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P95 9
VOLUME XXX, PART I PRICE EIGHT SHILLINGS
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Bristol Naturalists’
Epitep sy A. J. WILLIS
ASSISTED BY A COMMITTEE
i 4
i me.
1
oye
‘‘Rerum cognoscere causas.”’—Virgil
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
A
al
i
Society
_ AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS, BRISTOL
Issued 5th September, 1960
Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. | 30,(1) | — pp.1—85
| 1960 |
All matter for inclusion in the next issue of the Proceedings —
should be sent to :-—
Da, A.J. Wirt
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
THe UNIVERSITY,
BrisTo., 8
NOT LATER THAN FEB, 28.
Other instructions for authors appear on Contents page.
All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of
exchange, gift or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto
and to purchases of the Society’s publications should be addressed —
to. -—
Hon. LrprariAN, Bristot Nat. Soc.,
THe Ciry Museum,
BRISTOL, 8
Applications for membership of the Society should be addressed
to the Hon. ‘Treasurer :—
P. J. M. Netruercott, Esq.,
44 Upper CRANBROOK Roap,
BRISTOL, 6
Enquiries concerning Field Meetings should be made of the
Hon. Secretary, Field Committee :—
Dr. A. F. DEVONSHIRE,
59 FaLcoNnDALE Roap,
WESTBURY-ON- ['RYM,
BRISTOL.
All other communications should be addressed to the Hon.
Secretary :—
A. Croome LEAcu, Esq.,
Lower LopcE,
KNOLL HILz,
BRISTOL, 9
The SOCIETY’S LIBRARY in the City Museum is open to.
members as under :—
Weekdays - - - - 10.0 a.m. to 6.0 p.m.
and at other times as announced in monthly circulars.
VOLUME XXX, PART I, 1959
CrON EEN ais
PAGE
Council ee 2
New Members and eee of eee 3
Report of Council 6
Report of Entomological Section 6
Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts a
Report of Botanical Section 8
Report of Geological Section 9
Report of Ornithological Section .. ~ eras aes: se Me 10
Report of Junior Section me ~ ay er os = - Tat
Account of the General Meetings .. axe ih ae i ne 12
Hon. Librarian’s Report iS zs aK 14.
Bristol Botany in 1959, by Cecil I. a N. ee eae an a 15
Bristol Bird Report, 1959 ee ae Me tis aie ay. ae oI
Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol District, 1959, by C. S. H. Blathwayt ie 49
A Revised List of the Lumbricids found in the Bristol District, by H. Davies 51
Gravels below the Flood Plain of the Bristol Avon at Keynsham, ms Ds. hi,
Donovan ae af Ls a as ae He 55
Temporary Exposure of Lower Lias at ane ee by Grr ks
Leese and F. S. Ross = : 67
An Inland Occurrence of the pointed Snail, by H, W. Bird cue ae 69
Hypogeous Fungi of the Bristol District, by Lilian E. Hawker .. Sl 71
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
1. All matter offered for publication in the ‘‘ ProcreEpincs’”’ must be sent as
directed on p. 2 of cover of current issue.
ie)
To ensure consideration for inclusion in the next issue, contributions must
be received not later than February 28.
3. All copy must be type-written (preferably double-spaced) or in very clear
manuscript and, in either case, with good margins.
Copy submitted is not returnable and authors are advised to keep a duplicate.
At the discretion of the Hon. Editor, contributors may be required to furnish
short abstracts of their communications, for printing as summaries.
6. Photos and drawings supplied for illustrations will be returned.
7. The copyright of all published matter shall be the property of the Society,
3
on
whose Council has power to permit reproduction.
Authors shall be entitled to 25 copies of their papers (without covers), free
of charge.
NV.B.—AUTHORS ALONE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACCURACY OF THEIR ARTICLES.
THE SOCIETY IS A SIGNATORY TO THE Fair CopyiINnG DECLARATION, DETAILS OF
WHIGH MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ROYAL SoclrETy, BURLINGTON House, W.1.
I
A
COUN CLE
1959
OFFICERS :
PRESIDENT :
Miss M. H. ROGERS, M.A.
PAST PRESIDENTS :
H. WOMERSLEY, F.R.E.S., A.L.S. F. W. EVENS
Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, Prof. W. F. WHITTARD,
D.Sc., F.L.S. D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.
H. H. DAVIS, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. J. H. SAVORY
F. S. WALLIS, D.Sc., Ph.D. R. BASSINDALE, M.Sc.
VICE-PRESIDENTS :
F. COLES PHILLIPS, M.A., Ph.D. P. F. BIRD, B.Sc.
HON. TREASURER :
P. J. M. NETHERCOTT
HON. AUDITOR:
A. E. BILLETT
HON. SECRETARY :
A. CG. LEACH, T.D.)Mouw
HON. ASSISTANT SECRETARIES :
Miss E. H. POPLETT, Mrs. H. G. HOCKEY
CHAIRMAN, FIELD COMMITTEE :
H. CG. HOCKEY
HON. SECRETARY, FIELD COMMITTEE:
.. A. F. DEVONSHIRE, M.A., Ph.D.
HON. LIBRARIAN :
R. BRADSHAW, M.Sc.
HON. ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN :
M. ACKLAND
HON GE DITORS
Ay: WILLIS, B.Se.,0 Php: S. SIMPSON, M.A., Dr. rer. nat.
HON. PUBLICITY SECRETARY:
B. FROST
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS :
BOTANICAL
President—Il. W. EVANS Hon. Secretary—R. F. WILLS
ENTOMOLOGICAL :
President—N. A. WATKINS, M.A., F.R.E.S. Hon. Sec.—C. L. BELL, F.R.E.S.
GEOLOGICAL :
President—C. E. LEESE, B.Sc. Hon. Secretary—R. G. PAYNE, B.Sc.
JUNIOR (ADVISORY COMMITTEE) :
President—J. H. SAVORY Hon. Secretary—Mrs. R. F. WILLS
ORNITHOLOGICAL :
President—G. E. CLOTHIER. Hon. Sec.—S. M. TAYLOR, B.Sc., S.I1.Mech.E.
OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL :
Miss A. E. BENNETT, B.Sc. B. KING
Mrs. M. L. COLTHURST jJ. A. KITCHING, ‘0:5 EZ) Se):
V. D. DENNISON, B.Sc.(Econ.) F. STENHOUSE ROSS
Miss C. GROVES W. F. VERNON
M. A. WRIGHT
Ex-officio the Professors of
Botany, GEOLOGY and ZooLtocy at the UNIverRsity OF BRISTOL
NEW MEMBERS
(other than Junior Members)
From 15 APRIL 1959 TO 27 APRIL 1960
A—Associate Member. C—Corresponding Member. H—Honorary Member
The addresses of Junior Members may be had from the Hon. Secretary of the
Junior Section.
Pudenuy Gus BSC: 1... 2... 7 Vassall Road, Fishponds, Bristol.
spray, Muss J. B........-... Cliff Cottage, Aust, Nr. Bristol.
Barbour, Dr. R. F., M.A., Hill House, Iron Acton, Nr. Bristol.
M.B:, Ch.B., D.P.M.,
F’R.G:P.
barpour, Mrs,R. FS 2... Do;
Daibye Warsaw, Do. . So kee Steppings, Bay Road, Ladye Bay, Clevedon,
Somerset.
Besum, Miss'P. TR. ....., Kington Mead Farm, Thornbury, Nr.
Bristol.
Beyer, Mrs. M. pe .. Nynehead, Brockley, West Town, Nr.
Bristol.
Brown, Mrs. D. L. M. pee 02), Nags. Head sbill,. Bristol, 5.
Boyce. Massif be. tc... es Sleepy Hollow, Stone Allerton, Axbridge,
Somerset.
SIRES) 5 Ud Clean tee CON) y er Coombe Lea, Nailsea, Nr. Bristol.
Campbell; Dr. B., Ph.D., B.B.C., Bristol, 8.
M.B.O.U.
Waits Wits ov, ess ws 14 Tyndalls Park Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Colesmivinrs. EK. 3......3.. 17 Tugela Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3.
Coomilss, WMiss-V. Ew... se 27 Elberton Road, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9.
Corelle Miss BV. os 3S. 39 Broadfield Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4.
Che VAR oh Ae a ee 18 Belgrave Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Gray Mins ey ices ce Do.
@urber’ ROM. oc ke ee ec 158 Englishcombe Lane, Bath, Somerset.
Davies, Mrs. N. Vaughan .. 3 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6.
rastess DR Ow. we The Bank House, High Street, Marshfield,
Nr. Chippenham, Wilts.
Wastes Mrs.Z. *. ci. . ose a Do.
English, Miss M. P., M.Sc... 6 Cotham Park, Bristol, 6.
Ose rNiter uiehe ls Soden de os Pentire, 64 King’s Drive, Bishopston,
Bristol, 7:
Goi] 5 OIE Cea ae Allendale, Gloucester Road, Almondsbury,
Nr. Bristol.
Gibby ye Gr.. i ee Do.
Gillett, Miss S. M. .. .. 29 Sea Mills Lane, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9.
Gorahuly Miss A. R. ...... 14 Chantry Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Gwillam, Miss F. M. ...... Wills Hall, Parry’s Lane, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol, 9.
tama Wy ok. ees Myndeep, Westward Drive, Pill, Bristol.
Fvannam, Nirs; M, J. .... 4: Do,
iNstirutION JAN 2 5 1964
A,
NEW MEMBERS AND CHANGES OF ADDRESS
Harding, Miss ko ee eee 39 Broadfield Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4.
Hawkins, K. A. ate .. 78 Chelwood Drive, Odd Down, Bath,
Somerset.
iearle, Nitss 1K Vi Se agen 21 West Park, Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Etobios, Wisse Nits oar 18 Clare Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7.
mere Witssu lean Eis ae eee 169 Redland Road, Bristol, 6.
Elusband. aVirs.An Re ee Downfield Lodge, 2 Downfield Road,
Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Jermyns Mins 10s: ean 6 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol.
slonessVissebe eee. eran se 27 Barley Croft, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9.
Rone eRe Ba eer ek ee, ee 6 Bromley Heath Avenue, Downend, Bristol.
Knreit. tier Sarde aos ae Woodlands, Bridge Road, Leigh Woods,
Bristol.
Reniehier virssee bie eee Do.
maker vinss |pVie aa. aturaer 138 High Street, Marshfield, Nr. Chippen-
ham, Wilts.
cerNites iin) Com ee ee 78 The Dell, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.
IewaisseViiss Se. Beg ean. 11 Haytor Park, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9.
cong. mivitss Min Greece 3 14 The Chine, Stapleton, Bristol.
OV CUSOIRE ioe ices <4 ge en See White Cottage, Butcombe, Nr. Bristol.
Gove lrseg Nile ks eee ee Do.
@OiConars Wissio;) a1. seer 15 Berkeley Square, Bristol, 8.
Owens Mins? On ats a eee Hillside, Rhodyate Hill, Blagdon, Bristol.
Parsons; Jivus. eaten A: sce 88 Station Road, Glastonbury, Somerset.
Peerless eu We hei dee 42 Downs Park East, Westbury Park,
Bristol, 6.
Phillips; Mrs: Fe Coless sas a 89 Coombe Lane, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol.
IRrowsesd or. Rises «cen sareney aces Stevelands, Thornbury, Nr. Bristol.
IBrowsesp Vins: wk .oe cietee oe Do.
ees Wiiss Be Mine kee 23 Montague Hill, Kingsdown, Bristol, 2.
Rogers, Mrs. M. J., M.A. .... 21d Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Rose flo sD hil eiartoceren ee 93 Sydney Mews, Bathwick, Bath, Somerset.
Rushton; Miss C. F.....0,..) 19 Redland. Park, ‘Bristol 6,
Sauter Cab. ne ckdien koi ae 25 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6.
Salter) MrsiGi: Bas. Jaa esse Do.
DOG ing sore oie aet. cs ko ee 24 Hanham Road, Kingswood, Bristol.
Swanborough, Mrs. I....... 24 Highfield Avenue, Hanham, Bristol.
Vann Missa Evi, 2 ee 128 King’s Head Lane, Uplands, Bristol.
Wane, MAISSeID | eae ae ca ea 64 The Crescent, Henleaze, Bristol.
Walmsley, Massa) 2255 153 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol.
Wilmott, H. A., B.Sc.(Eng.), 17 Salisbury Road, Redland, Bristol, 6.
A.M.1.C.E.
Wilmott, Mrs) HaAw a. .e Do.
Winchester, Miss D. E. .... 8 Richmond Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Wood, C. A, .scsceseraae @ Wiears Close, Wells Semetcer
ae
NEW MEMBERS AND CHANGES OF ADDRESS 5
CHANGES OF ADDRESS
Sallvein.”) (Sa) 141 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol.
Ramey NlIss Pw. ee Yorkshire Insurance House, 8 Colston
Avenue, Bristol, 1.
Bowens Wliss Act. 2.2. ee eee 211 Redland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6.
Bowen, Miss M., B.Sc....... Do.
(Cale Cle eg ieee 8 Hazeley Close, Hartley Wintney, Hamp-
shire.
@ollmay iiss IM. A. ....0.. 22 Park Road, Shirehampton, Bristol.
Dennison, V. D., B.Sc.(Econ.) Manor Cottage, Winford, Nr. Bristol.
Hye Sy NNE LS ers soc cies se Avenue House, 5 Cotham Park North,
Bristol, 6.
ISON) DS ane 1 Maurice Road, St. Andrew’s Park,
Bristol, 6.
Pinay Pe B.SC, 6. ees The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, Richmond, Surrey.
iendall @.9D., MLA. ....4. 111 Passage Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol.
AS ny SIAR D0] oe ee Ridgewood, Rudgeway, Nr. Bristol.
Minar, Wisi E.R. : 2 sv... 4 Granville Road, Sevenoaks, Kent.
INGWIS@My Us Sie. helo. ew Long Cottage, Ropers Lane, Wrington,
Bristol.
Parson, Ivins. Ay BH. a-.. 2... 14. Eastfield Gardens, Weston-super-Mare,
Somerset.
Simpson, Prof. Scott, M.A., Department of Geology, Queen’s Building,
Drerer, nat., F.G.S, The Queen’s Drive, The University,
Exeter, Devon.
SLOVO NICE, 1 Sana ae een 31 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Meanie Re Urs hs ss he es 17 Miles Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8.
Mneanle eins. Rook, an cos Do.
Warne, L. G. G;,; M.Sc., 34 Clothorn Road, Didsbury, Manchester,
ERoDs ELAS: 20.
\Widiitanms.< Wins. G,. Bs 20.5 3 Pineheath, de Maulley Road, Canford
Chffs, Bournemouth.
Wirarsht (GV. N.DD. ..:. 31a Sherborne Road, Yeovil, Somerset.
VWraiohteWvins. G. Ve... 6s Do.
REPORT OF GOUNG@s:
Wee)
a Junior Section of 113; there are 22 affiliated Societies. Despite this
it has been found necessary to increase the rates of subscription.
At the Annual General Meeting the Officers and Members of Council
were duly elected with Miss M. H. Rogers as President. Many General and
Sectional meetings were as usual held during the year and the Field Section
was very active. The Society was able to see the R.S.P.B. films “ Highland
Birds’? and ‘‘ Island of Birds’’. ‘The Annual Dinner, at which there was an
attendance of 87, was held on March 13 in the Senior Common Room of the
University, by kind permission of its members. ‘The Guest Speaker was Professor
Rh. Eo W.. Peel, M.B-E., Mia
The deaths of Mr. G. H. Beacham, Mrs. M. A. Wallington, Dr. E. E. Lowe
and Mr. M. Sutton were recorded with much regret.
A. C@. LEACH, Aon. Secretary.
O: membership continues to increase and now stands at 666, including
REPO hy. Oa
ENTOMOLOGLOAL SEC tae
Log
T the 95th Annual Business Meeting held on Tuesday, January 6, 1959,
Mr. Norman A. Watkins was re-elected President and Mr. Cecil L. Bell
Secretary. i
During the year the Section held five indoor meetings and one Field Meeting
as follows :
Feb. 3: Talk by Peter F. Bird, B.Sc., on ‘‘ Something about Insects ”’.
Mar. 3: Film—Life History of the Monarch Butterfly.
June 6: Field Meeting at Burrington Combe.
Oct. 6: Visit to City Museum to inspect collections.
Nov. 3: Annual Exhibition.
Dec. 1: Talk by J. C. Hartley (Bristol University) on “ Hoverflies ’’.
CECIL L, BELL, Hon. Secretary.
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the University on January 12 the following officers were elected: President,
Mr. I. W. Evans ; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. R. F. Wills ; Committee:
Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Miss A. M. Sampson, Dr. A. F. Devonshire, Mr. F. W.
Evens, Mr. J. A. Eatough and Mr. H. F. Howard.
The Wild Plant table at the Bristol Museum has again been much appre-
ciated and owing to the fine summer many plants have been shown. We offer
our sincere thanks to Dr. F. S. Wallis and Mr. P. F. Bird of the Museum and
to Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Mr. Ivor Evans, and to all our members who have
contributed specimens.
On June 20, a whole day coach trip was taken to the Royal Horticultural
Society's Gardens at Wisley. The Bath Natural History Society also ran a
coach trip on the same day and we were all met by Mr. R. P. Scase, one of our
life members who is on the staff at Wisley. We were shown a wonderful collection
of shells from all over the world and also many interesting rare wild flowers
from his garden. Afterwards Mr. Scase kindly showed us round the gardens.
During the year the following Winter meetings were held :
Jan. 12: Annual Business Meeting. Impressions of the vegetation in
Rhodesia and the Union of S. Africa. Mrs. H. H. Davis.
Keb; 9: Succulent Plants. ~Dr. W: D: Gli:
Mar. 9: Rare Plants of the Lizard Peninsula. Dr, L. C. Frost.
Apr. 13: Summer Field Programme.
Oct. 12: Members’ Evening.
Nov. 9: Plant Names. Dr: A. F. Devonshire:
Dec. 14: The British Sorbus Species. Dr. E. F. Warburg.
The following field excursions took place during the Spring and Summer
under the leadership of those named.
May 2: Goblin Combe and Wrington Warren. Dr. A. F. Devonshire.
May 30: Coombe Hay. Mr. H. F. Howard.
June 20 : R-H.S. Gardens, Wisley. Mr: R; Fe) Walls.
July 4: Painswick Beacon. Mr. E. P. Bury and Mr. H. F. Webb.
July 18: Sharpham and Berrow. Mr. I. W. Evans and Mr. P. J. M.
Nethercott.
Sept.12: Stoney Littleton. Miss C. Groves.
In addition, evening walks were taken as follows :
Abbot’s Pool. Miss A. M. Sampson.
Long Ashton? Mr. H. F. Howard.
River Avon at Keynsham. Mr. J. A. Eatough.
Compton Dando. Mr. I. W. Evans.
Clevedon Salt Marshes. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield.
Five indoor meetings in the Botany Lecture Theatre were held on the
following dates: May 4, June 1, July 6, July 20 and Sept. 14, when specimens
collected on field excursions were brought in for identification. On June 1,
Mr. Mann gave a talk illustrated with numerous colour slides on the scenery
and plants of the West Indian Islands.
\ T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Physiology Lecture Room of
R. F. WILLS,’ ion.sSecreiony:
T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Geology Department of the
A University on January 14, 1960, the following officers were elected :
President, Mr. C. E. Leese; Vice-President, Mr. F. S. Ross; Hon.
Secretary, Mr. R. G. Payne; Field Secretary, Mr. V. D. Dennison ; Ex-Officio,
Professor W. F. Whittard and President of Students’ Geological Society ;
Committee, Mrs. F. S. Wakefield, Miss L. Carlton, Mr. R. Bradshaw, Dr. M.
Ee hene@unns, vir A, C. IK. Fear, Mr. T.R, Fry, Dr. F. C. Phillips, Dr. R. J. G.
Savage, Mr. H. W. Turner, Mr. W. F. Vernon, Mr. D. Vowles.
During 1959 the Committee met twice, on January 8 to make proposals
for officers and on February 12 to arrange Summer and Winter programmes.
The Annual General Meeting was held on January 15 when reports were read
and officers elected ; an exhibition meeting followed, at which eight members
exhibited geological material.
There were four lecture meetings of the Section during the year :
Feb. 12: Mr. D. Findlay—Geological problems of Soil Survey.
Mar. 5: Prof. T. M. Harris—Flora of the South Wales fissures.
Oct. 22: Dr. W. Campbell-Smith—Meteorites.
Nov. 19: Dr. F. S. Wallis—Rocks and the Archaeologist.
In January, Dr. D. T. Donovan was awarded the Murchison Fund for his
work on Mesozoic stratigraphy and palaeontology.
The Section would like to record its thanks to Dr. Scott Simpson for his
services to the Section and to the Society, and to congratulate him on his new
appointment as Professor of Geology, Exeter University.
At Easter, a highly successful four-day trip to Cornwall was arranged and
admirably led by the President, Mr. C. E. Leese. Based on Callington, the
party visited many sites ranging geographically from Boscastle to St. Austell.
First-class geological material was collected.
There were five Field Meetings during the Summer as follows :—
Apr. 18: Cattybrook ; leader Mr. W. Vernon.
May 9: Malvern Hills; leader Dr. B. Leake.
July 4: South Wales; leader Mr. R. Bradshaw.
July 22: Whitchurch; leader Mr. C. E. Leese.
Sept. 26: Yate and Chipping Sodbury; leaders Dr. F. S. Wallis, W.
Stock, R-.G, Payne:
All lectures were held in the Geology Department of the University, and the
Section would like to record its thanks to Professor Whittard and its indebted-
ness to the University for making the premises freely available for these activities.
R. G. PAYNE, Aon. Secretary.
10
K YF. "Os
I LS Ree er
T the 35th Annual Business Meeting in January,
Mr. G. E., Clothier; Mri Ss3M. Waylor and
Miss F. Wareham were re-elected President,
Hon. Secretary and Assistant Hon. Secretary, re-
spectively. Miss D. M. Crampton and Messrs. P. J.
Chadwick, H. H. Davis, H. W. Neal and G. Sweet
were re-elected to the Committee. Mr. G. A. Forrest
was elected, and Messrs. B. K. Brooke and M. A.
Wright retired by seniority. The Editorial Committee
STEW REND T/T TREIKING GE was also re-elected.
ude ah Miia ct Oe During the year the following indoor meetings
were held :—
Jan. 14: Annual Business Meeting and Ornithological Brains Trust.
Feb. 13: The Story of the Osprey in Britain, by P. E. Brown, Secretary
of ‘the R2S. 2B;
Mar. 6: Annual Field Programme Meeting, 1959, and records of Bird
Songs.
Mar. 25: ‘“‘ Canada’s Duck Factories,” by Hugh Boyd, Biologist, Wildfowl
Trust.
Sept. 30: “‘ Should the Great Black Woodpecker be on the British List ? ’”
by Ik. S.- Re Pitter:
Oct. 28: ‘“‘ Eighteen Months on Ascension Island,’ by Dr. B. Stonehouse.
Nov. 20: Annual Field Programme Meeting, 1960; ‘“* The Breeding
Population of Mallard in North Somerset,” by Hugh Boyd ;
Reports on 1959 Fieldwork.
Dec. 4: R.S.P.B. Films Reed Warblers and Island of Birds—special meeting,
admission by ticket.
Attendance at the first seven meetings averaged 62 ; all 350 tickets for the
last meeting were sold, including about 100 at a reduced rate to school pupils.
Three field walks were held in the Spring, to Chew Valley Reservoir, the
Saltford area and Leigh Woods. ‘Twenty-one took part in an all-day excursion
to Salisbury Plain in May.
The “‘ Fieldwork Review ”’ for 1958—the tenth of the series—was published
in March. Its contents included an account of the discovery by Mr. M. A.
Wright of a Bridled Tern, the fourth British record and the first for Somerset ;
details of an important scheme organised by the Steep Holm Trust Gull Research
Station to obtain speedy details of any future ‘“‘ wrecks’’ of seabirds in the
area ; and a report on a co-operative study of the breeding-season Shelduck
population on the Bristol shore of the Channel.
Fieldwork in 1959 included a continuation of the Shelduck study, in co-
operation with the Wildfowl Trust, which showed some interesting differences
from 1958 and yielded new statistics on breeding and mortality. A survey of
the Lapwing breeding population on the North Somerset moors in the area was
also made, for comparison with one carried out in 1949.
The B.T.O. Nest Record and Ringing Schemes were supported, and mem-
bers contributed to other nationally sponsored investigations.
S. M. TAYLOR, Hon. Secretary.
T
11
REP OR. OF
PUNEOR SECT I
1959
ON
HE Annual General Meeting was held in the Physiology Lecture Theatre
on January 23, when the following officers were elected to the Members’
Committee :—Nigel Webb (Chairman), Stephanie Sweet (Hon. Secretary),
Stephen Chapman, Colin Godman, Timothy Lait, and Jack Read.
During the year nine indoor meetings were held :—
Jan. 2: New Year Party.
Jan. 16: “ Bats.” Dr. David Harrison.
Jan. 23: Two films—Reptiles and Birds of the River.
Feb. 27: ‘‘ Wild Life in Rhodesia and Cape Province.” Mr. H. H. Davis.
Mar. 20: ‘* Natural History and the Camera.” Mr. R. F. Wills.
Sept.19: Films, and Questions answered by Mr. Maxwell Knight, O.B.E.
Oct. 3: Exhibition.
Nov. 6: “Animals and Birds of East Africa.” Prof. R. Milnes Walser.
Dec. 11: ‘‘A Bird Watching Holiday in France,’ by Timothy Lait and
“A Visit to Juniper Hall, Surrey,’ by Nigel Webb.
The following field excursions were held under the leadership of those
named :— |
H. H. Davis.
Jan. 18: Blagdon Reservoir. Mr.
Feb. 15: Chew Reservoir. Michael Edgell and Nigel Webb.
Mar. 7: Wild Fowl Trust, Slimbridge. Mr. B. King.
Apr. 12: Durleigh Reservoir and the Quantocks. Miss E. Palmer and
Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills.
May 8: Flax Bourton to Cambridge Batch. Mr. G. Sweet and Michael
Edgell.
May 24: Steep Holm. Mr. H. Savory.
June 6: Gordano Valley. Mr. P. J. M. Nethercott and Mr. B. King.
July 29: Tickenham Moor. Mr. H. F. Howard.
Aug. 26: Burrington Combe to Shipham. Mr. V. D. Dennison and
Mir R. G. Payne.
Sept.13.: Bitton to Weston (Bath). Dr. A. F. Devonshire.
Sept.27: Portland Bill. Mr. B. King.
Oct. 10: Brockley Combe. Miss A. E. Bennett and Miss M. Jago.
Oct. 17: Durleigh Reservoir and Taunton Castle.
Nov. 8: Kellaway Rocks. Mr. F. Stenhouse Ross and Mr. R. G. Payne.
Dec. 2 Wild Fowl Trust, Slimbridge. Mr. B. King.
The Chew Valley reservoir was visited on Oct. 24 and Dec. 20, and
the Blagdon reservoir on Nov. 22, under the leadership of Mr. B. King. Un-
fortunately on the visit to Steep Holm on May 24, members were not able to
land because of the rough sea.
Mr. P. Bird and Mr. V. D. Dennison were elected to the Advisory Committee
to replace Miss M. Jago and Mrs. Morris who resigned. Mrs. R. F. Wills
was elected Hon. Secretary in place of Mrs. Rosemary Millard, who has now
left Bristol. On her departure a presentation was made in appreciation of
her work for the Junior Section.
D. WILLS, Hon. Secretary, Advisory Committee.
STEPHANIE SWEET, Aon.
Secretary, Members’? Committee.
when the Officers and Members of Council were duly elected. Miss
M. H. Rogers was re-elected as President. On his retirement from the
post of Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Peach was thanked for his 20 years of valuable
service. Mr. Peach, Mr. Ivor Evans and Mr. C. S. Carlile were elected Honorary
Members. ‘There followed a lecture by Dr. R. J. G. Savage on “‘ Oases of the
Sahara’, beautifully illustrated by colour slides. He referred especially to the
water problem which is gradually becoming more serious.
On February 9 Dr. Alan F. Rogers, medical adviser to the Trans-antarctic
expedition, gave us a thrilling account of the journey across Antarctica, illustrated
with many colour slides. The tremendous difficulties encountered on land,
sea and in the air were most vividly brought home to us. Unfortunately local
foggy conditions reduced the number attending.
Professor L. J. Audus of Bedford College, London, came to us on October 1
and described the use he made of his biological training when a prisoner of the
Japanese in Indonesia. Under incredible difficulties and with the most primitive
materials he and Dr. Alston managed to produce a culture of yeast, which proved
invaluable, because as a result of its use the pellagra disease more or less dis-
appeared, and the bad eye conditions got no worse ; however, it did not help
with beri-beri. Even this much greatly raised the morale of the prisoners, and
it gave to the lecturer an interest that kept him alive.
On October 29 Miss Valerie Finnis from the Waterperry Horticultural
College, near Oxford, showed us many colour pictures of Alpines in their natural
setting. First she showed them in the Dolomites, then near Champéry in
Switzerland. She also showed us pictures of the College and gardens at Water-
perry at the close of her very interesting and lively lecture.
On November 28, in the Museum Lecture Theatre, we were told by Mr.
and Mrs. J. D. H. Hooper about the work done in “‘ Banding Bats ”’ in Devon-
shire. The bands are aluminium rings clipped onto the forearm. Most of the
pictures shown were of the Greater and Lesser Horseshoe Bat and the film illus-
trated clearly the small size of cave through which the observers had to crawl.
The idea that bats go into complete hibernation is incorrect.
A. C. LEACH, Hon. Secretary.
T g6th Annual General Meeting was held on Thursday, January 22,
GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS
on last year’s record number. An innovation was the holding of two
evening coach meetings. ‘These were successful, and were attended by
some members who are unable to come to week-end meetings. More evening
meetings will be held next year. The meeting to Aberystwyth and Devil’s
Bridge was probably the longest and most ambitious in the Society’s history.
In accordance with a resolution of Council, sectional secretaries now attend all
meetings of the Field Committee, and it is hoped in this way to minimise clashes
between sectional and general field meetings.
A brief summary of the field meetings under the leadership of those named
is given below,and a much fuller account is kept in the records of the Field Section.
Pron tase 9 general field meetings took place during the year, an increase
ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS 13
Arlingham Passage. Mr. H. G. Hockey.
Wick St. Lawrence Wharf. Mr. D. A. Cullen.
Silbury Hill, West Kennett Long Barrow, and Avebury. Mr.
D. Grant King, Dr. A. F. Devonshire and Mr. Ivor Evans.
Quantocks : Wind Down and Ruborough Camp. Mr. A. N.
Marriage and Mr. H. G. Hockey.
Mendips: Rodney Stoke. Mr. T. H. Payne.
Elan Valley Lakes, Aberystwyth, Rheidol Valley railway and
Devil's Bridge. Mr>H:. G. Hockey.
: Tickenham and Cadbury Camp.” Mr: A. C.K: Fear:
Selworthy, Selworthy Beacon and Hurlstone Point. Mr.
H. G. Hockey and Dr. A. F. Devonshire.
Lyme Regis and Charmouth. Mr. H. G. Hockey and Mr.
Ivor Evans.
Velvet Bottom. Mr. H. F. Flook.
Crook Peak. Miss C. Groves.
Brecon Beacons: Caerfanell valley, ‘Tal-y-Bont reservoir, and
the Monmouth canal. Mr. D. A. Cullen.
East Brent, Brent Knoll and South Brent. Mr. Ivor Evans
and Mrs. G. S. Wakefield.
Quantocks : Holford and Hodder’s Combe. Mr. H. G. Hockey.
A. F. DEVONSHIRE, Hon. Field Secretary.
14
HON. LIBRiARIAN’S REPORT
Toe
St
sf
Exchange of publications was instituted with the following :—Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Polish Academy of Science;
Academy of Science of the U.S.S.R.
Ail the books in the library have been recatalogued and a start has been
made on the periodicals.
The Society acknowledges with thanks the gift of several books from various
organisations and also a number of Bird Reports from one of our members,
Mr. H. H. Davis.
Mr. M. Ackland was appointed Honorary Assistant Librarian in January,
1959:
[LD sci the year, 326 books and periodicals were borrowed by members.
R: BRADSHAW, Hon. Librarian.
: he gi
15
PRistTOL BOTANY IN 19569
By Ceciz I. ano N. Y. SANDWITH
HE glorious summer of 1959, lasting from May until October,
was succeeded by two wet months and a stormy Christmas
season. Plants were dried up early on downs and dunes, but the
wild flowers of marshes and streamsides flourished exceedingly.
The hot sun brought to flower a wonderful autumn crop of aliens
(especially weeds from North America) at Avonmouth Dock, as we
record below, and Botanical Society members came from far and
near to take their toll of the spoil.
Two field meetings were held in our area, both centred on Wells :
the British Bryological Society was there in April, while Dr. A. J.
Willis was the leader of the Botanical Society’s Whitsun meeting.
Reports of both meetings will appear in the publications of the two
Societies. The bryologists added several Mosses to the North
Somerset list, as well as two Hepatics, Ptilidium pulcherrrmum and
Nowellia curvifolia (the latter a sensational discovery by Dr. Willis
in Ebbor Gorge).
The Report of the Committee of the City Museum for 1958 states
that “‘ the Miller Herbarium, formed during the period 1880-1900
and including many specimens from Somerset, was given by the
courtesy of the authorities of Sidcot School.’ ‘This Herbarium is
evidently that of W. F. Miller (1834-1918), who had many records
from Mendip in Mr. White’s Flora and was a friend of White and
David Fry. Among his good finds were Schoenus in Max Bog (now
gone ?) and Orchis ustulata on Wavering Down.
A still more recent accession is the Herbarium of Mr. Ivor W.
Evans, which he has presented to the Museum. Mr. Evans tells us
that it will occupy a special steel cabinet, and that he is now re-
arranging it according to the new List of British Vascular Plants.
This Herbarium contains a fine series of specimens of Bristol aliens.
The death at Kew of Mr. Ernest Nelmes, on February 5th, 1959,
_aged 62, is a loss to Bristol and Gloucestershire botany. He sent
important records from the Gloucestershire side of the area to Mr.
White for the “ Bristol Botany’ notes after 1920, and his name
appears on very many pages of the Flora of Gloucestershire for localities
contributed in District 5, especially around his native village of Hill.
Mr. Nelmes was a world authority on Cyperaceae, and he was always
pleased to help with the naming of Bristol specimens.
The names of principal contributors are abbreviated as follows :
Pele. or. A. ji. Willis G.W.G., G. W. Garlick
DMCS. Or: D. Munro-smith P.J.M.N., P. J. M. Nethercott
16 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH
Ranunculus Lingua L. Still on Catcott Heath, S., “6 poor plants, 4
of them flowering ’’, 7. Cowley in Somerset Botany for 1958, in
Proc. Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1958-59, p. 95. In 1942,
we found it also in small quantity in a new station in a rhine
on the north side of the railway, north-east of Catcott Burtle.
Rorippa x sterilis Airy Shaw. Calcareous stream, Seven Springs,
Dodington Park, G., G.W.G.
Cardamine flexuosa With. x pratensis L. Stone, G., P. G. Munro-Smith,
det. D. E. Allen. The first record for the district of this hybrid.
Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. “‘A hybrid form, approaching D.
plumarius L.’’, det. Miss S. Hooper at Kew, has been introduced on
a rocky slope far from houses at Rookham Hill, Wels, S., where
it was first noticed by Mr. P. Sheasby and was later studied and
compared with native Cheddar forms by Dr. 7. F. Hope-Simpson.
Lathyrus sylvestris L. Berrow dunes north of the Church, S., first
seen in 1958, 7. I. Robbins.
Sanguisorba officinalis L. Damp field between Tytherington and
Stidcot, G., Miss I. King, comm. Dr. D. C. Prowse.
Sorbus anglica Hedl. Rodney Stoke Wood, S., 7. Northover, det. A.F.W.
Pyracantha coccinea Roem. One bush far from houses in Leigh
Woods, S., P.7.M.N.
Myriophyllum spicatum L. Eastville Lake, G., not flowering, D.M.S.
Callitriche platycarpa Kiitz. Drain on Yate Common, G., G.W.G.,
confirmed by 7. P. Savidge.
C’. intermedia Hoffm. ‘Two of the localities given in White, Fl.,
Pp. 529-530, should be cancelled since the corresponding
specimens (labelled C. hamulata Kitz.) in White’s herbarium at
Bristol University are referred by 7. P. Savidge to C. obiusangula
Le Gall. These localities are: ditch between Shirehampton
and Avonmouth, G. (see also Fl. Glos., p. 219), and old coal
canal at Midford, S., 1901. It will be noticed that White
himself (Fl., l.c.) repeated the same two localities under C.
obtusangula. Ne are grateful for this information to 4.7.W.
Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. Leigh Woods; and Walton-in-
Gordano moor, S., P.7.M.N.
E. Lamy F. Schultz. Waste ground, Downend, G., D.M.S., det.
G.M. Ash. Ivory Hill, Frampton Cotterell, G., G.W.G.
E. palustre L. Marshy ground above Lower Farm, Charterhouse-
on-Mendip, S., C./.S. and N.Y.S.
CEnanthe fimpinelloides L. Abundant in a rough hillside pasture,
Har-y Stoke, Stoke Gifford, G., D.M.S.
BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1959 led
Thelycrania sericea (L.) Dandy (Cornus stolonifera Michx.). Riverside,
. Hambrook ; and waste ground, Downend, G., D.M.S.
Leycesterta formosa Wall. Established at Portishead Camp, S.,
POF M,N,
Senecio aquaticus Hill x Facobaea L. Occurs in plenty in a number of
fen meadows in the Gordano Valley, S., 4.7.W., confirmed by
P.M. Benoit. See also the delightful paper, “‘ The plant ecology
of the Gordano Valley’, by A. F7. Willis and R. L. Jefferies, in
Proc. B.N.S. 29(5), pp. 469-490 (1959), where reference is
made to this hybrid on p. 482.
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. St. George’s Wharf, Portbury, S.,
1921, F. Samson in Miss I, M. Roper, ms. in her interleaved copy
of White, Fl., and (one small tuft) 1959, P.7.M.N. We know
of no station for Thrift nearer to the City.
Veronica scutellata L. Marshy ground above Lower Farm, Charter-
house-on-Mendip, S., C.l.S. and N.Y.S.
Orobanche Hederae Duby. Wall, Frenchay, G., D.M.S.
Mentha X< piperita L. A very interesting series of forms of Pepper-
mint occurs by a stream above Lower Farm, Charterhouse-on-
Mendip, S., C.L.S. and V.Y.S. At least three forms were noted,
in distinct clumps, the most striking being the greyish, shaggy
forma /uirsuta (Fraser) R. Graham of var. piperita. ‘The two
other forms were glabrescent, viz. the typical var. pipertta and
the var. subcordata Fraser, the latter with very distinct leaves,
shorter, much more finely toothed, and rounded or subcordate
at the base.
M. X piperita L. var. vulgaris Sole. Drain by railway, Strawberry
Gardens Inn, Yate, G., G.W.G.
M. X geniilis L. var. gentilis. ‘Tip at Hambrook, G., D.M.S.
Chenopodium ficifollum Sm. Cultivated ground between Hambrook
and Moorend, G., D.M.S. Manure heap at Blackford, Wed-
more, 9., JV.1.9.
Ceratophyllum submersum L. Wayside pond, Upper Morton, Thorn-
bury, G., D.M.S.
Orchis ustulata L. A single plant in short, limestone turf at Callow
Rocks, Sidcot, S., John Hodgson (B.S.BJI. Field Meeting). This
had not been reported from Mendip during this century,
although it should still occur in W. F. Miller’s station on
Wavering Down.
QO. praetermissa Druce. Damp hollow near Priddy lead-mines, 8., Dr.
Jj» 1, A. Knight, . Compare the record of “‘ O. latifolia”’ from the
‘* Mineries Bog”’ (B. W. Tucker) in Journ. Bot. for 1917, p. 188.
18 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana Mill. Dune-slack at Berrow, S., B.S.B_T.
Field Meeting, comm. A.7.W. It was noted as still at Burnham
in Rep. Bot. Sect., Som. Arch. and Nat. fist. Soc. for 1930, and may
well have been known there to other observers in the intervening
period.
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. ‘Two clumps in a hedgerow near North
Wootton, Wells, S., A. A. Franey.
Colchicum autumnale L. Lane between Nettlebridge and Ashwick,
S., F. M. Pilkington.
Juncus compressus Jacq. Further peat moor localities (see “ Bristol
Botany in 1958”’’) are a grassy drove on Ashcott Heath, and
two marshy fields on Glastonbury Heath, S., C.l.S. and NW.Y-S.
J. tenus Willd. Berrow, S., in slack and on edge of salt-marsh,
A.F7.W. Compare H. 8. Thompson’s record from “ Burnham
Links ’’, in Rep. Bot. Sect., Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1930.
Sparganum minimum Wallr. At the western end of the peat moors on
Catcott Heath, S., 0.14.8.
Acorus Calamus L. Bank of the Avon under Cleeve Wood, Hanham
Abbots, Gi, 2.7. Vi.
Wolffia arrhza (L.) Hork. ex Wimm. Rhines on Mark Moor,
Commander R. G. B. Roe, and on Blackford Moor, S., NV.Y.S.
Butomus umbellatus L. Bank of the Avon under Cleeve Wood,
Hanham Abbots, G., P.7.M.N.
Potamogeton coloratus Hornem. Rhine at the Portbury end of the
Gordano Valley, S., P.7.M.N.
Eleocharis quinqueflora (F. X. Hartmann) Schwarz (Scirpus pauciflorus
Lightf.). Still at Berrow, S8., G.W.G. See also Journ. Bot. for
1918, p. 83, for a 1915 record of its survival] there.
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. Still at Berrow, S., in slack and on
the edge of the salt-marsh, A.7.W. An interesting, previously
unpublished, station is “‘ bog under Lansdown =Langridge
Bottom ’’, §., 1917, Miss I. M. Roper, ms. in her interleaved copy
of White, Fl.
Carex pamculata L. Still at Berrow, S., in swampy ground among the
dunes, D.M.S. and B.S.BI. Field Meeting.
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. parviflora (Thuill.) Coss. et
Germ. Hambrook, G., D.M.S., det, C. E. Hubbard.
Glyceria declinata Bréb. On a track in Greyfield Wood, Clutton, S.,
CALS: and gv. ds:
BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1959 19
Azolla filiculoides Lam. Rhine on the Brean side of Lympshan,, §.,
3. P. M. Brenan. In three spots on the peat moor near Catcott
Burtle, S., Commander R. G. B. Roe.
ALIENS. Pride of place must be given to the genus Amaranthus,
which germinated successfully and revelled in the prolonged
heat. The railway tracks and waysides at Avonmouth Dock
were thronged with specimens of at least eight taxa. A. albus
teen anias IL, (A. gracilis Desf.\, A. retroflexus L. and A.
hybridus L. and its subspecies cruentus (L.) Thell. are relatively
well known at Bristol. Far more remarkable has been the
appearance during the last three years, scattered about the
Dock and some of them in quantity, of no less than four
Western North American species of the dioecious group
Acnida, all now recorded for Britain for the first time : they are
A. tamariscinus Nutt., $ (1957 and 1959, J. HE. Lousley) ; A.
tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer, 2 (1958-59, C.LS. and WN.Y.S.) ;
A. Palmeri S. Wats., S and 2 abundantly (1959, first noticed by
Miss M. McCallum Webster) ; and A. Watsoni Standl., g and 2
(1959, first noticed by D. McClintock and WN.Y.S.). The
Avonmouth material of Amaranthus has been thoroughly studied
by Mr. 7. P. M. Brenan, who has prepared an account of all the
species which have occurred in Britain. We are most grateful
to Mr. Brenan for his help, also to Prof. F. D. Sauer, of the
University of Wisconsin, who first identified our 1958 specimen
of A. tuberculatus.
Collected also at Avonmouth Dock last season, the following
species are first records for Bristol: the pantropical Com-
posite, Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kze., sensu lato as probably in-
cluding F. australasica Hook., found by Mrs. N. Saunders, det.
