. During the year the following meetings were held : Ax the 36th Annual Business Meeting in January, Jan. 14: Annual Business Meeting. Colour film of the B.O.U. Centenary Expedition to Ascension Is., shown by Mr. N. P. Ashmole. Feb. 5: Our Marshland Birds, Past and Present, by Mr. R. C. Homes. Feb. 26: Symposium on Bird Protection. Messrs. P. Brown, P. J. Conder and G. Waterston, of the R.S.P.B. Apr. 22: Informal and Exhibition Meeting. Oct. 5: Birds of the Southern Irish Sea, by Mr. H. Dickinson. Nov. 15: Annual Field Programme Meeting. Talks on Breeding Birds of S. Uist, by Mr. P. J. Chadwick, and on Wader trapping on the island, by Mr. J. D. R. Vernon. Dec. 2: Fair Isle and its Birds, by Mr. G. Waterston. Attendance at the six formal meetings averaged 81, ranging from 30 for the first meeting (when the snowy weather made travelling difficult) to 138 for the last. Mr. Waterston’s talk in December was outstanding among the series of notable lectures we have had in recent years. Three evening field walks and one afternoon walk were held in the Spring. to Marshfield, Backwell Hill, the coast at Clevedon, and the coast from Aust to Littleton. Leaders were: Messrs. A. E. Billett, G. E. Clothier, T. B. Silcocks and S. M. Taylor. 36 members took part in an all-day visit to Steart in May. Co-operative fieldwork included a third year of the breeding-season Shelduck study and participation in the B.T.O.’s Nest Record and Ringing Schemes. Members also contributed to the B.T.O. Lapwing Survey and Road Deaths Enquiry. The eleventh Fieldwork Review was published during the year ; it covered work in 1959, including the breeding season surveys of Lapwing and Shelduck. Its principal contents comprise an important account by Mr. Hugh Boyd of “The Present Status of the Mallard in North Somerset’. S. M. TAYLOR, Hon. Secretary. 99 EP ORT FUN TOR Ys. E 1960 OF CTION T the Annual Business Meeting held on January 22, the following Members’ A carinii was elected :—Timothy Lait (Chairman), Jack Read (Vice- Chairman), Elizabeth Bridges (Hon. Secretary), Stephen Locke (Assistant Secretary), Stephanie Sweet, Penelope Welch, Nigel Webb and Richard Ashley. Special mention should be made of a visit in April by 16 members accom- panied by 6 adults to Holland and the Island of Texel. Three days’ bird watch- ing on the island proved very successful ; several reservoirs were visited and nesting Spoonbills, Avocats, Blacktailed Godwits and many other interesting species were seen. Our party met several well-known Dutch ornithologists who accompanied us in the field and visited us in the Hostel at Den Burg. After- wards, visits were made on the mainland to the bulb-fields which were in full bloom. The Keukenhof Gardens, the Rijksmuseum at Amsterdam, the Frans Hals Museum at Haarlem, the Mauritzhuis at The Hague and many other places of interest were also visited. An Exhibition and Field Work Competition were held on Oct. 8 in the Museum School Room by kind permission of Mr. A. Warhurst ; a large variety of exhibits was shown and prizes were received by the following :—Section prizes: 12-14 years, Nicholas Bristowe, study of Cabbage White Butterfly ; over 14 years, Tony Diamond, Hedge Sparrow, which included some excellent drawings. President’s prize: ‘Timothy Lait, illustrated study of Lapwing. Maxwell Knight’s prize : Alisa Pippen, a collection of seeds and fruits. Judging of the competition was by Dr. R. J. G. Savage. The following indoor meetings were held :— Jan. 2: New Year Party. Jan. 22: Annual Business Meeting. ‘“‘ Bird Haunts in the West Country.” Mr. H. Savory. Hiels 19)3 ~~ Oases of the Sahara.” Dr. R. J. G. Savage, B.Sc., Ph.D. Mar. 4: “Setting up Butterflies and Moths.” Miss A. E. Bennett, B.Sc. and Mr. P. F. Bird, B.Sc. Mar. 25: ‘“‘Sand Dunes.” Mrs. E. W. Yemm, B.A. Apr. 8: “Setting out Seaweed.” Miss A. E. Bennett, B.Sc. Sept.23: ‘‘ Seashore Animals.” Mr. R. Bassindale, M.Sc. Oct. 8: Exhibition and Competition. Nov. 4: “British Forestry and the Naturalist.” Dr. C. A. Connell, O.B.E., M.A. Nov. 19: Social afternoon with colour films. Dice. 16; °° Lexel)and Holland.” Junior Members. Field meetings were as follows :— Jan. 23: Blagdon Reservoir. Leader—Mr. B. King. Feb. 20: Wild Fowl Trust. Leaders—Mr. B. King and Mr. G. Sweet. Mar. 5: Cardiff Museum. Leader—Mr. B. King. Mar. 19: Chew Valley Reservoir. Leader—Mr. R. F. Wills. Apr. 20-30: Texel and Holland. May 15: Kellaway Rocks. Leaders—Mr. Stenhouse Ross and Mr. Re Gx Payne, BiSc. May 21: St. George Wharf. Leader—Mr. H. H. Davis. June 4-5: Shapwick Heath and Dunkery Beacon. All night. Leader— Mr. R. F. Wills. June 18: Newton Park. Leader—Mr. P. F. Bird, B.Sc. Aug. 11: Mendips. Leaders—Mr. H. Savory and Mr. R. F. Wills. 100 AMS ole7 ee Nept. 1 Sept. 25 : Oct:7or Nov. 13: Dec; 4a: REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION Leigh Woods. Leaders—Miss A. E. Bennett, B.Sc. and Mr. PE. Bird, B:oc- Cheddar Reservoir. Leaders—Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills. Lynmouth. Leader—Mr. R. Bassindale, M.Sc. Blagdon Reservoir. Leader—Mr. H. H. Davis. Chew Valley Reservoir. Timothy Lait. Chew Valley Reservoir. Mr. B. King. This opportunity is taken to remind members of other Sections that they are of course entitled to attend the Junior Section’s lectures and join their Field Meetings. The presence and interest of more adult members would be appreciated. DORA WILLS, Hon. Secretary, Advisory Committee. ELIZABETH BRIDGES, Hon. Secretary, Members’ Committee. 101 HE 97th Annual General Meeting was held on January 21, when the Officers and Members of Council were elected. Dr. F. Coles Phillips ' was elected as President, Miss M. H. Rogers having completed her time of office. Dr. F. S. Wallis, on his departure from Bristol, and Mr. F. W. Evens were elected Honorary Members. Members stood in memory of the late Mr. A. H. Peach who had been Treasurer for 20 years. The retiring President gave her Presidential address on “‘A Naturalist in California’’. It was beauti- fully illustrated with colour slides, mostly taken by Miss Rogers herself. San Francisco, the Yosemite Valley, the Monterey coast, and the Redwoods were all shown. On March 3, Dr. Bruce Campbell lectured on ‘SA Naturalist in Poland ”’. Coloured and black and white slides were shown both of the countryside and of nests of various birds, some of whose songs were reproduced on tape-recordings. The lecturer also spoke of many of the botanical specimens seen on the trip. Miss P. M. Jenkin of the Zoology Department of Bristol University gave us an interesting and detailed lecture on Flamingos on October 6. She referred to the Greater, the Lesser and the Andean Flamingo. By diagrams, photographs and explanation, we were shown how the bill structure, varying in different types according to the type of food, was adapted for feeding. On Thursday, November 3, Mr. H. G. Hurrell again visited us, to talk this time on birds and animals, wild and tamed, round his home at Moorgate on Dartmoor. He started with his film of the Grey Seal which he has kept in his swimming pool for about a year ; this film included otters and a tame razorbill. We also saw pictures of a kestrel, caught and trained to fly from the wrist. But perhaps outstanding was his film of foxes, adult and cubs, at their earth. Our former President, Professor W. F. Whittard, came to us on December 1 and lectured on ‘“‘ The Geology of the Sea-bed ”’, illustrated by slides and a film. We were shown the methods employed in carrying out this very difficult work, and given some idea of the highly technical and sensitive instruments used. Pictures of the sea-bottom up to a depth of 3 miles were shown. Although not a general meeting, some reference should be made here to the Society’s venture in co-operating with the R.S.P.B. to show their film “ Sea- bird Summer ”’. This was a great success. The Colston Hall was very nearly full, and a useful profit was available for both Societies. A. C. LEACH, Hon. Secretary. GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS IXTEEN general field meetings took place during the year, the highest See so far. Four evening meetings were held, and again proved popular. The most ambitious meeting of the year was the one to South Brent, Dartmoor, where we were met by the well-known naturalist, Mr. H. G. Hurrell, who showed us some of the natural history and antiquities of Dartmoor and also his animals including the grey seal. A brief summary of the meetings under the leadership of those named is given below, and a much fuller account is kept in the records of the Field Section. Jan. 9: Kilve. Mr. H. G. Hockey, Mr. R. G. Payne, and Mr. T. V. Silcocks. Fev. 7: Shepherdine. Mr. D. A. C. Cullen. 102 ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS Mar. 6: Slimbridge. Mr. B. King. Mar.20: Uleybury Camp and Nympsfield. Mr. A. C. K. Fear. Apr. 2: Bury Wood and Colerne. Miss C. Groves. May 7: Lord’s Wood. Mr. D. A. C. Cullen. May 25: Inglestone Common. Mr. C. L. Bell. June 8: Meare. Mr. H. G. Hockey and Dr. A. F. Devonshire. June 12: Swyre Head and Nine Barrow Down, Isle of Purbeck. Mrs. G. H. Dudden and Dr. A. F. Devonshire. June 21: Wickham Glen and Frenchay. Mr. H. G. Hockey. July 4: Christon Hill. Mr. H. G. Hockey and Mr. H. F. Flook. July 16: Dartmoor. Mr. H. G. Hurrell and Mr. H. G. Hockey. Aug. 27: Malvern Hills. Mr. H. F. Flook. Sept. 11: Caractacus Stone and Tarr Steps, Exmoor. Mr. H. G. Hockey. Oct. 23: St. Audries, Quantocks. Mr. A. L. Wedlake, Major J. H. Dowling and Mr. H. G. Hockey. Nov. 20: Litton and Blagdon reservoirs. Miss C. Groves. A. F. DEVONSHIRE, Hon. Field Secretary. HON. LIBRARIAN'S RPGR 1960 HE serious overcrowding of the Library has been alleviated by the transfer of the following periodicals to the University Library in Queen’s Building, University Walk :— 1. All American publications, except Natural History. 2. Bulletins and Memoirs of the Belgian Museum of Natural History. Memoirs of the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Belgium. 4. British Association for the Advancement of Science (up to 1940). A re-arrangement of the books and periodicals still remaining in the Society’s Library in the City Museum is in progress. A number of reprints and books have been given to the Library and thanks are due to the donors, especially to Mrs. H. H. Davis who presented several volumes of “‘ Watsonia”’? and to Mr. I. W. Evans for the gift of “‘ Nature’s Garden ”’. The New Naturalist Series has been brought up to date by the purchase of the last seven volumes. 150 books and periodicals were borrowed during the year. R. BRADSHAW, Hon. Librarian. 103 OBIT WARES ALEC HAMILTON PEACH P37 HE death of A. H. Peach on January 9, 1960, at the age of 85 years, deprived the Society of one of its best-known and most active members. Peach probably rendered his greatest service to the Society as its Hon. Treasurer for 20 years (1939-59), during which period the membership increased from 239 to 666. ‘Throughout this time he was an ex-officio member of Council and also served on the Publications and Library Committee. He was most assiduous in his attendance at meetings, and his successful management of the Society’s finances was characterised by such great personal friendliness that members, all of whom he seemed to know inti- mately, must have felt it a pleasure to pay their subscriptions. Peach had joined the Society in 1925, and his activities were not confined to the Hon. Treasurership. He was a keen and knowledgeable entomologist, was Secretary of the Entomological Section from 1940 to 1948 and its President from 1951 to 1953. In 1947 he compiled for these ProcEeEpincs “‘ Records and Obser- vations of Lepidoptera’’. He was elected an Honorary Member of the Society in 1959. Until his retirement Peach was manager of the Sun Life Assur- ance Office in Bristol. He had a number of interests ; for many years he was a churchwarden of All Saints, Clifton, and he was a Gilbert and Sullivan enthusiast and had been a good games- player. The Society extends its sincere sympathy to his wife and family. H.W.T. MRS. CG. I. SANDWITH Y mother, Mrs. Cecil Ivry Sandwith, who died at her home in Clifton, on February 6, 1961, in her goth year, was the elder daughter of the Rev. E. J. Huntsman, vicar of Harworth, Nottinghamshire, and widow of the Rev. E. P. Sandwith, who had succeeded him in that parish. A few years after the tragically early death of her husband, my mother came to live in Bristol in the autumn of 1909, for the education of her two sons at Clifton B 104 OBITUARIES College. Her keen interest in field botany soon brought her in touch with Mr. J. W. White, and she entered the circle of dis- tinguished Bristol botanists of this period which was headed by White, Cedric Bucknall and Miss I. M. Roper, and was later joined by H. Stuart Thompson. Mr. White’s friendship and guidance were invaluable at this time, when we were feeling our way about the district, starting our herbarium, and learning how to use botanical books. My mother contributed some notes to the Flora of Bristol (1912), the best being her record of Carex divisa from the salt-marsh below Cook’s Folly which was destroyed by the construction of Portway. The publication of the Flora opened a period of some 20 years of remarkable activity on the part of local field-workers who, in those days, were still cyclists and walkers. Many very important additions to the flora were made, the specimens being invariably shown and discussed at the meetings of the Botanical Section of this Society and, even more, at those round-table gatherings at Mr. White’s house of the Botanical Club which had been founded by G. Brebner in 1903, under the wing of the University College. My mother was conspicuous among the recorders of those days : some of her better discoveries were those of Juncus tenuis and Wolffia, and of the tiny patch of Andromeda near the summit of Blackdown. Best of all, perhaps, was our find of Ranunculus ophioglossifolius on a West Gloucestershire common in June, 1926. She began early to specialize in water-plants, particularly the Charophyta, which had a great attraction for her. She added Tolypella intricata and Nitella translucens to the local list, and in 1918 read a paper on this group which was published in these Pro- CEEDINGS in 1920. The genus Ceratophyllum next occupied her attention and her paper, “The Hornworts and their occurrence in Britain’? (PROCEEDINGS, 1926), was a useful contribution to our knowledge of the taxonomy of British forms. Throughout this period my mother had also cultivated a very different taste, for alien plants: there were constant visits to the city tips and docks, and by 1933 she had assembled and published the list of local species entitled “‘ The Adventive Flora of the Port of Bristol ’’ (see the Report of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles, for 1932). 717 adventive species were recorded in this list and, with the numerous additions that have since been made as the result of her continued collecting and the efforts of other workers, it is probable that not less than 1,000 aliens have been found in the area of the Port of Bristol. Very many of these plants are represented in our adventive herbarium, which is kept separate from the general collection. OBITUARIES 105 In 1929, the British Association meeting was held at Cape Town, and my mother took advantage of my brother’s presence in Northern Rhodesia to go out to South Africa and attend it. On the voyage out, and during the meeting and subsequent excursions to such places as Johannesburg and the Victoria Falls, she was accompanied by our member, Miss M. Bowen. After the meeting she journeyed northwards to stay with my brother on his farm in the Chilanga District, which at that time had been scarcely explored botanically, and during two months she made a collection of the trees, shrubs and grasses. ‘The first set was presented to the Kew Herbarium, where it was identified, and her own smaller set has now been dispatched to the Southern Rhodesia Government Herbarium at Salisbury. In October, 1932, Mr. White died, the meetings of the ‘““Botanical Club’? came to an end, and the Minutes Book has not, I believe, been traced. In June, 1935, Miss Roper also died and my mother was invited to continue Mr. White’s “ Bristol Botany ’’ notes supplemental to his Flora which had appeared annually in these PRocEEDINGS. She gladly undertook this work for the next 26 years (since 1947 we have been joint authors) and during this period was the finder, or joint finder, of such additions to the flora as Carex laevigata, Glyceria declinata, the intergeneric hybrid grass X Agrohordeum Lange: (which was new to Britain) and, only last summer, Vulpia ambigua on the Berrow dunes. Besides the groups mentioned above, my mother was an assiduous collector of other critical genera, especially Sorbus, Chenopodium and Potamogeton. She enjoyed working with her compound micro- scope, a bent inherited from her father who was a descendant of Benjamin Huntsman, the inventor of cast steel. A few years before the last War she joined the British Bryological Society and became a keen student of Hepatics, adding a number of species to the North Somerset list from the peat moors. Her crowning discovery, in April, 1952, in her 81st year, was that of the saprophytic Cryptothallus mirabilis on Ashcott Heath, its second English station. ‘This gave her great joy, and she cultivated specimens with continuous care during her remaining years and exhibited some at the meeting of the British Association in Bristol in September, 1955. ‘The peat moors were our most precious hunting-ground for nearly half a century : we first visited Shapwick Heath in April, 1911, and repeated exploration of these moors very often produced something new and unexpected, in spite of distressing changes in the vegetation and the disappearance of some of the rare species. My mother was an “all-round” character of extraordinary 106 OBITUARIES energy and diverse interests combined with a strong sense of duty and a deeply held faith. During the first World War she served for three years with the Patrols organized by the National Union of Women Workers, and often did a midnight beat at the Tram- ways Centre and Temple Meads Station. For over 40 years she cultivated her small property at Tickenham on the slope above Jacklands Bridge, learning to drive a car when over 60 years old. She had bought this property in April, 1920, and was able to evacuate herself there for strenuous horticultural work in the winter of 1940, when our flat in Clifton became uninhabitable. At the end of the last War she made a large collection of local grasses for the South-western Forensic Science Laboratory of the Home Office in Bristol. She joined our Society in 1912, served on the Council in the years 1915-1918 and 1943-1946, and was elected an Honorary Member soon after the last-mentioned period. She had also been a member of the Botanical Society of the British Isles since 1915, and was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London in May, 1949. . N. Y. SANDWITH. PeelokEOL BOTANY IN .1og60 By Cecit I. anp N. Y. SANDWITH WILL be remembered for the abominable summer 196 and autumn in southern England. The total rainfall for the period July to November over England and Wales was unequalled since comparable records began in 1727. The bad weather began here on July 4th, and continued wet and stormy, with few breaks, for the next six months and well into the New Year. But we must not forget the pleasant spring and early summer, with several quite dry and sunny months, and conditions of drought at the end of a warm June. And the flowering and fruiting trees and shrubs, their buds well warmed in the previous summer and autumn, have rarely made such a splendid show. The persistently wet summer weather kept botanists for the most part either indoors or within easy reach of their cars. How- ever, we have our usual array of field-notes from various sources ; one native and two naturalized species of Gramineae were added to the flora of the district ; and a newcomer, Mr. Nicholas Jardine, of Monkton Combe School, has sent in some interesting records from the valleys and woods of his neighbourhood. On Saturday and Sunday, September 17th and 18th, a very suc- cessful first Regional Meeting for the South West of the decentralized Botanical Society of the British Isles was held at Bristol, organized by the Department of Botany of the University. Saturday was devoted to a number of excellent papers read at the Department, followed by an exhibition and conversazione in the evening. The Sunday excursion to Brean Down and Berrow was much enjoyed, especially as this was one of the few cloudless sunny days of the last half of the year. Through the kindness of Dr. W. A. Sledge, a considerable number of specimens from Miss I. M. Roper’s herbarium at Leeds University was borrowed from the Department of Botany for the purpose of verifying certain unpublished manuscript records in her interleaved copy of White’s Bristol Flora. Some errors have now been put right, while there were some interesting discoveries which deserved immediate publication in this year’s ** Bristol Botany ”’. The names of our principal contributors are abbreviated as follows :— Pobobt. k. . Eunt P.J.M.N., P. J. M. Nethercott N.J., N. Jardine I.M.R., Miss I. M. Roper (decd.) D.M.S., Dr. D. Munro-Smith N.W., Mrs. N. Wycherley 108 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH Thalictrum minus L. Still in very small quantity on the Glos. side of the Avon Gorge, P.7.M.N. Ranunculus Ficaria L. var. bulbifer Albert (as “ bulbifera’’) in Albert et Jahandiez, Cat. Pl. Vasc. Dept. du Var, p. 7 (1908). By the Frome at Downend, G., D.M.S. Laneside, Hanham, G., 1923, C.1S. and NYS. Kenn Moor, S., 1957, @../ Garlick. Albert’s name, validly published, antedates by many years Marsden-Jones’s use of the same epithet in the varietal rank in 1935. In the subspecific rank the correct name is presumably subsp. bulbifer Lawalrée (as “‘ bulbiferus’’) in Fl. Générale de Belgique, Spermatophytes, vol. ii. fasc. i. 60 (1955). Prof. Clap- ham, in Clapham, Tutin and Warburg, Flora of the British Isles, identifies this taxon with the typical form of R. Ficaria, using the name var. Ficaria, but the identification of the Linnean type is evidently a subject for further investigation. The variety or subspecies with axillary “‘ bulbils ’’ (really tubers) and fewer, mostly infertile, carpels was, of course, well known to Mr. White (Flora, p. 120) as “‘ not of very rare occurrence ”’. Lepidium Smithit Hook. Odatfield, Christon, §., 1918, J.M.R., ms., and specimen in her herbarium. Silene noctiflora L. Leighton, between Frome and Nunney, S., V.W. (spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus.). Montia fontana L. subsp. chondrosperma (Fenzl) Walters. Rough pasture, Bromley Heath, G., D.M.S., det. S. Md. Walters. Linum bienne Mill. Crook Peak, S., P.7.M.N. Trifolium scabrum L. Crook Peak, S., id. Rosa canina L. X Sherardii Davies var. omissa (Déségl.) W.-Dod forma resinosoides (Crép. ex Cott.) W.-Dod. One bush near Leap Bridge, Downend, G., D.M.S., det. R. Melville. Sedum Forsterianum Sm., agg. Gorge between Rowberrow and Burrington Combe, S., 7. I. Robbins. Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall. Pond, Downend, G., D.M.S., det. J. #. Savidge. Epilobium lanceolatum Seb. et Mauri. Disused railway line near Monkton Combe, S., 1959, WV. 7. Cinanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. With CG. Lachenalu C. C. Gmel. on Binham Moor, between Mark and Chapel Allerton ; also on Blackford Moor, S., C.J.S. and N.Y.S. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Buckland Dinham, S., V.W. (spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus.). Galium erectum Huds., auct. Field, Ham Green, Pill, §., 1912 ; and pasture near Glasshouse, Combe Down, Bath, S., 1914, 1.M/.R., BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1960 109 mss., and spns. in her herbarium. In the Aew Bulletin, vol. 14, pp. 63-65 (1960), Mr. H. K. Airy Shaw has shown that Hudson’s name is untenable for this taxon, for which he proposes the name Galium capsiriense Jeanb. ex Timb.-Lagr., pending the discovery of an earlier valid name. ‘The type locality of G. capsiriense is in the Pyrénées Orientales, and the type specimen in the Toulouse Herbarium was sent on loan to Kew for examination by Mr. Shaw. A photograph of it faces p. 64 in his article. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Bury Hill, Moorend, G., D.M.S. Senecio vulgaris L. var. radiatus Koch. Common at Downend and Frenchay, G., D.M.S. Cichorium Intybus L. Laverton Scrub, S., P.F.A. Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) DC. Marshy ground near Leap Bridge, Downend, G., D.M.S., det. C. C. Townsend (as T. paludosum (Scop:) ochl. ex Crép.). Arbutus Unedo L. A well-developed, flowering, bush naturalized in a limestone crevice on the edge of a quarry, Leigh Woods, S., P.7.M.N. For a record from the Glos. side of the Avon Gorge, see “‘ Bristol Botany in 1942’. Mr. White’s suggestion (Flora, p. 414) that the wild trees of Arbutus at Killarney never exceed a height of 8-10 ft. needs correction, since it is well known that these trees often exceed 30 ft. Anagallis foemina Mill. Lullington, near Frome, §., V.W. (spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus.). Veronica spicata L. subsp. hybrida (L.) E. F. Warburg. Leigh Woods, S., one flowering plant in a locality which does not correspond with the station reported in 1912 (see “ Bristol Botany in 1912 ”’; journ. Bolt. 1918; p. 47), P.jJ.M.N. Euphrasia occidentalis Wettst. Plentiful on the dunes at Berrow, S&., NV. D. Simpson and B.S.BI. Field Meeting. Orobanche Hederae Duby. Roadside bank at Writhlington, south- east of Radstock, 8., P.F.H. Marrubium vulgare L. In quantity on Purn Hill, Bleadon, 8., 1.W. Evans. Wrington Warren, and Canada Combe, Hutton, §., 1921, 1.M.R., ms., in her interleaved copy of White’s Flora. Lamium hybridum Vill. Wayside and garden weed, Downend, G., D.M.S. Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. Bleadon and Cross, 8., C.l.S. and N.Y.S. Polygonum minus Huds. With P. mite Schrank on a peat moor drove, Meare Heath, S., D.M.S. Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. x articulatus L. (F. x surrejanus 110 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH Druce). Old peat cutting on Ashcott Heath, S., 1959, CLS. and N.Y.S. The first published record for the district of this hybrid, which probably occurs elsewhere with the parents. Lemna gibba L. In quantity in the river Frome at Stapleton, G., D.M.S. Potamogeton Berchtoldi Fieb. Pond, Charterhouse-on-Mendip, S., 1959, C.L.S. and N.Y.S., confirmed by 7. E. Dandy. Carex divulsa Stokes. Not uncommon near Monkton Combe, S., 1959, N.f. C. polyphylla Kar. et Kir. Roadside near Wellow, S., 1959, N.7. C. Hostiana DC. With C. distans, north of the Dundas Aqueduct, S., 1959, V.7. An unexpected new station, in marshy ground by the Avon. ‘The small clump of plants is straddled across a ditch marking the Somerset-Wilts. border. ‘Two old Bath loca- lities are cited in White, Fl., p. 636. Poa Chaixu Vill. In Ammerdown Park near Kilmersdon, §S., growing under semi-naturalized conditions in coppiced Oak- Ash-Hazel woodland, 1959, V.7., det. F. Perring. New to the district and to Somerset. P. Chaixii is usually found obviously planted on private estates. P. angustifolia L. Disused railway line near Monkton Combe, S., 1959; JV. 7-..0et,.f. Pening. Glyceria declinata Bréb. Wet field, Monkton Combe; and in marshy ground by the Avon north of the Dundas Aqueduct, S., 1959, Ie Foy Chel I ae Vulpia ambigua (Le Gall) More. Abundant over a small area of fixed dune at Berrow, S., C.J.S. and N.V.S. Accompanying species are Evodium cicutarium (agg.), Trifolium arvense, Sedum acre, Galium verum, Plantago Coronopus and Phleum arenarium, while V. ambigua meets V. membranacea at one edge of the area where the ground rises with loose sand. This is a first record for the district and for the county of Somerset. The distribu- tion of V. ambigua on the Berrow dunes now needs investigation. * Why has it not been noted there before ? There seems to be no evidence of deliberate introduction. This little plant is an annual which withers early and is quite inconspicuous by the beginning of June. It was recently (1955) recorded in abun- dance in a new station on Dawlish Warren, S. Devon, and Dr. A. J. Willis informs us that it has greatly increased in its N. Devon locality at Woolacombe, where it was first reported in * Now (May, 1961) known to be widespread on the Berrow dunes.—Ed. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1960 111 1931. He suggests that recent climatic conditions may be favouring the appearance of V. ambigua. Festuca heterophylla Lam. In a plantation of pine and larch near Longmead, Monkton Combe, S., 1959, N.7., det. F. Perring. New to the district and to Somerset. ‘This species is recorded from private woods and shrubberies in several counties, especially in S. England, and is sometimes found growing near Poa Chaixi. F. longifolia Thuill. Abundant on railway line between Limpley Stoke and Midford, S., 1959, W.7., det. F. Perring. There was one previous record, from Burnham (see “‘ Bristol Botany in 1955”). ALIENS. Avonmouth Dock, G., which provided so rich a harvest in 1959, had one of its most barren years, because of the wet and sunless summer combined with human interference. ‘The only plant of interest worth noting was Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Iberis umbellata L. Tip at Hambrook, and waste ground at Downend, G., D.M.S. Cerastium tomentosum L. ‘* Snow-in-Summer’’, a garden outcast, is now well established on St. Vincent’s Rocks, G., and at Redclifie Bay, Portishead, S., P.f.M.N. Geramum Endressit Gay. Whatley, near Frome, S., 1959, V.W. (spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus., det. Dr. A. Melderis). A garden plant. Oxalis corniculata L. Roadside, Downend, G., 1921, 1.M.R., ms., and spn. in her herbarium. ‘This is the earliest collection in the district. Trifolium spumosum L. Beautiful specimens of this rare alien are in Herb. J.M.R., from St. Philip’s Marsh, Bristol, G., 1912, and Portishead Station-yard, S., 1907, leg. [.M/.R. Valertanella coronata (L.) DC. St. Philip’s Marsh, Bristol, G., May 1912, £.M.R., spn. in her herbarium, det. NV.VY.S. New to Bristol. ‘The specimen had been incorrectly identified as V. rmosa Bast. V. coronata is a Mediterranean species, allied to V. discoidea Loisel. which occurred at St. Philip’s Marsh in 1916 (see Adventive Flora of Port of Bristol). The two taxa are sometimes treated as subspecies of the aggregate V. coronata. Bidens frondosa L. ‘Temple Street, and frequent in the area of Newfoundland Road, Bristol, G., J. W. Evans. Senecio squalidus L. Portishead, S., 1904, W. Hosking in Herb. 112 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH Brit. Mus., fide D. Hl. Kent in Proc. B.S Balvarel ewe. 377 (1960). ‘The earliest record for Portishead and for the Somerset side of the area. Cicerbita macrophylla (Willd.) Wallr. Chantry, near Frome, S., NW. (spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus.). Scorzonera hispanica L. Grassy slope of Brean Down near the car- park, S., R. A. Graham, R. M. Harley and D. Lewis, in Proc. Bes. Bel, vol. 3) pe Alen tgo0). Cuscuta approximata Bab. On Achillea Millefolium, ‘“‘ mouth of the Avon near Bristol’’, comm. Feb. 1907, 1.M.R., in Kew Herb. (as C. Epithymum Murray), det. T. G. Yuncker (the monographer of the genus) in April, 1926. ‘This is pre- sumably the Dodder recorded as C. Epithymum “ on Yarrow at Portishead’, S., 1906, Miss Roper in White, Fl., p. 426. Dr. W. A. Sledge informs us that a corresponding sheet in the cover of C. Epithymum in Herb. I.M.R. is labelled “‘ Waste ground, Portishead, Somerset, Aug. rst, 1906, on Achillea Millefolium’’ ; and there is a pencilled query on the sheet. C. approximata is new to Bristol. It is a native of Central Asia, in the same group of species as C. Epithymum, from which it differs in the more fleshy corollas with obtusish lobes about equalling the tube. ‘The species was described by Babington from plants found growing in England, introduced with seeds of Lucerne (‘‘ Bokhara Clover ’’). Verbascum pulverulentum Vill. Roadside, Nunney, near Frome, S., 1959, V.W. (spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus., det. Dr. A. Melderis). New to the district. Veronica filiformis Sm. Orchardleigh and Hemington churchyards, north-of Frome, §:,\ 7778. Amaranthus graecizans L. subsp. sylvestris (Vill.) Brenan. Portis- head, S., Sept. 1914, 1.M.R., spn. in her herparnum,, det. feb. Vi Brenan Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Roadside ditch, Blackford, near Wedmore, S., W.Y.S. Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv. and Aegilops cylindrica Host were both collected at Avonmouth Dock, G., in 1958, by Miss M. McCallum Webster (spns. in Kew Herb.). The former was collected there in 1937, see B.E.C. 1937 Rep., vol xt p.520); the latter in 1928, see Adventive Flora of Port of Bristol. Adiantum capillus-Veneris L. Ina crack in the stonework round the great Roman bath, Bath, S., 1950 and still there, Mrs. M. 7. Oldaker. 113 Pet STOLL BIRD REPORT 1960 COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION P. J. CHADWICK R. H. PouLpine H. H. Davis M. A. WRIGHT HIS issue contains the more important records for 1960. It is the twenty-fifth of the series and is the result of contributions by well over ninety observers. Records received but not included will, as usual, be filed, and contributors are again requested to help in the preservation of these by using the appropriate 6” x 4” record cards. Noteworthy reports from Chew Valley reservoir are of a marked increase in the breeding population of Gadwall and Tufted Duck ; a Sandwich Tern in the second week of March ; a Savi’s Warbler in late July; Wood Sandpipers and a Curlew Sandpiper on autumn passage ; and a Marsh Harrier in October. Water Pipits were seen at Chew Valley in all months January — April and October — December, and at Cheddar in March and November. Other reservoir records include the breeding of Gadwall at Blagdon and the presence of at least six Great Northern Divers at Cheddar in December. During January to early April three Lesser White-fronts and up to eight Greenland White-fronts were seen among the many White- fronted Geese on the New Grounds, and a single Greylag made a short stay in March. From the same area are records of a Kentish Plover in April; a Red-breasted Merganser (always scarce on Severn) in April— May; an Avocet in May; a White-winged Black Tern among a large passage of Black Terns in late August; and the exceptional number of 61 Little Stints on the second day of October. Records of special note from other localities are of a Red-throated Diver on the river at Sheperdine in January; a Shorelark at Severn Beach, January — March ; a Hoopoe at Compton Dando in June ; the breeding of Quail at Marshfield ; a Great Skua off- shore near Sand Point in September ; an Alpine Swift at Portishead in early October, and, in the same month, a Richard’s Pipit on Brean Down and a Dartford Warbler on the coast near Walton-in- Gordano. Thirty-seven Water Rails were counted in Spartina at 114 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 Sand Bay on the last day of January and an unusually high count of 86 Black-tailed Godwits was reported from Weston Bay in late September. Observations on Steep Holm by members of the Gull Research Station during the first ten days of October included those of two Stock Doves, a Short-eared Owl, two Stonechats, and two Common Scoters off the landing beach, while a juvenile Woodlark, an adult female Pied Flycatcher and a male Firecrest were trapped and ringed. Of these species only the Pied Flycatcher had been previously recorded for the island. Contributors :—L. P. Alder, R. Angles, S. H. G. Barnett, R. Best, A. E. Billett, J. H. R. Boswall, H. J. Boyd, Col. G. A. Bridge, Miss M. E. Bridge, G. Bright, B. K. Brooke, J. F. Burton, G. C. Buxton, Mrs. S. I. Buxton, M. J. Bywater, Dr. B. Campbell, P. J. Chadwick, S. E. Chapman, Miss G. G. Clement, G. E. Clothier, R. V. Collier, A. GCumber, R. M. Curber, H. H. Davis, M. Davy, H. Dunnicliff, Miss P. Farmer, J. Fisher, K. A. Franey, R. Gabriel, Miss C. Graham, W. Gouge, J. Gould, D. R. Hamblett, G. Hamilton, H. R. Hammacott, R. S. Harkness, P. Hending, R. E. Hitchcock, H. G. Hockey, D. A. Holmes, W. A. Holmes, E. G. Holt, W. J. H. Hopkins, D. J. Hughes, 8. T. Johnstone, E. L. Jones, Dr. Ji Kent; B- King, C. Lachlan, A. C. Leach, R. J. Lewis, J. A. McGeoch, 8S. G. Madge, T. D. H. Merrie, C. Mitchell, R. Mitchell, H. W. Neal, E.G. M. Niblett, R. K. Norman, M. A. Ogilvie, Miss E. D. Overend, Mrs. B. C. Palmer, Miss E. M. Palmer, D. H. Perrett, Re He Pouldines Mrs. E. Powell, C. E. Ridsdale, R. H. Robins, R. Robinson, C. G. I. Rose, W. L. Roseveare, J. F. Rowe, Po seoe dud G: Shakespeare, T. B. Silcocks, E. Sims, B. Slade, W. Smith, P. Stiling, W. J. Stone, L. G. Sullivan, T. H. Sutherland, C. M. Swaine, G. Sweet, Miss-S. K. Taylor, 5. M. Taylor, L. Pi fuckers) Dak: Vernon, M. Waddicor, J. A. F. Wilkins, Miss E. M. Williams, Mrs. S. G. Willams, M. G. Wilson, M. A. Wright and K. B. Young. The abbreviations Res. Stn. and Jnr. Sect. refer, respectively, to the Steep Holm Gull Research Station and the B.N.S. Junior Section. Initials W.T. denote Wildfowl Trust. The area covered is that part of Gloucestershire (G@) lying east of the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds to the County boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S) north of the R. Axe and a line from Wells to the County boundary near Frome. For the purpose of this Report the area extends westwards into the Channel and Estuary to include the promontory of Brean Down, and the islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch Map, Proc. B.N.S., 1OA75) Ps 225) BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 115 GREAT NORTHERN DIVER Gavia immer S. One, Blagdon res., Jan. 23—-Mar. 13 (R.B., C.M., W.L.R. et al.). Up to three, Cheddar res., during November (R.A., G.G.C., G.S. et al.) and up to six, an exceptional number for any Somerset reservoir, in December (R.M.C., J.A.McG. e¢ al.). RED-THROATED DivER’ Gavia stellata G. One on river, Sheperdine, Jan. 6 (H.J.B.). S. Single bird, Cheddar res., Mar. 20-Apr. 17 (B.K., M.A.W., M.G.W. ¢é al.). GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus S. Usual numbers at reservoirs : max. counts of 47, Cheddar, Mars 27, and, of 31, Dec. 10 (B.K. e al.); 29, Blagdon, Apr. 17 (P.J.C.) ; and 18 pairs, Chew Valley, May 21 (B.K.). Very poor breeding season: no young seen, Chew Valley (B.K. et al.), and only one brood reported, Blagdon—pair with two young, July 8 (W.L.R.). BLACK-NECKED GREBE_ Podiceps nigricollis S. Two, Blagdon res., Oct. 16 (B.K.B.) and one, Chew Valley pes., Nov. 13 (Jnr. Sect.). LirtTLE GreBe Podiceps ruficollis G. Pair with young in reed-beds, Littleton-upon-Severn, Aug. 1 te j-C..):. S. At least five pairs bred, Chew Valley res. (G.B., B.K., W.J.S.). Adult with young, Charterhouse lead-mining pits, uly 9, 16 (1.B.S.). GANNET Sula bassana G. First-winter bird found on coal lorry, Charfield Station, Oct. 14; kept for a week at Wildfowl Trust, then ringed and released, Kingston Seymour (Som.), on 2ist (H.J.B., M.A.O.). S. Dead adult on riverbank, Axe Estuary, Aug. 14 (R.A.). CoRMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo S. Numerous coastal and inland records (various observers). Breeding colony on Steep Holm not surveyed in detail : 25 soaring in close flock over north cliffs at dawn, Oct. 7 (Res. Stn.). 116 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 HERON Ardea cinerea S. Only three heronries located: 22 or 23 nests, Uphill Grange, Apr. 20 (W.L.R.) ; three nests, Park Wood, Newton St. Loe (nr. Bath), Apr. 24 (R.J.L.) ; and four nests, Brockley Combe, May 7 (W.J.S.)—a marked decrease on previous totals. Ma.iarpD- Anas platyrhynchos G. and §. Counts from the New Grounds and St. George’s Park lake, Bristol, the four main N. Somerset reservoirs and most of the N. Somerset coastline, indicate that the population was at its peak in mid-January (c. 4,000 counted). Late summer / autumn counts generally well below this figure, but total of c. 3,500 noted, late September (various observers). Largest numbers recorded at New Grounds—1,660, Jan. 16 and 1,990, Sept. 23 (per H.J.B.), while Chew Valley res. held bulk of reservoir popula- tion—786, Jan. 17 and 830, Feb. 14 (G.C.B., S.I.B.), with max. of 984, Sept. 24 (B.K.). Very few breeding records apart from Chew Valley where at least 46 broods located, May-July (P.J.C., B:K., G.S., M.A.W.). TEAL Anas crecca G. and §. Max. numbers present in early January—c. 1,500, Chew Valley on znd (B.K.), and 1,700, New Grounds on 3rd, but only 290 on 16th (H.J.B.). Less numerous in Sept.-Dec., with max. in late December when 1,250-1,500 in area (B.K.B., SEB. J A. McG. RiM.. TBS. KB.Y. cide GARGANEY Anas querquedula G. One in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Feb. 20; three, same place, Mar. 21-May 21; another, early April-end June (L.P.A., M.D.).; and one, Sept. 25—-Dec. 91 (NID s 8 Sinele males on Estuary nr. Frampton-on-Severn, Mar. 6 (L.P.A.) and Purton canal on goth (A.C., R.V.C.). S. Pair, Blagdon res., Mar. 13! (P.J.C.,. Resse jee yy.) and a male, Apr. 25 (R.S.H.). Pair, Kingston Seymour, Mar. 31; two pairs there, Apr. 8 and a male, May 5 (W.A.H. eé al.). Fre- quently reported, Chew Valley res., Apr. 3 to end Sept. (S.E.C., H.H.D. ¢ al.) with six: or seven ads. (3 63); July 17 (F2)-@; brood of five, same place, July 1 (G.S.) ; and a female still present, Oct 423 (BI): BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 19 60 Is erg GADWALL Anas strepera G. Max. of 34, in W.T. enclosures and on Estuary, New Grounds, Jan. 1; 29 on 16th and 25, Feb. 15 (H.J.B.). S. Increasing as a breeding species: five or six broods, Chew Valley res., June-Aug. (B.K., G.S. e¢ al.) and pair with five ducklings, Blagdon res., July 13 (B.K.). Max. reservoir counts : Chew Valley—28, Jan. 10 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; 25, Aug. 29 (G.S.); 7O,,sept. 16 but only 21, Nov. 13 (G-C.B., S.I.B.) and four, end Dec. (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) ; Blagdon—six pairs, Mar. 13, Dec. 27 (P.J.C., M.A.W.); Cheddar—only one record, a pair, Dec. 29 (M.G.W.). WicEON Anas penelope G. and §. Wintering population in area reached peak in mid- January : ¢. 3,700 counted, Jan. 17 falling to c. 2,900, Feb. 14— mainly due to decrease at New Grounds. Autumn totals much lower with max. of c. 2,100, mid-December (B.K.B., G.C.B., HB. B:K., M.G.W. e al.). PINTAIL Anas acuta G. Reports from New Grounds: 167, Jan. 16, and 171, Feb. 15 (per H.J.B.). S. Max. counts, Chew Valley res.—32, Feb. 7 (B.K.) and 41, Dec. 27 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) but usually less than 20 present. Also reported from Blagdon and Cheddar resrs., once from Barrow Gurney resrs. and Sand Bay, and twice from Weston Bay, but all counts of less than ten (J.F.B., C.L., J.A.McG., R.M. e¢ al.). SHOVELER Spatula clypeata G. Max. count, New Grounds—84, Feb. 15 (per H.J.B.). S. Only one coastal record. Counts from four main reservoirs: total of c. 250 throughout January increasing to 575, Feb. 14 but c. 600, Chew Valley on aist; only ¢c. 125 on all waters, Mar. 13 but c. 420, Mar. 27, Apr. 33; rapid dispersal thereafter with summer population of c. 40 concentrated at Chew Valley, where at least five broods located ; c. 225, Nov. 13 (g1, Blagdon; 123, Chew Valley) and 315 at Chew, Dec. 27, 29 (various observers). RED-CRESTED PocHARD WNetia rufina Sra) Uhree (2. gg), Cheddar res.,, Nov.. 20 (T.D:H.M.),.:23 (W.L.R.). 118 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1906 Scaup Aythya marila G. One (imm. 3), W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Jan. 12- Apr. 2 (P.S. e al.) and adult (9), Nov: 4-Dec. oy (Silja ial.): S. Two or three, Weston Bay, end Feb.—mid-March (H.W.N., T.B.S.) and one (g), Nov. 10 (J.A.McG.). Two, Yeo Estuary, Oct. 2 (T.B.S.) and one (2), Chew Valley res., Oct. 30—Dec. 31 (G.B. e¢ al.). One, Cheddar res., Nov. 13 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and four (1 ¢), Dec: 28 (W.A-H., TD ERvine TurTeD Duck Aythya fuligula G. Evening flight into W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, began, for first time, in December—176 counted on gist, apparently coming from Frampton Gravel-pits (per H.J.B.). S. Mainly found on the four major reservoirs, counts from which did not exceed c. 450 in total, Jan._Mar., but reached ¢.. 