N.Y.S.; the Pedaliaceous, Gloxinia-like weed, Proboscidea
loutstanica (Mill.) Thell.,a native of North America, found by
D. McClintock and N.Y.S.; Polygonum pensyluanicum L. var.
laevigatum Fernald, by C.I.S. and N.Y.S.; the small, prostrate,
American Spurge, Euphorbia serpens H.B.K., det. C. C. Townsend,
collected by Mrs. B. H. S. Russell; and the grasses, Chloris
virgata Sw. and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., collected and
determined by Miss M. Webster. Of these, the Flaveria and
Euphorbia are first British records.
The following, also at Avonmouth, are first records for the Dock :
Anoda cristata (L.) Schl. var. brachyantha (Rchb.) Hochr.
(7. E. Lousley) ; Impatiens capensis Meerb. (C.L.S. and N.Y.S.) ;
Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton (previously recorded from
Bristol as Coreopsis aristosa Michx.), found by Mrs. P. C. Hail,
20 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH
det. C. C. Townsend; and Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Willd.
var. edulis (Gaertn.) DC., found by Mrs. B. H. S. Russell.
Other noteworthy, but not new, Avonmouth aliens were Lathyrus
annuus L. (Mrs. Russell), Galium spurium L. var. echinospermum
(Wallr.) . Hayek (Miss Webster), Plantago aristata Michx.
(D. McClintock and N.Y.S.) and Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.)
Nees (Miss Webster).
Finally, alien records from outside the Port of Bristol area are
as follows :
Oxalis corniculata L. var. microphylla Hk. fil. Lawn-weed, Downend,
G., DIM.S., det, D. P> Touns:
Potentilla recta L. Channel bank, Sheperdine, G., Dr. R. W. G.
Dennis. Arable field, Lansdown, Bath, S., 1950, Miss D. M.
Frowde in Kew Herb. Rubbish by roadside, Winscombe,
S., 1916, Rev. HE. Ellman in 7. W. White, ms. in his interleaved
copy of White, Fi.
Tagetes minuta L. Roadside kerb, North Road, Yate, G., G.W.G.
This species appears regularly at Avonmouth Dock.
Artemisia Absinthum L. Rubbish tip, Frenchay, G., D.M.S.
Datura Stramomum L. var. Tatula (L.) Torrey. Garden at
Nettlebridge, S., F. M. Pilkington.
Nicandra physaloides (L.) Gaertn. Garden path, Horse Street,
Chipping Sodbury, G., G.W.G.
Verbascum Lychnitis L. A plant of the yellow-flowered form on the
Channel bank at Redwick, near Passage Halt, G., H. S.
Semple, comm. Commander R. G. B. Roe. This form occurred
at Avonmouth in 1932 and 1938, and perhaps Jater.
Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell. Garden at
Nailsea, S., 1958-59, Mrs. F. M. Vance, det. J. P. M. Brenan.
The form with green, drooping inflorescence.
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Leigh-on-Mendip and
Glastonbury, S., Dr. jf) tiga huge
Rumex scutatus L. Wall, Backwell West Town, S., 1958, A. A.
Graham, R. M. Harley and D. H. Lewis, see Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit.
I5:, 935; pt. 35.9: 206) (1959)
Helxine Soleirol Req. Pavement, Downend, G., D.M.S.
Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss. In small quantity in a basin of
the Canal at Bath, S., P.7.M.N. Native of South Africa,
and an aquarist’s throw-out (see “ Bristol Botany in 1956”
for the record of another alien species of Hydrocharitaceae,
Elodea callitrichoides, in the same Canal at the Dundas Aque-
duct). New to the district.
best OL BIRD REPORT
Les.
COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE
B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION
P. J. Guapwick R. H. PouLpINnG
Me. Davis M. A. WRIGHT
XCEPT where otherwise stated, records below refer only to
1959, and are followed by the appropriate initials throughout.
‘Observers’ names, forming a key to the initials, and a note outlining
the area covered, appear later in this introduction. Available space
does not permit publication of all the many records received.
‘Those not included will, as usual, be filed for future reference.
At the New Grounds White-fronted Geese again reached peak
numbers in February (5,000 on 14th), two Lesser White-fronts
and a single Red-breasted Goose being frequently seen among
them from late January to the middle of March. Other important
records for the same locality are of a Sandwich Ternon the Estuary
in April, two Avocets on the Estuary in December and, in the
same month, a Spotted Crake in the Wildfowl Trust enclosures.
Chew Valley reservoir continues to attract a great variety of
bird-life and remains the chief centre for breeding ducks in Somerset.
As well as Mallard and Tufted Duck, Shoveler enjoyed a successful
season, and broods of Garganey, Gadwall, Pochard and Shelduck
were also reported. Here, as at all Bristol reservoirs, the low
water level, following a remarkably fine summer, provided abnormal
areas of feeding ground for autumn waders—the following, among
others, being reported: Turnstone, Black-tailed Godwit, Wood
Sandpiper, Spotted Redshank, Little Stint, Temminck’s Stint and
Curlew Sandpiper. From Chew Valley, also, there are records of
Water Pipits (up to 10 or 12) in March and April; an Osprey
in August; and a party of five Barnacle Geese in December,
while the visit of a Whiskered Tern in June gave various observers
the surprise opportunity of watching a species seldom seen in
Britain and not hitherto met with in Somerset. A Red-necked
Grebe was identified at Cheddar reservoir in October and Great
Northern Divers were reported from the same place in November-
December.
Noteworthy records from other localities include those of a
22 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
Little Gull at Weston-super-Mare in April ; a Hoopoe at Almonds--
bury in April and another at Winterbourne in August ; an Osprey
over Steep Holm in September ; a Grey Phalarope feeding along
a roadside near Bath in October ; a Waxwing at Shirehampton
in November ; and a Hen Harrier at Sand Bay in December.
Crossbills, up to 40 or more, visited Clapton-in-Gordano in July,
and at least one Lapland Bunting was seen on Brean Down in
mid—December.
Contributors to the Report are: L. P. Alder, R. Angles, S. J. G..
Barnett, A. E. Billett, H. J. Boyd, G. L. Boyle G@3imett BK
Brooke, K. B. S. Brown, Mrs. M. L. Butterworth, G. C. Buxton,
Mrs. 8S. I. Buxton, Dr. B. Campbell,
E-
Chapman, Miss G. G. Clement, G. E. Clothier, R. V. Collier, Miss.
D. M. Crampton, A. J. Croote, R. M. Curber rile soavis,
M. Davy, A. G. Dixon, -)=—G- Evans, Miss??? tiavtnen ian,
Franey, W. G. Fussell, R. P. Gait, J. Gould, Miss C. Graham,
D. Griffin, D. R. Hamblett, H. R. Hammacott, RY 5) Harkness,
Dr. J. G. Harrison, Col. F. G. Highway, Mrs. H. Highway, H. G.
Hockey, D. A. Holmes, W. A. Holmes, E.G. Holtis) johmetone:
B. King, J. A. Lance, R. J. Lewis, J. A. MceGeoeh, Si eviadges
Dr. G. V. T: Matthews, T. D. HI. Merrie, C:-Mitehel iy Neale
P. J. M. Nethercott, E. G..M. Niblett, Mirs..PeiNimmes ie?
Norman, P. J. Olney, R. Ormond, Miss E. D. Overend, B. A.
Owen, Mrs. B. C. Palmer, Miss E. M. Palmer, Mrs. M. Palmer--.
Smith, R. J. Pearce, D. Pollard, R. H. Poulding, W. L. Roseveare,
J. Sander, P. Scott, H. G. Sheppard, J. B. Silcoeks, P> J) Smms: Ei. Fe
Sitters, B. Slade, W. Smith, W. J: Stone, L. Gz Sullivan, 72 o.
Sutherland, C. M. Swaine, G. Sweet, Miss S. Sweet, C. E. Taylor,
Ss. M. Taylor, J. Upsher, J. D.-R. Vernon, M. Waddicar iE,
Walsh, L. Williamson, M. G. Wilson, M. A. Wright, P. J. Wycherley,,
and K. B. Young. The ‘abbremations Res. Stn. and);jmr Sect.
refer, respectively, to the Steep Holm Gull Research Station and.
the B.N.S. Junior Section. Initials D.B.P.S. denote observations:
by members of the Dursley Bird Watching and Preservation.
Society, and W.T. indicates Wildfowl] Trust.
The area covered is that part of Gloucestershire (G). lying
east of the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds to the
County boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S.) north of the:
R. Axe and a line from Wells to the County boundary near Frome.
For the purpose of this Report the area extends westwards into:
the Channel and Estuary to include the promontory of Brean
Down, and the islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch
Map, Proc. B.N.S., 1947, Pp. 225).
Vr
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 23
GREAT NORTHERN DIVER Gavia immer
'§. Two divers, probably this species, Jeaving Cheddar res.,
Nov. 15 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). Single bird, same place, various
dates, Nov. 29—Dec. 18 (R.M.C., J.A.McG., .M.G.W. e¢ ai.).
GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus
G. One on river, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 18 (J.G., W.A.H.).
S. Highest autumn and winter totals, Cheddar res.—27,
Pepaineand 25, Dec. 27 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.).. At least eight
pairs at breeding sites and 23 ads. concentrated near dam, Blagdon,
July 30 (W.L.R.). Size of breeding population, Chew Valley res.
uncertain : twenty-two pairs located, Apr. 5 (B.K., G.S.) but
only thirteen pairs recorded May 3 (B.K.) ; six nests in reed bed,
in close proximity to one another, May 23, and 54 ads. in same
area of lake on following day (E.G.M.N.).
RED-NECKED GREBE Podiceps griseigena
S. One, possibly a first-winter bird, seen at Cheddar res.,
Oct. 25 by B.K. who has supplied a detailed description.
SLAVONIAN GREBE Podiceps auritus
S. One in breeding plumage, Chew Valley res., Mar. 30
(S.I.B.) and one, Blagdon res., Apr. 21 (A.G.D.)—field descriptions
received from both observers.
BLACK-NECKED GREBE_ Podiceps nigricollis
S. Several reported from Chew Valley res. : one in breeding
plumage, Mar. 29 to May 12 (R.S.H., G.S. e¢ al.) ; two in moult
and keeping together, June 24 and July 12 (B.K.), and a single
bird in winter plumage, several dates, Sept. 6-19 (G.C.B., S.I.B.
a al). |
LirTLE GREBE Podiceps ruficollis
S. Noted frequently at reservoirs. No detailed survey of breed-
ing population made at Chew Valley, but post-breeding season
concentrations of 111, Aug. 3 (B.K.) and 147, Sept. 20 (G.S.) were
reported. No records from other localities.
GANNET Sula bassana
G. Dead ad. on tidewrack, Severn Beach, Oct. 22 (W.A.H.,
H.W.N., K.B.Y.).
24 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
HERON Ardea cinerea
S. Brockley Combe heronry now reduced to nineteen occupied
nests, May 5 (B.K., P.J.S.). Twenty-seven occupied nests,
Uphill, May 7 (W.L.R.) and two, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe,
Jen Oj tee 1d (08) Oe
LitrLe BiTTERN Jxobrychus minutus
S. Immature bird seen by A.J.C. on R. Avon, Keynsham,
Sept. 28, 1958 (cf. Rep. Somerset Birds, 1958, p. 9).
BitTERN'~ Botaurus stellaris
G. One m Rushy Pen, New Grounds, Now 2p s 171.)
S. One disturbed from reeds, bank of R. Avon, Saltford,
@Oct729 (T- Gis" per 2 -s:).
MALLARD Anas platyrhynchos
G. Approx. 1,200 on Estuary, New Grounds, mid-Feb. and
1,300-1T,400, late August (per H.J.B.). Counts of 110-120,
St. George’s Park lake, Bristol, mid-Jan. to mid-Feb. and ¢.135,
INov.915, Deck re) (W. Joo.
S. As usual, peak occurred in late summer /autumn, but
numbers at resrs. far greater than in previous years, probably
due to drought and low water levels. Most of coastline and all
major waters counted on following dates: c. 3,175, Sept. 13
(1,330, Blagdon; 1,390, Chew Valley) and ¢23e7, 3 @ct. ae
(886, Blagdon ; 790, Chew Valley) with ¢.1,875, Nov. 15, Dec. 13
(various observers). Potential breeding population, Chew Valley
res. of c. 100 pairs which produced a minimum of 35 broods (B.K.).
TEAL Anas crecca
G. Approx. 200 on Estuary, New Grounds, Jan._Feb. Increase
through August to 220 on 26th but only 65-75 mid-Sept. to late
Dec. when large increase occurred—c. 1,700, Jan. 3, 1960 (per
H.J.B.). Approx. 55, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 18 (J.G.,
WORSE):
S. Max. counts, Jan._Mar. of 644, Chew Valley res., Jan. 3
(B.K.) falling to 171, Feb. 15 (G.C.B., 5.1.B.)5 and 12etenveoasr,
R. Yeo to Clevedon, Jan. 11 (P.J-C.; M.A.W-)2 Automanyariiecat
exceptionally early and unusually large numbers present—total
of 872 at resrs. and inland waters, Sept. 13 (576 at Blagdon)
increasing to ¢. 2,150, Oct. 18; 1,550, Nov- 15,aaags 1050;
Dec. 13 (B.K.B., G.C.B., S.1-B., J.A-McG., MEG RV ee oe
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT ; 25
First-winter bird ringed, Abberton res., Essex, Nov. 9, recovered,
Cheddar res., end of month (per B.K.).
GARGANEY Anas querguedula
G. Up to six (5939), New Grounds enclosures, Mar. 20-June 4 ;
most seen on any occasion being four males, May 19, 20 (per
F1.).B.).
Seeeam, Cheddar res., Mar. 15 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). Noted,
Chew Valley res., Mar. 20 to mid-Sept.: single male, Mar. 20
eaGebe, ELW.N.),. five (4¢¢) on g2end (P.J.C., B.K.) and up
bo seven, early’ April (G.S., M.A.W. ¢ al.) ; upto eight (6 gd)
in May (B.K. e al.) and seven (at least 4 $3), June 3 (A.E.B.,
Eaje@in). “kwo broods reared, same res. (B.K.).. Party of three
(1 3) on rhine, Kewstoke, nr. Weston-super-Mare, Mar. 29
BS.),
GADWALL Anas strepera
S Successful breeding again reported, Chew Valley res. (B.K.,
M.A.W.), where up to 13 adults seen, Jan.—_Mar. (R.M.C., M.G.W.
Had. i oeigiat to ten present, Apr._luly (H.H.D., G.S. et al.)
and 18, Sept. 13, but only two, Nov. 15 (G.C.B., S.I.B.), when
18 reported from Blagdon res. (B.K.B.). Three records from
Miveadaryres, => )two, Oct. 31 (B.K.),; three, Nov. i (P.J.C.,
M.A.W.) and one on 15th (J.A.McG., M.G.W.).
WiGEON Anas penelope
G. Totals from New Grounds include: goo, Feb. 12; 740,
Nov. 4; 1,200, Nov. 16 ; and c. 950 in early December, increasing
noi ¢. 3,000 by.end of year (H.J.B. e¢ al.).
S. The only large numbers reported in early months were from
ihew Valley res.—1,170, Jan. 18 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) and ¢. 1,150,
Feb. 1 (P.J.C.). Max. res. counts, autumn/winter : 879, Blagdon,
Nov. 15, and 921, Dec. 13 (B.K.B.) ; 111 and 832, Chew Valley,
on same dates (G.C.B., $.1.B.) ; ¢. 350, Cheddar, Nov. 29 and
over 200, Dec. 6, but generally less than 50 present (J.A.McG.,
M.G.W.).
PINTAIL Anas acuta
G. Nine, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 18 (J.G., W.A.H.).
Highest totals from New Grounds : 240, Feb. 16, and 150, Dec. 15
feet H.J.B.).
S. Max. of 27, Chew Valley, res., Jan. 3 (B.K.) with up to
ave im Feb. (M.G.W..et al.) ; pair, same place, Apr. 3 (R.M.C.) ;
Cc
26 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
May 3 (B.K.) and single ¢ on 26th (P.J.C.).. Numbers in autumn /
winter small, less than ten in any locality except Cheddar res.
where 35 counted, Nov. 1 (P.J.C., M.A.W.).
SHOVELER ‘Spatula clypeata
S. Evidence of passage movement, Chew Valley res., mid-
March (cf. also Report, 1958, p. 438). Up to 300 present early
January falling to 175-200 in February (T.D.H.M. et al.) ; 242,
Mar. 8. (B.K.) and 468. on 15th (G.CJBy SSeeeyeireeding
population of c. 20 pairs, same res., where at least g broods (59
ducklings) located, May-July (P.J.C., B.K.). Autumn counts,
Chew Valley : 166, Sept. 27; -127;. Nov. (apeeaene awe oot:
and 324, Dec. 13 (S.I1.B., R.S.H., M-AOW. ehtaite ioe wrescun,
Blagdon res. in early months but counts returned of 195, Oct. 18,
and 180, Nov. 15; only_.13, however, Dec. 13 (Bais 2 vias
of 44, Cheddar res., Nov. 1 (P.J-C.,7 M Agee
RED-CRESTED POCHARD Netta rufina
S. Three (1 ¢), Cheddar res., Dec. 9 (W-.S)) and@one Memale
or immature, Blagdon res. on 27th (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.)—perhaps
genuinely wild birds (cf. Report 1953, pp. 390-1).
Scaup Aythya marila
S. Single females, Cheddar res., Mar. 8-25 (M.G.W. et. ai.):
and Chew Valley res., Mar. 22, Apr. 24, May 12 (W.A.H., B.K.).
Autumn /winter occurrences : single female or immature, Cheddar
res., Oct. 11-25 (D.A.H. ef al.) but party of mme there, Oct. a1
(B.K., J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and up to four im Now Gnci2 ga
on 29th) and three in December (various observers). Female,
Chew Valley res., Oct. 25 (B.K.).
TurTrep Duck Aythya fuligula
S. Approx. 650-700 in Area, Feb. 15, Mar. 15 (various
observers). Influx at Chew Valley res. in early April where
numbers increased from c. 300, end March to 441, Apr. 5 (B.K.)
and 600 on 15th (G.C.B., S.I.B.), falling to c. 300 at end of April
but then increasing to 570 by May 3 (B.K.). Summer popula-
tion at this reservoir of some 275 adults but apparently fewer pairs
bred successfully—28 or 29 broods located July-August (P.J.C.
et al.). No evidence of breeding elsewhere. Approx. 700 in Area
on Nat. Wildfowl count dates, Nov. 15, Dec. 13: majority at
Blagdon (344 and 250) and Chew Valley resrs. (266 and 224)
(B.K.B:, G.C.B:, 78.103) Po) Wes By et vale
bo
~~]
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
PocHarpD Apythya ferina
S. Bred successfully, Chew Valley res.—two adult females
seen with young (S.1.B., P.J.C., G.S. e¢ al.) Largest numbers
reported as usual from Cheddar res. where max. of c. 1,750 present,
Mov 2o but none there, Dec. 27 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.). ‘Total
number in Area reached peak ofc. 2,000, Dec. 13 (various observers).
GoLDENEYE Bucephala clangula
G7One on Estuary, nr. Berkeley, Nov.-8 (J.D.R.V.).
S2) otal of 98 at resrs., Jan. 18 (18, Blagdon ; 11, Cheddar ;
9, Chew Valley). Other high counts from Blagdon include :
momen 29 (G.G.B., S.1.B.) ; 12,.Mar. 15 (S.E.C., K.B.Y.) ;
and 14 on 20th (T.B.S8.) ; while from 27 to 39 noted at dusk,
Chew Valley res., Mar. 12—Apr. 5 (S.E.C., B.K.) with max. of
55, Mar. 18 (S.E.C.). Fewer in autumn/winter : total of eleven
muresrs | Novs-15, Dec. 19 (B.K.B., J.A.McG. e al.). Coastal
record of two off Brean Down, Nov. 8 (E.G.H.).
ComMon ScoTER Melanitta nigra
G. Single male on Estuary, New Grounds, Apr.15,29 (L.P.A.).
% Once male, Weston Bay, Jan. 15 (E.G.H.); five birds,
Bame place, Mar. 8,.16 (E.M.P., T.B.S. e¢ al.) and four (3 gd),
pin Oo wvy-LR)). Female, Cheddar res., Jan. 17 (M.G.W.).
Also reported from Chew Valley res. : female, Apr. 5 (B.K., GS.)
aad four (3 ¢6)-on 9th (D.G. per J.D.R.V.). Summer records
of a male, Sand Bay, June 14, 15 anda pair, July 7 (T.B.S.), while
the only autumn/winter occurrences are of a male, Weston Bay,
Pov..15 (B.8.) and three, Dec. 26 (T.B.S.) ; and two on R. Severn,
nr. Kingston Seymour, Dec. 13 (P.J.C.).
GOOSANDER Mergus merganser
S. Very few reported. Female, Cheddar res., Jan. 18; three,
same place, Feb. 8, 15 ; two in Mar.; and a single female, Dec.
Q-27 (various observers). Single male, Chew Valley res., Jan. 20
(W.L.R.) and solitary females Jan. 24, 25, Feb. 15 (W.J.S. et al.)
and again. Nov. 29, Dec. 29 (R.M.C.). Two females, Blagdon
mas) Heb. 9 (P.N.) and one on 22nd (G.C.B., S.LB.).
SMEw Mergus albellus
S. Reported only from Chew Valley res. in Jan.—Mar. :
jaiax. monthly counts of five (2 gg), Jan. 18 (G.L.B.); 15 (5 33),
mem 15.((G.C.B., S.I.B.); and seven (2 64), Mar. 8 (B.K.).
Autumn /winter records of two, Blagdon res., Nov. 8 (D.A.H.,
28 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
T.D.H.M.) ; four, same place, early Dec, (BaguBe aes) cand
seven (1g), Dec. 26, 28 (T.B.S.) ; nine, Chew Valley, Dec. 13
(G.C.B., 5.I.B.) and up to four at end of month (B.S., M.A.W.) ;
four, Cheddar res, Wee, 220 (BK:
SHELDUCK Tadorna tadorna
G. and S. Repeat of 1958 coastal survey (cf. Report 1958,
p. 441) showed c. 520 birds present, mostly paired but many
immature, early May. Some 260 ducklings (36 broods) located,
of which 200-220 still surviving, July 12 (various observers).
Inland breeding records: two females with young, Chew Valley
TESay os eone? sale).
Ecyptian Goose Alopochen. aeg yptiacus
S. One, an unringed bird, Chew Valley res., Dec. 20 (Jnr.
Sect.). One, also unringed. reported by B.K. from same res.,
Apr. 6, 20, 1957. This species, frequently kept in waterfowl
collections, is not on the British List, but feral birds have long been
known in some parts of the Country (Eds.).
WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons albifrons
G. New Grounds: 1,200 in early Jan. (H.J.B.) but total up
to 3,000 on 31st (B.K.) ; subsequent increase 10 )3,700,7) eo-mG
and 5,000 on 14th, but not more than 3,000 at end of month—
numbers falling through Mar. to 1,500 on 2i1st-22nd. when the
birds all departed (H.J.B.). Autumn records, same place, of 67
arriving Oct. 1, with sharp increase to 710 on 5th and 860 on
31st; further increase to 1,500 by mid-Dec., total remaining
thus to close of year (H.J.B.) ; 26 flying S.W. over Stapleton,
Noy. 20) (E.G Ht)
S. Two, Chew Valley res., Jan. 3 (B.K.) and three on 17th
(B.K:, G.S.) and 18th (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; =twelvessamier place!
Feb. 4 (A.G.D.). Three on coast nr. Kingston Seymour, Jan. 11]
(P.J.C., B.K.). Party of five, Cheddar res. 7Octio De Ete
JA.McG:, T.D.H.M. et al.).. Ten; Chew Valley mest Becise,
CREME G2):
GREENLAND WHITE-FRONTED Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris
G. A ringed bird seen at close quarters, New Grounds, Mar.
14, 16 (number read as Copenhagen 271698) had been marked
as a gosling in Jakobshavn district of West Greenland, Aug. 1,
1958 (G.V.T.M.). One, probably different, New Grounds, Apr.
4-13. (M.D:). Five ads., same place, Dec. 15,:16 (H.J-B:, P.j-O:%
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 29
LrssER WHITE-FRONTED GOosE Anser erythropus
G. Of two ads. at New Grounds, mid-Feb., one remained to
27th or later, and the other was still present, Mar. 21; what
may have been a third seen with a single White-front (A. a. flavi-
rostris), Apr. 4-13 (H.J.B.).
PINK-FOOTED GOosE Anser brachyrhynchus
G. Forty-five still at New Grounds, Jan. 3, of which only one
stayed and was noted frequently to Mar. 19 (H.J.B.). First
autumn arrivals 22, Oct. 20, with increase to 34 by end of month
but total down to 18, early Dec. ; none later (H.J.B.).
BARNACLE Goose Branta leucopsis
S. One, with a semi-feral Greylag, Blagdon res., Nov. 7 may
have been a wild bird; one, probably the same, Chew Valley
res., on following day (K.B.Y.) and again at Blagdon, Dec. 13
fislc.Bs).. Party of five, Chew Valley res., Dec. 1 to close of year,
were first reported by W.G.F. and subsequently by various ob-
servers ; the birds, described by P.J.C. as being unringed and by
G.S. as being “very wary’’, were evidently wild visitors. First
records for the N. Somerset resrs. (Eds.).
CANADA GoosE Branta canadensis
S. One, perhaps genuinely wild, St. George’s Wharf (mouth
et Avon), June 9 (W.A.H.).
RED-BREASTED GoosE Branta ruficollis
G. An adult, presumably a wild bird, frequently seen among
White-fronted Geese at New Grounds, Jan. 24 to Mar. 13 (H.J.B.,
Ba, PS! et al.).
Mute Swan’) Cygnus olor
S. Usual mid-summer gatherings at resrs. with max. of 87,
Chew Valley, Aug. 23 (B.K.) and 53, Blagdon, July 30 (W.L.R.).
Pierd of 70, Cheddar res., Dec. 6 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and 53,
probably part of same herd, on flood water on nearby Draycott
migon wee. 20 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). About 40 wintering on R.
Avon, Bath (B.K.). Immature ringed, Chew Valley res., 18/7/57,
found dead, North Curry, 27 m. 8.W., 4/12/59 (per R.H.P.).
WHOOPER SWAN Cygnus cygnus
S. Single record of an adult, Chew Valley res., Jan. 3 (B.K.).
30 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus bewicku
G. Two in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Jan. 5—Mar. 21
but six present, Jan. 11 ; 15, Feb. 3; three on 18th and 10 on 21st
(M.D. et al.) Family party of four, same place, Nov. 3—Dec. 29
(per ia. Jibs).
S. ‘Herd of eight, Blagdon res., Feb. @2)iiaw abe,
SBE
BuzzArRp Buteo buteo
G. Reported in breeding season from New Grounds, Wotton-
under-Edge, Dursley, ‘Tortworth, Thornbury and _ Frenchay
(various observers).
S. Pair bred successfully within six miles of City boundary
(H.H.D.). Other breeding season records from Long Ashton,
Clevedon, Hutton, Blagdon, Mendip, Cheddar and Wells (various
observers). One disturbed from plateau, Steep Holm, Sept. 5
GRies! Stn.)..
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus
S. Female or ummature, Sand Bay; Dees (KR Kena):
Osprey Pandion haliaétus
S. One seen to take a large trout, Chew Valley res., Aug. 2
(P.J.C.) ; another low over Steep Holm, Sept. 5 (Res. Stn.)—
full details received.
Hossy- Falco Ghana
G. Single bird, Iron Acton, June 10 (HD):
S. One, nr. Clapton-in-Gordano, May 6 (H.H.D.). Two,
possibly three, hawking insects, Chew Valley res., May 25 (F.G.H.,
H.H.) ; single birds, same place; June 1° (MUAYWoeaialy. 25
(B.K., M.A.W.), Aug. 22 (P.J.C.) and on -o9rai i eiice. :
One, Charterhouse, May 30 (R.M.C.) and another, Brean Down,
Sept. a Nee
PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus
G. Single birds, New Grounds, Mar. 7 (R.M.@)) Waj-s:) -
St. George, Bristol, on 22nd (G.B.) ; and Wotton-under-Edge,
June '267(D BRes.
S. No evidence of breeding although frequently seen at coastal
localities. Inland records of single birds: Cheddar Gorge,
Jan. 18 (D.A.H., T.D.H.M.), Sept. 19 (D.R.H) Se G@itewar alex
res., Feb. 8 (B.K.) ;: and’ nr. Crook Peak, Mar a7(Gaaae
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 31
Meru’ Falco columbarius
GaeWhree (New Grounds records: male, Jan. 23 (L.P.A.) ;
female or immature on 31st (B.K.) ; and a male, Oct. 5 (H.J.B.).
S. A male, Brean Down, Feb. 28 (R.A.)—another, Yeo
Estuary, Mar. 27 and Sand Point on 28th (T.B.S.).
KestreL Falco tinnunculus
Pwo vine east over Steep Holm, Oct. 3 (Res. Sin.).
RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa
G. One seen to fly out of Spartina, Severn Beach, Mar. 15
cee} -C., T.ELS.).
QuatLt Coturnix coturnix
Gey sOone beard, Marshfield, July 2 (R.M.C., B.K.).
S. One calling from field of barley and oats, Failand, June 18
but not heard subsequently (R.H.P.).
WatTeR Rat Rallus aquaticus
GG .One}- RY Boyd, Wick, Nov. 15, 16 (D.R.H.). Three in
wVor. enelosures, New Grounds, Dec.:27 (G:S.).
S. Immature, Chew Valley res., various dates, Jan.—Mar.
fovics) > heard, same place, May 23 and pair seen, June 14
f-G.M.N.) ; single birds. noted, Sept-Oct. (K.B.Y. ¢é al.).
Again reported from Sand Bay, usually single birds, Jan. and
Aug.—Dec. (R.A., T.B.S.) but 12 driven out of Spartina by high
BoeewNev. 2.and 14, Dec. 3 (1.B.8:.). One, Pill, R. Avon,
Rep. 16: ).D.R.V.).
SPOTTED CRAKE Porzana porzana
G. Detailed description received of one seen at close range, in
®V.1. enclosures, New Grounds, Dec. 29 (L.P.A.).
ioot = Fulica atra
S. Up toc. 2,000, Cheddar res., Jan. 18—Feb. 15 but only 400,
Mar. 1; c¢. 650, same place, Oct. 11, numbers increasing to
c. 1,300, Nov. 15 and c. 2,500 by end of year (J.A.McG., W.L.R. |
ef al.). Counts from other reservoirs : 537, Chew Valley, Jan. 24 ;
1,000, same res., Mar. 1, and 1,050, Aug. 8 (B.K.) ; 1,100, Blagdon,
Pemt, 20 (G.S.) and c..2,000, Nov. 15, 29 (D.A.H., T.D.H.M.).
32 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
OysTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus
S. Highest counts, Sand Bay, include: 60, Jan. 11 (R.A.) ;
65, Feb. 23 and Mar. g (T.B.S.), and 82, Nov. 8 (R.A.). Winter
peak of 140, Weston Bay, Jan. 9, and autumn maximum of 217,
Oct. 22 (R.A.). Single bird flying over Blagdon res., July 26
(GCG) Bre onl bs):
Lapwinc- Vanellus vanellus
G. Approx. 2,000 on Estuary, Purton, Sept. 21 (M.P-S.).
S. Max. autumn res. counts—384, Blagdon, Sept. 20 (G.S.) ;
400, Cheddar, Oct. 25 (J.A.McG.) and 400, Chew Valley, same
date (B.K.).
RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula
G. Over 400 on river, New Grounds, Aug. 15 (M.D.) and
163, nr. Avonmouth, Aug. 18 (W.A.H.).
S. Chew Valley res.: one, May 17 and tenon worn Pac:
M.A.W.) ; small parties, Aug. 13 to mid-Sept., with largest total
of 40, Sept. 2 (M.P-S.); six, Dec. 13 (DMG) sudelesord:
Cheddar res., Sept. 1, and three; Oct. 11 (J:A.MieG))) Peatmeounts:
spring passage, Sand Bay—2o0, May ig (R.A.) and 130 on 23rd
(T.B.S.) ; autumn passage totals, same area, include 240, Aug. 15,
ANG 270 oe pl. a labsos
Grey PLOVER Charadrius squatarola
G. Severn Estuary: one in breeding plumage, Hill Flats, nr-
Sheperdine, May 1o (J.D.R.V.) ; single birds, same area, Oct. 25,
Nov. 8 (W.A.H.) and three, Nov. 1 (T.D.H.M.) ; seven, Oldbury,
Nov 24) (I DEVE:
S. Numbers, Weston Bay—Sand Bay inclusive: seven, Jan. 7
(W.S.) ; four, May 21 (T.B.S.) ; single birds, May 27 and several
dates Sept._Nov. (R.A., T.B.S.). Other coastal records—two, nr.
Clevedon, Jan. 11 ; four, “Yeo estuary same date; Psjpen save.
same locality, May 11, 16, and five on 17th (T.B.S.).
GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius
G. Up to 30, Thornbury, Jan.Mar. ; c. 100, nr. Sheperdine,
Jan. 4, Feb. 8, and ¢. 150; Berkeley, Oct. 31 (] Dike:
S. Notable autumn influx, Blagdon res.—five, Sept. 27 (G.G.C.);
75, Nov. 24 (T:D.H.M.) and 124 on 28th (1:B55))) 3 sboymored
Chew Valley res.,where single birds seen Aug. 16, Sept. 26 (R.M.C.);
six, Oct.:25 (W.J.S.) and at least 30;°Dec. 19° (ByKe 3 e@cnex
je
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 33
inland records—250, Marksbury, Jan. 3 and Mar. 8 (B.K.), and
c. 100, same area, Nov. 1 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; 80, Queen Charlton,
Jan. 28 (S.I.B.) and c. 100, Lulsgate, Dec. 12 (J.A.McG.). Few
coastal records: 31, Woodspring Bay, Jan. 19 (G.S.) ; 73, Weston
may et, 5 (R.A.); c. 100, Brean Down, Oct. 28 (R.H.P.,
RieA.VV.) and ¢c. 130, Axe Estuary, Nov. 5 (R.A.).
TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres
G. Estuarine counts: 52, nr. Oldbury-upon-Severn, Jan. 18
micG. W.A.FL); seven, New Grounds, May 17 (L.P.A.); 30,
Sheperdine area, Nov. 7, and c. 200, Severn Beach, Nov. g and
Dec, 24 (J.D.R.V.).
S. Coastal. records: five, Yeo Estuary, May 16 (T.B.S.) ;
two, Sand Bay, May 1g (R.A.) and single birds, same place,
Aue. 4 (T.B.S.), Sept. 4 (R.A.). Four in flight, Woodspring Bay,
Sept. 1g (I.B.S.) and two nr. Clevedon on aist (P.F.). oy
reservoir records are of one, Chew Valley, Aug. 2 (J.A.McG.)
and three, same place, on 3rd (B.K., GS.).
Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus
G. One found dead, Durdham Down, Clifton, c. Nov. 6 by
D.P.—identification confirmed by other observers.
S. Single bird, Blagdon res., Oct. 4 (R.S.H.) and two, Chew
Valley res., Oct. 25 (B.K.). Up to twelve in Spartina, Sand Bay,
Nov.—Dec., where one caught in mist net, Dec. 13 (R.K.N.).
Woopcock Scolopax rusticola
G. Single birds, Wotton-under-Edge, Jan. 30 (D.B.P.S.) and
Hinton, nr. Chipping Sodbury, Oct. 24 (D.A.H.).
S. One disturbed from roadside, Sand Bay, jan. 18. (RAY)
and one flushed, Srna Wood, Clapton-in-Gordano, Dec. 26
(r.H1.D.).
CurLEw Numenius arquata
S. Pair, probably breeding, again reported from Walton moor,
nr. @leveden (R.A.). Heard on moors, Clapton-in-Gordano,
various dates in breeding season (H.H.D.). Flock of 15 on
pasture, Failand, July 3 (R.H.P.).
WHIMBREL WNWumenius phaeopus
G. Reported in small numbers from Estuary on spring and
autumn passage. Twenty-one flying east, Thornbury, May 12
(J.D.R.V.).
34 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
S. Noted frequently on coast in late April. Party of 43 flying
north, Weston-super-Mare, May 22 (R.A.). One or more re-
mained, Woodspring Bay, June to late July when numbers aug-
mented from 23rd (T.B.S.). Last recorded, Woodspring, Aug. 29
(T.B.S.) and Sand Bay, Aug. 30 (R.A.). Many inland records for
May, particularly Nailsea and Tickenham moors where flocks up
to 30 seen (W.J.5S., S.M.T.. ec al.). Ome.) occasionally “two.
Chew Valley res., July 31-Aug. 16 (G.C.B., S.LB., G.G.C.
et al.).
BLACK-TAILED Gopwit Limosa limosa
G. Three, New Grounds, Apr. 5, 11, and up to nine, same
place, several dates June. Numerous on return passage with
max. counts of sixteen, July 12; 32, Aug. 15; 38, Sept. 18, and
fifteen, Nov. 27, (L.P.A., H.J.B., M.D.). Eight) (Avommouth,
Sept. 7; six, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Sept. 27, and sixteen, Sheper-
dames Nov... 71) DER. Via
S. One, St. George’s Wharf, nr. Pertbum Mepis sue.
same area, June 23, and four, Aug. 16 (W.A.H.). Two in grass
field, Kenn Moor, Apr. 18 (R.A.). Chew Valley, spring and
autumn: eight, Mar. 27 (B.K.); nine, July 26 (Bij) up ite
five, early Aug. to Sept. 26 (many observers).
BAR-TAILED Gopwir Limosa lapponica
G. Up to eight on Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 2g—May 17,
and two, Aug. 16 (L.P.A., M.D.). One with Knots, Severn
Beach, Sept. 13) TD: MM.)
S.. One, nr: -Portbury, Sept. 13, “Oct. “16 (Wai es
Estuary: four, May 11, and two on 17th; four, Aug. 15 (T.B.S.).
One, Sand Bay, Sept. 1, 16 (71.3 S,))
GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus
G. One, New Grounds, Apr. 5; also several dates July, and
PAU 22 gq erote ene VL):
S. Seen in all months except Jan. and May, with exceptional
number of coastal occurrences—at least three nr. Portbury,
Aug. 16 (W.A.H.); single birds, Portishead, Augi17 (Gb)
and Kingston Seymour, Sept. 9, Oct. 18 (P.J.C.) ; one, Wood-
spring Bay, Feb. 28, Mar. 7 (T.B.S., W.S.) and one, sometimes
two, same area, early Aug. to late Nov. (T.B.S.). Sand Bay
records include two in flight, June 22, and one, several dates,
" hh. eee
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 35
Aug. to Oct. (T.B.S.). Reservoirs: two, Barrow Gurney, Oct.
18 (W.J.S.) and two, Blagdon, Aug. 16 (K.B.Y.), Sept. 11 (D.A.H..,
W.A.H.), with single bird on 2oth (G.S.) ; one, Chew Valley,
Apr. 25 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) is the only spring record but more
numerous on return passage from mid-June with max. of 18, July 4
(G.S.) and 20, Aug. 2 (J.A.McG.). Winter record of one, same
mes., Dec. 24 (R.A.). Single bird, Cheddar res., Sept. 27 to end
of Oct. (B.K., J.A.McG. ef al.).
Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola
S. Three, Chew Valley res., July 25 (G.S.) and four on follow-
ing day (B.K.). ‘Two. occasionally three, same res., late July to
Sept. 18 (various observers).
(COMMON SANDPIPER Tringa hypoleucos
Ge lwo, Elorse Shoe Bend, R.. Avon, Feb. 22 (R.H.P.).
S. Two, presumed wintering, Jan.-_Mar., Chew Valley res.
(B.K., J.A.McG. et al.) and two, same res., Dec. 27 (B.S.). Late
autumn record of four, Cheddar res., Nov. 8 (D.A.H., T.D.H.M.).
REDSHANK Tringa totanus
S. Breeding reported from three localities: ten pairs, Chew
Valley res., where four or more pairs reared young, Apr.—June
(B.K.) ; two nests found, Clevedon, June 1o (M.P-S.) ;_ three
pairs, evidently with young, Woodspring Bay, June 21 (W.L.R.,
fo.o.,, 1.B.S.).
SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus
G. Single bird, New Grounds, June 20, 21, and one to three,
same locality, various dates, late Aug. to early Dec., with five,
ment. 13 (L.P.A., M.D.).
S. Coastal records include: single birds, Sand Bay, Aug. 9
(R.K.N.) and Woodspring on 29th (T.B.S.) ; two, Uphill, Sept.
11 (R.A.). Reservoirs: up to three, Blagdon, mid-Sept. to end
ft year (S.1.B., G.G.C., T.D.H.M. eé al.) ; one, Cheddar, Oct. 18
(B.K., J.A.McG., M.G.W.); three, Chew Valley, Aug. 29
(R.M.C.) and single birds, Sept. g-19 (G.L.B., R.M.C.).
GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia
G. Single birds, New Grounds, May 27, July 31 and early
Aug. ; five, same place, Aug. 19, Sept. 8, 9 (L.P.A., M.D. ef al.).
36 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
Two, Oldbury-upon-Severn, Sept. 27, Oct. 25 (W.A.H.) ; one,
Sheperdine, Sept. 27, Oct. 11 and Nov. 7 (2D Rae:
S. Reported frequently from Blagdon and Chew Valley resrs.
between July 11 and Oct. 1 (many observers) : highest counts—
four, possibly five, Blagdon, Sept. 6 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) and
six, or more, Chew Valley, Sept. 15 (Risse) smelter birds,
Barrow Gurney, Sept. 27 (K.B.Y.) and Cheddar, Oct. 11 (D.A.H.,.
W.A.H., J.A.McG.). Coastal records of single birds, Weston
Bay, Aug. 10 -(R.A.) ; and Sand Bay, Aug. s@y(f Bis) epi. 6
(R.S.H., T.B.S.) ; also Axe-Estuary, Sept. 19 (Rea pane RR Yco,
ANUS E20, nocpin 1O- (eB onl
Knor Calidris canuta
G. Approx. 200, New Passage, Jan. 26 (J.D.R.V.) ; 32 on
Estuary, New Grounds, Aug. 30 (L.P.A.) and 62, Severn Beach,
Sept. 19° (LD A wW,).
S. Frequently seen Weston Bay-Sand Bay area: max.
counts of 200, Jan. 31, and 70, Sept. 4.( Ve Boe:
PURPLE SANDPIPER Calidris maritima
S. One in flight over rocks, Sand Point, Nov. 14 (T.B.S.)
and one amongst other waders, Weston-s-Mare, on 16th (R.A.).
LittTLe Stint Calidris minuta
G. Single bird, New Grounds, several dates, Aug.—Sept., and.
Oct 25.0 (MED):
S. Two, Cheddar res., Sept. 27 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and
four, same res., Oct. 18 (B.K..J:A. McG., M:'GAW_ ic sone wehew,
Valleyres;) Oct. 187 ( BK ae
TEMMINCK’S StiInr Calidris temminckit
S. One watched at close range, Chew Valley res., Sept. 15
(R.S.H.), and also on 19th by same observer and G.L.B. who
have both supplied conclusive field descriptions.
Dunn Calidris alpina
G. Coastal counts: 1,500, New Passage, Jan. 26, and 2,000
Oldbury-upon-Severn, on 31st (J.D.R.V.) ; 1,300, New Grounds,
Aug. 15 (M.D.) and 1,500, Severn Beach, Nov. 9 (J.D.R.V.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 37
S. Large flocks frequently noted Weston Bay—notable counts
maciuicis 25200 , Jan. 26; 1,800, Feb. 9, and 1,200, Nov. 6 (R.A,).
‘Totals of approx. 1,000 recorded, Sand Bay, Jan. 31, May 10 and
Aug. 3 (I.B.S.). Many records from resrs., late July to Dec.—
largest totals for each res. are: 22, Blagdon, Nov. 24 (T.D.H.M.) ;
107, Chew Valley, Nov. 15 (G.C.B., S.I.B.) ; and six, Cheddar,
several dates, Oct.-Nov. (J.A.McG., M.G.W.).