715, Oct. 16, Dec. 18 (B.K.B.; S.1.B5., S.B2@., WMEGMNe eer alae At least 47 broods, Chew Valley res., July-Aug. (P.J.C., B.K., M.A.W.)—the most yet recorded. PocHarD Aythya ferina S. ‘Total of 380 on the four major waters, Jan. 17—reduction of c. 1,600 on Dec. 1959 figure. Autumn totals of 970 (710 gd), Oct. 16 with max. of c. 1,240 (975 39), Nov. 13 (G.C.B., B.K., eA. MicG., “KoB YX: ¢-al.). GOLDENEYE Bucephala clangula G. Four (1 3) on Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 24 (L.P.A.). S. Max. reservoir counts: eight (2 g¢), Blagdon, Jan. 17 and eight (5 gg), Feb. 14 (B.K.B.) ; seven (3 $9), Cheddar, Jan. 17 and seven (1 4) on 24th (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) ; one, Barrow Gurney, Feb. 7 (W.J.S.), Oct. 29 (R.G., W Ado es Chew Valley, Feb. 13 (B.K.) and 27 (10 gd), Apr. 3 (@. jC. raw) with max. in autumn of seven (1 ¢), Dec. 11 (R.S.H.). Single male, Weston Bay, Mar. 28 (R.A.). Common ScoTerR Melanitia nigra G. One (¢), Severn Beach, Oct. 15 (R.E.H.). S. One off Sand Point, Apr. 6 and pair on 22nd (T.B.S.). Party of four (3 $¢), Walton Bay, Clevedon, Apr. 7 (W.A.H.). Two (2° or imms.) close inshore, Steep Holm, Oct. 3 (Res. Stn.). Two off Brean Down, Oct. 7 (E.G.H.) and three on 16th (P.J.C., B.S., M.A.W.). Single males off Sand Point, Nov. 6 (T.B.S.) and in Axe Estuary on 7th (R.A.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 119 RED-BREASTED MERGANSER Mergus Serrator G. One ‘ red-head’ on the Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 24, May 1 (L.P.A.). GOOSANDER Mergus merganser G. Male in flight over New Grounds, Feb. 24 (L.T.C.S.) and two on Estuary, Frampton, Dec. 25 (T.D.H.M.). S. Very few records. ‘Twice reported from Cheddar res.— single birds, Jan. 9 (R.M.C.), Mar. 20 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). Max, of three,-Chew Valley res., Jan. 16 (B.K.), 17 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; two, Jan. 24 (M.A.W.), Feb. 4 (B.C.) and single birds, Mar. 13 (G.C.B., S.I.B.), Apr. 17 (B.K.). Three, Blagdon res., Jan. 17 (B.K.B., T.D.H.M.), two in Feb. and one in March (RES. Ey. etal.) SMEW Mergus albellus G. ‘Red-head’ in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Feb. 6— May 3 (per H.J.B.). S. Present, Chew Valley and Blagdon resrs., Jan.—Mar. in very small numbers—max. of five ‘ red-heads’, Chew Valley, Jan. 6 (S.G.M.) and six (2 gg) on rath (R.S.H.), and five (1 3), Blagdon on a2ist (T.B.S.). One or two, both reservoirs, mid- to end December (B.K.B., S.K.T. et al.). Single ‘ red-head ’, Cheddar res., Mar. 27 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). NortH AMERICAN Ruppy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis S. Records from the reservoirs are undoubtedly of birds originating from the Wildfowl Trust. Up to seven (all males) noted during greater part of 1960—three, Blagdon and four, Chew Valley ; in December, however, three females or immatures appeared at Chew (various observers) (cf. also Rep. Som. Birds, 1960). SHELDUCK ‘Tadorna tadorna G. and S. Survey of coast between Sharpness and Weston-s- Mare by members of B.N.S. Ornith. Section showed about 490 full-grown birds present in early June. First young appeared about May 26 and max. count of young was about 190 ; majority found along Somerset coastline (per S.M.T.). ‘Two pairs, Chew Valley res., Apr.—June—one of which ultimately seen with eight ducklings (B.K. ¢ al.). Cc 120 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 GREYLAG GOOsE Anser anser G. Single bird with White-fronted Geese, New Grounds, Mar. 22-31 (H.J.B., M.D.). WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons albifrons G. Increase at New Grounds from 1,500 at close of previous year to 3,000, Jan. 22 and 4,200, Feb. 21 ; 3,000 still there, Mar. 16—more than a third remaining to late date of 29th. Final departure (500 seen leaving) Apr. 1, but three birds stayed till 4th (W.T.). First autumn arrivals, same place—eight, Sept. 27, numbers increasing to 400, Oct. 2; 5095, Oct. 28; joo, Dec» 1 and 800 on aist (W.T.). Other Estuary records: nine flying up-river, Oldbury, Jan. 10, and 26 on similar course, Sheperdine on 16th; 60 heading north at Stone—also on 16th (J.D.R.V.). Seventeen grey geese, probably White-fronts, overhead, Wick, Apr. “12 (DRG... S. Several parties, varying from four to seven birds, flying up-channel, Brean Down and Sand Point, Jan. 10 (P.J.C., R.K.N., T.B.S., M.A.W.) ; 50 or 60 on same course over Clevedon on 16th (P.F.). Smgle bird, Blagdon res.,, Jani 170A TAY W.A.H.). Numbers from 20 to 39 frequently reported from Chew Valley res., mid—Jan. to end of March (R.M.C., B.K., B.S. ¢ al.) ;. 33 still there as late as Apr, 3 (PAU. apse i. W.J.S.). GREENLAND WHITE-FRONTED Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris G. Party of five ads., first noted at New Grounds in previous Dec., remained there to first few days of Apr. when number rose to seven; first-winter bird seen alone, same place, Mar. 12 (W.T.), LEssER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE Anser erythropus G. At least three ads., New Grounds, in early part of year: one, various occasions, Jan. 27 to Mar. 16; another, Feb. 11 and 21; and a third from Feb. 7 to Mar. 19 (W.T.). BEAN GoosE Anser fabalis G. One, New Grounds, Jan. 17 to Mar. 18 (P.S.) and one, Sept. 28 to end of year (R.M.C., M.D., B.K.). PINK-FOOTED GoosE Anser brachyrhynchus G. New Grounds : first autumn arrivals, ten, Sept. 25, followed by gradual increase to max. totals of 107, Oct. 18, and 117, Nov. 30—with subsequent counts of 100, Dec. 27 and 80 on gist (W.T.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 121 Brent Goose Branta bernicla G. One, dark-breasted form, B. 5. bernicla, New Grounds, Oceuw to end of year (M.D., B.K., M.A.O.). BARNACLE Goose Branta leucopsis S. Four, sometimes five, seen by various observers, Chew Valley, early Jan. to third week of Feb. were perhaps the same party as reported from the reservoir in the previous Dec. B.K. records, however, that of four watched at close range on Feb. 7, three were carying W.T. rings. ‘There must therefore be some doubt as to whether the Dec. 1959 records were of genuinely wild birds (ef. Proc. B.N.S. 1959, p. 29)- BEwIck’s SwAN Cygnus columbianus bewrcki G. Family of four, New Grounds, end 1959, stayed to Jan. 25 ; twelve in flight over W.T. enclosures, Feb. 21; one, mainly in enclosures, Nov. 8—Dec. 21, and family of five, Dec. 29-31 (H.J.B., M.D. e al.). Two on Estuary below Frampton, Dec. 25 (T.D.H.M.). S. Twenty-nine present in area, Jan. 17 (6, Chew Valley: 23, Blagdon) but majority appear to have left by early Feb. and only six present at end of month. Next recorded at Cheddar res. —party of eight, Mar. 20 and identical number noted, Blagdon nes on 21st (BK B:, D.A.H., R.S.H., C.L., B.K. e-al.). BuzzARp~ Buteo buteo G. Single birds, Wick, Apr. 29 (D.R.H.) and Pilning, Nov. 19 (G.H.). S. Breeding reported from Hutton (W.L.R.), nr. Priddy (T.B.S.) and Brockley Combe area (G.E.C.) ; other pairs located in breeding season at Blagdon (R.M.C., J.A.McG.), Rodney Stoke (J.A.McG.) and Litton area (R.S.H.). Marsh HARRIER Circus aeruginosus S. Female or immature, Chew Valley res., Oct. 22 (R.B., C.L.), 23 (B.K.). Hossy Falco subbuteo G. One, New Grounds, Aug. 11 (L.P.A.). S. Single birds, Bishop Sutton, May 8 (M.G.W.) ; Saltford, May 26 (B.K.) ; Chew Valley res., June g (P.J.C., G.S.), Sept. 4 (J-A.McG., M.G.W.) and 18 (R.S.H.); Sand Point, Sept. tz 122 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 (R.A.) ; Kingston Seymour, same date (C.E.R.) and Clapton-in- Gordano, on 12th (H.H.D.). PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus G. Single birds over Broadmead, Bristol, Feb. 23 (P.J.C.) and Slimbridge, Nov. 27 (E.L.J. per C.M.S.). S. Single birds reported in coastal localities from Portishead to Brean Down during winter; no evidence of breeding. One inland record: single bird, stooping at Buzzard Buteo buteo, Charterhouse, Apr. 19 (R.A.). Falcon, wearing bell and jesses, Brean Down, Nov. 26; seen again, Uphill, Dec. 29 (R.A.). Mertun- Falco columbarius G. One, New Grounds, Nov. 27 (E.L.J. per C.M.S.). S. Male, and female or immature, Chew Valley res., various dates, Jan. 12-Apr. 2 (R.S.H., H.W.N., Jnr. Sect. e¢ al.) ; one, same place, Oct. 23 (R.S.H.). Male, Sand Bay, Feb. 20 (R.K.N.) and a female, Oct. 13 (W.L.R.) ; single bird, same place, Dec. 11 (GBS): KeEstTrREL Falco tinnunculus S. First-year female ringed (369461), Steep Holm, Oct. 7, recovered ¢.35 m.S.S.E. at Thorncombe, Dorset, about a fortnight later (Res. Stn.). RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa S. Two on perimeter path, Cheddar res., Mar. 27 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Two on rough track, Uphill, Apr. 29 (R.A.) and two calling on Mendip (above Cheddar), June 20 (T.B.S.). QualIL Coturnix coturnix G. One calling in oat crop, Hawkesbury Upton, May 22 (R.H.P.). Marshfield area: nest and eggs found during mowing operations in June (A.E.B.); one heard and seen, June 18 (R.M.C.) and two seen together flying low over corn crop, July 10 (B.K.). S. One heard in cornfield, nr. Charterhouse, Mendip, June 7 (P.J.C.) and one calling persistently in mowing grass, Backwell PulMon 1th) (RoE) E WatTER Raitt Rallus aquaticus G. Two, Duchess’ Pond, Stapleton, Jan. 7 (H.G.H.). One, R. Boyd, Wick, Mar. 11 (D.R.H.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 123 S. Seen in Spartina beds, Sand Bay, in considerable numbers, mid.-Jan. to early Apr. and Oct.—Dec.: max. counts (birds bemendrven. out bythe tide) of 37, Jan. 3: (E.M.P., T.B.S.); 28, Feb. 28 (T.B.S.) ; 14, Mar. 13 (C.M.) ; 26, Mar. 16, and 19, Nov. 20 (T.B.S.). Single bird on swampy ground nr. Stratton- on-the-Fosse, Jan. 31 (R.S.H.) and at pond, Charterhouse, Mendip, Vulyeono ((1.8.S.). One, Chew Valley res., Feb. 13, and one, Nov. 5 (B.K.). Coor Fulica atra G. Single bird on the Estuary, Sheperdine, Oct. 28 (W.A.H.). S. Exceptional winter counts, Chew Valley res., of 3,000 to 4,000, Feb. 13, 21 (B.K.). Peak numbers, between 2,000 and 3,000 or more, Cheddar res., Jan. and Dec. (J.A.McG., T.D.H.M., M.G.W.). One on Palace Moat, Wells, Apr. 6 (W.J.H.H.). OyYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus G. New Grounds: one, Jan. 14 (L.P.A.), three, May 12 and five on 24th (M.D.). Two, Oldbury, July 24 (J.D.R.V.) and single bird, R. Avon, Shirehampton, Aug. 28 (R.H.P.). S. Up to 80, Weston Bay—Sand Bay area, Jan. 6—-Mar. 14 (R.A., C.M., T.B.S.) ; 124, same area, Sept. 19 and 118, Dec. 28 (C.M.). Twelve feeding on Grammar School field, Weston-s- Mare, Jan. 23, Feb. 13 (T.B.S.). Single bird, Chew Valley res., Feb. 27 (B.K.). Lapwinc Vanellus vanellus G. and S. Weather movements noted during cold spell, early January : 300— 400 flying W., Sodbury Common, Jan. 9 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) ; c. 280, Chew Valley res., and c. 75 over Cheddar Gorge, moving S., Jan. 10 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; flocks totalling 800 birds or more, moving S.W., Weston-s-Mare area, same date, some rising to 1,500 ft. on reaching coast; c. 80 birds, at great height, located only with aid of binoculars (R.K.N.). Max. coastal counts : c. 1,000 New Grounds, Nov. 12 (M.A.O.); ¢. 4,000, Axe Estuary, Dec. 19 (R.A.). RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula G. Fifty, Severn Beach, May 7 (P.J.C.) and 140, Oct. 18 (R.E.H.). S. Up to 22, Chew Valley res., Aug. 6 —- Oct. 2 (various ob- servers). 63, Sand Bay, May 23 and 125, same place, Aug. 5 (T.B.S.). 400, Weston Bay, Aug. 26, and c.250, Oct. 4 (R.A.). | 124 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 KENTISH PLOVER Charadrius alexandrinus G. One on the Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 4, seen by H.J.B. and J.K., who have supplied conclusive details ; third record for Gloucestershire. Grey PLoveR Charadrius squatarola G. Single bird, New Grounds, Apr. 16 (B.K.) and five, May 11 (M.D.). Nine, Sheperdine, Sept. 29 (W.A.H.); 17, Littleton, Oct. 27, and five, Aust, Nov. 13)(J-D RwWer S. Up to six, Clevedon area, Jan. 17—Mar. 17 (P.J.C., W.A.H.) ; 35, same area, Oct. 9 (IT.D.H.M.) ; 23, Axe Estuary, Sept. 29 (R.A.) ; 24, Woodspring Bay, Oct. 30 and six, Dec. 11 (T.B.S.). GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius G. Thirty-seven, including eight of northern form, C. a. altifrons, nr. Frampton-on-Severn, Apr. 1 (L.P.A.). 60, nr. Berkeley, Nov. 26 (J:D:V.R-). S. Coastal counts include: 85, Sand Bay, Feb. 2 (R.K.N.) ; 183, Weston Bay, Oct. 4; ¢. 1,100, Axe Estuary, Dec. 19 (R.A.). 100 inland, Marksbury, Oct. 30 (R.M.C.) and 310, Dec. 10 (B.K.). ‘TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres G. Fifteen, Oldbury, Jan. 10 (J.D.R.V.) and 55, Apr. 10 (L.P.A.). Up to eight, New Grounds, May 11-21 and eight, July 23 (L.P.A.). Usual Severn Beach records (various observers). S. Sixteen, Clevedon, May 12 (T.B.S.) and ¢.50, Weston Bay, Sept. 8 (R.A.). jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus S. Up to seven, Sand Bay, Jan. 3-Mar. 14 (R.K.N., T.B.S.) ; one, same place, Dec. 4 (T.B.S.). Four, Chew Valley res., Jan. 31, Feb. 14-21 (D.A.H., W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) and up to five, Oct. 9- Nov. 5 (R.S.H., B.K., J.A.McG. ef al.). Woopcock Scolopax rusticola S. Undoubtedly more numerous in winter than records suggest. Single birds, Ebbor Gorge, Mendip, Mar. 20 (R.S.H.), Woodspring Bay, Oct. 16, Mendip Lodge Wood, nr. Burrington, Nov. 26 (T.B.S.). BLACK-TAILED Gopwit Limosa limosa G. New Grounds: single birds, Jan. 31 (L.P.A.) and Apr. 16 (B.K.) ; four, May 4; 18, July 21; nine, Aug. 6; 22, Oct. 28, BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 125 Nov. 3; and up to nine, Nov. 13-17 (various observers). Ten, in summer plumage, nr. Sheperdine, July 17 (T.D.H.M.) ; two, same place, Oct..7 (W.A.H.). S. Unusually numerous on autumn passage. Yeo Estuary counts include: 19, Sept. 3; 35-40, Sept. 11-Oct. 16 (T.B.S.). Weston Bay: 16, Sept. 27; 86 on 29th; 35, same place, Oct. 3 and 21 on 18th (R.A.). Chew Valley res.: seven, July 8 (B.K., MOA Vy.) s' 03, Aug. 7 (J.A. McG., M.G.W.); eight, Sept. 25 (WW JS). Bar-TAILED Gopwitr Limosa lapponica G. Three, New Grounds, Sept. 12 (H.J.B.) and two, Sheperdine, Sept. 29 (W.A.H.). S. Three, Kingston Seymour, Apr. 7 (W.A.H.) ; one, Sand Baya vor. 29 (1.B.5.) ; two, Uphill beach; May 2 (C.E.R.) ; five, Weston Bay, Aug. 31 and four, Oct. 3 (R.A.) ; up to 20, Wood- spring Bay, Sept. 3-18 and three, Oct. 16 (R.A., E.M.P., T.B.S.). Nine, mouth of R. Avon, Sept. 18 (W.A.H.). ‘Twice reported from Chew Valley res.—single bird, Apr. 30 (W.J.H.H., W.J.S.) and two, May 7 (B.K.). GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus G. Single birds, W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, July 8 (L.P.A.); Littleton Brickworks, Aug. 7 (P.J.C.) and in low-lying pasture, Westerleigh, Dec..17 (1.D.H.M.). So) cuew Valley res... two, Jan. 2 (5.G.M.) ; one, Apr. 30 (B.K.) ; up to 14, June 18—July 31 (various observers) ; at least 22, Aug. 7 (T.D.H.M.) ; up to 12, Aug. 10 to Sept. 18—thereafter single birds to Nov. 6 (various observers). Two, Blagdon res., aug. 6 (G:G.C.) and one, Aug. 14 (R.M.C.), 17 (C.E.R.). One, Saltford Sewage Farm, Aug. 15 (R.M.C.). Two, Yeo Estuary, Wuly 29 (R.B., C.L.) and. one, same place, Sept. 11 (T.B.S.), 26 (W.A.H., J.A.F.W.). Single birds, Sand Bay area, Aug. 6 and 28 (f-B.S.): Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola S. Up to seven, Chew Valley res., Aug. 6-27 (B.K., C.E.R., ‘T.B.S. e¢ al.) and single birds to Sept. 18 (R.S.H. e¢ al.). ComMMON SANDPIPER Tringa hypoleucos S. Single birds, presumed wintering: Blagdon res., Jan. 3 (Ea-C.))- Dec. 30 (C.E.R.)-;° Chew Valley res., Jan: 9 (B.S.), Nov. 27-31 (various observers) ; R. Avon, Pill, Dec. 7 (R.H.P.). 126 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 REDSHANK Tringa totanus S. Breeding season records: pair, Kewstoke, Apr. 21 (T.B.S.) and Kenn Moor on goth (P.J.C.) ; four pairs, Portbury area—nest with four eggs found, May 11 (G.B.) ; two birds, Cheddar res., Apr. 30 (B.K.) ; twelve pairs, Chew Valley res., May 21, and at same res. an ad. with half-grown youngster, July 1, and two fully grown young seen on 20th (B.K.). SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus G. New Grounds: single birds, Mar. 13, June 24 (L:P:4)), July 6 (M.D.) ; two, Aug. 6, Sept. 15, Nov. 2 (iE P2A Giese), S. Reservoirs: one, Blagdon, Jan. 2 (T.B.S.) ; one, Chew Valley, Aug. 21 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and two on 27th (B.K.). Single birds, Yeo Estuary area, Jan. 26 (W.S., M.W.), Sept. 18, Oct: 0; Dech 11 Cl:B:S:). GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia G. New Grounds: one, May 10; two on 12th and July 15- Sept. 20 (L.P.A., M.D.) ; single bird, Oct. 12niABE S. Chew Valley res.: two, Apr. 9 (G.G.C.) ; one, May a1 (B.K.) and up to five, Aug. 3-28 (various observers). One, Saltford Sewage Farm, Aug. 15 (R.M.C.). Single birds, Axe Estuary area, July 20, Aug. 5 (R.A.) ; two, Aug. 13, 28 ; four, Septa3 (EeM.E.. T.B.S.) and one, same area, Sept. 18, Oct. 9 (T.B.S.). Knot Calidris canutus G. At least 500, Severn Beach, Sept. 28 (W.A.H.) ; 50, New Grounds, Nov. 28 (B.C.). S. One in summer plumage, Chew Valley res., July 31 (G.B.), Aug. 4 (B.C.) ; ailing juvenile caught by hand, same place, Aug. 28 (G.B.), 1,000 or more, Yeo Estuary-—Sand Bay area, Oct. 16-30 (R.A., W.A.H., T.B.S.). PuRPLE SANDPIPER Calidris maritima G. Single bird, Severn Beach, Mar. 20 (B.K.). LittLe Stint Calidris minuta Unusual numbers recorded notably on autumn passage. G. New Grounds: up to four, May 17—June 3 and Aug. 5-30 (L.P.A.) ; 22, Oct. 1 (M.A.O.) ; 61, Oct. 2 and 30 on grd’; upto 17, Oct. 5-26; two, Nov. 2 (L.P.A.). S. Chew Valley res.: one, Aug. 27 (B.K.).; -13, Sepiime BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 127 (epi) and up to 25 or more, Sept. 22—-Oct. 4 (W.A.H., J.A.McG., M.G.W. eé al.). Single birds, mouth of R. Avon, Sept. 18 (W.A.H.) ; Kingston Seymour, same date (‘T.D.H.M.) and Weston Bay, Oct. 7 (R.A.). CuRLEW SANDPIPER’ Calidris testacea G. Single birds, New Grounds, Aug. 30 (L.P.A.) and Oct. 1 (M.A.O.) ; three, same place, Oct. 2, 5 (L.P.A.). S. Single birds, Weston Bay—Sand Bay area, Aug. 26-Sept. 25 (R.A.) ; Kingston Seymour, Sept. 18 (T.D.H.M.) ; Chew Valley mes), oept. 18 (T.D.H.M.), Oct. 2 (J-A.McG., M.G.W.). SANDERLING Crocethia alba G. Sixty-three, New Grounds, May 24; two, same place, June 23 and fifteen, July 23—Aug. 29 (L.P.A.). S. Up to 20, Weston Bay-Sand Bay area, Apr. 10o-May 25 (T.B.S.) ; two, same area, July 21, Aug. 26 (R.A., R.M.C., T.B.S.). RurFr Philomachus pugnax G. New Grounds: winter records of up to eight, Jan. 1, 2 (L.P.A.). Single bird, same place, Aug. 6; 17 on 29th; up to eight, Oct. 6-Nov. 2 and single birds till Nov. 17 (L.P.A., M.D., M.A.O.). S. Chew Valley res.: one, Mar. 27 (G.B., W.J.S.) ;_ three, including male in partial breeding plumage, Apr. 21 (W.A.H.) ; single bird, July 1 (B.K.) ; up to nine, July 13-Sept. 25 (various observers) ; 12 or more, Oct. 2 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and one on oth (R.S.H., J.A.McG.). Two, Weston Bay, Oct. 4 (R.A.). Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta G. Single bird on Estuary, New Grounds, May 12 (L.P.A., M.D.). Grey PHaLaroPE Phalaropus fulicarius S. Chew Valley res. : one, Oct. 6 (S.G.M., E.M.W., S.G.W.) ; two on oth (T.D.H.M., W.J.S.) and 15th (R.B., W.J.H.H., C.L.) and single birds, Oct. 16 (W.J.S., M.G.W.), Nov. 6 (J.A.McG.). GREAT SkuA_ Catharacta skua S. One off Middle Hope (Sand Point), Sept. 11 : seen by R. A. who records that it was “‘harrying Black-headed Gulls twice in half 128 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 an hour offshore, then sitting on water. Large size, heavy build, broad wings, dark brown plumage with light patches at base of primaries’’. Arctic SKuA_ Stercorarius parasiticus G. A skua seen in distance on the Estuary, Aust, Aug. 31 was almost certainly this species (B.C.). S. One, a light phase bird, on coast, Kingston Seymour, Sept. 11 ; when first noted it was attacking Black-headed Gulls, compared with which it was rather larger, and when last seen (distant view) was in company with what appeared to be a second Arctic Skua (C.E.R.). GREAT BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus marinus S. Inland records : two or three frequently seen, Cheddar and Chew Valley resrs., notably in periods Jan._Mar. and Nov.— Dec K.,. [-AsMcG.): LrssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL_ Larus fuscus graellsi G. and §. Cotswold records of ¢c.20 in field, Tormarton, Aug. 30 and more than 40 on ploughed land, same area, Oct. 10 (J.D.R.V.). Roosting in large numbers again reported from Chew Valley res.— 400, with many Herring Gulls, Oct. 23, Nov. 5, and at least 150 as late as Dec. 10 (B.K.). Results of B.T.O. enquiry into winter distribution, Dec. 1, 1959—Feb. 14, 1960, showed a population in the area of ¢.150 ad. or fourth-year birds, compared with total of less than 20 found during survey of 1949-1950. Roosting noted at Chew Valley res. (60), mouth of Avon (50) and Steep Holm (less than 25), with largest diurnal numbers along the Avon to Bath (Res. Stn.). SCANDINAVIAN LEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus fuscus G. and S. Single bird over the W.T. enclosures, Slimbridge, Feb. 6 (B.K.), was considered to be an example of this form. Herrinc Gutu_ Larus argentatus G. Pair nested, Aust Cliff, 1959 ; ad. seen incubating, June 27 CPG) ComMMon GuLu Larus canus S. Noteworthy counts of c.650 on mud, Weston Bay, Dec. 22 (R.A.) and over 420, Blagdon res., on 30th (G.S.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 129 LirrLE Gutu Larus minutus S. Immature bird, Cheddar res., Apr. 30 (B.K.). One, imm., Chew Valley res., Sept. 23 (R.S.H.) and one, ad., Oct. 23 (B.K.). KittiwaAkE Rissa tridactyla S. Injured first-summer bird on beach, Sand Bay, June 12 (T.B.S.) ; three, an ad. and two first-winter birds, dead in tide- wrack, same place, Dec. 4 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). BLAck ‘TERN C/Alidonias niger G. Five on the Estuary, New Grounds, May 12 (L.P.A.) ; at least 130, same place, Aug. 27 (L.P.A.) and two, Sept. 27 (M.D.). S. Coastal records of single birds, Weston Bay, Aug. 31, Sept. 2 (R.A.) ; Woodspring Bay, Sept. 3 (E.M.P.) and R. Axe on 2ist (R.A.). Very few on spring passage at resrs.: 17, Chew Valley, May 12 (R.S.H.) and nine on 13th (B.K.). Seen in most weeks, Chew Valley, early Aug. to mid-Oct., with max. totals of 22) Aue.20 (B.K.), Sept. 4 (W.J.5.) and 28, Sept. 13 (S.H.G.B., A.C.L.). Three, Cheddar, Sept. 1 ; two on 18th and one, Oct. 16 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). Ten or twelve, Blagdon, Sept. 17, 18 (R.B., G.G.C., C.L.) and two, Barrow Gurney, Oct. g (P.J.C.). W3HITE-WINGED BLAck TERN Chiidonias leucopterus G. One on the Estuary, New Grounds, with large number of Black ‘Terns, Aug. 27; seen and identified by L.P.A. who, in a detailed description, reports that the bird ‘‘appeared to be moulting as although it had the broad white area of the forewing on the upper surface, together with blackish primaries and trailing edge, the black of the head and body showed traces of white, most notice- able on the head. Apart from the white forewing the ventral region and tail (both surfaces) as well as the rump were conspicuously white’’. First record for Gloucestershire. CoMMON TERN Sterna hirundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura G. New Grounds : sixteen on the Estuary, May 12 (M.D.) and three, July 5 (L.P.A.). One overhead inland near Wick, July 28, after night of S.W. gales (D.R.H.). Party of four moving south, Shirehampton, Aug. 28 (R.H.P.). S. Five flying up-river between Weston-super-Mare and Steep Holm, May 13 (Res. Stn.). Up to three, Chew Valley res., various dates, late Apr. to mid-July (R.S.H., M.A.W. e¢ al.) and frequently noted, same reservoir, Aug. to late Oct. with max. 130 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 numbers of 14, Aug. 27 (B.K.); 12, Sept. 4(22] Ca sDiRe v7.) and 18th (R.M.C., T.D.H.M.). Five, Blagdon res., Sept. 18 (R.S.H.). Up to half a dozen, Cheddar res. on several dates, July— Sept. (B.K., J.A.McG., M.G.W.) but 20 reported by Jnr. Sect., Sept. 1. One, same reservoir, as late as Nov. 5 (G.G.C., G.S.). LittLe Tern Sterna albifrons G. Single birds on the Estuary, New Grounds, June 9, 10 (L.R.A., M.D.) and Aug. 20, 25 (M.D.). S. Four, Chew Valley res., May 12 and two on 22nd (R.S.H.). SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis G. One on the Estuary, New Grounds, July 3 (L.P.A.). S. One, perhaps a wintering bird, in flight, Chew Valley res., on exceptional date of Mar. 12; seen by B.K., who reports that good views were obtained and that the dark bill and generally large size precluded it from being one of the smaller tern species (For a winter record of one at Cheddar res. in 1945 cf. Brit. Birds, DOO 93). LitrtLteE Auk Alle alle S. Dead bird, without head but otherwise in good condition, found near water’s edge, Blagdon res., Nov. 6 by R.B. and C.L., who have forwarded full details. Stock Dove Columba oenas S. Two, Steep Holm, Oct. 5; first record for the island (Res. Stn.). BARN Ow. Tyto alba G. One nr. Thornbury, Feb. 7 (J.D.R.V.) is the only record received. S. Reported at frequent intervals and from widely separated areas (various observers). SHORT-EARED Ow. Aszio flammeus S. One in flight, Kingston Seymour, Mar. 31 (J.G., W.A.H., J. A.F.W.). One disturbed from plateau, Steep Holm, Oct. 4, flew out to sea ; first record for the island (Res. Stn.). One put up on south slope, Sand Point, Oct. 16 (R.A.) and this, or another, was seen in flight over Spartina beds, Sand Bay, Dec. 21 (T.B.S.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 19 60 131 ALPINE Swirt Apus melba S. One watched by W.A.H. hawking insects, Redcliffe Bay, Portishead, Oct. 2; diagnostic features included large size, pale brown upperparts, white belly and broadly forked tail. Record accepted by British Birds Rare Birds Committee. Second recorded occurrence for the Bristol area—the first being in 1851 or earlier (cf. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 1947, 241). Swirt Apus apus G. One, Sheperdine, as late as Oct. 2 (J.D.R.V.). S. Enormous numbers—not less than 2,000, Chew Valley res., May 15 (P.J.C., B.K., M.A.W.). HoopoEe Ubpupa epops S. One in flight, Compton Dando, June 6 (P.H.). LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER Dendrocopus minor G. One calling from apple tree, Sea Mills, Aug. 1. (H.W.N.). S. Pair, Leigh Woods, Apr. 20 (B.C.). One, Chewton Keynsham, Apr. 24 and pair with young in alder stump, Bishop Sutton, June 2 (G.B.).. Noted outside breeding season at Blagdon (W.A.H.), Chew Valley res. (R.A.), Compton Bishop (J.F.B.) and Great Elm, nr. Frome (E.D.O.). WRYNECK Jynx torquilla S. Single bird moving and calling over wide area of Leigh Woods, Apr. 20 (B.C.) and one, first seen climbing a vertical iron pipe, Long Ashton, Aug. 2 (G.E.C.). WoopLaRK Lullula arborea S. Noted in breeding season at Holcombe, nr. Downside (R.S.H.), Blagdon (R.M.C.), Brockley Combe (G.E.C.), Cheddar (R.A.) and Wavering Down (W.L.R., T.B.S.). Juvenile caught and ringed, Steep Holm, Oct. 4 (Res. Stn.). One in flight, Weston- s-Mare, Oct. 16 (R.A.). SHORELARK Lvemophila alpestris G. Male, on foreshore, Severn Beach, Jan. 31—Mar. 4 ; first located by H.D. and subsequently seen by many observers. SWALLow Hirundo rustica S. Small easterly passage, most days, Steep Holm, Oct. 1-10 ; heaviest movement on 4th, when at least 1,000 seen during first few hours of daylight and g2 caught in mist nets (Res. Stn.). 132 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 19690 RAVEN Corvus corax S. One or two, frequently noted, Weston-super-Mare area; two ads. and three juvs., Brean Down, May 21 (E.D.O.). No evidence of breeding, Steep Holm ; two on island, several days, early Oct. (Res. stm): CARRION Crow Corvus corone S. Pair bred in elder, Steep Holm—two young being ringed, May 15; two or three on the island, several days, early Oct., appeared to return to Brean Down area in late afternoon (Res. Sti LONG-TAILED Tir Aegithalos caudatus S. Marked increase in records from several areas suggest un- usual autumn numbers. Party of six leaving Brean Down in westerly direction, and another four on headland, Oct. 16 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; four in garden (first record), Kewstoke, Weston-s-Mare, Oce reo (1 B:5)); DrerperR Cinclus cinclus S. Only one record—single bird on stream, Holcombe, nr. Downside, May to (R.S.H.). REDWING Turdus musicus S. At least 1,000 flying S.S.W., Sand Point, in driving snow, late afternoon, Jan. 13 and many present, Weston Woods at dusk (R.K.N.). Large autumn roost in conifers and young beeches, Rowberrow Warren, Shipham, with peak count of approx. T2,000; Decs 1071 - Bio). Ring OuzeL Turdus torquatus S. One, Sand Point, Mar. 20 (R.B., C.L.) ; male and female, Brean Down, Mar. 26 (R.H.R.) ; single bird, Sand Bay, Mar. 27 (L.P.T.) and a male, Wavering Down, Apr. 9 (W.L.R., T.B.S.). Late summer record of male, Brean Down, Sept. 18 (B.S.). WHEATEAR O6enanthe oenanthe G. ‘Single bird, Severn Beach, Mar. 11: (IB S2: S. Early arrival—male, Sand Point, Feb. 29 (W.L.R.) ; next recorded, Portishead and Brean Down, Mar. 13 (C.M., W.A.H.), and Woodspring, same date (T.B.S.). Nest with two young, nr. Charterhouse, June 6 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Two, possibly three, Steep Holm, Oct. 7 (Res. Stn.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 133 STONECHAT Saxicola torquata G. Single birds, Avonmouth, Feb. 7 and Moorend, nr. Winterbourne, Nov. 5 (R.H.P.) ; male and female, nr. Wester- leh Nov..27 (J.D.R.V.). S. Pair feeding four young in nest, Brean Down, Apr. 23 (R.A.). Reported from fourteen different localities with max. counts of six, Sand Point, Feb. 17 (R.K.N.) ; eight, Brean Down, Oct. 16 (PiJ.C., M.A.W.) and six, Chew Valley res., Dec. 4 (Bi). Male and female, Steep Holm, Oct. 7 (Res. Sin.). WHINCHAT Saxicola rubetra G. One, Sheperdine, Aug. 21 (J.D.R.V.). S. Seen on spring passage nr. Sand Point, Apr. 24 (T.B.S.) ; Uphill, Apr. 27 (R.A.) and Stoke Villice, May 5 (R.S.H.). Breeding season records from Chew Valley res. and several Mendip localities. BLtack REDSTART Phoenicurus ochruros S. Female or imm., Brean Down, several dates Feb. (H.W.N. et al.); ad. male and female or imm., same place, late Oct. to end of year (many observers). Single female on seawall, Kingston Seymour, Mar. 31 (J.G., W.A.H., J.A.F.W.) and male, Long Ashton, Oct. 25 (M.A.W.). GRASSHOPPER WARBLER Locusiella naevia G. One, Wick, Apr. 26 (D.R.H.) ; five singing males, Damery, May 1 (T.D.H.M.) and one ‘ reeling’, Hawkesbury Common, uly 3 (RUAL.P:). S. First noted, Blagdon res., Apr. 17 (P.J.C.). Subsequent records of singing birds from Chew Valley res., (G.B., G.S.), Leigh Woods (R.M.C.), Sand Point (T.B.S.), Walton Moor (P.J.C.), and Weston Woods and Worlebury (R.A.). SAavr’s WARBLER Locustella luscinioides S. One in marshy growth, Chew Valley res., late July; first seen, on 24th, by B.K., who in a detailed description refers to the uniformly drab brown upper parts, the noticeably graduated tail, and the reeling song—lower in pitch and mostly of shorter duration than in Grasshopper Warbler; seen also, down to 15 yds. range, on 30th (B.K., K.B.Y.). Identification confirmed by Brit. Birds Rare Birds Committee. No previous record for Somerset. BiackcaP Sylvia atricapilla G. Male, previously seen end Dec., 1959, in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, still present, Jan. 3 (E.M.N.). Male, feeding on 134 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 fat hanging nr. window, Clifton, Jan. 30, Feb. 25, 26 (P.J.C.). Another record of male in suburban garden, also feeding on fat, Westbury-on-Trym, several dates, Feb. 7-20; and female in same garden on 12th (J.F.R.). Single male, St. George, Bristol, Feb. 27 (G.B:). DARTFORD WARBLER Sylvia undata S. Single bird—almost certainly an ad. male—first seen and identified by W.A.H. in coastal strip of bracken and gorse, nr. Walton-in-Gordano, Oct. 16. Later in day seen several times at varying ranges by same observer and H.H.D. who have both supplied a full description and behaviour notes. First authentic record for Somerset. CHIFFCHAFF Phylloscopus collybita G. and §._ Several records of wintering birds: one in garden, St. George, Bristol, Feb. 14 (G.B.) ; singing bird, Stanton Drew, Feb. 21 (W.J.S:) ; two in reed bed, Chew Walley ress Deen 17 (R.B., B.K.) and one, either this or Ph. trochilus, same res., Dec. 18 CEC wVi AWN.) Frrecrest Regulus ignicapillus S. Adult male caught in mist net, Steep Holm, Oct. 4 (Res. Stn.). Prep FLYCATCHER Muscicapa hypoleuca G. Single birds, Winterbourne, May 5 (L.G.S.) and Wick, Aug. 6 (D.R.H.). S. Female, trapped and ringed, Steep Holm, Oct. 10 (Res. Stn.). RicHARD’s Pipir Anthus richard S. One flushed from long grass, Brean Down, Oct. 16 (E.G.H.); record accepted by Brit. Birds Rare Birds Committee. TreEE Prpir Anthus trivialis S. Breeding reported from Ashton Park (S.K.T.), Charterhouse (T.B.S.) and Chew Valley (W.J.S.) ; also reported in breeding season from Cheddar, Priddy and Shipham (T.B.S.). Rock Piprr Anthus spinoletia petrosus S. Reservoir records of single birds, presumably this race: Chew Valley, Feb. 28 (R.M.C.) and Mar. 12 (B.K.) ; Cheddar, Oct. 16 (J.A.McG.), Dec. 11 (R.M.C.) and 29th (M.G.W.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 135 Water Pipir Anthus spinoletia spinoletta G. Single bird in summer plumage, New Passage, Apr. 1 (W.A.H.). S. Identified, Chew Valley res.,all months Jan._Apr. and Oct.— Dec. with highest counts of eight, Mar. 13 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and nine, Mar. 20 (W.J.S.), Apr. 3 (R.M.C.); smaller autumn numbers with one, occasionally two, reported from Oct. 30 (R.M.C., R.S.H., M.J.W. ef al.). One, Cheddar res., Mar. 27 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and Nov. 23 (W.L.R.). Ware WactaiL Motacilla alba alba G. Seven, New Grounds, Apr. 16 (B.K.). S. First spring record—two, Cheddar res., Apr. 3 (M.G.W.) ; up to four reported to second week of May, Chew Valley res., Clevedon, Sand Bay and Weston-super-Mare (various observers). BLUE-HEADED WactTaIL Modtacilla flava flava S. Single males of this race seen in company with flavisstma wagtails, Cheddar res.. May 1 (M.G.W.) and Chew Valley res., same date (B.S.). RED-BACKED SHRIKE Lanius collurio S. Male, Kewstoke, same site as in prevous year, May 13 to June 19, but no evidence of breeding {R.A., 'T.B.S.). A male, sea wall hedgerow, nr. Kingston Seymour, June 5 (H.H.D.). STARLING Sturnus vulgaris G. Recoveries of birds ringed in Bristol :— Ringed Recovered (as full-grown) V 13383, Eastville, 12/2/60: 85m. N.N.E. nr. Cannock, Staffs, 15/3/60 (M.J.B.) V 31866, Downend, 13/12/59: Nr. Eutin, Schleswig Holstein, Germany, 26/5/60 (R.H.P.) X 33477, Clifton, 16/1/60 : Diehsa, nr. Dresden, Germany, 3/8/60 (P.J.C.) HawFincH Coccothraustes coccothraustes G. Single birds, Durdham Down, Jan. 7 (S.K.T.) ; Stoke Bishop, Feb. 15, 20 (1.H.S.) and Mar. 18 (C.M.). GREENFINCH Chloris chloris G. and §. Increase in usual winter population, Jan.—Mar., reported from Downend (50 caught in small garden), Eastville, Horfield, Stoke Bishop and New Grounds (M.J.B., H.J.B., R.H.P. et al.). F locks totalling at least 1,000, Chew Valley res., Jan. 31 (T.D.H.M.). D 136 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 SISKIN Carduelis spinus G. ‘Twenty-four, reported previous Dec., Bitton, still present Jan. 2 (G.B.) ; two on river-bank, Avonmouth, Feb. 7 (R.H.P.) and up to 8, Feeder Canal, Bristol for most of month (B.K.B.). Two, New Grounds, Nov. 8 (L.P.A.). S. Singles or small parties noted, winter months, at Blagdon (P.J.C.), Cheddar (J.A.McG.), Kenn Moor (W.J.S.), Saltford (P.H., P. Stiling) and Weston Woods (R.K.N.). Probable passage migrants—five, Sand Bay, Oct. 13 (W.L.R.) ; one flying north, Sand Point, Oct. 23 and party of seven, moving west, same place on goth (R.A.). LessER REDPOLL Carduelis flammea cabaret G. Twelve, Filton golf course, Mar. 22 and three on 24th (T.D.H.M.). One in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, in Apr. ; two, May 1 and one, Oct. 24 (L.P.A.). S. Two in birch copse, Burrington, Nov. 5 (T.B.S.). Corn Buntinc Emberiza calandra S. Winter record of three on shore, Sand Bay, Jan. 10 (R.A., T.B.S.). Singing birds in breeding season, Charterhouse (T.B.S.), Saltford (B.K.) and Yoxter, Mendip (P.J.C.). Cirt Buntinc § Emberiza cirlus G. Single bird, Draycott, May 19 (J.D.R.V.) and Horse Shoe Bend, Shirehampton, June 1 (H.W.N.). S. Reported from many localities at all seasons ; two pairs bred in garden, Wraxall (W.G.). Snow Buntinc Plectrophenax nivalis G. Single bird, New Grounds, Jan. 8 (L.P.A.). S. Two, Cheddar, Jan. 16 (T.D.H.M.). Coastal records— eleven, Sand Bay, Jan. 9 (T.B.S.) and at least seventeen on 17th (R.A.) ; sixteen, Woodspring Bay, same date, and one, Sand Point, Mar. 31 (T.B.S.). Autumn return to Sand Bay, Nov.—Dec., with max. count of fourteen, Nov. 20 (R.A., R.B., C.L., T.B.S.). Three, Brean Down, Nov. 10 (J.A.McG.) ; party of seven, Kingston Seymour, on 13th (D.J.H., T.D.H.M.). House Sparrow Passer domesticus S. Seven females or imms., moving over plateau, Steep Holm, Oct. 6 (Res. Stn.) and four, flying west, Sand Point, Oct. 30 (RAS): 137 fcePrDpOPTERA NOTES BRESTOL DISTRICT, 1960 By C. S. H. BLatHwaytT M FTER average weather during the first few months of the year some fine and warm conditions were experienced during May and June. From the beginning of July onwards the weather was generally wet and very poor and the year was a bad one for both Butterflies and Moths. The following notes are taken from records supplied by R. Angles (R.A.), K. H. Poole (K.H.P.) and A. H. Weeks (A.H.W.), and also my own records (no initials). Colias croceus Fourc. (edusa Fabr.) (Common Clouded-yellow). One on 12 July, three in mid-Sept., Wrington (A.H.W.); one at Uphill, Aug. 25 (R.A.); one at Flax Bourton, Aug. 3. Argynnis cydippe Linn. (adippe Linn.) (High Brown Fritillary). A few seen behind Brockley and Goblin Combes, 19 June to 12 July (A.H.W.). Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady). One specimen in late March, Avon Gorge, and another at Yatton, 25 June (A.H.W.); one at Brean Down, 30 July (R.A.). Vanessa atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral). A considerable movement of specimens (35 counted) eastward in Brean Down area, Sept. 26 (R.A.). Thecla betulae Linn. (Brown Hairstreak). 18 larvae beaten from Sloe near Glastonbury, June 6, produced 18 butterflies between July to and Aug. 15. Arctia villica Linn. (Cream-spot Tiger). Several at light, Weston, end of May to early June. Comacla senex Hubn. (Round-winged Footman). One at Shapwick, June 3, and another at Weston, July 2, both at light. Cybosia mesomella Linn. (Four-dotted Footman). Common at light at Shapwick, June 3. Agrotis cinerea Hubn. (Light Feathered Rustic). One at light at Milton, May 31 (I< ELP*). Hadena suasa Schiff. (dissimilis Knoch) (Dog’s-tooth). One at light at Shapwick, July 29. Hadena conspersa Esp. (nana Rott.) (Common Marbled Coronet). One at light at Weston, May 9. Apamea sublustris Esp. (Reddish Light Arches). One at light at Milton, June 26 (K.H.P.). Dasypolia templi Thunb. (Brindled Ochre). One at light at Weston, Oct. 15. Arenostola fluxa Hubn. (hellmanni Ev.) (Mere Wainscot). One at light at Weston, iuines23° Leucania putrescens Hubn. (Devon Wainscot). One at light at Weston, July 24. Leucania unipuncta Haw. (White-speck Wainscot). One at light at Weston Sept. 12. 138 c. 8S. H. BLATHWAYT Caradrina ambigua Fabr. (Vine’s Wainscot). One at light at Weston, Aug. 24. Kenobia retusa Linn. (Double Kidney). Several at light at Shapwick, July 209. Orthosia advena Schiff. (opima Hubn.) (Northern Drab). One at light at Weston, April 25. Tiliacea citrago Linn. (Orange Sallow). One at light at Milton, Sept.1 (K.H.P.). Cirrhia giluago Esp. (Dusky-lemon Sallow). One at light at Weston, Sept. 27. Tholomiges turfosalis Wocke (Marsh Oblique-barred). A few at light at Shapwick, July 29. Comibaena pustulata Hufn. (Blotched Emerald). One at light at Weston, June 21. Sterrha trigeminata Haw. (Treble-spot Wave). 09-9G6] ‘sharing MubAJESU0) AINJON WOL/ {Ul0q AB[HUIL] JO {SDJ OUI[JSDOD -Z/ON SJUBUMIOOXT {JIG JO SO/IS [Breen (40low) sounjan.ys ajburys Fas] P4JOMS DUYIOUS [EEE] INOGIDH VoL. XXX, Pr. II PLATE II] Top: Limestone pavement between Lilstock and Hinkley. Middle: Beach cobbles derived from the limestone pavement. Bottom : Iniection site at Stolford Farm (23rd March, 1955). | face p. 164. VOL OO bie th PLATE 1 WALL COMMON : SHINGLE SIZE VARIATIONS Top: Bottom of beach Middle: Face of beach ridge Bottom: Crest of beach ridge face p. 165. | BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 165 these varies in amount, size and composition. In part, this is a result of the peculiar hydraulic conditions here, but more especially it is a reflection of the spasmodic supply of beach material. Both the cliffs and the “‘ pavement ”’, with their well developed jointing, are sources of limestone blocks. ‘These are initially large and angular (Plate II, top) but ultimately progressively smaller and more rounded (Plate II, middle, and Plate III). In addition the sandstones, which are also present, may come either from the west or from the solifluction gravels overlying the cliffs. Under present conditions these gravels are the major source. Apart from a small outlier of the limestone abrasion platform exposed at Stolford, the coast to the east of Hinkley is a shingle storm beach fronted by large expanses of mudflats and backed by low alluvial land. For at least the last 150 years most of the area has shown a marked tendency to erode, as the presence of both sea walls and groynes testifies. However, in the zone of shingle complexes, between Stolford and Wall Common, it can be demonstrated that deposition has been dominant for much of this period (Kidson, 1960). ‘The recent planting of Spartina grass to the east of Wall Common, and its spread almost to Stert Point, has produced rapid deposition resulting in a marked raising of the foreshore. Here too erosion has given place to accretion. The bulk of the beach material in this area appears to be derived ultimately from the west though some small local sources, such as the patch of Devonian gravel at Stolford Farm, do exist. One of the chief factors governing the rate of movement of beach material along the whole of this part of the coast is the relatively short period during which the tide actually reaches the shingle storm beach or the cliffs. Broadly, this length of time decreases towards the east except close to the Parrett estuary, in the Stert Point area, where different conditions prevail. ‘Thus, immediately to the east of Lilstock, the cliffs are subject to attack for a period each day, even during neap tides, while in the vicinity of Steart village and Cox’s Farm, behind the protective Spartina sward, the storm beach is now reached by waves only at high water springs, and only then under exceptional storm conditions (Kidson, 1960). In this respect, if in no other, the Spartina has merely emphasised a condition that was always present to a considerable extent. THE INJECTION SITES At an early stage in physiographic studies on the coast near the mouth of the River Parrett it became apparent that information was needed on the direction and speed of movement of beach 166 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR material. For this purpose a series of experiments was designed making due allowance for the particular local configuration of the coast and the form of the beach material. At the beginning of the experiments, markers were laid down at seven sites (Fig. 1) between Lilstock and Cox’s Farm. At a later date Stert Point was added. Lilstock was chosen since it provided a position on the open coast, and both there and at Hinkley Point the sites were subject to wave attack for a much longer period than the areas further east. Hinkley Point is also the eastern limit of deep water close inshore. Further east, wave energy is attenuated by the passage of waves over the wide mudflats. Stolford and Wall Common were selected since they were in the zone of shingle complexes where, unlike at Hinkley, deposition rather than erosion was dominant. ‘The “ Parish Boundary ”’ site, together with those at Steart Village and Cox’s Farm, was influenced by the protective Spartina sward. Stert Point, beyond the eastern limit of the Spartina, was a site subject to the influences of the estuary. ‘Three of these sites are shown in more detail in Fig. 2. At each site markers were laid down in a line normal to the beach. The line extended from the crest of the storm beach across the whole of the shingle on to the mud and sand flats beyond. Plate II (bottom) shows the upper part of the injection site at Stolford Farm at the beginning of the experiment. Since the belt of shingle is of variable width, the length of the line, along which the markers were disposed, was also variable. Each line was divided into zones. In the three western sites, these comprised High Tide, Intermediate and Low Tide zones. Eastwards of Stolford, a High Tide and a Low Tide zone only were differentiated. MARKERS AND METHODS OF TRACING The conditions at Bridgwater, which differed widely from those on the East Coast, made it necessary to employ very different techniques. On the East Coast the actual beach material was | labelled with radio-active tracers. In the Bridgwater experiments fireclay markers were used. These consisted of bricks of a local pattern, each having a series of twenty holes. ‘The surface labelling with radio-active tracers, possible with a relatively durable material | such as flint shingle could not be employed with the Liassic lime- | stone pebbles of this beach because of their poor resistance to | abrasion. The brick markers possessed a number of advantages. | They could easily be seen on a beach composed of grey limestone | and purple sandstone pebbles. Like the limestone shingle, they | began as angular fragments which later became rounded by beach | BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET Stile of ; former ! Breakwoler / ins /Line of Ds Markers MN, - BIO ce nA’? Limeston Oulfall | Line of . | Mar Kers. a i -—-! =] Shingle Ridges Spartina ; — Sward Fossil" Shingle Ridges . Limit of Mobile Shingle SCAL E Maley h Line of Markers 160 O 1000 Fic. 2. Detailed site maps. (a) Lilstock Harbour (5) Stolford Farm (c) Wall Common 167 168 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR processes. ‘The specific gravity of the brick markers was reasonably close to that of both the limestone and sandstone shingle. A pilot trial with fireclay markers and labelled shingle from the beach showed that the markers were strictly comparable with the beach material in their passage alongshore. Lastly, the transverse holes made it possible to use galvanised wire tags for identification. On subsequent recovery it was possible to determine the initial size, initial site and the zone within the site itself, from which the marker had originated. ‘The wire tags were supplemented by the use of marine paint which could be identified in the holes through the bricks even after a very long period of time. The markers were of three sizes: whole, half and quarter bricks, hereafter referred to as sizes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. As far as possible, sizes of markers were chosen to conform to the range of size of shingle present in a particular site; numbers were related to the width of the shingle belt. Where, as in the most eastern locations, large beach material was not present, or merely represented an insignificant fraction of the shingle, only the two smaller grades, numbers 2 and 3, were used. Only at Lilstock Harbour, the most westerly experimental location, was any fraction of the beach material appreciably larger than the biggest markers employed. To confirm the impression that this large material did not move, a line normal to the beach was marked and at the end of two years was still in the same place. In the initial stages of the experiment the beach was searched after each tide. Thereafter, searches were conducted at fortnightly intervals, i.e., after each cycle of spring tides. The interval between searches was later increased to one month and finally to three months. The position of each marker recovered was established in relation to the original line and to the crest of the beach by chaining or pacing or both. Since the whole of the shingle was exposed at low water, provision for underwater detection was not necessary. The results of each search were plotted on a large scale map, the survey for which had already been completed by the Nature Conservancy’s Coastal Section. Intensive studies into shingle movement here began in January 1955 and ended some two years later in December 1956. During this period, it was found necessary to establish an additional site at Stert Point, and to supplement the markers at some of the original positions, to answer problems arising during the course of the experiments. Table I gives the dates on which markers were placed and the number of zones, quantities, and grades of markers used at each experimental site. Since December 1956 a BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 169 periodic examination of the beach has been continued to enable the long term pattern of movement to be studied. TABLE I. BRIDGWATER BAY: DRIFT EXPERIMENTS : DETAILS OF INJECTION SITES Date(s) | Number Length of zones : Site of of Sizes feet from crest of injection | Markers Beach Ridge Lilstock Harbour ..| 28.1.55 462 o-140 High Tide t+ I 2 140-280 Intermediate 3 280-420 Low Tide Hinkley Point al) 20.1.55 237 I o—73 High Tide 2 73-146 Intermediate 3 146-225 Low Tide Stolford Farm ..| 28.17.55 34 o-70 High Tide I 23.3.55 202 2 70-140 Intermediate 3 140-210 Low Tide Wall Common Feil P2255 84 2 o-120 High Tide* 28.3.56 150 3 | 120-240 Low Tide “ Parish Boundary ”’ 17.2.55 72 2 o-18 High Tide 3 18-35 Low Tide Steart Village eel a762255 72 2 o-47 High Tide 3 47-94 Low Tide Cox’s Farm .. S726 5 72 2 o-50 High Tide 3 50-100 Low Tide Stert Point .. ..| 28.3.56 126 P o-49 High Tide 3 | 49-99 Low Tide t At Lilstock Harbour, these terms mean literally what they say. The termin- ology has been retained throughout even though elsewhere the low water mark is well below the lower limit of the line. * The injection line at this site extended well on to the mudflats to ensure that no movement over the Spartina sward, which begins here, should pass undetected. RATES OF RECOVERY In all the experimental sites, recoveries in the first few months were very high. At the lower end of the original injection lines, little movement took place and recoveries were virtually 100%. Of those which moved, the number accounted for never fell below 50% in the first six months and was often very much higher. In the seventh and eighth months, however, many of the markers which had travelled alongshore and which were disposed in the 170 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR beach ridge were buried because of the combing down of the ridge in a period of stormy weather. ‘Thereafter recoveries of these markers never reached the original high values. This fact is, In itself, significant in illustrating one way in which beach material is lost to circulation by incorporation in the beach ridge. The methods of marking proved highly successful. At Lilstock less than 2°% of the markers had lost their galvanised tags at the end of two years. Elsewhere results were even more satisfactory. Where marine paint was used to supplement wire tags, no difficulty was encountered in identification even after more than 6 years. MOVEMENT OF MARKERS It very quickly became apparent that the experimental sites could be divided into those where appreciable movement took place and those where almost no travel of any kind was recorded. At the “‘ Parish Boundary ’’, Steart Village and Cox’s Farm sites, all of which lie behind the protective Spartina sward, the markers remained in situ for virtually the whole initial period and, indeed, for more than 6 years. At Cox’s Farm slight movement took place but, even here, the furthest travelled marker was less than 150 feet from the point of injection after two years. At the remaining five sites, Lilstock Harbour, Hinkley Point, Stolford Farm, Wall Common and Stert Point, movement, generally in an easterly direction, but sometimes towards the west, began immediately and continued intermittently throughout the period. Speed of movement recorded was, however, by any standard of comparison extremely slow. ‘The maximum travel in 2 years was less than at Orford, Suffolk, in one month (Kidson, Carr and Smith, 1958). A mass of data on movement in each site has been accumulated and it is clearly impossible within a single paper to record the whole of it. Selective examples will be given to illustrate the points of greatest interest which arose. The pattern of movement at Lilstock (Fig. 3) shows features which were common to all the remaining areas where movement took place. At an early stage in the experiment the upper part of the line, i.e. the High Tide zone, was swept clear of markers which were then carried alongshore and were found thereafter as part of the beach ridge. The bulk of the markers in the Low Tide zone and in the Intermediate zone remained on, or very close to, the original line, throughout the whole of the experiment. Even after 6 years, as many as 70% of the markers, originally placed at the bottom of the line, were to be found within 80 feet ofit. Only a very few found their way to the beach ridge. Lilstock BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 171 ALL MARKERS THUS:-[:° J aie oe 360) Riage Ces r@) net eae eee pa See icceteermerceeine§ -50 1 — —__ o S,] NO nN w oO or ° 2 rs} 3 S © FEET sd ° ro) 3 West | East 90-- =: 400 so Er. ALL MARKERS THUS:-[::: | 300 250 200 \— — —Aog yo pu7 —=—— Beach Ridge Crest -—__—_> oO fe) Nn =~ o Dw) ) je) = Pay fon) on °o 3 S rt 3 © FEET Fic. 3. Lilstock Harbour: distribution of markers after five months (above) and after two years (below). 172 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR is the one area where beach material is found of a greater size than that of the largest markers used. It could therefore be argued that the indications of lack of movement at the lower end of the line were the direct consequence of the trapping of the marked material by the large shingle. This undoubtedly contri- buted in some way, but it must be noted that the large material was much more common in the Intermediate zone. The end of the Low Tide zone of the original line was in fact in sand and mud. ‘There was nothing to impede movement at the base of the line, yet there movement was negligible. The same pattern repeated itself at all the other sites where movement took place and it is apparent that movement is virtually confined to a narrow belt close to the limits of high water. ‘This impression is con- firmed by the broad belt of “‘ static’ shingle, partially buried in the mud of the foreshore, and on most of the beach separated along a clear cut line from the clean “‘ mobile ”’ shingle towards the top of the beach. This same pattern of movement is shown at Stert Point where widely different conditions prevail. ‘The overall size of beach material here is much smaller yet only those markers in the High Tide zone were moved alongshore. Fig. 4 shows that the part of the original injection line resting on the “static ”’ shingle remained in situ. The Stert Point site shows another feature common throughout. Once the marked material from the High Tide zone had been swept alongshore and incorporated into the beach ridge, further developments related almost solely to the longshore progression of this material towards the end of the shingle structure, in this case the terminal spit. Another feature revealed by the results at Lilstock and Stert Point, which is characteristic of the whole area, and which is, indeed, to be found on any coast, as for example at Orfordness, (Kidson, Carr and Smith, 1958) is the number of markers which were thrown to the top of the beach ridge. These remained there for long periods until they were again moved by waves on an even higher spring tide or under more severe storm conditions. Some of these markers could be found in the same position for month after month before they were finally reintroduced into circulation or buried. The Hinkley Point site demonstrated all the features observed at Lilstock and Stert Point though the markers which moved travelled appreciably further in a given period than those at other sites. This can be explained in terms of the prominent position of Hinkley Point, especially in relation to wave attack from the dominant direction which is here slightly north of west. To the east lies a long stretch of smooth shoreline where the water, BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 173 INJECTION LINE (126 Markers Injected 2831 956) Limit of Mobile Shingle 100 Shingle Ridges E==] Shoreline of Sand/Silt Fic. 4. Stert Point: distribution of markers. 174 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR at high tide, is still sufficiently deep to allow the waves to retain much of their energy and thus to transport shingle more rapidly. East of Stolford, the attenuation of wave energy through shallowing becomes progressively greater until the estuary is reached. One feature distinguishes Hinkley Point from all the other sites. This is the very pronounced nature of the western element in shingle movement which reached a maximum of more than 1,700 feet as shown in Table II. TABLE II. MOVEMENT AT HINKLEY POINT (HIGH TIDE ZONE MARKERS) Movement (in feet) Westerly Easterly Plot No. and Date Mean Max. Mean Max. 2. 23rd March 1955 nae 1141 1746 1413 T 43857 7. 12th July 1955 Sy. a 561 1051 1997 4833 12. 13th Nov. 1955... a — 1284* 2485 7140 16. 27th March 1956 .. ee — 750* 3509T 6756T 19. 19th Dec. 1956... >. — fo) 2399 5873¢ - 15th March 1961 .. oe — — 3294 5914 Evidence of westerly drift immediately before search. 1 residual marker only. Between Plots 16 and 19, building operations for Somerset River Board sea. wall at Hinkley Point destroyed the injection site. Reduction of maximum. and mean travel reflect burial of furthest travelled markers rather than any continuation of westerly drift. ++ %—} This movement followed a period of storms from the north-east after the experiment had been under way for two months. Although this travel towards the west had been cancelled out by the end of the experiment, it did serve to show a feature which is characteristic of beaches everywhere and which in some places is of vital signifi- cance. Beach material does not move alongshore in one direction only. It can and does move back and forth in response to changes. in the angle of wave approach. After the experiment had been under way in this site for a little over 15 months, a good deal of the shingle at the top of the beach was incorporated in a sea wall built by the Somerset River Board in an attempt to stop the erosion of Hinkley Point. Since the High Tide zone close to the injection line had already been. BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 175 swept clear of markers, the results of this building were negligible. Only the few markers which had been thrown on to the top of the beach ridge became involved in the operation. At a later date a start was made on the much larger sea wall for the new Nuclear Power Station at Hinkley Point. This wall was sited further seaward than its predecessor because the turbine house has been placed on what was the upper part of the beach. This so changed conditions that the experiment here was not continued after the initial two year period but a recent search has indicated that the trends of the first two years have been continued. It is note- worthy that the experimental data were used by the Consulting Engineer for the construction of the Nuclear Power Station sea wall and were responsible in some measure for facilitating its design and erection. Elsewhere on this coast other human inter- ference included normal coast defence operations such as the use of draglines for repairing gaps in the shingle ridge, where this formed a major element in the sea defences, and the construction of groynes. Fortunately none of this work, which must be regarded almost as a beach process in itself, came sufficiently early in the experiments to be a major influence. Both the sites in the zone of the shingle complexes, Stolford and Wall Common, show a similar pattern of movement to those further west. This is demonstrated for Wall Common in Fig. 5. However, the most striking feature of the experimental results in these two sites was the differential movement of different sizes of markers. Fig. 6 shows the position at Stolford in the early stages of the experiment. The mean position of size 2 markers indicates much greater travel compared with that of size 3 markers for the same dates. TABLE III. DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENT OF SIZE 2 AND SIZE 3 MARKERS AT WALL COMMON Arithmetical mean of the Easterly travel of Plot No. markers in feet. Size 2 Size 3 1 (3 weeks) 394 83 2 296 157 3 443 236 4 489 369 5 (9 weeks) 478 339 6 513 306 7 460 320 8 551 400 9 (20 weeks) 673 419 io 747 92! 176 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR tos tas LH 700 End of Spit — —— 600 500 il . a) e ~ NS 400 e ; Sy x 300 x : ~J e ~J me 200 : a = a ; o Wh e & 100 Oo e ~n A § 3 ‘ v 3 a alee Aas eS ae f ae = aioe 5 | : q Line Rena 4 2 : aie ° U 0 FEET= & 8 R & 8, Spee t ! Fic. 5. Wall Common: distribution of markers after two years. 177 BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET LANDWARDS SEAWARDS uy 5 = Xx ~ SEAWARDS NO/L/SOdIG #0 INIT TYNIDIYO D-7 LSIYD FOG/Y HOVIT A-wW GG6I-E-S2 GID Td SYTHAVN Obie 5 @U0Z? AJOG fOYs 4Q/ UOLISOF UDA Of SIAJOY SOEQUINN INOZ FOIL MOT oN LOTd AWM analysis of differential movement. Fic. 6. Stolford Experiment : 178 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR Table III depicts the same feature at Wall Common. Fig. 6 indicates also that on some occasions the mean position of one size of marker may move in an opposite direction to the mean position of a different size between any one search and the next. This is especially well shown in plots 6 and 7, where appreciable travel has occurred to the east in the size 2 markers, while movement of | the size 3 markers is much smaller. The mean position of size 3 material, from two of the original zones, has in fact progressed towards the west. This is a genuine change and not the result of burial of far travelled markers (cf. footnote to Table IT). Differential movement has been recorded elsewhere. Steers (1948), for example, noted it between sand and shingle at Blakeney Point, Norfolk. He argued that the shingle was affected by waves from the north-east, the sand by currents from the opposite direction. Arkell (1947) quotes N. M. Richardson (1902) and Vaughan Cornish (1898). Richardson thought that individual pebbles on Chesil Bank travelled until such time as their size grading conformed to that of the remainder of the beach material. Cornish observed that there were two sets of waves of very different intensities and directions operating on the beach at Chesil. He believed that these together were responsible for the well-known grading by moving large and small material differentially. Cur- rents, used in the sense of tidal streams, are clearly not relevant at Bridgwater Bay in view of the large size of beach material. Wave direction and wave form just as certainly are the important factors. Because of the very special hydraulic conditions on this coast, differential movement has not resulted in a very marked degree of grading. The shingle is disposed in structures which tend to be separate one from another in response to these hydraulic conditions. Even within a single structure only partial grading is to be observed (Plate III). This differential movement of shingle dependent on size and position on the beach runs completely counter to the basic assump- tions made by Reid and Jolliffe (1961). In a paper on shingle movement on certain South Coast beaches, they assume that the rate of movement of all material, irrespective of size, position on the beach or the depth of burial, within specified limits, is uniform. Uniformity of movement is, however, demonstrably not the general rule since the experiments at Bridgwater Bay have shown the opposite to be true. That this is not a freak result in response to purely local conditions is demonstrated by the Orfordness experiments (Kidson, Carr and Smith, 1958). Here a considerable proportion of the marked shingle found was again thrown to the top of the beach under storm conditions and remained there BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 179 throughout the period of the experiment. Meanwhile other marked material moved as much as 1} miles to the north and subsequently over 4 mile to the south. Reid and Jolliffe also assume that the net drift pattern between any two injections of marked material, in their case a week, is the same as the general pattern over a whole year, and that movement of material is constant and in one direction only. Yet counter drift was a marked feature in both the Bridgwater Bay and the Orfordness experiments, carried out in widely contrasting situations and where one direction of movement would appear to be dominant. CONCLUSIONS The most obvious conclusion from the Bridgwater Bay drift experiments is that the progression of beach material alongshore is extremely slow. Even six years after the marked material was laid down on the beach the furthest travelled marker from Lilstock Harbour was found only 7,500 feet from its point of origin. At Hinkley Point, where movement was more rapid than at any other site, the furthest travelled marker averaged only 80 feet per month. In the early stages of the experiments the maximum travel was of the order of 2,000 feet a month. The difference between these figures is simply a reflection of the fact that pebbles are unable to move for long periods, when they are buried or cast so high up the beach as to be out of reach of the waves. ‘The leeward movement of the mean of all the markers which travelled at all from the Hinkley Point site average less than 50 feet a month over a six year period. There can be few stretches of coast with such slow-moving beach material. This coast is unique, not only in respect to slow movement but also in relation to the very narrow belt within which this movement is confined. Only those markers which were laid down close to the high water mark entered into the circulation of beach material. ‘Those further down the beach remained virtually static. The dominant direction of movement in the experimental area is from west to east though travel in the opposite direction does occur from time to time, as the results for Hinkley Point especially demonstrate. Perhaps the most striking feature which has resulted from these experiments is the differential nature of shingle movement which has been considered at some length above. Larger shingle quite clearly moves at a different speed and sometimes even in a different direction from smaller pebbles. This selective treatment of beach 180 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR material by the waves produces almost perfect grading in coastal sites such as Chesil Bank. Similar grading does not take place along this coast because movement of individual pebbles tends to be confined to the limits of a single structure. On only a very few occasions, even over a period of as long as six years were markers observed to travel beyond these limits. The larger material travels relatively quickly towards the end of the beach ridge or shingle complex of which it is part. There, it is held up and the more slowly travelling smaller material begins to overhaul it. Only partial grading can take place under these circumstances. This part of Bridgwater Bay is as unique physiographically as it is in many other respects. The results of the drift experiments described above show features which could not be reproduced on other stretches of coast, yet some of the lessons are of universal application. ‘The movements of beach material are as variable as the waves which induce them. REFERENCES Arkell, W. J. 1947. The Geology of the Country around Weymouth, Swanage, Corfe and Lulworth, Memoir of the Geological Survey of Gt. Britain. H.M.S.O. Cornish, V. 1898. On Sea Beaches and Sandbanks. Geogr. 7. 11, 628. Cited m, Arkell, W. J. above: Kidson, C., Carr, A. P., and Smith, D."°B: ose.) Further experiments using radioactive methods to detect the move- ment of shingle over the sea bed and alongshore. Geogr. 7. 124, 210-18. Kidson, C. and Carr. A. P. 1959. The movement of shingle over the sea bed close inshore. Geogr. 7. 125, 380-89. Kidson, C. 1960. The Shingle Complexes of Bridgwater Bay. Publ. Inst. Brit. Geogr., No. 28. Kidson, C. (in litt.)\. The Growth of Sand and Shingle Spits across Estuaries. Reid, W. J. and Jolliffe, I. P. 1961. Coastal Experiments with Fluorescent Tracers. Dock Harb. Author. 41, 341-45. Richardson, N. M. 1902. An experiment on the movements of a load of brickbats deposited on Chesil Beach. Proc. Dorset nat. Hist. Fld. Cl. 23, 123. Cited in Arkell, W. J. aipove Steers, J. A. 1948. The Coastline of England and Wales. Cam- bridge, p. 350. 25 me re PRESIDENTS WILLIAM SANDERS HENRY E. FRIPP GEORGE FORSTER BURDER | JOHN BEDDOE Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY | Rev. THOMAS HINCKS Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER Professor SYDNEY YOUNG S. 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Fh _ VOLUME XXX, PART IIIB PRICE EIGHT SHILLINGS 1961 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Bristol Naturalists’ Society Epirep By A. J. WILLIS ASSISTED BY A COMMITTEE “Rerum cognoscere causas’’—Virgil PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY _ AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS, BRISTOL Issued 8th August, 1962 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. | 30, (3B) | pp.215—285 | 1962 | All matter for inclusion in the next issue of the Proceedir should be sent to :— Dr. A. J. WILLIs, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, THE UNIVERSITY, BRISTOL, 8 NOT LATER THAN FEB. 28. Other instructions for authors appear on Contents page. All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way exchange, gift or otherwise, and all correspondence relating there and to purchases of the Society’s publications should be address We) Sa THe Crry Museum, BrIsTOL, 8 Applications for membership of the Society should be address: to the Hon. Treasurer :— | P. J. M. Netuercortt, Esq., 44. UPPER CRANBROOK Roan, REDLAND, BRIsTOL, 6 Hon. LiprariAn, BristoLt Nat. 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Coombe Lea, Nailsea, nr. Bristol Bunce RAG aH ws ais eee Do. Burton, J. F., F.R.E.S., B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Whiteladies VEB:OrU: Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Bury, Eek .h5a3: peek es Ellfield, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos. Bussell: Mass Dp. sui. oe The Bungalow, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8 Buxton,'GuCisoes kth Sead: 2 Somerset Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 Buxton, Mrs. ‘Gain ou oe. Do. Cameron,’ Miss oe 44. Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6 Campbell, Dr. A. M. G., 79 Pembroke Road, Clifton, “Bristol, 8 M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P. Campbell, Mrs. A. M.G. .. Do. MEMBERS 219 Campbell, Dr. B., Ph.D., Hordley, Woodstock, Oxfordshire M.B.O.U. Campbell ID'G..... 2.6.6 30 Albert Road, Clevedon, Somerset @amipbelliohe.) 2.60 eens. 32 Gore Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol, 3 ‘Sie (Ces Ee CRS ian a nanan 8 Hazeley Close, Hartley Wintney, Hamp- shire *Carlton, Miss L., M.A. .... Corner Cottage, Downside, Backwell, nr. Bristol Carpenter, Revd. B. L., M.A. The Presbytery, Kingsweston Lane, Law- rence Weston, Bristol PPG AGRON, Hf IOC. kslskisic os es The Nature Conservancy, Furzebrook Re- search Station, Wareham, Dorset Canter Mrs. 1S: Bi. ocic es + 14, Cheyne Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Ganyviviiss KOM cn cece es es 144 Sefton Park Road, Ashley Down, Bristol, 7 Castle, M. P. K.,S.R.N. .... 34 Lilymead Avenue, Knowle, Bristol, 4 “Chadwick, PJ. W. c.osi6 0% 6 Goldney Avenue, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Chadwick, Mrs. E. I. G..... Do. Charleston, W. A. G., B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S. Charleston, Mrs. W. A. G. .. Chatterton, - Miss B. ........ 19 Richmond Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Chilcott, Mirs.)1. A.C. ...... 21 Upper Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Glarko Miss GIR... 635.583 12 Church Avenue, Warmley, nr. Bristol Clark, Miss M. M. ........ Do. *Clark, R. B., B.Sc., Ph.D. Dept. of Zoology, University of Bristol, Bristol, 8 Clark, R. J., B.Sc., M.I. Biol. 19 Orchard Rise, Olveston, nr. Bristol Clark IViTs AR. Jeo. eae 4 a Do. Clay: Mea.) PhD) oo... 5 Merlin, Cadbury Lane, Clapton-in-Gordano, nr. Bristol Clement; Mass G. G.. 2.0.2... Trenance, Lyndhurst Road, Midsomer Norton, Bath, Somerset Ctement,. Mrs. Ss. oc. i.. Do. Clements; HuSy atteetics acess 149 Queen’s Road, Bishopsworth, Bristol, 3 Cleverley, Miss P. J.,B.A. .. 23 Alexandra Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3 Clifford, Miss J. M. ........ 19 Oakfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Clothiers GoW. on 2cas harsh. Fylde, Weston Road, Long Ashton, Bristol Clough, Miss A..Mvs........ 7 Fallodon Way, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Cockcroft, Miss S. J., B.A. .. 44 Kersteman Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Moles? Mrs IDE sc une oso 17 Tugela Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3 Collins; Miss D.'N. .... 2... 40 Fernbank Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Collins, Miss M. A. ........ 22 Park Road, Shirehampton, Bristol Colthurst, Mrs. M. L. ...... Stonecrop, Wembdon Hill, Bridgwater, Somerset @olthurst, We Ds 9... 6.0% o 7. Winnats, North End, Creech St. Michael, Somerset Celthurst; Mrs: W.D. ...... Do. Conolly, R. I., M.A......... 86 Fenshurst Gardens, Birdwell, Long Ashton, Bristol Gook, Miss V.oVs cc. sees 15 St. Helena Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 Cooke; Miss FFs.) 6. cs seas 39 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Coombs, Dr. C. J. F., M.A., Greenwith Place, Perranwell, nr. Truro, M.B., B.Ch. Cornwall Goombs;,. Mass V.E. . 2.6... 27 Elburton Road, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9 @ooper, Miss. B. KK. D......; 108 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Cooper, Miss E. D.......... Do. 220 MEMBERS Cottrell Miss Hib Vireo ne 39 Broadfield Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 Cowie, Dr. J. W., B.Sc., Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol, Ph.D., F.G.S. Bristol, 8 Cowley, J., M.A., F.R.E.S... Holywell House, Edington, Bridgwater, Somerset Cowlishaw, MissI.O.M. .. 12 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Cox; W. BED ws. cia 34. Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Cramp, Miss J. M. ......:- 1 Oakwood Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Crampton, Miss D. M....... The Chestnuts, Norton Malreward, Pens- ford, nr. Bristol Cruttwell; G. H. W......... Old Ford House, Frome, Somerset CullensDy Ay Gil ein tie es Lark Rise, Church Road, Hanham, Bristol Cullen Mrs."D? A.C S.0 285 Do. Cullimore, Mrs.cJic¥e) aa 22 Bell Barn Road, Bristol, 9 Culverwell, Ru Vila aa sae Crosskeys, Horse Street, Chipping Sodbury, nr. Bristol Cummins, G. Ha... 6.064: 208 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Cummins, Mrs. -C. Fi... 2... Do. @urber Re M cae tables 158 Englishcombe Lane, Bath, Somerset Gurtis, bi. is BiSc: <6 0s4'-sise 29 Wimbledon Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 *Curtis, Dr. M. L. K., B.Sc., The City Museum, Queen’s Road, Bristol, 8 Ph.D., F.G.S. Dalby, Mirs.'B.M......3..'2- Grange Fell, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8 Dalziel: Gish, 6 wes ec 42 Rousham Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5 Davey, Bs Gy. nos ae ede slieh 57 Coombe Lane, Bristol, 9 Daviess iiss VE.) cite afte ale! cgeene 54 Wellington Walk, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Ga Favies, Ae oie! e's CNAs 3 Crestview Court West, Morris Plains, New Jersey, U.S. Davies, Mrs. N. Vaughan.... 3 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Davis, Miss HeCst..2 73%. 106 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 *Davis, H. H., M.B.O.U..... West Park, Cadbury Camp Lane, Clapton- in-Gordano, nr. Bristol Davis’ Missi) Hoes es Do. DAN MRcy bi oehak ot eevee etude « Manzai, Dancing Lane, Wincanton, Somer- set Dennison, V. D., B.Sc. (Econ.) Manor Cottage, Winford, nr. Bristol Devonshire, Dr. A. F., M.A., 59 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Ph.D. Bristol *Donovan, Dr. D. T., Ph.D., Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol, DiSee Eis HG. Soe: Bristol, 8 Downy MEN a. vtietensta eters = te 32 Addiscombe Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 Dudden; G: Flic so. se eee 26 Rousham Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5 Dudden,Mrs:.G.b.., Ce. Do. Duddridge, Miss E., B.Sc. .. 59 Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6 Dunnichiit, He MAS) a... =. 10 Effingham Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6 Dunning, Mrs. L. M. ...... 20 Glenwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol Eastes, Dr. H. J., M.B., B.S. The Bank House, High Street, Marshfield (Glos.), Chippenham, Wiltshire Eastes, Dr. Z. M. U., Do. M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Patouehs Younes ieey: ecient 116 Newbridge Road, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol, 4 Eatough, Mrs. J. A. ......-- Do. Eddolls, K.E.K.,S.R.N.,Q.N. 35 Leighton Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 Edwatds Re C.tn cee te 17 Donald Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3 A, A. MEMBERS 221 Bawardsy Mus. R.C. ...... 17 Donald Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3 ven 21 | Ee 46 Horfield Road, St. Michael’s, Bristol, 2 Evens, BaiD. B.Sc. ......5- 96 Hampton Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 JER CSS a ne 5 Cotham Park North, Cotham, Bristol, 6 Palko Mrs. M.M. ........5. 7 Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8 1322 | 59 Parry’s Lane, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Farmer, Miss P. E., B.Sc..... 44 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Beaegn. ©lK., B.Sc. ...... Stonyfield, Lodway, Pill, nr. Bristol Rindlay. D. C., M.A,,...... 12 Welland Road, Keynsham, nr. Bristol Fleetham, Miss M. W....... Woodside, Hallen Lodge, Hallen, Bristol Pleure, Miss E., M.A. .....°. Top Flat, Vyvyan House, Clifton Park, Bristol, 8 Mlook. Miss D: KR. .....2..%- 10 Radley Road, Fishponds, Bristol “DVICCTE) [eas os I ae ee Sunnyside, Keyton Hill, Blackford, Wed- more, Somerset look VIits. JH Ee os as oe cee Do. OGG. NETS. His... ccs eas ss 195 Gloucester Road, Patchway, Bristol Bond, 1. Wel. BSc. 2.5 oe. ses Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol, Bristol, 8 OMG bleye riche nisysoe eeid~ s 0's The Small House, Syston, Mangotsfield, Bristol ord Mrs. J.T... 6. ee as Do. Hourest, G. Aw, M.A... 6... 43 Canynge Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 BVOSECT A IIWITS: NOs ag 6s c)e cess 150 Portway, Sea Mills, Bristol OStei Oe Re ass: afe sain aoe os 14 Cherington Road, Henleaze, Bristol Foster, .Mirs. D.R.........-. Do. Boster, i. (Gem. bas. os os oe eet 64 King’s Drive, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 Poster; Mirs: E.G... wa .. 7s. - Do. Fowler, Dr. G. N., B.Sc., Ph.D. 56 Sandy Leaze, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Fowler, Mrs. G. N., M.A. E Do. Frankum, 1 Gio a eae g Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8 *Fraymouth, Miss J. E., M.Sc., 24 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol, 2 Ph.D. mecriaatig We IN. 5 adc suc s+ 4s 6 Bell Barn Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol | treceh pipe | Oly) 5 29's Ga ener Dept. of Geography, University of Bristol, Bristol, 8 Prost. ADV ee 2. 5 visas 32 Oakwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol Rrost, Mis. 1. M. HH... 0.4... Do. *Frost, Dr. L. C., M.A., Ph.D. Dept. of Botany, University of Bristol, Bristol, 8 BPE pM RS Bie in ay ogee Goes = 59 Air Balloon Road, St. George, Bristol, 5 Pulford, Miss D, M. ........ 55 Waverley Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Cazzard. Muss: KE. . s.4 cs « 19 Redfield Road, Patchway, Bristol Gea NW Ae oe Roce ti ecie a = 32 Dublin Crescent, Henleaze, Bristol Genge Mass bh. Ris ope os 1 Tyndall’s Park Road, Bristol, 8 (Beis 1s [eae 76 Middle Road, Kingswood, Bristol (Ctl c] oat) DEN C Se eraeae en ere Allendale, Gloucester Road, Almondsbury, nr. Bristol GDS Jo Give cic ccars wie ahatene 6 Do. Gibb, Miss M. E., M.A. .... 16 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 (Eno oct BS Ce Churchill Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Gillett, Wiiss'S; Mie. s<< 45255 25 Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Cancel Nims } wise as ieee: 95 Baden Road, Kingswood, Bristol Gorvett, Dr. H., B.Sc., Ph.D. Dept. of Zoology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, Prince Consort Road, London, S.W.7 Graham, Miss C.. ........8.: 8 Ashgrove Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 CrabamayeWliss V. Es... cs. Do. 222 MEMBERS Gravestock, Miss I. F., B.A... 7 Leigh Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Griffiths, Miss O. M., Ph.D. 10 Westfield Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Grimes, IN. °W2,' B.Sc. <2 52 3 33 Balmoral Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 7 Groves: Miss @)5 2. 2 21 Bayswater Avenue, Redland, Bristol, 6 Grundy, Miss) Mi. E.ao. 22. 46 Burley Crest, Downend, Bristol Gurnhill, Muss;At Reasac. ee 14 Chantry Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Gwillam, Miss F.M. ...... Wills Hall, Parry’s Lane, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, g Habgood, Miss M.E. ...... 9 Burlington Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Hall, Prof. K. R. L., M.A., Ravenglass, 30 Hazelwood Road, Bristol, g 1). Phil: amblett oR. aise ce. ar 71 Riding Barn Hill, Wick, nr. Bristol Ceom Hamaliiome aye Clanton-im- M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S Gordano, nr. Bristol BSL ANGEIS Ay Wis .< ore Sha ait iensraysyerise 243 Coronation Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol, 3 larrisoris the ahh fags soy ge ous Malt House, Chelwood, nr. Bristol Hartill, Dr. G. G., M.R.C.S., Stone House, High Street, Chipping Sodbury, PROC, nr. Bristol HMartill, Mrs) (Gs (Gs tenes: Do. *Hawker, Miss L. E., D.Sc., 32 Barley Croft, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Phi): DEG. Hawkers NEG Ste se. cas ee 2 East Croft, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Plawikains; (RK ANe aa ste olthen 78 Chelwood Drive, Odd Down, Bath, Somerset Hawkins, A. B., B.Sc., F.G.S. Church Farm, Bitton, nr. Bristol Hawkins: \PeGos Abie ct eve 16 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Haymes: AVIISSPB. tec tee ie Bury House, Wick, nr. Bristol Hembrough, Miss E.M. .. Oakhurst, London Road, Warmley, Kings- wood, Bristol blepworthvAc mae ee: Mayville, Wells Road, Westfield, Radstock, Bath, Somerset Heslop, I. R. P., M.A., Belfield, Poplar Road, Burnham-on-Sea, F.R.E.S. Somerset Hewlett, Miss C. M. E., M.Sc. 4 Cavendish Crescent, Bath, Somerset nie eenst Nissi eee oe ee Ley Cottage, The Ley, Box, Chippenham, Wiltshire Ff riley Wisc EM ei ste ue 35 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Efill, Migs 1. Vin BYAs (io. 15 Clare Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 Hinton, Dr. H. E., Sc.D., Dept. of Zoology, University of Bristol, Ph.D., F.R.S. Bristol, 8 Piitehcock ORE eee ts 11 West Park, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Hobbs;! Mrs Ge oiieo 5 cicce to 137 Tower Road North, Warmley, Bristol MEMBERS 223 IRIC IOS) SE en ee 137 Tower Road North, Warmley, Bristol no@ekeywid: Gs ..>....055.- Greystones, 20 Ham Lane, Stapleton, Bristol Hockey, Mrs. H. G. ........ Do. iA Selodge: N.URe 2. ee es 4 Trinity Close, The Pavement, London, S.W.4 THodges;*Miass D. M......... 4 Greenway Park, Southmead, Bristol loge, W..E., M.Sc......... 5 Hill Burn, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol IogeswMirs W.H. . 2... 65. Do. Holgate, Miss M. E., M.A. 4 The Paddock, Chestnut Farm, Long Ashton, Bristol F¥oulister, IR. 5... ks oe ae 10 Cherington Road, Henleaze, Bristol Hollister, Mrs. R. .......... Do. Hollewell, A. J., B.Sc. ...... 81 Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Hollowell, Mrs. A. J., M.A. Do. G5) Blotmes. W. Av. ced ieee ee es 17 Carvoza Road, Truro, Cornwall Mopkins, W.:)J.H......... 4. g Churchill Road, Wells, Somerset Howard; Hob MUA. ...... 41 Thingwall Park, Fishponds, Bristol Howard, R. W., M.R.C.V.S. 75, Wellsway, Keynsham, nr. Bristol Hughes, Mis..C. BE... 225. 44 Druid Stoke Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Tughes, Mass BE. M:......... 33, Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 iE titell pets VERE 9G. 5) sh sjess0 2 das No Name, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol Hulbert, Mase. Cs. 3.8 ss Do. Lull Wiss FO. casice on ess 42 College Road, Clifton, Bristol C. Hunt, P. F., B.Sc., F.L.S. .. The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey Hurrell, Miss L. E. .....:.. 169 Redland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Husband, Mrs. A. R. ...... 6 Downside Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Ireland, Mi. Ps, BiSe; .....% Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, 8 Isaac, Dr. D. H., M.D., 1 South Road, Taunton, Somerset M.R.C.P Jago, Miss Ti M., B.Sc....... 43B Downleaze, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 djamiesiMirs2 Mi. oust oc. es The Mill House, Woollard, Pensford, nr. Bristol ubelleycaNiiss IRS 0 cesseie-e ean Os Barrow Court, Barrow Gurney, nr. Bristol Jenkin, Miss P. M., M.A., Dept. of Zoology, University of Bristol, D.Sc. Bristol, 8 Jenkins, MisssDs Res... ss. 14 Lancashire Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 Jenkins, Dr. F.G., M.B.,Ch.B. 51 Redcliff Hill, Bristol, 1 eb, Rs, BA M.Litt. ...... 68 Grove Park Avenue, Brislington, Bristol, 4 Johns iViisssGiM. o: 6 cease 2 Gloucester Row, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Jolly, G. F., M.A., M.B., The Lodge Bungalow, Southmead Hospital, B.Ch., D.Obst.R.C.O.G., Bristol Jones, Miss B. E., B.Sc. .... Wych Elm, Martcombe Road, Easton-in- Gordano, nr. Bristol Jones, Miss S. M., B.Sc. .... 20 Ormerod Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 *Kearns, Prof. H. G. H., Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol O.B.E., B.Sc., Ph.D. C. *Kellaway, G. A., B.Sc., F.G.S. H.M. Geological Survey and Museum, South Kensington, London, S.W.7 Kelting, E. L., O.B.E., J.P., Windown, Wembdon, Bridgwater, Somerset M. Inst. C.E. empl; Ee BvAsc. dedi... St. Thomas More’s, Stratton-on-the-Fosse, nr. Bath, Somerset *Kendally@:D.,. M.A. 2.2... 111 Passage Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol C. C. MEMBERS Kenney, D. J., A.M.I.Mech.E., 53 St. Michael’s Hill, Bristol, 2 AUER AGS: Kenney,’ Mis): |S 2. sea Do. ine AB 7h sien ett eae Mayfield, Uplands Road, Saltford, nr. Bristol King, Deseo ee aie 10 Norman Road, Saltford, nr. Bristol Kinga Re IBS ea eae oe ee 6 Bromley Heath Avenue, Downend, Bristol Kitching, Dr. J. A., O.B.E., 8 Old Sneed Park, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 M.A., Sc.D., Ph.D., F.R.S: Knight, R. DP cd. ay SEN Meee Woodlands, Bridge Road, Leigh Woods, Bristol Renee Mrs: Re en tacnake Do. drake; (Mrs, U) NES os cee oes 138 High Street, Marshfield (Glos.), Chip- penham, Wiltshire Rance: ti RYH. ose he: 8 Atlantic Road South, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset Lansdowne, W.'.’ He ....25 1 Napier Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Wears (ON arnt ase te se 88 Kingsway, St. George, Bristol, 5 aco. Nirs4). 1D: so. 2 ate eee Do. * Leach, A. C., T-D., M.A..... Lower Lodge; Knoll Fill enstelire Mees Missin eG ade. tee Ae 78 The Dell, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol MMeeSe cc, Cl. = awe oe 32 Haverstock Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 Tewisolany. |e) rcs dares tee Hunters Hall, Bitton, nr. Bristol Lewisohn, Missi A.24 ee Do. Lifton, Miss DVR a ee a 10 St. Alban’s Road,Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 Heiehit REE es eee ae 20 Worlebury Park Road, Weston-super- Mare, Somerset BreheeiVirs, [ese By aad ways ns Do. allieoi Mrs. GC. Wo ets owe. 37B Downleaze, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 eallico, Muss Ji: Wes 5 a5tctahee Do. Lippiatt; Miss Ke Mis. «.2 sa872 Amber-Leigh, Rudgeway, nr. Bristol ong, Miss FoBoG, 2.44254 g Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 HE On Oe VIISS |e Bicacs, tech ee aides 57 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 one, MisstG.: Bal §easauiene: Do. * Loupekine; Prof. I. S.3: BSc. Geology Department, The Royal College, Ph.D... A. M.TM.M.; P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya F.G.S. hovel DORE eas 252 ewe 51 Mildred Avenue, Harlington, Hayes, Middlesex Lovells Mins. cRes lieth). Beaten White Cottage, Butcombe, nr. Bristol Lovell, R. Jcigeeee iat iee Do. Wows Miss rsN. arb fe ssa ee: Forsythia Cottage, Blagdon, nr. Bristol Lusmore Ne ies so Neen ale 28 First Avenue, Highfields, Dursley, Glos. Ruxfords Virsa 15 Sunnyside, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Machin.