CuRLEW SANDPIPER Calidris testacea
G. Single birds, New Grounds, Aug. 20-Sept. 3 and Oct. 25
gizP A. M.D.).
S. Two, Woodspring Bay, Aug. 4 and one on 5th (T.B.S.).
Also noted in small numbers, early Aug. to mid-Sept., Weston
Bay-Sand Bay area—total of eight, Sept. 2, 3 (R.A., T.B.S.).
single bird, Chew Valley res., Aug. 13, 31 (D.M.C.).
SANDERLING Croceihia alba
G. Unusually high numbers on spring passage, New Grounds
—g92, June 4; 118, June 5, and 60, June 7. Fewer on return
passage, early Aug.—max. total of 15 on 4th (L.P.A., M.D.).
S. Seen, Weston Bay—Sand Bay, various dates, May 13—June 5,
with max. count of 24, May 22 (R.A., T.B.S.).. Two, Woodspring
bay, June 21 (G.S., 8.8.) and three, same place, July 12 (T.B.S.).
Fifteen, some still in breeding plumage, Weston beach, Aug. 17
(R.A.).
Rurr Philomachus pugnax
G One on Estuary, New Grounds, Feb. 17, and present in
small numbers, same area, Aug.—Dec. with max. of seven, Oct. 25
(Ee P.A., M.D,)--
S. Records for Blagdon res. include: three, Sept. 27 and four,
Bo. ye (G-G-C.). ' Chew Valley res.: two, Apr-7 (E.D.O.) ;
single birds, June 20. (B.K.) and on 25th (R.M.C.) ; up to six,
many dates, July to late Dec. (W.A.H., T.B.S. e¢ al.). One with
Lapwings, Stoke Moor, Cheddar, Dec. 13 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.),
Single birds, Axe Estuary, Sept. 12, 15 (R.A.) and Woodspring
Bay, Nov. 8 (T.B.S.).
Avocet Recurvirostra avosetia
G. Two on Estuary, New Grounds, several dates, Dec.’ 22
fovene of year (R.V.C., R.J.P. e al.).
38 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
GREY PHALAROPE Phalaropus fulicarius
S. Adult in winter plumage seen on roadside, Lansdown Hill,
nr. Bath, Oct. 15, 16 by H.P.S., who has supplied a detailed
description of this very tame bird in an unusual site. Identi-
fication confirmed on 16th by two other observers. Although
stream 170 yds. away, phalarope remained on short grass bordering
road, occasionally flying to the other side. Single birds, Chew
Valley, res. Oct. 15 (K.B.S.B., L.W.), and Cheddar res. on 25th
(J) -AuMcG SMEG. W.:
GREAT BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus marinus
G. Fifty-two adults, New Grounds, Nov. 1 (B.K.).
LrssER BLACK-BACKED GULL Larus fuscus graellsi
S. 185, Chew Valley res., Mar. 26; 200 at roost, same place,
Nov. 7a (BK. ):
SCANDINAVIAN LESSER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus fuscus
The following records refer to birds presumably of this race :
G. One in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Jan. 10 (B.K.)
and’ two.in City docks, Nov, 16 (GE):
S. Single bird, ‘Cheddar res., Oct. 16)(Bake7
HERRING GuLtt Larus argentatus
S. Fourth-year bird ringed, Steep Holm, 13/11/55, found
dead nr. Longcroft, Stirling, 20/4/58. Roosting again noted,
Chew Valley res., but no counts available (B.K.).
Lirrte Gui Larus minutus
S. One in first-winter plumage, Weston Bay, Apr. 13 (R.A.).
BLACK-HEADED GULL Larus ridibundus
S. Maximum roost count, Chew Valley res., 1,700, Jan. 24
(B.K.). Immature ringed, Sels}, Zealand, Denmark, June 25,
found dead nr. Bleadon, July 12 (R.K.N., W.L.R.).
KirtTiwAkE Rissa tridactyla
S. Single adults found dead, Weston-s-Mare, Feb. 4 (M.L.B.),
Sand Bay, Feb. 8 (P.J.C., M.A.W.), Dec. 27 (T.B.S.). Immature,
Cheddar res., Aug. 16 (J.A.McG.)—another, Weston-s-Mare on.
24th (R.A.). :
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT af
Brack TERN CAlidonias niger
G. Six, New Grounds, May 17 (L.P.A.).
S. Eleven, Chew Valley res., May 10 (B.K.). Heavy passage
noted at resrs., May 23, when over 160 reported—106, Chew
Valley (B.K.) and 60-70, Cheddar (W.A.H.); 40-45, Chew
Valley res., May 25 (W.A.H.) ; 28, same place, May 26 (P.J.C.
et al.) and two on 27th (B.K.). Very few in autumn: one, Chew
BValley res., July 26 (G.C.B., 5.I.B.) and up to five, same place,
Aug. 16-Sept. 15 (various observers) ; single bird, Cheddar res.,
Bept 6 ().A.McG., M.G.W.) and three, Oct. 11 (J.A.McG.).
Sone, KL, Axe, Uphill, Oct. 20 (R.A.).
WHISKERED TERN Chilidonias hybrida
S. One flying, and at rest, Chew Valley res., June 24, 25—
first seen and identified by H.H. and later by H.H.D., B.K., G.S.
and M.A.W. Field notes supplied include: pronounced black
cap reaching to nape; pure white of cheeks extending down
throat and blending into grey of underparts; grey upper-parts
and tail (only slightly forked) ; white outer tail feathers and under-
tail coverts; thick, deep crimson bill, and legs same colour.
First record for Somerset.
Common TERN Sterna hirundo Arctic ‘TERN Sterna macrura
G. New Grounds: single birds reported as hirundo, May 4,
12, July 7, 20, 21; mixed party of at least 30 moving up-river,
May 17 (L.P.A., M.D.)—-see below, same date.
S. Spring passage: up to three, Chew Valley res., several
dates, May 3—June 25 (various observers) ; 43 moving N.E. off
mand-Point, 0850 hrs.. May 17 (T.B.S.); five, Cheddar res.,
may, 29 (D.A.H., W.A.H.). Autumn passage: one, Yeo
Estuary, July 5 (T.B.S.) ; two or three, Chew Valley res., July 26—
Aug. 29 (various observers) and one same place, Oct. 25 (B.K.) ;
two, firundo, Blagdon res., Oct. 11 (B.C. et al.) ; three, Cheddar
met, Oct. 11, 18, 25 (J.A.McG.) and one, same place, Nov. 1
(J.A.McG., M.A.W.).
LirtLe TERN Sterna albifrons
S. Single bird, Woodspring Bay, June 7 (T.B.S.).
SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis
G. One, New Grounds, Apr. 12 (L.P.A.).
40 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
RAZORBILL Alca torda
S. Immature swimming off Steep Holm, Aug. 16 (T.B.S.).
Dead first-winter bird, Sand Bay, Oct. 29 (T.B.S.).
Purrin Fratercula arctica
S. Young bird found dead, Weston-s-Mare, Aug. 15 (J.M.L.);
another, Sand Bay, Nov. 1 (R.A.).
Barn Ow Tyito alba
S. Breeding reported from Backwell (R.O.), and Easton-in-
Gordano where fledged young seen, Sept..2) (Pa@y Other
breeding season records from Chew Valley res., Kewstoke and
Yatton.
LirrLE Ow Athene noctua
S. One, Steep Holm, Oct. > (Res) stner
SHORT-EARED Ow. Asio_flammeus
S. Single birds, Chew Valley res., Jan. 4 (K.B.Y.) and Weston-
s-Mare, Feb. 2 (B.S.). Two over coastal marsh, Clevedon, Feb.
25 (W.S., M.W.) and one nr. Kingston Seymour, Mar. 21 (H.W.N.).
NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus europaeus
G. At least three heard, Inglestone Common, Hawkesbury,
May 23 (T.D.H.M.). Single bird, Bournstream, Wotton-under-
Edge, May 26, and one or two, Michaelwood, nr. Tortworth,
various dates, mid-May—mid-July (D.B.P.S.).
Swirt . oe Aan one wnpyaof WE
(suonseTjoo &) + oo -|- aa + + Ae "* wingoanaxa 4aqn T,
8 + + oe + oe can oe oe poisanyds peuar)
(uo1d9T[O9 1) + oe ae se oe .. ee oo oe SNYDILANUL “7
(suonda]]09 z) + eae + os +- a a a gas SNIDINUDIS “7
he a + ae + zk oe "* snulapayquo sarduoygo)q
SHLADANWODOSV
(suorndaqjoo 2) + rt i+ = ooo Bg : ba? DGLDIOANUL JUOTOPUT
SHaLAOAWODAHd
(6S61—-9761) (16-9491) dWOOIgG (VLer) (2Sg1) |(6£g1-17g1) , sdoNON,,| sois0dg
A}ISIBATUL] JOISTIG [Teuyong ope} si oOo Ig YO}0IQ | oWlO0Ig 2 AdTayI0q _ |
76 LILIAN E. HAWKER
have been the grounds of a large house which formerly stood there.
A few large trees in private gardens may be relics of the area
referred to by Broome. A recent search of the park areas of East-
wood, Frenchay and the Frome Valley (Snuff Mills) yielded only
Elaphomyces muricatus from Frenchay.
4. Hanham Woods
Another of Broome’s favourite collecting grounds was Hanham
Woods which he describes as between Hanham Ferry and Bristol.
Here he records among other “ rarities’ Pachyphloeus citrinus, P.
conglomeratus! (‘* the only habitat known in Great Britain ’’), Genea
hispidula, Tuber puberulum, and Tuber dryophilum. In addition,
specimens of Pachyphloeus melanoxanthus, Hymenogaster tener, Melano-
gaster ambiguus and M. variegatus var. broomeianus (as M. variegatus)
from Hanham are in Broome’s herbarium. Again the exact site of
Broome’s collecting ground is not clear. A search of possible relics
of such a wood in the Hanham area yielded Tuber dryophilum,
Hymenogaster arenarius and H. olivaceus under lime trees by a roadside.
5. Miscellaneous areas
From the various sources given above a number of species can be
listed for “‘ Bristol”? (Tables 2 & 3) or for certain specified sites in the
city. Notable among these are Tuber macrosporum which according
to Broome (1874) *‘ occurred first for Great Britain ’’ at Stoke House,
Druid Stoke, together with Stephensia bombycina. By kind permission
of the principal of the theological college now occupying Stoke House
the writer was able to search the grounds. ‘The grounds of the
adjacent Wills Hall were also visited. Several specimens of S.
bombycina were found under conifers in the Wills Hall grounds and
afterwards a single specimen was found under lime just outside the’
present boundary of the Stoke House grounds. It is interesting to
think that these may have been produced by the same perennial
mycelium from which Broome collected fruit-bodies a hundred
years ago. Later the writer found large numbers of fruit-bodies of
this supposedly rare fungus on Mendip near Burrington Combe.
During this search the following species were also found : in Wills
Hall grounds, Hymenogaster olivaceus and Tuber nitidum ; under lime
near Stoke House boundary (since built over), Endogone microcarpa,
Pachyphloeus citrinus (two immature fruit-bodies), Tuber borchiu, T.
brumale, T. rapaeodorum, Balsamia fragiformis, Hymenogaster arenarius,
Hi. griseus, H. olivaceus, H. sulcatus and H. tener. Tuber macrosporum
was not found here or anywhere else during this survey. |
1 A single fruit-body was collected by the writer in 1950 at Wotton-under-Edge.
HYPOGEOUS FUNGI OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT rar
A number of species has been recorded at various sites in Bristol ;
the writer found a number of large fruit-bodies (some weighing
several ounces) of the edible white truffle, Tuber aestivum, and a
single specimen of Hymenogaster olivaceus under holm oak in the
grounds of the Royal Fort, University of Bristol ; earlier records
are Stephanospora carotaecolor from Durdham Down (Bucknall
1878-91) ; Hymenogaster olivaceus from Bedminster (Crotch, 1852) ;
specimens of Hymenogaster muticus (collected at Southmead by W.
Phillips) and Melanogaster ambiguus (collected by H. O. Stephens at
Clifton) are in Broome’s herbarium.
MYPOGEOUS FUNGI COLLECTED IN THE COUNTRY
SURROUNDING BRISTOL
In addition to the collections made within the present boundaries
of the city of Bristol, Broome and his associates record a number of
hypogeous fungi from areas in the surrounding country, including
Batheaston (where Broome lived for some time), Abbots Leigh,
Portbury and Wraxall (Naish House). Crotch records Hymeno-
gaster olivaceus from Westridge, Wotton-under-Edge.
The writer and her associates, as already described, explored
the old collecting grounds in Bristol as far as present day conditions
permitted. Areas outside the city, notably the beech woods of the
south Cotswolds around Wotton-under-Edge (40 species) and the
Brockley and Cleeve Combe areas (27 species) were, however, more
profitable collecting areas. The woods round Burrington yielded a
number of specimens (20 species) although visited less often than
the preceding areas. The Abbots Leigh—Failand area, including
Abbots Pool woods (12 species), and the country around Portbury
and Wraxall (10 species), were less productive. No collecting was
attempted in the Batheaston area worked over by Broome. A few
specimens (6 species) were received from Frome and the Wylie
Valley. Two attempts to find hypogeous fungi in the Forest of
Dean (one in the dry year of 1955) yielded only three species. These
collections, together with those made in Bristol itself are summarised
in Tables 2 and 3.
A few records are available for other parts of the West Country
(S. Somerset, S. Devon and Herefordshire), including some made
during the present study. No other part of the country has yielded
so many species of hypogeous fungi and experience suggests that the
richness of the yield from the Bristol area is not entirely due to the
greater amount of attention it has received but reflects the suitability
of conditions in this area for growth of these fungi.
[eorsojooA sYSNIAIG) sTOYDIN ‘O ‘A “Aq AQ Uvaq] jo j}so10q UT pue
ay} Aq apeUL suOT]Ia]]09 Jo ssoquINU ay} JUOSoIdaa soInSY IU],
‘(e£G61) Aaaypory) Aq payooajoo uauitzeds a8uig ,
*(eL£GS61) Aosypory Aq uleIg IOJ popsOdII ISI ¢
*(1661 Aerog uumyny AjoWog
TWP IM ‘[ “A “A Aq Aq wore 9UIOIY UT po}O9T[09 osTY ,
‘(elG61) Aoyjpoyp = 9
‘(16-9491) ]Teuyong = ng
‘uNTIegisy s,duUIOOIg UI = Ig qJoz]
‘(VLg1) suI00Ig = ‘Ig
‘(6L4g1-1Fg1) osut001g 2 AdpPyIog = q H
‘suoutgods snoiaunu poure]uOd gsoy} JO JWIOG *sozyBIOOSse PUL 19}LIM
‘g8esn Avp juasaid 0} Wu40yUOD 0} pojIerI09 oI soroads jo soureny
or v gy ‘98 pnyfyon)
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: 72) “Ig quay Oe NG
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o ‘?) “J I 2) MG DqAvI04IDUL BUOSOPU
(Ysno1loquiy 29 AIT] []2XePaM
(vole ospy uoysul1ing ) pur pue uojdeyy puryieyg pue | (spooAA ysto'y
-I2PUN-UO0}}0 AA ) sdipusjy Aa, qooig ‘Anqyiog ysioyT sioqqy SuIpNyoUut) sotoads
SP[OMS}Or) — S| 4 [OIStIg
*JIIYS1IISIONO] +) JOSIOULOG
IOLSIYG AO SATIN 2% NIHLIM GALOAUTION ANODOGNGA AO SALIDUdS
6 aTiv Ll
HYPOGEOUS FUNGI OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 79
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF
HYPOGEOUS FUNGI
From Tables 2 and 3 it is clear that a few species, notably Endogone
microcarpa, Elaphomyces granulatus, E. muricatus, Tuber puberulum,
Hymenogaster luteus, H. olivaceus and H. vulgaris are widely distributed
throughout the area under consideration. Not only were these
species collected frequently but each collection usually contained
numerous specimens. Others such as Endogone lactiflua, Elaphomyces
anthracinus, Genea hispidula, Tuber excavatum and Hymenogaster tener
were less generally distributed but abundant in some places.
Others again were found in only one or two places where, however,
they were always to be found in abundance in favourable seasons.
These include Aysterangium nephriticum, Rhizopogon rubescens, R.
reticulatus and Melanogaster variegatus var. broometanus. Some were
found sporadically in gregarious clusters (e.g. Genea klotzschi,
Stephensia bombycina, Gautieria morchellaeformis and Sclerogaster com-
pactus) or as isolated fruit-bodies (e.g. Pachyphloeus spp.).
Weather, soil conditions and surface vegetation were recorded
for each collection and from this mass of data some conclusions can
be drawn relating to the influence of these factors.
1. Season and weather
The fruit-bodies of the hypogeous Gasteromycetes develop rapidly
and are soft and evanescent. Consequently they are found at all
times of the year when temperature and soil moisture are suitable
and are absent in very dry or very cold periods.
In contrast the fruit-bodies of the Tuberales are initiated in
spring, develop slowly and are mature in late summer and autumn.
Some are leathery or hard and may persist in the soil until the
following January. Cold, dry weather in the early parts of the year
delays or prevents the initiation of fruit-bodies. Fruit-bodies which
begin development in late spring or summer either fail to mature or
are reduced in size. A dry spell later in the year may also reduce
the size of fruit-bodies or, if prolonged, cause them to abort.
Similarly the fruit-bodies of Endogone lactiflua are initiated in
spring and develop during the summer, sometimes persisting in the
soil until the following spring. Those of other species of Endogone
are initiated in greatest number in spring but may also be initiated
at other times of the year under suitable weather conditions. Hence,
while mature specimens are most readily found in summer and
autumn, they may often be found at other times of the year. !
The British species of Elaphomyces, with the exception of the rare
E. leucosporus, produce fruit-bodies with a tough outer peridium.
¢
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.
Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc.
HYPOGEOUS FUNGI OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT 85
Broome, C. E. (1874). Notes on Bristol fungi. Proc. Bristol Nat.
bags NeS.), 1, 290-8.
Bucknall, C. (1878-91). The Fungi of the Bristol District. Proc.
Bristol Nat. Soc., 2, 349 (in 341-50), 3, 63, 68 (in 60-70), 4, 57,
58, 59 (in 54-60), 148 (in 145-50), 6, 425-75 (Index).
Crotch, W. R. (1852). List of fungi. Proc. Somerset Arch. & Nat.
Hist. Soc., 132-156.
Dodge, C. W. & Zeller, Z. M. (1934). Hymenogaster and related
genera. Ann. Mo. bot. Gard., 21, 625-708.
Godfrey, R. M. (1957a and b). Studies of British species of
Endogone. 1. Morphology and Taxonomy. Trans. Brit.
mycol. Soc., 40, 117-135. II. Fungal Parasites. Jbid. 40, 136—
144.
Hawker, L. E. (1951). Hypogeous Fungi. I. A hypogeous
Gasteromycete, Sclerogaster macrosporus. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc.,
34, 216-210.
——— (1952a and b). Hypogeous Fungi. II. A new variety of
Hydnangium carneum Wallr. from North Wales. III. ‘Three new
British records : Gautterta morchellaeformis Vitt., Hymenogaster
hessete Soehner and Elaphomyces aculeatus Vitt. Ibid., 35, 279-
284.
—— (1954). British Hypogeous Fungi. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Lond., B., 237, 429-546.
——— (1955a and b). Hypogeous Fungi. IV. British species
of Rhizopogon. Trans. Brit. mycol. Soc., 38, 73-75. V. Two
fungal parasites of hypogeous fruit-bodies. Jbzd. 38, 75-77.
Patouillard, N. (1914). Contribution a la flore mycologique de
Jura. Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr., 30, 349-54.
Saccardo, P. A. (1895). Syll. Fung., 11, p. 170, Padua.
Zeller, Z. M. & Dodge, C. W. (1935). New species of Hydnangi-
aceae. Ann. Mo. bot. Gard., 22, 365-73.
fy,
j
We,
7
|
te
PRESIDENTS
_ WILLIAM SANDERS... oe p ify 4 .. 1862—1876
i: HENRY E. FRIPP i Oa a 76— 80
* pCEORGE FORSTER BURDER is Ng 3 80— 83
JOHN BEDDOE .. aps wi i ‘ 83— 84
‘d - Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY . us ott sh yi 84— 87
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wo. K. RUDGE .. i es % a ve a 04— 06
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J. A. EATOUGH Miss G. ROBINSON, B.Sc.
Miss C. GROVES F. STENHOUSE ROSS
B. KING F. R. STERNE
M. A. WRIGHT
Ex-officio the Professors of
BoTaNy, GEOoLoGy and Zoo.Locy at the UNIVERsITY OF BRISTOL
89
NEW MEMBERS
(other than Junior Members)
From 28 Apri 1960 To 17 APRIL 1961
A—Associate Member. C—Corresponding Member. H—Honorary Member.
The addresses of Junior Members may be had from the Hon. Secretary of the
Junior Section.
AHEM OtEI. Yio ce. cise ee eS
Ball, Dr._j. C., B.Sc., Ph.D.,
ACRCL.C:
Pall 1.
Dalliager, Mrs. P. A. C. ..
Barberi. Be JLL.B.......)..
ibanwer, irs: K.. B... 2...
Barrett, J. H.
Bebbington, A., B.Sc.,
M.1I.Biol.
Ae Bell Miss" Views oss. ees
Bell, J. K., M.A.
Bird, H. W.
ISTO SMCIUIS, [Ee eae cae
Bowles. Dis B.S€i.05i6 06 « eas «
Brain, Miss M.D. M. ......
Brownsey, B.G: 2.)...2...6...
Burton, J. F., F.R.E.S.,
M.B.O.U.
Charleston, W. A. G., B.V.Sc.,
M.R.C.V.S.
Charleston, Mrs. W. A. G. ..
Charman, Mass'B...........
GlarkouMirs) Re Jes es a es a
Cleverley, Miss P. J., B.A. ..
Cluttords Mass J. M. ........
A. Cockcroft, Miss S. J., B.A. ..
Colthurst, Mrs. W. D.......
Connolly, R.1.; M.A... os.
Coulson, Mrs. BE. occ. sass
(Corio 05a D Eee aia
LDaKiGhiy 068 Crane eee ae
Davis; Miss. C...........
Wrek, Miss DIO. so... ees
22 Owen Grove, Henleaze, Bristol
Downside School, Stratton-on-the-Fosse,
Bath, Somerset
13. Charis Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
37 Beach Road West, Portishead, nr. Bristol
Northside, Belluton House, Pensford, nr.
Bristol
Do.
15 Leicester Walk, St. Anne’s, Bristol, 4
1 Westover Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
107 Brynland Avenue, Ashley Down,
Bristol, 7
Park Gates, Park Road, Thornbury, nr.
Bristol
Redclyffe, The Avenue, Walton Park,
Clevedon, Somerset
19 Kenilworth Close, Keynsham, nr. Bristol
B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Whiteladies
Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Forsyte, Church Road, Whitchurch, Bristol
17 Moordell Close, Yate, nr. Bristol
g Warrington Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4
B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Whiteladies
Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
40 Royal Park, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Do.
3 Blakes Mansions, Swiss Road, Weston-
super-Mare, Somerset
19 Orchard Rise, Olveston, nr. Bristol
23 Alexandra Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3
19 Oakfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
44 Kersteman Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Stonecrop, Wembdon Hill, Bridgwater,
Somerset
86 Fernhurst Gardens, Birdwell, Long
Ashton, Bristol
134. Manor Road, Fishponds, Bristol
34. Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
57 Coombe Lane, Bristol, 9
106 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
5 St. Alban’s Road, Westbury Park, Bristol,
6
90
NEW MEMBERS
Down, Vase eae eee 32 Addiscombe Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4
Edwards, R.(@j) 4.21. eee 17 Donald Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3
Edwards, Mrs. R. C. ...... Do.
Freeman: fA. 1.0.05. 6 Bellbarn Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Gamilin AL aes. eee ae 25 Hawthorne Street, Knowle, Bristol, 4
Gibbs DiGi a ae ae cee Churchill Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Gingell Cay ols) cis auc. 95 Baden Road, Kingswood, Bristol
Griffiths, Miss O. M., Ph.D. 10 Westfield Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Harpers Miss Rea) 9 ees Avenue House, 5 Cotham Park North,
Redland, Bristol, 6
Elarrise Ay vls eit sacs ites 243 Coronation Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol,
3
Hartly Mirs2G. Gy ck gee a: Stone House, Chipping Sodbury, nr. Bristol
Hawkins, A. B., B.Sc., F.G.S. Church Farm, Bitton, nr. Bristol
Haynes, MissyBi 2s ate ake Bury House, Wick, nr. Bristol
leads ppt. Gs trate ¢ voce 39 Martins Road, Hanham, Bristol
bitchcock RB: seein oc 11 West Park, Clifton, Bristol, 8
HlodgeriNe Rs as erences os 4 Trinity Close, The Pavement, London,
S.W.4
ET olin tiDy sel eo. ae ars, Sees 19 Blackthorn Walk, Kingswood, Bristol
Elolinns, Mrs: D9. ose. coe Do.
Hughes; Miss HsiMi 2s. 33 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Pughes: Wins Gabe een tere 44 Druid Stoke Avenue, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol, 9
bull Missle. ie see eo 42 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Job eR, BoA, Miedeith. 0. ar 68 Grove Park Avenue, Brislington, Bristol, 4
WJienes® MiIRta wast cca 10 Park Road, Warmley, Bristol
Jones, Miss S. M., B.Sc. .... 20 Ormerod Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Abaraa) WVETS SIG 7. esa: Stacie erates 88 Kingsway, St. George, Bristol, 5
Darn) cD 0h wisi ct et ee Do.
Ibennon, ole Gr ake tpaciac es 8 Druid Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
duong, MiuisssGe Biss ci.8 aye seek 57 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol
Tong, (hiss a). jBsie me, cere oe Do.
Machins Mrsic),) Bea. ooee 106 Cromwell Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6
MeKeag, Muars:i1. Mi. 2.2: 4 Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Noddle, Miss B. A., M.A., 36 Old Sneed Avenue, Bristol, 9
M.B.Vet.
@wen,dMirs se Ae nes a. 2 ote 31 Kendon Drive, Westbury-on-Irym,
Bristol
Parfitt, Mirs?3B. Ji csr. 3 < 4 Caine Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7
Pascoe, Miss P.'B. ccc. 2k 31 Rannoch Road, Bristol, 7
Peddle. Fu viik ieee abe epee 87 Chiphouse Road, Kingswood, Bristol
Peddie; Mrs Fey ee ee Do.
Peters; [uA Ve, Gai ale ausrepie 208 Henleaze Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Pillman; Miss Jive ceive: sce Glenbarr, 10 Seaton Road, Bristol, 5
Pitty irs. Wes es ae ee eee Trout Cottage, Chota Castle, Chew Magna, -
nr. Bristol
Poégals, Vie Boone ncicdarnys Begbrook Farm, Begbrook Lane, Stapleton,
Bristol
NEW MEMBERS 91
IEG hy laa Cs 16 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
OPER, MO. WW. kk kc oc te es Exmoor, Southdene, Bristol, 9
Brocton On BAL cece 17 Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Prector, Mrs. D., NEFF. .... Do.
Punkis, iiss EB. M. ........ 1 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Radley, P. F., B.A., B.Litt... Penhaven, Winscombe, Somerset
INeades i). .; B.Sc. s...... 5.6 39 Florence Park, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6
INowat, Miss B......0.05...6 Bury House, Wick, nr. Bristol
Sandwith, N. Y., M.A., F.L.S. The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, Richmond, Surrey
Sewell, Miss H. M. E....... 10 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Bileocks, Mrs) 1. B. .. 2.5: Bryher, Kenmeade Close, Shipham, Wins-
combe, Somerset
Sligo. Miss E.Ei- se 21 Lodore Road, Fishponds, Bristol
Snaart: Miss M. E., B.Sc. .... The Old Library, King Street, Bristol, 1
Sma vdisss Bey. fn. ls g West Parade, Sea Mills, Westbury-on-
Trym, Bristol
VOGUE Cid bee See ae ae a Elmleaze, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol
Simtel, Wits. WR. a. 8 ok ae es Do, *
Sropher AY BSc... 5.5... 12 St. Hilary Close, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Banner, WiissA. oS. es Garden Flat, 15 Grove Road, Redland,
Bristol, 6
Mavion Goyeta. ...6 6. hee 12 Claremont Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7
Thompson, Mrs. M. E. .... 157 Westbury Lane, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9
Trewman, Mrs. Y. C. B..... 11 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Watson, Miss V. M......... 28 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
WEEKS ua Esc. 64s ahi os 4:0 oc The Bungalow, The Causeway, Yatton, nr.
Bristol
Whiteway, Mis, G. ........ 24, Oakfield Grove, Clifton, Bristol, 8
NEW AFFILIATED SOCIETY
Brislington Secondary School Brislington Secondary School, Hungerford
Natural History Society Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4
CHANGES OF ADDRESS
NG Neh ove id DH! 2 ae 61 Hampton Park, Redland, Bristol, 6
BS Ae APM MEER i siicsy s/s e/a eve costa The Veterinary Field Station, Langford
House, Langford, Somerset
Bennett.,Miss EB. Bo ... 0s. 2 Alexandra Road, Southmead, Bristol
BOX nIVEISS IN Cre acc ice oa 104 Wells Road, Bath, Somerset
BrookertBe Wal. scccil eacdere a Moorside Cottage, West End, Nailsea, nr.
Bristol
Bryces iiss. Jails skh ads Buckland’s Cottage, Cold Ashton, Chippen-
ham, Wiltshire
Campbell "D. G.. eo ka ed's 30 Albert Road, Clevedon, Somerset
[DBS LSS eae os ee Manzai, Dancing Lane, Wincanton, Som.
Fleetham, Miss M. W. .... Woodside, Hallen Lodge, Hallen, Bristol
92
CHANGES OF ADDRESS
Flo@lks, iis ie co cae vise teuar
Ford Jets ccs ne eeeoae
Ford) (Mrs: ajebs. ..2 eee
Foster, Vins i Wc sven cc oo eee
GrimessIN2 Wee BeSGa.ae ee
Harris, Professor J. E. M.A.,
Ph.Ds ERS:
Hobbs p@r Rime: a ate.
Hobbs Mitts: (Ce Rai che aero
Horn, Miss E. J., M.A.
Flowellli Ways 25-7 spo aes onaenore ss
Husband, Mrs. A. R.
Jolly, G. F., D.Obst.,
R.C.O.G.
Jones, Miss B. E., B.Sc.
Loupekine, Professor I. S.,
Bec. Ph );,
A.M.I.M.M., F.G.S.
Merrie, T. D. H., B.A.,
G.I.Mech.E.
Parslows Ay Ess. oye 52 ees
Parslow, Mis: Aw Ei. se
Pitman, WR Ae 22st 5 ee ger ee
Boole’ JB Weg eos fous eke e
Potter, Ni Bis visemes
Rake, Miss B. A., B.Sc. fs
Rogers, Mrs. M. J., M.A. ..
Silcocks,( Ws sBi a. Sb Seal
Spiers, D. R., M.B.O.U.,
A.mem.A.O.U.
Stops, Mrs 'S. 5.3. .s 227:
Sutherland, TY. Hh. oes s..
Turner, Miss E. E. A.
Wallis, Dr. F. S., D.Sc., Ph.D.,
F.G.S
Withers, Miss BD ae eerie
Sunnyside, Keyton Hill, Blackford, Wed-
more, Somerset
Do.
The Small House, Syston, Mangotsfield,
nr. Bristol
Do.
150 Portway, Sea Mills, Bristol
33 Balmoral Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 7
Pine Trees, Camp Lane, Clapton-in-
Gordano, nr. Bristol
The Cottage, 137 Tower Road North,
Warmley, Bristol
Do.
Wentwood, Ram Hill, Coalpit Heath, nr.
Bristol
26 Bibury Avenue, Stoke Lodge, Patchway,
Bristol
6 Downside Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
The Lodge Bungalow, Southmead General
Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
1 Julian Road, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9
Geology Department, The Royal Technical
College of East Africa, P.O. Private
Bag, Nairobi, Kenya
12 Southpark Avenue, Glasgow, W.2
41 Woodleigh Gardens, Whitchurch,
Bristol, 4
D
oO.
127 Coldharbour Road, Westbury Park,
Bristol, 6
54 Gloucester Road North, Bristol, 7
15 Victoria Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8
18 Providence Lane, Long Ashton, Bristol
21 Canynge Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Bryher, Kenmeade Close, Shipham, Wins-
combe, Somerset
Rose Cottage, ‘Tunworth, Basingstoke,
Hampshire
Ford’s Farmhouse, Queen Charlton, Keyn-
sham, Bristol
Anatomy Dept., The University, Bristol, 8
12 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Torquay Natural History Museum, Tor-
quay, Devon
104 Wells Road, Bath, Somerset
93
MEP OR TT OF GOUNCIL
1960
Section of 105; there are 22 affiliated Societies. Next year is our Cen-
tenary year and we would like to see the membership reach at least
700 then.
At the Annual General Meeting the Officers and Members of Council were
duly elected with Dr. F. Coles Phillips as President. The usual General and
Sectional meetings were held and the Field Section maintained its vigorous
character ; in fact the Society seems to be full of life. Perhaps our most exciting
venture was the film “ Seabird Summer ” organised conjointly by the R.S.P.B.
and the Ornithological Section, and shown in the Colston Hall. This was a
great success and the Society received a useful sum from the profits. The Annual
Dinner, at which there was an attendance of 130, was held on March 18 in
the Senior Common Room of the University, by courtesy of its members. The
guest speaker was Professor H. R. Hewer, O.B.E., M.Sc., Sec.L.S.
The deaths of Mr. A. H. Peach (late Treasurer), Geoffrey Lowndes, Miss
A. L. Naylor, Dr. C. L. Corbett, Mr. A. H. Russell, Mrs. M. D. H. Phillips
and Mrs. C. I. Sandwith are recorded with much regret.
A. GC. LEACH, Aon. Secretary.
()s<« membership has been maintained and is now 662, including a Junior
REPORT OF
ENTOMOLOGICAL §
1960
Norman A. Watkins was re-elected President, and Mr. Cecil L. Bell Secretary.
There were five indoor meetings during the year as follows :
Feb. 2: Films—Leather Jacket, Flea Beetle, Red Spider.
Mar. 31: Films—The Marsh Fritillary Butterfly, Blowfly, Red Spider.
Oct. 4: Visit to the City Museum to examine the various Insect collec-
tions.
Nov. 1: Colour slides of varieties of British Butterflies shown by Norman A.
Watkins.
Talk on “‘ Hemiptera”? by M. Ackland.
Dec. 12: Joint Meeting with the Botanical Section, ‘‘ The Inter-relation
of plants and insects”: Behind the Scenes, a sound and
colour film by Cecil L. Bell ; The Living Soil, a Shell film ;
colour slides of flowers by J. A. Eatough.
On Saturday, June 18, the Section held a Field Meeting in the Mendips
at Burrington Combe.
AS the 96th Annual Business Meeting, held on January 5, 1960, Mr.
CECIL L. BELL, Hon. Secretary.
tiie: | hath taal ie - id a atta inion nn eae
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95
T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Physiology Lecture Room of the
University on January 11 the following officers were elected: President,
Mr. I. W. Evans ; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. R. F. Wills ; Committee :
Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Miss A. M. Sampson, Dr. A. F. Devonshire, Mr. F. W.
Evens, Mr. J. A. Eatough and Mr. H. F. Howard.
The Wild Plant table at the Bristol Museum has been much appreciated
during the year and we offer our sincere thanks to Mr. A. Warhurst and Mr. P. F.
Bird of the Museum and to Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Mr. Ivor Evans and to all our
members who have contributed specimens.
Special mention should be made of the following two events. On June 18
the Section enjoyed a trip to the Wiltshire Downs led by Mr. G. W. Collett of
the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Several of their members
joined the party and over twelve different species of orchids were seen. On
February 8 more than 200 members and friends attended a meeting to hear Mr.
G. T. Goodman from Swansea and to see the film Between the Tides. ‘This was
without doubt the largest audience ever in the history of the Section.
During the year the following Winter meetings were held :
Jan. 11: Annual Business Meeting, followed by colour transparencies of
flowers by Mr. J. A. Eatough.
Feb. 8: Coastal Vegetation of South Wales by Mr. Gordon Goodman
and the film Between the Tides. |
Mar. 14: The Classification of Grasses and the British Species. Mr. C. E.
Hubbard, O.B.E.
Apr. 11: Summer Field Programme meeting.
Oct. 10: Short papers and slides by members of the Section.
Nov. 14: Shrubs for Scent and Colour. Mr. Eric W. Hobbis, M.B.E.
Dec. 12: Joint Meeting with the Entomological Section. Behind the Scenes,
a film by Mr. C. E. Bell, and colour slides of flowers by Mr.
J. A. Eatough.
The following field excursions took place under the leadership of those shown.
Apr. 30: Purn'Hill and Uphill. Dr. A. F. Devonshire.
May 21: Westonbirt. Mr. P. J. M. Nethercott.
June 18: The Wiltshire Downs. Mr. G. W. Collett.
July. 9: Chew Valley Reservoir. Mr. R. F. Wills.
Aug. 21: Steart. Mr. J. Morley (Warden for the Nature Conservancy for
Somerset).
Sept. 3: Claverton and Warley Woods. Mr. H. F. Howard.
In addition, evening walks were taken as follows :
Mangotsfield and WarmlJey. Mr. I. W. Evans.
Durdham Down. Miss A. M. Sampson.
Gordano Valley. Mr. R. L. Jefferies.
Frenchay and Hambrook. Mr. I. W. Evans.
Bath Botanical Gardens. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield.
Bracken Hill Botanical Gardens. Mrs. G. S. Wakefield.
Five indoor meetings were held in the Botany Lecture Theatre on the
following dates : May 2, May 23, June 20, Aug. 22 and Sept. 5, when specimens
collected on field excursions were brought in for identification.
R. F. WILLS, Hon. Secretary.
96
University on January 12, 1961, the following officers were elected :—
President, Dr. J. W. Cowie; Vice-President, Mr. C. E. Leese; Hon.
Secretary, Mr. R. G. Payne ; Field Secretary, Mr. V. D. Dennison ; Ex-Officio,
Professor W. F. Whittard and President of Students’ Geological Society ; Com-
mittee, Mrs. G. S. Wakefield, Miss L. Carlton, Mr. R. Bradshaw, Dr. M. L. K.
Curtis, Mr. A. C. K. Fear, Mr. T. R. Fry, Mr. I. G. Lennon, Dr. F. C. Phillips,
Dr. R. J. G. Savage, Mr. W. Stock, Mr. D. Vowles, Mr. H. A. Wilmott.
During 1960 the Committee met twice, on January 14 to make proposals
for officers and on January 28 to arrange Summer and Winter Programmes.
The Annual General Meeting was held on January 14, when reports were read
and officers elected. The Annual General Meeting was followed by an illustrated
talk on British Guiana, given by Mr. R. Bradshaw, M.Sc.
There were five lecture meetings of the Section during the year :—
Feb. 11: Dr. A. J. Lloyd—Geology of the Neuchatel Juras.
Mar. 11: Mr. C. W. Green, M.A.—Mineralisation of the Mendips.
Oct. 27: Mr. L. G. Brown, B.Sc.—The Physical Geology of the Granite
of S. W. England.
Nov. 24: Mr. D. Hamilton, M.Sc.—Some aspects of New Zealand Geology.
Dec. 8: Professor S. W. Wooldridge, F.R.S.—South East England and
the Bristol District—a Physiographic Comparison.
A T the Annual Business Meeting held in the Geology Department of the
The first four lectures were held in the Geology Department of the University,
and the Section would like to record its thanks to Professor Whittard and its
indebtedness to the University for making the premises freely available for these
activities.
The December lecture was held in the Geography Department of the
University, and the Section would also like to thank Professor Peel for helping to
make this very protracted meeting so highly successful.
The Section takes pleasure in recording the distinction, Doctor of Science,
bestowed on Dr. D. T. Donovan by the University of Bristol.
During the year Council debated the advisability of including Archaeology
within the scope and activities of the Society. It was decided by a Sub-Gommittee
of Council that there was no case for creating a separate Archaeological Section,
but that any inherent interest among members of the B.N.S. should continue to
be satisfied by occasional lectures and outings which should include some archaeo-
logy. Mr. A. Warhurst, Director, City Museum, subsequently offered to help
train any members from the Section who wished to pursue the subject further.
The Section would like to record its thanks for this generous offer.
At Easter, Mr. Leese again led a party to Cornwall, a larger one this time
centred on Port Isaac. The zeal and drive of our youthful President allowed the
party to cover a wide range of topics including the volcanics of Port Isaac and the
metamorphosed volcanics of Trebarwith: the metamorphic aureole around
Camelford : the industrial and mineralogical aspects of the China Clay industry
of St. Austell : the quarrying for granite and associated ore deposits in the Pendeen
district : the complex folding of the culm and upper Devonian around Tintagel
and Boscastle and the Pleistocene peneplanation of the Delabole area. This
admirably planned trip was excellently led and proved to be another great
success.
REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION 97
There were six Field Meetings during the Summer as follows :—
April 9: Bridgwater Dist. (including Burtle Beds); leader Dr. R. J. G.
Savage.
May 28: Cotswolds ; leader Dr. J. W. Cowie.
June 25: South Wales ; leader Mr. R. Bradshaw.
July 23: Aust District ; leader Mr. R. G. Payne.
Aug. 13: Portishead ; leader Mr. T. Fry.
Sept. 24: Farringdon and Swindon ; leader Mr. R. G. Payne.
R. G. PAYNE, Hon. Secretary.
98
SECTION
Mr. George Sweet was elected President in
succession to Mr. G. E. Clothier. Mr. S. M.
Taylor was re-elected Hon. Secretary, and Miss D.
Crampton and Messrs. P. J. Chadwick, H. H. Davis,
and G. A. Forrest were re-elected to the Committee.
Miss F. Wareham and Mr. H. W. Neal retired, and
Mrs. G. Buxton and Mr. J. D. R. Vernon were elected
to succeed them. ‘The Editorial Committee, comprising
“THE WREN THE KING OF Messrs. P. J. Chadwick, H. H. Davis, R. H. Poulding
THe WREN Tf Att BROS" sand M. A. Wright, was re-elected.
During the year the following meetings were held :
Ax the 36th Annual Business Meeting in January,
Jan. 14: Annual Business Meeting. Colour film of the B.O.U. Centenary
Expedition to Ascension Is., shown by Mr. N. P. Ashmole.
Feb. 5: Our Marshland Birds, Past and Present, by Mr. R. C. Homes.
Feb. 26: Symposium on Bird Protection. Messrs. P. Brown, P. J. Conder
and G. Waterston, of the R.S.P.B.
Apr. 22: Informal and Exhibition Meeting.
Oct. 5: Birds of the Southern Irish Sea, by Mr. H. Dickinson.
Nov. 15: Annual Field Programme Meeting. Talks on Breeding Birds of
S. Uist, by Mr. P. J. Chadwick, and on Wader trapping on the
island, by Mr. J. D. R. Vernon.
Dec. 2: Fair Isle and its Birds, by Mr. G. Waterston.
Attendance at the six formal meetings averaged 81, ranging from 30 for the
first meeting (when the snowy weather made travelling difficult) to 138 for the
last. Mr. Waterston’s talk in December was outstanding among the series of
notable lectures we have had in recent years.
Three evening field walks and one afternoon walk were held in the Spring.
to Marshfield, Backwell Hill, the coast at Clevedon, and the coast from Aust to
Littleton. Leaders were: Messrs. A. E. Billett, G. E. Clothier, T. B. Silcocks
and S. M. Taylor. 36 members took part in an all-day visit to Steart in May.
Co-operative fieldwork included a third year of the breeding-season Shelduck
study and participation in the B.T.O.’s Nest Record and Ringing Schemes.
Members also contributed to the B.T.O. Lapwing Survey and Road Deaths
Enquiry.
The eleventh Fieldwork Review was published during the year ; it covered
work in 1959, including the breeding season surveys of Lapwing and Shelduck.
Its principal contents comprise an important account by Mr. Hugh Boyd of “The
Present Status of the Mallard in North Somerset’.
S. M. TAYLOR, Hon. Secretary.
99
EP ORT
FUN TOR Ys. E
1960
OF
CTION
T the Annual Business Meeting held on January 22, the following Members’
A carinii was elected :—Timothy Lait (Chairman), Jack Read (Vice-
Chairman), Elizabeth Bridges (Hon. Secretary), Stephen Locke (Assistant
Secretary), Stephanie Sweet, Penelope Welch, Nigel Webb and Richard Ashley.
Special mention should be made of a visit in April by 16 members accom-
panied by 6 adults to Holland and the Island of Texel. Three days’ bird watch-
ing on the island proved very successful ; several reservoirs were visited and
nesting Spoonbills, Avocats, Blacktailed Godwits and many other interesting
species were seen. Our party met several well-known Dutch ornithologists
who accompanied us in the field and visited us in the Hostel at Den Burg. After-
wards, visits were made on the mainland to the bulb-fields which were in full
bloom. The Keukenhof Gardens, the Rijksmuseum at Amsterdam, the Frans
Hals Museum at Haarlem, the Mauritzhuis at The Hague and many other places
of interest were also visited.
An Exhibition and Field Work Competition were held on Oct. 8 in the
Museum School Room by kind permission of Mr. A. Warhurst ; a large variety
of exhibits was shown and prizes were received by the following :—Section
prizes: 12-14 years, Nicholas Bristowe, study of Cabbage White Butterfly ;
over 14 years, Tony Diamond, Hedge Sparrow, which included some excellent
drawings. President’s prize: ‘Timothy Lait, illustrated study of Lapwing.
Maxwell Knight’s prize : Alisa Pippen, a collection of seeds and fruits. Judging
of the competition was by Dr. R. J. G. Savage.
The following indoor meetings were held :—
Jan. 2: New Year Party.
Jan. 22: Annual Business Meeting.
‘“‘ Bird Haunts in the West Country.” Mr. H. Savory.
Hiels 19)3 ~~ Oases of the Sahara.” Dr. R. J. G. Savage, B.Sc., Ph.D.
Mar. 4: “Setting up Butterflies and Moths.” Miss A. E. Bennett,
B.Sc. and Mr. P. F. Bird, B.Sc.
Mar. 25: ‘“‘Sand Dunes.” Mrs. E. W. Yemm, B.A.
Apr. 8: “Setting out Seaweed.” Miss A. E. Bennett, B.Sc.
Sept.23: ‘‘ Seashore Animals.” Mr. R. Bassindale, M.Sc.
Oct. 8: Exhibition and Competition.
Nov. 4: “British Forestry and the Naturalist.” Dr. C. A. Connell,
O.B.E., M.A.
Nov. 19: Social afternoon with colour films.
Dice. 16; °° Lexel)and Holland.” Junior Members.
Field meetings were as follows :—
Jan. 23: Blagdon Reservoir. Leader—Mr. B. King.
Feb. 20: Wild Fowl Trust. Leaders—Mr. B. King and Mr. G. Sweet.
Mar. 5: Cardiff Museum. Leader—Mr. B. King.
Mar. 19: Chew Valley Reservoir. Leader—Mr. R. F. Wills.
Apr. 20-30: Texel and Holland.
May 15: Kellaway Rocks. Leaders—Mr. Stenhouse Ross and Mr.
Re Gx Payne, BiSc.
May 21: St. George Wharf. Leader—Mr. H. H. Davis.
June 4-5: Shapwick Heath and Dunkery Beacon. All night. Leader—
Mr. R. F. Wills.
June 18: Newton Park. Leader—Mr. P. F. Bird, B.Sc.
Aug. 11: Mendips. Leaders—Mr. H. Savory and Mr. R. F. Wills.
100
AMS ole7 ee
Nept. 1
Sept. 25 :
Oct:7or
Nov. 13:
Dec; 4a:
REPORT OF JUNIOR SECTION
Leigh Woods. Leaders—Miss A. E. Bennett, B.Sc. and Mr.
PE. Bird, B:oc-
Cheddar Reservoir. Leaders—Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Wills.
Lynmouth. Leader—Mr. R. Bassindale, M.Sc.
Blagdon Reservoir. Leader—Mr. H. H. Davis.
Chew Valley Reservoir. Timothy Lait.
Chew Valley Reservoir. Mr. B. King.
This opportunity is taken to remind members of other Sections that they
are of course entitled to attend the Junior Section’s lectures and join their Field
Meetings.
The presence and interest of more adult members would be appreciated.
DORA WILLS, Hon. Secretary, Advisory Committee.
ELIZABETH BRIDGES, Hon. Secretary, Members’ Committee.
101
HE 97th Annual General Meeting was held on January 21, when the
Officers and Members of Council were elected. Dr. F. Coles Phillips
' was elected as President, Miss M. H. Rogers having completed her time
of office. Dr. F. S. Wallis, on his departure from Bristol, and Mr. F. W. Evens
were elected Honorary Members. Members stood in memory of the late Mr.
A. H. Peach who had been Treasurer for 20 years. The retiring President
gave her Presidential address on “‘A Naturalist in California’’. It was beauti-
fully illustrated with colour slides, mostly taken by Miss Rogers herself. San
Francisco, the Yosemite Valley, the Monterey coast, and the Redwoods were all
shown.
On March 3, Dr. Bruce Campbell lectured on ‘SA Naturalist in Poland ”’.
Coloured and black and white slides were shown both of the countryside and
of nests of various birds, some of whose songs were reproduced on tape-recordings.
The lecturer also spoke of many of the botanical specimens seen on the trip.
Miss P. M. Jenkin of the Zoology Department of Bristol University gave us
an interesting and detailed lecture on Flamingos on October 6. She referred
to the Greater, the Lesser and the Andean Flamingo. By diagrams, photographs
and explanation, we were shown how the bill structure, varying in different types
according to the type of food, was adapted for feeding.
On Thursday, November 3, Mr. H. G. Hurrell again visited us, to talk this
time on birds and animals, wild and tamed, round his home at Moorgate on
Dartmoor. He started with his film of the Grey Seal which he has kept in his
swimming pool for about a year ; this film included otters and a tame razorbill.
We also saw pictures of a kestrel, caught and trained to fly from the wrist. But
perhaps outstanding was his film of foxes, adult and cubs, at their earth.
Our former President, Professor W. F. Whittard, came to us on December 1
and lectured on ‘“‘ The Geology of the Sea-bed ”’, illustrated by slides and a film.
We were shown the methods employed in carrying out this very difficult work,
and given some idea of the highly technical and sensitive instruments used.
Pictures of the sea-bottom up to a depth of 3 miles were shown.
Although not a general meeting, some reference should be made here to the
Society’s venture in co-operating with the R.S.P.B. to show their film “ Sea-
bird Summer ”’. This was a great success. The Colston Hall was very nearly
full, and a useful profit was available for both Societies.
A. C. LEACH, Hon. Secretary.
GENERAL FIELD MEETINGS
IXTEEN general field meetings took place during the year, the highest
See so far. Four evening meetings were held, and again proved popular.
The most ambitious meeting of the year was the one to South Brent, Dartmoor,
where we were met by the well-known naturalist, Mr. H. G. Hurrell, who showed
us some of the natural history and antiquities of Dartmoor and also his animals
including the grey seal.
A brief summary of the meetings under the leadership of those named is
given below, and a much fuller account is kept in the records of the Field Section.
Jan. 9: Kilve. Mr. H. G. Hockey, Mr. R. G. Payne, and Mr. T. V.
Silcocks.
Fev. 7: Shepherdine. Mr. D. A. C. Cullen.
102 ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS
Mar. 6: Slimbridge. Mr. B. King.
Mar.20: Uleybury Camp and Nympsfield. Mr. A. C. K. Fear.
Apr. 2: Bury Wood and Colerne. Miss C. Groves.
May 7: Lord’s Wood. Mr. D. A. C. Cullen.
May 25: Inglestone Common. Mr. C. L. Bell.
June 8: Meare. Mr. H. G. Hockey and Dr. A. F. Devonshire.
June 12: Swyre Head and Nine Barrow Down, Isle of Purbeck. Mrs.
G. H. Dudden and Dr. A. F. Devonshire.
June 21: Wickham Glen and Frenchay. Mr. H. G. Hockey.
July 4: Christon Hill. Mr. H. G. Hockey and Mr. H. F. Flook.
July 16: Dartmoor. Mr. H. G. Hurrell and Mr. H. G. Hockey.
Aug. 27: Malvern Hills. Mr. H. F. Flook.
Sept. 11: Caractacus Stone and Tarr Steps, Exmoor. Mr. H. G. Hockey.
Oct. 23: St. Audries, Quantocks. Mr. A. L. Wedlake, Major J. H.
Dowling and Mr. H. G. Hockey.
Nov. 20: Litton and Blagdon reservoirs. Miss C. Groves.
A. F. DEVONSHIRE, Hon. Field Secretary.
HON. LIBRARIAN'S RPGR
1960
HE serious overcrowding of the Library has been alleviated by the transfer
of the following periodicals to the University Library in Queen’s Building,
University Walk :—
1. All American publications, except Natural History.
2. Bulletins and Memoirs of the Belgian Museum of Natural History.
Memoirs of the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences of Belgium.
4. British Association for the Advancement of Science (up to 1940).
A re-arrangement of the books and periodicals still remaining in the Society’s
Library in the City Museum is in progress.
A number of reprints and books have been given to the Library and thanks
are due to the donors, especially to Mrs. H. H. Davis who presented several
volumes of “‘ Watsonia”’? and to Mr. I. W. Evans for the gift of “‘ Nature’s
Garden ”’.
The New Naturalist Series has been brought up to date by the purchase
of the last seven volumes.
150 books and periodicals were borrowed during the year.
R. BRADSHAW, Hon. Librarian.
103
OBIT WARES
ALEC HAMILTON PEACH
P37 HE death of A. H. Peach on January 9, 1960, at the age
of 85 years, deprived the Society of one of its best-known
and most active members.
Peach probably rendered his greatest service to the Society as
its Hon. Treasurer for 20 years (1939-59), during which period
the membership increased from 239 to 666. ‘Throughout this
time he was an ex-officio member of Council and also served on
the Publications and Library Committee. He was most assiduous
in his attendance at meetings, and his successful management of
the Society’s finances was characterised by such great personal
friendliness that members, all of whom he seemed to know inti-
mately, must have felt it a pleasure to pay their subscriptions.
Peach had joined the Society in 1925, and his activities were
not confined to the Hon. Treasurership. He was a keen and
knowledgeable entomologist, was Secretary of the Entomological
Section from 1940 to 1948 and its President from 1951 to 1953.
In 1947 he compiled for these ProcEeEpincs “‘ Records and Obser-
vations of Lepidoptera’’. He was elected an Honorary Member
of the Society in 1959.
Until his retirement Peach was manager of the Sun Life Assur-
ance Office in Bristol. He had a number of interests ; for many
years he was a churchwarden of All Saints, Clifton, and he was
a Gilbert and Sullivan enthusiast and had been a good games-
player.
The Society extends its sincere sympathy to his wife and family.
H.W.T.
MRS. CG. I. SANDWITH
Y mother, Mrs. Cecil Ivry Sandwith, who died at her home
in Clifton, on February 6, 1961, in her goth year, was the
elder daughter of the Rev. E. J. Huntsman, vicar of Harworth,
Nottinghamshire, and widow of the Rev. E. P. Sandwith, who
had succeeded him in that parish. A few years after the tragically
early death of her husband, my mother came to live in Bristol
in the autumn of 1909, for the education of her two sons at Clifton
B
104 OBITUARIES
College. Her keen interest in field botany soon brought her in
touch with Mr. J. W. White, and she entered the circle of dis-
tinguished Bristol botanists of this period which was headed by
White, Cedric Bucknall and Miss I. M. Roper, and was later
joined by H. Stuart Thompson. Mr. White’s friendship and
guidance were invaluable at this time, when we were feeling our
way about the district, starting our herbarium, and learning how
to use botanical books. My mother contributed some notes to
the Flora of Bristol (1912), the best being her record of Carex divisa
from the salt-marsh below Cook’s Folly which was destroyed by
the construction of Portway.
The publication of the Flora opened a period of some 20 years
of remarkable activity on the part of local field-workers who, in
those days, were still cyclists and walkers. Many very important
additions to the flora were made, the specimens being invariably
shown and discussed at the meetings of the Botanical Section of
this Society and, even more, at those round-table gatherings at
Mr. White’s house of the Botanical Club which had been founded
by G. Brebner in 1903, under the wing of the University College.
My mother was conspicuous among the recorders of those days :
some of her better discoveries were those of Juncus tenuis and
Wolffia, and of the tiny patch of Andromeda near the summit of
Blackdown. Best of all, perhaps, was our find of Ranunculus
ophioglossifolius on a West Gloucestershire common in June, 1926.
She began early to specialize in water-plants, particularly the
Charophyta, which had a great attraction for her. She added
Tolypella intricata and Nitella translucens to the local list, and in 1918
read a paper on this group which was published in these Pro-
CEEDINGS in 1920. The genus Ceratophyllum next occupied her
attention and her paper, “The Hornworts and their occurrence
in Britain’? (PROCEEDINGS, 1926), was a useful contribution to
our knowledge of the taxonomy of British forms.
Throughout this period my mother had also cultivated a very
different taste, for alien plants: there were constant visits to the
city tips and docks, and by 1933 she had assembled and published
the list of local species entitled “‘ The Adventive Flora of the
Port of Bristol ’’ (see the Report of the Botanical Society and Exchange
Club of the British Isles, for 1932). 717 adventive species were
recorded in this list and, with the numerous additions that have
since been made as the result of her continued collecting and the
efforts of other workers, it is probable that not less than 1,000
aliens have been found in the area of the Port of Bristol. Very
many of these plants are represented in our adventive herbarium,
which is kept separate from the general collection.
OBITUARIES 105
In 1929, the British Association meeting was held at Cape Town,
and my mother took advantage of my brother’s presence in Northern
Rhodesia to go out to South Africa and attend it. On the voyage
out, and during the meeting and subsequent excursions to such
places as Johannesburg and the Victoria Falls, she was accompanied
by our member, Miss M. Bowen. After the meeting she journeyed
northwards to stay with my brother on his farm in the Chilanga
District, which at that time had been scarcely explored botanically,
and during two months she made a collection of the trees, shrubs
and grasses. ‘The first set was presented to the Kew Herbarium,
where it was identified, and her own smaller set has now been
dispatched to the Southern Rhodesia Government Herbarium
at Salisbury.
In October, 1932, Mr. White died, the meetings of the ‘““Botanical
Club’? came to an end, and the Minutes Book has not, I believe,
been traced. In June, 1935, Miss Roper also died and my mother
was invited to continue Mr. White’s “ Bristol Botany ’’ notes
supplemental to his Flora which had appeared annually in these
PRocEEDINGS. She gladly undertook this work for the next 26
years (since 1947 we have been joint authors) and during this
period was the finder, or joint finder, of such additions to the
flora as Carex laevigata, Glyceria declinata, the intergeneric hybrid
grass X Agrohordeum Lange: (which was new to Britain) and, only
last summer, Vulpia ambigua on the Berrow dunes.
Besides the groups mentioned above, my mother was an assiduous
collector of other critical genera, especially Sorbus, Chenopodium and
Potamogeton. She enjoyed working with her compound micro-
scope, a bent inherited from her father who was a descendant of
Benjamin Huntsman, the inventor of cast steel. A few years
before the last War she joined the British Bryological Society
and became a keen student of Hepatics, adding a number of
species to the North Somerset list from the peat moors. Her
crowning discovery, in April, 1952, in her 81st year, was that
of the saprophytic Cryptothallus mirabilis on Ashcott Heath, its
second English station. ‘This gave her great joy, and she cultivated
specimens with continuous care during her remaining years and
exhibited some at the meeting of the British Association in Bristol
in September, 1955. ‘The peat moors were our most precious
hunting-ground for nearly half a century : we first visited Shapwick
Heath in April, 1911, and repeated exploration of these moors
very often produced something new and unexpected, in spite of
distressing changes in the vegetation and the disappearance of
some of the rare species.
My mother was an “all-round” character of extraordinary
106 OBITUARIES
energy and diverse interests combined with a strong sense of duty
and a deeply held faith. During the first World War she served
for three years with the Patrols organized by the National Union
of Women Workers, and often did a midnight beat at the Tram-
ways Centre and Temple Meads Station. For over 40 years she
cultivated her small property at Tickenham on the slope above
Jacklands Bridge, learning to drive a car when over 60 years old.
She had bought this property in April, 1920, and was able to
evacuate herself there for strenuous horticultural work in the
winter of 1940, when our flat in Clifton became uninhabitable.
At the end of the last War she made a large collection of local
grasses for the South-western Forensic Science Laboratory of
the Home Office in Bristol.
She joined our Society in 1912, served on the Council in the
years 1915-1918 and 1943-1946, and was elected an Honorary
Member soon after the last-mentioned period. She had also
been a member of the Botanical Society of the British Isles since
1915, and was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London
in May, 1949.
. N. Y. SANDWITH.
PeelokEOL BOTANY IN .1og60
By Cecit I. anp N. Y. SANDWITH
WILL be remembered for the abominable summer
196 and autumn in southern England. The total rainfall
for the period July to November over England and Wales was
unequalled since comparable records began in 1727. The bad
weather began here on July 4th, and continued wet and stormy,
with few breaks, for the next six months and well into the New
Year. But we must not forget the pleasant spring and early
summer, with several quite dry and sunny months, and conditions
of drought at the end of a warm June. And the flowering and
fruiting trees and shrubs, their buds well warmed in the previous
summer and autumn, have rarely made such a splendid show.
The persistently wet summer weather kept botanists for the
most part either indoors or within easy reach of their cars. How-
ever, we have our usual array of field-notes from various sources ;
one native and two naturalized species of Gramineae were added
to the flora of the district ; and a newcomer, Mr. Nicholas Jardine,
of Monkton Combe School, has sent in some interesting records
from the valleys and woods of his neighbourhood.
On Saturday and Sunday, September 17th and 18th, a very suc-
cessful first Regional Meeting for the South West of the decentralized
Botanical Society of the British Isles was held at Bristol, organized
by the Department of Botany of the University. Saturday was
devoted to a number of excellent papers read at the Department,
followed by an exhibition and conversazione in the evening.
The Sunday excursion to Brean Down and Berrow was much
enjoyed, especially as this was one of the few cloudless sunny days
of the last half of the year.
Through the kindness of Dr. W. A. Sledge, a considerable
number of specimens from Miss I. M. Roper’s herbarium at
Leeds University was borrowed from the Department of Botany
for the purpose of verifying certain unpublished manuscript
records in her interleaved copy of White’s Bristol Flora. Some
errors have now been put right, while there were some interesting
discoveries which deserved immediate publication in this year’s
** Bristol Botany ”’.
The names of our principal contributors are abbreviated as
follows :—
Pobobt. k. . Eunt P.J.M.N., P. J. M. Nethercott
N.J., N. Jardine I.M.R., Miss I. M. Roper (decd.)
D.M.S., Dr. D. Munro-Smith N.W., Mrs. N. Wycherley
108 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH
Thalictrum minus L. Still in very small quantity on the Glos. side of
the Avon Gorge, P.7.M.N.
Ranunculus Ficaria L. var. bulbifer Albert (as “ bulbifera’’) in Albert
et Jahandiez, Cat. Pl. Vasc. Dept. du Var, p. 7 (1908). By the
Frome at Downend, G., D.M.S. Laneside, Hanham, G., 1923,
C.1S. and NYS. Kenn Moor, S., 1957, @../ Garlick.
Albert’s name, validly published, antedates by many years
Marsden-Jones’s use of the same epithet in the varietal rank in
1935. In the subspecific rank the correct name is presumably
subsp. bulbifer Lawalrée (as “‘ bulbiferus’’) in Fl. Générale de
Belgique, Spermatophytes, vol. ii. fasc. i. 60 (1955). Prof. Clap-
ham, in Clapham, Tutin and Warburg, Flora of the British Isles,
identifies this taxon with the typical form of R. Ficaria, using
the name var. Ficaria, but the identification of the Linnean
type is evidently a subject for further investigation. The
variety or subspecies with axillary “‘ bulbils ’’ (really tubers)
and fewer, mostly infertile, carpels was, of course, well known
to Mr. White (Flora, p. 120) as “‘ not of very rare occurrence ”’.
Lepidium Smithit Hook. Odatfield, Christon, §., 1918, J.M.R., ms.,
and specimen in her herbarium.
Silene noctiflora L. Leighton, between Frome and Nunney, S., V.W.
(spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus.).
Montia fontana L. subsp. chondrosperma (Fenzl) Walters. Rough
pasture, Bromley Heath, G., D.M.S., det. S. Md. Walters.
Linum bienne Mill. Crook Peak, S., P.7.M.N.
Trifolium scabrum L. Crook Peak, S., id.
Rosa canina L. X Sherardii Davies var. omissa (Déségl.) W.-Dod
forma resinosoides (Crép. ex Cott.) W.-Dod. One bush near
Leap Bridge, Downend, G., D.M.S., det. R. Melville.
Sedum Forsterianum Sm., agg. Gorge between Rowberrow and
Burrington Combe, S., 7. I. Robbins.
Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall. Pond, Downend, G., D.M.S., det.
J. #. Savidge.
Epilobium lanceolatum Seb. et Mauri. Disused railway line near
Monkton Combe, S., 1959, WV. 7.
Cinanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. With CG. Lachenalu C. C. Gmel. on
Binham Moor, between Mark and Chapel Allerton ; also on
Blackford Moor, S., C.J.S. and N.Y.S.
Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Buckland Dinham, S., V.W. (spn. in
Herb. Brit. Mus.).
Galium erectum Huds., auct. Field, Ham Green, Pill, §., 1912 ; and
pasture near Glasshouse, Combe Down, Bath, S., 1914, 1.M/.R.,
BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1960 109
mss., and spns. in her herbarium. In the Aew Bulletin, vol. 14,
pp. 63-65 (1960), Mr. H. K. Airy Shaw has shown that
Hudson’s name is untenable for this taxon, for which he
proposes the name Galium capsiriense Jeanb. ex Timb.-Lagr.,
pending the discovery of an earlier valid name. ‘The type
locality of G. capsiriense is in the Pyrénées Orientales, and the
type specimen in the Toulouse Herbarium was sent on loan to
Kew for examination by Mr. Shaw. A photograph of it faces
p. 64 in his article.
Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Bury Hill, Moorend, G., D.M.S.
Senecio vulgaris L. var. radiatus Koch. Common at Downend and
Frenchay, G., D.M.S.
Cichorium Intybus L. Laverton Scrub, S., P.F.A.
Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) DC. Marshy ground near Leap Bridge,
Downend, G., D.M.S., det. C. C. Townsend (as T. paludosum
(Scop:) ochl. ex Crép.).
Arbutus Unedo L. A well-developed, flowering, bush naturalized in
a limestone crevice on the edge of a quarry, Leigh Woods, S.,
P.7.M.N. For a record from the Glos. side of the Avon Gorge,
see “‘ Bristol Botany in 1942’. Mr. White’s suggestion (Flora,
p. 414) that the wild trees of Arbutus at Killarney never exceed
a height of 8-10 ft. needs correction, since it is well known that
these trees often exceed 30 ft.
Anagallis foemina Mill. Lullington, near Frome, §., V.W. (spn. in
Herb. Brit. Mus.).
Veronica spicata L. subsp. hybrida (L.) E. F. Warburg. Leigh Woods,
S., one flowering plant in a locality which does not correspond
with the station reported in 1912 (see “ Bristol Botany in 1912 ”’;
journ. Bolt. 1918; p. 47), P.jJ.M.N.
Euphrasia occidentalis Wettst. Plentiful on the dunes at Berrow, S&.,
NV. D. Simpson and B.S.BI. Field Meeting.
Orobanche Hederae Duby. Roadside bank at Writhlington, south-
east of Radstock, 8., P.F.H.
Marrubium vulgare L. In quantity on Purn Hill, Bleadon, 8., 1.W.
Evans. Wrington Warren, and Canada Combe, Hutton, §.,
1921, 1.M.R., ms., in her interleaved copy of White’s Flora.
Lamium hybridum Vill. Wayside and garden weed, Downend, G.,
D.M.S.
Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. Bleadon and Cross, 8., C.l.S. and N.Y.S.
Polygonum minus Huds. With P. mite Schrank on a peat moor drove,
Meare Heath, S., D.M.S.
Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. x articulatus L. (F. x surrejanus
110 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH
Druce). Old peat cutting on Ashcott Heath, S., 1959, CLS.
and N.Y.S. The first published record for the district of this
hybrid, which probably occurs elsewhere with the parents.
Lemna gibba L. In quantity in the river Frome at Stapleton, G.,
D.M.S.
Potamogeton Berchtoldi Fieb. Pond, Charterhouse-on-Mendip, S.,
1959, C.L.S. and N.Y.S., confirmed by 7. E. Dandy.
Carex divulsa Stokes. Not uncommon near Monkton Combe, S.,
1959, N.f.
C. polyphylla Kar. et Kir. Roadside near Wellow, S., 1959, N.7.
C. Hostiana DC. With C. distans, north of the Dundas Aqueduct,
S., 1959, V.7. An unexpected new station, in marshy ground
by the Avon. ‘The small clump of plants is straddled across a
ditch marking the Somerset-Wilts. border. ‘Two old Bath loca-
lities are cited in White, Fl., p. 636.
Poa Chaixu Vill. In Ammerdown Park near Kilmersdon, §S.,
growing under semi-naturalized conditions in coppiced Oak-
Ash-Hazel woodland, 1959, V.7., det. F. Perring. New to the
district and to Somerset. P. Chaixii is usually found obviously
planted on private estates.
P. angustifolia L. Disused railway line near Monkton Combe, S.,
1959; JV. 7-..0et,.f. Pening.
Glyceria declinata Bréb. Wet field, Monkton Combe; and in marshy
ground by the Avon north of the Dundas Aqueduct, S., 1959,
Ie Foy Chel I ae
Vulpia ambigua (Le Gall) More. Abundant over a small area of
fixed dune at Berrow, S., C.J.S. and N.V.S. Accompanying
species are Evodium cicutarium (agg.), Trifolium arvense, Sedum
acre, Galium verum, Plantago Coronopus and Phleum arenarium,
while V. ambigua meets V. membranacea at one edge of the area
where the ground rises with loose sand. This is a first record
for the district and for the county of Somerset. The distribu-
tion of V. ambigua on the Berrow dunes now needs investigation. *
Why has it not been noted there before ? There seems to be
no evidence of deliberate introduction. This little plant is an
annual which withers early and is quite inconspicuous by the
beginning of June. It was recently (1955) recorded in abun-
dance in a new station on Dawlish Warren, S. Devon, and Dr.
A. J. Willis informs us that it has greatly increased in its N.
Devon locality at Woolacombe, where it was first reported in
* Now (May, 1961) known to be widespread on the Berrow dunes.—Ed.
BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1960 111
1931. He suggests that recent climatic conditions may be
favouring the appearance of V. ambigua.
Festuca heterophylla Lam. In a plantation of pine and larch near
Longmead, Monkton Combe, S., 1959, N.7., det. F. Perring.
New to the district and to Somerset. ‘This species is recorded
from private woods and shrubberies in several counties,
especially in S. England, and is sometimes found growing near
Poa Chaixi.
F. longifolia Thuill. Abundant on railway line between Limpley
Stoke and Midford, S., 1959, W.7., det. F. Perring. There
was one previous record, from Burnham (see “‘ Bristol Botany
in 1955”).
ALIENS. Avonmouth Dock, G., which provided so rich a harvest
in 1959, had one of its most barren years, because of the wet
and sunless summer combined with human interference. ‘The
only plant of interest worth noting was Solanum sisymbriifolium
Lam.
Iberis umbellata L. Tip at Hambrook, and waste ground at
Downend, G., D.M.S.
Cerastium tomentosum L. ‘* Snow-in-Summer’’, a garden outcast,
is now well established on St. Vincent’s Rocks, G., and at
Redclifie Bay, Portishead, S., P.f.M.N.
Geramum Endressit Gay. Whatley, near Frome, S., 1959, V.W.
(spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus., det. Dr. A. Melderis). A garden
plant.
Oxalis corniculata L. Roadside, Downend, G., 1921, 1.M.R., ms.,
and spn. in her herbarium. ‘This is the earliest collection
in the district.
Trifolium spumosum L. Beautiful specimens of this rare alien are
in Herb. J.M.R., from St. Philip’s Marsh, Bristol, G., 1912,
and Portishead Station-yard, S., 1907, leg. [.M/.R.
Valertanella coronata (L.) DC. St. Philip’s Marsh, Bristol, G., May
1912, £.M.R., spn. in her herbarium, det. NV.VY.S. New to
Bristol. ‘The specimen had been incorrectly identified as
V. rmosa Bast. V. coronata is a Mediterranean species, allied
to V. discoidea Loisel. which occurred at St. Philip’s Marsh
in 1916 (see Adventive Flora of Port of Bristol). The two taxa
are sometimes treated as subspecies of the aggregate V. coronata.
Bidens frondosa L. ‘Temple Street, and frequent in the area of
Newfoundland Road, Bristol, G., J. W. Evans.
Senecio squalidus L. Portishead, S., 1904, W. Hosking in Herb.
112 CECIL I. AND N. Y. SANDWITH
Brit. Mus., fide D. Hl. Kent in Proc. B.S Balvarel ewe. 377
(1960). ‘The earliest record for Portishead and for the
Somerset side of the area.
Cicerbita macrophylla (Willd.) Wallr. Chantry, near Frome, S.,
NW. (spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus.).
Scorzonera hispanica L. Grassy slope of Brean Down near the car-
park, S., R. A. Graham, R. M. Harley and D. Lewis, in Proc.
Bes. Bel, vol. 3) pe Alen tgo0).
Cuscuta approximata Bab. On Achillea Millefolium, ‘“‘ mouth of the
Avon near Bristol’’, comm. Feb. 1907, 1.M.R., in Kew
Herb. (as C. Epithymum Murray), det. T. G. Yuncker (the
monographer of the genus) in April, 1926. ‘This is pre-
sumably the Dodder recorded as C. Epithymum “ on Yarrow
at Portishead’, S., 1906, Miss Roper in White, Fl., p. 426.
Dr. W. A. Sledge informs us that a corresponding sheet in
the cover of C. Epithymum in Herb. I.M.R. is labelled “‘ Waste
ground, Portishead, Somerset, Aug. rst, 1906, on Achillea
Millefolium’’ ; and there is a pencilled query on the sheet.
C. approximata is new to Bristol. It is a native of Central
Asia, in the same group of species as C. Epithymum, from
which it differs in the more fleshy corollas with obtusish lobes
about equalling the tube. ‘The species was described by
Babington from plants found growing in England, introduced
with seeds of Lucerne (‘‘ Bokhara Clover ’’).
Verbascum pulverulentum Vill. Roadside, Nunney, near Frome, S.,
1959, V.W. (spn. in Herb. Brit. Mus., det. Dr. A. Melderis).
New to the district.
Veronica filiformis Sm. Orchardleigh and Hemington churchyards,
north-of Frome, §:,\ 7778.
Amaranthus graecizans L. subsp. sylvestris (Vill.) Brenan. Portis-
head, S., Sept. 1914, 1.M.R., spn. in her herparnum,, det.
feb. Vi Brenan
Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Roadside ditch, Blackford,
near Wedmore, S., W.Y.S.
Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv. and Aegilops cylindrica Host were
both collected at Avonmouth Dock, G., in 1958, by Miss M.
McCallum Webster (spns. in Kew Herb.). The former was
collected there in 1937, see B.E.C. 1937 Rep., vol xt p.520);
the latter in 1928, see Adventive Flora of Port of Bristol.
Adiantum capillus-Veneris L. Ina crack in the stonework round the
great Roman bath, Bath, S., 1950 and still there, Mrs. M. 7.
Oldaker.
113
Pet STOLL BIRD REPORT
1960
COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE
B.N.S. ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION
P. J. CHADWICK R. H. PouLpine
H. H. Davis M. A. WRIGHT
HIS issue contains the more important records for 1960. It is
the twenty-fifth of the series and is the result of contributions
by well over ninety observers. Records received but not included
will, as usual, be filed, and contributors are again requested to help
in the preservation of these by using the appropriate 6” x 4” record
cards.
Noteworthy reports from Chew Valley reservoir are of a marked
increase in the breeding population of Gadwall and Tufted Duck ;
a Sandwich Tern in the second week of March ; a Savi’s Warbler
in late July; Wood Sandpipers and a Curlew Sandpiper on
autumn passage ; and a Marsh Harrier in October. Water Pipits
were seen at Chew Valley in all months January — April and
October — December, and at Cheddar in March and November.
Other reservoir records include the breeding of Gadwall at
Blagdon and the presence of at least six Great Northern Divers at
Cheddar in December.
During January to early April three Lesser White-fronts and up
to eight Greenland White-fronts were seen among the many White-
fronted Geese on the New Grounds, and a single Greylag made a
short stay in March. From the same area are records of a Kentish
Plover in April; a Red-breasted Merganser (always scarce on
Severn) in April— May; an Avocet in May; a White-winged
Black Tern among a large passage of Black Terns in late August;
and the exceptional number of 61 Little Stints on the second day of
October.
Records of special note from other localities are of a Red-throated
Diver on the river at Sheperdine in January; a Shorelark at
Severn Beach, January — March ; a Hoopoe at Compton Dando
in June ; the breeding of Quail at Marshfield ; a Great Skua off-
shore near Sand Point in September ; an Alpine Swift at Portishead
in early October, and, in the same month, a Richard’s Pipit on
Brean Down and a Dartford Warbler on the coast near Walton-in-
Gordano. Thirty-seven Water Rails were counted in Spartina at
114 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
Sand Bay on the last day of January and an unusually high count of
86 Black-tailed Godwits was reported from Weston Bay in late
September.
Observations on Steep Holm by members of the Gull Research
Station during the first ten days of October included those of two
Stock Doves, a Short-eared Owl, two Stonechats, and two Common
Scoters off the landing beach, while a juvenile Woodlark, an adult
female Pied Flycatcher and a male Firecrest were trapped and
ringed. Of these species only the Pied Flycatcher had been
previously recorded for the island.
Contributors :—L. P. Alder, R. Angles, S. H. G. Barnett, R. Best,
A. E. Billett, J. H. R. Boswall, H. J. Boyd, Col. G. A. Bridge, Miss
M. E. Bridge, G. Bright, B. K. Brooke, J. F. Burton, G. C. Buxton,
Mrs. S. I. Buxton, M. J. Bywater, Dr. B. Campbell, P. J. Chadwick,
S. E. Chapman, Miss G. G. Clement, G. E. Clothier, R. V. Collier,
A. GCumber, R. M. Curber, H. H. Davis, M. Davy, H. Dunnicliff,
Miss P. Farmer, J. Fisher, K. A. Franey, R. Gabriel, Miss C.
Graham, W. Gouge, J. Gould, D. R. Hamblett, G. Hamilton,
H. R. Hammacott, R. S. Harkness, P. Hending, R. E. Hitchcock,
H. G. Hockey, D. A. Holmes, W. A. Holmes, E. G. Holt, W. J. H.
Hopkins, D. J. Hughes, 8. T. Johnstone, E. L. Jones, Dr. Ji Kent; B-
King, C. Lachlan, A. C. Leach, R. J. Lewis, J. A. McGeoch, 8S. G.
Madge, T. D. H. Merrie, C. Mitchell, R. Mitchell, H. W. Neal, E.G.
M. Niblett, R. K. Norman, M. A. Ogilvie, Miss E. D. Overend, Mrs.
B. C. Palmer, Miss E. M. Palmer, D. H. Perrett, Re He Pouldines
Mrs. E. Powell, C. E. Ridsdale, R. H. Robins, R. Robinson,
C. G. I. Rose, W. L. Roseveare, J. F. Rowe, Po seoe dud G:
Shakespeare, T. B. Silcocks, E. Sims, B. Slade, W. Smith, P. Stiling,
W. J. Stone, L. G. Sullivan, T. H. Sutherland, C. M. Swaine, G.
Sweet, Miss-S. K. Taylor, 5. M. Taylor, L. Pi fuckers) Dak:
Vernon, M. Waddicor, J. A. F. Wilkins, Miss E. M. Williams, Mrs.
S. G. Willams, M. G. Wilson, M. A. Wright and K. B. Young.
The abbreviations Res. Stn. and Jnr. Sect. refer, respectively, to the
Steep Holm Gull Research Station and the B.N.S. Junior Section.
Initials W.T. denote Wildfowl Trust.
The area covered is that part of Gloucestershire (G@) lying east of
the Severn and south of a line from the New Grounds to the County
boundary at Tetbury, and Somerset (S) north of the R. Axe and a
line from Wells to the County boundary near Frome. For the
purpose of this Report the area extends westwards into the Channel
and Estuary to include the promontory of Brean Down, and the
islands of Steep Holm and the Denny (cf. Sketch Map, Proc. B.N.S.,
1OA75) Ps 225)
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 115
GREAT NORTHERN DIVER Gavia immer
S. One, Blagdon res., Jan. 23—-Mar. 13 (R.B., C.M., W.L.R.
et al.). Up to three, Cheddar res., during November (R.A., G.G.C.,
G.S. et al.) and up to six, an exceptional number for any Somerset
reservoir, in December (R.M.C., J.A.McG. e¢ al.).
RED-THROATED DivER’ Gavia stellata
G. One on river, Sheperdine, Jan. 6 (H.J.B.).
S. Single bird, Cheddar res., Mar. 20-Apr. 17 (B.K., M.A.W.,
M.G.W. ¢é al.).
GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus
S. Usual numbers at reservoirs : max. counts of 47, Cheddar,
Mars 27, and, of 31, Dec. 10 (B.K. e al.); 29, Blagdon, Apr. 17
(P.J.C.) ; and 18 pairs, Chew Valley, May 21 (B.K.). Very poor
breeding season: no young seen, Chew Valley (B.K. et al.), and
only one brood reported, Blagdon—pair with two young, July 8
(W.L.R.).
BLACK-NECKED GREBE_ Podiceps nigricollis
S. Two, Blagdon res., Oct. 16 (B.K.B.) and one, Chew Valley
pes., Nov. 13 (Jnr. Sect.).
LirtTLE GreBe Podiceps ruficollis
G. Pair with young in reed-beds, Littleton-upon-Severn, Aug. 1
te j-C..):.
S. At least five pairs bred, Chew Valley res. (G.B., B.K.,
W.J.S.). Adult with young, Charterhouse lead-mining pits,
uly 9, 16 (1.B.S.).
GANNET Sula bassana
G. First-winter bird found on coal lorry, Charfield Station,
Oct. 14; kept for a week at Wildfowl Trust, then ringed and
released, Kingston Seymour (Som.), on 2ist (H.J.B., M.A.O.).
S. Dead adult on riverbank, Axe Estuary, Aug. 14 (R.A.).
CoRMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo
S. Numerous coastal and inland records (various observers).
Breeding colony on Steep Holm not surveyed in detail : 25 soaring
in close flock over north cliffs at dawn, Oct. 7 (Res. Stn.).
116 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
HERON Ardea cinerea
S. Only three heronries located: 22 or 23 nests, Uphill Grange,
Apr. 20 (W.L.R.) ; three nests, Park Wood, Newton St. Loe
(nr. Bath), Apr. 24 (R.J.L.) ; and four nests, Brockley Combe,
May 7 (W.J.S.)—a marked decrease on previous totals.
Ma.iarpD- Anas platyrhynchos
G. and §. Counts from the New Grounds and St. George’s
Park lake, Bristol, the four main N. Somerset reservoirs and most
of the N. Somerset coastline, indicate that the population was at
its peak in mid-January (c. 4,000 counted). Late summer /
autumn counts generally well below this figure, but total of c. 3,500
noted, late September (various observers). Largest numbers
recorded at New Grounds—1,660, Jan. 16 and 1,990, Sept. 23
(per H.J.B.), while Chew Valley res. held bulk of reservoir popula-
tion—786, Jan. 17 and 830, Feb. 14 (G.C.B., S.I.B.), with max.
of 984, Sept. 24 (B.K.). Very few breeding records apart from
Chew Valley where at least 46 broods located, May-July (P.J.C.,
B:K., G.S., M.A.W.).
TEAL Anas crecca
G. and §. Max. numbers present in early January—c. 1,500,
Chew Valley on znd (B.K.), and 1,700, New Grounds on 3rd,
but only 290 on 16th (H.J.B.). Less numerous in Sept.-Dec.,
with max. in late December when 1,250-1,500 in area (B.K.B.,
SEB. J A. McG. RiM.. TBS. KB.Y. cide
GARGANEY Anas querquedula
G. One in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Feb. 20; three,
same place, Mar. 21-May 21; another, early April-end June
(L.P.A., M.D.).; and one, Sept. 25—-Dec. 91 (NID s 8 Sinele
males on Estuary nr. Frampton-on-Severn, Mar. 6 (L.P.A.)
and Purton canal on goth (A.C., R.V.C.).
S. Pair, Blagdon res., Mar. 13! (P.J.C.,. Resse jee yy.)
and a male, Apr. 25 (R.S.H.). Pair, Kingston Seymour, Mar. 31;
two pairs there, Apr. 8 and a male, May 5 (W.A.H. eé al.). Fre-
quently reported, Chew Valley res., Apr. 3 to end Sept. (S.E.C.,
H.H.D. ¢ al.) with six: or seven ads. (3 63); July 17 (F2)-@;
brood of five, same place, July 1 (G.S.) ; and a female still present,
Oct 423 (BI):
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 19 60 Is erg
GADWALL Anas strepera
G. Max. of 34, in W.T. enclosures and on Estuary, New
Grounds, Jan. 1; 29 on 16th and 25, Feb. 15 (H.J.B.).
S. Increasing as a breeding species: five or six broods, Chew
Valley res., June-Aug. (B.K., G.S. e¢ al.) and pair with five
ducklings, Blagdon res., July 13 (B.K.). Max. reservoir counts :
Chew Valley—28, Jan. 10 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; 25, Aug. 29 (G.S.);
7O,,sept. 16 but only 21, Nov. 13 (G-C.B., S.I.B.) and four, end
Dec. (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) ; Blagdon—six pairs, Mar. 13, Dec. 27
(P.J.C., M.A.W.); Cheddar—only one record, a pair, Dec. 29
(M.G.W.).
WicEON Anas penelope
G. and §. Wintering population in area reached peak in mid-
January : ¢. 3,700 counted, Jan. 17 falling to c. 2,900, Feb. 14—
mainly due to decrease at New Grounds. Autumn totals much
lower with max. of c. 2,100, mid-December (B.K.B., G.C.B.,
HB. B:K., M.G.W. e al.).
PINTAIL Anas acuta
G. Reports from New Grounds: 167, Jan. 16, and 171,
Feb. 15 (per H.J.B.).
S. Max. counts, Chew Valley res.—32, Feb. 7 (B.K.) and 41,
Dec. 27 (W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) but usually less than 20 present.
Also reported from Blagdon and Cheddar resrs., once from Barrow
Gurney resrs. and Sand Bay, and twice from Weston Bay, but all
counts of less than ten (J.F.B., C.L., J.A.McG., R.M. e¢ al.).
SHOVELER Spatula clypeata
G. Max. count, New Grounds—84, Feb. 15 (per H.J.B.).
S. Only one coastal record. Counts from four main reservoirs:
total of c. 250 throughout January increasing to 575, Feb. 14 but
c. 600, Chew Valley on aist; only ¢c. 125 on all waters, Mar. 13
but c. 420, Mar. 27, Apr. 33; rapid dispersal thereafter with
summer population of c. 40 concentrated at Chew Valley, where
at least five broods located ; c. 225, Nov. 13 (g1, Blagdon; 123,
Chew Valley) and 315 at Chew, Dec. 27, 29 (various observers).
RED-CRESTED PocHARD WNetia rufina
Sra) Uhree (2. gg), Cheddar res.,, Nov.. 20 (T.D:H.M.),.:23
(W.L.R.).