*Mrs.\f "Ba 522. 225% 106 Cromwell Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6 Martin, Miss Avie 22 ae: 322 Wells Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4 H. *Matthews, Dr. L. Harrison, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, M-A., «DSc... FARES: London, N.W.8 FS! Matthews,-R: IC. 5.S6.5.0< 2.0 Ty Gwyn, St. Margaret’s Lane, West Town, nr. Bristol Matthews, Mrs. R. C., B.Sc., Do. M.1I.Biol. Miaunder, Miss MEE. ). 22 2. 6 Oak Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7 Maxwell aia. os 028.c sok Ridgewood, Rudgeway, nr. Bristol McCarthy; Miss Sie 14 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Mickeag. Murs. TIME o. . eee 53 Alma Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 McKnight, Mirs..N. Be. ..8 1 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 MEMBERS 225 iVieNiven, Miss BuT... 2... 165 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Mead! Miss C. E., B.A....... 16 Quadrant West, Fishponds, Bristol Meade-King, M.G., B.A. .. 5 Worcester Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Wieeses Wrst Re... bi. se es 164 Bloomfield Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4 Mercier, Dr. R. P., M.Sc., 3 Winford Court, Downs Park East, Bristol, 6 Ph.D. Mercier, Mrs. R. P. ........ Do. Merrie, T. D. H., B.A., Drumhead, Cardross, Dunbartonshire G.I.Mech.E. Messiter, Miss F. E., B.Sc., 1 Tyndall’s Park Road, Bristol, 8 ELZ:S. Milburne, Mrs. D. ........ Syston Court Cottage, Mangotsfield, Bristol Millard, Mrs. E.R. ........ 4 Granville Road, Sevenoaks, Kent Miller, K. W., B.Sc., M.B., Grove Cottage, Flax Bourton, nr. Bristol Ch.B. III 0) os (eae ar ee 10 Randall Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Milton, Wits) J... 2.0.) e's Do. Milward, Mrs. M. W....... Bonneval, Station Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol Mitchel Ci. 22. 2 care. des The Three Poplars Caravan Site, Long Wittenham, Berkshire Mor oan tfe! yO. owes ea 139 Wellsway, Keynsham, nr. Bristol Morgan, Mrs. 8. F.G. ...... 39 Henley Grove, Henleaze, Bristol WMiorris,..Mirg) P.M... 5... 6 103 Passage Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Monden;-Ws Jet... sc. eae 11 Red House Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Nature Conservancy (The) .. 19 Belgrave Square, London, S.W.1 INGalEN Vise tse 5, aiticte eee a8 < 4 70 Trym Side, Sea Mills, Bristol Nethercott, Pv J. M.. —...... 44 Upper Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Nettle, IMinss iG Wo a. es os 3 Beaufort Road, Kingswood, Bristol Neville, Miss M., B.Sc. .... 7 Belmont Road, St. Andrew’s Park, Bristol, 6 Newman, Mrs. A.M. ...... St. Goar School, Pitch & Pay Lane, Bristol, 9 Newsom) AvSiiet..62...65.. Long Cottage, Ropers Lane, Wrington, nr. Bristol INrblettmisGiML. wc. oF 33 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Nightingale, K. R. 2. ios. 20 Hadrian Close, Sea Mills, Bristol Noddle, Miss B. A., M.A., 36 Old Sneed Avenue, Bristol, 9 Vet. M.B. Olney, P. J., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., The Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, Glos. M.I.Biol. Orme, AGP AL yo. eeu e ws Oakfield Lodge, Julian Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Ormmes Mrs. Aye Av cease c<5 Do. Orniond Hy Ges lds s oes 1 Chapel Hill, Farleigh, Backwell, nr. Bristol Oweny Mis: MT... 3 e.0s 31 Kendon Drive, Westbury-on-Try, Bristol Owens, Mrs. N. M. ........ 10 Radley Road, Fishponds, Bristol Palmer, Miss E. M., M.B.O.U. Highfield, Sandford Hill, Bridgwater, Som- erset Palmer-Smith, Mrs. M. .... 202 Pickersleigh Road, Malvern, Worcs. ParhtieMirs.. By Jo oc. < eee 4 Caine Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7 EHUCO NY fle Sawai « oeale’ Stoweylands, Bishop Sutton, nr. Bristol Parslows Aw Ee eae. 06s 0s 41 Woodleigh Gardens, Whitchurch, Bristol, 4 Parslow, Mrs. A. E......... Do. 226 Pascoe, Miss POBs. 0. ies Payne. RAG BIC.) 4: eee FH Rannie.) Tanti) saree take C. *Pearman,]. V:, FaR CEs: A, Peddie sbnian. eee ar ee Peddie. Mirs..F. is 2.43 eas Reenlesssins Wi) eee eee Pemberton, Miss J. As W:. < Perkins;.Mrs. M.M. 360.24 5 Peters, J. A. V......- ee * Phillips, Dr. F. Coles, M.A., PhDs, F.G:8: Phillips, Mis: F. Coles ....<: Phillips.b Ps Biers tiene Pitman. Re Ay, Brads. sec cee Pictish. rs. Biantal, seeders lec yeto42 1 UA VA SL ae ae ee ee Poplett, Miss Es EL si%2..)h0 Otter GN Nec: cease a aie POLteia Nx iOCe, 24 5 ett cee MPouldinigs Rawle oes Vee Pratt. Wihiss 1s ose esses icieeetens Pratt IVES RS Sen a cee hate Prowse) “Dr aD!) Can, MLB: Browse: Dr. RaeB. eG. assiecsuers Prowses-Mirss Ry. see ucete ta PRY COS gU A! (aoc. See i eee Puddy; MasM: Gi": 2 aciaw Pugsley, Prof. Sir Alfred G., ©: B:E., DSc;, FaR:S: Pugsley; Wady) pico oe Pullan, J. M., M.A., M.Sc... Pullan, Mirs..j. My BiSe./7:22 Purkis,,Mass Ei Ms. .; .¢-2. «8 Rake, Miss B.'A., B.Sc. .... Randall.’ Mrs. Mii. 2 Reade; Di eB SCi a ae Rees Missi Mie. See ae Richards, Miss A.W. ...... Richards, Mass'G. Mie 222: Richards Ss Wea. cee es Richards, Mrs. S. W., B.A. .. MEMBERS 31 Rannoch Road, Bristol, 7 The City Museum, Queen’s Road, Bristol, 8 Compton House, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol Beechcroft, Upper Icknield Way, Aston Clinton, nr. Aylesbury, Bucks. 87 Chiphouse Road, Kingswood, Bristol Do. 42 Downs Park East, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 14 Cambridge Park, Redland, Bristol, 6 25 Sandy Leaze, Westbury -on-Trym, Bristol West End Pharmacy, Bridgwater, Somerset 38 Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6 208 Henleaze Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 89 Coombe Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Do. g Grove Road, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, 9 127 Coldharbour Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 Trout Cottage, Chota Castle, Chew Magna, nr. Bristol Begbrook Farm, Bebgrook Lane, Stapleton, Bristol 16 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 141 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 51 Ashcombe Park Road, Weston-super- Mare, Somerset 2 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6 Exmoor, 6 Southdene, Bristol, 9 42B Downleaze, Sneyd Park, Bristcl, 9 10 West Park Road, Downend, Bristol 1 Hughenden Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 150 Portway, Sea Mills, Bristol Belbury Hayes, West Hill, Ottery St. Mary, Devon. Stevelands, Thornbury, nr. Bristol Do. 15 Fox Avenue, Yate, nr. Bristol West End, Wedmore, Somerset Sycamore Cottage, East Harptree, Somerset oO. Badgers’ Wood, Brockley, nr. Bristol Do. 1 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 18 Providence Lane, Long Ashton, Bristol 287 Station Road, Kingswood, Bristol 39 Florence Park, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6 23 Montague Hill, Kingsdown, Bristol, 2 21 Sydenham Hill, Cotham, Bristol, 6 Do. Langley, Swan Lane, Winterbourne, nr. Bristol Do. C. A i. MEMBERS 227 Raddick)S. Ju... ... A Aye An 179 King’s Head Lane, Bedminster Down, Bristol, 3 Riddieks Mirsi'S. Ji... ee Do. ioberts, Jed eke ees First Floor, 59 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Robinson, Miss G., B.Sc..... 9 Charlcombe Way, Bath, Somerset Roe, Capt. R. G. B., R.N... 56 Bloomfield Avenue, Bath, Somerset ocwMirs RG. Boi... Do. Rogers, Miss M.H.,M.A. .. Top Flat, Vyvyan House, Clifton Park, Bristol, 8 Rogers, Mrs. M. J.. M.A. .. 21 Canynge Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8 R@onmiede: Je) os secede vee os Meadowside, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol oom, Mrs. Po Jo... fee Do. Room, Miss E. M., S.R.N. .. Do. Rose, Sal eee 93 Sydney Mews, Bathwick, Bath, Somerset POSEVEATe. VG Tal. cc cts ws ene The Orchard House, Hutton, Weston-super- Mare, Somerset Roseveare, Mrs. W. L....... Do. i] ROSS Its es Ine 25 Tugela Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3 Rowat, INIRSSUD: So ceertyacsvece + 3 6 Bury House, Wick, nr. Bristol Rowe, ae ET Bees ares trai ve tees 97 Druid Stoke Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Rudowsky, Mrs. G. ........ 371 Southmead Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Rushton, Miss’C. F.:....... 19 Redland Park, Bristol, 6 Russell, Mrs. A. M., B.Sc. .. Pine Croft, Alveston, nr. Bristol SEU Rer GN Ona] 01 pelea ae a ae a 25 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6 saliter Mins. GBs 4 ileal. oct Do. Sampson, Miss A. M. ...... 142 Coronation Road, Southville, Bristol, 3 Sandover, Miss E. J......... 11 Elmdale Road, Tyndall’s Park, Bristol, 8 *Sandwith, N. Y.,M.A., F.L.S. The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey *Savage, Dr. R. J. G., B.Sc., Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol, Ph. De FLSA F:G.S; Bristol, 8 F.Z.S. Savory, Cuapiess. uke le 8 61 Lower Redland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 DAaVOrys da dates oil kee. les Do. Savona IWirso Ah Ede. 40% ia ss Do. DI CASG NE ons tod a lal eas R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Woking, Surrey Scawins Wirsi) Mic hace cos Quistholme, Knole Park, Almondsbury, nr. Bristol Scott, Miss I. P., B.Sc. ...... The Chantry, Castle Street, Thornbury, nr. Bristol Scott, P., C.B.E., D.S.C., The Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, Glos. M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Shaw, Ds Wao. s orc dine ce ees Ranalt, Townsend, Almondsbury, nr. Bristol Shearer, Miss O. M......... 75 Thornleigh Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7 Shepherd, "Mass J.0Bo.: 2.2... 54 Wellington Walk, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Silcockse' TE) Bou hiac vie ee Bryher, Kenmeade Close, Shipham, Wins- combe, Somerset Sulcocks; Mis: Pe-B. 0... Do. Simpson, Prof. Scott, M.A., Dept. of Geology, Queen’s Building, The Driirer: nat:; F.G. S. Queen’s Drive, The University, Exeter, Devon Sst Walaa ke os 28 Haselbury Grove, Saltford, nr. Bristol singleton: RW. 5 cee ese 18 Kewstoke Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 228 MEMBERS *Skene, Prof. Macgregor, D.Sc., 36 Lawrence Grove, Westbury-on-Trym, F.L.S. Bristol Sligo; Mass Beis) 2h. oe 21 Lodore Road, Fishponds, Bristol Sloane,4j77E., BSc ina ae Dept. of Zoology, University of Bristol, Bristol, 8 Smaith, Mass Boje > pats te aes go West Parade, Sea Mills, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol Smith, Dr. D. Munro, 2 Cleeve Lodge Road, Downend, Bristol MCR IG-S:3, MER: GP. Smith, (PG. Munrot. tice. Do. Siiithseicmele tte sae esvinel oe 21 Upper Belmont Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 7 Smith Miss" M.A. onic rs on 26 Four Acre Road, Downend, Bristol Smithy Miss MwA. Vii.on.. Flat 2, 33 Regent Street, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Suaithe IViaG. ht aden ee 105 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Smith ghee scache dt hs actos Elmleaze, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol Srna AVES IR 5 3 oh cuspeostenees Do. Soltau, Mrs. HH. KV; o..05% 19 The Avenue, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Stannett, Wirse Rosch ts vets 75 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Stanton, Miss, D: W.0826 in 35 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 DLOLMG pice Reni. ca sh va elaiens g Charlcombe Way, Bath, Somerset stiddard,’ Miss. D. M.: ..;.... 10 Rodney Road, Backwell, nr. Bristol BLOCK AVN ati ‘5-0; 88s tara oki s Maarorene 24 Hanham Road, Kingswood, Bristol Stone. Wok 2s cteaw ane 157 Speedwell Road, St. George, Bristol, 5 Stopher, Dr. D. A., B.Sc., 12 St. Hilary Close, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 Phe; Stopher, Mrs. D. A., B.Sc. .. Do. Stowell, Miss I. E. ........ 21 Victoria Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8 mrowell, Miss JiR." ste? Do. Stride, W. H. B., L.D.S. .... Oldfield, Park Hill, Shirehampton, Bristol Dittllass ees hoe. whe re dh eee Green Orchard, Compton Greenfield, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol Stubbs) Mis! RALes, ca 28 Do. Sullivan, Miss J. M. ...... 139 Dovercourt Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7 Sullivan, Ts (Geu.<)., nfs 85 Nicholls Lane, Winterbourne, nr. Bristol A. Sutherland, We... ecco 12C Kingsdown Parade, Bristol, 6 Swaines Miss: As Kis. soa.0s sie Pisang Cottage, Nailsea, nr. Bristol Swanborough, R. E......... 24 Highfield Avenue, Hanham, Bristol SWeete Gar leach ants «imme te 40 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Sweet. Mis Giiiacnclo aeons Do. Sydenham, Wl J. 02: ie. 230 Overndale Road, Fishponds, Bristol Tanner, Miss"Ao > gost ee oc 5 The Paragon, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Masker: Vsvacrac.. cau stave: 46 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Aj Baylor Gi... Elesc antiene wee 12 Claremont Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 avlor Hades, tajetcs aye Harbury, Harbury Road, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol DRaylor RAC Se. yor. 26: 16 Stanbridge Road, Downend, Bristol Taylor, S. M., B.Sc., Glenalan, Station Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol A.M.1I.Mech.E. Paylor, Mrs.'Si Me ©0208" Do. Taylor Mrs. WoUIN Go as.c 84 46 Islington Road, Bedminster, Bristol, 3 Tetley, Mrs. BoA: 2.252224, 4 The Avenue, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9 Thearle Ra Po ge eee eee 17 Miles Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Whearle irs ie eae. cee Do. Thompson, Mrs. M. E....... 157 Westbury Lane, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9 ‘Thornhill He ALY nee Heddon, Church Lane, Farleigh, Backwell, nr. Bristol Praylen, Miss'W. Vic fo. 24 16 Reedley Road,Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Trewman, Mrs. V.C.B..... 11 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8 A. i. *Walhs, Dr. F.S., D.Sc., Ph:D., a Op Turner, Miss E. E. As teh ite ans MEMBERS 229 12 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Turner, H. W., M. Ae .. F.G.S. The Cottage, Kensington Place, Clifton, Vance, Mrs. R. D. Warn iviiss iE. M......... Vernon, J. D. R., *Vernon, W. F.°.. B.Sc. Vickery, Miss P. M. ......... Vine, Miss D. J., N.F.F. Vinnicombe, Miss E. J., B.Sc. - M.A. Vowles, D. G., B. Vowles, bgt: Ea Vowles, Miss P., M.B., Ch.B. Wade, Miss B. .. Wagner, M.A... Sc. (Econ.) Wakefield, Mrs. G. S. ...... Walker, Miss S. O. Wallington, W. A. | ree oe eee eee Wallington, Miss J. ........ F.G.S. Wareham, Miss C. Wareham, Miss F. *Warne, Dr. L. G. EN seta, & G., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.L:s. Watkins, N. A., M.A., F.R.E.S. Webb, A. BE. 2. i: Webb, Mrs. A. E. Webb, N. RR: .. ... Weeks, A. H..... Weir, Mrs. A. M. *Welch, Dr. F. B. Ph.D., F.G.S. Welch,.M.. Ji... «.. oe ee ee we we ow Welshman, Miss M. J. ...... West, Miss N. L. Westcott, Miss M. Whistler, L. D. .. White, D. S., B.Sc. Whiting, Dr. H. M.A., Ph.D. V., M:Se. PDs. *Whittard, Prof. W. F., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. Williams, Mrs. G. E......... Williams, T. R. J., M.Sc., A.R.I.C Williams, Mrs. T. R.J....... *Willis, Dr. A. J., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. NNO AReGD 4! beans t eee ees eececeece eee Bristol, 8 The Post Office, Nailsea, nr. Bristol 128 King’s Head Lane, Uplands, Bristol, 3 22 St. David’s Road, Thornbury, nr. Bristol Wyngarth, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol 17 Arlington Villas, Clifton, Bristol, 8 64 The Crescent, Henleaze, Bristol 32 Ridgeway Road, Long Ashton, Bristol 2 York Avenue, Ashley Down, Bristol, 7 11 Stanhope Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset 19 Southmead Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 1 Tyndall’s Park Road, Bristol, 8 Sheperdine House, Thornbury, nr. Bristol 2 Southwood Avenue, Coombe Dingle, Bristol, 9 17 Wallscourt Road, Filton, Bristol Bregar, Station Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol O. Torquay Natural History Museum, The Museum, Torquay, Devon Corscombe, Church Lane, Backwell, nr. Bristol Do. 34 Clothorn Road, Didsbury, Manchester, 20 18 Old Sneed Park, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9 1 Hampton Park, Redland, Bristol, 6 Do. 45 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 4 Shepherds Way, Rickmansworth, Herts. Hursley Hill, Whitchurch, Bristol H.M. Geological Survey and Museum, South Kensington, London, S.W.7 44 Conygre Road, Filton, Bristol 2 Kings Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4 18 Dennyview Road, Abbots Leigh, nr. Bristol 20 Linden Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 8 Dundonald Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 44 The Park, Kingswood, Bristol 62 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol, Bristol, 8 Pineheath, de Maulley Road, Bournemouth 24 Orchard Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol Do. Dept. of Botany, University of Bristol, Bristol, 8 40 Claremont Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7 Do. 230 AFFILIATED SOCIETIES Wilmott, H. A., B.Sc., 17 Salisbury Road, Redland, Bristol, 6 A.M.1.C.E. Wilmott,:Mirs. A... eee Do. Winchester, Miss D. E........ 8 Richmond Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Withers): Miss Di sia: oct 104 Wells Road, Bath, Somerset H. *Womersley, H., F.R.E.S., South Australian Museum, North Terrace, A.L.S. Adelaide, South Australia Woodland: Poy) M. Ay ve. Dursley Grammar School, Dursley, Glos. WrghtiMir Acticin \tenats a. tie 28 Glebe Road, Long Ashton, Bristol Yemm,,; Prof. Ei. EL. W., B.A., Stoneleigh, Long Ashton, Bristol D.Phil. ae B Yemm, Mrs. E. W., A. Do. H. *Yonge, Prof. C. M., C.B.E., Dept. of Zoology, The University, Glasgow PhD? DSc: ERS; E.R.S.E. INGO UTA BS 2 etineias creo eee 12 Clifford Gardens, Shirehampton, Bristol Noung: Mirsi IK Bos 0. tees Do. Zunz; Mass’. D.,. S.R.N., 39 Henley Grove, Henleaze, Bristol S.C.M. AFFILIATED SOCIETIES BATH— Bath Natural History Society (Hon. Secretary, F. R. Sterne), 9 Charlcombe Way, Bath, Somerset City of Bath Training College, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe, nr. Bath, Somerset BristoL— Bedminster Down Secondary School, Donald Road, Bristol, 3 Bristol, Clifton and West of England Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Bristol Grammar School Field Club, Elton Road, Bristol, 8 British Broadcasting Corporation (Natural History Unit), Broadcasting House, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, 8 Clifton High School Field Club, College Road, Bristol, 8 College of St. Matthias, Fishponds, Bristol Duncan House School Scientific Society, The Promenade, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Portway Secondary Boys’ School Field Club, Shirehampton, Bristol Queen Elizabeth’s Hospital Natural History Society, Berkeley Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8 Red Maids Scientific Society, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Redland High School for Girls Field Club, Redland Court, Bristol, 6 Trafalgar Social Club, Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., 35 Queen Square, Bristol, 1 University of Bristol Horticultural Science Laboratories, Bracken Hill, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8 University of Bristol Geological Society, Queen’s Building, University Walk, Bristol, 8 University of Bristol Zoological and Botanical Societies, The University, Bristol, 8 DursLEY— : Dursley & District Bird Watching and Preservation Society (Hon. Secretary, T. P. Walsh), 76 Kingshill Road, Dursley, Glos. Dursley Grammar School Natural History Society, Dursley, Glos. Kincswoop— Kingswood Grammar School Natural History Society, Hanham Road, Kings- wood, nr. Bristol LEYHILL— Birdwatching Group, H.M. Prison, Leyhill, nr. Falfield, Glos. REPORT OF COUNCIL IQ. t 20 affliated societies. At the Annual General Meeting the Officers and Members of Council were elected with Dr. F. Coles Phillips as President. The usual General and Sectional meetings were held and the Field meetings continue to provide a popular and varied programme. A sub-committee has been very busy making arrangements for the Centenary, including the Dinner on May 8, and an exhibi- tion in early June. The Annual Dinner was held on March 17, in the Senior Common Room of the University, once again lent by courtesy of its members. Our guest speaker was Mr. I. G. Mathers who showed us his colour film, the first ever taken, of the Cameroons. It was a very successful evening; 110 people were present. The deaths during the year of Mr. E. H. Day, Miss A. C. Favell, Mr. C. R. Hobbs, Mrs. A. Marsden, Mr. E. E. Owen and Miss A. E. Taylor are recorded with much regret. [To membership is now 641, including a Junior Section of 89. There are A. CG. LEACH, Hon. Secretary. EPO RE ENTOMOLOGICA TeQuo . T the Annual General Meeting, held on January 3, 1961, Mr. Norman A. Watkins was re-elected President and Mr. M. Ackland Secretary. In June . Mr. Ackland resigned as he was leaving Bristol and Miss B. E. Jones and Dr. D. A. Stopher acted as joint secretaries for the rest of the year. There were three indoor meetings during the year as follows: Mar. 7: Fossil Insects. Dr. R. J. G. Savage. Oct. 3: Films—Monarch Butterfly, Alder Wood Wasp. Nov. 7: Annual Exhibition. On Sunday, June 4, the Section held a Field Meeting in the Mendips at Burrington Combe. D. A. STOPHER, Hon. Secretary. “- EEE EE EEE EDL EE eee ee "Z96T ‘Axenuef OT ‘PO6L “Arenue, ZT ; , ‘“ojupnpy uo ‘LLATTIIEC “A ‘V 4aansvaayT “uOH ‘TLOOUAHLAN ‘WN ‘f ‘d ‘yoo1100 puno}y pue poyIpny 8 0 F1'TF L % GOU'TF | 8 O FETT? 4 b sorts : "PQ ‘SOT S87 dATOSOY AIvUI}UD SUIpNOUT, 0 ST S&F +2 yUNODOR jSe] UIOIJ SoouLTegG “‘ J OT Z9E ee BO Ve pee aa 8S GTZ O FI ChL OE VAs: 3 ** 9977TUIWOD plat JO spuey Uy G 8 LS O10 006 2 4 spuog sousjeq 7S 00ZF 0 0 002 0 0 OT spuog eousjeq %G OOS UO yseIa}UT ““ Qg LT L 6 ZL GIL °° yu ssutaes s0IYO so ul }sodeqy 6 9T ZIT 0 913 UL SAUIALS B01JO 380d Ul ysodep uo yser9}UT “ g CT F Ee Oe 016 88 € 614 ‘* JouUIp uo yyoIg “ - — — 00 6 enbayo po}ueseidun ssa7 SSS So a .f uy uo Wwoig “ Z Zl 19 IL 9 OIL ie "* -yueg ze ysed G 9L &I saesuedxo I9A0 snidins :903}1uIWIOD ppry “ G TIT ¢& : UNODOY }XoU 07 ssouRTe “ O FTI S89 & £ 499 < OT S89 4 6 999 —— = aaa e ee te tO a CGR ma IT & 2L& SOL 1 24 S CoOL eve Jo mmo jsedsq t= = 0 0.1 ss = suoHeoryqnd Joseyeg te 3 Eg ‘+ Aefdsiq MopuIm “ Q ZF T 006 rue gt ae sIaqiiosqns C2 ss. eee 9 3 aus Os se sozeredas 0 0 OL oe oe ee oe ee iorun{ 0 0 OL ee ee ee ee sIoyNy 0 0 G °° By 7 ** TeorsopouzTiOC > (0961) ssutpaas0rg “ OF 0S = 4 a Ro [TeoIsoTOax) 0 916 i eo "5 SToqLIOsqns Zoop nop 3 Big Bs ‘+ yeorsoTou0; Us 2 (6G61) ssurpaaI0rg =“ 0 0 GI oe oe oe oe jeoruejog 02 2 oe oe ** suorjeu0qg “ = : SUOT}OVG OJ sS}URINn “ Qo Q GZ 8 6 SIO FO €& 829 STs; oe oe oe oan IguUIq UO sso_T “ 0 6 T 00 9 SSUTJIOJI [elouex) JOSosuedxy pue sarey ““ Q eB ZL 0 0 66——— OSS == 0 0 66 °° T96T sarjeroos poyenyy “ 0 0 Zé 0 0 6 iv ae i ysnil wyOH dve4g O OT &I 0 OT 02 0 8 & om 7 UCTU RY SISIGI EN Mtey se nO 0 6 & 0 ¢ “* G96T 0 OL ZG =k "ozo ‘oINZeN OF [LOUNOD, 0osg¢ I 0 G 0@ °° T96T siorunf “ 0 0 GZ > suolydiiosqns ‘ 0 0 OL —— PaGeLe => O OLT °* 696T 8 9°-Z BUTpIIng Ss, usen() 0} syoog Joylodsuery “6 -— -— — 0 OLS °** IT96T soyeroossy “ 9 ZT 6 Oo 6less ‘+ (Ateiqr]) 6 | Alternating thin beds of sandstone and shale I 6 S 5 | Yellow-brown decalcified sandstone crowded a with molluscan moulds... Oo I a 4 | Black clayey shale with sandstone. partings = and 1 inch beef bed near top she 3 ) 3 | Black shale and calcareous micaceous sand- stone in thin alternating beds we ae I O 2 | Calcareous sandstone ae oe es e) I 1 | Bone Bed 55 ) 5 Za Tea Green Marl aS 3 eh marly ane ) stone bed near top . Es = Bets 7+ HH [Red Marl] 276 R. J. G. SAVAGE Red Marl can be seen near the railway bridge while at the beginning of the new cut the Tea Green Marls are exposed. These are followed by a nodular quartz pebble conglomerate, the basal bone bed of the Rhaetic (1), rich in fish remains: the bed occurs in nodules up to two feet across and up to 5 inches deep. The pebbles in the nodules range up to 6 inches diameter and are well worn and set in a fine quartz matrix with phosphatic inclusions. No andesite or Carboniferous Limestone pebbles were found and pebbles of ‘Trias Marl were not numerous. The Bone Bed is succeeded by a thin calcareous sandstone (2), coarse in patches and containing phosphatic nodules and rolled vertebrate remains. Above this is a series (3) of grey-black shales alternating with thin bands of fine-grained calcareous micaceous sandstone, current- bedded and with ripple marks and worm tracks. Both the shale and sandstone contain vertebrate remains, lignite occurs in the shale and streaks of crystalline sphalerite are present in the sand- stone. Bed (4) is more predominantly a clayey shale with subor- dinate sandstone partings and a one inch beef band near the top. The thin yellow-brown decalcified sandstone (5) is crowded with molluscan moulds though the poor preservation admits only two identifiable species. ‘The succeeding black shales are rich in bi- valves and the hard calcareous sandstone bed (7) has numerous lightly pyritized fossils. The Cotham beds commence with a grey-white thinly bedded limestone (10) which is crowded with fragments of vertebrates, mainly fish scales together with a few molluscans. The succeeding marls and shales did not yield fossils and are capped by 6 inches of Cotham Marble. Nodules of the marble up to 3 feet diameter were seen in the tips from the road cutting while zm sztu smaller ones were recorded. The marble displays clearly the ‘landscape’ features, some nodules having two tiers of ‘woods’: the top surface of many nodules was botryoidal and the sides markedly corded. No ‘Crazy Cotham’ was recorded. A thin clay band separates the Cotham Marble from the overlying Langport Beds; these comprise rubbly limestones below, rich in molluscan moulds, and white flaggy limestone above. About 18 inches of the latter was seen below the subsoil. The species list (Table 2) shows that the fauna is almost exclu- sively a fish and bivalve assemblage. No reptilian remains were found and there are no associated fish remains, the finds com- prising isolated teeth, scales and spines. Fish scales are abundant at several levels and where identifiable can be referred to Gyrolepis. Small Nemacanthus spines occur at three levels and the other species listed are represented by abundant teeth. The molluscs are poorly RHAETIC EXPOSURE AT EMBOROUGH 277 TABLE 2. SPECIES FROM THE RHAETIC OF OLD DOWN SPECIES BeEpDs Bivalves ? Astarte Cercomya praecursor (Quenstedt) Chlamys valoniensis (de France) “‘Tsocyprina’’ ewaldi (Bornemann) ... Lima (Plagiostoma) praecursor Quenstedt .. Modiolus hillanus ( J. Sowerby) Pleuromya tatei Richardson & Tutcher Protocardia rhaetica (Merian) Rhaetavicula contorta (Portlock) Unionites? liasinus (Roemer) Fish Acrodus minimus Agassiz Hybodus cloacinus Quenstedt Nemacanthus monilifer Agassiz Gyrolepis albertt Agassiz Sargodon tomicus Plieninger Saurichthys acuminatus Agassiz preserved, usually as moulds or pyritized. Some bedding planes in the Westbury beds are crowded with small elliptical impressions, the so-called ‘Pullastra’ beds; Dr. L. R. Cox considers these shells should be referred to the genus Unioniies Miinster, more commonly known by the pre-occupied name Anoplophora Alberti. Modiolus hillanus has long been referred to in this country as M. langportensis Richardson & Tutcher. The beds are horizontal throughout and there is no trace of the disturbance recorded by Woodward (1876) half a mile to the east, where the Rhaetic is down-faulted against the Dolomitic Conglom- erate and folded into a small syncline; the section as recorded by Woodward has a thicker succession in the Westbury Beds (Table 3). 278 R. J. G. SAVAGE TABLE 3. RHAETIC SUCCESSIONS AS RECORDED IN VICINITY OF EMBOROUGH SITE and Chilcompton | Emborough | Emborough | Old Down Railway Ochre Fullers’ Earth|Road Cutting Cutting Pit Works AUTHOR Woodward | Morgan & | Richardson | (described 1876 Reynolds IQII above) 1899 LANGPoRT BEpDs — — Os, 10’ approx. CoTHAM BEDs 3’ Alieron Tha ena WEsTBURY BEDs 18’ TO, yr nO) erlee LOM Gud” TEA GREEN Mar_s Wy, 6 TO 10’ 1 ia Lloyd Morgan & Reynolds (1899) record Rhaetic exposed in the Emborough Ochre Pits, about half a mile south-west of the Old Down Inn. Neither Woodward nor Lloyd Morgan and Reynolds noted the Cotham Marble in situ, but Richardson (1911) includes it in his section for Emborough. Being a nodular rather than a continuous bed it is easy to miss it in small sections. I acknowledge the help in the field of Mr. T. R. Fry and Mr. M. E. White who collected fossils while I recorded the section, and I am indebted to Dr. L. R. Cox for kindly identifying the molluscs. REFERENCES Morean, C. Lloyd & Rrynotps, S. H. 1899. Triassic deposits at Emborough. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 9, 109-117. Ricuarpson, L. 1911. The Rhaetic and contiguous deposits of west, mid and parts of east Somerset. Quart. 7. geol. Soc. Lond. 67, 1-74. Woopwarp, H. B. 1876. Geology of East Somerset and the Bristol Coal-fields. Mem. Geol. Surv. England & Wales. 279 SOME NOTES ON THE RHAETIC SEDIMENTS OF THE FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE, NEAR BRISTOL By D. HAmILTon (Department of Geology, University of Reading) INTRODUCTION HE construction of the Filton By-Pass Substitute (Grid Ref. ST797570 to S1835606) has exposed three fine sections of Rhaetic rocks. These were examined during the summer and autumn of 1961. As most of the exposures will be grassed over when the road is completed, this paper is a record, albeit incomplete, of sedimentary features in the Rhaetic sequence. The stratigraphical sequence (Fig. 1) is generally similar to that of other Rhaetic sections in the Bristol area, but there are local variations in both the lower Westbury Beds and the upper Cotham Beds. The distribution of these beds is shown on the map (Fig. 2), and for ease of reference the chainages along the road are indicated. Sections exposing Rhaetic rocks extend from chainages 36 to 73, 98 to 110 (good section) and 142 to 18o. THE WESTBURY BEDS The basal Bone Bed, overlying the Tea Green Marls, is domin- antly sandy, in contrast to the large blocky conglomerate present at this horizon at Aust. At 75ch., the top of the Tea Green Marl appears to have been eroded and is followed by 35 cm. of coarse friable sand with pebbles and vertebrate debris, interbedded with clayey sand. At 11och., abundant vertebrate debris and pebbles set in a calcareous, sandy clay matrix fill small depressions in the Tea Green Marl surface. Pebble types in the Bone Bed include angular to sub-angular cherts and siliceous sandstones, well rounded vein and metaquartzite pebbles (?gastroliths, Wickes, 1908), and at 36ch. to 38ch., small blocks (up to 10 cm.) of poorly cemented sandstone, which appear to be intraformational. The presence of soft blocks, the mixture of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate debris (Dr. B. Tarlo, pers. comm.), the very poor sorting, and its strati- graphical position support the interpretation that this bed, in the Bristol area, was deposited in a transgressive littoral zone (Donovan, 1955, P- 25). 80 D. HAMILTON Fie, 2. STRATIGRAPHICAL SUCCESSION OF THE RHAETIC SEDIMENTS <=- JURASSIC RHAETIC TRIASSIC c o o = o § oO ac E ore e = o = 2] 60+ lu = af o 7) ra) WwW aw = = ce e ,o) o) CBI WB3 i WB2 (2) lw o > tc = o = () 7. = 80-100 WBl 5 1g |o: a = FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE r[.]] Limestones with interbedded clays White Lias clay with mud flakes. not present — Tight Landscape Marble and Crazy Cotham Marble. Channels. Tight clay with ? algal balls. passing down into Sandy ripple lenticles interbedded with clay. Lenticular calcareous mudstone with sand lenticles. Desiccation cracks Tight clay, with sand streaks and ?algal balls passing down into Clay with interbedded ripple lenticles and sand beds, which become more frequent towards the base Loose sand ~- rusty Calcareous rippled sandstone with interbedded clay Laminated clay with ripple lenticles and sand beds becoming more frequent towards the base Deformed calcareous mudstone with sand lenticles Laminated silty clay with ripple lenticles and sand beds Calcareous mudstone with shell beds, fish scales and teeth, Naiadita lanceolata, Small channels Laminated dark shales with ? algal balls Shell bed often concretionary Laminated dark shales with sand streaks Ripple lenticles occur towards the _ base Upper Pecten Bed Loose sand Laminated dark shales Shell bed - completely leached Laminated dark shales with ripple lenticles Rippled sand beds occur near base Lower Pecten Bed Loose sand Paper shales ~- hard fissile Laminated dark shales with ripple lenticles Rippled sand beds near base Bone bed, sandy, rich in vertebrate debris, siliceous pebbles, and soft sandstone blocks Marls and Cemented sandstones RHAETIC SEDIMENTS OF THE FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE 281 The beds overlying the Bone Bed are dominantly argillaceous and contain two limestone horizons known as the Upper and Lower Pecten Beds. Above the Bone Bed, the shales are inter- bedded with numerous thin rippled sand beds. These decrease in. thickness and frequency upwards, giving way to ripple lenticles before the appearance of the Paper Shales, which underlie the Lower Pecten Bed. The interbedded shales have fine sandy laminae throughout, though those in the Paper Shales are only a few grains thick. Thus not only is there a decrease in the fre- quency and thickness of the sandstone bands but also in the proportion of the sandy fraction in the shales. | The incoming of both the Lower and Upper Pecten Beds is abrupt, following a thin bed of loose sand. ‘These dark limestones consist mainly of shells and shell fragments, with dark organic material and muddy lenses. Complete but disarticulated shells, mostly of Pecten valonensis, are common on the upper and lower surfaces, but the interior of the limestone is extensively recrystal- lised. ‘The limestones appear to be either current concentrated shell beds or shell banks subjected to current action. ‘The Upper Pecten Bed lenses out at 67ch. and it is likely that the Lower Pecten Bed is also lenticular. Above each limestone are thin beds of loose coarse sand, followed by a sequence of laminated shales and interbedded sands and ripple lenticles, similar to those of the underlying sequence. Here the Westbury Beds comprise three repetitions of sedi- mentary features. Each cycle starts with a wave or current concentrated deposit, usually calcareous and with abundant fossils. Upwards in the cycle, the rocks become increasingly more argillaceous. THE COTHAM BEDS The contact between the Westbury and Cotham Beds is sharp. There are small scale erosional irregularities on the shale surface and rolled lumps of Westbury Beds occur in the base of the Cotham Beds (180ch.). The Cotham Beds, though they are more cal- careous than the Westbury Beds, also show cycles of sedimentation. Four cycles or minor cyclothems can be distinguished (Fig. 1). The features of a cycle are, briefly: (1) a basal calcareous horizon, above which there is usually a gradual reduction in the amount of carbonate, (2) shell or sand beds, or ripple lenticles, most common near the base of a cycle but which decrease in frequency upwards, (3) an increase in the proportion of clay upwards in each cycle. Local variations however are common: The basal calcareous horizons of the first, second and fourth EN = —7 ox, %, 5 e (/X ans Gas Ce —— eee — ==, j = > Shee O10 ce: °S. Ah ° (et epEeSS: == —— aunt 7/ glia ae woe s \ VA <= a= 6s) (os) Sy / PI ig ae \eyr er > , HA x 6x). * ye = ANS A ¢ \// 42,9 3P9G woyy LY 3 .2 5017 2N18 a w vee RHAETIC SEDIMENTS OF THE FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE 283 cycles have argillaceous bands interbedded with sand beds, sand ripple lenticles, or shell and organic debris deposits. All show evidence of deposition under fluctuating current conditions, yet each of the limestones has distinctive features. The basal horizon of the first cycle has numerous shell beds, often filling shallow channels up to 10 cm. wide and in places (180ch.) colonised by algae. The algae include encrusting and small branching forms. Rippled sand beds become more common higher in the horizon and these give way to sand lenticles. Small channel structures remain common throughout. Some bedding planes are crowded with fish teeth, scales and vertebrae, and others with ostracods. Many of the finer grained beds, between 5 and 15 cm. above the base, are strewn with fragments of Nazadita lanceolata. In the base of the second cycle, sand lenticles interbedded in calcareous mudstone are profuse. Almost throughout its length of outcrop, this rock shows small scale flow folds (Pl. VI, 1) formed before the sediments were consolidated. ‘The deformation is con- fined to this horizon and the folds lack a strong directional com- ponent in the outcrops seen. The base of the third cycle is characterised by the dominance of sand over carbonate and consists of calcite cemented medium sands. Oscillation ripples are ubiquitous, usually showing internal evidence of migration, and some sets of ripple directions lie at right angles to those on adjacent bedding planes. The undersurfaces of the cemented sands have casts of trails, dragmarks, runnels, pits, desiccation cracks and small mud lumps—these features having formed on, or in, the thin interbedded clays. The fourth calcareous horizon is often lenticular and concre- tionary. It is cut by a number of vertical cracks, up to 15 cm. deep, 3 cm. wide at the top and which taper downwards. They form a polygonal pattern, some polygons measuring 60 cm. across but most are smaller than this. The cracks, now filled with small shell fragments, coarse and fine sand, and clay (Pl. VI, 2), are interpreted as deep desiccation cracks. Early shrinkage jointing has probably facilitated the formation of small sedimentary dykes between ripple lenticles on the left of the main crack in the speci- men. Later sinuous shrinkage cracks are lined with clear calcite, or sometimes with pale blue celestite. Each of the calcareous horizons is overlain by sandy oscillation ripples or lenticles interbedded with silty clay. The sand ripples are usually cemented with calcite and often show the casts of trails on their undersurface. These beds pass up into clays with fine sand streaks. In the upper clays, irregular calcareous ‘‘balls”’ 284 D. HAMILTON occur (Pl. VI, 3), these being abundant at 65 to 7och. and 104 to 108ch. ‘The upper surfaces of some of these balls are locally perforate, and the interior and undersides are profusely cracked as if by shrinkage. The cushion shapes suggest growth on bedding planes, whilst the tiered shapes suggest upward growth as a result of deposition of sediment, lateral extension taking place during pauses in deposition. These structures are tentatively interpreted as algal balls. ‘hey also occur in the top 30 cm. of the Westbury Beds at 180ch. and have been noted in the clay horizons of both the Westbury and Cotham Beds at places in the Aust Cliff. During the road construction work, sizeable areas of Landscape Marble were uncovered. It was possible to observe that: (a) the algal bioherms (Hamilton, 1961) almost always occur on the same level within the uppermost clay of the top cycle, (b) rarely some bioherms were overturned (179ch.), (c) channelling is most evident at this horizon, (d) mud flakes are concentrated in the channels (Crazy Cotham Marble) as well as in the depressions between, and on top, of the algal masses, (e) very frequently the algae colonised small shell banks, channel fills and sedimentary mounds, and (f) both the algal bioherms and channel deposits are strongly cemented with calcite, contrasting with the enclosing clay. Generally 2 to 8 cm. of clay with flakes separate the Landscape Marble from the overlying Blue Lias, but at 55ch. Blue Lias limestone wraps directly over Landscape Marble. DISCUSSION There is a close similarity between the sequences at Aust and the Filton By-Pass Substitute, but they are not identical. Even within the length of the Filton road works there are differences in thickness and detailed sequence. ‘This is to be expected in a very shallow water suite with evidence of repeated exposure and local erosion. However, the repetition of sedimentary features does suggest that both the Westbury and Cotham Beds are each com- prised of several cycles, or minor cyclothems. The basal bed of each cycle was deposited under conditions of greatest energy, 7.e. current and/or wave action, with a gradual reduction of energy input from the environment as the cycle progressed. Such conditions could have been caused by relatively small oscillations of the strand line, and probably there were associated changes in the nature of materials received from the source area. Hallam (1961, 159) has pointed out that the Rhaetic sequence can be considered as a cyclothem, with shales dominant in the lower portion (Westbury Beds), passing into marls (Cotham VoL. XXX, Pr. IIIB PLaTE VI RHAETIC SEDIMENTS OF THE FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE 285 Beds) and limestones (White Lias) at, the top. It is interesting to note that this lithological sequence is virtually reversed in the small cycles described in this paper. Since the completion of fieldwork, it has been learned that Mr. H. C. Ivimey-Cook, B.Sc., (Geological Survey), has recognised cycles in the occurrence of fossils in the Rhaetic sequence in east Glamorgan (pers. comm.). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to thank: Mr. and Mrs. W. Vernon, Easter Compton, for repeated hospitality; Mr. J. B. Fairhall, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E., Resident Engineer, Gloucester County Council, for permission to examine exposures during construction work and for the use of a base map; Dr. R. Goldring, Geology Department, Reading University, for helpful comments on the manuscript; Mrs. A. Lees for draughting Figs. 1 and 2; and Mr. A. Barkus for photographic assistance. A grant for travelling expenses and towards the cost of production of this paper by the Research Board, Reading University, is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES Donovan, D. T. 1955. Rhaetic, pp. 24-25 in Chapter 1, Geology, in Bristol and its Adjoining Counties. J. W. Arrowsmith, Bristol. Hallam, A. 1961. Cyclothems, Transgressions and Faunal Change in the Lias of North-West Europe. Trans. Edinb. geol. Soc., 18, 124-174. Hamilton, D. 1961. Algal Growths in the Rhaetic Cotham Marble of Southern England. Palaeontology, 4, 324-333. Wickes, W. H. 1908 (for 1907). Pebble-swallowing animals. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 4th Ser., 2, 25-31. EXPLANATION OF PLATE Plate VI, 1. Penecontemporaneous folding in the calcareous horizon at the base of cycle CB2, Cotham Beds. From 179ch. Negative print of acetate peel from $12,001, Reading University Geology Dept. Catalogue. Plate VI, 2. Deep desiccation crack (middle), filled with sand and clay, in calcareous mudstone with sand lenticles, at the base of cycle CB4, Cotham Beds. Small sand dyke on left of main crack. Late shrinkage cracks (black) filled with calcite. From 179ch. Negative print of acetate peel from $12,002. Plate VI, 3. Possible algal balls from uppermost clay of cycle CB4, Cotham Beds. A. Cushion shape—growth on a bedding plane. B. Tiered shape— upward growth during deposition of sediment, lateral growth during pauses in sedimentation. C. Shrinkage cracks on underside and inside. From 105ch. $12,003. , - “ > = oS it a 7 4 M . ~ ‘ i) j | ~ ‘ Ss roe © 4 ‘ FE oe L PRESIDENTS WILLIAM SANDERS hae ah oe ay ee ‘sant LoPOGR HENRY E. FRIPP ... Se Fas we Lap oe Bi 76 GEORGE FORSTER BURDER ... chs Sir side ee 80 JOHN BEDDOE _.... ; ae it o ae nae 83 Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY if? ie =i aa Sah 84 Rev. THOMAS HINCKS ... at ee Re ie ae 87 Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN ... are ate sae ee go Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER _... is he aes sie 93 Professor SYDNEY YOUNG oP es ay ae a 94 S. H. SWAYNE Ais a OSs Bm a ie 97 Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN th Aas ue Ps ie 99 ARTHUR B. PROWSE _... ay dine ee Kee TOO! Cc. K. RUDGE Suh a i ses Acie PAE ae 04 JAMES W. WHITE oe Ae ves oN, os aia 07 G. MUNRO SMITH a es raf ne ae. a 10 Miss I. M. ROPER .. Met ate &: Pa aot ae 13 G. C. GRIFFITHS . ee a ae ee ee b7 ERNEST (later Sir Brriest) H. COOK nie oe sie 19 H. WOMERSLEY .... act wee ie we as se 22 Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE _... oe as aah a 24 JAMES RAFTER _... Es ne es ee es oes 27 A. L, FLEMMING ... es ae an at ay fe 30 Je W. TUTCHER ..... oe oy oo see 33% ane 31 F. S. WALLIS 8 “a aK sad are 2a 33 Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE a) se wii Nes ay 34. G. E. J. McMURTRIE _... site Sas e, ae ue 35 Professor MACGREGOR SKENE “oy a oe ms 38 H. TETLEY ie ede ae mes si a he 42 Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR a a, a owe ae 45 F. W. EVENS os A ad a af wide ae 48 H. H. 