118 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1906
Scaup Aythya marila
G. One (imm. 3), W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Jan. 12-
Apr. 2 (P.S. e al.) and adult (9), Nov: 4-Dec. oy (Silja ial.):
S. Two or three, Weston Bay, end Feb.—mid-March (H.W.N.,
T.B.S.) and one (g), Nov. 10 (J.A.McG.). Two, Yeo Estuary,
Oct. 2 (T.B.S.) and one (2), Chew Valley res., Oct. 30—Dec. 31
(G.B. e¢ al.). One, Cheddar res., Nov. 13 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.)
and four (1 ¢), Dec: 28 (W.A-H., TD ERvine
TurTeD Duck Aythya fuligula
G. Evening flight into W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, began,
for first time, in December—176 counted on gist, apparently
coming from Frampton Gravel-pits (per H.J.B.).
S. Mainly found on the four major reservoirs, counts from
which did not exceed c. 450 in total, Jan._Mar., but reached
¢.. 715, Oct. 16, Dec. 18 (B.K.B.; S.1.B5., S.B2@., WMEGMNe eer alae
At least 47 broods, Chew Valley res., July-Aug. (P.J.C., B.K.,
M.A.W.)—the most yet recorded.
PocHarD Aythya ferina
S. ‘Total of 380 on the four major waters, Jan. 17—reduction
of c. 1,600 on Dec. 1959 figure. Autumn totals of 970 (710 gd),
Oct. 16 with max. of c. 1,240 (975 39), Nov. 13 (G.C.B., B.K.,
eA. MicG., “KoB YX: ¢-al.).
GOLDENEYE Bucephala clangula
G. Four (1 3) on Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 24 (L.P.A.).
S. Max. reservoir counts: eight (2 g¢), Blagdon, Jan. 17
and eight (5 gg), Feb. 14 (B.K.B.) ; seven (3 $9), Cheddar, Jan. 17
and seven (1 4) on 24th (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) ; one, Barrow
Gurney, Feb. 7 (W.J.S.), Oct. 29 (R.G., W Ado es Chew
Valley, Feb. 13 (B.K.) and 27 (10 gd), Apr. 3 (@. jC. raw)
with max. in autumn of seven (1 ¢), Dec. 11 (R.S.H.). Single
male, Weston Bay, Mar. 28 (R.A.).
Common ScoTerR Melanitia nigra
G. One (¢), Severn Beach, Oct. 15 (R.E.H.).
S. One off Sand Point, Apr. 6 and pair on 22nd (T.B.S.).
Party of four (3 $¢), Walton Bay, Clevedon, Apr. 7 (W.A.H.).
Two (2° or imms.) close inshore, Steep Holm, Oct. 3 (Res. Stn.).
Two off Brean Down, Oct. 7 (E.G.H.) and three on 16th (P.J.C.,
B.S., M.A.W.). Single males off Sand Point, Nov. 6 (T.B.S.)
and in Axe Estuary on 7th (R.A.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 119
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER Mergus Serrator
G. One ‘ red-head’ on the Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 24,
May 1 (L.P.A.).
GOOSANDER Mergus merganser
G. Male in flight over New Grounds, Feb. 24 (L.T.C.S.)
and two on Estuary, Frampton, Dec. 25 (T.D.H.M.).
S. Very few records. ‘Twice reported from Cheddar res.—
single birds, Jan. 9 (R.M.C.), Mar. 20 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.).
Max, of three,-Chew Valley res., Jan. 16 (B.K.), 17 (G.C.B.,
S.I.B.) ; two, Jan. 24 (M.A.W.), Feb. 4 (B.C.) and single birds,
Mar. 13 (G.C.B., S.I.B.), Apr. 17 (B.K.). Three, Blagdon res.,
Jan. 17 (B.K.B., T.D.H.M.), two in Feb. and one in March
(RES. Ey. etal.)
SMEW Mergus albellus
G. ‘Red-head’ in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, Feb. 6—
May 3 (per H.J.B.).
S. Present, Chew Valley and Blagdon resrs., Jan.—Mar. in
very small numbers—max. of five ‘ red-heads’, Chew Valley,
Jan. 6 (S.G.M.) and six (2 gg) on rath (R.S.H.), and five (1 3),
Blagdon on a2ist (T.B.S.). One or two, both reservoirs, mid- to
end December (B.K.B., S.K.T. et al.). Single ‘ red-head ’,
Cheddar res., Mar. 27 (P.J.C., M.A.W.).
NortH AMERICAN Ruppy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis
S. Records from the reservoirs are undoubtedly of birds
originating from the Wildfowl Trust. Up to seven (all males)
noted during greater part of 1960—three, Blagdon and four,
Chew Valley ; in December, however, three females or immatures
appeared at Chew (various observers) (cf. also Rep. Som. Birds,
1960).
SHELDUCK ‘Tadorna tadorna
G. and S. Survey of coast between Sharpness and Weston-s-
Mare by members of B.N.S. Ornith. Section showed about 490
full-grown birds present in early June. First young appeared
about May 26 and max. count of young was about 190 ; majority
found along Somerset coastline (per S.M.T.). ‘Two pairs, Chew
Valley res., Apr.—June—one of which ultimately seen with eight
ducklings (B.K. ¢ al.).
Cc
120 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
GREYLAG GOOsE Anser anser
G. Single bird with White-fronted Geese, New Grounds,
Mar. 22-31 (H.J.B., M.D.).
WHITE-FRONTED GoosE Anser albifrons albifrons
G. Increase at New Grounds from 1,500 at close of previous
year to 3,000, Jan. 22 and 4,200, Feb. 21 ; 3,000 still there, Mar.
16—more than a third remaining to late date of 29th. Final
departure (500 seen leaving) Apr. 1, but three birds stayed till
4th (W.T.). First autumn arrivals, same place—eight, Sept. 27,
numbers increasing to 400, Oct. 2; 5095, Oct. 28; joo, Dec» 1
and 800 on aist (W.T.). Other Estuary records: nine flying
up-river, Oldbury, Jan. 10, and 26 on similar course, Sheperdine
on 16th; 60 heading north at Stone—also on 16th (J.D.R.V.).
Seventeen grey geese, probably White-fronts, overhead, Wick,
Apr. “12 (DRG...
S. Several parties, varying from four to seven birds, flying
up-channel, Brean Down and Sand Point, Jan. 10 (P.J.C.,
R.K.N., T.B.S., M.A.W.) ; 50 or 60 on same course over Clevedon
on 16th (P.F.). Smgle bird, Blagdon res.,, Jani 170A TAY
W.A.H.). Numbers from 20 to 39 frequently reported from
Chew Valley res., mid—Jan. to end of March (R.M.C., B.K.,
B.S. ¢ al.) ;. 33 still there as late as Apr, 3 (PAU. apse i.
W.J.S.).
GREENLAND WHITE-FRONTED Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris
G. Party of five ads., first noted at New Grounds in previous
Dec., remained there to first few days of Apr. when number rose
to seven; first-winter bird seen alone, same place, Mar. 12 (W.T.),
LEssER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE Anser erythropus
G. At least three ads., New Grounds, in early part of year:
one, various occasions, Jan. 27 to Mar. 16; another, Feb. 11
and 21; and a third from Feb. 7 to Mar. 19 (W.T.).
BEAN GoosE Anser fabalis
G. One, New Grounds, Jan. 17 to Mar. 18 (P.S.) and one,
Sept. 28 to end of year (R.M.C., M.D., B.K.).
PINK-FOOTED GoosE Anser brachyrhynchus
G. New Grounds : first autumn arrivals, ten, Sept. 25, followed
by gradual increase to max. totals of 107, Oct. 18, and 117, Nov.
30—with subsequent counts of 100, Dec. 27 and 80 on gist (W.T.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 121
Brent Goose Branta bernicla
G. One, dark-breasted form, B. 5. bernicla, New Grounds,
Oceuw to end of year (M.D., B.K., M.A.O.).
BARNACLE Goose Branta leucopsis
S. Four, sometimes five, seen by various observers, Chew
Valley, early Jan. to third week of Feb. were perhaps the same
party as reported from the reservoir in the previous Dec. B.K.
records, however, that of four watched at close range on Feb. 7,
three were carying W.T. rings. ‘There must therefore be some
doubt as to whether the Dec. 1959 records were of genuinely
wild birds (ef. Proc. B.N.S. 1959, p. 29)-
BEwIck’s SwAN Cygnus columbianus bewrcki
G. Family of four, New Grounds, end 1959, stayed to Jan. 25 ;
twelve in flight over W.T. enclosures, Feb. 21; one, mainly in
enclosures, Nov. 8—Dec. 21, and family of five, Dec. 29-31 (H.J.B.,
M.D. e al.). Two on Estuary below Frampton, Dec. 25
(T.D.H.M.).
S. Twenty-nine present in area, Jan. 17 (6, Chew Valley:
23, Blagdon) but majority appear to have left by early Feb. and
only six present at end of month. Next recorded at Cheddar res.
—party of eight, Mar. 20 and identical number noted, Blagdon
nes on 21st (BK B:, D.A.H., R.S.H., C.L., B.K. e-al.).
BuzzARp~ Buteo buteo
G. Single birds, Wick, Apr. 29 (D.R.H.) and Pilning, Nov. 19
(G.H.).
S. Breeding reported from Hutton (W.L.R.), nr. Priddy
(T.B.S.) and Brockley Combe area (G.E.C.) ; other pairs located
in breeding season at Blagdon (R.M.C., J.A.McG.), Rodney
Stoke (J.A.McG.) and Litton area (R.S.H.).
Marsh HARRIER Circus aeruginosus
S. Female or immature, Chew Valley res., Oct. 22 (R.B.,
C.L.), 23 (B.K.).
Hossy Falco subbuteo
G. One, New Grounds, Aug. 11 (L.P.A.).
S. Single birds, Bishop Sutton, May 8 (M.G.W.) ; Saltford,
May 26 (B.K.) ; Chew Valley res., June g (P.J.C., G.S.), Sept. 4
(J-A.McG., M.G.W.) and 18 (R.S.H.); Sand Point, Sept. tz
122 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
(R.A.) ; Kingston Seymour, same date (C.E.R.) and Clapton-in-
Gordano, on 12th (H.H.D.).
PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus
G. Single birds over Broadmead, Bristol, Feb. 23 (P.J.C.)
and Slimbridge, Nov. 27 (E.L.J. per C.M.S.).
S. Single birds reported in coastal localities from Portishead
to Brean Down during winter; no evidence of breeding. One
inland record: single bird, stooping at Buzzard Buteo buteo,
Charterhouse, Apr. 19 (R.A.). Falcon, wearing bell and jesses,
Brean Down, Nov. 26; seen again, Uphill, Dec. 29 (R.A.).
Mertun- Falco columbarius
G. One, New Grounds, Nov. 27 (E.L.J. per C.M.S.).
S. Male, and female or immature, Chew Valley res., various
dates, Jan. 12-Apr. 2 (R.S.H., H.W.N., Jnr. Sect. e¢ al.) ; one,
same place, Oct. 23 (R.S.H.). Male, Sand Bay, Feb. 20 (R.K.N.)
and a female, Oct. 13 (W.L.R.) ; single bird, same place, Dec. 11
(GBS):
KeEstTrREL Falco tinnunculus
S. First-year female ringed (369461), Steep Holm, Oct. 7,
recovered ¢.35 m.S.S.E. at Thorncombe, Dorset, about a fortnight
later (Res. Stn.).
RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa
S. Two on perimeter path, Cheddar res., Mar. 27 (P.J.C.,
M.A.W.). Two on rough track, Uphill, Apr. 29 (R.A.) and two
calling on Mendip (above Cheddar), June 20 (T.B.S.).
QualIL Coturnix coturnix
G. One calling in oat crop, Hawkesbury Upton, May 22
(R.H.P.). Marshfield area: nest and eggs found during mowing
operations in June (A.E.B.); one heard and seen, June 18 (R.M.C.)
and two seen together flying low over corn crop, July 10 (B.K.).
S. One heard in cornfield, nr. Charterhouse, Mendip, June 7
(P.J.C.) and one calling persistently in mowing grass, Backwell
PulMon 1th) (RoE) E
WatTER Raitt Rallus aquaticus
G. Two, Duchess’ Pond, Stapleton, Jan. 7 (H.G.H.). One,
R. Boyd, Wick, Mar. 11 (D.R.H.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 123
S. Seen in Spartina beds, Sand Bay, in considerable numbers,
mid.-Jan. to early Apr. and Oct.—Dec.: max. counts (birds
bemendrven. out bythe tide) of 37, Jan. 3: (E.M.P., T.B.S.);
28, Feb. 28 (T.B.S.) ; 14, Mar. 13 (C.M.) ; 26, Mar. 16, and 19,
Nov. 20 (T.B.S.). Single bird on swampy ground nr. Stratton-
on-the-Fosse, Jan. 31 (R.S.H.) and at pond, Charterhouse, Mendip,
Vulyeono ((1.8.S.). One, Chew Valley res., Feb. 13, and one,
Nov. 5 (B.K.).
Coor Fulica atra
G. Single bird on the Estuary, Sheperdine, Oct. 28 (W.A.H.).
S. Exceptional winter counts, Chew Valley res., of 3,000 to
4,000, Feb. 13, 21 (B.K.). Peak numbers, between 2,000 and
3,000 or more, Cheddar res., Jan. and Dec. (J.A.McG., T.D.H.M.,
M.G.W.). One on Palace Moat, Wells, Apr. 6 (W.J.H.H.).
OyYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus
G. New Grounds: one, Jan. 14 (L.P.A.), three, May 12 and
five on 24th (M.D.). Two, Oldbury, July 24 (J.D.R.V.) and
single bird, R. Avon, Shirehampton, Aug. 28 (R.H.P.).
S. Up to 80, Weston Bay—Sand Bay area, Jan. 6—-Mar. 14
(R.A., C.M., T.B.S.) ; 124, same area, Sept. 19 and 118, Dec. 28
(C.M.). Twelve feeding on Grammar School field, Weston-s-
Mare, Jan. 23, Feb. 13 (T.B.S.). Single bird, Chew Valley res.,
Feb. 27 (B.K.).
Lapwinc Vanellus vanellus
G. and S. Weather movements noted during cold spell, early
January : 300— 400 flying W., Sodbury Common, Jan. 9 (W.A.H.,
T.D.H.M.) ; c. 280, Chew Valley res., and c. 75 over Cheddar
Gorge, moving S., Jan. 10 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) ; flocks totalling 800
birds or more, moving S.W., Weston-s-Mare area, same date,
some rising to 1,500 ft. on reaching coast; c. 80 birds, at great
height, located only with aid of binoculars (R.K.N.). Max.
coastal counts : c. 1,000 New Grounds, Nov. 12 (M.A.O.); ¢. 4,000,
Axe Estuary, Dec. 19 (R.A.).
RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula
G. Fifty, Severn Beach, May 7 (P.J.C.) and 140, Oct. 18
(R.E.H.).
S. Up to 22, Chew Valley res., Aug. 6 —- Oct. 2 (various ob-
servers). 63, Sand Bay, May 23 and 125, same place, Aug. 5
(T.B.S.). 400, Weston Bay, Aug. 26, and c.250, Oct. 4 (R.A.). |
124 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
KENTISH PLOVER Charadrius alexandrinus
G. One on the Estuary, New Grounds, Apr. 4, seen by H.J.B.
and J.K., who have supplied conclusive details ; third record for
Gloucestershire.
Grey PLoveR Charadrius squatarola
G. Single bird, New Grounds, Apr. 16 (B.K.) and five, May 11
(M.D.). Nine, Sheperdine, Sept. 29 (W.A.H.); 17, Littleton,
Oct. 27, and five, Aust, Nov. 13)(J-D RwWer
S. Up to six, Clevedon area, Jan. 17—Mar. 17 (P.J.C., W.A.H.) ;
35, same area, Oct. 9 (IT.D.H.M.) ; 23, Axe Estuary, Sept. 29
(R.A.) ; 24, Woodspring Bay, Oct. 30 and six, Dec. 11 (T.B.S.).
GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius
G. Thirty-seven, including eight of northern form, C. a. altifrons,
nr. Frampton-on-Severn, Apr. 1 (L.P.A.). 60, nr. Berkeley, Nov. 26
(J:D:V.R-).
S. Coastal counts include: 85, Sand Bay, Feb. 2 (R.K.N.) ;
183, Weston Bay, Oct. 4; ¢. 1,100, Axe Estuary, Dec. 19 (R.A.).
100 inland, Marksbury, Oct. 30 (R.M.C.) and 310, Dec. 10 (B.K.).
‘TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres
G. Fifteen, Oldbury, Jan. 10 (J.D.R.V.) and 55, Apr. 10
(L.P.A.). Up to eight, New Grounds, May 11-21 and eight,
July 23 (L.P.A.). Usual Severn Beach records (various observers).
S. Sixteen, Clevedon, May 12 (T.B.S.) and ¢.50, Weston Bay,
Sept. 8 (R.A.).
jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus
S. Up to seven, Sand Bay, Jan. 3-Mar. 14 (R.K.N., T.B.S.) ;
one, same place, Dec. 4 (T.B.S.). Four, Chew Valley res., Jan. 31,
Feb. 14-21 (D.A.H., W.A.H., T.D.H.M.) and up to five, Oct. 9-
Nov. 5 (R.S.H., B.K., J.A.McG. ef al.).
Woopcock Scolopax rusticola
S. Undoubtedly more numerous in winter than records suggest.
Single birds, Ebbor Gorge, Mendip, Mar. 20 (R.S.H.), Woodspring
Bay, Oct. 16, Mendip Lodge Wood, nr. Burrington, Nov. 26 (T.B.S.).
BLACK-TAILED Gopwit Limosa limosa
G. New Grounds: single birds, Jan. 31 (L.P.A.) and Apr. 16
(B.K.) ; four, May 4; 18, July 21; nine, Aug. 6; 22, Oct. 28,
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 125
Nov. 3; and up to nine, Nov. 13-17 (various observers). Ten, in
summer plumage, nr. Sheperdine, July 17 (T.D.H.M.) ; two, same
place, Oct..7 (W.A.H.).
S. Unusually numerous on autumn passage. Yeo Estuary
counts include: 19, Sept. 3; 35-40, Sept. 11-Oct. 16 (T.B.S.).
Weston Bay: 16, Sept. 27; 86 on 29th; 35, same place, Oct. 3
and 21 on 18th (R.A.). Chew Valley res.: seven, July 8 (B.K.,
MOA Vy.) s' 03, Aug. 7 (J.A. McG., M.G.W.); eight, Sept. 25
(WW JS).
Bar-TAILED Gopwitr Limosa lapponica
G. Three, New Grounds, Sept. 12 (H.J.B.) and two, Sheperdine,
Sept. 29 (W.A.H.).
S. Three, Kingston Seymour, Apr. 7 (W.A.H.) ; one, Sand
Baya vor. 29 (1.B.5.) ; two, Uphill beach; May 2 (C.E.R.) ; five,
Weston Bay, Aug. 31 and four, Oct. 3 (R.A.) ; up to 20, Wood-
spring Bay, Sept. 3-18 and three, Oct. 16 (R.A., E.M.P., T.B.S.).
Nine, mouth of R. Avon, Sept. 18 (W.A.H.). ‘Twice reported from
Chew Valley res.—single bird, Apr. 30 (W.J.H.H., W.J.S.) and
two, May 7 (B.K.).
GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus
G. Single birds, W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, July 8 (L.P.A.);
Littleton Brickworks, Aug. 7 (P.J.C.) and in low-lying pasture,
Westerleigh, Dec..17 (1.D.H.M.).
So) cuew Valley res... two, Jan. 2 (5.G.M.) ; one, Apr. 30
(B.K.) ; up to 14, June 18—July 31 (various observers) ; at least 22,
Aug. 7 (T.D.H.M.) ; up to 12, Aug. 10 to Sept. 18—thereafter
single birds to Nov. 6 (various observers). Two, Blagdon res.,
aug. 6 (G:G.C.) and one, Aug. 14 (R.M.C.), 17 (C.E.R.). One,
Saltford Sewage Farm, Aug. 15 (R.M.C.). Two, Yeo Estuary,
Wuly 29 (R.B., C.L.) and. one, same place, Sept. 11 (T.B.S.), 26
(W.A.H., J.A.F.W.). Single birds, Sand Bay area, Aug. 6 and 28
(f-B.S.):
Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola
S. Up to seven, Chew Valley res., Aug. 6-27 (B.K., C.E.R.,
‘T.B.S. e¢ al.) and single birds to Sept. 18 (R.S.H. e¢ al.).
ComMMON SANDPIPER Tringa hypoleucos
S. Single birds, presumed wintering: Blagdon res., Jan. 3
(Ea-C.))- Dec. 30 (C.E.R.)-;° Chew Valley res., Jan: 9 (B.S.),
Nov. 27-31 (various observers) ; R. Avon, Pill, Dec. 7 (R.H.P.).
126 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
REDSHANK Tringa totanus
S. Breeding season records: pair, Kewstoke, Apr. 21 (T.B.S.)
and Kenn Moor on goth (P.J.C.) ; four pairs, Portbury area—nest
with four eggs found, May 11 (G.B.) ; two birds, Cheddar res.,
Apr. 30 (B.K.) ; twelve pairs, Chew Valley res., May 21, and at
same res. an ad. with half-grown youngster, July 1, and two fully
grown young seen on 20th (B.K.).
SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus
G. New Grounds: single birds, Mar. 13, June 24 (L:P:4)),
July 6 (M.D.) ; two, Aug. 6, Sept. 15, Nov. 2 (iE P2A Giese),
S. Reservoirs: one, Blagdon, Jan. 2 (T.B.S.) ; one, Chew
Valley, Aug. 21 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and two on 27th (B.K.).
Single birds, Yeo Estuary area, Jan. 26 (W.S., M.W.), Sept. 18,
Oct: 0; Dech 11 Cl:B:S:).
GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia
G. New Grounds: one, May 10; two on 12th and July 15-
Sept. 20 (L.P.A., M.D.) ; single bird, Oct. 12niABE
S. Chew Valley res.: two, Apr. 9 (G.G.C.) ; one, May a1
(B.K.) and up to five, Aug. 3-28 (various observers). One, Saltford
Sewage Farm, Aug. 15 (R.M.C.). Single birds, Axe Estuary area,
July 20, Aug. 5 (R.A.) ; two, Aug. 13, 28 ; four, Septa3 (EeM.E..
T.B.S.) and one, same area, Sept. 18, Oct. 9 (T.B.S.).
Knot Calidris canutus
G. At least 500, Severn Beach, Sept. 28 (W.A.H.) ; 50, New
Grounds, Nov. 28 (B.C.).
S. One in summer plumage, Chew Valley res., July 31 (G.B.),
Aug. 4 (B.C.) ; ailing juvenile caught by hand, same place,
Aug. 28 (G.B.), 1,000 or more, Yeo Estuary-—Sand Bay area,
Oct. 16-30 (R.A., W.A.H., T.B.S.).
PuRPLE SANDPIPER Calidris maritima
G. Single bird, Severn Beach, Mar. 20 (B.K.).
LittLe Stint Calidris minuta
Unusual numbers recorded notably on autumn passage.
G. New Grounds: up to four, May 17—June 3 and Aug. 5-30
(L.P.A.) ; 22, Oct. 1 (M.A.O.) ; 61, Oct. 2 and 30 on grd’; upto
17, Oct. 5-26; two, Nov. 2 (L.P.A.).
S. Chew Valley res.: one, Aug. 27 (B.K.).; -13, Sepiime
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 127
(epi) and up to 25 or more, Sept. 22—-Oct. 4 (W.A.H.,
J.A.McG., M.G.W. eé al.). Single birds, mouth of R. Avon,
Sept. 18 (W.A.H.) ; Kingston Seymour, same date (‘T.D.H.M.) and
Weston Bay, Oct. 7 (R.A.).
CuRLEW SANDPIPER’ Calidris testacea
G. Single birds, New Grounds, Aug. 30 (L.P.A.) and Oct. 1
(M.A.O.) ; three, same place, Oct. 2, 5 (L.P.A.).
S. Single birds, Weston Bay—Sand Bay area, Aug. 26-Sept. 25
(R.A.) ; Kingston Seymour, Sept. 18 (T.D.H.M.) ; Chew Valley
mes), oept. 18 (T.D.H.M.), Oct. 2 (J-A.McG., M.G.W.).
SANDERLING Crocethia alba
G. Sixty-three, New Grounds, May 24; two, same place,
June 23 and fifteen, July 23—Aug. 29 (L.P.A.).
S. Up to 20, Weston Bay-Sand Bay area, Apr. 10o-May 25
(T.B.S.) ; two, same area, July 21, Aug. 26 (R.A., R.M.C., T.B.S.).
RurFr Philomachus pugnax
G. New Grounds: winter records of up to eight, Jan. 1, 2
(L.P.A.). Single bird, same place, Aug. 6; 17 on 29th; up to
eight, Oct. 6-Nov. 2 and single birds till Nov. 17 (L.P.A., M.D.,
M.A.O.).
S. Chew Valley res.: one, Mar. 27 (G.B., W.J.S.) ;_ three,
including male in partial breeding plumage, Apr. 21 (W.A.H.) ;
single bird, July 1 (B.K.) ; up to nine, July 13-Sept. 25 (various
observers) ; 12 or more, Oct. 2 (J.A.McG., M.G.W.) and one on
oth (R.S.H., J.A.McG.). Two, Weston Bay, Oct. 4 (R.A.).
Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta
G. Single bird on Estuary, New Grounds, May 12 (L.P.A.,
M.D.).
Grey PHaLaroPE Phalaropus fulicarius
S. Chew Valley res. : one, Oct. 6 (S.G.M., E.M.W., S.G.W.) ;
two on oth (T.D.H.M., W.J.S.) and 15th (R.B., W.J.H.H., C.L.)
and single birds, Oct. 16 (W.J.S., M.G.W.), Nov. 6 (J.A.McG.).
GREAT SkuA_ Catharacta skua
S. One off Middle Hope (Sand Point), Sept. 11 : seen by R. A.
who records that it was “‘harrying Black-headed Gulls twice in half
128 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
an hour offshore, then sitting on water. Large size, heavy build,
broad wings, dark brown plumage with light patches at base of
primaries’’.
Arctic SKuA_ Stercorarius parasiticus
G. A skua seen in distance on the Estuary, Aust, Aug. 31 was
almost certainly this species (B.C.).
S. One, a light phase bird, on coast, Kingston Seymour,
Sept. 11 ; when first noted it was attacking Black-headed Gulls,
compared with which it was rather larger, and when last seen
(distant view) was in company with what appeared to be a second
Arctic Skua (C.E.R.).
GREAT BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus marinus
S. Inland records : two or three frequently seen, Cheddar and
Chew Valley resrs., notably in periods Jan._Mar. and Nov.—
Dec K.,. [-AsMcG.):
LrssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL_ Larus fuscus graellsi
G. and §. Cotswold records of ¢c.20 in field, Tormarton, Aug. 30
and more than 40 on ploughed land, same area, Oct. 10 (J.D.R.V.).
Roosting in large numbers again reported from Chew Valley res.—
400, with many Herring Gulls, Oct. 23, Nov. 5, and at least 150
as late as Dec. 10 (B.K.).
Results of B.T.O. enquiry into winter distribution, Dec. 1,
1959—Feb. 14, 1960, showed a population in the area of ¢.150 ad.
or fourth-year birds, compared with total of less than 20 found
during survey of 1949-1950. Roosting noted at Chew Valley res.
(60), mouth of Avon (50) and Steep Holm (less than 25), with
largest diurnal numbers along the Avon to Bath (Res. Stn.).
SCANDINAVIAN LEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus fuscus
G. and S. Single bird over the W.T. enclosures, Slimbridge,
Feb. 6 (B.K.), was considered to be an example of this form.
Herrinc Gutu_ Larus argentatus
G. Pair nested, Aust Cliff, 1959 ; ad. seen incubating, June 27
CPG)
ComMMon GuLu Larus canus
S. Noteworthy counts of c.650 on mud, Weston Bay, Dec. 22
(R.A.) and over 420, Blagdon res., on 30th (G.S.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 129
LirrLE Gutu Larus minutus
S. Immature bird, Cheddar res., Apr. 30 (B.K.). One, imm.,
Chew Valley res., Sept. 23 (R.S.H.) and one, ad., Oct. 23 (B.K.).
KittiwaAkE Rissa tridactyla
S. Injured first-summer bird on beach, Sand Bay, June 12
(T.B.S.) ; three, an ad. and two first-winter birds, dead in tide-
wrack, same place, Dec. 4 (P.J.C., M.A.W.).
BLAck ‘TERN C/Alidonias niger
G. Five on the Estuary, New Grounds, May 12 (L.P.A.) ; at
least 130, same place, Aug. 27 (L.P.A.) and two, Sept. 27 (M.D.).
S. Coastal records of single birds, Weston Bay, Aug. 31,
Sept. 2 (R.A.) ; Woodspring Bay, Sept. 3 (E.M.P.) and R. Axe on
2ist (R.A.). Very few on spring passage at resrs.: 17, Chew
Valley, May 12 (R.S.H.) and nine on 13th (B.K.). Seen in most
weeks, Chew Valley, early Aug. to mid-Oct., with max. totals of
22) Aue.20 (B.K.), Sept. 4 (W.J.5.) and 28, Sept. 13 (S.H.G.B.,
A.C.L.). Three, Cheddar, Sept. 1 ; two on 18th and one, Oct. 16
(J.A.McG., M.G.W.). Ten or twelve, Blagdon, Sept. 17, 18
(R.B., G.G.C., C.L.) and two, Barrow Gurney, Oct. g (P.J.C.).
W3HITE-WINGED BLAck TERN Chiidonias leucopterus
G. One on the Estuary, New Grounds, with large number of
Black ‘Terns, Aug. 27; seen and identified by L.P.A. who, in a
detailed description, reports that the bird ‘‘appeared to be moulting
as although it had the broad white area of the forewing on the
upper surface, together with blackish primaries and trailing edge,
the black of the head and body showed traces of white, most notice-
able on the head. Apart from the white forewing the ventral region
and tail (both surfaces) as well as the rump were conspicuously
white’’. First record for Gloucestershire.
CoMMON TERN Sterna hirundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura
G. New Grounds : sixteen on the Estuary, May 12 (M.D.) and
three, July 5 (L.P.A.). One overhead inland near Wick, July 28,
after night of S.W. gales (D.R.H.). Party of four moving south,
Shirehampton, Aug. 28 (R.H.P.).
S. Five flying up-river between Weston-super-Mare and Steep
Holm, May 13 (Res. Stn.). Up to three, Chew Valley res.,
various dates, late Apr. to mid-July (R.S.H., M.A.W. e¢ al.) and
frequently noted, same reservoir, Aug. to late Oct. with max.
130 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
numbers of 14, Aug. 27 (B.K.); 12, Sept. 4(22] Ca sDiRe v7.)
and 18th (R.M.C., T.D.H.M.). Five, Blagdon res., Sept. 18
(R.S.H.). Up to half a dozen, Cheddar res. on several dates, July—
Sept. (B.K., J.A.McG., M.G.W.) but 20 reported by Jnr. Sect.,
Sept. 1. One, same reservoir, as late as Nov. 5 (G.G.C., G.S.).
LittLe Tern Sterna albifrons
G. Single birds on the Estuary, New Grounds, June 9, 10
(L.R.A., M.D.) and Aug. 20, 25 (M.D.).
S. Four, Chew Valley res., May 12 and two on 22nd (R.S.H.).
SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis
G. One on the Estuary, New Grounds, July 3 (L.P.A.).
S. One, perhaps a wintering bird, in flight, Chew Valley res.,
on exceptional date of Mar. 12; seen by B.K., who reports that
good views were obtained and that the dark bill and generally
large size precluded it from being one of the smaller tern species
(For a winter record of one at Cheddar res. in 1945 cf. Brit. Birds,
DOO 93).
LitrtLteE Auk Alle alle
S. Dead bird, without head but otherwise in good condition,
found near water’s edge, Blagdon res., Nov. 6 by R.B. and C.L.,
who have forwarded full details.
Stock Dove Columba oenas
S. Two, Steep Holm, Oct. 5; first record for the island (Res.
Stn.).
BARN Ow. Tyto alba
G. One nr. Thornbury, Feb. 7 (J.D.R.V.) is the only record
received.
S. Reported at frequent intervals and from widely separated
areas (various observers).
SHORT-EARED Ow. Aszio flammeus
S. One in flight, Kingston Seymour, Mar. 31 (J.G., W.A.H.,
J. A.F.W.). One disturbed from plateau, Steep Holm, Oct. 4,
flew out to sea ; first record for the island (Res. Stn.). One put up
on south slope, Sand Point, Oct. 16 (R.A.) and this, or another,
was seen in flight over Spartina beds, Sand Bay, Dec. 21 (T.B.S.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 19 60 131
ALPINE Swirt Apus melba
S. One watched by W.A.H. hawking insects, Redcliffe Bay,
Portishead, Oct. 2; diagnostic features included large size, pale
brown upperparts, white belly and broadly forked tail. Record
accepted by British Birds Rare Birds Committee. Second recorded
occurrence for the Bristol area—the first being in 1851 or earlier
(cf. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 1947, 241).
Swirt Apus apus
G. One, Sheperdine, as late as Oct. 2 (J.D.R.V.).
S. Enormous numbers—not less than 2,000, Chew Valley res.,
May 15 (P.J.C., B.K., M.A.W.).
HoopoEe Ubpupa epops
S. One in flight, Compton Dando, June 6 (P.H.).
LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER Dendrocopus minor
G. One calling from apple tree, Sea Mills, Aug. 1. (H.W.N.).
S. Pair, Leigh Woods, Apr. 20 (B.C.). One, Chewton Keynsham,
Apr. 24 and pair with young in alder stump, Bishop Sutton, June 2
(G.B.).. Noted outside breeding season at Blagdon (W.A.H.),
Chew Valley res. (R.A.), Compton Bishop (J.F.B.) and Great Elm,
nr. Frome (E.D.O.).
WRYNECK Jynx torquilla
S. Single bird moving and calling over wide area of Leigh
Woods, Apr. 20 (B.C.) and one, first seen climbing a vertical iron
pipe, Long Ashton, Aug. 2 (G.E.C.).
WoopLaRK Lullula arborea
S. Noted in breeding season at Holcombe, nr. Downside
(R.S.H.), Blagdon (R.M.C.), Brockley Combe (G.E.C.), Cheddar
(R.A.) and Wavering Down (W.L.R., T.B.S.). Juvenile caught
and ringed, Steep Holm, Oct. 4 (Res. Stn.). One in flight, Weston-
s-Mare, Oct. 16 (R.A.).
SHORELARK Lvemophila alpestris
G. Male, on foreshore, Severn Beach, Jan. 31—Mar. 4 ; first
located by H.D. and subsequently seen by many observers.
SWALLow Hirundo rustica
S. Small easterly passage, most days, Steep Holm, Oct. 1-10 ;
heaviest movement on 4th, when at least 1,000 seen during first
few hours of daylight and g2 caught in mist nets (Res. Stn.).
132 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 19690
RAVEN Corvus corax
S. One or two, frequently noted, Weston-super-Mare area; two
ads. and three juvs., Brean Down, May 21 (E.D.O.). No evidence
of breeding, Steep Holm ; two on island, several days, early Oct.
(Res. stm):
CARRION Crow Corvus corone
S. Pair bred in elder, Steep Holm—two young being ringed,
May 15; two or three on the island, several days, early Oct.,
appeared to return to Brean Down area in late afternoon (Res.
Sti
LONG-TAILED Tir Aegithalos caudatus
S. Marked increase in records from several areas suggest un-
usual autumn numbers. Party of six leaving Brean Down in
westerly direction, and another four on headland, Oct. 16 (P.J.C.,
M.A.W.) ; four in garden (first record), Kewstoke, Weston-s-Mare,
Oce reo (1 B:5));
DrerperR Cinclus cinclus
S. Only one record—single bird on stream, Holcombe, nr.
Downside, May to (R.S.H.).
REDWING Turdus musicus
S. At least 1,000 flying S.S.W., Sand Point, in driving snow,
late afternoon, Jan. 13 and many present, Weston Woods at dusk
(R.K.N.). Large autumn roost in conifers and young beeches,
Rowberrow Warren, Shipham, with peak count of approx.
T2,000; Decs 1071 - Bio).
Ring OuzeL Turdus torquatus
S. One, Sand Point, Mar. 20 (R.B., C.L.) ; male and female,
Brean Down, Mar. 26 (R.H.R.) ; single bird, Sand Bay, Mar. 27
(L.P.T.) and a male, Wavering Down, Apr. 9 (W.L.R., T.B.S.).
Late summer record of male, Brean Down, Sept. 18 (B.S.).
WHEATEAR O6enanthe oenanthe
G. ‘Single bird, Severn Beach, Mar. 11: (IB S2:
S. Early arrival—male, Sand Point, Feb. 29 (W.L.R.) ; next
recorded, Portishead and Brean Down, Mar. 13 (C.M., W.A.H.),
and Woodspring, same date (T.B.S.). Nest with two young, nr.
Charterhouse, June 6 (P.J.C., M.A.W.). Two, possibly three, Steep
Holm, Oct. 7 (Res. Stn.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 133
STONECHAT Saxicola torquata
G. Single birds, Avonmouth, Feb. 7 and Moorend, nr.
Winterbourne, Nov. 5 (R.H.P.) ; male and female, nr. Wester-
leh Nov..27 (J.D.R.V.).
S. Pair feeding four young in nest, Brean Down, Apr. 23
(R.A.). Reported from fourteen different localities with max.
counts of six, Sand Point, Feb. 17 (R.K.N.) ; eight, Brean Down,
Oct. 16 (PiJ.C., M.A.W.) and six, Chew Valley res., Dec. 4
(Bi). Male and female, Steep Holm, Oct. 7 (Res. Sin.).
WHINCHAT Saxicola rubetra
G. One, Sheperdine, Aug. 21 (J.D.R.V.).
S. Seen on spring passage nr. Sand Point, Apr. 24 (T.B.S.) ;
Uphill, Apr. 27 (R.A.) and Stoke Villice, May 5 (R.S.H.). Breeding
season records from Chew Valley res. and several Mendip localities.
BLtack REDSTART Phoenicurus ochruros
S. Female or imm., Brean Down, several dates Feb. (H.W.N.
et al.); ad. male and female or imm., same place, late Oct. to
end of year (many observers). Single female on seawall, Kingston
Seymour, Mar. 31 (J.G., W.A.H., J.A.F.W.) and male, Long
Ashton, Oct. 25 (M.A.W.).
GRASSHOPPER WARBLER Locusiella naevia
G. One, Wick, Apr. 26 (D.R.H.) ; five singing males, Damery,
May 1 (T.D.H.M.) and one ‘ reeling’, Hawkesbury Common,
uly 3 (RUAL.P:).
S. First noted, Blagdon res., Apr. 17 (P.J.C.). Subsequent
records of singing birds from Chew Valley res., (G.B., G.S.),
Leigh Woods (R.M.C.), Sand Point (T.B.S.), Walton Moor
(P.J.C.), and Weston Woods and Worlebury (R.A.).
SAavr’s WARBLER Locustella luscinioides
S. One in marshy growth, Chew Valley res., late July;
first seen, on 24th, by B.K., who in a detailed description refers
to the uniformly drab brown upper parts, the noticeably graduated
tail, and the reeling song—lower in pitch and mostly of shorter
duration than in Grasshopper Warbler; seen also, down to 15 yds.
range, on 30th (B.K., K.B.Y.). Identification confirmed by Brit.
Birds Rare Birds Committee. No previous record for Somerset.
BiackcaP Sylvia atricapilla
G. Male, previously seen end Dec., 1959, in W.T. enclosures,
New Grounds, still present, Jan. 3 (E.M.N.). Male, feeding on
134 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
fat hanging nr. window, Clifton, Jan. 30, Feb. 25, 26 (P.J.C.).
Another record of male in suburban garden, also feeding on fat,
Westbury-on-Trym, several dates, Feb. 7-20; and female in
same garden on 12th (J.F.R.). Single male, St. George, Bristol,
Feb. 27 (G.B:).
DARTFORD WARBLER Sylvia undata
S. Single bird—almost certainly an ad. male—first seen and
identified by W.A.H. in coastal strip of bracken and gorse, nr.
Walton-in-Gordano, Oct. 16. Later in day seen several times at
varying ranges by same observer and H.H.D. who have both
supplied a full description and behaviour notes. First authentic
record for Somerset.
CHIFFCHAFF Phylloscopus collybita
G. and §._ Several records of wintering birds: one in garden,
St. George, Bristol, Feb. 14 (G.B.) ; singing bird, Stanton Drew,
Feb. 21 (W.J.S:) ; two in reed bed, Chew Walley ress Deen 17
(R.B., B.K.) and one, either this or Ph. trochilus, same res., Dec. 18
CEC wVi AWN.)
Frrecrest Regulus ignicapillus
S. Adult male caught in mist net, Steep Holm, Oct. 4 (Res. Stn.).
Prep FLYCATCHER Muscicapa hypoleuca
G. Single birds, Winterbourne, May 5 (L.G.S.) and Wick,
Aug. 6 (D.R.H.).
S. Female, trapped and ringed, Steep Holm, Oct. 10 (Res. Stn.).
RicHARD’s Pipir Anthus richard
S. One flushed from long grass, Brean Down, Oct. 16 (E.G.H.);
record accepted by Brit. Birds Rare Birds Committee.
TreEE Prpir Anthus trivialis
S. Breeding reported from Ashton Park (S.K.T.), Charterhouse
(T.B.S.) and Chew Valley (W.J.S.) ; also reported in breeding
season from Cheddar, Priddy and Shipham (T.B.S.).
Rock Piprr Anthus spinoletia petrosus
S. Reservoir records of single birds, presumably this race: Chew
Valley, Feb. 28 (R.M.C.) and Mar. 12 (B.K.) ; Cheddar, Oct. 16
(J.A.McG.), Dec. 11 (R.M.C.) and 29th (M.G.W.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960 135
Water Pipir Anthus spinoletia spinoletta
G. Single bird in summer plumage, New Passage, Apr. 1
(W.A.H.).
S. Identified, Chew Valley res.,all months Jan._Apr. and Oct.—
Dec. with highest counts of eight, Mar. 13 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and
nine, Mar. 20 (W.J.S.), Apr. 3 (R.M.C.); smaller autumn
numbers with one, occasionally two, reported from Oct. 30
(R.M.C., R.S.H., M.J.W. ef al.). One, Cheddar res., Mar. 27
(P.J.C., M.A.W.) and Nov. 23 (W.L.R.).
Ware WactaiL Motacilla alba alba
G. Seven, New Grounds, Apr. 16 (B.K.).
S. First spring record—two, Cheddar res., Apr. 3 (M.G.W.) ;
up to four reported to second week of May, Chew Valley res.,
Clevedon, Sand Bay and Weston-super-Mare (various observers).
BLUE-HEADED WactTaIL Modtacilla flava flava
S. Single males of this race seen in company with flavisstma
wagtails, Cheddar res.. May 1 (M.G.W.) and Chew Valley res.,
same date (B.S.).
RED-BACKED SHRIKE Lanius collurio
S. Male, Kewstoke, same site as in prevous year, May 13 to
June 19, but no evidence of breeding {R.A., 'T.B.S.). A male,
sea wall hedgerow, nr. Kingston Seymour, June 5 (H.H.D.).
STARLING Sturnus vulgaris
G. Recoveries of birds ringed in Bristol :—
Ringed Recovered
(as full-grown)
V 13383, Eastville, 12/2/60: 85m. N.N.E. nr. Cannock, Staffs, 15/3/60
(M.J.B.)
V 31866, Downend, 13/12/59: Nr. Eutin, Schleswig Holstein, Germany,
26/5/60 (R.H.P.)
X 33477, Clifton, 16/1/60 : Diehsa, nr. Dresden, Germany, 3/8/60 (P.J.C.)
HawFincH Coccothraustes coccothraustes
G. Single birds, Durdham Down, Jan. 7 (S.K.T.) ; Stoke
Bishop, Feb. 15, 20 (1.H.S.) and Mar. 18 (C.M.).
GREENFINCH Chloris chloris
G. and §. Increase in usual winter population, Jan.—Mar.,
reported from Downend (50 caught in small garden), Eastville,
Horfield, Stoke Bishop and New Grounds (M.J.B., H.J.B., R.H.P.
et al.). F locks totalling at least 1,000, Chew Valley res., Jan. 31
(T.D.H.M.).
D
136 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT, 1960
SISKIN Carduelis spinus
G. ‘Twenty-four, reported previous Dec., Bitton, still present
Jan. 2 (G.B.) ; two on river-bank, Avonmouth, Feb. 7 (R.H.P.)
and up to 8, Feeder Canal, Bristol for most of month (B.K.B.).
Two, New Grounds, Nov. 8 (L.P.A.).
S. Singles or small parties noted, winter months, at Blagdon
(P.J.C.), Cheddar (J.A.McG.), Kenn Moor (W.J.S.), Saltford
(P.H., P. Stiling) and Weston Woods (R.K.N.). Probable
passage migrants—five, Sand Bay, Oct. 13 (W.L.R.) ; one flying
north, Sand Point, Oct. 23 and party of seven, moving west, same
place on goth (R.A.).
LessER REDPOLL Carduelis flammea cabaret
G. Twelve, Filton golf course, Mar. 22 and three on 24th
(T.D.H.M.). One in W.T. enclosures, New Grounds, in Apr. ;
two, May 1 and one, Oct. 24 (L.P.A.).
S. Two in birch copse, Burrington, Nov. 5 (T.B.S.).
Corn Buntinc Emberiza calandra
S. Winter record of three on shore, Sand Bay, Jan. 10 (R.A.,
T.B.S.). Singing birds in breeding season, Charterhouse (T.B.S.),
Saltford (B.K.) and Yoxter, Mendip (P.J.C.).
Cirt Buntinc § Emberiza cirlus
G. Single bird, Draycott, May 19 (J.D.R.V.) and Horse Shoe
Bend, Shirehampton, June 1 (H.W.N.).
S. Reported from many localities at all seasons ; two pairs
bred in garden, Wraxall (W.G.).
Snow Buntinc Plectrophenax nivalis
G. Single bird, New Grounds, Jan. 8 (L.P.A.).
S. Two, Cheddar, Jan. 16 (T.D.H.M.). Coastal records—
eleven, Sand Bay, Jan. 9 (T.B.S.) and at least seventeen on 17th
(R.A.) ; sixteen, Woodspring Bay, same date, and one, Sand
Point, Mar. 31 (T.B.S.). Autumn return to Sand Bay, Nov.—Dec.,
with max. count of fourteen, Nov. 20 (R.A., R.B., C.L., T.B.S.).
Three, Brean Down, Nov. 10 (J.A.McG.) ; party of seven, Kingston
Seymour, on 13th (D.J.H., T.D.H.M.).
House Sparrow Passer domesticus
S. Seven females or imms., moving over plateau, Steep Holm,
Oct. 6 (Res. Stn.) and four, flying west, Sand Point, Oct. 30
(RAS):
137
fcePrDpOPTERA NOTES
BRESTOL DISTRICT, 1960
By C. S. H. BLatHwaytT
M FTER average weather during the first few months of the
year some fine and warm conditions were experienced during
May and June. From the beginning of July onwards the weather
was generally wet and very poor and the year was a bad one for
both Butterflies and Moths.
The following notes are taken from records supplied by R.
Angles (R.A.), K. H. Poole (K.H.P.) and A. H. Weeks (A.H.W.),
and also my own records (no initials).
Colias croceus Fourc. (edusa Fabr.) (Common Clouded-yellow). One on 12 July,
three in mid-Sept., Wrington (A.H.W.); one at Uphill, Aug. 25 (R.A.);
one at Flax Bourton, Aug. 3.
Argynnis cydippe Linn. (adippe Linn.) (High Brown Fritillary). A few seen behind
Brockley and Goblin Combes, 19 June to 12 July (A.H.W.).
Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady). One specimen in late March, Avon Gorge,
and another at Yatton, 25 June (A.H.W.); one at Brean Down, 30 July (R.A.).
Vanessa atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral). A considerable movement of specimens
(35 counted) eastward in Brean Down area, Sept. 26 (R.A.).
Thecla betulae Linn. (Brown Hairstreak). 18 larvae beaten from Sloe near
Glastonbury, June 6, produced 18 butterflies between July to and Aug. 15.
Arctia villica Linn. (Cream-spot Tiger). Several at light, Weston, end of May
to early June.
Comacla senex Hubn. (Round-winged Footman). One at Shapwick, June 3,
and another at Weston, July 2, both at light.
Cybosia mesomella Linn. (Four-dotted Footman). Common at light at Shapwick,
June 3.
Agrotis cinerea Hubn. (Light Feathered Rustic). One at light at Milton, May 31
(I< ELP*).
Hadena suasa Schiff. (dissimilis Knoch) (Dog’s-tooth). One at light at Shapwick,
July 29.
Hadena conspersa Esp. (nana Rott.) (Common Marbled Coronet). One at light at
Weston, May 9.
Apamea sublustris Esp. (Reddish Light Arches). One at light at Milton, June 26
(K.H.P.).
Dasypolia templi Thunb. (Brindled Ochre). One at light at Weston, Oct. 15.
Arenostola fluxa Hubn. (hellmanni Ev.) (Mere Wainscot). One at light at Weston,
iuines23°
Leucania putrescens Hubn. (Devon Wainscot). One at light at Weston, July 24.
Leucania unipuncta Haw. (White-speck Wainscot). One at light at Weston
Sept. 12.
138 c. 8S. H. BLATHWAYT
Caradrina ambigua Fabr. (Vine’s Wainscot). One at light at Weston, Aug. 24.
Kenobia retusa Linn. (Double Kidney). Several at light at Shapwick, July 209.
Orthosia advena Schiff. (opima Hubn.) (Northern Drab). One at light at Weston,
April 25.
Tiliacea citrago Linn. (Orange Sallow). One at light at Milton, Sept.1 (K.H.P.).
Cirrhia giluago Esp. (Dusky-lemon Sallow). One at light at Weston, Sept. 27.
Tholomiges turfosalis Wocke (Marsh Oblique-barred). A few at light at Shapwick,
July 29.
Comibaena pustulata Hufn. (Blotched Emerald). One at light at Weston, June 21.
Sterrha trigeminata Haw. (Treble-spot Wave).
09-9G6] ‘sharing MubAJESU0) AINJON WOL/
{Ul0q AB[HUIL] JO {SDJ OUI[JSDOD -Z/ON
SJUBUMIOOXT {JIG JO SO/IS [Breen
(40low) sounjan.ys ajburys Fas]
P4JOMS DUYIOUS [EEE]
INOGIDH
VoL. XXX, Pr. II PLATE II]
Top: Limestone pavement between Lilstock and Hinkley.
Middle: Beach cobbles derived from the limestone pavement.
Bottom : Iniection site at Stolford Farm (23rd March, 1955).
| face p. 164.
VOL OO bie th PLATE 1
WALL COMMON : SHINGLE SIZE VARIATIONS
Top: Bottom of beach
Middle: Face of beach ridge
Bottom: Crest of beach ridge
face p. 165. |
BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 165
these varies in amount, size and composition. In part, this is a
result of the peculiar hydraulic conditions here, but more especially
it is a reflection of the spasmodic supply of beach material. Both
the cliffs and the “‘ pavement ”’, with their well developed jointing,
are sources of limestone blocks. ‘These are initially large and
angular (Plate II, top) but ultimately progressively smaller and
more rounded (Plate II, middle, and Plate III). In addition the
sandstones, which are also present, may come either from the
west or from the solifluction gravels overlying the cliffs. Under
present conditions these gravels are the major source.
Apart from a small outlier of the limestone abrasion platform
exposed at Stolford, the coast to the east of Hinkley is a shingle
storm beach fronted by large expanses of mudflats and backed
by low alluvial land. For at least the last 150 years most of the
area has shown a marked tendency to erode, as the presence of
both sea walls and groynes testifies. However, in the zone of
shingle complexes, between Stolford and Wall Common, it can
be demonstrated that deposition has been dominant for much
of this period (Kidson, 1960). ‘The recent planting of Spartina
grass to the east of Wall Common, and its spread almost to Stert
Point, has produced rapid deposition resulting in a marked raising
of the foreshore. Here too erosion has given place to accretion.
The bulk of the beach material in this area appears to be derived
ultimately from the west though some small local sources, such
as the patch of Devonian gravel at Stolford Farm, do exist.
One of the chief factors governing the rate of movement of
beach material along the whole of this part of the coast is the
relatively short period during which the tide actually reaches the
shingle storm beach or the cliffs. Broadly, this length of time
decreases towards the east except close to the Parrett estuary,
in the Stert Point area, where different conditions prevail. ‘Thus,
immediately to the east of Lilstock, the cliffs are subject to attack
for a period each day, even during neap tides, while in the vicinity
of Steart village and Cox’s Farm, behind the protective Spartina
sward, the storm beach is now reached by waves only at high
water springs, and only then under exceptional storm conditions
(Kidson, 1960). In this respect, if in no other, the Spartina has
merely emphasised a condition that was always present to a
considerable extent.
THE INJECTION SITES
At an early stage in physiographic studies on the coast near
the mouth of the River Parrett it became apparent that information
was needed on the direction and speed of movement of beach
166 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR
material. For this purpose a series of experiments was designed
making due allowance for the particular local configuration of
the coast and the form of the beach material. At the beginning
of the experiments, markers were laid down at seven sites (Fig. 1)
between Lilstock and Cox’s Farm. At a later date Stert Point
was added. Lilstock was chosen since it provided a position on
the open coast, and both there and at Hinkley Point the sites
were subject to wave attack for a much longer period than the
areas further east. Hinkley Point is also the eastern limit of deep
water close inshore. Further east, wave energy is attenuated by
the passage of waves over the wide mudflats. Stolford and
Wall Common were selected since they were in the zone of shingle
complexes where, unlike at Hinkley, deposition rather than
erosion was dominant. ‘The “ Parish Boundary ”’ site, together
with those at Steart Village and Cox’s Farm, was influenced by
the protective Spartina sward. Stert Point, beyond the eastern
limit of the Spartina, was a site subject to the influences of the
estuary. ‘Three of these sites are shown in more detail in Fig. 2.
At each site markers were laid down in a line normal to the
beach. The line extended from the crest of the storm beach across
the whole of the shingle on to the mud and sand flats beyond.
Plate II (bottom) shows the upper part of the injection site at
Stolford Farm at the beginning of the experiment. Since the belt
of shingle is of variable width, the length of the line, along which
the markers were disposed, was also variable. Each line was
divided into zones. In the three western sites, these comprised
High Tide, Intermediate and Low Tide zones. Eastwards of
Stolford, a High Tide and a Low Tide zone only were differentiated.
MARKERS AND METHODS OF TRACING
The conditions at Bridgwater, which differed widely from those
on the East Coast, made it necessary to employ very different
techniques. On the East Coast the actual beach material was |
labelled with radio-active tracers. In the Bridgwater experiments
fireclay markers were used. These consisted of bricks of a local
pattern, each having a series of twenty holes. ‘The surface labelling
with radio-active tracers, possible with a relatively durable material |
such as flint shingle could not be employed with the Liassic lime- |
stone pebbles of this beach because of their poor resistance to |
abrasion. The brick markers possessed a number of advantages. |
They could easily be seen on a beach composed of grey limestone |
and purple sandstone pebbles. Like the limestone shingle, they |
began as angular fragments which later became rounded by beach |
BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET
Stile of
; former
! Breakwoler
/
ins /Line of
Ds Markers
MN,
-
BIO ce
nA’?
Limeston
Oulfall
| Line of .
| Mar Kers. a i
-—-!
=] Shingle Ridges
Spartina ; —
Sward Fossil" Shingle Ridges
. Limit of Mobile Shingle
SCAL E
Maley h
Line of
Markers
160 O 1000
Fic. 2. Detailed site maps.
(a) Lilstock Harbour
(5) Stolford Farm
(c) Wall Common
167
168 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR
processes. ‘The specific gravity of the brick markers was reasonably
close to that of both the limestone and sandstone shingle. A
pilot trial with fireclay markers and labelled shingle from the
beach showed that the markers were strictly comparable with the
beach material in their passage alongshore. Lastly, the transverse
holes made it possible to use galvanised wire tags for identification.
On subsequent recovery it was possible to determine the initial
size, initial site and the zone within the site itself, from which the
marker had originated. ‘The wire tags were supplemented by the
use of marine paint which could be identified in the holes through
the bricks even after a very long period of time.
The markers were of three sizes: whole, half and quarter
bricks, hereafter referred to as sizes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. As
far as possible, sizes of markers were chosen to conform to the
range of size of shingle present in a particular site; numbers
were related to the width of the shingle belt. Where, as in the
most eastern locations, large beach material was not present, or
merely represented an insignificant fraction of the shingle, only
the two smaller grades, numbers 2 and 3, were used. Only at
Lilstock Harbour, the most westerly experimental location, was
any fraction of the beach material appreciably larger than the
biggest markers employed. To confirm the impression that this
large material did not move, a line normal to the beach
was marked and at the end of two years was still in the same
place.
In the initial stages of the experiment the beach was searched
after each tide. Thereafter, searches were conducted at fortnightly
intervals, i.e., after each cycle of spring tides. The interval
between searches was later increased to one month and finally
to three months. The position of each marker recovered was
established in relation to the original line and to the crest of the
beach by chaining or pacing or both. Since the whole of the
shingle was exposed at low water, provision for underwater
detection was not necessary. The results of each search were
plotted on a large scale map, the survey for which had already
been completed by the Nature Conservancy’s Coastal Section.
Intensive studies into shingle movement here began in January
1955 and ended some two years later in December 1956. During
this period, it was found necessary to establish an additional site
at Stert Point, and to supplement the markers at some of the
original positions, to answer problems arising during the course
of the experiments. Table I gives the dates on which markers
were placed and the number of zones, quantities, and grades of
markers used at each experimental site. Since December 1956 a
BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 169
periodic examination of the beach has been continued to enable
the long term pattern of movement to be studied.
TABLE I. BRIDGWATER BAY: DRIFT EXPERIMENTS :
DETAILS OF INJECTION SITES
Date(s) | Number Length of zones :
Site of of Sizes feet from crest of
injection | Markers Beach Ridge
Lilstock Harbour ..| 28.1.55 462 o-140 High Tide t+
I
2 140-280 Intermediate
3 280-420 Low Tide
Hinkley Point al) 20.1.55 237 I o—73 High Tide
2 73-146 Intermediate
3 146-225 Low Tide
Stolford Farm ..| 28.17.55 34 o-70 High Tide
I
23.3.55 202 2 70-140 Intermediate
3 140-210 Low Tide
Wall Common Feil P2255 84
2 o-120 High Tide*
28.3.56 150 3 | 120-240 Low Tide
“ Parish Boundary ”’ 17.2.55 72 2 o-18 High Tide
3 18-35 Low Tide
Steart Village eel a762255 72 2 o-47 High Tide
3 47-94 Low Tide
Cox’s Farm .. S726 5 72 2 o-50 High Tide
3 50-100 Low Tide
Stert Point .. ..| 28.3.56 126 P o-49 High Tide
3 | 49-99 Low Tide
t At Lilstock Harbour, these terms mean literally what they say. The termin-
ology has been retained throughout even though elsewhere the low water
mark is well below the lower limit of the line.
* The injection line at this site extended well on to the mudflats to ensure
that no movement over the Spartina sward, which begins here, should pass
undetected.
RATES OF RECOVERY
In all the experimental sites, recoveries in the first few months
were very high. At the lower end of the original injection lines,
little movement took place and recoveries were virtually 100%.
Of those which moved, the number accounted for never fell
below 50% in the first six months and was often very much higher.
In the seventh and eighth months, however, many of the markers
which had travelled alongshore and which were disposed in the
170 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR
beach ridge were buried because of the combing down of the
ridge in a period of stormy weather. ‘Thereafter recoveries of
these markers never reached the original high values. This fact
is, In itself, significant in illustrating one way in which beach
material is lost to circulation by incorporation in the beach ridge.
The methods of marking proved highly successful. At Lilstock
less than 2°% of the markers had lost their galvanised tags at the
end of two years. Elsewhere results were even more satisfactory.
Where marine paint was used to supplement wire tags, no difficulty
was encountered in identification even after more than 6 years.
MOVEMENT OF MARKERS
It very quickly became apparent that the experimental sites
could be divided into those where appreciable movement took
place and those where almost no travel of any kind was recorded.
At the “‘ Parish Boundary ’’, Steart Village and Cox’s Farm sites,
all of which lie behind the protective Spartina sward, the markers
remained in situ for virtually the whole initial period and, indeed,
for more than 6 years. At Cox’s Farm slight movement took
place but, even here, the furthest travelled marker was less than
150 feet from the point of injection after two years. At the
remaining five sites, Lilstock Harbour, Hinkley Point, Stolford
Farm, Wall Common and Stert Point, movement, generally in
an easterly direction, but sometimes towards the west, began
immediately and continued intermittently throughout the period.
Speed of movement recorded was, however, by any standard of
comparison extremely slow. ‘The maximum travel in 2 years was
less than at Orford, Suffolk, in one month (Kidson, Carr and
Smith, 1958). A mass of data on movement in each site has
been accumulated and it is clearly impossible within a single
paper to record the whole of it. Selective examples will be given
to illustrate the points of greatest interest which arose.
The pattern of movement at Lilstock (Fig. 3) shows features
which were common to all the remaining areas where movement
took place. At an early stage in the experiment the upper part
of the line, i.e. the High Tide zone, was swept clear of markers
which were then carried alongshore and were found thereafter
as part of the beach ridge. The bulk of the markers in the Low
Tide zone and in the Intermediate zone remained on, or very
close to, the original line, throughout the whole of the experiment.
Even after 6 years, as many as 70% of the markers, originally
placed at the bottom of the line, were to be found within 80 feet
ofit. Only a very few found their way to the beach ridge. Lilstock
BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 171
ALL MARKERS THUS:-[:° J
aie oe 360) Riage Ces
r@) net eae eee pa See icceteermerceeine§
-50
1 — —__
o S,] NO nN
w oO or
° 2 rs} 3 S © FEET
sd ° ro) 3
West | East
90-- =:
400
so Er. ALL MARKERS THUS:-[::: |
300
250
200
\— — —Aog yo pu7
—=—— Beach Ridge Crest -—__—_>
oO fe) Nn =~ o Dw) )
je) = Pay fon) on
°o 3 S rt 3 © FEET
Fic. 3. Lilstock Harbour: distribution of markers after five months (above)
and after two years (below).
172 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR
is the one area where beach material is found of a greater size
than that of the largest markers used. It could therefore be
argued that the indications of lack of movement at the lower end
of the line were the direct consequence of the trapping of the
marked material by the large shingle. This undoubtedly contri-
buted in some way, but it must be noted that the large material
was much more common in the Intermediate zone. The end
of the Low Tide zone of the original line was in fact in sand and
mud. ‘There was nothing to impede movement at the base of
the line, yet there movement was negligible. The same pattern
repeated itself at all the other sites where movement took place
and it is apparent that movement is virtually confined to a narrow
belt close to the limits of high water. ‘This impression is con-
firmed by the broad belt of “‘ static’ shingle, partially buried in
the mud of the foreshore, and on most of the beach separated along
a clear cut line from the clean “‘ mobile ”’ shingle towards the top
of the beach. This same pattern of movement is shown at Stert
Point where widely different conditions prevail. ‘The overall size
of beach material here is much smaller yet only those markers in
the High Tide zone were moved alongshore. Fig. 4 shows that
the part of the original injection line resting on the “static ”’
shingle remained in situ. The Stert Point site shows another
feature common throughout. Once the marked material from the
High Tide zone had been swept alongshore and incorporated into
the beach ridge, further developments related almost solely to the
longshore progression of this material towards the end of the
shingle structure, in this case the terminal spit.
Another feature revealed by the results at Lilstock and Stert
Point, which is characteristic of the whole area, and which is,
indeed, to be found on any coast, as for example at Orfordness,
(Kidson, Carr and Smith, 1958) is the number of markers which
were thrown to the top of the beach ridge. These remained
there for long periods until they were again moved by waves on
an even higher spring tide or under more severe storm conditions.
Some of these markers could be found in the same position for
month after month before they were finally reintroduced into
circulation or buried.
The Hinkley Point site demonstrated all the features observed
at Lilstock and Stert Point though the markers which moved
travelled appreciably further in a given period than those at
other sites. This can be explained in terms of the prominent
position of Hinkley Point, especially in relation to wave attack
from the dominant direction which is here slightly north of west.
To the east lies a long stretch of smooth shoreline where the water,
BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 173
INJECTION LINE
(126 Markers
Injected 2831 956)
Limit of Mobile Shingle 100
Shingle Ridges
E==] Shoreline of Sand/Silt
Fic. 4. Stert Point: distribution of markers.
174 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR
at high tide, is still sufficiently deep to allow the waves to retain
much of their energy and thus to transport shingle more rapidly.
East of Stolford, the attenuation of wave energy through shallowing
becomes progressively greater until the estuary is reached. One
feature distinguishes Hinkley Point from all the other sites. This
is the very pronounced nature of the western element in shingle
movement which reached a maximum of more than 1,700 feet
as shown in Table II.
TABLE II. MOVEMENT AT HINKLEY POINT (HIGH TIDE
ZONE MARKERS)
Movement (in feet)
Westerly Easterly
Plot No. and Date Mean Max. Mean Max.
2. 23rd March 1955 nae 1141 1746 1413 T 43857
7. 12th July 1955 Sy. a 561 1051 1997 4833
12. 13th Nov. 1955... a — 1284* 2485 7140
16. 27th March 1956 .. ee — 750* 3509T 6756T
19. 19th Dec. 1956... >. — fo) 2399 5873¢
- 15th March 1961 .. oe — — 3294 5914
Evidence of westerly drift immediately before search.
1 residual marker only.
Between Plots 16 and 19, building operations for Somerset River Board sea.
wall at Hinkley Point destroyed the injection site. Reduction of maximum.
and mean travel reflect burial of furthest travelled markers rather than any
continuation of westerly drift.
++ %—}
This movement followed a period of storms from the north-east
after the experiment had been under way for two months. Although
this travel towards the west had been cancelled out by the end of
the experiment, it did serve to show a feature which is characteristic
of beaches everywhere and which in some places is of vital signifi-
cance. Beach material does not move alongshore in one direction
only. It can and does move back and forth in response to changes.
in the angle of wave approach.
After the experiment had been under way in this site for a
little over 15 months, a good deal of the shingle at the top of the
beach was incorporated in a sea wall built by the Somerset River
Board in an attempt to stop the erosion of Hinkley Point. Since
the High Tide zone close to the injection line had already been.
BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 175
swept clear of markers, the results of this building were negligible.
Only the few markers which had been thrown on to the top of the
beach ridge became involved in the operation. At a later date
a start was made on the much larger sea wall for the new Nuclear
Power Station at Hinkley Point. This wall was sited further
seaward than its predecessor because the turbine house has been
placed on what was the upper part of the beach. This so changed
conditions that the experiment here was not continued after the
initial two year period but a recent search has indicated that
the trends of the first two years have been continued. It is note-
worthy that the experimental data were used by the Consulting
Engineer for the construction of the Nuclear Power Station sea
wall and were responsible in some measure for facilitating its
design and erection. Elsewhere on this coast other human inter-
ference included normal coast defence operations such as the use
of draglines for repairing gaps in the shingle ridge, where this
formed a major element in the sea defences, and the construction
of groynes. Fortunately none of this work, which must be regarded
almost as a beach process in itself, came sufficiently early in the
experiments to be a major influence.
Both the sites in the zone of the shingle complexes, Stolford
and Wall Common, show a similar pattern of movement to those
further west. This is demonstrated for Wall Common in Fig. 5.
However, the most striking feature of the experimental results in
these two sites was the differential movement of different sizes of
markers. Fig. 6 shows the position at Stolford in the early stages
of the experiment. The mean position of size 2 markers indicates
much greater travel compared with that of size 3 markers for
the same dates.
TABLE III. DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENT OF SIZE 2 AND SIZE 3
MARKERS AT WALL COMMON
Arithmetical mean of the Easterly travel of
Plot No. markers in feet.
Size 2 Size 3
1 (3 weeks) 394 83
2 296 157
3 443 236
4 489 369
5 (9 weeks) 478 339
6 513 306
7 460 320
8 551 400
9 (20 weeks) 673 419
io 747 92!
176 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR
tos
tas
LH
700
End of Spit — ——
600
500
il .
a) e
~
NS 400
e ;
Sy
x 300
x :
~J e
~J
me
200
: a
= a ;
o
Wh e
& 100
Oo e ~n
A §
3 ‘
v 3
a alee Aas eS
ae f ae =
aioe 5
| : q
Line Rena 4 2 : aie ° U 0
FEET= & 8 R & 8, Spee
t !
Fic. 5. Wall Common: distribution of markers after two years.
177
BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET
LANDWARDS
SEAWARDS
uy
5
=
Xx
~
SEAWARDS
NO/L/SOdIG #0 INIT TYNIDIYO D-7
LSIYD FOG/Y HOVIT A-wW
GG6I-E-S2 GID Td SYTHAVN
Obie 5 @U0Z? AJOG fOYs 4Q/
UOLISOF UDA Of SIAJOY SOEQUINN
INOZ FOIL MOT
oN LOTd
AWM
analysis of differential movement.
Fic. 6. Stolford Experiment :
178 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR
Table III depicts the same feature at Wall Common. Fig. 6
indicates also that on some occasions the mean position of one size
of marker may move in an opposite direction to the mean position
of a different size between any one search and the next. This
is especially well shown in plots 6 and 7, where appreciable travel
has occurred to the east in the size 2 markers, while movement of |
the size 3 markers is much smaller. The mean position of size 3
material, from two of the original zones, has in fact progressed
towards the west. This is a genuine change and not the result
of burial of far travelled markers (cf. footnote to Table IT).
Differential movement has been recorded elsewhere. Steers
(1948), for example, noted it between sand and shingle at Blakeney
Point, Norfolk. He argued that the shingle was affected by
waves from the north-east, the sand by currents from the opposite
direction. Arkell (1947) quotes N. M. Richardson (1902) and
Vaughan Cornish (1898). Richardson thought that individual
pebbles on Chesil Bank travelled until such time as their size
grading conformed to that of the remainder of the beach material.
Cornish observed that there were two sets of waves of very different
intensities and directions operating on the beach at Chesil. He
believed that these together were responsible for the well-known
grading by moving large and small material differentially. Cur-
rents, used in the sense of tidal streams, are clearly not relevant
at Bridgwater Bay in view of the large size of beach material.
Wave direction and wave form just as certainly are the important
factors. Because of the very special hydraulic conditions on this
coast, differential movement has not resulted in a very marked
degree of grading. The shingle is disposed in structures which
tend to be separate one from another in response to these hydraulic
conditions. Even within a single structure only partial grading
is to be observed (Plate III).
This differential movement of shingle dependent on size and
position on the beach runs completely counter to the basic assump-
tions made by Reid and Jolliffe (1961). In a paper on shingle
movement on certain South Coast beaches, they assume that the
rate of movement of all material, irrespective of size, position on
the beach or the depth of burial, within specified limits, is uniform.
Uniformity of movement is, however, demonstrably not the
general rule since the experiments at Bridgwater Bay have shown
the opposite to be true. That this is not a freak result in response
to purely local conditions is demonstrated by the Orfordness
experiments (Kidson, Carr and Smith, 1958). Here a considerable
proportion of the marked shingle found was again thrown to the
top of the beach under storm conditions and remained there
BEACH DRIFT EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGWATER BAY, SOMERSET 179
throughout the period of the experiment. Meanwhile other
marked material moved as much as 1} miles to the north and
subsequently over 4 mile to the south. Reid and Jolliffe also
assume that the net drift pattern between any two injections of
marked material, in their case a week, is the same as the general
pattern over a whole year, and that movement of material is
constant and in one direction only. Yet counter drift was a
marked feature in both the Bridgwater Bay and the Orfordness
experiments, carried out in widely contrasting situations and
where one direction of movement would appear to be dominant.
CONCLUSIONS
The most obvious conclusion from the Bridgwater Bay drift
experiments is that the progression of beach material alongshore
is extremely slow. Even six years after the marked material was
laid down on the beach the furthest travelled marker from Lilstock
Harbour was found only 7,500 feet from its point of origin. At
Hinkley Point, where movement was more rapid than at any
other site, the furthest travelled marker averaged only 80 feet
per month. In the early stages of the experiments the maximum
travel was of the order of 2,000 feet a month. The difference
between these figures is simply a reflection of the fact that pebbles
are unable to move for long periods, when they are buried or
cast so high up the beach as to be out of reach of the waves. ‘The
leeward movement of the mean of all the markers which travelled
at all from the Hinkley Point site average less than 50 feet a month
over a six year period. There can be few stretches of coast with
such slow-moving beach material.
This coast is unique, not only in respect to slow movement
but also in relation to the very narrow belt within which this
movement is confined. Only those markers which were laid
down close to the high water mark entered into the circulation of
beach material. ‘Those further down the beach remained virtually
static.
The dominant direction of movement in the experimental area
is from west to east though travel in the opposite direction does
occur from time to time, as the results for Hinkley Point especially
demonstrate.
Perhaps the most striking feature which has resulted from these
experiments is the differential nature of shingle movement which
has been considered at some length above. Larger shingle quite
clearly moves at a different speed and sometimes even in a different
direction from smaller pebbles. This selective treatment of beach
180 C. KIDSON AND A. P. CARR
material by the waves produces almost perfect grading in coastal
sites such as Chesil Bank. Similar grading does not take place
along this coast because movement of individual pebbles tends
to be confined to the limits of a single structure. On only a
very few occasions, even over a period of as long as six years were
markers observed to travel beyond these limits. The larger
material travels relatively quickly towards the end of the beach
ridge or shingle complex of which it is part. There, it is held
up and the more slowly travelling smaller material begins to
overhaul it. Only partial grading can take place under these
circumstances.
This part of Bridgwater Bay is as unique physiographically
as it is in many other respects. The results of the drift experiments
described above show features which could not be reproduced
on other stretches of coast, yet some of the lessons are of universal
application. ‘The movements of beach material are as variable
as the waves which induce them.
REFERENCES
Arkell, W. J. 1947. The Geology of the Country around Weymouth,
Swanage, Corfe and Lulworth, Memoir of the Geological
Survey of Gt. Britain. H.M.S.O.
Cornish, V. 1898. On Sea Beaches and Sandbanks. Geogr. 7.
11, 628. Cited m, Arkell, W. J. above:
Kidson, C., Carr, A. P., and Smith, D."°B: ose.) Further
experiments using radioactive methods to detect the move-
ment of shingle over the sea bed and alongshore. Geogr. 7.
124, 210-18.
Kidson, C. and Carr. A. P. 1959. The movement of shingle
over the sea bed close inshore. Geogr. 7. 125, 380-89.
Kidson, C. 1960. The Shingle Complexes of Bridgwater Bay.
Publ. Inst. Brit. Geogr., No. 28.
Kidson, C. (in litt.)\. The Growth of Sand and Shingle Spits
across Estuaries.
Reid, W. J. and Jolliffe, I. P. 1961. Coastal Experiments with
Fluorescent Tracers. Dock Harb. Author. 41, 341-45.
Richardson, N. M. 1902. An experiment on the movements of
a load of brickbats deposited on Chesil Beach. Proc. Dorset
nat. Hist. Fld. Cl. 23, 123. Cited in Arkell, W. J. aipove
Steers, J. A. 1948. The Coastline of England and Wales. Cam-
bridge, p. 350.
25
me
re
PRESIDENTS
WILLIAM SANDERS
HENRY E. FRIPP
GEORGE FORSTER BURDER |
JOHN BEDDOE
Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY |
Rev. THOMAS HINCKS
Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN
Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER
Professor SYDNEY YOUNG
S. H. SWAYNE
Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN
_. ARTHUR B. PROWSE ..
Cc. K. RUDGE
JAMES W. WHITE
G. MUNRO SMITH
Miss I. M. ROPER
G. C. GRIFFITHS ws bh
ERNEST (later Sir Ernest) H. COOK
H. WOMERSLEY a
Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE ..
JAMES RAFTER
A. L. FLEMMING
et W. TUTCHER ..
F. S. WALLIS sn me
Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE ..
G. E. J. McMURTRIE ‘
Professor MACGREGOR SKENE
H. TETLEY z
Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR |
F. W. EVENS
H. H. DAVIS
Professor W. F. WHITTARD
J. H. SAVORY
R. BASSINDALE ..
Miss M. H. ROGERS
_ F. COLES PHILLIPS
1862—1876
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87— 90
go—
93—— 94
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99—1g00
IQ0I— 03
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Ig— 21
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30
eR a
33
34
ca a es
38— 41
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Caer iis
48— 49
Orr} or
ey ao
S47) Oo
games
50-77 ,159
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59 FALCONDALE Roan,
WESTBURY-ON- I 'RYM,
BRISTOL
All other communications should be addressed to the Ho :
Secretary :—
A. Croome Leacu, Esq.,
Lower LopcE,
KNOLL HILt,
BRISTOL, 9
The SOCIETY’S LIBRARY is housed in the City Museu
and is available to members between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.t
on weekdays. Certain publications (chiefly American) are, howeve |
now kept in the University Library, Queen’s Building. oN
VOLUME XXX, PART IIIB, 1961
CON PENTS
PAGE
Council .. oe : 7 as is ee es oe a. “21G
Members at May 31, ae oi is ets et ee - So. . OU
Report of Council “ aa wt he wc ee av ee |
Report of Entomological Section - a ss site a sen) 237
Hon. Treasurer’s Statement of Accounts - aus a a8 oe 24
Report of Botanical Section .. er e of oe ss is, 299
Report of Geological Section .. a Bs be ae ne eee!
Report of Ornithological Section Be os ae i sis fs, IB
Report of Junior Section as a - 2 ee is « 236
Account of the General Meetings .. ae us eq = ss . 239
Hon. Librarian’s Report 38 Bs er - be .. 238
Bristol Botany in 1961, by N. Y. Sandwith .. a4 a ws 2s | 239
Bristol Bird Report, 1961 a see 2. 245
Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol District, se ee @. S27. as iaee. e278
A Note on Coastal Bepoumicnts with Fluorescent aie By W. i Reid
and I. P. Jolliffe < ‘ ‘ 278
Rhaetic Exposure at Emborough, i R. . G: ioe a sh we 295
Some Notes on the Rhaetic Sediments of the Filton Baas ae
near Bristol, by D. Hamilton ae ; ‘ : 279
eID ge
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
993
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directed on p. 2 of cover of current issue.
To ensure consideration for inclusion in the next issue, contributions must
be received not later than February 28.
All copy must be type-written (preferably double-spaced) or in very clear
manuscript and, in either case, with good margins.
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At the discretion of the Hon. Editor, contributors may be required to furnish
short abstracts of their communications, for printing as summaries.
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. The copyright of all published matter shall be the property of the Society,
whose Council has power to permit reproduction.
Authors shall be entitled to 25 copies of their papers (without covers), free
of charge.
NV.B.—AUTHORS ALONE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACCURACY OF THEIR ARTICLES.
THE SOCIETY IS A SIGNATORY TO THE FAIR CopyINnG DECLARATION, DETAILS OF
WHICH MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE RoyAL Society, BURLINGTON House, W.1.
215
COwN CEE
1961
OFFICERS:
PRESIDENT:
F. COLES PHILLIPS, M.A., Ph.D.
PAST PRESIDENTS:
H. WOMERSLEY, F.R.E.S., A.L.S. H. H. DAVIS, M.B.O.U.
F. S. WALLIS, D.Sc., Ph.D. Prof. W. F. WHITTARD,
Prof. MACGREGOR SKENE, D.Sc.," PhDs oP RSS:
1D.Sce,,c8 1S: J. H. SAVORY
F. W. EVENS R. BASSINDALE, M.Sc.
Miss M. H. ROGERS, M.A.
VICE-PRESIDENTS,
Ry JG. SAVAGE, B.Sc.) PhiD:, Faz:s; Miss C. GROVES
HON. TREASURER:
P. J. M. NETHERCOTT
HON. AUDITOR:
A. E. BILLETT
HON. SECRETARY:
A. C. LEACH, T.D., M:A:
HON. ASSISTANT SECRETARY:
F. STENHOUSE ROSS
CHAIRMAN, FIELD COMMITTEE:
H..G. HOCKEY
HON. SECRETARY, FIELD COMMITTEE:
A. F. DEVONSHIRE, M.A., Ph.D.
HON. LIBRARIAN:
R. BRADSHAW, M.Sc.
HON. EDITOR:
A. J. WELLIS, B.Se., Ph.D:;-F:L:S:
HON. PUBLICITY SECRETARY:
B. FROST
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS:
BOTANICAL:
President—I. W. EVANS Hon. Secretary—Miss I. F. GRAVESTOCK,B.A.
ENTOMOLOGICAL:
President—N. A. WATKINS, M.A., F.R.E.S. Hon. Sec-—M. ACKLAND*
GEOLOGICAL:
President—J. W. COWIE, B.Sc., Ph.D. Hon. Secretary—R. G. PAYNE, B.Sc.
JUNIOR (ADVISORY COMMITTEE):
President—J]. H. SAVORY Hon. Secretary—Mrs. R. F. WILLS
ORNITHOLOGICAL:
President—G. SWEET Hon. Sec.—S. M. TAYLOR, B.Sc., A.M.I.Mech.E.
OTHER MEMBERS OF COUNCIL:
P. F. BIRD, B.Sc. H. F. FLOOK
D. A. \C. CULLEN B. KING
V. D. DENNISON, B.Sc.(Econ.) Miss G. ROBINSON, B.Sc.
J. A. EATOUGH F. R. STERNE
M. A. WRIGHT
Ex-officio the Professors of
Botany, GEOLOoGy and ZooLocy at the UNIvERsITy OF BRISTOL
* From June, Miss B. E. JONES, B.Sc. and Dr. D. A. STOPHER
217
MEMBERS
AT May 3IsT, 1962
who are entitled to the respective privileges of the Society
A.—Associate Member. C.—Corresponding Member. H.—Honorary Member
* Have contributed Papers to the Proceedings.
The addresses of Junior Members may be had from the Hon. Treasurer.
Members are asked to advise the Hon. Treasurer of any corrections to this list.
i) Apote, Fo pi. iit os sees s' 22 Owen Grove, Henleaze, Bristol
Adams, A. W., M.B., M.S., Rodney House, Clifton Down Road,
esis. Uh este eos aces ss Clifton, Bristol, 8
Addison, D., A.R.I.C.S. .... 60 Downs Cote Drive, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Aliband, DE. = jc... .2.6%. 61 Hampton Park, Redland, Bristol, 6
Allan, 1, eedMGAs 2a. S06 7 Coombe Bridge Avenue, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol, 9
Alsop; Miss G:F... 6 a ee. 11 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Andrews, Mrs. M. L., M.Sc. 167 Bishop Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7
Angles, R., A.M.I.Mech.E., 30 Brendon Avenue, Weston-super-Mare,
PUR RRIAGISS ade. sss aas Somerset
PAs). ASHE WV nc oe a es 83 Queenshill Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4
gxvent, Miss Be! !h\. 6 ates So 32 Thingwall Park, Fishponds, Bristol
Bacom Pees es ef oe Honeysuckle House, Church Street, Blagdon,
nr. Bristol
Bacon, Mrs. PM. vs... 23 Do.
C. Badock, Miss E. J..M.A..... Johnings, Shalbourne, Marlborough, Wilt-
shire
Badock, Miss M. D......... 22 Woodbridge Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4
A. paker, |. Ri, B.V SC... 2.20: The Veterinary Field Station, Langford
House, Langford, Somerset
Balch, Mass: P.M... .. 2.0... 580 Wells Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4
Baldwin, DO: Bs ei kk 1 West Mall, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Ball, Dr. p. C., B.Sc., Ph.D., Maitlands Close, Nettlebridge, Oakhill,
"A. OAS byl Goa aaa Bath, Somerset
[SEN DS Or Oe ee 13 Charis Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Ballinger, Mrs. P. A. C. .... 37 Beach Road West, Portishead, nr. Bristol
Bambridge, Mrs. M....... .. 286 Canford Lane, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Barberry. Bs. LLB. 25%: » 2 West Close, Hinton Blewett, nr. Bristol
Barber; Mrs. K. Bi 0.00... Do.
Barnett) Sold. Ge acces voles 2 The Avenue, Sneyd Park, Bristol, 9
Barnett, Mrs. S. H. G....... Do.
Barnette, ai i oie Mie ae 15 Leicester Walk, St. Anne’s, Bristol, 4
BACT WAISS Ee? le Site ok ws 3 Berkeley Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Bashford, Mrs. G. I......... 115 Reedley Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, g
*Bassindale, R., M.Sc. ...... 209 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Bassindale, Mrs. R. ........ Do.
BAU orally cap due g sos Ga de he, Steppings, Ladye Bay, Walton St. Mary,
Clevedon, Somerset
BattyaMirs. Ke Bocce «oc Do.
Bebbington, A., B.Sc., 1 Westover Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
M.1.Biol. Bristol
218 MEMBERS
mo
Begum, Miss Po i. R. 3.522 Park House, Thornbury, nr. Bristol
Bell, @.., (PARSE S. 5. ogee 77 Mayfield Road, Sanderstead, Surrey
Bell (Miss ©. Vice 20. Sone 107. Brynland Avenue, Ashley Down,
Bristol, 7
Bell, jecisGe NIA concer Park Gates, Park Road, Thornbury, nr.
Bristol
Bennett, Miss A. E., B.Sc..... 37 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Bennett, MissiE. Bo . . estes. 2 Alexandra Road, Southmead, Bristol
Bice Wis Jitsu ccs ore tee eres 7 Brook Leaze, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9
Bite eA ee eee ae at are oe Hardy Lane, Tockington, nr. Bristol
sa 5 7 Pal os Ph ne RR gee PIB Redclyffe, The Avenue, Walton Park,
Clevedon, Somerset
Bird, P. F., B.Sc., F.Z.S..... The City Museum, Queen’s Road, Bristol, 8
Blakemore, Mrs. A. C....... 15 Miles Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Bland sWhissi)Giss ails eae 17 Arlington Villas, Clifton, Bristol, 8
*Blathwayt, C. S. H., M.A., 27 South Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somer-
F.R.E.S. set.
* Boley, MirssG.Mosis... 05a. Willow Cottage, Dundry, Bristol
OMG hiss: saciels aie. eters ones 19 Kenilworth Close, Keynsham, nr. Bristol
Boswallis 0 sickens aoe B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Whiteladies
Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Bowen, Miss M., B.Sc.:.. «2. 211 Redland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Bowles, D., B. Sc. dist ss) SSeS Forsyte, Church Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, 4
Bowles, Dr. M. H., M.B., Ch.B. Do.
Box, Miss ING. dean ics a 104 Wells Road, Bath, Somerset
pov, LH. )., WBO Us. 228 The Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, Glos.
Bradley, Mrs. WISE a aieta 40 trae 63 Highbury Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7
Bradshaw, R., M.Sc., F.G.S. Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
Brain, Miss M.D. Mains) 34 17 Moordell Close, Yate, nr. Bristol
Brannon, Miss F. H.....c083 Gordano, Cambridge Road, Clevedon,
Somerset
BreeknelliG aye. cease Iwood, Robin Lane, Clevedon, Somerset
puage, Col Guay casa Glencorse, 14. Ridgeway Road, Long Ashton,
Bristol
Bridge, MissiM. E07}. ytes4 Do.
Brigit, PeGereiets cre ana Fc 73 Bryant’s Hill, St. George, Bristol, 5
Bright, Mrsib Gin: 2. .eaS. Do.
Bristol Central Library...... College Green, Bristol, 1
BrastowseGvIMn tic. og heist. 8 ole c/o Geological Survey of Western Australia,
26 Francis Street, Perth, Western
Australia
Britton; Mrs: 1); 2%... ct 50 Kingsway, Kingswood, Bristol
Britton, NB), BAL) saws Clifton Theological College, Stoke Hill,
Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Brooke; Boe. tees ons Sie sce Moorside Cottage, West End, Nailsea, nr.