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M. F. .... 8 Beaconsfield Road, Clifton, Bristol 8 Blake, Miss F. N., B.Sc. .... 18 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol 8 BlanGeie les BAY sis cee 8 Clifton College, Clifton, Bristol 8 BOA MISSS Se. see eee s g Hughenden Road, Clifton, Bristol 8 Bond, Dr. T. E. T., D.Sc., Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol Ph.D. Britton; MassoP) Joc... 2... Village Farm, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol | BO (ed ETS oa tp [a ed ee Concord, Tickenham, Clevedon, Somerset VAP Pin OUUAT Nios icp susie cys) \ie sie 80s 10 The Dell, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Gook, Mass'G. F. By... 2... Tree Tops, 2 Welsford Road, Stapleton, Bristol Coombs, Miss B. O.....-... 27 Elburton Road, Sea Mills, Bristol 9 Denning, Wefan. k... ssa. wv g Hillhouse Road, Downend, Bristol Drury, Mrs. B.Al......../.. 97 West Broadway, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol Earp, Miss B. L.L., A.C.I.S. 8 Theresa Avenue, Bristol 7 Eyre-Brook, A. L..........: Druids Mead, Shirehampton Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 9 Blemungs Mrs: Ky. .s. 2.3. 74. Coombe Bridge Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 9 Glover, Miss A. M. ........ 10A West Park, Clifton, Bristol 8 Gotham, P.F., B.Sc. ...... Malverna, Wookey Hole Road, Wells, Somerset Griffiths, Dr. P. W. W., M.B., Hillview, Felton Common, Felton, nr. B.S., Dip.Bac. Bristol Griffiths, Mrs. P. W. W... Do. Hamilton, Mrs. D. ........ 25 Old Sneed Avenue, Stoke Bishop, Bristol 9 Harley, R.M:, BA. ..<... Dept. of Botany, University of Bristol, Bristol 8 Holley, Miss J. M.R. ...... 13 Oakwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol Hyman, Miss J. M. ........ 45 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol 290 NEW MEMBERS Kamm, M. D., A.R.I.C.S., Old Dower House, Highdale Rd., Clevedon, Q.A.L.A.S. Somerset Ay) Weates, Miss So Las. tee 56 Priory Road, Shirehampton, Bristol Co sendalla Mig 128 are sacra 9 Ray Lodge Mews, Ray Park Avenue, Maidenhead, Berkshire Iwewas, Muss Mes) ccc eae 10 Channons Hill, Fishponds, Bristol Lodowska, Miss A. M....... 28 Russell Grove, Westbury Park, Bristol 6 A. Manton, Miss-f. Ei... 252 11 Hampstead Road, Brislington, Bristol 4 Gu) sMassey. five, Oct. 29 (G.G.C_) ; up to 16 Nov. 3)— Dec. 16 (many observers) ; 28 flying W. and, half an hour later, 16 flying E., Dec. 22 (R.A.). Cheddar res.: eighteen, Feb. 18; 19, Nov. 11, and six, Dec. 26 (J.A.McG.). Chew Valley: not seen until Nov.—four on roth; nine on 18th (B.K.) and up to 24, Nov. 24 — Dec. 26 (many observers). BuzzArp~ Buteo buteo G. Single bird, Winterbourne, Feb. 3 (R.H.P.) ; nest, with one young bird, located nr. Marshfield (A.A.C.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 317 S. Nest with one young, nr. Bath, June 3 (K.A.H.). Other breeding season records from Portbury, Charterhouse, and Flax Bourton. SPARROWHAWK Accipiter nisus G. and S._ Breeding season records from Sea Mills, Sheperdine, Oldbury, Leigh Woods, Long Ashton, Bishop Sutton, and Midford, nr. Bath. Adult with two young, Blagdon, Aug. 12 (B.K.). HeN HarriER Circus cyaneus S. Female or immature, Sand Point, Dec. 2 (R.A.). Montacu’s HarrRiER Circus pygargus S. Immature bird, Chew Valley res., Aug. 4 (B.K.). Hossy Falco subbuteo G. Single birds, New Grounds, May 12, Aug. 15 (L.P.A.); juvenile, same place, Sept. 19 (H.H.D.). One over Clifton, May 29 (G.S.). S. Pair reared two young (later ringed) (L.T.) ; adult and one fledged young seen near same nest site, Sept. g (G.S., M.A.W.). Single birds, Blagdon, June 3 (R.M.C.), Aug. 18, 30 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; Saltford, June ro (P.H.), 15 (B.K.) ; Chew Valley res., July 22 (R.M.C.), Sept. 16 (W.J.S.) ; Cheddar res., Aug. 26 (J.A.McG.). PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus G. Single birds, Hotwells, Bristol, Jan. 4 (M.A.W.) ; Clifton, May 22 (G.S.) ; New Grounds, Oct. 1, Nov. 24, Dec. 14 (L.P.A., fe )-b., B.K., M.A.O.). S. Two, ad. and imm., Chew Valley res., Jan. 14—Feb. 10 (R.M.C., B.K., G.S., M.A.W.) ; up to three (two ads. and one imm.), same place, various dates, Aug. 11 — Oct. 27 (R.A., R.M.C., B.K., T.D.H.M.). Single birds, Sand Bay, Feb. 11 (R.A.); Brean Down area, Feb. 18 (H.G.H.), Mar. 5 (R.A.), Apr. 13, Oct. 13 (E.M.P.); Portishead, July 14 (J.F.B.). and Saltford, Aug. 17 (P.H.). Gyr Fatcon’ Falco rusticolus S. The bird first reported, Nov., 1961, Chew Valley res., was still present Jan. 6, 7 (R.M.C., P.H., B.K., G.S. et al.) and was last seen on 13th (W.J.S.). Meruin- Falco columbarius s) Chew Valley res.: one, Jan. 7, 20, Feb. 5, ro (H.H.D., 318 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT C.L., G.S.) ; ad. male, Feb: 11 (G.S.) and Aprazoe(ssk)), and single birds, Oct. 8 (P.G.H.), 21 (G.S.), Nov. 25 (W.J.S.). One, Wick St. Lawrence, July 16 (T.B.S.). RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa S. Pair, Brean Down, May 20 (J.R.B.). QuarIL Coturnix coturnix G. At least three calling, Marshfield, June 12 (H.W.N.) and two on 29th (R.M.C.). WatTER Ratt Rallus aquaticus G. New Grounds: one caught and ringed, Apr. 12 ; further five ringed, Oct. 1 — Dec. 12 (M.A.O.). Freshly dead birds, Thornbury, Sept. 20 (T.D.H.M.) and Easter Compton, Oct. 12 (W.F.V.). One, perhaps two, Oakford, nr. Marshfield, Dec. 24, 30 (A.A.C.). S. Single birds, Chew Valley res., Jan. 2 (J.R.B.), Mar. 3 (R.A.), July 31 (J.R.B.); two, same place, Weer o4( Paleo fone calling nr. Cheddar res., Nov. 3 (B.R.). Twelve flushed from Spartina beds by rising tide, Sand Bay, Feb. 7; single bird, Axe Estuary, Feb. 11 (T.B.S.). CORNCRAKE Crex crex G. and §. Two, nr. Butcombe, May 10 (R.L.) and single bird, Sand Point, on 13th (R.A.). Present in Saltford area, June — Aug. ; one calling nr. Bitton, Sept. 1 (P. 1:8.) Coot Fulica atra S. Reservoirs : peak counts, Cheddar, 2,800, Jan. 14 and 3,000, Dec. 26 (J.A.McG.) ; poor breeding season, Chew Valley, fewer than 20 broods seen (max. winter count, same place, 2,700, Dec. 16 (B.K.)) ; 113, Blagdon, July 7 (G.S.). Twelve on R. Avon, Saltford, in hard weather, Dec. 30 (B.K.). OYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus G. Three, New Grounds, Mar. 23, Apr. 18, Sept. 14 (L.P.A., Jeo S. Three, Blagdon res., Mar. 11 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and one, sometimes two, Chew Valley res., July 25 — 31 (various observers). Max. coastal count, g0-++, Weston Bay, Sept. 17 (R.A.). Larpwinc Vanellus vanellus S. Bird ringed, Pill, 16/1/61, recovered g50m. S., nr. Nava (Oviedo), Spain, —/1/62 (M.J.B.). Strong $.—S.W. movement BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 319 noted during hard weather, early Dec.; at least 800 over Nailsea on 7th (M.V.T.) and birds moving at rate of goo an hour over Cheddar res. on 8th (R.A.). RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula G. Max. counts, New Grounds: 100, May 31, and 300, Aug. 22 (L.P.A., M.A.O.). 200 on coast nr. Hallen, Aug. 19 (H.W.N.). S. Usual autumn records from reservoirs, with max. total of 91, Chew Valley, Aug. 29 (R.M.C., B.K.). Highest coastal count, 150, Sand Bay, Sept. 2 (R.A.). LitTLE RINGED PLOVER Charadrius dubius Sme@hew Walley res.:. one, Apr. 7 (R:A.); three imms., July 11 (R.M.C.) ; two, Aug. 4 (R.A.) and single birds, Aug. 8 ~ 12 (RoOVEC. BK... J-A.McG.). GrEY PLOVER Charadrius squatarola G. New Grounds: up to five, May 6- July 17; 40, Aug. 29 (le sErA:). S. Four, Yeo Estuary, Feb. 18 (J.R.B., C.L.) ; two, Sand Bay, Apr. 29; one, Axe Estuary, Sept 23 (R.A.). Reservoirs: single birds, Blagdon, Sept. 30 (B.R.) ; Cheddar, Oct. 7 (J.A.McG.) ; two, Chew Valley, Oct. 13 (J.A.McG.) and one, Dec. 2 (G.S.). GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius G. Max. count, New Grounds—150, Dec. 23 (L.P.A.). S. Axe Estuary area: 50, Jan. 28 (T.B.S.) ; 100, Oct. 20 and 200, Dec. 1 (R.A.). 250 on ploughed field nr. Bath, Jan. 28 (R.M.C.) ; up to 80 or more, Chew Valley res., Oct. 21 — Dec. 23 (various observers) ; 60, Bristol Airport, Dec. 5 (T.B.S.). TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres G. Four, New Grounds, Aug. 1 (L.P.A.). At least 300, Severn Beach, Aug. 19, and 200, Sept. 1 (I.H.S.). Forty, Oldbury, Oct. 20 (J.D.R.V.). S. Single bird, Kingston Seymour, July 28 (R.M.C.). Up to five, Sand Bay—Weston Bay area, Sept. 10 — Dec. 15 (R.A.). One, Chew Valley res., Aug. 25 (R.A.) and two, Sept. 16 (W.J.S.). Single bird, Cheddar res., Sept. g (R.M.C.). Jack SnieE Limnocryptes minimus S. Twonr. Hutton, Feb. 25 (W.L.R.). Six, Chew Valley res., Oct. 21 and at least 15 on 30th (J.R.B., C.L.) ; six, same place, Dec. 10, (B.R.). Single bird nr. Yatton, Dec. 10 (H.H.D.). C 320 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT Woopcock Scolopax rusticola S. Three flushed, Weston Woods, Dec. 29, 30 (R.A.). CurRLEwW Numenius arquata G. Migrant flocks moving N.E. over Downend, Bristol, during darkness, Mar. 29—calls heard for ten minutes or more (R.H.P.). 500, New Grounds, July 7, Aug. 22 (L.P.A., M.A.O.). S. 300, Sand Bay, Jan. 28; 200, same place, Sept. 2 (R.A.). Chew Valley res.: occasional, all seasons (max. nine, June 14) (various observers). BLACK-TAILED Gopwit Limosa limosa G. New Grounds: 34, July 22, and up to 40, Aug. — late Sept. (L.P.A.). S. Chew Valley res.: two, Apr. 8, 29 (R.M.C. e al.) ; 11 on goth (J.R.B., C.L.) and single birds, May 26 - June 11, July 14, Aug. 28 — Nov. 7 (many observers). One, Blagdon res., Sept. 16 (J.R.B., C.L.), Nov. 3 (R.M.C.). About 360, Sand Bay, Apr. 29 (R.A.) (see following species, same date). Four, Yeo Estuary, ly .2 07 (jee @ sla) BAR-TAILED Gopwir Limosa lapponica G. New Grounds: five, Apr. 19; exceptional gathering of 726, Apr. 29 (birds arriving from S. during day and moving off N. in late afternoon) ; only 58 counted on following day; eighty, same place, May 2; 27, Aug. 15 and eight, Sept. 19 (EE Rea Eee S. Counts, Weston Bay—Sand Bay area : nine, Jan. 13 (R.A.); 54, Apr. 15; 45 0n 29th (T.B.S.) ; six, July 29 (C.L.) and up to five, Sept. 10 — Dec. 16 (R.A., T.B.S.). Chew Valley res.: _ three, Apr. 29; six on 30th and May 2 (J.R.B.), and ten or more, Aug. 26 (Uishsy) GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus G. Up to four, New Grounds, Aug. 9-—Sept. 17, and two, Oct. 2 (L.P.A.). Two, Littleton brickworks, Aug. 24 (J.D.R.V.). S. Reservoirs: one, Barrow Gurney, Mar. 17 (J.R.B., C.L.) ; one, sometimes two, same place, Apr. and Aug. (various observers) ; usual records, Apr.—Sept., from Blagdon, Chew Valley and Cheddar, with max. of 24, Chew Valley, July (many observers) and 39, same place, Aug. 3 (C.L.). Single birds over Shipham, Aug. 3, Dec. 31 (T.B.S.) and at Saltford sewage farm, Sept. 30, Oct. 7 (P.T.S.). One, Wick St. Lawrence, Apr. 15 (T.B.S.) ; one, some- times two, Yeo Estuary, July 29 — Sept. 1 (J.R.B., C.L., T.B.S.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 321 Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola G. Single birds, New Grounds, June 3, Aug. 20, 21 (L.P.A., M.A.O.). S. Chew Valley res.: one, July 29 ; four, Aug. 8 ; five on 22nd (R°M-C., B.K.) ; up to four to end of month (J.F.B., R.M.C., B.K.) and single birds, Sept. 2 (N.J.C.), 9 (1.H.S.) and Oct. 5 —11 GNSE@ 3 R.M:C., G:S.). Single birds, Cheddar res., Aug. 23 (J.A.McG.) ; Blagdon res., Aug. 25 (R.A.), 30 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). REDSHANK Tringa totanus S. Breeding season records: nine pairs, Chew Valley res., Apr. 19 (B.K.)—nest with three eggs found, May 13 (W.J.S.) and pair with fully grown young bird, June 11 (B.K.). Two pairs, Portbury, Apr. 28 (W.J.S.). Pair with young, Woodspring Bay, June 29 (W.L.R.). SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus G. Eight, New Grounds, July 17; nineteen, Sept. 25; ten, @ctaraa (ese A. S. Two, Chew Valley res., Mar. 18 (S.I.B.), Apr. 17 (W.L.R.). Unusually numerous at reservoirs in autumn: up to seven, Chew Valley, Aug. /Sept. (various observers) and four, Oct. 6, 7 (R.M.C., B.R.); one still there, Nov. 3 (R.A.) ; two, Cheddar, Aug. 16 (J-A.McG.) ; fifteen, Blagdon, Aug. 30 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and max. count of 24, Sept. 9 (P.J.C.) ; up to nine, same place, in Oct. (many observers), and two, Nov. 5 (G.S.) ; one, Barrow Gurney, Sept. 5 (T.B.S.). One, Yeo Estuary, Apr. 1; five, Aug. 19 and single birds, Aug. 25, Nov. 4 (T.B.S.). GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia G. New Grounds: one, Apr. 29, and up to seven, July 22 - Sept. 5—often in W.T. enclosures (L.P.A.). S. Chew Valley res.: one, Jan. 28, Apr. 30 (J.R.B., R.M.C.) ; three, July 20 (T.B.S.) ; max. of 20, Aug. 27 (S.I.B.) ; up to ten in Sept. (various observers) and two, Oct. 21 (R.M.C.). Single birds, Barrow Gurney resrs., Aug. 8, 21 (T.B.S.) ; max. of nine, Cheddar res., Aug. 16 (J.A. McG.) and two, Sept. 9 (R.M.C.). Single birds, Weston Bay—Sand Bay: June 3 (J.R.B.), and July / Aug. (various observers) ; six, Sept. 7 (W.L.R.) and single birds, Sept. 16— Oct. 7 (R.A., T.B.S.). Knot Calidris canutus G. A few (max. 23), New Grounds, Aug. 22-—Sept. 9; 40 there, Sept. 19, 21 (L.P.A., H.H.D.). 322 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT S. Coastal counts include: 1,000, St. George’s Wharf, Jan. 14 (J.F.B.) ; 2,500, Sand Bay, Jan. 28, and 4,000, Weston Bay, Dec. 1 (R.A.). Immature bird, Chew Valley res., Aug. 16 (B.K.), Sept. 16 (W.J.S.). PURPLE SANDPIPER’ Calidris maritima S. One, in flight and calling, over rocks, Sand Point, Feb. 25 (T.B.S.)—full details supplied. LittLe Stinr Calidris minuta G. New Grounds: single bird, May 31; two, Aug. 15; seven, Sept. 30; three, Oct. 13 and one on 14th (L.P.A., H.J.B.). S. Two, Chew Valley res., Sept. 8, 9 (J.A.McG., T.B.S.) and single birds, Oct. 7 (W.J.S.), Nov. 3 (R.A., T.B.S.). One, Cheddar EES:, ep. 22 (BK). ‘TEMMINCK’S STINT Calidris temminckii S. Single bird, Chew Valley res., Sept. 8 (E.M.P.), 9 (S.E.C., J.A.McG., T.B.S.)—full details received. Dunuin_ Calidris alpina G. and §. Max. counts, New Grounds: 1,500, May 10; 800, July 18; 2,000, Aug. 22 (L.P.A., M.A.O.). Bird ringed (52627x), Pill, 17/1 /61, found dead, same place, 5/1 /62, had wing length of 122mm.—a measurement falling within range quoted for northern race, C. a. alpina (R.H.P.). Reservoir records include: 21, Chew Valley, Jan. 6 (G.C.B.); eight, Apr. 8; up to 75 in Aug. (many observers) and ten, Dec. 15 (R.M.C.). Max. counts from Cheddar —eleven, Aug. 16 (J.A.McG.) and Blagdon—five, Dec. 16 (R.M.C.). CURLEW SANDPIPER’ Calidris testacea G. New Grounds : single bird, Aug. 16; two, Aug. 21, Sept. 15; one, Sept. 24 (L.P.A., M.A.O.). S. Single birds at Chew Valley res., Apr. 30 (J.R.B.), Aug. 16 — 19 (R.M.C., B.K., J.A.McG.) and Oct. 11 (N.J.C.); and Blagdon res., Sept. 30 (B.R.). One, Weston Bay, Aug. 16 (R.A.). SANDERLING Crocethia alba G. New Grounds: 100, May 31; up to ten, Aug. /Sept. and 20, Oct. 13 (L: PAs, H.J-.B., M.A-©)). S. Weston Bay—Sand Bay: single bird, Mar. 25; up to three in Sept.; single birds, Dec. 1, 2 (R.A.). Two, Chew Valley res., May 10 (J.R.B., G.L.). : BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 32 ve Rurr. Philomachus pugnax G. Single bird, New Grounds, Jan. 1— 4; one, same place, May 6 and up to ten, Aug. — Oct. (L.P.A., M.A.O.). One, Hills Flats, nr. Sheperdine, Aug. 19 (J.D.R.V.). S. Chew Valley res.: two, Mar. 17 (R.A.); one, Apr. 7, 8 (R.A., R.M.C.); up to six, Aug. 3—Oct. 11 (various observers); two, Nov. 3; and one, Dec. 8 (R.A.). Single birds, Cheddar res., Aug. 6, 8, 26 (J.R.B., R.M.C., J.A.McG.); two, Blagdon res., Aug. 25 and one, Oct. 14, 20 (various observers). Single birds, Weston Bay, July 29, Dec. 1 (R.A.). GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL Larus marinus S. Breeding population on Steep Holm and The Denny (Mon.) totalled 133 pairs (95, Steep Holm; 38, Denny); 86 occupied nests located, Steep Holm, May 26, 27 (Res. Stn.). LeEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus graellsi S. Bred again, Chew Valley res.—three ads., each with young, June 11; 176 at roost, same place, Dec. 16 (B.K.). Herrinc Guitu Larus argentatus S. Thirty nests counted on The Denny (Mon.); eggs and chicks totalled 68, May 24 (Res. Stn.). At least 2,000, Chew Valley res., in late afternoon, Dec. 16 (B.K..). COMMON GULL Larus canus S. Counts in late afternoon, Chew Valley res., include: 350 — 400, Feb. 5 (G.S.); 2,000 or more, Dec. 16 (B.K.). 500, Weston Bay, Dec.,30 (R.A.). Giaucous /IcELAND GuLL Larus hyperboreus | glaucoides G. Immature bird, Clifton, Feb. 23: watched in flight for several minutes by P.J.C., who records that the entire plumage, including primaries, was pale buff. BLACK-HEADED GULL Larus ridibundus G. ‘Twenty or more, dead or dying, in severe weather, Eastville Park, Bristol, early Jan.; of sixteen dissected none showed evidence of starvation, main cause of death being congestion and inflamma- tion of the lungs—due probably to chilling (R.H.P.—who records that cold spell was not long enough to produce appreciable loss of weight). S. Juvenile ringed (3005837), Stoke, Kent, 17/6/56, shot 145m. W., Nailsea, 5/1/62 (H.R.H.). At least 7,000, Chew Valley res., late afternoon, Dec. 16 (B.K.). 324 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT KirtrwAkE ftussa tridactyla G. Immature bird, New Grounds, May 8, 19 (L.P.A.). S. Single ad., Clevedon, Feb. 17 (B.K.); one, Brean Down, Feb. 18 (H.G.H. e¢ al.) and dead ad., Sand Bay on 25th (T.B.S.). First-year bird, mouth R. Avon, Apr. 14 (R.H.P.). Single imms., Cheddar res., Aug. 26 (B:K_), Sept. 2, 4) GB iayF Biack TERN Chlidonias niger G. Thirty-five, New Grounds, Aug. 14 (L.P.A.). S. Spring record of ten, Chew Valley res., May 2 (B.K.). Fighty-eight, Chew Valley, July 25 (B.K.); 60, same place, Aug. 17 (J.D.R.V.) and seven, Sept. 5 (R.M.C.). Three, Barrow Gurney resrs., Aug. 20, Sept. 4 (T.B.S.). Up to eight, Cheddar res., various dates, Aug.— Oct. (H.G.A., H.H.D. e¢ al.). Two, Blagdon res., Aug. 22 (S.H.G.B., H.W.N.) and three, Sept j16jG?p Rem sear.) One, Axe Estuary, Aug. 15 (R.A.). Common TERN Sterna irundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura G. New Grounds: nine, May 8; one, June 16; two, Aug. 15; five, hirundo, on 20th; two, Sept. 5 (L.P.A.). S. Three, Cheddar res., Apr. 21 (J.R.B.) and Chew Valley res., May 2 (C.L.). One, R. Avon, Saltford, May 6 (P.H.). Return passage, reservoirs, Aug. 18 — Sept. 16: numbers small with max. of three, Cheddar, Aug. 26 (B.K.) and eleven, Chew Valley, Sept. 2 (W.J.S.). RosEATE TERN Sterna dougalli S. One, in full breeding plumage, found dead, Clutton, May 10, was sent to City Museum, Bristol (P. F. Bird); third record for the County—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1954, Pp. 27. LirtLE TERN Sterna albifrons G. Single birds, New Grounds, May 4, 19 (L.P.A.). S. Two, Chew Valley res., Apr. 21 (W.J.S.) ; one, Cheddar res., same date (J.R.B.). LirtLeE Aux Alle alle G. An unharmed bird found, Charfield, Jan. 12, was taken to the New Grounds and released on the Estuary (M.A.O.). GuILLEMoT Una aalge S. One off landing beach, Steep Holm, June 11 (T.B.S.). Stock Dove Columba oenas S. Numbers evidently well maintained. Noteworthy records: BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 325 up to 50 on rough ground, Chew Valley res., several dates, Feb. — Mar. (R.A., J.R.B., B.K., C.L.); exceptional flock of 108 on stubble, Charterhouse, Mendip, Mar. 3 (T.B.S.); common along rail track nr. Saltford, July 11 (H.H.D.); one, Steep Holm, Sept. 30 — Oct. 5 (Res. Stn.) TurTLE Dove Streptopelia turtur G. and S. Breeding season records from Avonmouth (C.L.); Marshfield and Slimbridge (R.M.C.); Keynsham and Saltford (P.T.S.); Chew Valley res. and in Bath area (R.M.C.). Two with Collared Doves, Avonmouth, on exceptionally late date of Nov. 17 (a COLLARED Dove _ Streptopelia decaocto G. Up to ten feeding on grain around flour mills and rail sidings, Avonmouth Docks, in Mar.—number rising to max. of ¢.50, July, but falling to 30, Nov. (C.L.). Attempted breeding by pair, St. Andrew’s Road, Avonmouth, early June (H.G.H.). Shirehampton: present in all months—three pairs having territories but no direct evidence of breeding (C.L.). Other records from Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton: one to three birds, frequent dates, Apr. —Sept., and The Avenue, Stoke Bishop: three, many dates, June — July, and at least two daily, mid-July to mid-Sept. (breeding suspected, both areas) (G.S.). Occasional records from Combe Dingle and Redland (C.L., G.S. e¢ al.).. Two, Slimbridge (W.T. enclosures), May — Sept. (4, June) (R.M.C., M.A.O. e¢ al.). S. One, Bishop Sutton, Apr. 30 (S.G.M.). One, sometimes two, various urban areas, Weston-s-Mare, late June — late Nov.; one, Redhill, nr. Wrington, Aug. 14, and two on cottage roof, Kewstoke, Oct. 7 (R.A.). Single bird close to Ashton Gate, Bristol, Sept. 2 (G.S., M.A.W.). NicHTjaR Caprimulgus europaeus G. and S. One flushed from rough ground, Filton golf course, May 16 (R.A.). One “churring’’, Leigh Woods, soon after 4 a.m., June 19 (J.F-.B.). Swirt Apus apus G. and §S. Spring arrivals normal but return passage dates generally later than usual (R.M.C., R.H.P. e al.). S. Early dates: two, Chew Valley res., Apr. 15 (W.J.S.) and single bird, Barrow Gurney resrs., on 17th (T.B.S.). Passage of ¢c.2,500, Chew Valley res., Apr. 30 (J.R.B., E.H.) and up to 3,000 or more often seen over water (usually in stormy weather), same place, mid-May to mid-Aug. (various observers). 326 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT LEssER SPOTTED WOODPECKER Dendrocopos minor G. Single birds, Moorend, nr. Hambrook, Apr. 18 (R.H.P.) and Filton golf course, July 16 (R.A.). S. One, Blagdon res., Feb. 25 (B.K.) and two pairs, Mar. 6 (G.C.B., S.1.B.). One, Tickenham, Mar. 31 (T.R.J.W.) and one, Kewstoke Woods, Apr. 29 (R.A.). Two, Saltford, July 1 (B.K.). SKYLARK Alauda arvensis G. and S. About 2,000 passing W. in hard weather during 45 mins., Filton golf course, Dec. 27 (R.A.) and small groups feeding with finches along foreshore, Chew Valley res., same date (S.E.C.); small parties moving S. in similar conditions, Weston Bay, on 30th (RUA. SWALLOW Hirundo rustica S. First spring record: one, Claverton, Bath, Apr. 1 (R.M.C.). Large coastal movements, Brean Down, Apr. 20, 22 (R.A.) and many passing Anchor Head and Sand Bay during an hour’s watch, May 1 (R.H.P.). Two ads. and a juv. ringed, Nailsea, in the summer of 1961 were all recovered in same locality between second week of May and mid-September, 1962 (H.R.H.). SAND Martin Riparia riparia S. Breeding (2 pairs) in wall drainage holes, Pulteney Weir, Bath, May 1 (R.M.C., B.K.). Two pairs breeding in bank holes, Re Avon; Saltford, June 30 (P:1-S:): RAVEN Corvus corax S. Usual breeding pair, Brean Down; two young reared (R.A., E.H., W.L.R.). Inland record of four crossing Chew Valley res. and disappearing toward Litton, Sept. 27 (G.C.B., S.I.B.). CaRRIOn Crow Corvus corone G. and S. Nest (3 eggs) on top ledge, c.50 ft., of factory water tank, Filton, May 21 (R.A.). Flock of at least 300, Nailsea Moor, Apr. 28, and 140, May 13 (S.M.T.). Bred, Steep Holm: nest (2 young, 2 eggs) in Elder bush, E. cliff, May 26 (Res. Stn.). Rook Corvus frugilegus G. Survey, Severn Vale, 1962: sixty-three Rookeries (1,482 nests) located—a decrease of about 8% on 1956 figures (A.E.B., DRY.) Jackpaw Corvus monedula S. Pair leaving hole in barracks roof, Steep Holm, in early morning, May 27; no further observations (Res. Stn.). BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 32 =] Biue Tir Parus caeruleus G. and §. Colour-ringed bird trapped, Clifton, Feb. 24, had been ringed there more than six years previously (25/12/55) (P.J.C.). Pair breeding in hole of railway telegraph post, Saltford, fume 27(P1'S.). DieepeR Cinclus cinclus S. One, Midford Brook, nr. Bath, June 26 (R.M.C.). REDWING Turdus musicus G. and §. Hard weather records, early Jan.: hundreds in garden hedgerows between Ashton Park and Suspension Bridge (Bridge Road) on 1st and some feeding in St. Paul’s Road, Clifton (J.F.B.); a few (very tame) feeding in Talbot Road, Knowle, same date (G.C.B.). About 350 on N. side, Chew Valley res., Jan. 13 (P.G.H.). Enormous roost, many thousands, Rowberrow Warren, Shipham, Dec. 15 (T.B.S.) (cf. Proc. B.N.S. 1960, 1961). In severe weather, last week Dec., some feeding on apples (still on trees) in garden, Nailsea (M.V.T., S.M.T.), and hedgerows, Hutton Moor, “full of Redwings” (W.L.R.). Rinc OuzeL Turdus torquatus G. Single male, Penpole, Shirehampton, Apr. 8 (H.W.N., PR. K-B.Y.). S. Party of six, Brean Down, Apr. 4 (S.K.T.) and single bird ‘on 20th (R.A.). Two, Cadbury Camp ridge, Apr. 5 (S.K.T.). Party of five, Farleigh Combe, Backwell, Apr. 8 (R.F.O.), 10 (G{E.C.).- One, Sand Point, Oct. 21 (S.LB.). STONECHAT Saxicola torquata G. Hard weather records of single males, Southmead, mid- Jan. (R.H.P.) and Stapleton, late Dec. (H.G.H.). S. Pair, evidently breeding, Brean Down, several dates, Mar. — Apr. (R.A., E.M.P., W.L.R.). Pair carrying food, Sand Point, May 13 (R.A.). Off season records from coastal areas and reser- voirs (various observers). WHINcHAT Saxicola rubetra G.and §. Pair feeding young, Nailsea Moor, June 4 (T.R.J.W.). A female, Filton golf course, May 1 (R.A.); a pair on saltings, Uphill, on grd (R.A.). A male, Kenn Moor, June g (C.L.), and a pair, King Down, nr. Cheddar, July 8 (R.M.C.), may have been breeding birds. Other records, May and Sept.—Oct., from Chew Valley res. and Brean Down (R.M.C., T.B.S.). 328 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT ReEpDsTART Phoenicurus phoenicurus G. Pair building in hole of decayed Elm branch, Durdham Down, Clifton, May 1, and a pair feeding young in hedgerow, Hallen Marsh, June 6 (P.G.H.). Two ad. males and four juveniles (just fledged), Oakford, nr. Marshfield, June 3, and pair with young in nest, same place, on 23rd (A.A.C.). BiAck REDsTART Phoenicurus ochruros G. Female or imm., on Bypass between Filton and Patchway, Jian, TO; REP). S. Female or imm., Brean Down, Mar. 4, 17 (T.B.S.). GRASSHOPPER WARBLER’ Locustella naevia S. Single bird “reeling”, Brean Down, Apr. 24 (J.R.B.), May 6 (R.A.), 30 (P.G.H.). Three “reelme”, Walton Moor: several dates, May — June (P.G.H.). REED WARBLER Acrocephalus scirpaceus G. and S. Breeding, usual site, Littleton-on-Severn, June 20 (P.J.C., G.S., J.D.R.V.); one trapped, same place iulya2g. bad been ringed there ( J57257) as an ad., 1/8/60 (P.J.C.). Reported from widespread localities—notably from reed beds, east side, Chew Valley res., where seventeen pairs located, June 10 (W.J.S.) and twenty singing males counted, July 1 (G.S.). LessER WHITETHROAT Sylvia curruca G. and S._ First arrivals, last week of Apr.: Littleton-on-Severn, Olveston, Chew Valley, Yatton Moor, etc. (P.J.C., H.H.D., J.D.R.V. et al.). Breeding season records from G@.—Filton and Inglestone Common, nr. Hawkesbury Upton and S.—Clevedon, Easton-in-Gordano, Yeo Estuary, Saltford and Chew Valley (various observers). WILLOW WARBLER Phylloscopus trochilus CHIFFcHAFF P. collybita G. and S. Spring arrivals unusually late, neither being reported in numbers until third week of Apr. (many observers). Woop WarBLER- Pahylloscopus sibilatrix G. Passage bird, Littleton-on-Severn brickworks, Apr. 23 GPHces: PreD FLYCATCHER Muscicapa hypoleuca G. Male singing in garden, Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 329 May 22 (G.S.). Several return passage records from Filton: two seen, Aug. 8; one on 27th and one (perhaps two), Sept. 7 (R.A.). S. Female, Flax Bourton, Apr. 24 (R.F.O.). Male, Shipham, May 14 (T.B.S.). HeEpDGE SPARROW Prunella modularis S. Count of at least 25 pairs, Steep Holm, Apr. 28 - 29 (Res. Stn.). One colour-ringed, Hutton, Jan. 1959, still a regular visitor to same garden at close of 1962 (W.L.R.). Tree Preir Anthus trivialts S. Two pairs bred, Leigh Woods (P.J.C.). Breeding season records (two singing birds in each case) from Ashton Court (J.F.B.); Cadbury Camp ridge (H.H.D.) and Yoxter, Mendip (P.G.H.). Noted on passage at Crook Peak, Brean Down, Kewstoke and Sand Point (various observers). Rock Pipir Anthus spinoletta petrosus Seo aa creek, Pill; R. Avon, Mar.o2 (J.F.B.), Reservoir records: single bird, Chew Valley, Oct. 21 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and two on 27th (B.K.); two, Cheddar, Oct. 27 (R.M.C.) and one, Nov. 22 (W.L.R.). Water Piprr Anthus spinoletta spinoletia S. Cheddar res.: one, Feb. 4 (J.A.McG.) and Mar. 25 (B.K.); two, Oct. 27 (R.M.C., B.K.) and one, Dec. 15, 16 (B.K., J.A.McG.). Single bird, Chew Valley res., Feb. 10 and on several dates, Mar. (R.M.C., J.A.McG.); up to four, same place, on two occasions, early Apr. (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and up to six on various dates, late Oct. to early Dec. (B.K., W.J.S. e7 al.). YELLOW WactaiL Motacilla flava flavissima S. Breeding or breeding season records from Nailsea and Kenn Moors (H.R.H., $.M.T.); Blagdon res. (G.S.); and Chew Valley res. where W.J.S. counted fourteen pairs, June 9, of which half were feeding young. Waxwinc) Bombycilla garrulus S. ‘Two, or more, present, Bath and district, mid-Feb. to late Mar.—one, sometimes two, being seen, various dates, Lans- down, Victoria Park, Upper Weston, etc. (R.M.C., P.H., B.K., Pei.S.). 330 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT STARLING Sturnus vulgaris G. One ringed (410185), Eastville, Bristol, 31 /12 /61, recovered 2,300m. N.E., nr. Podporozkye, Leningrad, 17/8/62 (per Moscow Ringing Bureau). S. Three nests with young in barracks roof, Steep Holm, May 26 (Res. Stn.). HawFincH' Coccothraustes coccothraustes S. Single bird, Victoria Park, Bath, several occasions, Mar. 4-11 (R.M.C., P.H., P.T.S.). Two pairs, Leigh Woods, May 15 (P.J.C.). GREENFINCH’ Chloris chloris G. and S. First-winter female ringed (221168), Downend, Bristol, 14/3 /62, killed by a cat, 85m. E., nr. Godalming, Surrey, 1/5/62 (R.H.P.). Male ringed (22571X), Corston, nr. Bath, 21/2/60, recovered in a bale of straw, 100m. N.E., Souldrop, Beds., 17/4/62 (R.H.P.). Flock of c.200, Charterhouse, Mendip, Mar. 3 (T.B.S.). 300 or more, with other finches, Chew Valley res., Mar. 17, and nr. Cheddar Gorge, Apr. 21 (R.A.). GOLDFINCH Carduelis carduelis G. and S. Flock of 60, Filton golf course, Oct. 18 (R.A.). Chew Valley res.: large flocks reported—250, Feb. 11 and 200, Mar. 4. (W.J.S.); 450, Sept. 23 (T.D.H.M.) and Oct. 7 (W.J.S.). One; juv., ringed (AA85952) nr. Thornbury, 30/7/61, recovered 260m. S., nr. Vannes, Brittany, 28/12/62 (J.D.R.V.). Siskin Carduelis spinus G. Up to seven, New Grounds, various dates, Jan. 5 to Feb. 24 (L.P.A.). Sixteen in alders, Oakford, nr. Marshfield, Dec. 24, 25 (A.A.C.). At least eight, R. Frome, Fishponds, Dec. 25 (R.H.P.). S. Noted, Saltford, various dates, mid—Jan. to mid—Apr. (P.H., B.K., P.T.S.)—usually only one to three but fourteen counted in alders, Jan. 20 (P.H.). Coastal reports, chiefly of very small numbers, from Brean Down, Jan. 28 and Axe Estuary, Feb. 11 (T.B.S.); Sand Point and Wick St. Lawrence, early to mid-Oct. (R.A., T.B.S.). Autumn records of single birds, heard or seen, from Blagdon res. and Shipham (R.A., T.B.S.). LINNET Carduelis cannabina S. Nest with three eggs and a Cuckoo’s egg, Kewstoke, May 13 (R.A.). Various flocks (1,000 birds in all), Chew Valley res., Sept: 23 (CAD EEN E): BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 301 LessER REDPOLL Carduelis flammea cabaret G. ‘Two, New Grounds, Oct. 18; forty flying S., same place, Nov. 24 (L.P.A.). Half a dozen, with Siskins, Oakford, nr. Marsh- field, Dec. 24, 25 (A.A.C.). | S. Two, Saltford sewage farm, Feb. 18 (P.H.); two, same place, Apr. 9, 10—one clearly a Lesser Redpoll and the other (larger and in paler plumage) probably belonged to one of the larger races URIM:-C., P.E1.). CrossBiLL Loxia curvirostra G. Up to twelve, Westonbirt Arboretum, several dates, Nov. (A.M.G.C., B.C.). S. Party of eight or ten, Westpark Wood, Clapton-in-Gordano, July 3 and single bird, various dates to early Nov. (H.H.D.). Six in fir plantation, Barrow Gurney resrs., July 31 (T.B.S.). CuHarFFINcH Fringilla coelebs S. Ad. female ringed, Corston, nr. Bath, 20/2/60, recovered g5m. 8.W., Plympton, Devon, 2/2/62 (M.J.B.). Of two ad. males ringed, Saltford, 4/2/62, one was recovered 1,400m. N.E., Averéy Is.. Norway, 25/5/62, and the other 350m. S.E., East Flanders, Belgium, 9/10/62 (Mendip Ringing Group). Male, Victoria Park, Bath, seen on three occasions attacking its own reflection in hub cap “‘mirrors” of a parked car (R.M.C.). BRAMBLING § Fringilla montifringilla G. and S. Frequently reported from both coastal and inland areas. About 50, with Chaffinches, Green Ore, Mendip, Mar. 3, 25 (B.R.). Early autumn date: one in birch tree, Westbury Road, Bristol, Sept. 11 (N.J.C.). Corn Buntinc LEmberiza calandra _ §&. Up to three singing males, Yoxter, Mendip, various dates, May (P.J.C., M.A.W.); birds noted there also, June, Aug. (R.A., P.G.H.). Two singing males, Saltford, May 11 (B.K.) and one in song, Lansdown, Bath, June 21 (R.M.C.). CirLt Buntinc Emberiza cirlus G. Heard or seen, Horseshoe Bend, Shirehampton, several dates, May — June; female feeding three fledged young, same place, June 24 (P.G.H.). S. Reported (mostly in breeding season) from Cheddar, Nailsea, Portishead and Sand Bay (various observers). Less common in Uphill - Bleadon area than several years ago (R.A.). 332 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT Snow Buntinc Plectrophenax nivalis G. Single bird, New Grounds, Dec. 31 (L.P.A.). S. Two on sea wall nr. Clevedon, Jan. 6 (J.R.B., C.L.); single bird in flight and calling, Axe Estuary, on 13th (R.A.). TREE SPARROW Passer montanus G. Flock of 35, Hanham, Apr. 14 (E.H.). Occasional records (summer and winter) from W.T. enclosures (R.M.C., B.K.). Pair feeding fledged young nr. Filton golf course, July 12 (R.A.). Exceptional number of c.200 in field, Aust Cliff, Aug. 18 (H.W.N., S. Several, Nailsea Moor, Feb. 17 (C.L.). Party of c. twenty, Ubley, Mar. 14 (P.H., B.K.). Pair breeding in orchard, Chew Valley res., Apr. 21 (W.J.S.); family parties (14 birds), same locality, July 30 (S.1.B.). Brood of fledged young being fed, East . Horrington, nr. Wells, July 9 (B.R.). Other breeding season records from Backwell (R.F.O.); Kewstoke and Wick St. Lawrence (T.B.S.); and Walton Moor (J.F.B.). SPECIES REPORTED DURING THE YEAR BUT NOT INCLUDED IN THE SYSTEMATIC ListT:— Residents: Little Grebe, Cormorant, Mute Swan, Kestrel, Partridge, Pheasant, Common Snipe, Barn Owl, Little Owl, Tawny Owl, Kingfisher, Green Woodpecker, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Magpie, Great Tit, Coal Tit, Marsh Tit, Long- tailed Tit, Treecreeper, Wren, Song Thrush, Goldcrest, Meadow Pipit, Pied Wagtail, Grey Wagtail, Bullfinch, Yellow Bunting, Reed Bunting. . Summer or Winter Visitors and Passage Migrants: Whimbrel, Common Sandpiper, Cuckoo, House Martin, Fieldfare, Wheatear, Nightingale, Sedge Warbler, Blackcap, Garden Warbler, White- throat, Spotted Flycatcher, White Wagtail. AUTUMN MIGRATION, STEEP HOLM, oie By P. J. GHADwick N addition to field studies on breeding gulls and resident passerines, carried out on Steep Holm, the Research Station there has been occupied for up to fifteen days in September— October in each of the past three years. ‘The main object has been BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 333 to record, trap and ring some of the many diurnal migrants visiting and passing the island at that season, and the following is a summary of the 1962 observations. September 16: A marked passage of Swallows was in progress on arrival and it was estimated that at least 750 crossed the Channel from Wales via Flat Holm and Steep Holm. With them were about 25 House Martins and 15 Sand Martins, while other migrants noted were a Kestrel, a Mistle Thrush and a Yellow Wagtail. Birds on the island included two Wheatears, a Whitethroat and a Goldcrest, and in the late afternoon a Turnstone settled on a scree near the summit. September 22—October 6: Observed migration was mostly on a South to South-East heading and the chief feature was again an impressive movement of hirundines (517 caught and riaged). Owing to an insufficient number of observers it was not possible to maintain a continuous watch throughout each day; hence the figures quoted tend to understate the true size of the movements. The largest discrepancy probably occurs in the total of Swallows and it seems likely that this was nearer 15,000 than the 10,000 recorded. ‘The peak movement took place in a period of warm weather, with little or no wind, from Sept. 22—25 but good counts were also made on 28th to 30th, with moderate to strong winds varying between West and South-East, and again on Oct. 2 when there were force 4—5 South-West to West winds. House Martins (1,050 seen) were much more in evidence than in the autumns of 1960 and 1961 though Sand Martins were relatively scarce. Kestrels were recorded on nine days, with a maximum of four on Sept. 22 when a female Sparrowhawk also flew over, heading E.S.E. Two days later a Buzzard settled for a short while before moving off across Bridgwater Bay. Peregrines (now only infrequent visitors) were seen—one on 24th and one on 25th. Skylarks were noted on all days except Sept. 30 but were in small numbers apart from the 24th when 100 passed over. Approxi- mately 2,000 Meadow Pipits were recorded, the majority being counted in three short periods—c.500, Sept. 23 — 24; ¢.450, Sept. 27 — 29; and ¢.700, Oct. 2-3. There was also a daily movement of alba Wagtails (except Sept. 30) with 230 being seen, one half passing in the period Sept. 23-25. Grey Wagtails appeared on nine days but only in small numbers. Of a total of 1,210 Starlings, nearly half passed on Sept. 23 and 24th. Apart from two days in September when Linnets were observed in fair numbers (85 on 24th and 170 on goth), the movement of finches did not really begin until Oct. 2 when 290 Greenfinches, 39 Goldfinches and 420 Linnets crossed the Channel. Greenfinches 334 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT were more numerous on the 3rd but counts showed a marked reduction on the three following days while the number of Linnets declined from 170 on the grd to 50 on the 6th. Contrary to expecta- tions, Chaffinches were infrequently noted and the total for the entire period was only 104. A Chaffinch trapped proved to be a bird which had been ringed on the island on the same date in 1961. Two House Sparrows were seen, Oct. 2, and the next day there was a marked easterly passage lasting an hour from o800 hours G.M.T. In all 143 were counted, some settling on the island, as did some of 54 recorded on the 4th. Other observations included those of a Golden Plover, Oct. 3 and 4, and a Curlew on Sept. 25 and 26, while Oystercatchers were present on most days—with a maximum of six on Sept. 6 and Oct. 5. A Stock Dove was present, Sept. 30 to Oct. 5, and a Turtle Dove made a short stay on Sept. 27. Very small parties of Carrion Crows and Jackdaws appeared, Sept. 29 (the latter departing north- wards towards Flat Holm) and a party of Jackdaws on Oct. 4 passed the island heading south. Wheatears (up to three) were present from Sept. 24-29, a Whinchat arrived on the 24th and single Redstarts were trapped on the 24th and 25th. A small movement of Robins occurred, and Chiffchaffs were also moving through (29 trapped), as also were a few Goldcrests. Among less frequent visitors were a Spotted Flycatcher, Sept. 26; a Whitethroat on 27th and 28th; a Blackcap and a Garden Warbler (both mist-netted), Oct. 3; and two Pied Flycatchers (netted on the 4th). Single Tree Pipits were identified among the many Meadow Pipits passing on Sept. 24 and 28th. Two species not previously recorded for Steep Holm were Lesser Whitethroat (one, Sept. 25) and Lesser Redpoll (three or four arrived, Sept. 30). 335 DE PIDOPTERA NOTES. Dives PO-L DISTRICT, 1962 MOTHS By C. S. H. BLATHWAYT VERY cold and dry Spring was followed by a poor Summer with little warm weather. The best month was probably October but the year was not a good one for moths. The following notes are taken from records supplied by J. F. Burton (J.F.B.) and K. H. Poole (K.H.P.) and also from my own records (no initials). Tethea ocularis Linn. (octogesima Hiibn.) (Figure of Eighty). One at light at Weston, July 8. Arctia villica Linn. (Cream Spot Tiger). A few at light at Weston in early June and as late as July 17 at Pill (J.F.B.). Colocasia coryli Linn. (Nut-tree Tuffet). One at light at Wraxall, May 20 (J.F.B.). Graphiphora augur Fabr. (Double Dart). Two at light at Weston, July 15 and 23. Amathes glareosa Esp. (Autumnal Rustic). One at light at Weston, Sept. 15. Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn. (White Colon). One at light at Weston, July 8. Procus literosa Haw. (Rosy Minor). One at light at Milton, Aug. 8 (K.H.P.). Apamea sublustris Esp. (Reddish Light Arches). One at light at Weston, July 8 Leucania vitellina Hiibn. (Delicate Wainscot). Two at light at Weston in early October. Caradrina ambigua Fabr. (Vine’s Wainscot). One at light at Weston, Sept. 26. Laphygma exigua Hiibn. (Small Mottled Willow). Two at light at Weston, Sept. 14 and 15. Tiliacea citrago Linn. (Orange Sallow). Several at light at Weston in September. Sterrha trigeminata Haw. (Treble-spot Wave). Several at light at Weston, June and early July. Discoloxia blomeri Curt. (Blomer’s Rivulet). Several at light at Weston, June and July ; one at Milton, July 27 (K.H.P.). Plemyria bicolorata Hiibn. (Blue-bordered Carpet). One at light at Milton, July 23 (K.H.P.). Nyctosia obstipata Fabr. (fluwiata Hiibn.) (Narrow-barred Carpet). One at light at Milton, July 14 (K.H.P.). BUTTERFLIES By J. F. Burton N view of the continuing scarcity of several species of butterflies, including some normally common ones, it has been decided to publish all records received for all species. In this way it may be possible to obtain a better notion of the present fortunes of the D 336 J. F. BURTON butterflies of our district during this critical period. The reasons for the decline are still not clear and several factors may be res- ponsible, so it is especially important to collect all possible informa- tion. A study of a population of Speckled Woods in Surrey (M. J. Goddard, 1962, Entomologist, 95, pp. 289-307) suggested that in 1962 the second part of the second brood failed to appear and was apparently overwintering. It would be interesting to know if the Spring brood of this species was unusually common in our district this year. All records of Speckled Wood are therefore particularly welcome. All records of butterflies received for 1962 are given. Contributors were Messrs. R. Angles (R.A.), C. S. H. Blathwayt (C.S.H.B.), Jj. F. Burton (J.F.B.) and [. R. P. Heslop (1.R.P:H.): G. refers to Gloucestershire, S. to Somerset. Pieris brassicae Linn. (Large White). S. Not common this year in north-west of the county (J.F.B.). P. rapae Linn. (Small White). S. Spring and Summer broods both very common in north-west of the county (J.F.B.). P. napi Linn. (Green-veined White). S. Rather few this year in north-west of the county (J.F.B.). Anthocharis cardamines Linn. (Orange-tip). S. Only a few noted this Spring in N.W. Somerset (J.F.B.). Colias hyale Linn. (Pale Clouded Yellow). S. Watchfield: one male, Aug. 31; Bawdrip: two males near King’s Sedge- moor Drain, Aug. 31 (I.R.P.H.). Gonepteryx rhamni Linn. (Brimstone). G. Filton Golf Course: two on April 4, one on April 11, one on April 25 (RSA:); S. First noted April 22, Ashton Park. Not so plentiful as in 1961 (J.F.B.). Two in Cheddar Gorge, April 28 (R.A.). | Argynnis aglaia Linn. (Dark-green Fritillary). S. Brean Down: three at least on July 7, one on Aug. 6 (R.A.). Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary). S. Fairly plentiful in its locality near Glastonbury, but much later and not as common as usual (C.S.H.B.). Polygonia c-album Linn. (Comma). G. Filton Golf Course: 2 at catkins, April 13; one, Aug. 1 (R.A.). S. Chew Valley Lake: one, Aug. 4 (R.A.). Sand Point: one on brambles, Octa4n(ReAS). Aglais urticae Linn. (Small Tortoiseshell). G. Filton Golf Course: frequent on following dates: Mar. 27, April 28, Oct. 19, 1Oct..204(R.A.). S. Noted in small numbers throughout N.W. Somerset in April, June, July and August (J.F.B.). LEPIDOPTERA NOTES 337 Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady). S. Sand Point: one, Sept. 2; Brean Down: one, Sept 9; Chew Valley Lake: one, Sept. 8(R.A.). A few seen near Weston-super-Mare from the end of June until October, becoming fairly plentiful in early October (C.S.H.B.). V. atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral). S. Sand Point: one or two flying east, Oct. 7; one seen Sept. 16 (R.A.). Melanargia galathea Linn. (Marbled White). S. Fairly common in its haunts around Weston and also near Glastonbury, but much later than usual (C.S.H.B.). Chew Valley Lake: about 6 rather worn individuals on grassy bank, July 15 (J.F.B.); Brean Down: one, July 8; Worlebury: one, July 6 (R.A.). Pararge aegeria Linn. (Speckled Wood). G. Filton: noted, June 27 (R.A.). S. Scarcer than usual in N.W. Somerset. First seen April 28, at Pill (J.F.B.). Sand Point: two, April 29 (R.A.). P. megera Linn. (Wall Brown). G. Filton: one each on Aug. 22 and 27 (R.A.). S. Sand Point: one, June 24 (R.A.). Eumenis semele Linn. (Grayling). S. Brean Down: several, June 30; many, July 7 (R.A.). Maniola jurtina Linn. (Meadow Brown). S. Fairly common throughout N.W. Somerset in 1962 (J.F.B.). Aphantopus hyperanthus Linn. (Ringlet). S. Leigh Woods: several, July 15 (J.F.B.). Coenonympha pamphilus Linn. (Small Heath). G. Filton Golf Course: three, Aug. 22 (R.A.). S. Rather scarce in 1962 in N.W. Somerset (J.F.B.). Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue). S. Pill: fairly plentiful in August; Barrow Gurney Reservoir: frequent Lysandra coridon Pod. (Chalkhill Blue). S. Fairly plentiful in its restricted localities near Weston and Glastonbury from late July until September. This species appeared to have had its best season since 1958 (C.S.H.B.). L. bellargus Rott. (Adonis Blue). G. Filton Gold Course: one only, June 28 (R.A.). Thymelicus sylvestris Pod. (Small Skipper). S. Fairly common at Pill, Leigh Woods, Portishead and Chew Valley Lake (J.F.B.). Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey (Large Skipper). G. Filton: one, June 19 (R.A.). S. Locally common in N.W. Somerset (J.F.B.). 339 CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS HE Centenary year of the Society was heralded by the publica- tion of a special part of the PROCEEDINGS, entitled The First Hundred Years, in which is outlined the history of the Society and details are given of its achievements in the field of natural history. At the invitation of Council, a record is made here of the events of the Centenary year, the chief of which were the dinner and exhibition. CENTENARY DINNER, TUESDAY, 8th MAY, 1962 Almost two hundred members of the Society and twenty-nine guests dined at the Berkeley, Berkeley Square. The Guests of Honour were Mr. Peter Scott, C.B.E., D.S.C., M.A., and Mrs. Scott. Amongst other guests of the Society were:—Alderman Marcus Hartnell, Sheriff of Bristol, and Mrs. Hartnell; Alderman and Mrs. Hugh Jenkins; Professor W. F. Whittard, D.Sc., F.R.S., and Mrs. Whittard (representing the University of Bristol on behalf of Sir Philip Morris, who was unable to be present owing to illness, and Lady Morris); Dr. Bruce Campbell, M.B.O.U. (also represent- ing the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) and Mrs. Campbell; Mr. John H. Barrett, M.A., Field Studies Council, Warden of Dale Fort Field Centre; Dr. E. B. Worthington, Deputy Director-General, The Nature Conservancy; Professor James Brough, President, Cardiff Naturalists’ Society; Mr. C. A. Ralegh Radford, F.S.A., President, Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society; Lieut. Col. Charles Floyd (Sheriff of Wiltshire), Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society; Mr. Bernard Storer, B.Sc., The Mid-Somerset Naturalist Society; Miss Elizabeth Ralph, M.A., F.S.A., Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society; Mr. F. R. Sterne and Miss G. Robinson, Bath Natural History Society; Mr. Alan Warhurst, B.A., F.S.A., F.M.A., Director of Bristol City Museum, and Mrs. Warhurst; Dr. F. S. Wallis, formerly Director of the Bristol City Museum and a past President of the Society; Mr. R. W: M. Melvin, C.B.E., Director and General Manager of Bristol Waterworks Company, and Mrs. Melvin; Mr. H. G. Hurrell, M.A., J.P.; Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Roberts; Mr. Hugh Boyd (Wildfowl Trust); Mr. Jeremy Brien (Evening Post). Messages of regret for inability to be present were received from Lord and Lady Sinclair of Cleeve; Mr. E. M. Nicholson, C.B., Director-General of the Nature Conservancy; Mr. P. E. Brown, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; Mr. 340 CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS R. E. Greed and Mr. J. S. Young, Bristol Zoological Gardens; Dr. K. B. Rooke, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society; Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Mason; Mrs. H. G. Hurrell; the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club. Telegrams and messages of congratulations were received from the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society, the Field Studies Council, the President and Council of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the Mid- Somerset Naturalist Society, the Bristol and District Branch of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (of which the distinguished botanist J. W. White was once a member), and Guy Mountfort, formerly Secretary of the British Ornithologists’ Union. After an excellent dinner the Loyal Toast was honoured, and Mr. Peter Scott, introduced by the President, rose to propose the toast of the Society. It was a matter for congratulation that it had established and maintained a position in the forefront of Natural History studies in Bristol, and he expressed the hope that it would continue to bring together the amateur naturalist and the scientific specialist. Speaking of the work of the Wildfowl Trust at Slimbridge he described his exciting experience on the banks of the Severn sixteen years ago when, in company with our Centenary President, he saw two Lesser White-fronted Geese—only the third and fourth to be recorded for the British Isles. Mr. H. H. Davis, in his reply, stressed the great importance of the work at Slimbridge and the advantages to the Society that the world’s greatest centre of wildfowl preservation and research was located so close to Bristol. The toast of the Guests was proposed by Miss M. H. Rogers, Centenary Vice-President, in a clever and amusing speech in which she described some of her experiences in teaching biology. Speeches in reply were made by Alderman Marcus Hartnell (Sheriff of Bristol) and Dr. Bruce Campbell. In the B.B.C. programme Round-up on the evening of the dinner, Dr. F. Coles Phillips was interviewed and gave details of the Society’s activities and of its achievements in the past. CENTENARY EXHIBITION, 4th—3o0th JUNE, 1962 The Exhibition was held in the City Museum, Queen’s Road, by kind permission of the Director, Mr. Alan Warhurst. It was originally planned to be on view from 4th to 16th June, but so much interest was aroused that it was extended to the end of the month. In declaring the Exhibition open, Dr. Bruce Campbell referred to the value of the work by local naturalists’ societies in helping to keep a close watch on threats to wild life in Britain inherent in many modern developments. CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS 341 Each of the four specialised Sections of the Society contributed an exhibit. The Geological Section showed a series of early geological maps of the district to illustrate the work of William Sanders, and a selection from the J. W. Tutcher collection of ammonites. Recent work by members of the Section was illustrated by a selection of fossils from the quarries on Dundry Hill re- excavated by Messrs. T. R. Fry, F. S. Ross and others; specimens of Cotham Marble exhibited by Mr. W. F. Vernon (who 1s colla- borating with Mr. D. Hamilton, B.A., M.Sc., in research on the Rhaetic); fauna from the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendips exhibited by Mr. C. B. Salter; and petrological work on stone axes by Dr. F. S. Wallis and Mr. E. D. Evens. Other exhibits included a selection of minerals from the Trelease collection shown by Mrs. G. S. Wakefield and Coal Measure plants collected by Dr. A. Marsden. A map of the Bristol district, together with photographic studies of typical habitats and various breeding species, formed the centre piece of the exhibit by the Ornithological Section. Maps and charts relating to present field-work by the Section illustrated a Census of Rookeries in South Gloucestershire; a study on the population of Shelducks on the coastline of the area and continuing work on the gull colony on Steep Holm. Studies of migration were illustrated by maps of the British Isles and Europe showing re- coveries of birds ringed by members of the Section, and by the Wildfowl Trust. The Botanical Section illustrated the flora of limestone areas near Bristol by means of an exhibit of live plants collected by Mr. I. W. Evans and Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Cummins. Mr. Evans showed also a collection of alien plants, now common in the district, which were rare or unknown a century ago; accompanying notes by Dr. A. F. Devonshire gave the country of origin and the dates of first record in Britain and in the Bristol district. Other exhibits included a collection of Mycetozoa, with a distribution map and details of structure and life history, shown by Mr. F. W. Evens; a collection of pressed specimens of alien grasses shown by Mr. I. W. Evans; and live plants from the Nailsea district collected by Mrs. D. E. Bunce. The basis of the exhibit by the Entomological Section was a selection from the extensive collections, preserved in the City Museum, of Messrs. C. J. Watkins, H. J. Charbonnier, J. W. Norgrove, C. Bartlett, S. Barton, and C. W. Braikenridge, deceased former members of the Section. Mr. J. Eatough showed some attractive enlargements of photographs of British Insects and Spiders. 342 CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS On sale for the first time at the Exhibition were lapel badges, specially designed for the Society, showing the Flower of Bristol, Lychnis chalcedonica. RECEPTION BY THE LORD MAYOR, 8th JUNE, 1962 The South-Western Naturalists’ Union was invited by the Society to hold their thirty-fifth Annual Conference in Bristol in 1962, as part of the Society’s centenary celebrations. On 8th June, the opening day of the Conference, about 150 members of the Society, with other members of the Conference, attended a Recep- tion at the Council House, College Green. Members were received by the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress in the Conference Hall and excellent hospitality was provided. An address of congratulation and welcome by the Lord Mayor was replied to by Mr. O. Buckle, President of the South-Western Naturalists’ Union and Mr. H. H. Davis on behalf of the Society. The Reception was concluded with a conducted tour of the Council Chamber and other important parts of the building. CENTENARY WALK, 1rith JULY, 1962 The first excursion of the Society, on 8th July, 1862, left Bristol for Bath by train, and was led by Charles Moore over Hampton Down to Claverton and along the Kennet and Avon Canal. Under the leadership of Mr. F. R. Sterne members were invited to cele- brate this excursion by a centenary walk over much of the same ground as their predecessors covered one hundred years ago. A party from Bristol was met at Bathampton station by Mr. Sterne, who distributed an interesting commemorative pamphlet which he had prepared for the occasion. Though much has changed the objects of the Society have not, “‘so let us take this walk”’ writes Mr. Sterne “‘in the spirit in which this walk was taken a hundred years ago’’—a spirit so clearly indicated in the report of that first walk— “|. . omitting no object of interest likely to attract the attention of a student of nature or to call forth discussion’’. In spite of heavy rain during the later part of the evening, the walk was greatly enjoyed by about 40 of our members. Special thanks are due to Mr. D. W. B. Frost, the Publicity Secretary of the Society, for assembling press cuttings, photographs and information regarding the Centenary activities. The file so prepared, on which the above account is based, is housed with the archives of the Society in the Library. F. Cores PHILLips A. J. WIiL.is 343 PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET By J. F. Hopre-Simpson, SarAH E. NEwron anp M. J. RICKETTS (Department of Botany, University of Bristol) CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTION *: ae oa ae xs oe Pe guy II. SuccEssioN AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITIES ae oe) S45 III. DescrirTion OF COMMUNITIES oi oe oe ae -+ 349 1. Oakwood Tall carr Low carr Heathy bog Rush swamp Reed bed Remnant ditches Blocked ditches Open ditches Droves COS Gore = IV. GENERAL SPECIES LIST Ns £, = 7 ie ». 355 V. Hasirat Notes ON SPHAGNA is se oe oe wc, © ORF VI. EcorocicaL Facrors se a wc ays - .. 358 1. Colonisation of cuttings 2. Water conditions 3. pH VII. Summary AND CONCLUSIONS e. bog en .. 360 VIII. AcKNOWLEDGMENTS .. ee se ae ay Bs -. 360 IX. REFERENCES .. Be ce we * ar - -. 361 I. INTRODUCTION HAPWICK Heath, about 4 miles west of Glastonbury, is part of the peat moor between the Polden and Wedmore hill ridges. The area studied, whose southern margin almost meets the gentle slope of the Poldens, covers 3 sq. mile (Fig. 1, p. 346). Apart from a few grazed fields at the western edge and the two eastern corners, it has not become farmland and bears a rather rich wild flora; but it has long been powerfully influenced by peat-cutting, formerly in a number of separate holdings and now by the Eclipse Peat Company. The so-called “‘Heath”’ is not a heath and has never been one. In prehistoric times it was a raised bog, or part of a complex of 344 J- F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS raised bogs with intervening belts of sedge fen (Clapham and Godwin, 1948). For the last two millennia, however, there has been no regeneration in the manner of an active raised bog. Moreover the destruction wrought by intensive peat-cutting has resulted in a modern condition which can scarcely even be called ‘derelict raised bog’’. ‘There has been extensive establishment, alongside some bog-like vegetation, of plants more nearly representative of fen, evidently brought about by base-rich water from the surround- ing country gaining regular access to the artificial depressions. Only two small areas at the peat margin, Withy Bed Copse and another (Site Q) at the western corner of the former Decoy Pool -Wood, are at or near the natural level; the rest of the Heath is about 4 ft. lower, or more in recent cuttings. During intervals between successive cuttings on the same area, new peat is formed to some extent in the waterlogged depressions. The general nature of the peat land near Shapwick has been described concisely by Godwin (1941). The brief account by Hope- Simpson & Willis (1955) of vegetation on the Somerset peat moors refers largely to Shapwick Heath. The well-known pioneer study by Moss (1907) gives a full description of semi-natural vegetation on the Somerset levels, and from his account it is easy to tell that the condition and flora of the Heath, though still matching his description closely in some respects, have undergone much change in the past half-century—for the worse, floristically, especially in the loss of the more exclusive bog species. Moss’s paper does not, however, specify that all his records are taken from Shapwick Heath itself, so that they cannot be used here for exact floristic comparison. The area has long been familiar to naturalists as a source of botanical records; more scientifically it has acquired, through the work of Godwin and others, a classic status in the study of vegeta- tional history in relation to archaeology. ‘These interests have remained somewhat unconnected, in spite of the link that exists in the ecology of some of the characteristic plants. The purpose of this paper is mainly to add to the basis of facts by describing the present situation. We know something of the condition about 1900 from the observations of Moss, and of the 1936-7 condition from those of Prof. Godwin, who has added the description quoted below (p. 345). A report of the 1960 condition is appropriate not only because of the further lapse of time, but also because Shapwick Heath has just become a National Nature Reserve, of which an initial description is desirable even though future peat-cutting is likely to cause drastic changes. Our study has been confined to the reserve. Most attention has been given to the western half, where the Roughet, extending to the PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 345 railway, contains a good range of vegetation not disturbed recently. The pastured areas are not considered. The field work was mostly done in late June and early September, 1960. The names used for vascular plants are taken from Clapham, Tutin & Warburg (1957). For mosses the names follow Richards & Wallace (1950). II. SUCCESSION AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITIES No part of Shapwick Heath bears vegetation that one can suppose would have been the same in man’s absence. Except on two small areas mentioned already, the whole original surface has been cut away. Consequently the re-established vegetation consists of stages in “‘turbary subseres’’, that is, in secondary successions on sites created in the exploitation of peat. With regard to the surviving fragments of the natural surface, their preservation is desirable because they provide the only remaining ground for possible renewed studies of the more recent peat and, in addition, Withy Bed Copse probably preserves a length of ancient trackway (Foster’s Track; Godwin, 1960 and in litt.). ‘Their existing vegetation, reported later (p. 351), does not show many features of obvious interest and may well have been altered and impoverished within recent years by the reduction of the sites to areas of very small extent. At Site Q this contraction has taken place within the last 25 years. In 1936-37, Prof. Godwin was in time to see, adjoining Site Q, an adequately large area of the primary bog surface and its vegetation. He has very kindly given us (zn litt.) the following description amplifying the brief one in his paper of 1941. It portrays a condition now extinct and much more natural than any existing at present; it was not really natural, since peat-cutting and artificial drainage had long been affecting the hydrology of the whole Heath. “To the south of Decoy Pool Drove, and extending from the batch of Burtle sand at the western end [part of Site Q; see p. 351] some two or three hundred yards eastwards, there was an old woodland area apparently on an undisturbed bog surface and bearing quite large oaks and pines. As I recollect, the oaks were 40 or 50 feet high and of pioneer form. The trees were not dense, however, and there was a tremendously thick undergrowth of sallow, sweet gale, Rubus and bracken .... Bracken was extremely abundant, locally at least, because the rhizomes were present whenever we tried to get peat samples for analysis through the uppermost flooding horizon in that part of the Heath.... The Decoy Pool itself existed within a woodland of the kind I have described. Of course, it has now become clear that the bog surface at this point was of late Roman age, and I simply do not know what intervened between 400 A.D. when it was still a bog and 1935 when I saw it. We never saw any evidence that peat had been cut from the smooth rounded surface as it then was, but in some places to the east there were old field drains (clay pipes) just below the surface, J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RIGKETTS 346 ‘UMOYS IIe SdYdIIpP sNOJOUINU VY} JO Maj & AJUG ‘suolepeIs MOYs Aay} IO (ZS “d “}x0} ses :duIeMS YSsNI YIM 118d MoO] A[qvIOU) PoxXTUTIO}UT ATISO]D JIB SdATISUIIY} SITTUNUVAUIOD 9Y} JOY} “poXTULIO}UT 9B sjoqurAs A}TUNUIWIOD 3Y} JIS AA (09b!) yo Ayaa1}00 soaay| v Ue oO + 7. ae oe og6r ‘saijwunuuo’r judi : yswazy ynmdvys °1 “OI bog hice a sayoyiq SONI] Pepnys wau0 PoOmC)| Pg jo fa oe ie) a R$ Auo}204 ‘05 Yy UNITS YmdoyS a 347 PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET *(6S6 -d 4x0} 998) eueD Ainquojse[y 94) SUMOYS d194M S10 SOYDIIP WOT] DUTeD safdures 193eM ay} {ATayeUITxo1dde poyeorpur ore Fyd soy Surjdures jo saytg *(6S6 ‘d 4x0} 90s) YYeOEy IY} UO sUTeIpP OY) YIIM JOOUUOD poureU soUTYyI pue [eULd oT, sanvy FF < sasanoosaoyy qousajyxay : yyvazy yoindvys ‘a ‘og nu “qydes fi i u aun teyduvs seym 9.6 un 9das " uw SOG $2 110punceg Ayvunw wo ee oo O9b! wmf ‘aydweos joo log (09b1) sdumd ebouwsg ¢ & puns Aunquojsvnj5 348 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS so that there might well have been some local cultivation. The road to Westhay across Shapwick Heath was made fairly recently, but I suspect that peat- digging has been going on in various parts of the Levels since Mediaeval times and it may be that the growth of the big trees that I remember near Decoy Pool Drove had been induced by the big increase of activity in the 18th century and afterwards.” The plant communities on the Heath comprise a wide variety. Some of the interacting factors responsible are matters of past treatment which cannot be discovered in detail. The most obvious factor of this kind is the time lapse since a given area of peat was last cut. Besides this, the subsere after cutting is presumably affected by the variable mass of partly living turf (“‘fill-in”) usually thrown into the worked-out depression during clearance of an adjoining strip due to be cut next. Except where the succession has been recently interrupted by peat-cutting, almost the whole area shows stages of progress to a carr of sallow (Salix atrocinerea) and birch (Betula pubescens), often with alder as well. ‘This seems to be the vegetation climax with the prevailing degree of ground wetness, at any rate in the absence of frequent fire. Oakwood is confined to the two highest, uncut areas mentioned previously. Isolated, small colonists of Quercus robur occur in many cut areas, but they are never more than occasional and are small (up to 12 ft.); possibly they suffer from waterlogging when they reach a size demanding some depth of root system. For purposes of description, the vegetation is classified into ten communities, some named from their habitats for convenience: 1. Oakwood 6. Reed bed 2. ‘Tall carr 7. Remnant ditches 3. Low carr 8. Blocked ditches 4. Heathy bog g. Open ditches 5. Rush swamp 10. . Droves A few communities, little studied by us, are excluded from this account. One consists of stands of Typha latifolia which here and there fill whole cuttings. A heterogeneous herbaceous cover occurs in much of the largest area mapped in Fig. 1 as low carr with rush swamp. Myrica gale, occurring in carr and heathy bog, forms some thick stands in the north-west quarter of the reserve; their extent is uncertain and they are not shown on the map. The most important excluded communities are the pastures, with or without Myrica. These deserve special study; the area in the south-east corner of the reserve not only has a large flora but also is interesting ecologi- cally in that the short turf contains Sphagna, Erica tetralix and other plants more reminiscent of bog than grassland. The numbered order of the communities, with the extensive PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 349 woody ones placed first, on the whole reverses that of the succes- sion and, with exceptions, proceeds from drier to wetter. The subseral relationships are mostly quite evident from intermediate states and are expressed by the following scheme. Oakwood is excluded because the two examples, standing on ground not cut for peat, are ipso facto not part of a turbary subsere. Tall carr (locally with reed bed) Remnant ditches I t | Low carr | | Heathy bog i Blocked ditches Rush swamp t Open ditches! | Droves ve **Filled-in’’ cuttings via t Le PEAT-CUTTING ACTIVITY III. DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNITIES In most of the communities the vegetation was recorded by listing the species present in stands of adequate but undefined extent and assessing abundance subjectively. Table I gives the main results. For community 1 (oakwood) a single area only was listed. For communities 2—8 two or more stands each were recorded. Here the symbol given in Table I represents the average abundance; it is to be emphasised that, as the entries are intended to give only the principal components of the community, they omit single-stand occurrences except a few with some particular interest. Community g (open ditches) was not seriously recorded; 10 (droves) is so variable and rich in composition that its flora is merely indicated qualitatively in the general species list on p. 355-7. 1 Provisionally we include here not only drainage ditches but also those few peat cuttings which receive no “‘fill-in’’. Whether they actually undergo the same succession as the ditches is not established. 350 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS TABLE I. THE PRINCIPAL PLANTS OF COMMUNITIES 1-8 The omission of communities 9 and 10 is explained on p. 349, where the derivation of the abundance estimates is also given. Abbreviations: d dominant, cd co- dominant, sd subdominant, a abundant, f frequent, o occasional, 7 rare; as prefixes, ! locally, v very. + (col. 6, reed bed) signifies presence only in parts under carr. Bryophyte names are italicised. SS § 8) aS = SS Ss S ~S + = as = mye eS Ss £8 9 fo S) 3 a eee es Community No. 1 2E 2W 8 4 5 6 7 8 Quercus robur Id Pteridium aquilinum sd—d Chamaenerion angustifolium r Circaea lutetiana .. r Galium aparine r Polystichum setiferum ig Solanum dulcamara r Stellaria media r . Urtica dioica <= r r Rubus (brambles) i la o Alnus glutinosa ; o) fe) Frangula alnus ec a r-o Dryopteris filix-mas ae ° r D. spinulosa : : r r Athyrium filix-femina r vr Rosa sp. (Sect. Caninae) .. : , r ° Betula pubescens att) GO df ivan) ad a o Salix atrocinerea .. .. of r-cd d a o oO Osmunda regalis .. ee BE r ola f f ° Myrica gale bie ae ; - osd o- r-o r Sphagnum ‘subsecundum’ (see page 358) a one : r 0) fe) fe) S. rubellum .. bis a 2 : r i £ S. papillosum a Be : : r o oO ; Thelypteris palustris 2 f f r : o f Molinia caerulea .. ue : a a a: sed fe) 2 Erica tetralix a i 2 : 2 fs f : Calluna vulgaris : : : a edie Salix repens ssp. repens ro rr : r . Carex paniculata .. a c a a f O o ) Drosera rotundifolia aT : : ; - ro : Eriophorum vaginatum .. : : c : vr Sphagnum recurvum .. oe ° : : : vr : : S. squarrosum ie ae : r oO o o o may eed Hydrocotyle vulgaris : oO o ‘ ; a a oO Juncus effusus me aS: : o a . o ed fi ted Carex nigra es Rta ; : : 9 - olf . Holcus lanatus.. a3 . ° ; ; ° o ; Aulacomnium palustre at C ° : ° o ie Eriophorum angustifolium ° : : Oo o 8 6cd ; “hm ca Peucedanum palustre... 2 ? f : . Oo a f . Phragmites communis... : ¢ : : . - a-cd -; Lysimachia vulgaris ae ; : ° 2 , 2 a PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 351 TABLE I (cont.) Remnant Heathy bog ~ ditches = Oakwood © Low carr ov Rush swamp on Reed bed co Blocked ditches Community No. Valeriana officinalis Epilobium palustre Juncus articulatus Lycopus europaeus Lythrum salicaria . : Lotus uliginosus_.. a : 2 : : : oO Agrostis canina var. canin : . . - . a . - — Ied Galium palustre : : : : : : : Rumex hydrolapathum Potentilla palustris Iris pseudacorus .. is : . : : 2 : r Typha latifolia Carex pseudocyperus Acrocladium cuspidatum oP: : : : : : : Sphagnum cuspidatum : : : 2 . . . - — Ied Juncus bulbosus .. ne 2 : : : - : ; : o Potamogeton spp. .. ae : : ; : : : : : fe) Oenanthe aquatica me : : : 2 : : : : r i Oo . i wy ~-ORPpnW OO a Ons 1. Oakwood The two small oakwoods, Withy Bed Copse and Site Q, are both on ground which must have been on or (Site Q) near the rand, or sloping flank, of the former raised bog. We have not examined Withy Bed Copse thoroughly. It is conveniently classed with Site QO which it now somewhat resembles, although the oaks are few and small and there is much more ash, planted and coppiced. On Site Q the oaks are also sparse; there are a dozen or so, branching widely and up to 50 ft. high, but about four of them are small (10-15 ft.). Otherwise the vegetation is almost entirely bracken up to 7 ft. high; a few other species appear in small amount where the bracken is thinner. The single clump of Osmunda is a very large one. ‘The species list in Table I comes from Site Q. Although the present oakwood community has apparently developed by natural means on an undisturbed surface, it certainly cannot be considered a preserved sample of vegetation that would be more extensive if a substantial area of bog surface had been left uncut. That condition is represented by Godwin’s description, quoted earlier. Close encroachment of peat-cutting may have caused accelerated drying of the remnant of raised ground (and likewise at Withy Bed Copse); besides which, the ground at Site Q is in part not dried bog at all, but Burtle sand (brought to our notice by Prof. Godwin). E 352 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS 2. Tall Carr The dominant trees are birch and sallow. Their canopy varies in height (15-30 ft.) and in density; often their spacing is very close (at the closest, about 15 trees per 10 sq. yds.). ‘Their relative quan- tities also vary, sometimes within a short distance. The eastern carr, where examined, has a generally high proportion of birch; Myrica gale, Peucedanum palustre, and several Sphagnum species are absent and Osmunda is rare; water levels were nearer the surface than in the western carr, and pH values were relatively high. The ground flora is, of course, richest where the tree canopy is thin. Even here there is an appreciable area (5-10%) of bare ground, largely in remnant ditches (p. 354). The barrenness of the latter is all the more marked where they are under a dense canopy and collect a thick litter of fallen leaves. 3. Low Carr Here the tree species are 5-10 ft. high, rather densely but variably spaced as in tall carr. Although separately recognised for descriptive purposes, low carr is merely part of the seral transition from heathy bog to tall carr. At least this is evident in the Roughet, where there has been little or no disturbance for some decades and every gradation can be seen; the record in Table I was obtained there. The vegetation map (Fig. 1) shows low carr immediately south and east of the Roughet, intermixed with rush swamp. In these areas the mapping of 1960 has already become out of date owing to extended operations by the peat company. The low carr was not colonising the rush swamp in the cuttings, but only the intervening banks. Just south of the Roughet, the whole of this vegetation has now been destroyed. In the east central area mapped likewise, where the low carr has now been cut down, not all the cuttings contain rush swamp, and the vegetation between them is partly a heterogeneous herbaceous cover; the area is probably influenced very directly by the operation of the drainage pump beside the railway (Fig. 2). 4. Heathy Bog This community, occurring principally in the Roughet, is closely mixed with gradations to low carr, which contains most of the same species (Table I, col. 4 cf. 3). Straight banks are present, with relatively dry surface, bearing tall Calluna with birch colonists. The heathy bog itself, occupying the old cuttings, is the nearest approach to natural bog vegetation now existing on Shapwick Heath. The peat (pH 4.0-4.5) is more acid than elsewhere, apart from droves and, apparently, rush PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 353° swamp. Dominance is generally shared by Molina and Calluna, with Erica tetralix less plentiful. Dense or loose tussocks of Sphagnum spp. are frequent, often bearing various liverworts and, less often, Drosera rotundifolia. Low birches are widely spaced, with sallow more local. Salix repens is characteristic here and in the associated low carr. The very rare occurrence of Eriophorum vaginatum is interesting. Its remains in the peat show that it was common on Shapwick Heath in the Sub-boreal Period and also in the Iron Age, soon after 500 B.C. (Clapham & Godwin, 1948). Although modern conditions are apparently unfavourable on Shapwick Heath, E. vaginatum grows plentifully on Westhay Moor, 2—3 miles away. 5. Rush Swamp In the subsere following peat-cutting, rush swamp seems to be the earliest stage represented by many similar stands, i.e. consti- tuting a recognisable community type. It forms a nearly closed community, although standing water is often present. The belts of rush swamp are showy expanses of white at the fruiting-time of the cotton sedge, Eriophorum angustifolium. Birches and sallows are few and small (to c. 4 ft. high). The beginning of succession to heathy bog is exemplified in Table I by the record of locally abundant Calluna in the rush swamp list. 6. Reed Bed This term is used for extensive stands of Phragmites. They are confined to the north-west quarter of the Heath. Neither in June nor in the much wetter weather of September (1960) did water stand above ground ; it appears that the Phragmites has spread from colonies which originated in ditches. The reed-bed flora has a fen- like composition, as the list in Table I shows, and in this context it might be significant that Peucedanum palustre, though present in other communities on the Heath, has its highest abundance record here. (The interest of milk parsley as a plant of the Somerset Levels is made apparent in the B.S.B.J. Atlas. A comment by Hope-Simpson and Willis (1955), referring to ““‘poorly grown’’ plants on Shapwick Heath, may be misleading. Many of the plants are small, but well grown ones are not uncommon.) In a narrow sense the reed bed is not a single community, for it is partly treeless and partly under a fairly tall, open carr. In the latter situation, which is the more extensive, the Phragmites is sparser and a few additional species are present (+ in Table I) which mostly reinforce the fen-like distinctness of the reed-bed flora. The pH values, although somewhat acid (5.0-5.4), were in general higher 354 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS than those of peat samples from elsewhere in the western half of the Heath. 7. Remnant Ditches Former ditches which have become nearly functionless are evident in carr. Although usually waterless at the surface, their courses are about 6 in. below the surrounding ground level, and few trees grow in them. In dense carr they are covered with dead leaves and bear little plant growth, although scattered Typha latifolia, Peucedanum palustre and Carex pseudocyperus occur, with species of Sphagnum here and there along the edges. In less shaded habitats the remnant ditches contain also Potentilla palustris, Thelypteris palustris, Iris pseudacorus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Rumex hydrolapathum. In the open, for instance beside droves, there are some old ditches, normally waterless, which carry stands of Typha latifolia, often with large amounts of Carex pseudocyperus. The species list in Table I comes from remnant ditches in sparse low carr and heathy bog. 8. Blocked Ditches These ditches contain water covered with partly floating vegeta- tion. The latter varies a good deal and is shown in Table I by an average list. Sphagnum cuspidatum and S. squarrosum, which form dense masses, apparently play a major part in impeding the flow of water. We do not know how long it takes for ditches to become thoroughly blocked. Those in the Roughet must have been un- touched for about 30 years before our recording, but a similar condition is seen in other places where the period may have been shorter. 9. Open Ditches These (together with abandoned cuttings in a similar stage) have had no systematic study in our work. They contain peaty water with floating plants: such as Lemna minor, species of Callitriche, Utricularia and Potamogeton, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (infrequent), Hottonia palustris (local in E. carr) and Drepanocladus fluitans. 10. Droves The main droves are drained freely, by ditches alongside and usually by maintenance of the surface at a relatively high level. There is frequent traffic caused by peat-cutting activity and the disturbed surface is loose and only partly colonised by a large, miscellaneous flora containing numerous casuals and weeds. We have recorded over 100 species on the droves; they are indicated PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 390 by ‘D’ in the general species list (below). Most are common plants, although Radiola linoides and Wahlenbergia hederacea are present, the latter usually where there is some shelter and relative freedom from disturbance. The flora is interesting because some members show unusual abundance, luxuriance or variability, due no doubt to the opportunities provided by reduced competition and the uncommon type of substratum. The freely drained peat is, however, one of the most acid habitats, judging by four samples giving pH 3.8—4.6 (a fifth gave 6.0). IV. GENERAL SPECIES LIST The following plants were observed within the Nature Reserve during this study. They comprise the bulk of the flora, but not the whole of it. The chief omissions are likely to be plants of the pastured areas: ‘D’ indicates plants found on droves, whether or not they also occur elsewhere. VASCULAR PLANTS D Acer pseudoplatanus D Cerastium viscosum Agropyron repens C. vulgatum D Agrostis canina var. canina D Chamaenerion angustifolium D A. stolonifera D Chenopodium album D A. tenuis D C. polyspermum D Aira praecox Circaea lutetiana Alisma plantago-aquatica D Cirsium dissectum D Alnus glutinosa D C. palustre D Angelica sylvestris D C. vulgare D Anisantha sterilis Conium maculatum D Anthoxanthum odoratum D Crataegus monogyna Apium nodiflorum Cynosurus cristatus D Arctium sp. D Dactylis glomerata D Arenaria serpyllifolia D Daucus carota D Arrhenatherum elatius Drosera rotundifolia Athyrium filix-femina Dryopteris austriaca Avena sativa D. filix-mas D_ Betula pubescens D. spinulosa D Bidens cernua Eleocharis spp. (incl. palustris) D B. tripartita Eleogiton fluitans Calamagrostis epigejos Epilobium hirsutum Callitriche sp. D_ E. montanum D Calluna vulgaris DE. obscurum Caltha palustris E. palustre D Calystegia sepium E. parviflorum D Carex contigua D E. parviflorum x obscurum C. nigra Equisetum fluviatile C. paniculata Erica tetralix C. pilulifera Eriophorum angustifolium C. pseudocyperus E. vaginatum C. riparia D Eupatorium cannabinum C. rostrata D_ Euphrasia brevipila Centaurea nigra Filipendula ulmaria 356 whe) wilele) Slelwlof is o wlohe) wis) alse, wis) J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS Frangula alnus Galeopsis tetrahit Galium aparine G. palustre Glyceria declinata G. fluitans G. maxima Hedera helix Heracleum sphondylium Hieracium sp. (Sect. Tridentata) H. sp. (Sect. Umbellata) Holcus lanatus Hordeum distichon H. vulgare Hottonia palustris Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Hydrocotyle vulgaris Hypericum perforatum Hypochaeris radicata Iris pseudacorus Isolepis setacea Juncus acutiflorus J. articulatus J. bufonius J. bulbosus J. effusus (incl. var. compactus) J. subnodulosus Lapsana communis Lemna minor L. trisulca Ligustrum vulgare Linum catharticum Listera ovata Lonicera periclymenum Lotus uliginosus Luzula multiflora Lychnis flos-cuculi Lycopus europaeus Lysimachia nummularia L. vulgaris Lythrum salicaria Matricaria matricarioides Medicago lupulina Melandrium album Mentha aquatica Molinia caerulea Myosotis arvensis M. palustris Myosoton aquaticum Myrica gale Oenanthe aquatica Oe. fistulosa Orchis praetermissa Osmunda regalis Peucedanum palustre Phalaris arundinacea Phleum pratense Phragmites communis Pinus sylvestris Plantago lanceolata D BgeoeS Co) eS Ser ece SSE ASS Sis.s) ec) o whe) Sloe 0 is) P. major Platanthera bifolia Polygala serpyllifolia Polygonum aviculare agg. ° P. convolvulus P. hydropiper P. lapathifolium P. persicaria Polystichum setiferum Populus tremula Potamogeton spp. (incl. coloratus) Potentilla anglica P. anserina P. erecta P. palustris P. reptans Prunella vulgaris Pteridium aquilinum Pulicaria dysenterica Quercus robur Radiola linoides Ranunculus acris R. flammula R. repens R. sceleratus Rhamnus cathartica Rhinanthus minor agg. Rosa sp. (Sect. Caninae) Rubus (brambles) R. caesius Rumex acetosa R. acetosella agg. R. hydrolapathum Sagina apetala S. procumbens Salix atrocinerea S. repens ssp. repens S. viminalis Sambucus nigra Scrophularia aquatica Scutellaria galericulata Senecio erucifolius S. jacobaea S. sylvaticus Sium latifolium Solanum dulcamara Sonchus arvensis S. asper Sparganium ramosum Stachys palustris S. sylvatica Stellaria alsine S. graminea S. media S. neglecta Succisa pratensis Symphytum officinale Thalictrum flavum Thelypteris palustris Trifolium pratense D Valeriana officinalis D V. riviniana D Veronica arvensis D Wahlenbergia hederacea DV. officinalis BRYOPHYTES Acrocladium cordifolium Lophocolea bidentata and /or A. cuspidatum cuspidata Atrichum undulatum Metzgeria furcata D Aulacomnium androgynum Pleurozium schreberi A. palustre Polytrichum commune Brachythecium rutabulum P. gracile D_ Bryum pseudotriquetrum DP. juniperinum - Calypogeia fissa Ricciocarpus natans Chiloscyphus pallescens Sphagnum contortum Climacium dendroides S. cuspidatum D_ Dicranum bonjeani S. papillosum DD. scoparium S. recurvum Drepanocladus fluitans S. rubellum Eurhynchium praelongum S. squarrosum Frullania dilatata S. subsecundum PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET T. repens D Vicia cracca Typha latifolia V. hirsuta Urtica dioica V. sativa Utricularia sp. Hypnum cupressiforme Leucobryum glaucum Viola palustris Thuidium tamariscinum Ulota bruchii and /or crispa 357 Some noteworthy bryophytes found by members of the British Bryological Society are reported in Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc. 3, 787 (1960). Pallavicinia lyellit was found by C.I. and N. Y. Sandwith in 1947 (Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 27, 207). V. HABITAT NOTES ON SPHAGNA The text and Table I have already given some indication of the more important Sphagna. Altogether seven species were found. The pH samples quoted were obtained near but not in Sphagnum tussocks. S. contortum. See S. ‘subsecundum’ below. S. cuspidatum. In some blocked ditches (pH 5.0) and a strip of waterlogged ‘“‘fill-in’? (pH 4.3). S. papillosum. Frequent, forming characteristic, coarse, large tussocks; found mainly in the rush swamps, heathy bog and carrs of the Roughet (pH 4.2, 4.4, 4.6). All specimens examined lack the normally characteristic hyaline-cell papillae and therefore are probably form laeve or sublaeve. S. recuroum. A few patches, in heathy bog and ditches (pH 4.2, 5-3). | S. rubellum. In the western half of the Heath; locally frequent 398 jJ- F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS in heathy bog of the Roughet (pH 4.4, 4.9), local in tall carr (O.S. plot 154) and in a “‘fill-in’’ strip near Site Q (pH 4.3). S. squarrosum. Abundant, forming broad cushions in the carrs of the Roughet (pH 4.4, 4.9) and, less frequently, in the east carr (pH 5.2, 5.6). Also frequent in heathy bog (pH 4.6), local in rush swamp (pH 4.2) and locally dense in blocked ditches. Probably the commonest bog-moss on the Heath. S. ‘subsecundum’, This designation is used for either or both of S. subsecundum (identified from Roughet and eastern carr) and S. contortum (identified from Roughet); they were not separable in the field. S$. ‘subsecundum’ occurs mainly in the carrs (pH 4.6—5.2), as loose, dark green carpets. It is almost as common as S. squarrosum. The latter and S. ‘subsecundum’ were the only Sphagna found in the eastern Carr. VI. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS Some of the factors which have influenced the present pattern of vegetation probably date from the past exploitation of peat and cannot now be traced. Here are given a few facts we were able to obtain, under three headings. 