Bristol
Bunce, Mrs. D. E., B.Sc. .... Coombe Lea, Nailsea, nr. Bristol
Bunce RAG aH ws ais eee Do.
Burton, J. F., F.R.E.S., B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Whiteladies
VEB:OrU: Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Bury, Eek .h5a3: peek es Ellfield, Wotton-under-Edge, Glos.
Bussell: Mass Dp. sui. oe The Bungalow, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8
Buxton,'GuCisoes kth Sead: 2 Somerset Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4
Buxton, Mrs. ‘Gain ou oe. Do.
Cameron,’ Miss oe 44. Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6
Campbell, Dr. A. M. G., 79 Pembroke Road, Clifton, “Bristol, 8
M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P.
Campbell, Mrs. A. M.G. .. Do.
MEMBERS 219
Campbell, Dr. B., Ph.D., Hordley, Woodstock, Oxfordshire
M.B.O.U.
Campbell ID'G..... 2.6.6 30 Albert Road, Clevedon, Somerset
@amipbelliohe.) 2.60 eens. 32 Gore Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol, 3
‘Sie (Ces Ee CRS ian a nanan 8 Hazeley Close, Hartley Wintney, Hamp-
shire
*Carlton, Miss L., M.A. .... Corner Cottage, Downside, Backwell, nr.
Bristol
Carpenter, Revd. B. L., M.A. The Presbytery, Kingsweston Lane, Law-
rence Weston, Bristol
PPG AGRON, Hf IOC. kslskisic os es The Nature Conservancy, Furzebrook Re-
search Station, Wareham, Dorset
Canter Mrs. 1S: Bi. ocic es + 14, Cheyne Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Ganyviviiss KOM cn cece es es 144 Sefton Park Road, Ashley Down,
Bristol, 7
Castle, M. P. K.,S.R.N. .... 34 Lilymead Avenue, Knowle, Bristol, 4
“Chadwick, PJ. W. c.osi6 0% 6 Goldney Avenue, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Chadwick, Mrs. E. I. G..... Do.
Charleston, W. A. G., B.V.Sc.,
M.R.C.V.S.
Charleston, Mrs. W. A. G. ..
Chatterton, - Miss B. ........ 19 Richmond Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Chilcott, Mirs.)1. A.C. ...... 21 Upper Cranbrook Road, Redland,
Bristol, 6
Glarko Miss GIR... 635.583 12 Church Avenue, Warmley, nr. Bristol
Clark, Miss M. M. ........ Do.
*Clark, R. B., B.Sc., Ph.D. Dept. of Zoology, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
Clark, R. J., B.Sc., M.I. Biol. 19 Orchard Rise, Olveston, nr. Bristol
Clark IViTs AR. Jeo. eae 4 a Do.
Clay: Mea.) PhD) oo... 5 Merlin, Cadbury Lane, Clapton-in-Gordano,
nr. Bristol
Clement; Mass G. G.. 2.0.2... Trenance, Lyndhurst Road, Midsomer
Norton, Bath, Somerset
Ctement,. Mrs. Ss. oc. i.. Do.
Clements; HuSy atteetics acess 149 Queen’s Road, Bishopsworth, Bristol, 3
Cleverley, Miss P. J.,B.A. .. 23 Alexandra Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3
Clifford, Miss J. M. ........ 19 Oakfield Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Clothiers GoW. on 2cas harsh. Fylde, Weston Road, Long Ashton, Bristol
Clough, Miss A..Mvs........ 7 Fallodon Way, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Cockcroft, Miss S. J., B.A. .. 44 Kersteman Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Moles? Mrs IDE sc une oso 17 Tugela Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3
Collins; Miss D.'N. .... 2... 40 Fernbank Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Collins, Miss M. A. ........ 22 Park Road, Shirehampton, Bristol
Colthurst, Mrs. M. L. ...... Stonecrop, Wembdon Hill, Bridgwater,
Somerset
@olthurst, We Ds 9... 6.0% o 7. Winnats, North End, Creech St. Michael,
Somerset
Celthurst; Mrs: W.D. ...... Do.
Conolly, R. I., M.A......... 86 Fenshurst Gardens, Birdwell, Long
Ashton, Bristol
Gook, Miss V.oVs cc. sees 15 St. Helena Road, Westbury Park,
Bristol, 6
Cooke; Miss FFs.) 6. cs seas 39 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Coombs, Dr. C. J. F., M.A., Greenwith Place, Perranwell, nr. Truro,
M.B., B.Ch. Cornwall
Goombs;,. Mass V.E. . 2.6... 27 Elburton Road, Sea Mills, Bristol, 9
@ooper, Miss. B. KK. D......; 108 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Cooper, Miss E. D.......... Do.
220 MEMBERS
Cottrell Miss Hib Vireo ne 39 Broadfield Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4
Cowie, Dr. J. W., B.Sc., Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol,
Ph.D., F.G.S. Bristol, 8
Cowley, J., M.A., F.R.E.S... Holywell House, Edington, Bridgwater,
Somerset
Cowlishaw, MissI.O.M. .. 12 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Cox; W. BED ws. cia 34. Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Cramp, Miss J. M. ......:- 1 Oakwood Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Crampton, Miss D. M....... The Chestnuts, Norton Malreward, Pens-
ford, nr. Bristol
Cruttwell; G. H. W......... Old Ford House, Frome, Somerset
CullensDy Ay Gil ein tie es Lark Rise, Church Road, Hanham, Bristol
Cullen Mrs."D? A.C S.0 285 Do.
Cullimore, Mrs.cJic¥e) aa 22 Bell Barn Road, Bristol, 9
Culverwell, Ru Vila aa sae Crosskeys, Horse Street, Chipping Sodbury,
nr. Bristol
Cummins, G. Ha... 6.064: 208 Stoke Lane, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Cummins, Mrs. -C. Fi... 2... Do.
@urber Re M cae tables 158 Englishcombe Lane, Bath, Somerset
Gurtis, bi. is BiSc: <6 0s4'-sise 29 Wimbledon Road, Westbury Park,
Bristol, 6
*Curtis, Dr. M. L. K., B.Sc., The City Museum, Queen’s Road, Bristol, 8
Ph.D., F.G.S.
Dalby, Mirs.'B.M......3..'2- Grange Fell, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 8
Dalziel: Gish, 6 wes ec 42 Rousham Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5
Davey, Bs Gy. nos ae ede slieh 57 Coombe Lane, Bristol, 9
Daviess iiss VE.) cite afte ale! cgeene 54 Wellington Walk, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol.
Ga Favies, Ae oie! e's CNAs 3 Crestview Court West, Morris Plains, New
Jersey, U.S.
Davies, Mrs. N. Vaughan.... 3 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Davis, Miss HeCst..2 73%. 106 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
*Davis, H. H., M.B.O.U..... West Park, Cadbury Camp Lane, Clapton-
in-Gordano, nr. Bristol
Davis’ Missi) Hoes es Do.
DAN MRcy bi oehak ot eevee etude « Manzai, Dancing Lane, Wincanton, Somer-
set
Dennison, V. D., B.Sc. (Econ.) Manor Cottage, Winford, nr. Bristol
Devonshire, Dr. A. F., M.A., 59 Falcondale Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Ph.D. Bristol
*Donovan, Dr. D. T., Ph.D., Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol,
DiSee Eis HG. Soe: Bristol, 8
Downy MEN a. vtietensta eters = te 32 Addiscombe Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4
Dudden; G: Flic so. se eee 26 Rousham Road, Eastville, Bristol, 5
Dudden,Mrs:.G.b.., Ce. Do.
Duddridge, Miss E., B.Sc. .. 59 Kellaway Avenue, Bristol, 6
Dunnichiit, He MAS) a... =. 10 Effingham Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6
Dunning, Mrs. L. M. ...... 20 Glenwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol
Eastes, Dr. H. J., M.B., B.S. The Bank House, High Street, Marshfield
(Glos.), Chippenham, Wiltshire
Eastes, Dr. Z. M. U., Do.
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
Patouehs Younes ieey: ecient 116 Newbridge Road, St. Anne’s Park,
Bristol, 4
Eatough, Mrs. J. A. ......-- Do.
Eddolls, K.E.K.,S.R.N.,Q.N. 35 Leighton Road, Southville, Bristol, 3
Edwatds Re C.tn cee te 17 Donald Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3
A,
A.
MEMBERS 221
Bawardsy Mus. R.C. ...... 17 Donald Road, Uplands, Bristol, 3
ven 21 | Ee 46 Horfield Road, St. Michael’s, Bristol, 2
Evens, BaiD. B.Sc. ......5- 96 Hampton Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
JER CSS a ne 5 Cotham Park North, Cotham, Bristol, 6
Palko Mrs. M.M. ........5. 7 Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8
1322 | 59 Parry’s Lane, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Farmer, Miss P. E., B.Sc..... 44 College Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Beaegn. ©lK., B.Sc. ...... Stonyfield, Lodway, Pill, nr. Bristol
Rindlay. D. C., M.A,,...... 12 Welland Road, Keynsham, nr. Bristol
Fleetham, Miss M. W....... Woodside, Hallen Lodge, Hallen, Bristol
Pleure, Miss E., M.A. .....°. Top Flat, Vyvyan House, Clifton Park,
Bristol, 8
Mlook. Miss D: KR. .....2..%- 10 Radley Road, Fishponds, Bristol
“DVICCTE) [eas os I ae ee Sunnyside, Keyton Hill, Blackford, Wed-
more, Somerset
look VIits. JH Ee os as oe cee Do.
OGG. NETS. His... ccs eas ss 195 Gloucester Road, Patchway, Bristol
Bond, 1. Wel. BSc. 2.5 oe. ses Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
OMG bleye riche nisysoe eeid~ s 0's The Small House, Syston, Mangotsfield,
Bristol
ord Mrs. J.T... 6. ee as Do.
Hourest, G. Aw, M.A... 6... 43 Canynge Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
BVOSECT A IIWITS: NOs ag 6s c)e cess 150 Portway, Sea Mills, Bristol
OStei Oe Re ass: afe sain aoe os 14 Cherington Road, Henleaze, Bristol
Foster, .Mirs. D.R.........-. Do.
Boster, i. (Gem. bas. os os oe eet 64 King’s Drive, Bishopston, Bristol, 7
Poster; Mirs: E.G... wa .. 7s. - Do.
Fowler, Dr. G. N., B.Sc., Ph.D. 56 Sandy Leaze, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Fowler, Mrs. G. N., M.A. E Do.
Frankum, 1 Gio a eae g Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol, 8
*Fraymouth, Miss J. E., M.Sc., 24 St. Michael’s Park, Bristol, 2
Ph.D.
mecriaatig We IN. 5 adc suc s+ 4s 6 Bell Barn Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
| treceh pipe | Oly) 5 29's Ga ener Dept. of Geography, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
Prost. ADV ee 2. 5 visas 32 Oakwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol
Rrost, Mis. 1. M. HH... 0.4... Do.
*Frost, Dr. L. C., M.A., Ph.D. Dept. of Botany, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
BPE pM RS Bie in ay ogee Goes = 59 Air Balloon Road, St. George, Bristol, 5
Pulford, Miss D, M. ........ 55 Waverley Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Cazzard. Muss: KE. . s.4 cs « 19 Redfield Road, Patchway, Bristol
Gea NW Ae oe Roce ti ecie a = 32 Dublin Crescent, Henleaze, Bristol
Genge Mass bh. Ris ope os 1 Tyndall’s Park Road, Bristol, 8
(Beis 1s [eae 76 Middle Road, Kingswood, Bristol
(Ctl c] oat) DEN C Se eraeae en ere Allendale, Gloucester Road, Almondsbury,
nr. Bristol
GDS Jo Give cic ccars wie ahatene 6 Do.
Gibb, Miss M. E., M.A. .... 16 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
(Eno oct BS Ce Churchill Hall, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Gillett, Wiiss'S; Mie. s<< 45255 25 Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Cancel Nims } wise as ieee: 95 Baden Road, Kingswood, Bristol
Gorvett, Dr. H., B.Sc., Ph.D. Dept. of Zoology, Imperial College of Science
and Technology, Prince Consort Road,
London, S.W.7
Graham, Miss C.. ........8.: 8 Ashgrove Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
CrabamayeWliss V. Es... cs. Do.
222 MEMBERS
Gravestock, Miss I. F., B.A... 7 Leigh Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Griffiths, Miss O. M., Ph.D. 10 Westfield Place, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Grimes, IN. °W2,' B.Sc. <2 52 3 33 Balmoral Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 7
Groves: Miss @)5 2. 2 21 Bayswater Avenue, Redland, Bristol, 6
Grundy, Miss) Mi. E.ao. 22. 46 Burley Crest, Downend, Bristol
Gurnhill, Muss;At Reasac. ee 14 Chantry Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Gwillam, Miss F.M. ...... Wills Hall, Parry’s Lane, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol, g
Habgood, Miss M.E. ...... 9 Burlington Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Hall, Prof. K. R. L., M.A., Ravenglass, 30 Hazelwood Road, Bristol, g
1). Phil:
amblett oR. aise ce. ar 71 Riding Barn Hill, Wick, nr. Bristol
Ceom Hamaliiome aye Clanton-im-
M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S Gordano, nr. Bristol
BSL ANGEIS Ay Wis .< ore Sha ait iensraysyerise 243 Coronation Road, Ashton Gate, Bristol, 3
larrisoris the ahh fags soy ge ous Malt House, Chelwood, nr. Bristol
Hartill, Dr. G. G., M.R.C.S., Stone House, High Street, Chipping Sodbury,
PROC, nr. Bristol
HMartill, Mrs) (Gs (Gs tenes: Do.
*Hawker, Miss L. E., D.Sc., 32 Barley Croft, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Phi): DEG.
Hawkers NEG Ste se. cas ee 2 East Croft, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Plawikains; (RK ANe aa ste olthen 78 Chelwood Drive, Odd Down, Bath,
Somerset
Hawkins, A. B., B.Sc., F.G.S. Church Farm, Bitton, nr. Bristol
Hawkins: \PeGos Abie ct eve 16 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Haymes: AVIISSPB. tec tee ie Bury House, Wick, nr. Bristol
Hembrough, Miss E.M. .. Oakhurst, London Road, Warmley, Kings-
wood, Bristol
blepworthvAc mae ee: Mayville, Wells Road, Westfield, Radstock,
Bath, Somerset
Heslop, I. R. P., M.A., Belfield, Poplar Road, Burnham-on-Sea,
F.R.E.S. Somerset
Hewlett, Miss C. M. E., M.Sc. 4 Cavendish Crescent, Bath, Somerset
nie eenst Nissi eee oe ee Ley Cottage, The Ley, Box, Chippenham,
Wiltshire
Ff riley Wisc EM ei ste ue 35 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Efill, Migs 1. Vin BYAs (io. 15 Clare Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol, 7
Hinton, Dr. H. E., Sc.D., Dept. of Zoology, University of Bristol,
Ph.D., F.R.S. Bristol, 8
Piitehcock ORE eee ts 11 West Park, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Hobbs;! Mrs Ge oiieo 5 cicce to 137 Tower Road North, Warmley, Bristol
MEMBERS 223
IRIC IOS) SE en ee 137 Tower Road North, Warmley, Bristol
no@ekeywid: Gs ..>....055.- Greystones, 20 Ham Lane, Stapleton, Bristol
Hockey, Mrs. H. G. ........ Do.
iA Selodge: N.URe 2. ee es 4 Trinity Close, The Pavement, London,
S.W.4
THodges;*Miass D. M......... 4 Greenway Park, Southmead, Bristol
loge, W..E., M.Sc......... 5 Hill Burn, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
IogeswMirs W.H. . 2... 65. Do.
Holgate, Miss M. E., M.A. 4 The Paddock, Chestnut Farm, Long
Ashton, Bristol
F¥oulister, IR. 5... ks oe ae 10 Cherington Road, Henleaze, Bristol
Hollister, Mrs. R. .......... Do.
Hollewell, A. J., B.Sc. ...... 81 Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Hollowell, Mrs. A. J., M.A. Do.
G5) Blotmes. W. Av. ced ieee ee es 17 Carvoza Road, Truro, Cornwall
Mopkins, W.:)J.H......... 4. g Churchill Road, Wells, Somerset
Howard; Hob MUA. ...... 41 Thingwall Park, Fishponds, Bristol
Howard, R. W., M.R.C.V.S. 75, Wellsway, Keynsham, nr. Bristol
Hughes, Mis..C. BE... 225. 44 Druid Stoke Avenue, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol, 9
Tughes, Mass BE. M:......... 33, Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
iE titell pets VERE 9G. 5) sh sjess0 2 das No Name, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol
Hulbert, Mase. Cs. 3.8 ss Do.
Lull Wiss FO. casice on ess 42 College Road, Clifton, Bristol
C. Hunt, P. F., B.Sc., F.L.S. .. The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, Richmond, Surrey
Hurrell, Miss L. E. .....:.. 169 Redland Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Husband, Mrs. A. R. ...... 6 Downside Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Ireland, Mi. Ps, BiSe; .....% Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
Isaac, Dr. D. H., M.D., 1 South Road, Taunton, Somerset
M.R.C.P
Jago, Miss Ti M., B.Sc....... 43B Downleaze, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
djamiesiMirs2 Mi. oust oc. es The Mill House, Woollard, Pensford, nr.
Bristol
ubelleycaNiiss IRS 0 cesseie-e ean Os Barrow Court, Barrow Gurney, nr. Bristol
Jenkin, Miss P. M., M.A., Dept. of Zoology, University of Bristol,
D.Sc. Bristol, 8
Jenkins, MisssDs Res... ss. 14 Lancashire Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7
Jenkins, Dr. F.G., M.B.,Ch.B. 51 Redcliff Hill, Bristol, 1
eb, Rs, BA M.Litt. ...... 68 Grove Park Avenue, Brislington, Bristol, 4
Johns iViisssGiM. o: 6 cease 2 Gloucester Row, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Jolly, G. F., M.A., M.B., The Lodge Bungalow, Southmead Hospital,
B.Ch., D.Obst.R.C.O.G., Bristol
Jones, Miss B. E., B.Sc. .... Wych Elm, Martcombe Road, Easton-in-
Gordano, nr. Bristol
Jones, Miss S. M., B.Sc. .... 20 Ormerod Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
*Kearns, Prof. H. G. H., Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol
O.B.E., B.Sc., Ph.D.
C. *Kellaway, G. A., B.Sc., F.G.S. H.M. Geological Survey and Museum,
South Kensington, London, S.W.7
Kelting, E. L., O.B.E., J.P., Windown, Wembdon, Bridgwater, Somerset
M. Inst. C.E.
empl; Ee BvAsc. dedi... St. Thomas More’s, Stratton-on-the-Fosse,
nr. Bath, Somerset
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Bristol
C.
C.
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Kenney, D. J., A.M.I.Mech.E., 53 St. Michael’s Hill, Bristol, 2
AUER AGS:
Kenney,’ Mis): |S 2. sea Do.
ine AB 7h sien ett eae Mayfield, Uplands Road, Saltford, nr.
Bristol
King, Deseo ee aie 10 Norman Road, Saltford, nr. Bristol
Kinga Re IBS ea eae oe ee 6 Bromley Heath Avenue, Downend, Bristol
Kitching, Dr. J. A., O.B.E., 8 Old Sneed Park, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
M.A., Sc.D., Ph.D., F.R.S:
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Bristol
Renee Mrs: Re en tacnake Do.
drake; (Mrs, U) NES os cee oes 138 High Street, Marshfield (Glos.), Chip-
penham, Wiltshire
Rance: ti RYH. ose he: 8 Atlantic Road South, Weston-super-Mare,
Somerset
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Wears (ON arnt ase te se 88 Kingsway, St. George, Bristol, 5
aco. Nirs4). 1D: so. 2 ate eee Do.
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Mees Missin eG ade. tee Ae 78 The Dell, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
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Heiehit REE es eee ae 20 Worlebury Park Road, Weston-super-
Mare, Somerset
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allieoi Mrs. GC. Wo ets owe. 37B Downleaze, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
eallico, Muss Ji: Wes 5 a5tctahee Do.
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ong, Miss FoBoG, 2.44254 g Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
HE On Oe VIISS |e Bicacs, tech ee aides 57 Apsley Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
one, MisstG.: Bal §easauiene: Do.
* Loupekine; Prof. I. S.3: BSc. Geology Department, The Royal College,
Ph.D... A. M.TM.M.; P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
F.G.S.
hovel DORE eas 252 ewe 51 Mildred Avenue, Harlington, Hayes,
Middlesex
Lovells Mins. cRes lieth). Beaten White Cottage, Butcombe, nr. Bristol
Lovell, R. Jcigeeee iat iee Do.
Wows Miss rsN. arb fe ssa ee: Forsythia Cottage, Blagdon, nr. Bristol
Lusmore Ne ies so Neen ale 28 First Avenue, Highfields, Dursley, Glos.
Ruxfords Virsa 15 Sunnyside, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Machin.*Mrs.\f "Ba 522. 225% 106 Cromwell Road, St. Andrew’s, Bristol, 6
Martin, Miss Avie 22 ae: 322 Wells Road, Knowle, Bristol, 4
H. *Matthews, Dr. L. Harrison, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park,
M-A., «DSc... FARES: London, N.W.8
FS!
Matthews,-R: IC. 5.S6.5.0< 2.0 Ty Gwyn, St. Margaret’s Lane, West Town,
nr. Bristol
Matthews, Mrs. R. C., B.Sc., Do.
M.1I.Biol.
Miaunder, Miss MEE. ). 22 2. 6 Oak Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7
Maxwell aia. os 028.c sok Ridgewood, Rudgeway, nr. Bristol
McCarthy; Miss Sie 14 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Mickeag. Murs. TIME o. . eee 53 Alma Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
McKnight, Mirs..N. Be. ..8 1 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
MEMBERS 225
iVieNiven, Miss BuT... 2... 165 Abbey Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Mead! Miss C. E., B.A....... 16 Quadrant West, Fishponds, Bristol
Meade-King, M.G., B.A. .. 5 Worcester Crescent, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Wieeses Wrst Re... bi. se es 164 Bloomfield Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4
Mercier, Dr. R. P., M.Sc., 3 Winford Court, Downs Park East, Bristol, 6
Ph.D.
Mercier, Mrs. R. P. ........ Do.
Merrie, T. D. H., B.A., Drumhead, Cardross, Dunbartonshire
G.I.Mech.E.
Messiter, Miss F. E., B.Sc., 1 Tyndall’s Park Road, Bristol, 8
ELZ:S.
Milburne, Mrs. D. ........ Syston Court Cottage, Mangotsfield, Bristol
Millard, Mrs. E.R. ........ 4 Granville Road, Sevenoaks, Kent
Miller, K. W., B.Sc., M.B., Grove Cottage, Flax Bourton, nr. Bristol
Ch.B.
III 0) os (eae ar ee 10 Randall Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Milton, Wits) J... 2.0.) e's Do.
Milward, Mrs. M. W....... Bonneval, Station Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol
Mitchel Ci. 22. 2 care. des The Three Poplars Caravan Site, Long
Wittenham, Berkshire
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Morgan, Mrs. 8. F.G. ...... 39 Henley Grove, Henleaze, Bristol
WMiorris,..Mirg) P.M... 5... 6 103 Passage Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
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Bristol
Nature Conservancy (The) .. 19 Belgrave Square, London, S.W.1
INGalEN Vise tse 5, aiticte eee a8 < 4 70 Trym Side, Sea Mills, Bristol
Nethercott, Pv J. M.. —...... 44 Upper Cranbrook Road, Redland,
Bristol, 6
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Neville, Miss M., B.Sc. .... 7 Belmont Road, St. Andrew’s Park,
Bristol, 6
Newman, Mrs. A.M. ...... St. Goar School, Pitch & Pay Lane, Bristol, 9
Newsom) AvSiiet..62...65.. Long Cottage, Ropers Lane, Wrington, nr.
Bristol
INrblettmisGiML. wc. oF 33 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Nightingale, K. R. 2. ios. 20 Hadrian Close, Sea Mills, Bristol
Noddle, Miss B. A., M.A., 36 Old Sneed Avenue, Bristol, 9
Vet. M.B.
Olney, P. J., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., The Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, Glos.
M.I.Biol.
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Bristol, 9
Ormmes Mrs. Aye Av cease c<5 Do.
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Oweny Mis: MT... 3 e.0s 31 Kendon Drive, Westbury-on-Try,
Bristol
Owens, Mrs. N. M. ........ 10 Radley Road, Fishponds, Bristol
Palmer, Miss E. M., M.B.O.U. Highfield, Sandford Hill, Bridgwater, Som-
erset
Palmer-Smith, Mrs. M. .... 202 Pickersleigh Road, Malvern, Worcs.
ParhtieMirs.. By Jo oc. < eee 4 Caine Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7
EHUCO NY fle Sawai « oeale’ Stoweylands, Bishop Sutton, nr. Bristol
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Bristol, 4
Parslow, Mrs. A. E......... Do.
226
Pascoe, Miss POBs. 0. ies
Payne. RAG BIC.) 4: eee
FH Rannie.) Tanti) saree take
C. *Pearman,]. V:, FaR CEs:
A,
Peddie sbnian. eee ar ee
Peddie. Mirs..F. is 2.43 eas
Reenlesssins Wi) eee eee
Pemberton, Miss J. As W:. <
Perkins;.Mrs. M.M. 360.24 5
Peters, J. A. V......- ee
* Phillips, Dr. F. Coles, M.A.,
PhDs, F.G:8:
Phillips, Mis: F. Coles ....<:
Phillips.b Ps Biers tiene
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Pictish. rs. Biantal, seeders
lec yeto42 1 UA VA SL ae ae ee ee
Poplett, Miss Es EL si%2..)h0
Otter GN Nec: cease a aie
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MPouldinigs Rawle oes Vee
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PRY COS gU A! (aoc. See i eee
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Pugsley, Prof. Sir Alfred G.,
©: B:E., DSc;, FaR:S:
Pugsley; Wady) pico oe
Pullan, J. M., M.A., M.Sc...
Pullan, Mirs..j. My BiSe./7:22
Purkis,,Mass Ei Ms. .; .¢-2. «8
Rake, Miss B.'A., B.Sc. ....
Randall.’ Mrs. Mii. 2
Reade; Di eB SCi a ae
Rees Missi Mie. See ae
Richards, Miss A.W. ......
Richards, Mass'G. Mie 222:
Richards Ss Wea. cee es
Richards, Mrs. S. W., B.A. ..
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31 Rannoch Road, Bristol, 7
The City Museum, Queen’s Road, Bristol, 8
Compton House, Chew Stoke, nr. Bristol
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Clinton, nr. Aylesbury, Bucks.
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Do.
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Do.
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oO.
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Do.
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Do.
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Bristol
Do.
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MEMBERS 227
Raddick)S. Ju... ... A Aye An 179 King’s Head Lane, Bedminster Down,
Bristol, 3
Riddieks Mirsi'S. Ji... ee Do.
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Bristol, 8
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ocwMirs RG. Boi... Do.
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Bristol, 8
Rogers, Mrs. M. J.. M.A. .. 21 Canynge Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8
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oom, Mrs. Po Jo... fee Do.
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Bristol, 9
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Bristol
Rushton, Miss’C. F.:....... 19 Redland Park, Bristol, 6
Russell, Mrs. A. M., B.Sc. .. Pine Croft, Alveston, nr. Bristol
SEU Rer GN Ona] 01 pelea ae a ae a 25 Cotham Road, Bristol, 6
saliter Mins. GBs 4 ileal. oct Do.
Sampson, Miss A. M. ...... 142 Coronation Road, Southville, Bristol, 3
Sandover, Miss E. J......... 11 Elmdale Road, Tyndall’s Park, Bristol, 8
*Sandwith, N. Y.,M.A., F.L.S. The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, Richmond, Surrey
*Savage, Dr. R. J. G., B.Sc., Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol,
Ph.
De FLSA F:G.S; Bristol, 8
F.Z.S.
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Bristol
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Bristol
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Sulcocks; Mis: Pe-B. 0... Do.
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Driirer: nat:; F.G. S. Queen’s Drive, The University, Exeter,
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singleton: RW. 5 cee ese 18 Kewstoke Road, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
228 MEMBERS
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F.L.S. Bristol
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Sloane,4j77E., BSc ina ae Dept. of Zoology, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
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Trym, Bristol
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MCR IG-S:3, MER: GP.
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stiddard,’ Miss. D. M.: ..;.... 10 Rodney Road, Backwell, nr. Bristol
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Stopher, Dr. D. A., B.Sc., 12 St. Hilary Close, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
Phe;
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Stowell, Miss I. E. ........ 21 Victoria Square, Clifton, Bristol, 8
mrowell, Miss JiR." ste? Do.
Stride, W. H. B., L.D.S. .... Oldfield, Park Hill, Shirehampton, Bristol
Dittllass ees hoe. whe re dh eee Green Orchard, Compton Greenfield, Easter
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Stubbs) Mis! RALes, ca 28 Do.
Sullivan, Miss J. M. ...... 139 Dovercourt Road, Horfield, Bristol, 7
Sullivan, Ts (Geu.<)., nfs 85 Nicholls Lane, Winterbourne, nr. Bristol
A. Sutherland, We... ecco 12C Kingsdown Parade, Bristol, 6
Swaines Miss: As Kis. soa.0s sie Pisang Cottage, Nailsea, nr. Bristol
Swanborough, R. E......... 24 Highfield Avenue, Hanham, Bristol
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avlor Hades, tajetcs aye Harbury, Harbury Road, Westbury-on-
Trym, Bristol
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Taylor, S. M., B.Sc., Glenalan, Station Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol
A.M.1I.Mech.E.
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Taylor Mrs. WoUIN Go as.c 84 46 Islington Road, Bedminster, Bristol, 3
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Trewman, Mrs. V.C.B..... 11 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, 8
A.
i. *Walhs, Dr. F.S., D.Sc., Ph:D.,
a Op
Turner, Miss E. E.
As teh ite ans
MEMBERS 229
12 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Turner, H. W., M. Ae .. F.G.S. The Cottage, Kensington Place, Clifton,
Vance, Mrs. R. D.
Warn iviiss iE. M.........
Vernon, J. D. R.,
*Vernon, W. F.°..
B.Sc.
Vickery, Miss P. M. .........
Vine, Miss D. J., N.F.F.
Vinnicombe, Miss E. J., B.Sc. -
M.A.
Vowles, D. G., B.
Vowles, bgt: Ea
Vowles, Miss P., M.B., Ch.B.
Wade, Miss B. ..
Wagner, M.A...
Sc. (Econ.)
Wakefield, Mrs. G. S. ......
Walker, Miss S. O.
Wallington, W. A.
| ree
oe eee eee
Wallington, Miss J. ........
F.G.S.
Wareham, Miss C.
Wareham, Miss F.
*Warne, Dr. L. G.
EN seta, &
G., M.Sc.,
Ph.D., F.L:s.
Watkins, N. A., M.A.,
F.R.E.S.
Webb, A. BE. 2. i:
Webb, Mrs. A. E.
Webb, N. RR: .. ...
Weeks, A. H.....
Weir, Mrs. A. M.
*Welch, Dr. F. B.
Ph.D., F.G.S.
Welch,.M.. Ji... «..
oe ee ee we we ow
Welshman, Miss M. J. ......
West, Miss N. L.
Westcott, Miss M.
Whistler, L. D. ..
White, D. S., B.Sc.
Whiting, Dr. H.
M.A., Ph.D.
V., M:Se.
PDs.
*Whittard, Prof. W. F., D.Sc.,
Ph.D., F.R.S.
Williams, Mrs. G. E.........
Williams, T. R. J., M.Sc.,
A.R.I.C
Williams, Mrs. T. R.J.......
*Willis, Dr. A. J., B.Sc., Ph.D.,
F.L.S.
NNO AReGD 4! beans t eee ees
eececeece eee
Bristol, 8
The Post Office, Nailsea, nr. Bristol
128 King’s Head Lane, Uplands, Bristol, 3
22 St. David’s Road, Thornbury, nr. Bristol
Wyngarth, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol
17 Arlington Villas, Clifton, Bristol, 8
64 The Crescent, Henleaze, Bristol
32 Ridgeway Road, Long Ashton, Bristol
2 York Avenue, Ashley Down, Bristol, 7
11 Stanhope Road, Weston-super-Mare,
Somerset
19 Southmead Road, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
1 Tyndall’s Park Road, Bristol, 8
Sheperdine House, Thornbury, nr. Bristol
2 Southwood Avenue, Coombe Dingle,
Bristol, 9
17 Wallscourt Road, Filton, Bristol
Bregar, Station Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol
O.
Torquay Natural History Museum, The
Museum, Torquay, Devon
Corscombe, Church Lane, Backwell, nr.
Bristol
Do.
34 Clothorn Road, Didsbury, Manchester,
20
18 Old Sneed Park, Stoke Bishop, Bristol, 9
1 Hampton Park, Redland, Bristol, 6
Do.
45 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7
4 Shepherds Way, Rickmansworth, Herts.
Hursley Hill, Whitchurch, Bristol
H.M. Geological Survey and Museum,
South Kensington, London, S.W.7
44 Conygre Road, Filton, Bristol
2 Kings Road, Brislington, Bristol, 4
18 Dennyview Road, Abbots Leigh, nr.
Bristol
20 Linden Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
8 Dundonald Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
44 The Park, Kingswood, Bristol
62 Woodstock Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
Pineheath, de Maulley Road, Bournemouth
24 Orchard Road, Nailsea, nr. Bristol
Do.
Dept. of Botany, University of Bristol,
Bristol, 8
40 Claremont Road, Bishopston, Bristol, 7
Do.
230 AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
Wilmott, H. A., B.Sc., 17 Salisbury Road, Redland, Bristol, 6
A.M.1.C.E.
Wilmott,:Mirs. A... eee Do.
Winchester, Miss D. E........ 8 Richmond Hill, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Withers): Miss Di sia: oct 104 Wells Road, Bath, Somerset
H. *Womersley, H., F.R.E.S., South Australian Museum, North Terrace,
A.L.S. Adelaide, South Australia
Woodland: Poy) M. Ay ve. Dursley Grammar School, Dursley, Glos.
WrghtiMir Acticin \tenats a. tie 28 Glebe Road, Long Ashton, Bristol
Yemm,,; Prof. Ei.
EL.
W., B.A., Stoneleigh, Long Ashton, Bristol
D.Phil. ae
B
Yemm, Mrs. E. W., A. Do.
H. *Yonge, Prof. C. M., C.B.E., Dept. of Zoology, The University, Glasgow
PhD? DSc: ERS;
E.R.S.E.
INGO UTA BS 2 etineias creo eee 12 Clifford Gardens, Shirehampton, Bristol
Noung: Mirsi IK Bos 0. tees Do.
Zunz; Mass’. D.,. S.R.N., 39 Henley Grove, Henleaze, Bristol
S.C.M.
AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
BATH—
Bath Natural History Society (Hon. Secretary, F. R. Sterne), 9 Charlcombe
Way, Bath, Somerset
City of Bath Training College, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe, nr. Bath,
Somerset
BristoL—
Bedminster Down Secondary School, Donald Road, Bristol, 3
Bristol, Clifton and West of England Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Bristol Grammar School Field Club, Elton Road, Bristol, 8
British Broadcasting Corporation (Natural History Unit), Broadcasting House,
Whiteladies Road, Bristol, 8
Clifton High School Field Club, College Road, Bristol, 8
College of St. Matthias, Fishponds, Bristol
Duncan House School Scientific Society, The Promenade, Clifton, Bristol, 8
Portway Secondary Boys’ School Field Club, Shirehampton, Bristol
Queen Elizabeth’s Hospital Natural History Society, Berkeley Place, Clifton,
Bristol, 8
Red Maids Scientific Society, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Redland High School for Girls Field Club, Redland Court, Bristol, 6
Trafalgar Social Club, Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., 35 Queen Square,
Bristol, 1
University of Bristol Horticultural Science Laboratories, Bracken Hill, Leigh
Woods, Bristol, 8
University of Bristol Geological Society, Queen’s Building, University Walk,
Bristol, 8
University of Bristol Zoological and Botanical Societies, The University,
Bristol, 8
DursLEY— :
Dursley & District Bird Watching and Preservation Society (Hon. Secretary,
T. P. Walsh), 76 Kingshill Road, Dursley, Glos.
Dursley Grammar School Natural History Society, Dursley, Glos.
Kincswoop—
Kingswood Grammar School Natural History Society, Hanham Road, Kings-
wood, nr. Bristol
LEYHILL—
Birdwatching Group, H.M. Prison, Leyhill, nr. Falfield, Glos.
REPORT OF COUNCIL
IQ. t
20 affliated societies.
At the Annual General Meeting the Officers and Members of Council
were elected with Dr. F. Coles Phillips as President. The usual General and
Sectional meetings were held and the Field meetings continue to provide a
popular and varied programme. A sub-committee has been very busy making
arrangements for the Centenary, including the Dinner on May 8, and an exhibi-
tion in early June. The Annual Dinner was held on March 17, in the Senior
Common Room of the University, once again lent by courtesy of its members.
Our guest speaker was Mr. I. G. Mathers who showed us his colour film, the
first ever taken, of the Cameroons. It was a very successful evening; 110 people
were present.
The deaths during the year of Mr. E. H. Day, Miss A. C. Favell, Mr. C. R.
Hobbs, Mrs. A. Marsden, Mr. E. E. Owen and Miss A. E. Taylor are recorded
with much regret.
[To membership is now 641, including a Junior Section of 89. There are
A. CG. LEACH, Hon. Secretary.
EPO RE
ENTOMOLOGICA
TeQuo .
T the Annual General Meeting, held on January 3, 1961, Mr. Norman A.
Watkins was re-elected President and Mr. M. Ackland Secretary. In June
. Mr. Ackland resigned as he was leaving Bristol and Miss B. E. Jones and
Dr. D. A. Stopher acted as joint secretaries for the rest of the year. There were
three indoor meetings during the year as follows:
Mar. 7: Fossil Insects. Dr. R. J. G. Savage.
Oct. 3: Films—Monarch Butterfly, Alder Wood Wasp.
Nov. 7: Annual Exhibition.
On Sunday, June 4, the Section held a Field Meeting in the Mendips at
Burrington Combe.
D. A. STOPHER, Hon. Secretary.
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Oo 6less ‘+ (Ateiqr]) 6 | Alternating thin beds of sandstone and shale I 6
S 5 | Yellow-brown decalcified sandstone crowded
a with molluscan moulds... Oo I
a 4 | Black clayey shale with sandstone. partings
= and 1 inch beef bed near top she 3 )
3 | Black shale and calcareous micaceous sand-
stone in thin alternating beds we ae I O
2 | Calcareous sandstone ae oe es e) I
1 | Bone Bed 55 ) 5
Za Tea Green Marl aS 3 eh marly ane
) stone bed near top . Es = Bets 7+
HH [Red Marl]
276 R. J. G. SAVAGE
Red Marl can be seen near the railway bridge while at the
beginning of the new cut the Tea Green Marls are exposed. These
are followed by a nodular quartz pebble conglomerate, the basal
bone bed of the Rhaetic (1), rich in fish remains: the bed occurs
in nodules up to two feet across and up to 5 inches deep. The
pebbles in the nodules range up to 6 inches diameter and are well
worn and set in a fine quartz matrix with phosphatic inclusions.
No andesite or Carboniferous Limestone pebbles were found and
pebbles of ‘Trias Marl were not numerous. The Bone Bed is
succeeded by a thin calcareous sandstone (2), coarse in patches
and containing phosphatic nodules and rolled vertebrate remains.
Above this is a series (3) of grey-black shales alternating with thin
bands of fine-grained calcareous micaceous sandstone, current-
bedded and with ripple marks and worm tracks. Both the shale
and sandstone contain vertebrate remains, lignite occurs in the
shale and streaks of crystalline sphalerite are present in the sand-
stone. Bed (4) is more predominantly a clayey shale with subor-
dinate sandstone partings and a one inch beef band near the top.
The thin yellow-brown decalcified sandstone (5) is crowded with
molluscan moulds though the poor preservation admits only two
identifiable species. ‘The succeeding black shales are rich in bi-
valves and the hard calcareous sandstone bed (7) has numerous
lightly pyritized fossils.
The Cotham beds commence with a grey-white thinly bedded
limestone (10) which is crowded with fragments of vertebrates,
mainly fish scales together with a few molluscans. The succeeding
marls and shales did not yield fossils and are capped by 6 inches
of Cotham Marble. Nodules of the marble up to 3 feet diameter
were seen in the tips from the road cutting while zm sztu smaller
ones were recorded. The marble displays clearly the ‘landscape’
features, some nodules having two tiers of ‘woods’: the top surface
of many nodules was botryoidal and the sides markedly corded.
No ‘Crazy Cotham’ was recorded. A thin clay band separates
the Cotham Marble from the overlying Langport Beds; these
comprise rubbly limestones below, rich in molluscan moulds, and
white flaggy limestone above. About 18 inches of the latter was
seen below the subsoil.
The species list (Table 2) shows that the fauna is almost exclu-
sively a fish and bivalve assemblage. No reptilian remains were
found and there are no associated fish remains, the finds com-
prising isolated teeth, scales and spines. Fish scales are abundant
at several levels and where identifiable can be referred to Gyrolepis.
Small Nemacanthus spines occur at three levels and the other species
listed are represented by abundant teeth. The molluscs are poorly
RHAETIC EXPOSURE AT EMBOROUGH 277
TABLE 2. SPECIES FROM THE RHAETIC OF OLD DOWN
SPECIES BeEpDs
Bivalves
? Astarte
Cercomya praecursor (Quenstedt)
Chlamys valoniensis (de France)
“‘Tsocyprina’’ ewaldi (Bornemann) ...
Lima (Plagiostoma) praecursor Quenstedt ..
Modiolus hillanus ( J. Sowerby)
Pleuromya tatei Richardson & Tutcher
Protocardia rhaetica (Merian)
Rhaetavicula contorta (Portlock)
Unionites? liasinus (Roemer)
Fish
Acrodus minimus Agassiz
Hybodus cloacinus Quenstedt
Nemacanthus monilifer Agassiz
Gyrolepis albertt Agassiz
Sargodon tomicus Plieninger
Saurichthys acuminatus Agassiz
preserved, usually as moulds or pyritized. Some bedding planes
in the Westbury beds are crowded with small elliptical impressions,
the so-called ‘Pullastra’ beds; Dr. L. R. Cox considers these shells
should be referred to the genus Unioniies Miinster, more commonly
known by the pre-occupied name Anoplophora Alberti. Modiolus
hillanus has long been referred to in this country as M. langportensis
Richardson & Tutcher.
The beds are horizontal throughout and there is no trace of the
disturbance recorded by Woodward (1876) half a mile to the east,
where the Rhaetic is down-faulted against the Dolomitic Conglom-
erate and folded into a small syncline; the section as recorded by
Woodward has a thicker succession in the Westbury Beds (Table 3).
278 R. J. G. SAVAGE
TABLE 3. RHAETIC SUCCESSIONS AS RECORDED IN VICINITY
OF EMBOROUGH
SITE and Chilcompton | Emborough | Emborough | Old Down
Railway Ochre Fullers’ Earth|Road Cutting
Cutting Pit Works
AUTHOR Woodward | Morgan & | Richardson | (described
1876 Reynolds IQII above)
1899
LANGPoRT BEpDs — — Os,
10’
approx.
CoTHAM BEDs 3’ Alieron Tha ena
WEsTBURY BEDs 18’ TO, yr nO) erlee LOM Gud”
TEA GREEN Mar_s Wy, 6 TO 10’ 1 ia
Lloyd Morgan & Reynolds (1899) record Rhaetic exposed in
the Emborough Ochre Pits, about half a mile south-west of the
Old Down Inn. Neither Woodward nor Lloyd Morgan and
Reynolds noted the Cotham Marble in situ, but Richardson (1911)
includes it in his section for Emborough. Being a nodular rather
than a continuous bed it is easy to miss it in small sections.
I acknowledge the help in the field of Mr. T. R. Fry and Mr.