1. Colonisation of Cuttings Hitherto peat has been cut by hand. When a long trench (or ‘head’) is cut, the topsoil with surface litter and vegetation is cleared and thrown into the adjacent, previously cut trench, as already explained. The trench receiving the “‘fill-in’? may by then be partly filled with water—a matter clearly relevant to the course of colonisation. The broad cuttings so formed, lined with wet ““fill-in’’, are separated at intervals, as necessary, by ditches for drainage or banks left for access. It seems more than probable that the course and speed of the new subsere must be influenced by the circumstances in which it begins. A generalised idea of the time-scale was obtained from peat cutters well acquainted with the Heath. The Roughet is said to have been untouched for a period varying, in different parts, bet- ween 30 and 70 years before our recording. ‘The community pattern of 1960 was not essentially different ten years earlier. It is therefore concluded that heathy bog (the youngest major community on the Roughet) is established after 20-30 years of colonisation, and medium to tall carr after about 50 years. These estimates are very rough ones, but 20-30 years for heathy bog accords tolerably well with the local report of ‘“‘at least 30 years” given by Moss (1907, p. 32)- PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 359 2. Water Conditions The watercourses adjoining the Heath are shown in Fig. 2. They drain the Heath except in spells of wet weather, when their level rises. Culverts passing under the railway to the (disused) Glaston- bury Canal have valves intended to prevent flooding from it to the Heath; but in any case flooding occurs from Shapwick Moor Rhine, which is partly fed by rivulets draining the slope of the Polden Hills; the Mazewell Stream is one of these. The drainage pumps marked in Fig. 2, with capacities of 12,000 and 18,000 galls. per hour, are used to lower the water level locally where peat is to be cut. It is easy to place some of the communities in order of increasing wetness, as follows: oakwood and droves, tall carr (west), low carr and heathy bog, rush swamp, blocked and open ditches. ‘The remainder (eastern tall carr, reed bed, remnant ditches) belong somewhere in the middle range but we cannot place them with confidence. Holes were dug in various sites without standing water; they showed a variable rate of inflow, apparently related to the texture of the peat locally. The short-period measurements of water level obtained are not given; instructive results would emerge only from records covering several months at least, like those obtained by Willis & Jefferies (1959) on peat elsewhere in Somerset. The seasonal variation found by them in the Gordano valley would probably be much exceeded on Shapwick Heath where, Mr. J. P. Alexander tells us, a seasonal range of about 6 ft. in height is not unusual in the ditches. This effect might be expected from pumping out on the one hand and, on the other, the large catchment area for flood water. 3. pH Determinations were made by means of a glass electrode, in a few cases nearly 48 hours after sampling but usually much sooner. All the readings were kindly taken by Mr. M. Holmes of the Eclipse Peat Company. Fig. 2 marks most of the values, in the approximate sites of sampling. Water in the Glastonbury Canal is not far from neutral, and that in ditches on the Heath is consistently less acid than the neighbouring peat; Willis & Jefferies (1959) found a similar situa- tion on the peat moor of the Gordano valley. Some relationships between pH and communities are not clearly detectable in Fig. 2, where the position of pH samples and com- munity boundaries cannot be shown precisely. Relationships which are in fact reasonably certain have been mentioned in the descrip- tions of the communities (eastern tall carr, heathy bog, reed bed, 360 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS droves); these and other pH relations can doubtless be clarified by fuller data. VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The foregoing account describes the modern condition of Shap- wick Heath, an area of old and recent peat cuttings, and its major plant communities. ‘Their composition is summarised in Table I (p. 350-1). They are stages in secondary succession, as outlined by the scheme on p. 349. ‘The successional changes include the decrease of surface water, one of the most important factors. Within this framework, other factors operate. The most evident is nutrient supply, inferred from certain contrasts in the vegetation itself. The best example is given by cols. 4 (heathy bog) and 6 (reed bed) of Table I, which have few species in common; roughly it is a contrast between rudimentary bog and fen floras. An inde- pendent pointer to nutritional differences between some of the major communities is provided by the pH results, as far as they go. Before considering the more direct study of variation in nutrients, or the many features of plant distribution that remain to be ex- plained, it is well to recognise that only the older tall carr may have reached a stable state in balance with the existing factors. ‘The rest of the vegetation, being seral, is partly an expression of what plants could get established under former conditions. ‘To understand the vegetation it is therefore necessary to record and follow the con- ditions and developing vegetation in chosen cuttings from the time when they are abandoned. A first slant to the succession, perhaps affecting its whole course to some extent, might be caused by initial circumstances such as the nature and amount of ‘‘fill-in’’ and the season when it is deposited, the water régime when colonisation starts, and the sources of seed-borne colonists at that time. These circumstances may be greatly altered by the introduction of machinery to extract the peat. Assuming that long-term succes- sional studies will be practicable, it may fairly be asked whether an understanding of the secondary communities will be worth elaborate research. They have been interesting because of the mixture of bog and fen tendencies. The primary aim, however, need not be to elucidate the communities as such, but rather the autecology of some of the species. VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful for help received from several sources. Messrs. L. D., T. M. W. and J. P. Alexander of the Eclipse Peat Company have willingly provided information, and Mr. M. Holmes made PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 361 all the pH determinations. Prof. H. Godwin, F.R.S., has given liberal background information as well as that quoted verbatim. Dr. A. J. Willis and Mr. N. Y. Sandwith have made welcome improvements to the paper at several points. The preparation of typescript and re-drawn maps was largely the work of Elizabeth Hope-Simpson. The Nature Conservancy met the principal expenses of the field work. IX. REFERENCES Clapham, A. R., & Godwin, H. 1948. Studies of the post-glacial history of British vegetation. VIII. Swamping surfaces in peats of the Somerset Levels. Pil. Trans. Roy. Soc., B., 233, 233. Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G. & Warburg, E. F. 1957. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge. Godwin, H. 1941. Studies of the post-glacial history of British vegetation. VI. Correlations in the Somerset Levels. New Phytol. 40, 108. Godwin, H. 1960. Prehistoric wooden trackways of the Somerset Levels: their construction, age and relation to climatic change. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 26, 1. Hope-Simpson, J. F., & Willis, A. J. 1955. Chapter 6, Vegetation, in. Bristol and its Adjoining Counties (ed. C. M. MacInnes & W. F. Whittard). Bristol. Moss, QC. E. 1907. Geographical Distribution of Vegetation in Somerset: Bath and Bridgwater District. Roy. Geogr. Soc. London. Richards, P. W., & Wallace, E. C. 1950. An annotated list of British mosses. Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc. 1, Appendix. Willis, A. J., & Jefferies, R. L. 1959 (for 1958). The plant ecology of the Gordano valley. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 29, 469. 363 OCCURRENCE OF ILLITE IN THE GULLY OOLITE OF THE AVON GORGE By R. J. Howartu (Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol) HE mineralisation was first noted in fallen blocks of Gully Oolite below the south-west wall of Vaughan’s Number 3 Quarry (Vaughan, 1936), on the Somerset side of the Avon Gorge. The blocks appeared to have fallen from a heavily iron-stained group of rocks just below the junction of the Gully Oolite with the Clifton Down Mudstone. In the blocks of oolitic limestone could be seen ‘nodules’ of a soft bluish-green to red-brown mineral. The largest of these was sub- cylindrical with maximum dimensions of 6x 3x2 inches, but smaller nodules, irregular patches, and ‘veinlets’ also occurred. In one specimen, two elongate sub-spherical inclusions of oolite, each about 0°5 inch in maximum diameter, could be seen enclosed in the body of the mineral. The material making up the nodules and other patches has a waxy lustre and subconchoidal fracture, and on one specimen a surface texture resembling slickensides was observed. Small cavities, usually filled with cubic crystals of pyrite, occur scattered through the body of the mineral. The pyrite is frequently altered to limonite and surrounded by a red-brown alteration halo within the enclosing mineral. Secondary iron-staining is common. Examination of the bluish-green mineral by Differential ‘Thermal Analysis and powder X-ray Diffraction showed it to be a clay of the ledikite group, probably illite. In polished section (see Fig. 1) the relation between the clay and the oolite in which it occurs could be determined. The ‘nodule’ of clay is surrounded and traversed by cracks infilled with calcite. Within the nodule single ooliths only rarely occur. Small pyrite spheres and cubes are relatively abundant, frequently showing alteration haloes. Secondary staining of the blue-green clay to a reddish-brown colour results from this alteration of the pyrite. The — oolite adjacent to the nodule is iron-stained, the intensity rising to a maximum close to the nodule and diminishing outwards. From this, it may be deduced that the clay nodules are probably of primary origin, since they contain single ooliths. Shrinkage of the 364 R. J. HOWARTH nodule was followed by infilling of the shrinkage-cracks by calcite. Weathering has decomposed the pyrite to release iron which has stained both the clay and the oolite. Pyrite may also have been present in the oolite. The clay also occurs as small flattened ‘veinlets’ and eeoticred | flakes in the oolite, varying in size from about 1°5 inches long down to less than 0°05 inch. In section, the clay patches have sharply defined boundaries with the matrix of drusy mosaic calcite. Both the matrix and the clay may be cut by later veins of fibrous calcite. Silicification close to the veins occurs, and they often have closely associated ferruginous material, both in the matrix and the ooliths. Close to the veins, the ooliths are often compressed and largely destroyed. Microstylolites may also be developed. The pyrite cubes and framboidal pyrite spheres extracted from one of the nodules were examined for micro-organisms by the writer in conjunction with Dr. J. W. Murray, using a technique developed by Love (1957; Love and Zimmerman, 1961). The pyrite was dissolved, in a special cell mounted on the microscope stage, in dilute nitric acid. Continuous microscopic observation of the reaction with a high-power oil immersion rae NARYS \ A Sa & COR elds DDN ate Ns ON X\ VRE at \\ bs ron Ai’ ' C WN: Nas Was Oa SOR RONG \\\ & ae a ‘ SNAG VK. — VvvA ER Vs E Sh Fic. 1. te se ee drawing of part of a nodule in pole section. (1) Blue-green illite; (2) Pyrite; (3) Veins of fibrous calcite with some ferruginous stair (4) Secondary iron-staining of illite; (5) Calcareous ooliths, with occasional ferruginous ¢ in a matrix of drusy mosaic calcite; (6) Iron-stained oolite adjacent to nodule. OCCURRENCE OF ILLITE IN THE GULLY OOLITE OF AVON GORGE 365 objective revealed that the pyrite dissolved in the acid, releasing a variety of micro-organisms. These micro-organisms, although sometimes aggregated, usually appeared as clear, rounded and featureless, single bodies about 0.5 — 2.0 p in Size, similar in appearance to the Group 5 and Group 6 cell-bodies described by Love (1962). Their origin is discussed by Love (1962), and it seems at present to be uncertain whether they originated from the breakdown of larger bodies, such as pyrite “microberries’ (Love, 1957), test-infillings, or partly developed cores of Pyritosphaera barbaria Love 1957. The primary origin of the pyrite has, nevertheless, been estab- lished, since it is inferred that the pyrite was deposited in the micro-organisms, probably as an amorphous sulphide syngenetic with the deposition of the sediment, or at the time of early diagenesis before complete lithification took place (Love and Zimmerman, 1961). It was not possible to confirm the exact location of the clay in relation to the boundary between the Gully Oolite and Clifton Down Mudstone at this locality owing to the inaccessibility of the exposure in the quarry face. However, the contact was examined on the Portway, 22 yards south-west of the Gully Oolite Quarry on the Bristol side of the Avon Gorge. The section at the contact is shown in Table I. TABLE I DESCRIPTION OF BEDS THICKNESS Inches Curton Down MupstTone mannan nnn nnn nn nnn nnn nnn Sharp Break — -------------------------------------------------- Grey to black shale with rare single ooliths a ee ro ) 2.40 =) Re Soft grey shale in which no ooliths were found .. ay .. 0.0 — O04 Purplish-grey shale with disseminated mele es and small patches of bluish-green illite ar ; me 26.0505 =) 7420 Lenses of bright red silt with many single ooliths ae .. 004 — 1.6 —_—_—__—_—_-——---. Sharp Break | ~----------------------------------— Oolitic limestone reddened by iron-staining, intensity of staining diminishing downwards from contact .. me aif . 08 - 4.8 GULLY OOLITE The base of the Clifton Down Mudstone rests on an uneven surface of grey shale. The frequency with which the disseminated ooliths occur appears to increase towards the base of the shale, until they become prolific in the reddened silt at the base. These lenses of ooliths in a ferruginous matrix, which appears to be goethite, are extremely friable, and the ooliths may be brushed out with the finger. The reddening at the top of the Gully Oolite appears to be yA ae 366 R. J. HOWARTH a secondary feature. The lenses of ferruginous material are deposited on a surface which, although undulatory, is not obviously ripple- marked. The incoming of the illite into the Gully Oolite appears, from the limited evidence available, to occur close to the boundary with the Clifton Down Mudstone. The appearance of the primary illite suggests an abrupt change in sedimentation conditions with the development of iron-rich shales and silts, together with a possible reworking of ooliths. The occurrence of the pyrite in the clay nodules suggests the presence of a near-by area where biochemical formation of the pyrite could occur, and this would be a region of fine subaqueous muds “in which the change from aerobic to anaerobic conditions could occur at any depth’’ (Love, 1962). Although the colouration and general appearance of the illite clay resemble some of the Old Red Sandstone sediments at Portis- head, it seems unlikely that a major upheaval of the Severn Axis region occurred during C1 — C2 times of sufficient magnitude to cause erosion. Slight non-sequences in the Avonian section at Tytherington and Tidenham suggest possible elevation along the Severn Axis to near sea level; considerably more movement would be required to produce erosion of the Old Red Sandstone during the time interval represented by these beds. It is possible that these changes in sedimentation may represent a period of non- deposition prior to the deposition of the Clifton Down Mudstone. It is hoped to extend this preliminary study elsewhere*in the Bristol district. ; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to thank: Dr. J. W. Murray for his assistance, and helpful comments on the manuscript; Mr. D. Hamilton who also read the manuscript; and Mr. S. C. Matthews for helpful discussion. REFERENCES Love, L. G. 1957. Micro-organisms and the origin of syngenetic pyrite. Quart. J. geol. Soc. Lond. 113, 429-440. Love, L. G. 1962, Further studies on micro-organisms and the presence of syngenetic pyrite. Palaeontology, Lond. 5 (3), 444-459. Love, L. G. and Zimmerman, D. O. 1961. Bedded pyrite and micro-organisms from the Mount Isa shale. Econ. Geol. 56 (5), 873-896. Vaughan, A. 1936 (for 1935). The Carboniferous Limestone Series (Avonian) of the Avon Gorge. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th Ser., 8 (1), 29-90. PRESIDENTS WILLIAM SANDERS HENRY E. FRIPP ... GEORGE FORSTER BURDER . JOHN BEDDOE : Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY Rev. THOMAS HINCKS . Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN beh Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER Professor SYDNEY YOUNG S. H. SWAYNE Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN ee ARTHUR B. PROWSE Cc. K. RUDGE JAMES W. WHITE G. MUNRO SMITH Miss I. M. ROPER... G. C. GRIFFITHS . ERNEST (later Sir Eres) H. COOK H. WOMERSLEY Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE JAMES RAFTER A. L. FLEMMING ... J. W. TUTCHER F. S. WALLIS Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE G. E. J. McCMURTRIE Professor MACGREGOR SKENE H. TETLEY uh Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR F. W. EVENS H. H. DAVIS Professor W. F. WHITTARD J. H. SAVORY R. BASSINDALE Miss M. H. ROGERS F. COLES PHILLIPS H. H. DAVIS The dates given are those of election to office. 1862 IgOI MEMBERSHIP OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY Anyone interested in Natural History may apply to join the Society as a Full member. The annual subscription is 25 /-. Members of the household of a Full member and persons residing outside a radius of twenty miles from the City Centre of Bristol may become members for an annual subscription of 12/6. 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Ex-officio the Professors of Botany, GEoLoGy and Zoo.Locy at the UNIvERsiTy OF BRISTOL NEW 369 MEMBERS (other than Junior Members) FROM 24 APRIL 1963 TO 22 APRIL 1964 A—Associate Member Adam, Miss J; BE. .........; Barker, Miss J.A. .......... Bartlett, Mrs. Ss... oso. .005- Blossom}. Bis. <.65 64.005 Britton, Mrs. J. 'R..........- Brown, Miss D.E........... Browning, 1.7 Jie. i... 6 we Une A INU i: aaa da x oe ass @arter RW. Geo k cad sce Case, Miss(M. Tie... 66.5. s REG RIe SCR, 8. cree cso oye'u nie aus Clemremity Ata, ce. ctr He as eusicnel s Dennison, Miss M., M.A..... Dimond? Re fisisd eo se wied oe Dobbie: Mr [idas ...k i 2. ek Dobbie, Mirs,:J. Lisi... 55. obs WDOWwGel IRE Joe occa ie Syshseesd eases Ps OUt ON atest Sikes Pie a Elliott, Mrs. N. .2.......5 Tverett, Miss P. S.. 2.2... Finch; NMiissiCy .ia0s. sacs. Flood, Dr. A., M.C., M.B., Ch. Be DP IMs ocse ees Garvey oli iiss sien saste n w ec eer eee eee eo wo © oo Gibbs, B. Hamilton, Mrs. G. R....... Flendersome Ds. occ. 4.4 d0s ead aes Humphris, Mrs. J., B.Sc. .. Baty ss WESS HG GE Lose: 6203554 s05' ppenkins. Mis. Gi. aie soe 5 oe C—Corresponding Member The addresses of Junior Members may be had from the Hon. Secretary (Junior Activities). St. Martin’s, Long Ashton, Bristol 2 Ashgrove Road, Redland, Bristol 6 75 Ellacombe Road, Longwell Green, nr. Bristol c/o Y.M.C.A., Colston Street, Bristol 1 23 Buckingham Place, Downend, Bristol 8 Belvedere Road, Redland, Bristol 35 Malvern Buildings, Fairfield Park, Bath, Somerset The Grange, 60 Gloucester Road North, Filton, Bristol Journey’s End, Forehills Road, Portishead, nr. Bristol 56 Harrowdene Road, Knowle, Bristol 4 7 Harley Place, Clifton Down, Bristol 8 157 Somerset Road, Knowle, Bristol 4 19 Kingsdown Parade, Bristol 6 74 Dominion Road, Fishponds, Bristol 17 Redland Grove, Redland, Bristol 6 34 Highworth Road, St. Anne’s, Bristol 4 Gattrells, Fry’s Lane, Batheaston, Bath, Somerset Do. do. 370 Gloucester Road, Horfield, Bristol 7 60 Belmont Road, Bristol 6 Do. Flat 4 Arlington Mansions, Arlington Villas, Bristol 8 Sandcotte, Sand Bay, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset 14 Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol 8 19 Chesterfield Rd., Downend, Fishponds, Bristol 114 School Road, Brislington, Bristol 4 83 Sea Mills Lane, Bristol 9 32 Kingsway Road, Burnham-on-Sea, Som. 72 Cocker Street, Blackpool, Lancs. Fiddlers Bottom, Abbotside, Crombhall, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos. Aynho, Station Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol 201 Wellington Hill West, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol 370 NEW MEMBERS A. Jones, Miss M. Ui. ../.252 2.2. 11 Burnham Road, Shirehampton, Bristol As Jones, INS. sai cae 10 Lake Road, Henleaze, Bristol Eenton; Missi. Jo ..n ee Middle House, Little Court, Batheaston, Bath, Somerset Dilwall, | 1G., BSc... 225-1. c/o Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Infestation Control Division, Government Buildings, Burghill Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol A: Weord Miissighs) A. 22a see ae Homefield, 132 Manor Road, Fishponds, Bristol Mace; Miss Bie Mies. 66 sos Manor Cottage, Chew Magna, nr. Bristol A. iWrathieson,A. Ma, as a acuten Weavers, Thackeray Road, Clevedon, Som. Packer, Mrs. K.M.,M.A..... 34 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol 8 IReneycaG Cia jnprcie rua gies 32 Redland Grove, Redland, Bristol 6 Peneyead, Mis. Gv oo... 2.3 Do. A>. Peneycad, “Mass cit 6s ines Do. balls AN Secs sear eene te Wyvern, Almondsbury, nr. Bristol Pitt, GinWs Weecd cvexaeweee Trout Cottage, Chew Magna, nr. Bristol A Platt. Missi Rime tens. cta The Orchard, Bridge Road, Leigh Woods, Bristol 8 Brytherchs Re Ji. Soe ee cee 38 Ravenswood Road, Redland, Bristol 6 Bupsleys fi. egesatt cee es exc 34 Dublin Crescent, Henleaze, Bristol Rawlings, F. H., M.P.S., TDAP Dicasscs) A chezets 2 aesitvnion’ wees 19 Richmond Avenue, Bristol 6 Roach, Mrs\G.u ec. eee 12 Falcon Court, Southfield Road, West- bury-on-Trym, Bristol iobertsoms IViss Yates: 2. “Blagdon res., Oct. 27 (R.M.G., J.A.McG., R.J.P:) ; up to four macrura, Cheddar res., Apr. 21, Aug. 29, Sept. 1, and one, Blagdon, Oct. 6 (P.J.C., H.H., B.K., J.A.McG., M.A.W.). RosEATE TERN Sterna dougallit S. One seen Weston Bay, June 29, flying S.W. over Brean Flats by R.A., who mentions very white underparts, pale grey upperparts, long tail-streamers, long dark bill and absence of crest. Fourth record for the county—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1962, p. 324. LitTLE TERN Sterna albifrons S. One, Chew Valley res., Aug. 31 (R.A.). SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis G. One imm., New Grounds, Sept. 11 (LiP.A.) ; details sup- plied. RAZORBILL Alca torda S. One found dead, Sand Bay, Oct. 13 (R.A.). LirtLe Auk Plautus alle S. One, Cheddar res., Nov. 6, found dead on 7th (P.T.L.). Stock Dove Columba oenas G. Flock of five, Shirehampton, roosting with Woodpigeons and Collared Doves, Jan. — Feb. (C.L.) ; five, New Grounds, Nov. go (R.M.C.). S. Reported from Radstock and Midsomer Norton, Jan. (C.S.). Winter flock, up to ten, Chew Valley res. (W.J.S.) ; two to six birds, same place, Mar. — Apr. (P.J.C., C.S., M.A.W.). ‘Two, Steep Holm, Sept. 8 (Res. Stn.). TurTLE Dove Streptopelia turtur G. Three, Avonmouth Dock, May - July; 21, July 13, and three as late as Oct. 28 (C.L.). Pair, Littleton-on-Severn, July 26 (P.J.G.):. 404 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT S. Breeding season records from Banwell, Walton Moor, Ticken- ham, Portishead, Combe Down, Bath (P.G.H., E.G.M.N., W.L.R. et al.). Flocks of ten, Bath, and six, Litton, Aug. 11 ; eleven, Wring- ton, Sept. 1 (A.A.G._, MEK A McG; COLLARED Dove Streptopelia decaocto G. Flock of fourteen, Shirehampton, Jan. — March, with four pairs present in breeding season ; one pair with three nests raised three young (C.L.). Other breeding records : two young reared, B.B.C. gardens, Clifton, and another two young reared elsewhere in Bristol (R.B.) ; pair reared single young, New Grounds, August— two other pairs present did not breed (M.A.O.). Up to three ads., Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Jan. — Feb., Apr. - May, August and Dec. (G.S.). One, Redland, Apr. — July ; two, July 13 (C.G.). Large numbers feeding on grain, Avonmouth Dock: 34, Apr. 6 ; 43, May 12; 40, June 21 ; ¢. 30, July 13, and 92, Oct. 28 (C.L.) and influx noted, New Grounds, Sept. — Oct., with max. of ¢. 20, Oct. to end year (M.A.O.). S. One or two, Weston-s-Mare, Jan. — April, Oct. and Dec. ; four, Apr. 11 {R.A., R.B.). Single “birds, "Portishead; Wiay |’ 4 (G.E.C.); Odd Down, Bath, May 15 (R.M.C.) and Pill, July 26 (J.F-Bi); Two, Failand, Sept. 23 (FHA); Barn Ow. Tyto alba S. The only records are of single birds, nr. Lower Weare, vari- ous dates, Mar. — May and three dates, Sept. (R.H.R.) ; Yatton, Apr. 1 (H.H.D.) ; Wrington, Oct. 13 (M.K.) ; Kingston Seymour, Nov. 3 (J.F.B.) and Bishop Sutton, Nov. 5, 22 (D.W.). SHORT-EARED OwL_ Asio flammeus S. One, Chew Valley res., Mar. 18 (R.F.T.). NiGHTJAR Caprimulgus europaeus S. Single 3, Leigh Woods, May 19, 23, but not found, June 22 (R.F.T. et al.). One 9, Shipham, May 20—“ almost certainly does not breed here ”’ (T.B.S.). Swirt SILURIAN Series Dr Ae OW’ | gs 7 Fault 100 200 Se = Sa | Yards Fic. 1. Position of the Buckover Section. M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE 430 (-aures aq} sopeos [eoT}I9A pue [e}UOZTIOH) : “Furyyna pvos saaoyong ayy fo yung fo uoysas puv Fup *% ‘Old ‘a0 34 00! aie = <5 ‘Joob N Moors 2aa4 \ Ajyiwsojsuooun \ eet er al | ag oe x as a = 4 = aN ey, e = = ° | NaN 29 \-—~* > 44 = : i am \ \ ZN WW aie ; Zea os wee lee A ‘ A ee ea ee ee ee eee Ue K SILURIAN——-OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 431 rocks to the west against Wenlock, Llandovery and Tremadoc rocks to the east (Curtis, 1955, fig. 1, p. 4). SILURIAN ROCKS The Silurian rocks seen in the Buckover section are considered to occupy a high horizon in the Wenlock Series. The Wenlock succession as developed in the south-western part of the Tortworth Inlier, around Whitfield and Horseshoe Farm, consists of some 800 ft. of shales, mudstones, siltstones and calcareous sandstones, with three prominent limestone bands (Kellaway & Welch, 1948, p. 12; Curtis, 1955, p. 6). It is to the highest part of this succession that the strata exposed in the new road cuiting belong. Over 180 ft. of beds were exposed in the cutting, consisting predominantly of mudstones and siltstones. ‘The lower beds, about 130 ft. thick, are mainly purplish-red mudstones with occasional thin green streaks (Beds 1-9); they are sometimes slightly calcareous, and at two horizons contain layers of hard calcareous nodules. About 50 ft. below the top of this purplish-red mudstone group is a band of hard purple and grey argillaceous limestone, 12 ft. thick, and a few feet above it is a richly fossiiiferous horizon. This limestone is un- doubtedly the highest of the three limestones referred to above ; it probably thickens eastwards for between Horseshoe Farm and High Wood it forms a prominent ridge. The highest 53 ft. of Silurian beds consist mainly of silty mud- stones, sitlstones and fine-grained sandstones (Beds 10-18), the lower part being mostly yellowish-green and brown, and the upper part showing alternations of green and purplish-red. A considerable fauna has been obtained from this portion of the succession, par- ticularly from Bed 10 which consisis of yellowish-green siltstone with hard bands of yellowish-brown, fine-grained calcareous sand- stone, often highly fossiliferous. These highest Silurian rocks are identical with the fossiliferous siltstones and sandstones formerly exposed in the well-known lane section at Horseshoe Farm, } mile to the south-east (Reed & Reynolds, 1g908a, pp. 524, 537 ; 1908b, p- 40). There has been much doubt in the past as to whether the beds at Horseshoe Farm belong to the Wenlock or the Ludlow Series. Murchison, Phillips and other nineteenth century geologists assigned them to the latter. Reed and Reynolds agreed that the fauna from this locality, and the fauna obtained by them from trenches south of Little Daniel’s Wood, contained some elements having Ludlow affinities, but considered the fauna as a whole to indicate a Wenlock age. This view is confirmed by the evidence of the Buckover section. The purplish-red mudstones (lower part of E 432 M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE Bed 7), which overlie the limestone, contain a typical Wenlock: fauna including Favosites gothlandicus forbesi (Edwards and Haime), Meristina obtusa (J. Sowerby), Trigonirhynchia stricklandi (J. de C. Sowerby), Leptaena depressa (J. de C. Sowerby), Strophonella funicu- lata (M’Coy) and Dalmanites myops (Konig). The highest part of the Silurian succession, comprising 53 ft. of siltstones and fine-grained sandstones (Beds 10-18), has yielded a large fauna which includes Cramops implicata (J. de C. Sowerby), Howellella sp., Meristina obtusa (J. Sowerby), Leptaena rhombordalis (Wilckens), Strophonella funiculata (M’Coy), Fardenia applanata (Salter), F. pecten (Linnaeus), Chonetes ceratoides Reed, Actinopteria cf. pleuroptera (Conrad), Cornellites sp., Dalmanites myops (Konig) and Homalonotus sp. An interesting feature of this fauna is the abundance of lamellibranchs. An indication of the shallow water conditions under which these highest Silurian beds were deposited is provided by the occurrence in the fine-grained sandstones of small-scale current-bedding, ripple-marks and small drag-marks. ‘There is also evidence that these rocks suffered disturbances which were penecontemporaneous with their deposition. Bed 18, for example, is a fine-grained yellow sandstone containing pebbles of similar material; the upper laminated part of this bed seems to have been broken when partially consolidated, and penetrated from below by argillaceous sediment which was still in a plastic condition. The occurrence of rounded masses and curved bedding in Beds 12 and 13 may likewise be attributed to penecontemporaneous disturbance. The Silurian succession is shown below in descending order. In the lower portion (Beds 1-7) the thicknesses given were calcu- lated from the w:dths of the outcrops, and in the upper portion (Beds 8-18) the thicknesses were obtained by direct measurement. Ft. Ins. (18) Hard yellow current-bedded, fine-grained calcareous sandstone, weathering to a brown laminated rotten- stone, and containing abundant crinoid ossicles A I 6 (17) Silty mudstone with some silty sandstone bands, mainly green below and red and green above .. 4 ) (16) Purplish-red shaly mudstone, with occasional bands of hard, green, fine-grained sandstone, and with a thin layer of green clay at the base 6 6 (15) Banded green and purplish-red silty mudstone, with some hard sandy siltstone bands .. 8 6 (14) Banded green and purplish-red silty mudstone, with occasional bands of hard, fine-grained sandstone, and a few pale green clay partings 5 6 (13) Green siltstone, with some sandier bands showing fine current- bedding, and SoOrnIne rounded masses with curved bedding . . 4 O (12) Brown sandy siltstone, showing s some curved bedding, and with abundant fossils ays es ue BY: a fo) SILURIAN—-OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 433 (11) Banded green and purplish-brown silty mudstone .. 2 o (10) Yellowish-green siltstone, with bands of harder silt- stone. Bands of yellowish-brown, fine-grained cal- careous sandstone, up to 1 ft. thick, and sometimes highly fossiliferous, are most abundant in the middle and upper part. Some reddish-brown and purplish- brown streaks occur towards the base and top a4 18 oO (9) Purplish-red mudstone and silty mudstone, with thin layers of slightly harder siltstone, and two 4 in. bands of fine-grained sandstone : 10 o (8) Banded purplish-red and drab green mudstone and sandy mudstone, with a band of green reY Aro sandstone, 7 ins. thick, atthe base... 4 6 (7) Purplish-red mudstone, with green streaks, and occa- sional bands of green mudstone and sandy mudstone up to 1 ft. thick. Abundant fossils occur in a bed of purple mudstone, apparently about 6 ft. above the base ‘ 33 o) (6) Hard, purple and purplish- -grey ‘argillaceous and silty limestone, occurring in lumpy, irregular beds with clay partings. The highest 2 ft. is the most massive and regularly bedded. Drusy cavities, up to an inch or two across, contain small crystals of white and pink celestine. About 2 ft. above the base is a band of purplish-blue clayey mudstone, gins. thick .. ; 12 oO (5) Purple and purplish-red mudstone with occasional calcareous nodules, and in the lower part a few seams of nodular, lumpy limestone, up to g ins. thick .. 9 fe) (4) Purplish-red mudstone, slightly calcareous towards the base, with a green limestone and mudstone band, 3 ins. thick, at the base i 13 ts) (3) Purplish-red mudstone, with occasional thin green and purplish-blue bands. Nodular lumps of purple limestone, up to about 4 ins. thick, occur in the lower part 8 o (2) Purplish-red mudstone, ‘with an occasional calcareous nodule in the upper part, and with occasional thin green and purplish-blue bands and streaks .. 26 O (1) Soft purplish-red mudstone, with occasional very thin green partings. Notwellexposed .. ie a 15 (a) OLD RED SANDSTONE A thickness of more than 300 ft. of Old Red Sandstone sediments has been observed in the Buckover section. ‘That these beds belong to the Farlovian or Upper Old Red Sandstone is indicated by the occurrence of scales and plates of Bothriolepis cf. hydrophila (Agassiz) in a thin bed, 4 ft. above the base, here named the Buckover Fish Bed. The succession is similar to that described in Monmouthshire and around the Forest of Dean (Welch & Trotter, 1961, pp. 49-57; Trotter, 1942, pp. 9-11), and the two main subdivisions of the Upper Old Red Sandstone seen in those areas, the Quartz Con- glomerate below and the Tintern Sandstone above, can be recog- nised also in the Buckover section. ‘These two groups have already 434 M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE been described as occurring in the Thornbury and Tortworth areas (Kellaway & Welch, 1955, pp. 5-7 ; Welch & Trotter, 1961, p. 57), but most of the existing exposures are small, and the new road cutting at Buckover provides the most complete succession in these formations to be seen anywhere east of the River Severn. The Quartz Conglomerate at Buckover is about 47 ft. thick, and consists of two bands of massive conglomerates and sandstones, the lower one 22 ft. thick and the upper one 7 ft. thick, separated by 64 ft. of rather thinly-bedded sandstone. About 12 ft. of beds occur below the massive conglomerates and sandstones ; they include at the base a bed of hard sandstone, about 1 ft. 9 ins. thick, and just above the middle a 6 in. band of sandstone showing well-developed symmetrical ripple-marks. The Tintern Sandstone consists of a variable series of sandstones, siltstones and ‘marls’ with occasional rubbly bands of nodular cornstones. The thickness seen is probably not less than 250 ft., and may be more than 300 ft. The basal beds of the Tintern Sandstone are rather soft, and consist of purplish-brown and red fine-grained, thinly-bedded sandstones, succeeded by coarser sandstones with a bed of red marl, and at the top a conspicuous bed of hard purplish- blue rubbly conglomeratic cornstone (Beds 29-34). The main por- tion of the Tintern Sandstone (Beds 35-65) consists of purplish- brown, pale green, grey and yellow sandstones, generally strongly current-bedded. These sandstones are normally hard and rather massive, but flaggy and more thinly-bedded sandstones are also common. Interbedded with the hard sandstones are beds of siltstone and ‘marl’, and occasional layers of clay and bands of ’ rubbly cornstones. The highest beds of the Tintern Sandstone occurring in the section (Beds 66—72), although only intermittently exposed, were seen to consist of soft thinly-bedded sandstones and soft sandy clays, with occasional lines of cornstone nodules. The ochreous appearance of the cornstones in the upper part of the succession has almost certainly been caused by the once overlying Dolomitic Conglomerate. The Buckover Fish Bed is a purplish-brown, green and yellow sandstone band, 3 ins. thick, containing white scales and plates of Bothriolepis cf. hydrophila, and is situated 4 ft. above the uncon- formable base of the Quartz Conglomerate. On the eastern side of the road cutting the bed contains abundant fish remains, but on the western side only isolated scales were found at this level. Frag- mentary fish scales have also been found about 7 ft. higher in the succession. It is interesting to recall in this connection that long ago a scale of Holoptychius sp. was found near the base of the Upper Old Red Sandstone at Milbury Heath (Smith, 1934, pp. 119-20). No SILURIAN—OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 435 fish beds have been reported from the Quartz Conglomerate or the lower part of the Tintern Sandstone in the Forest of Dean or Monmouthshire. At Portishead in Somerset the well-known Wood- hill Bay Fish Bed occurs about 50 ft. above the base of the Portis- head Beds, but it is not easy to correlate the Portishead succession with that further north (Wallis, 1928, pp. 768-9; Kellaway & Welch, 1955, p. 6). In the following details of the Old Red Sandstone succession at Buckover, the thicknesses given for the beds of the Quartz Conglomerate were obtained by measurement. The thicknesses of the beds comprising the Tintern Sandstone, on the other hand, have been calculated from the widths of their outcrops, and become increasingly less accurate towards the top of the successior owing to the strongly current-bedded nature of the sandstones and the difficulty of determining the amount and direction of their dip. This is particularly so in the case of Beds 56-72 which were observed only in a trench excavated along the eastern side of the road, and the estimated thicknesses of Beds 66—72 (shown in square brackets) are very approximate indeed. TINTERN SANDSTONE Ft Ins (72) Occasional exposures of soft red and green thinly- bedded sandstone and sandy clay” =: [10 o] (71) Green and red sandy ‘marl’ with occasional thin layers of yellow cornstones , [15 oO] (70) Soft brownish sandstone, with occasional green clays and layers and isolated nodules of yellow cornstone .. [7 o] (69) Green clay, slightly sandy towards base, with occa- sional layers of hard ochreous cornstone nodules .. [23 o] (68) Soft pale green micaceous sandstone, strongly current- bedded .. Ae [8 o| (67) Pale-green, grey and purplish- brown ‘sandstone, with coarse-grained and pebbly layers, aaa rather flaggy and current-bedded ss [20 o] (66) Soft, pale green and purplish- brown, ‘ thinly-bedded sandstone. Lower part coarse-grained ‘with occasional small pebbles; upper part current-bedded with occasional thin bands of harder sandstone. A band of green, slightly sandy clay occurs at the top . [14 o] (65) Pale green, grey and brown, rather flaggy sandstone, coarse-grained and pebbly at base and in upper part 5 O (64) Soft, pale green shaly sandstone, with a band of co nodular cornstones, 6 ins. thick, at the base .. ; I 6 (63) Red ‘marl’ with occasional thin layers of soft green sandstone, especially in the lower part ns 13 O (62) Yellow, grey and pale green, hard quartzitic sand- stone, coarsely slabby and much jointed. A band of green sandy clay occursnearthetop .. 6 O (61) Pale green flaggy sandstone, mostly rather ‘soft, but hard and current-bedded towards base. A band of rubbly ochreous cornstone, 1 ft. thick, occurs at the top oe oe oe os s oe oe # fe) M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE Purplish-brown and green sandstone. Lower part flaggy and current-bedded; upper part coarse- grained and pebbly, becoming rather soft and fissile towards the top Red and green silty and sandy beds with abundant rubbly yellow and green cornstones. Soft red and green sandstone and siltstone, with bands of purplish-brown and green sandstone. The lowest 4 ft. consist of ae aa brown, sree and grey laggy sandstone Red ‘marl’ Purplish-brown and green flagey sandstone Purple siltstone and sandstone with small nodular cornstones re Hard purplish- brown and green sandstone .. Purple fissile sandstone, soft and highly micaceous Hard purplish-brown and green current-bedded sand- stone; flaggy, especially in upper part . Soft red sandy marl with green patches Purplish-brown and green flaggy sandstone .. Dark purple sandstone, soft and thinly-bedded, with nodular masses of purple and green cornstones be- coming abundant towards the top .. Hard purplish-brown, pale green and grey, current- bedded sandstone, with a band of bright ere clay, 4 ins. thick, a little above the middle Soft purple and green micaceous sandstone Hard grey current-bedded sandstone Clay, red below and green above Hard, massive grey and pale green sandstone; lowest foot contains abundant ochreous fragments .. Purplish-brown, pale green and grey sandstone. Lowest 6 ins. contains abundant ochreous fragments, and at the top is a green siltstone band, 5 ins. thick .. Red siltstone and fine-grained, thinly-bedded sand- stone, with some green patches. A pale green sand- stone band, 2 ft. thick, occurs about the middle and a green siltstone band, 1 ft. thick, at the top : Hard, purplish- -brown and green current-bedded sandstone Red siltstone and fine- ‘grained thinly-bedded sand- stone with green seams and patches. Possibly equiva- lent, in part, to Bed 39 .. at FAULT Red siltstone and fine-grained thinly-bedded sand- stone with occasional green patches. . Hard purplish- brown and green sandstone Red ‘marl’ with occasional green patches, rather sandy and crumbly .. Purplish-blue and oa rubbly siltstone with small yellow cornstones ‘ Purplish-brown and green sandstone, “mostly rather hard and massive, and often showing current-bedding; pebbly at base with quartz pebbles up to 4 in. across Hard, purplish-blue rubbly conglomeratic cornstone. Irregularly coloured; mainly purplish-blue, with green, yellow and reddish-brown ie Hard purplish-brown and green sandstone .. Ft. NNN © Nw Ins. oOo nN (32) (31) (30) (29) (28) (25) (19) SILURIAN—OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY Soft sandstone. Lower part dark purple with green patches; upper part dark red and purple : Soft red argillaceous siltstone or ‘marl’; rapidly break- ing down on weathering ; Soft argillaceous sandstone; lower part “mainly yellow and green, and upper part purplish- red Purplish-brown and red fine-grained, thinly-bedded sandstone. Mostly rather soft, but slightly above the middle is a harder bed with purplish blue and grey patches QUARTZ CONGLOMERATE Hard, massive, yellowish-grey, pale green and purplish-brown sandstone, often pebbly, and showing current-bedding. Beds of hard conglomerate, which may be a foot or more thick, occur in the sandstones, but seem to wedge out rapidly. Pebbles, mainly of quartz, are well rounded and up to 14 ins. across; other pebbles include red jasper, and in some beds there are bright green mudstone pellets a Thinly-bedded and flaggy silty sandstone; rather soft, and eed aca and red in colour with green patches Hard, massive, ‘current-bedded sandstone; greyish- green, yellowish-green and purplish-brown. Occasion- al thin conglomeratic seams occur, and some beds contain isolated quartz pebbles up to I in. across. Pebbles of soft purplish-brown sandstone and siltstone and green mudstone occur near the top Hard greyish-green and yellowish-green conglomerate, with pebbles, mainly of quartz up to I in. across. Other pebbles include jasper; at some levels there are soft brown sandstone and siltstone pebbles, and at others green mudstone pebbles. . Hard yellowish-green conglomeratic sandstone, with pebbles mainly of quartz Conglomerate, with a brown, “green ‘and yellowish matrix, and pebbles, mainly of white quartz, up to 13 ins. across. The upper part is hard and current- bedded, but the whole is rather poorly cemented and weathers to a friable gravel. Thin layers and partings of pale sandstone and red shaly mudstone occur Red shaly mudstone and green sandy siltstone Yellowish-green conglomerate, with rounded quartz pebbles up to $ in. across, wea tnenne to a friable gravel , Purplish-brown and green mudstone, siltstone and fine-grained, thinly-bedded sandstone. The lowest beds contain flow-rolls with concentric banding. A 3 in. sandstone (Buckover Fish Bed) occurs 2 ft. 2 ins. above the base. A 6 in. sandstone, with the top surface extensively covered with symmetrical ripple-marks having a wavelength of about 1 in., occurs about 5ft. 5 ins. above the base sd Hard purplish-brown and green sandstone. The lowest 3-4 ins. is pebbly in some places, with quartz pebbles up to about } in. across, and pebbles and fragments of green mudstone and yellow decalcified sandstone similar to Bed 18 of the underlying Silurian Ft. 6 8 o iN) 437 438 . : M. L. K.. CURTIS AND R. CAVE THE SILURIAN—OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY The Silurian—Old Red Sandstone unconformity represents a very considerable stratigraphical break. ‘The highest Silurian rocks seen in the Buckover section are believed to be near the top of the Wenlock Series, and these are overlain by beds belonging to the Upper Old Red Sandstone. The Ludlow Series of the Silurian, the Lower and Middle Old Red Sandstone, and possibly part of the Upper Old Red Sandstone are absent. Although the unconform- ity is a major one, no well-defined angular discordance between the Silurian and Old Red Sandstone can be seen in the road cutting. Indeed, even the position of the unconformity itself is not at first obvious owing to the similarity of the highest Silurian and lowest Old Red Sandstone sediments, both consisting of rather thinly- bedded purple and green siltstones and sandstones. Nor is there a well-marked basal conglomerate. The lowest bed of the Old Red Sandstone is a hard purplish-brown and green sandstone, 1 ft. 9 ins. thick, the lowest 3 or 4 ins. of which is inclined to be pebbly, with quartz pebbles up to about } in. in diameter. This pebbly bed rests on approximately the same horizon in the Silurian across the whole width of the road cutting. The unconformable junction was seen most clearly on the eastern side of the cutting where the basal bed of the Old Red Sandstone (Bed 19) is in contact with a conspicuous calcareous sandstone band in the Silurian (Bed 18); the latter is a fine-grained, current- bedded sandstone, 1 ft. 6 ins. thick, which in a fresh condition is an intensely hard yellow rock, but weathers to a laminated brown sandy rottenstone. In some places the unconformable surface 1s sharp and only slightly uneven. In other places it is more irregular with elevations and depressions of about an inch ; and sometimes narrow infillings of pebbly sandstone and conglomerate can be seen penetrating an inch or two downwards into the underlying Silurian sandstone, filling cracks which often have smooth weathered sides. Detached and partially detached flakes of Silurian sandstone are seen in the Old Red Sandstone adjacent to the contact. On the western side of the cutting the junction is more obscure; in some places the relationship appears to be the same as that on the eastern side, but at one place (Pl. VII, 1) it was observed that greenish siltstones occur in the position normally oe ae by the fine-grained sandstone (Bed 18). Considered more generally, the unconformity beneath the Upper Old Red Sandstone is one of the most widespread strati- graghical breaks in the Palaeozoic rocks of southern Britain. SILURIAN—OLD. RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 439 Throughout most of South Wales and the Welsh Borderland the Upper Old Red Sandstone rests on the Brownstones, the highest subdivision of the Lower Old Red Sandstone, but there is generally little or no discordance between the two formations. This relation- ship is found to exist in Monmouthshire and around the Forest of Dean, although in one area, near Mitchel Troy, south of Mon- mouth, -the Quartz Conglomerate oversteps the Brownstones, and comes’ to rest on the St. Maughan’s Group, apparently due to gentle folding during pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone times (Welch & Trotter, 1961, pp. 4, 8). Along the eastern margin of the Forest of Dean syncline, and southwards as far as ‘Tidenham Chase, the Quartz Conglomerate rests on Brownstones, but east of the Severn, around Thornbury, it overlies the ‘Thornbury Beds which have been tentatively correlated with the Raglan Marls (Welch & Trotter, 1961, pp. 8, 32, 46). In the Buckover road cutting the Upper Old Red Sandstone comes to rest directly on Silurian rocks, thought to be near the top of the Wenlock, and this relationship appears to exist over the distance between Buckover and ‘Tortworth. However, south of Little Daniel’s Wood, near Tortworth, a major north— south fault, which is unmistakably of pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone age, has a downthrow to the west with the result that the Quartz Conglomerate between this point and Tortworth Church rests on beds near the base of the Wenlock Series (Reed & Reynolds, 1908a, fig. 3, p. 518; Curtis, 1955, fig. 1, p. 4). Thus, as followed eastwards from Tidenham Chase, across the Severn to the village of Tortworth, a distance of about 9 miles, the Upper Old Red Sand- stone is found to overlie rocks which seem to belong to progressively lower horizons. There is no evidence throughout this region of any marked angular discordance at the unconformity which would account for extensive overstepping by the Upper Old Red Sand- stone. It is therefore suggested that an explanation of this phenome- non is the presence of a series of major north—south faults of pre- Upper Old Red Sandstone age with the downthrow in each case to the west. One such fault, referred to above, emerges from beneath the Upper Old Red Sandstone outcrop south of Little Daniel’s Wood, near Tortworth, and can be traced northwards along the western side of Daniel’s Wood, with a downthrow to the west of at least 500 ft., and possibly over 1,000 ft. Another is the fault extending from Stone Bridge to Purton (p. 428 ), which brings Ludlow and Lower Old Red Sandstone to the west against Tremadoc, Llan- dovery and Wenlock rocks to the east, and the southerly continua- tion of which probably accounts for the juxtaposition of the Thorn- bury Beds and the Wenlock Series in the area between Crossways and Whitfield ; the throw of this fault is probably to be measured 440 M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE in thousands of feet. Other faults having approximately the same trend are the Blakeney Fault, east of the Forest of Dean, and a fault observed on Black Rock, in the Severn near Berkeley (Welch & Trotter, 1961, pp. 7, 14-15, 45), but the ages of these are unknown. The absence of part of the Upper Silurian and the whole of the Lower Old Red Sandstone at Tortworth, in contrast to the thick development of these formations in the area immediately to the west, suggests that the major north—south faulting described above, and the very extensive erosion which must have followed it, occurred mainly in ‘Middle’ Old Red Sandstone times (i.e. post-Brownstones, pre-Quartz Conglomerate). The magnitude of the faulting and subsequent erosion is indicated by the fact that along the eastern margin of the Forest of Dean and in the Purton and Sharpness area these deposits attain a thickness of at least 3,000 ft., probably considerably more, and around Thornbury the thickness of the Lower Old Red Sandstone is considered to be not less than 1,000 ft. (Welch & Trotter, 1961, pp. 28, 32). It seems reasonable to suppose that a substantial part of this great thickness originally extended eastwards across the Tortworth area, and was removed by erosion prior to the deposition of the Upper Old Red Sandstone. Unfortunately, however, there is no direct evidence as to the original thickness of these deposits at Tortworth. ‘Thus the possibility remains that the major north—south faults may have been active over a long period and may have had a controlling effect on sedimentation, producing a somewhat attenuated Ludlow and Lower Old Red Sandstone succession in the Tortworth area, while allowing a greater thickness of sediments to accumulate to the west (Kellaway, 1961, p. 28). If this were so, considerably less pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone erosion would have been needed to produce the unconformity at Buckover. Although little is known as to what formations are present beneath the unconformable base of the Upper Old Red Sandstone to the east and south of the Tortworth Inlier, some information is provided by the recent Geological Survey borehole at Hamswell, near Bath, where 960 ft. of Lower Old Red Sandstone sediments were encountered (Cave, 1963, p. 35). Fish remains from the lowest 6 ft. of this borehole and from a small faulted outcrop of Lower Old Red Sandstone at Wickwar (Whittard & Smith, 1944, pp. 69-70) are suggestive of divisions I6 or I7 and ‘I8 or lower’ respectively of Wickham King’s classification, and permit a general comparison with the Downtonian of the Sharpness area (White, 1946, pp. 213-4) and the Forest of Dean (Welch & Trotter, 1961, pp. 31-2, 38, 43-4). The occurrence of thick deposits of Lower Old Red Sandstone at Hamswell suggests that a downfaulted mass SILURIAN——-OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 441 of these rocks may occur to the east of the Tortworth area, and that the structural relationship described above for the western side of the inlier may be mirrored to the east. If this hypothesis is correct, the Tortworth area may have stood as a north—south fault ridge or horst during pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone times. It is of interest to note in this connection that both the Tortworth Inlier and the Eastern Mendip Inlier, where a similar unconformity occurs between the Silurian and Upper Old Red Sandstone, are situated on a southward continuation of the Malvern Axis. SUMMARY The Wenlock and Upper Old Red Sandstone strata exposed in the Buckover section are described, and it is shown that an un- conformable relationship exists between them. The absence of Ludlow and Lower Old Red Sandstone deposits is attributed to major north—south faulting and erosion in pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone times. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Mr. G. R. Smout, Resident Engineer, Glouces- tershire County Council, for facilities to examine the section, and for kindly arranging to leave the rocks in the more interesting parts of the section exposed for the benefit of geologists. We wish to thank Dr. E. I. White of the British Museum (Natural History) for identifying the fish remains from the Old Red Sandstone. The participation of one of the authors (R.C.) in the publication of this paper is with the permission of the Director of the Geological Survey. REFERENCES Cave, R. 1963. In Summ. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1962. Curtis, M. L. K. 1955. In Bristol and its adjoining counties. Bristol. Kellaway, G. A. 1961. In Summ. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1960. Kellaway, G. A. & Welch, F. B. A. 1948. British regional geology. Bristol and Gloucester district. 2nd ed. Geol. Surv. Mus. Kellaway, G. A. & Welch, F.B.A. 1955. The Upper Old Red Sand- stone and Lower Carboniferous rocks of Bristol and the Mendips compared with those of Chepstow and the Forest of Dean. Bull. Geol. Surv. 9, 1-21. 442 M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE © Reed, F. R. CG. & Reynolds, S.-H. rgq08a. On the: fossiliferous Silurian rocks of the southern half of the Tortworth Inlier. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 64, 512-45. Reed, F. R.C. & Reynolds, S. H. rgo8b. Silurian fossils from certain localities in the Tortworth Inlier. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. (4), 2, 32-40. Smith, S. 1934. The Tortworth Inlier. Jn The geology of the Glou- cester district by C. I. Gardiner and others. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 45, 114-20. Trotter, F. M. 1942. Geology of the Forest of Dean Coal and Iron- ore Field. Mem. Geol. Surv. Wallis, F. S. 1928. The Old Red Sandstone of the Bristol district. Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. 83, 760-89. Welch, F. B. A. & Trotter, F. M. 1961. Geology of the country around Monmouth and Chepstow. Mem. Geol. Surv., explana- tion of Sheets 233 and 250. White, E. I. 1946. The genus Phialaspis and the ‘* Psammosteus Limestones ”’. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 101, 207-42. Whittard, W. F. & Smith, S. 1944. Unrecorded inliers of Silurian rocks, near Wickwar, Gloucestershire, with notes on the occurrence of a stromatolite. Geol. Mag. 81, 65-76. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII 1. The Silurian—Old Red Sandstone unconformity on the western side of the Buckover road cutting. The massive jointed sandstone is the lowest bed of the Upper Old Red Sandstone (Bed 19), and the unconformable junction occurs at the base of it. The highest Wenlock beds at this point are siltstones. 2. A polished section of the unconformity from the eastern side of the cutting (natural size), photographed with a blue filter. An uneven junction is seen between the fine-grained sandstone of the Wenlock (Bed 18) and the coarser sandstone of the Upper Old Red Sandstone (Bed 19), with the latter pene- trating cracks in the Wenlock. Voit. XXX, Pr. V PLATE V El Jace p. 442 =f, <2 = > 443 MALACHITE CRYSTALS OF UNUSUAL HABIT By C. E. LEEsE ‘FEW specimens of interesting crystals of malachite Cu,(OH),CO; have recently been collected in North Somerset and X-ray analysis has shown the mineral to have characteristics rare enough to be recorded. Over a century ago, probably without much profit, copper ores were mined in the Upper Devonian limestones and grits at Doding- ton, near Nether Stowey. They appear in pockets in the Carboni- ferous Limestone quarry at Cannington also, and as green and blue stains on joint faces in the Triassic rocks which surround the Palaeozoic uplift. At Cannington there is a spectacular vein of pink baryte stained green and blue on the crystal faces and enclosing geodes of copper minerals. The waste heaps around the shafts at Dodington indicate that the country rock was a mosaic of pearly and pink granules of barytes loosely cemented by malachite and chessylite with occasional clots of both minerals. It is in a few of the geodes in the Carboniferous Limestone at Cannington that the unusual crystals occur. ‘The cavities in a com- pact aggregate of limestone and baryte yielded about a dozen specimens. They exhibit a flooring of malachite and chessylite (azurite) in which chalcopyrite and melaconite are embedded, and upon which have developed well-formed crystals of dark blue chessylite and crystals of malachite with spheroidal bodies made up of radiating and silky crystals of malachite. Distributed over the surface of the lining are threads of malachite just visible to the naked eye. Some are straight and others are curved and there is a tendency for them to gather into coralloidal bunches. Generally the final disposition within the geodes was of acicular growths of white barytes, but this order of deposition cannot be regarded as invariable. It is the filiform malachite which has been submitted to X-ray analysis by Miss Linda Carlton, M.A., of the Bristol College of Science and Technology. She has reported her findings at the Congress of the International Union for Crystallography in Rome, September 1963. They are as follows :— “The largest specimen consists mainly of azurite with large well formed interlocking baryte crystals. Other minerals which have been identified in the specimen are malachite, haematite, and chalcopyrite. Apparently growing on the azurite are small lustrous pale green curved filaments, mostly about 2 mm. long, of varying diameter but about 1 mm. at the widest, and with a radius of $44 Cc. E. LEESE curvature down to about 1 mm. or less. A few filaments are curved into complete circles. Microscopic examination reveals azurite crystals apparently growing on some of the filaments, and the latter are rather opaque and have radial striations. Most are roughly circular in cross section, though some are polygonal. Many appear ‘frayed’ at the ends into separate very fine fibrils. “The X-ray powder pattern shows the filaments to be malachite. The normal beam single crystal rotation pattern shows that growth was (as usual) along the c axis, spacing 3.24 A (A. F. Wells, Acta Cryst., 1951, vol. 4, p. 200 gives 3.21 A, Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), Rep. 6415, 1959, p. 15, and A.S.T.M. X-ray Powder Data File No. 10-399 give 3.24 A), but although each reflection is sharply defined along the equator, it is elongated along the azimuth, the elongation increasing with the Bragg angle. Intensity does not vary along each arc. The midpoint of each reflection corresponds exactly with the reflections from a normal malachite crystal (from a spherulite collected near the site of the abnormal crystals) taken in the same camera. The filament rotation pattern was prepared using Cuka radiation in a ‘Unicam’ single crystal goniometer with 30 mm. radius camera, and using the } mm. diameter collimator. The fila- ment was mounted as nearly vertically as possible by eye, but although a filament with comparatively large radius of curvature was chosen, the portion in the beam was not straight and the elongation of the reflections is probably due entirely to this cause. “Single crystal patterns were prepared from a stationary fila- ment, and on these all reflections are present at the same relative intensities as in the rotation pattern, although‘the elongations are less. The layer lines, although well defined, are in general neither parallel with the equator nor symmetrically aligned on either side of the meridian. This means that the filaments are not single crystals but are polycrystalline. There is preferred orientation of the c axes of the crystallites along the length of the filament. The crystallites, while being small enough for the uncrushed filaments to give smooth powder diffraction lines on a Guinier picture, obtained from about 24 fibres scattered on a flat surface, are large enough for these lines to be sharp. ‘““A few filaments have been examined with a micro-probe analyser by Mr. R. J. Pearce of the Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories, Berkeley, Gloucestershire. About 1° zinc is present, homogene- ously distributed throughout the filaments, and small quantities of iron in markedly segregated areas, probably separate from the filaments. No other impurity was detected. Zinc has not been detected in the normal malachite crystals by a similar method (sensitivity of method being such as to detect 0.1% Zn). No zinc mineral has yet been identified in the specimen.” 445 PEE TREASSIG DOLOMITIC CONGLOMERATE AND STRUC- Lee: OF THE OLD RED SAND- SONNE, PORTISHEAD COASTAL SECTION, NORTH-EAST SOMERSET By M. CG. Pick (Department of Geology, University of Bristol) INTRODUCTION HE best exposures of Old Red Sandstone in the Bristol area are found in N.E. Somerset, in the coastal section between Portishead and Ladye Bay, Clevedon. Detailed examination of the Old Red Sandstone sequence has led to subdivision into twelve formations ; the stratigraphical descriptions together with an account of the sedimentary features observed in the units are published elsewhere (Pick, 1964). DOLOMITICG CONGLOMERATE Non-marine Dolomitic Conglomerate of Upper ‘Triassic age rests with marked unconformity on all the Old Red Sandstone formations. ‘The Triassic beds occupy a narrow strip extending along the coast from Kilkenny Bay to Ladye Bay. The seaward margin generally coincides with the edge of the cliffs although small outliers of conglomerate frequently appear on the tidal plat- form. In a few places such as Black Nore Point and on the northern side of Ladye Bay, the Triassic extends seawards for a considerable distance. Small inliers of Old Red Sandstone are found where the conglomerate cover is thin. The inland margin of the Triassic beds is not well exposed. As indicated by Reynolds & Greenly (1924), it seldom extends for more than 100-200 yds. S.E. of the coast. The maximum development of the Triassic is at Ladye Bay where about 200 ft. of beds appear in the cliffs leading south- westwards to Clevedon. Elsewhere the exposed succession is much thinner and rarely attains a thickness of more than about 30-50 ft.; at several places only a few feet of beds may be seen. The succession generally exhibits north-westerly dips of less than 10°. The rocks mostly dip at 3-7° and sometimes at as little as 1°, these attitudes 446 M. C. PICK probably mainly reflecting the initial depositional dip. An excep- tionally steep dip of 20° was measured at Ladye Bay but the atti- tude here has probably been influenced by fault drag. Although the formation dip is low, the underlying surface of unconformity is extremely irregular and in most places displays swells and hollows cut across the Old Red Sandstone beds. Spectacu- lar vertical contacts are visible at localities where the Triassic descends from the top of the cliffs to beach level (Plate VIII, upper). It is clear that the present form of the coastline is a resur- rection of the physiographical conditions obtaining in Triassic times. Many aspects of the post-Old Red Sandstone cliffs are preserved beneath the Triassic sequence, which has been moulded over features as small and fragile as the protruding rock ribs on the Triassic shore (Plate VIII, lower). The Triassic is typically represented by a completely unsorted fanglomerate which probably accumulated as a scree on mountain slopes adjacent to an interior basin. Cobbles and boulders up to 4 ft. long are the most common constituents; they are always angular with only a slight degree of rounding at corners, and are derived from the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Lime- stone. Quartz pebbles in the Triassic conglomerate overlying the Woodhill Bay Conglomerate (Upper Old Red Sandstone) (Kella- way & Welch, 1955) were apparently derived from the latter unit. To the N.E. occasional red siltstone fragments from the Woodhill Bay Fish Bed of Upper Old Red Sandstone age (op. cit.) appear in the basal Triassic rocks. The conglomerate is generally restricted to the lowest part of the Triassic sequence where it is frequently 5-20 ft. thick. Although widespread along the entire strike of the division, it does not form a continuous sheet ; in many places the beds become extremely thin or give way entirely to medium- brown, fine- to medium-grained, calcareous pebbly sandstones which mainly display an indistinct bedding but are sometimes thinly laminated over short distances. Occasional boulders up to 1.5 ft. in diameter are sometimes scattered through the basal part of the sandy beds. Thinly-laminated, light-brown, sandy siltstones, a few inches thick, and occasionally with a ripple-marked upper surface, are in places found in the sandstones. Higher up, the sand- stones often give way to red sandy siltstones which may be inter- bedded with fine-grained sandstones of the same colour. An interesting deposit was found in a few places at the base of — the sequence immediately below the lowest part of the conglomerate. It consists of orange-brown, fine-grained, moderately to highly calcareous sandstone, 1-3 in. thick, which probably represents a cemented beach sand. The band extends for only short distances WOlpeoN Ss Pr. V PLATE VIII Upper: Steeply inclined contact of Triassic Dolomitic Conglomerate (left) on Lower Old Red Sandstone beds (right’. Outcrop is located about 440 yds. south- west of Black Nore Point. Lower: Moulded contact of Dolomitic Conglomerate on rock ribs formed on the underlying beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. Contact shown by pecked line. Hammer is 1 ft. long. face p. 446 | ate 7 7 ri - » - % 7 = an i Bn we _ - f ‘ 7 vy mi : i Cs @ 7 ' i r Oe ty 7 ‘ : > 7% : + a i 7 a « 4 "¢ ie i iy em 4 ps ena a . re as ; ; : uw = —— ) * c . . an rn \ \ i \ f a i ron Pe - . \ ; 3 Pai a : f a ae : 1 = na ‘ a 1 i | ‘ ~ —— - i ‘ : : i : - : ; i / i hen ™~ iF ne 4 ic , * a a o ‘ ft i Aha io ce , 7 : : if . § ; TRIASSIG DOLOMITIC CONGLOMERATE 447 along the strike and its appearance probably marks the position of former pocket beaches and coves in the post-Old Red Sandstone lake shoreline. STRUCTURE OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE The structure of the Clevedon-Portishead area has been des- cribed by Reynolds & Greenly (1924) who mentioned that the Old Red Sandstone of the coastal section forms part of the north- ‘western limb ofa major syncline but did not investigate the sequence in detail (Fig. 1). A number of post-Triassic faults were recog- nised by Wallis (1927) but their position, trend and amount of throw were not shown on a map. The Old Red Sandstone main- tains a south-easterly dip of 15-35° over the whole section. Oc- casional steeper dips are usually found near faults and are attribut- able to drag. Faults and Joints The most important fault is located between Walton Bay and Charlcombe Bay where the upper part of the Upper Old Red Sandstone on the S8.W. side of the break is in juxtaposition with the upper part of the Lower Old Red Sandstone to the N.E. The stratigraphical displacement is at least 250 ft. The fracture, which is concealed beneath the Dolomitic Conglomerate, is of pre- Triassic age. Its presence is indicated both by the lithological dissimilarities of the units on either side and by the pronounced steepening of dip and swing in strike of the adjacent beds; the latter phenomena suggest that the fault has a N.W. trend. Other fractures, striking either N.W. or W.N.W., and bringing the Triassic and Old Red Sandstone into contact, appear mainly at the N.E. and S.W. ends of the section. The greatest amount of throw is shown by a fault at Ladye Bay where the stratigraphical displacement is at least 200 ft. The throws are, however, generally at most 20-30 ft. and are often less than 10 ft. Greater displacement is shown by a fault at Pigeon House Bay where the throw is 50-100 ft. On the southern side of Kilkenny Bay, a stratigraphical dis- placement of 36 ft. is well shown by the offsetting of the Woodhill Bay Conglomerate at the middle of its length of outcrop. Except for the fracture between Walton Bay and Charlcombe Bay, all major faults affect the Dolomitic Conglomerate and therefore display post-Triassic movement. The downthrown side is generally to the south-west. Superficially, the faults appear to be tensional fractures of the normal type. Several faults, however, display sub- horizontal slickensides indicating lateral movement. They are particularly well shown on the plane of a small fault about 400 ft. F 448 M. C. PICK N.E. of Black Nore Point and on that of a subsidiary fracture in the zone displacing the Woodhill Bay Conglomerate, the lowest divi- sion of the Upper Old Red Sandstone. These faults appear to be of the dextral transcurrent type. Similar movement is indicated for the main fault displacing the Woodhill Bay Conglomerate at Woodhill Bay. ‘The evidence here consists of dragged bedding planes in the sandstone-siltstone bands at the top of the Lower Old Red Sandstone beneath the conglomerate on the N.E. (upthrown) side of the fault where the conglomerate has been clearly displaced to the south-east. ‘The bedding, however, shows pronounced down- ward drag, suggesting that two periods of faulting have taken place: fiist, pre-Triassic, in which there was dextral transcurrent move- ment and horizontal dragging of the beds; secondly, in post-Triassic times, the fracture was reactivated by normal faulting which accentuated the displacement of the units. Similar complications are shown, 300 yds. N.E. along the section, by a fault bringing the Triassic against a thick sandstone unit of the Upper Old Red Sandstone, the throw being probably as much as 30 ft. At this locality, the basal Triassic cemented beach sand and the immediately overlying conglomerate are exposed at beach level where they display a down-dragged vertical attitude on the south- western (downthrown) side of the fault. The conglomerate is, however, also exposed in three large blocks immediately N.E. of the fault (that is, on the upthrown side). The blocks, which appear to be in place, are also at beach level and indicate that the Triassic beds have suffered a maximum displacement of only about 5 ft. This amount of throw cannot account for the relationship of the Old Red Sandstone and Triassic rocks since the latter are clearly in juxtaposition against the older beds for the entire height (20-30 ft.) of the outcrop. The distribution of the strata can be explained only by assuming pre-Triassic fault-movement which created a scarp, facing S.W., against which the Dolomitic Conglomerate was deposited. Post-Triassic renewal of fault movement caused a further 5 ft. of displacement accompanied by downward dragging of the relatively incompetent rocks above the unconformity. At many places the highly sheared nature of the Old Red Sandstone near fault contacts is inexplicable if the effects of only post-Triassic movement are considered ; an earlier, more intensive period of deformation is indicated. Apart from the major faults already described, numerous minor fractures with throws limited to a few inches were observed especi- ally in the section S.W. of Woodhill Bay. The fractures are mainly branching or en échelon faults which form small grabens; where they extend upwards into the Dolomitic Conglomerate they all TRIASSIC DOLOMITIC CONGLOMERATE 449 display post-Triassic movement. North-east-trending faults are rare. ‘The best example seen is in the cove at Walton Bay where Triassic beds display a minor graben. Three hundred yards S.W. of Woodhill Bay, an outcrop of cross-bedded sandstones on the tidal platform shows steepened, down-dragged bedding which is also suggestive of moderate faulting on a N.E. trend. Many bedding planes in the Old Red Sandstone exhibit well developed slickensides which are parallel to the stratification. Their presence indicates that a considerable amount of bedding- plane slip has affected parts of the succession. Such movement would result in deformation of softer incompetent layers and may thus be the cause of the “‘brecciated’’ appearance of many silt- stones in the lower part of the Old Red Sandstone sequence. The Old Red Sandstone exhibits strongly developed joint patterns or sets, at least two of which also affect the Triassic strata. Joint trends are shown in Fig. 1 where they are seen to be parallel and transverse to the axes of the syncline to the S.E. and of a major anticline which probably lies to the N.W. The trend of the joints is thus parallel to that of the observed faults. Three joint sets were found. Set 1, the most conspicuous and best developed, consists of vertical dip joints trending N.W. Set 2 is composed of strike joints which trend N.E. and commonly dip N.W. at 60-70°. Set 3 is poorly developed and was found mainly at the N.E. end of the section in the Woodhill Bay Fish Bed and the immediately overlying unit. These joints are generally vertical with an E.-W. trend; they are sometimes prominent in thinly- laminated sandstones belonging to the lowest part of the Lower Old Red Sandstone where they have a N.W. dip of 60-70°. This set is mainly developed in beds which strike parallel to the cliff edge and is probably caused by rocks settling downhill in response to gravity; the joints therefore have no tectonic significance. The distribution of joints is governed by the lithology and thick- ness of the beds. The joints are generally indistinct in the thicker siltstones where they frequently curve downwards to merge with the bedding. The thinner, brittle sandstones (0.5-6.0 in. thick) in the siltstone units display a close pattern, the most prominent set containing one joint to every 3-6 in. along the strike. Sandstones up to 2 ft. thick usually contain one joint to every 1-2 ft. and thicker layers display one to two per yard. Thick sandstone units exhibit at least one joint of the best developed set to every two yards. _ Although Set 1 is usually the best developed, Set 2 may be locally more conspicuous. At many places joints of both sets are filled by calcite which sometimes attains a thickness of 4 in. but is mainly 0.1-0.5 in. thick. 450 M. C. PICK A ilhenny 44 . ee he Fic. 1. Rose-diagrams showing joint-set trends in the Portishead coastal section. The section, which is shown by the outline of the coastal cliffs, is divided into four equal lengths, numerals indicating the number of readings within each sector. Observations are grouped in 40° classes. The circle accompanying each diagram marks the 20% frequency level. Major fold axes are shown to the N.W. and S.E. of the section. REFERENCES Kellaway, G. A. & Welch, F. B. A. 1955. The Upper Old Red Sandstone and Lower Carboniferous rocks of Bristol and the Mendips compared with those of Chepstow and the Forest of Dean. Bull. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit. No. 9, 1-21. Pick, M. C. 1964. The stratigraphy and sedimentary features of the Old Red Sandstone, Portishead coastal section, north-east Somerset. Proc. Geol. Ass. 75, in press. Reynolds, S. H. & Greenly, E. 1924. The geological structure of the Clevedon-Portishead area. Quart. 7. geol. Soc. Lond. 80, 447-67. Wallis, F.S. 1927. Notes on sections of Old Red Sandstone in the Bristol district. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 6, 400-5. 451 Brey OPHYTES OF LEIGH WOODS, SOMERSET By A. J. WILLIs (Department of Botany, University of Bristol) HE Avon Gorge has long been celebrated for its array of rare plants, but the bryophyte flora has received relatively little attention. The rare flowering plants are most frequent on the Gloucestershire side of the Gorge, but many of them also occur in Leigh Woods on the Somerset side of the river Avon. Here the rock outcrops are less extensive, the slopes usually not so steep, the soil deeper and the tree cover considerable and of very long standing. An opportunity to compile a list of the liverworts and mosses of Leigh Woods was provided by a visit of the British Bryological Society there on 27 October, 1963. The records, although not exhaustive, were made as complete as possible for the particular parts of the woods visited (National Grid Ref. ST /5674). Altogether over 110 bryophytes were seen, this large number probably reflecting the wide range of environmental conditions existing. In the shaded Nightingale Valley the chief habitats are the rocky outcrops and the soil of the woodland floor; epiphytes on the trees and dead wood are also of interest. ‘The towpath provides a narrow open belt adjoining the river, and has a characteristic bryophyte population which probably receives appreciable quantities of salt. The six quarries which adjoin the towpath were examined closely on the B.B.S. visit and yielded several notable records. A map show- ing the position and extent of these quarries is given in the classic account of the geology of the Avon Gorge by Vaughan, revised by Reynolds (1936). The nomenclature of liverworts in this report follows that of Jones (1958) and of mosses that of Warburg (1963). As will be seen from the following lists, many of the bryophytes are those to be expected in an area where the rock is of Carboni- ferous limestone and the soil calcareous. However, a few of the liverworts present, e.g. Calypogeia fissa, Diplophyllum albicans, Lepidozia reptans, Solenostoma crenulatum, are usually regarded as calcifuge; the distribution of these forms is restricted in Leigh Woods, and probably depends largely on surface leaching. In the lists for Nightingale Valley the bryophytes are recorded for their most characteristic habitat; some species given for soil and rock areas may also occur, for example, on bark at the base of trees. A few old dead tree trunks in the valley were especially rich in 452 A. J. WILLIs epiphytes; on one trunk were Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Nowellia curvifolia and Dicranum montanum, the last a new record for vice- county 6. The living trees do not, however, support a very extensive growthfof epiphytes. The rock and soil surfaces bear a considerable variety of bryo- phytes which occasionally form a moderately thick carpet, especially in the lower, damper parts of the valley. Here, as well as in some of the quarries, Fissidens minutulus var. tenuifolius occurs (new v.c. record) on rock fragments. NIGHTINGALE VALLEY On soil and rock Calypogeia fissa Chiloscyphus polyanthos var. polyanthos Leiocolea turbinata Lejeunea cavifolia Lophocolea bidentata L. cuspidata Lunularia cruciata Pellia fabbroniana Plagiochila asplenioides var. asplenioides P. asplenioides var. major Porella platyphylla Acrocladium cuspidatum Atrichum undulatum Barbula recurvirostra Brachythecium populeum B. rutabulum Bryum capillare Camptothecium sericeum Cirriphyllum crassinervium Ctenidium molluscum var. molluscum Dicranum scoparium Eurhynchium confertum E. praelongum var. praelongum E. praelongum var. stokesii E. striatum E. swartzil Fissidens cristatus F, minutulus var. tenuifolius F. taxifolius Isopterygium depressum Isothecium myurum I. striatulum Mnium hornum M. punctatum M. stellare M. undulatum Neckera crispa Plagiothecium sylvaticum Rhynchostegiella pumila R. tenella var. tenella Thamnium alopecurum Thuidium tamariscinum Tortella tortuosa Trichostomum brachydontium On trees and dead wood Cephalozia bicuspidata var. bicuspidata Lophocolea heterophylla Metzgeria furcata Nowellia curvifolia Ptilidium pulcherrimum Amblystegium serpens Anomodon viticulosus Dicranoweisia cirrata Dicranum montanum Hypnum cupressiforme var. cupressiforme Isothecium myosuroides Tetraphis pellucida On the more open parts of the towpath the most abundant mosses are small acrocarpous forms. Bryum argenteum and Barbula convoluta are frequent, together with other species of Barbula of more sporadic occurrence. BRYOPHYTES OF LEIGH WOODS, SOMERSET 453 TOWPATH AREA Solenostoma crenulatum Drepanocladus aduncus Barbula convoluta var. convoluta Encalypta vulgaris B. fallax Tortula ruralis B. hornschuchiana T. subulata B. trifaria Trichostomum crispulum B. unguiculata _ ee Brachythecium albicans On walls adjoining towpath Bryum argenteum var. argenteum Barbula convoluta var. commutata B. argenteum var. lanatum B. rigidula B. pseudotriquetrum Brachythecium glareosum Campylium polygamum Bryum caespiticium Dicranella varia Rhynchostegiella pumila The quarries, now long disused, support many of the species characteristic of the wooded areas, as well as some typical of rock and soil surfaces. Several quarries contain a substantial growth of young trees which form fairly dense thickets, but in other areas there are exposed rock faces, boulders and screes. Further, on the floors of the quarries some soil formation has taken place. Consequently the quarries themselves present contrasted habitats. The following list excludes very common bryophytes already noted, but gives the numbers of the quarries (according to the se- quence in the paper by Vaughan & Reynolds, 1936), in parentheses, where the less widespread species occur. QUARRIES Frullania dilatata Campylium protensum (3) Lepidozia reptans Ceratodon purpureus var purpureus Metzgeria furcata Cirriphyllum crassinervium Riccardia pinguis C. piliferum Scapania aspera (4, 6) Climacium dendroides (2) Solenostoma crenulatum Cratoneuron filicinum S. triste Dicranella heteromalla Acrocladium cuspidatum D. varia Aloina ambigua Distichium capillaceum (4) Amblystegiella confervoides Ditrichum flexicaule Amblystegium serpens Encalypta streptocarpa Barbula convoluta E. vulgaris B. fallax Eurhynchium murale B. recurvirostra Fissidens cristatus B. revoluta F. incurvus B. rigidula F. minutulus var. tenuifolius B. tophacea F, viridulus B. trifaria Funaria hygrometrica Bryum capillare Grimmia apocarpa B. donianum (4) G. orbicularis (5) B. inclinatum G. pulvinata B. pallens (2, 3, 5) Gymnostomum calcareum (2) B. pseudotriquetrum Hypnum cupressiforme var. B radiculosum (2, 4) resupinatum Camptothecium lutescens H. cupressiforme var. tectorum 454 A. J. WILL.Is Isopterygium depressum Tortula muralis (inc. var. rupestris) Mnium longirostrum (3, 6) Trichostomum brachydontium var. M. punctatum brachydontium Neckera complanata T. crispulum Pottia bryoides (3) Zygodon viridissimus var. viridissimus Tortella tortuosa A survey of other parts of the area, such as the plateau woodland, would yield further records. For reference, species noted by Watson (1912, 1920) for Leigh Woods, but not already listed in this paper are given below. Calypogeia arguta M. pseudopunctatum Cephaloziella starkei Omalia trichomanoides Chiloscyphus pallescens Pleuridium subulatum Barbula cylindrica Pottia lanceolata Brachythecium plumosum P. truncata Campylium chrysophyllum Rhacomitrium canescens C. stellatum R. lanuginosum Funaria obtusa Tortella nitida Hylocomium brevirostre Weissia controversa Hypnum lindbergii W. crispa Leucobryum glaucum W. tortilis Mnium cuspidatum Less common bryophytes, also known to occur in Leigh Woods, include: Cololejeunea rosettiana Fissidens bambergeri Lejeunea ulicina Funaria muhlenbergii Marchesinia mackaili Scorpiurium circinatum Ditrichum cylindricum Seligeria doniana Eucladium verticillatum ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The records given here are largely those obtained by members of the British Bryological Society. The assistance of members in noting occurrences and confirming determinations is gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks are due to Dr. E. F. Warburg, Mr. G. W. Garlick, Mr. R. M. Harley and Mr. P. J. M. Nethercott. REFERENCES Jones, E. W. 1958. An annotated list of British hepatics. Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc. 3, 353-74. Vaughan, A. & Reynolds, 8. H. 1936 (for 1935). The Carboniferous Limestone series (Avonian) of the Avon Gorge. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. (4), 8, 29-90. | Warburg, E. F. 1963. Census Catalogue of British Mosses. 3rd ed. British Bryological Society. Watson, W. 1912. The mosses of Somerset. Proc. Somersetsh. archaeol. nat. Hist. Soc. 58, 114-64. Watson, W. 1920. The liverworts of Somerset. Ibid. 66, 134-59. PRESIDENTS WILLIAM SANDERS HENRY E. FRIPP .. ; GEORGE FORSTER BURDER .. JOHN BEDDOE Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY Rev. THOMAS HINCKS .. ae Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN .. Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER Professor SYDNEY YOUNG S. H. SWAYNE ta Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN at ARTHUR B. PROWSE C.K.RUDGE.. JAMES W. WHITE.. G. MUNRO SMITH Miss I. M. ROPER . G. C. GRIFFITHS .. se ERNEST (later Sir Ernest) H. COOK me H. WOMERSLEY F Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE JAMES RAFTER A, L. FLEMMING .. J. W. TUTCHER F. S. WALLIS Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE G. E. J. McMURTRIE ‘ Professor MACGREGOR SKENE H. TETLEY .. ; Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR F. W. EVENS . H. H. DAVIS - Professor W. F. WHITTARD J. H. SAVORY R. BASSINDALE Miss M. H. ROGERS F. COLES PHILLIPS H. H. DAVIS R. J. G. SAVAGE The dates gwen are those of election to office. 1862 ea) kdl MEMBERSHIP OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY Anyone interested in Natural History may apply to join the Society as a Full member. The annual subscription is 25 /-. Members of the household of a Full member and persons residing outside a radius of twenty miles from the City Centre of Bristol may become members for an annual subscription of 12/6. There are also membership facilities for persons still undergoing educa- tional instruction or still under the age of 21 years at the reduced subscription of 10/-. A prospectus giving fuller details of the privileges of the various classes of membership may be obtained from the Honorary Treasurer :— P. J. M. NetTHERCcOTT, 44 Upper CRANBROOK Roan, REDLAND, BRISTOL, 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY The Society has stocks of back numbers of most annual parts of the Proceedings which may be purchased at the price of 5 /— per part (except parts of current Vol. XXX which are 8 /—), postage ‘extra. Application should be made to the Honorary Librarian, Bristol Naturalists’ Society, City Museum, Bristol, 8. In addition, the undermentioned papers from the Proceedings may be obtained from the Honorary Librarian :— The Carboniferous Limestone Series (Avonian) of the Avon Gorge by the late Arthur Vaughan, revised (1936) by the late S. H. Reynolds ; reprinted from Proc., 1935. Price 5/-, postage extra. A Revised List of the Birds of the Bristol District by H. H. Davis, reprinted from Proc., 1947. Price 5/-, postage extra. A Centenary History of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society 1862- 1962, being Part IIIA of Proc., 1961. 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