M. E. White who collected fossils while I recorded the section,
and I am indebted to Dr. L. R. Cox for kindly identifying the
molluscs.
REFERENCES
Morean, C. Lloyd & Rrynotps, S. H. 1899. Triassic deposits
at Emborough. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 9, 109-117.
Ricuarpson, L. 1911. The Rhaetic and contiguous deposits of
west, mid and parts of east Somerset. Quart. 7. geol. Soc.
Lond. 67, 1-74.
Woopwarp, H. B. 1876. Geology of East Somerset and the Bristol
Coal-fields. Mem. Geol. Surv. England & Wales.
279
SOME NOTES ON THE RHAETIC
SEDIMENTS OF THE FILTON BY-PASS
SUBSTITUTE, NEAR BRISTOL
By D. HAmILTon
(Department of Geology, University of Reading)
INTRODUCTION
HE construction of the Filton By-Pass Substitute (Grid Ref.
ST797570 to S1835606) has exposed three fine sections of Rhaetic
rocks. These were examined during the summer and autumn of
1961. As most of the exposures will be grassed over when the
road is completed, this paper is a record, albeit incomplete, of
sedimentary features in the Rhaetic sequence.
The stratigraphical sequence (Fig. 1) is generally similar to that
of other Rhaetic sections in the Bristol area, but there are local
variations in both the lower Westbury Beds and the upper Cotham
Beds. The distribution of these beds is shown on the map (Fig. 2),
and for ease of reference the chainages along the road are indicated.
Sections exposing Rhaetic rocks extend from chainages 36 to 73,
98 to 110 (good section) and 142 to 18o.
THE WESTBURY BEDS
The basal Bone Bed, overlying the Tea Green Marls, is domin-
antly sandy, in contrast to the large blocky conglomerate present
at this horizon at Aust. At 75ch., the top of the Tea Green Marl
appears to have been eroded and is followed by 35 cm. of coarse
friable sand with pebbles and vertebrate debris, interbedded with
clayey sand. At 11och., abundant vertebrate debris and pebbles
set in a calcareous, sandy clay matrix fill small depressions in the
Tea Green Marl surface. Pebble types in the Bone Bed include
angular to sub-angular cherts and siliceous sandstones, well rounded
vein and metaquartzite pebbles (?gastroliths, Wickes, 1908), and
at 36ch. to 38ch., small blocks (up to 10 cm.) of poorly cemented
sandstone, which appear to be intraformational. The presence of
soft blocks, the mixture of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate debris
(Dr. B. Tarlo, pers. comm.), the very poor sorting, and its strati-
graphical position support the interpretation that this bed, in the
Bristol area, was deposited in a transgressive littoral zone (Donovan,
1955, P- 25).
80
D. HAMILTON
Fie, 2.
STRATIGRAPHICAL SUCCESSION OF THE RHAETIC SEDIMENTS
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FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE
r[.]] Limestones with interbedded clays
White Lias
clay with mud flakes.
not present —
Tight
Landscape Marble and Crazy Cotham Marble. Channels.
Tight clay with ? algal balls.
passing down into
Sandy ripple lenticles interbedded with clay.
Lenticular calcareous mudstone with sand lenticles. Desiccation cracks
Tight clay, with sand streaks and ?algal balls
passing down into
Clay with interbedded ripple lenticles and sand beds,
which become more frequent towards the base
Loose sand ~- rusty
Calcareous rippled sandstone with interbedded clay
Laminated clay with ripple lenticles and sand beds
becoming more frequent towards the base
Deformed calcareous mudstone with sand lenticles
Laminated silty clay with ripple lenticles
and sand beds
Calcareous mudstone with shell beds, fish scales and
teeth, Naiadita lanceolata, Small channels
Laminated dark shales with ? algal balls
Shell bed often concretionary
Laminated dark shales with sand streaks
Ripple lenticles occur towards the _ base
Upper Pecten Bed
Loose sand
Laminated dark shales
Shell bed - completely leached
Laminated dark shales with ripple lenticles
Rippled sand beds occur near base
Lower Pecten Bed
Loose sand
Paper shales ~- hard fissile
Laminated dark shales with ripple lenticles
Rippled sand beds near base
Bone bed, sandy, rich in vertebrate debris, siliceous pebbles,
and soft sandstone blocks
Marls and
Cemented sandstones
RHAETIC SEDIMENTS OF THE FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE 281
The beds overlying the Bone Bed are dominantly argillaceous
and contain two limestone horizons known as the Upper and
Lower Pecten Beds. Above the Bone Bed, the shales are inter-
bedded with numerous thin rippled sand beds. These decrease in.
thickness and frequency upwards, giving way to ripple lenticles
before the appearance of the Paper Shales, which underlie the
Lower Pecten Bed. The interbedded shales have fine sandy
laminae throughout, though those in the Paper Shales are only
a few grains thick. Thus not only is there a decrease in the fre-
quency and thickness of the sandstone bands but also in the
proportion of the sandy fraction in the shales. |
The incoming of both the Lower and Upper Pecten Beds is
abrupt, following a thin bed of loose sand. ‘These dark limestones
consist mainly of shells and shell fragments, with dark organic
material and muddy lenses. Complete but disarticulated shells,
mostly of Pecten valonensis, are common on the upper and lower
surfaces, but the interior of the limestone is extensively recrystal-
lised. ‘The limestones appear to be either current concentrated
shell beds or shell banks subjected to current action. ‘The Upper
Pecten Bed lenses out at 67ch. and it is likely that the Lower
Pecten Bed is also lenticular. Above each limestone are thin beds
of loose coarse sand, followed by a sequence of laminated shales
and interbedded sands and ripple lenticles, similar to those of the
underlying sequence.
Here the Westbury Beds comprise three repetitions of sedi-
mentary features. Each cycle starts with a wave or current
concentrated deposit, usually calcareous and with abundant fossils.
Upwards in the cycle, the rocks become increasingly more
argillaceous.
THE COTHAM BEDS
The contact between the Westbury and Cotham Beds is sharp.
There are small scale erosional irregularities on the shale surface
and rolled lumps of Westbury Beds occur in the base of the Cotham
Beds (180ch.). The Cotham Beds, though they are more cal-
careous than the Westbury Beds, also show cycles of sedimentation.
Four cycles or minor cyclothems can be distinguished (Fig. 1).
The features of a cycle are, briefly: (1) a basal calcareous horizon,
above which there is usually a gradual reduction in the amount
of carbonate, (2) shell or sand beds, or ripple lenticles, most
common near the base of a cycle but which decrease in frequency
upwards, (3) an increase in the proportion of clay upwards in each
cycle. Local variations however are common:
The basal calcareous horizons of the first, second and fourth
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RHAETIC SEDIMENTS OF THE FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE 283
cycles have argillaceous bands interbedded with sand beds, sand
ripple lenticles, or shell and organic debris deposits. All show
evidence of deposition under fluctuating current conditions, yet
each of the limestones has distinctive features.
The basal horizon of the first cycle has numerous shell beds,
often filling shallow channels up to 10 cm. wide and in places
(180ch.) colonised by algae. The algae include encrusting and
small branching forms. Rippled sand beds become more common
higher in the horizon and these give way to sand lenticles. Small
channel structures remain common throughout. Some bedding
planes are crowded with fish teeth, scales and vertebrae, and others
with ostracods. Many of the finer grained beds, between 5 and
15 cm. above the base, are strewn with fragments of Nazadita
lanceolata.
In the base of the second cycle, sand lenticles interbedded in
calcareous mudstone are profuse. Almost throughout its length of
outcrop, this rock shows small scale flow folds (Pl. VI, 1) formed
before the sediments were consolidated. ‘The deformation is con-
fined to this horizon and the folds lack a strong directional com-
ponent in the outcrops seen.
The base of the third cycle is characterised by the dominance of
sand over carbonate and consists of calcite cemented medium sands.
Oscillation ripples are ubiquitous, usually showing internal evidence
of migration, and some sets of ripple directions lie at right angles
to those on adjacent bedding planes. The undersurfaces of the
cemented sands have casts of trails, dragmarks, runnels, pits,
desiccation cracks and small mud lumps—these features having
formed on, or in, the thin interbedded clays.
The fourth calcareous horizon is often lenticular and concre-
tionary. It is cut by a number of vertical cracks, up to 15 cm.
deep, 3 cm. wide at the top and which taper downwards. They
form a polygonal pattern, some polygons measuring 60 cm. across
but most are smaller than this. The cracks, now filled with small
shell fragments, coarse and fine sand, and clay (Pl. VI, 2), are
interpreted as deep desiccation cracks. Early shrinkage jointing
has probably facilitated the formation of small sedimentary dykes
between ripple lenticles on the left of the main crack in the speci-
men. Later sinuous shrinkage cracks are lined with clear calcite,
or sometimes with pale blue celestite.
Each of the calcareous horizons is overlain by sandy oscillation
ripples or lenticles interbedded with silty clay. The sand ripples
are usually cemented with calcite and often show the casts of
trails on their undersurface. These beds pass up into clays with
fine sand streaks. In the upper clays, irregular calcareous ‘‘balls”’
284 D. HAMILTON
occur (Pl. VI, 3), these being abundant at 65 to 7och. and 104
to 108ch. ‘The upper surfaces of some of these balls are locally
perforate, and the interior and undersides are profusely cracked
as if by shrinkage. The cushion shapes suggest growth on bedding
planes, whilst the tiered shapes suggest upward growth as a result
of deposition of sediment, lateral extension taking place during
pauses in deposition. These structures are tentatively interpreted
as algal balls. ‘hey also occur in the top 30 cm. of the Westbury
Beds at 180ch. and have been noted in the clay horizons of both
the Westbury and Cotham Beds at places in the Aust Cliff.
During the road construction work, sizeable areas of Landscape
Marble were uncovered. It was possible to observe that: (a) the
algal bioherms (Hamilton, 1961) almost always occur on the same
level within the uppermost clay of the top cycle, (b) rarely some
bioherms were overturned (179ch.), (c) channelling is most evident
at this horizon, (d) mud flakes are concentrated in the channels
(Crazy Cotham Marble) as well as in the depressions between,
and on top, of the algal masses, (e) very frequently the algae
colonised small shell banks, channel fills and sedimentary mounds,
and (f) both the algal bioherms and channel deposits are strongly
cemented with calcite, contrasting with the enclosing clay.
Generally 2 to 8 cm. of clay with flakes separate the Landscape
Marble from the overlying Blue Lias, but at 55ch. Blue Lias
limestone wraps directly over Landscape Marble.
DISCUSSION
There is a close similarity between the sequences at Aust and
the Filton By-Pass Substitute, but they are not identical. Even
within the length of the Filton road works there are differences in
thickness and detailed sequence. ‘This is to be expected in a very
shallow water suite with evidence of repeated exposure and local
erosion. However, the repetition of sedimentary features does
suggest that both the Westbury and Cotham Beds are each com-
prised of several cycles, or minor cyclothems.
The basal bed of each cycle was deposited under conditions of
greatest energy, 7.e. current and/or wave action, with a gradual
reduction of energy input from the environment as the cycle
progressed. Such conditions could have been caused by relatively
small oscillations of the strand line, and probably there were
associated changes in the nature of materials received from the
source area. Hallam (1961, 159) has pointed out that the Rhaetic
sequence can be considered as a cyclothem, with shales dominant
in the lower portion (Westbury Beds), passing into marls (Cotham
VoL. XXX, Pr. IIIB PLaTE VI
RHAETIC SEDIMENTS OF THE FILTON BY-PASS SUBSTITUTE 285
Beds) and limestones (White Lias) at, the top. It is interesting to
note that this lithological sequence is virtually reversed in the
small cycles described in this paper. Since the completion of
fieldwork, it has been learned that Mr. H. C. Ivimey-Cook, B.Sc.,
(Geological Survey), has recognised cycles in the occurrence of
fossils in the Rhaetic sequence in east Glamorgan (pers. comm.).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer wishes to thank: Mr. and Mrs. W. Vernon, Easter
Compton, for repeated hospitality; Mr. J. B. Fairhall, B.Sc.,
A.M.I.C.E., Resident Engineer, Gloucester County Council, for
permission to examine exposures during construction work and for
the use of a base map; Dr. R. Goldring, Geology Department,
Reading University, for helpful comments on the manuscript;
Mrs. A. Lees for draughting Figs. 1 and 2; and Mr. A. Barkus for
photographic assistance. A grant for travelling expenses and
towards the cost of production of this paper by the Research
Board, Reading University, is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
Donovan, D. T. 1955. Rhaetic, pp. 24-25 in Chapter 1, Geology,
in Bristol and its Adjoining Counties. J. W. Arrowsmith, Bristol.
Hallam, A. 1961. Cyclothems, Transgressions and Faunal Change
in the Lias of North-West Europe. Trans. Edinb. geol. Soc.,
18, 124-174.
Hamilton, D. 1961. Algal Growths in the Rhaetic Cotham
Marble of Southern England. Palaeontology, 4, 324-333.
Wickes, W. H. 1908 (for 1907). Pebble-swallowing animals.
Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 4th Ser., 2, 25-31.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Plate VI, 1. Penecontemporaneous folding in the calcareous horizon at the
base of cycle CB2, Cotham Beds. From 179ch. Negative print of acetate
peel from $12,001, Reading University Geology Dept. Catalogue.
Plate VI, 2. Deep desiccation crack (middle), filled with sand and clay, in
calcareous mudstone with sand lenticles, at the base of cycle CB4, Cotham
Beds. Small sand dyke on left of main crack. Late shrinkage cracks (black)
filled with calcite. From 179ch. Negative print of acetate peel from $12,002.
Plate VI, 3. Possible algal balls from uppermost clay of cycle CB4, Cotham
Beds. A. Cushion shape—growth on a bedding plane. B. Tiered shape—
upward growth during deposition of sediment, lateral growth during pauses
in sedimentation. C. Shrinkage cracks on underside and inside. From
105ch. $12,003.
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Council ee, a a ee oe Pee 2oo
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Report of Council ist ae ae ie ah ie a -. 292
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Obituary: J. H. Savory a of FYE aes .. 299
Bristol Botany in 1962, by N. y. Senaurith oe = ie a8 S301
Bristol Bird Report, 1962 a 309
Lepidoptera Notes, Bristol District, 1968, by C. S. H. Biachwayt aaa
J. ¥. Burton .. 335
Centenary eer anche by F, Gate Phillips A mn 5. Willis Ae . 339
Plant Communities on Shapwick Heath, Somerset, by J. F. as Simpson,
Sarah E. Newton and M. J. Ricketts ae 343
Occurrence of Illite in the eee Oolite of the ae Gorge, by IN: J
Howarth ae 363
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NEW MEMBERS
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From 1 JUNE 1962 TO 24 ApRIL 1963
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Activities).
Atherton, Miss R........... Banksian House, Flax Bourton, nr. Bristol
Ae (Baker; Miss J. M........5... Clifton Hill House, Clifton, Bristol 8
Bambridge, Miss M......... 286 Canford Lane, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Baron, Miss Si P.~......... Cotswold Cottage, Lansdown Lane, Upton
Cheyney, Bitton, nr. Bristol
Bennett, Miss I. M. F. .... 8 Beaconsfield Road, Clifton, Bristol 8
Blake, Miss F. N., B.Sc. .... 18 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol 8
BlanGeie les BAY sis cee 8 Clifton College, Clifton, Bristol 8
BOA MISSS Se. see eee s g Hughenden Road, Clifton, Bristol 8
Bond, Dr. T. E. T., D.Sc., Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol
Ph.D.
Britton; MassoP) Joc... 2... Village Farm, Easter Compton, nr. Bristol
| BO (ed ETS oa tp [a ed ee Concord, Tickenham, Clevedon, Somerset
VAP Pin OUUAT Nios icp susie cys) \ie sie 80s 10 The Dell, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
Gook, Mass'G. F. By... 2... Tree Tops, 2 Welsford Road, Stapleton,
Bristol
Coombs, Miss B. O.....-... 27 Elburton Road, Sea Mills, Bristol 9
Denning, Wefan. k... ssa. wv g Hillhouse Road, Downend, Bristol
Drury, Mrs. B.Al......../.. 97 West Broadway, Westbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
Earp, Miss B. L.L., A.C.I.S. 8 Theresa Avenue, Bristol 7
Eyre-Brook, A. L..........: Druids Mead, Shirehampton Road, Stoke
Bishop, Bristol 9
Blemungs Mrs: Ky. .s. 2.3. 74. Coombe Bridge Avenue, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol 9
Glover, Miss A. M. ........ 10A West Park, Clifton, Bristol 8
Gotham, P.F., B.Sc. ...... Malverna, Wookey Hole Road, Wells,
Somerset
Griffiths, Dr. P. W. W., M.B., Hillview, Felton Common, Felton, nr.
B.S., Dip.Bac. Bristol
Griffiths, Mrs. P. W. W... Do.
Hamilton, Mrs. D. ........ 25 Old Sneed Avenue, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol 9
Harley, R.M:, BA. ..<... Dept. of Botany, University of Bristol,
Bristol 8
Holley, Miss J. M.R. ...... 13 Oakwood Road, Henleaze, Bristol
Hyman, Miss J. M. ........ 45 Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol
290 NEW MEMBERS
Kamm, M. D., A.R.I.C.S., Old Dower House, Highdale Rd., Clevedon,
Q.A.L.A.S. Somerset
Ay) Weates, Miss So Las. tee 56 Priory Road, Shirehampton, Bristol
Co sendalla Mig 128 are sacra 9 Ray Lodge Mews, Ray Park Avenue,
Maidenhead, Berkshire
Iwewas, Muss Mes) ccc eae 10 Channons Hill, Fishponds, Bristol
Lodowska, Miss A. M....... 28 Russell Grove, Westbury Park, Bristol 6
A. Manton, Miss-f. Ei... 252 11 Hampstead Road, Brislington, Bristol 4
Gu) sMassey. five, Oct. 29 (G.G.C_) ; up to 16 Nov. 3)—
Dec. 16 (many observers) ; 28 flying W. and, half an hour later,
16 flying E., Dec. 22 (R.A.). Cheddar res.: eighteen, Feb. 18;
19, Nov. 11, and six, Dec. 26 (J.A.McG.). Chew Valley: not seen
until Nov.—four on roth; nine on 18th (B.K.) and up to 24,
Nov. 24 — Dec. 26 (many observers).
BuzzArp~ Buteo buteo
G. Single bird, Winterbourne, Feb. 3 (R.H.P.) ; nest, with
one young bird, located nr. Marshfield (A.A.C.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 317
S. Nest with one young, nr. Bath, June 3 (K.A.H.). Other
breeding season records from Portbury, Charterhouse, and Flax
Bourton.
SPARROWHAWK Accipiter nisus
G. and S._ Breeding season records from Sea Mills, Sheperdine,
Oldbury, Leigh Woods, Long Ashton, Bishop Sutton, and Midford,
nr. Bath. Adult with two young, Blagdon, Aug. 12 (B.K.).
HeN HarriER Circus cyaneus
S. Female or immature, Sand Point, Dec. 2 (R.A.).
Montacu’s HarrRiER Circus pygargus
S. Immature bird, Chew Valley res., Aug. 4 (B.K.).
Hossy Falco subbuteo
G. Single birds, New Grounds, May 12, Aug. 15 (L.P.A.);
juvenile, same place, Sept. 19 (H.H.D.). One over Clifton, May 29
(G.S.).
S. Pair reared two young (later ringed) (L.T.) ; adult and one
fledged young seen near same nest site, Sept. g (G.S., M.A.W.).
Single birds, Blagdon, June 3 (R.M.C.), Aug. 18, 30 (P.J.C.,
M.A.W.) ; Saltford, June ro (P.H.), 15 (B.K.) ; Chew Valley res.,
July 22 (R.M.C.), Sept. 16 (W.J.S.) ; Cheddar res., Aug. 26
(J.A.McG.).
PEREGRINE Falco peregrinus
G. Single birds, Hotwells, Bristol, Jan. 4 (M.A.W.) ; Clifton,
May 22 (G.S.) ; New Grounds, Oct. 1, Nov. 24, Dec. 14 (L.P.A.,
fe )-b., B.K., M.A.O.).
S. Two, ad. and imm., Chew Valley res., Jan. 14—Feb. 10
(R.M.C., B.K., G.S., M.A.W.) ; up to three (two ads. and one
imm.), same place, various dates, Aug. 11 — Oct. 27 (R.A., R.M.C.,
B.K., T.D.H.M.). Single birds, Sand Bay, Feb. 11 (R.A.); Brean
Down area, Feb. 18 (H.G.H.), Mar. 5 (R.A.), Apr. 13, Oct. 13
(E.M.P.); Portishead, July 14 (J.F.B.). and Saltford, Aug. 17 (P.H.).
Gyr Fatcon’ Falco rusticolus
S. The bird first reported, Nov., 1961, Chew Valley res., was
still present Jan. 6, 7 (R.M.C., P.H., B.K., G.S. et al.) and was
last seen on 13th (W.J.S.).
Meruin- Falco columbarius
s) Chew Valley res.: one, Jan. 7, 20, Feb. 5, ro (H.H.D.,
318 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
C.L., G.S.) ; ad. male, Feb: 11 (G.S.) and Aprazoe(ssk)), and
single birds, Oct. 8 (P.G.H.), 21 (G.S.), Nov. 25 (W.J.S.). One,
Wick St. Lawrence, July 16 (T.B.S.).
RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE Alectoris rufa
S. Pair, Brean Down, May 20 (J.R.B.).
QuarIL Coturnix coturnix
G. At least three calling, Marshfield, June 12 (H.W.N.) and
two on 29th (R.M.C.).
WatTER Ratt Rallus aquaticus
G. New Grounds: one caught and ringed, Apr. 12 ; further five
ringed, Oct. 1 — Dec. 12 (M.A.O.). Freshly dead birds, Thornbury,
Sept. 20 (T.D.H.M.) and Easter Compton, Oct. 12 (W.F.V.). One,
perhaps two, Oakford, nr. Marshfield, Dec. 24, 30 (A.A.C.).
S. Single birds, Chew Valley res., Jan. 2 (J.R.B.), Mar. 3
(R.A.), July 31 (J.R.B.); two, same place, Weer o4( Paleo fone
calling nr. Cheddar res., Nov. 3 (B.R.). Twelve flushed from
Spartina beds by rising tide, Sand Bay, Feb. 7; single bird, Axe
Estuary, Feb. 11 (T.B.S.).
CORNCRAKE Crex crex
G. and §. Two, nr. Butcombe, May 10 (R.L.) and single bird,
Sand Point, on 13th (R.A.). Present in Saltford area, June — Aug. ;
one calling nr. Bitton, Sept. 1 (P. 1:8.)
Coot Fulica atra
S. Reservoirs : peak counts, Cheddar, 2,800, Jan. 14 and 3,000,
Dec. 26 (J.A.McG.) ; poor breeding season, Chew Valley, fewer
than 20 broods seen (max. winter count, same place, 2,700, Dec. 16
(B.K.)) ; 113, Blagdon, July 7 (G.S.). Twelve on R. Avon,
Saltford, in hard weather, Dec. 30 (B.K.).
OYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus
G. Three, New Grounds, Mar. 23, Apr. 18, Sept. 14 (L.P.A.,
Jeo
S. Three, Blagdon res., Mar. 11 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and one,
sometimes two, Chew Valley res., July 25 — 31 (various observers).
Max. coastal count, g0-++, Weston Bay, Sept. 17 (R.A.).
Larpwinc Vanellus vanellus
S. Bird ringed, Pill, 16/1/61, recovered g50m. S., nr. Nava
(Oviedo), Spain, —/1/62 (M.J.B.). Strong $.—S.W. movement
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 319
noted during hard weather, early Dec.; at least 800 over Nailsea
on 7th (M.V.T.) and birds moving at rate of goo an hour over
Cheddar res. on 8th (R.A.).
RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula
G. Max. counts, New Grounds: 100, May 31, and 300, Aug. 22
(L.P.A., M.A.O.). 200 on coast nr. Hallen, Aug. 19 (H.W.N.).
S. Usual autumn records from reservoirs, with max. total of 91,
Chew Valley, Aug. 29 (R.M.C., B.K.). Highest coastal count, 150,
Sand Bay, Sept. 2 (R.A.).
LitTLE RINGED PLOVER Charadrius dubius
Sme@hew Walley res.:. one, Apr. 7 (R:A.); three imms.,
July 11 (R.M.C.) ; two, Aug. 4 (R.A.) and single birds, Aug. 8 ~ 12
(RoOVEC. BK... J-A.McG.).
GrEY PLOVER Charadrius squatarola
G. New Grounds: up to five, May 6- July 17; 40, Aug. 29
(le sErA:).
S. Four, Yeo Estuary, Feb. 18 (J.R.B., C.L.) ; two, Sand Bay,
Apr. 29; one, Axe Estuary, Sept 23 (R.A.). Reservoirs: single
birds, Blagdon, Sept. 30 (B.R.) ; Cheddar, Oct. 7 (J.A.McG.) ;
two, Chew Valley, Oct. 13 (J.A.McG.) and one, Dec. 2 (G.S.).
GOLDEN PLOVER Charadrius apricarius
G. Max. count, New Grounds—150, Dec. 23 (L.P.A.).
S. Axe Estuary area: 50, Jan. 28 (T.B.S.) ; 100, Oct. 20 and
200, Dec. 1 (R.A.). 250 on ploughed field nr. Bath, Jan. 28
(R.M.C.) ; up to 80 or more, Chew Valley res., Oct. 21 — Dec. 23
(various observers) ; 60, Bristol Airport, Dec. 5 (T.B.S.).
TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres
G. Four, New Grounds, Aug. 1 (L.P.A.). At least 300, Severn
Beach, Aug. 19, and 200, Sept. 1 (I.H.S.). Forty, Oldbury, Oct. 20
(J.D.R.V.).
S. Single bird, Kingston Seymour, July 28 (R.M.C.). Up to
five, Sand Bay—Weston Bay area, Sept. 10 — Dec. 15 (R.A.). One,
Chew Valley res., Aug. 25 (R.A.) and two, Sept. 16 (W.J.S.).
Single bird, Cheddar res., Sept. g (R.M.C.).
Jack SnieE Limnocryptes minimus
S. Twonr. Hutton, Feb. 25 (W.L.R.). Six, Chew Valley res.,
Oct. 21 and at least 15 on 30th (J.R.B., C.L.) ; six, same place,
Dec. 10, (B.R.). Single bird nr. Yatton, Dec. 10 (H.H.D.).
C
320 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
Woopcock Scolopax rusticola
S. Three flushed, Weston Woods, Dec. 29, 30 (R.A.).
CurRLEwW Numenius arquata
G. Migrant flocks moving N.E. over Downend, Bristol, during
darkness, Mar. 29—calls heard for ten minutes or more (R.H.P.).
500, New Grounds, July 7, Aug. 22 (L.P.A., M.A.O.).
S. 300, Sand Bay, Jan. 28; 200, same place, Sept. 2 (R.A.).
Chew Valley res.: occasional, all seasons (max. nine, June 14)
(various observers).
BLACK-TAILED Gopwit Limosa limosa
G. New Grounds: 34, July 22, and up to 40, Aug. — late Sept.
(L.P.A.).
S. Chew Valley res.: two, Apr. 8, 29 (R.M.C. e al.) ; 11 on
goth (J.R.B., C.L.) and single birds, May 26 - June 11, July 14,
Aug. 28 — Nov. 7 (many observers). One, Blagdon res., Sept. 16
(J.R.B., C.L.), Nov. 3 (R.M.C.). About 360, Sand Bay, Apr. 29
(R.A.) (see following species, same date). Four, Yeo Estuary,
ly .2 07 (jee @ sla)
BAR-TAILED Gopwir Limosa lapponica
G. New Grounds: five, Apr. 19; exceptional gathering of 726,
Apr. 29 (birds arriving from S. during day and moving off N. in
late afternoon) ; only 58 counted on following day; eighty, same
place, May 2; 27, Aug. 15 and eight, Sept. 19 (EE Rea Eee
S. Counts, Weston Bay—Sand Bay area : nine, Jan. 13 (R.A.);
54, Apr. 15; 45 0n 29th (T.B.S.) ; six, July 29 (C.L.) and up to
five, Sept. 10 — Dec. 16 (R.A., T.B.S.). Chew Valley res.: _ three,
Apr. 29; six on 30th and May 2 (J.R.B.), and ten or more, Aug. 26
(Uishsy)
GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus
G. Up to four, New Grounds, Aug. 9-—Sept. 17, and two,
Oct. 2 (L.P.A.). Two, Littleton brickworks, Aug. 24 (J.D.R.V.).
S. Reservoirs: one, Barrow Gurney, Mar. 17 (J.R.B., C.L.) ;
one, sometimes two, same place, Apr. and Aug. (various observers) ;
usual records, Apr.—Sept., from Blagdon, Chew Valley and
Cheddar, with max. of 24, Chew Valley, July (many observers) and
39, same place, Aug. 3 (C.L.). Single birds over Shipham, Aug. 3,
Dec. 31 (T.B.S.) and at Saltford sewage farm, Sept. 30, Oct. 7
(P.T.S.). One, Wick St. Lawrence, Apr. 15 (T.B.S.) ; one, some-
times two, Yeo Estuary, July 29 — Sept. 1 (J.R.B., C.L., T.B.S.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 321
Woop SANDPIPER Tringa glareola
G. Single birds, New Grounds, June 3, Aug. 20, 21 (L.P.A.,
M.A.O.).
S. Chew Valley res.: one, July 29 ; four, Aug. 8 ; five on 22nd
(R°M-C., B.K.) ; up to four to end of month (J.F.B., R.M.C.,
B.K.) and single birds, Sept. 2 (N.J.C.), 9 (1.H.S.) and Oct. 5 —11
GNSE@ 3 R.M:C., G:S.). Single birds, Cheddar res., Aug. 23
(J.A.McG.) ; Blagdon res., Aug. 25 (R.A.), 30 (P.J.C., M.A.W.).
REDSHANK Tringa totanus
S. Breeding season records: nine pairs, Chew Valley res.,
Apr. 19 (B.K.)—nest with three eggs found, May 13 (W.J.S.) and
pair with fully grown young bird, June 11 (B.K.). Two pairs,
Portbury, Apr. 28 (W.J.S.). Pair with young, Woodspring Bay,
June 29 (W.L.R.).
SPOTTED REDSHANK Tringa erythropus
G. Eight, New Grounds, July 17; nineteen, Sept. 25; ten,
@ctaraa (ese A.
S. Two, Chew Valley res., Mar. 18 (S.I.B.), Apr. 17 (W.L.R.).
Unusually numerous at reservoirs in autumn: up to seven, Chew
Valley, Aug. /Sept. (various observers) and four, Oct. 6, 7 (R.M.C.,
B.R.); one still there, Nov. 3 (R.A.) ; two, Cheddar, Aug. 16
(J-A.McG.) ; fifteen, Blagdon, Aug. 30 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and max.
count of 24, Sept. 9 (P.J.C.) ; up to nine, same place, in Oct.
(many observers), and two, Nov. 5 (G.S.) ; one, Barrow Gurney,
Sept. 5 (T.B.S.). One, Yeo Estuary, Apr. 1; five, Aug. 19 and
single birds, Aug. 25, Nov. 4 (T.B.S.).
GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia
G. New Grounds: one, Apr. 29, and up to seven, July 22 -
Sept. 5—often in W.T. enclosures (L.P.A.).
S. Chew Valley res.: one, Jan. 28, Apr. 30 (J.R.B., R.M.C.) ;
three, July 20 (T.B.S.) ; max. of 20, Aug. 27 (S.I.B.) ; up to ten
in Sept. (various observers) and two, Oct. 21 (R.M.C.). Single
birds, Barrow Gurney resrs., Aug. 8, 21 (T.B.S.) ; max. of nine,
Cheddar res., Aug. 16 (J.A. McG.) and two, Sept. 9 (R.M.C.).
Single birds, Weston Bay—Sand Bay: June 3 (J.R.B.), and July /
Aug. (various observers) ; six, Sept. 7 (W.L.R.) and single birds,
Sept. 16— Oct. 7 (R.A., T.B.S.).
Knot Calidris canutus
G. A few (max. 23), New Grounds, Aug. 22-—Sept. 9; 40
there, Sept. 19, 21 (L.P.A., H.H.D.).
322 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
S. Coastal counts include: 1,000, St. George’s Wharf, Jan. 14
(J.F.B.) ; 2,500, Sand Bay, Jan. 28, and 4,000, Weston Bay, Dec. 1
(R.A.). Immature bird, Chew Valley res., Aug. 16 (B.K.), Sept. 16
(W.J.S.).
PURPLE SANDPIPER’ Calidris maritima
S. One, in flight and calling, over rocks, Sand Point, Feb. 25
(T.B.S.)—full details supplied.
LittLe Stinr Calidris minuta
G. New Grounds: single bird, May 31; two, Aug. 15; seven,
Sept. 30; three, Oct. 13 and one on 14th (L.P.A., H.J.B.).
S. Two, Chew Valley res., Sept. 8, 9 (J.A.McG., T.B.S.) and
single birds, Oct. 7 (W.J.S.), Nov. 3 (R.A., T.B.S.). One, Cheddar
EES:, ep. 22 (BK).
‘TEMMINCK’S STINT Calidris temminckii
S. Single bird, Chew Valley res., Sept. 8 (E.M.P.), 9 (S.E.C.,
J.A.McG., T.B.S.)—full details received.
Dunuin_ Calidris alpina
G. and §. Max. counts, New Grounds: 1,500, May 10; 800,
July 18; 2,000, Aug. 22 (L.P.A., M.A.O.). Bird ringed (52627x),
Pill, 17/1 /61, found dead, same place, 5/1 /62, had wing length of
122mm.—a measurement falling within range quoted for northern
race, C. a. alpina (R.H.P.). Reservoir records include: 21, Chew
Valley, Jan. 6 (G.C.B.); eight, Apr. 8; up to 75 in Aug. (many
observers) and ten, Dec. 15 (R.M.C.). Max. counts from Cheddar
—eleven, Aug. 16 (J.A.McG.) and Blagdon—five, Dec. 16 (R.M.C.).
CURLEW SANDPIPER’ Calidris testacea
G. New Grounds : single bird, Aug. 16; two, Aug. 21, Sept. 15;
one, Sept. 24 (L.P.A., M.A.O.).
S. Single birds at Chew Valley res., Apr. 30 (J.R.B.), Aug. 16 —
19 (R.M.C., B.K., J.A.McG.) and Oct. 11 (N.J.C.); and Blagdon
res., Sept. 30 (B.R.). One, Weston Bay, Aug. 16 (R.A.).
SANDERLING Crocethia alba
G. New Grounds: 100, May 31; up to ten, Aug. /Sept. and 20,
Oct. 13 (L: PAs, H.J-.B., M.A-©)).
S. Weston Bay—Sand Bay: single bird, Mar. 25; up to three in
Sept.; single birds, Dec. 1, 2 (R.A.). Two, Chew Valley res.,
May 10 (J.R.B., G.L.). :
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 32
ve
Rurr. Philomachus pugnax
G. Single bird, New Grounds, Jan. 1— 4; one, same place,
May 6 and up to ten, Aug. — Oct. (L.P.A., M.A.O.). One, Hills
Flats, nr. Sheperdine, Aug. 19 (J.D.R.V.).
S. Chew Valley res.: two, Mar. 17 (R.A.); one, Apr. 7, 8 (R.A.,
R.M.C.); up to six, Aug. 3—Oct. 11 (various observers); two,
Nov. 3; and one, Dec. 8 (R.A.). Single birds, Cheddar res.,
Aug. 6, 8, 26 (J.R.B., R.M.C., J.A.McG.); two, Blagdon res.,
Aug. 25 and one, Oct. 14, 20 (various observers). Single birds,
Weston Bay, July 29, Dec. 1 (R.A.).
GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL Larus marinus
S. Breeding population on Steep Holm and The Denny (Mon.)
totalled 133 pairs (95, Steep Holm; 38, Denny); 86 occupied nests
located, Steep Holm, May 26, 27 (Res. Stn.).
LeEssER BLACK-BACKED GuLL Larus fuscus graellsi
S. Bred again, Chew Valley res.—three ads., each with young,
June 11; 176 at roost, same place, Dec. 16 (B.K.).
Herrinc Guitu Larus argentatus
S. Thirty nests counted on The Denny (Mon.); eggs and chicks
totalled 68, May 24 (Res. Stn.). At least 2,000, Chew Valley res.,
in late afternoon, Dec. 16 (B.K..).
COMMON GULL Larus canus
S. Counts in late afternoon, Chew Valley res., include: 350 — 400,
Feb. 5 (G.S.); 2,000 or more, Dec. 16 (B.K.). 500, Weston Bay,
Dec.,30 (R.A.).
Giaucous /IcELAND GuLL Larus hyperboreus | glaucoides
G. Immature bird, Clifton, Feb. 23: watched in flight for
several minutes by P.J.C., who records that the entire plumage,
including primaries, was pale buff.
BLACK-HEADED GULL Larus ridibundus
G. ‘Twenty or more, dead or dying, in severe weather, Eastville
Park, Bristol, early Jan.; of sixteen dissected none showed evidence
of starvation, main cause of death being congestion and inflamma-
tion of the lungs—due probably to chilling (R.H.P.—who records
that cold spell was not long enough to produce appreciable loss of
weight).
S. Juvenile ringed (3005837), Stoke, Kent, 17/6/56, shot 145m.
W., Nailsea, 5/1/62 (H.R.H.). At least 7,000, Chew Valley res.,
late afternoon, Dec. 16 (B.K.).
324 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
KirtrwAkE ftussa tridactyla
G. Immature bird, New Grounds, May 8, 19 (L.P.A.).
S. Single ad., Clevedon, Feb. 17 (B.K.); one, Brean Down,
Feb. 18 (H.G.H. e¢ al.) and dead ad., Sand Bay on 25th (T.B.S.).
First-year bird, mouth R. Avon, Apr. 14 (R.H.P.). Single imms.,
Cheddar res., Aug. 26 (B:K_), Sept. 2, 4) GB iayF
Biack TERN Chlidonias niger
G. Thirty-five, New Grounds, Aug. 14 (L.P.A.).
S. Spring record of ten, Chew Valley res., May 2 (B.K.).
Fighty-eight, Chew Valley, July 25 (B.K.); 60, same place, Aug. 17
(J.D.R.V.) and seven, Sept. 5 (R.M.C.). Three, Barrow Gurney
resrs., Aug. 20, Sept. 4 (T.B.S.). Up to eight, Cheddar res., various
dates, Aug.— Oct. (H.G.A., H.H.D. e¢ al.). Two, Blagdon res.,
Aug. 22 (S.H.G.B., H.W.N.) and three, Sept j16jG?p Rem sear.)
One, Axe Estuary, Aug. 15 (R.A.).
Common TERN Sterna irundo Arctic TERN Sterna macrura
G. New Grounds: nine, May 8; one, June 16; two, Aug. 15;
five, hirundo, on 20th; two, Sept. 5 (L.P.A.).
S. Three, Cheddar res., Apr. 21 (J.R.B.) and Chew Valley res.,
May 2 (C.L.). One, R. Avon, Saltford, May 6 (P.H.). Return
passage, reservoirs, Aug. 18 — Sept. 16: numbers small with max.
of three, Cheddar, Aug. 26 (B.K.) and eleven, Chew Valley,
Sept. 2 (W.J.S.).
RosEATE TERN Sterna dougalli
S. One, in full breeding plumage, found dead, Clutton,
May 10, was sent to City Museum, Bristol (P. F. Bird); third record
for the County—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1954, Pp. 27.
LirtLE TERN Sterna albifrons
G. Single birds, New Grounds, May 4, 19 (L.P.A.).
S. Two, Chew Valley res., Apr. 21 (W.J.S.) ; one, Cheddar
res., same date (J.R.B.).
LirtLeE Aux Alle alle
G. An unharmed bird found, Charfield, Jan. 12, was taken to
the New Grounds and released on the Estuary (M.A.O.).
GuILLEMoT Una aalge
S. One off landing beach, Steep Holm, June 11 (T.B.S.).
Stock Dove Columba oenas
S. Numbers evidently well maintained. Noteworthy records:
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 325
up to 50 on rough ground, Chew Valley res., several dates, Feb. —
Mar. (R.A., J.R.B., B.K., C.L.); exceptional flock of 108 on stubble,
Charterhouse, Mendip, Mar. 3 (T.B.S.); common along rail track
nr. Saltford, July 11 (H.H.D.); one, Steep Holm, Sept. 30 — Oct. 5
(Res. Stn.)
TurTLE Dove Streptopelia turtur
G. and S. Breeding season records from Avonmouth (C.L.);
Marshfield and Slimbridge (R.M.C.); Keynsham and Saltford
(P.T.S.); Chew Valley res. and in Bath area (R.M.C.). Two with
Collared Doves, Avonmouth, on exceptionally late date of Nov. 17
(a
COLLARED Dove _ Streptopelia decaocto
G. Up to ten feeding on grain around flour mills and rail
sidings, Avonmouth Docks, in Mar.—number rising to max. of
¢.50, July, but falling to 30, Nov. (C.L.). Attempted breeding by
pair, St. Andrew’s Road, Avonmouth, early June (H.G.H.).
Shirehampton: present in all months—three pairs having territories
but no direct evidence of breeding (C.L.). Other records from
Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton: one to three birds, frequent dates,
Apr. —Sept., and The Avenue, Stoke Bishop: three, many dates,
June — July, and at least two daily, mid-July to mid-Sept. (breeding
suspected, both areas) (G.S.). Occasional records from Combe
Dingle and Redland (C.L., G.S. e¢ al.).. Two, Slimbridge (W.T.
enclosures), May — Sept. (4, June) (R.M.C., M.A.O. e¢ al.).
S. One, Bishop Sutton, Apr. 30 (S.G.M.). One, sometimes
two, various urban areas, Weston-s-Mare, late June — late Nov.;
one, Redhill, nr. Wrington, Aug. 14, and two on cottage roof,
Kewstoke, Oct. 7 (R.A.). Single bird close to Ashton Gate, Bristol,
Sept. 2 (G.S., M.A.W.).
NicHTjaR Caprimulgus europaeus
G. and S. One flushed from rough ground, Filton golf course,
May 16 (R.A.). One “churring’’, Leigh Woods, soon after 4 a.m.,
June 19 (J.F-.B.).
Swirt Apus apus
G. and §S. Spring arrivals normal but return passage dates
generally later than usual (R.M.C., R.H.P. e al.). S. Early dates:
two, Chew Valley res., Apr. 15 (W.J.S.) and single bird, Barrow
Gurney resrs., on 17th (T.B.S.). Passage of ¢c.2,500, Chew Valley
res., Apr. 30 (J.R.B., E.H.) and up to 3,000 or more often seen
over water (usually in stormy weather), same place, mid-May to
mid-Aug. (various observers).
326 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
LEssER SPOTTED WOODPECKER Dendrocopos minor
G. Single birds, Moorend, nr. Hambrook, Apr. 18 (R.H.P.)
and Filton golf course, July 16 (R.A.).
S. One, Blagdon res., Feb. 25 (B.K.) and two pairs, Mar. 6
(G.C.B., S.1.B.). One, Tickenham, Mar. 31 (T.R.J.W.) and one,
Kewstoke Woods, Apr. 29 (R.A.). Two, Saltford, July 1 (B.K.).
SKYLARK Alauda arvensis
G. and S. About 2,000 passing W. in hard weather during
45 mins., Filton golf course, Dec. 27 (R.A.) and small groups feeding
with finches along foreshore, Chew Valley res., same date (S.E.C.);
small parties moving S. in similar conditions, Weston Bay, on 30th
(RUA.
SWALLOW Hirundo rustica
S. First spring record: one, Claverton, Bath, Apr. 1 (R.M.C.).
Large coastal movements, Brean Down, Apr. 20, 22 (R.A.) and
many passing Anchor Head and Sand Bay during an hour’s watch,
May 1 (R.H.P.). Two ads. and a juv. ringed, Nailsea, in the
summer of 1961 were all recovered in same locality between
second week of May and mid-September, 1962 (H.R.H.).
SAND Martin Riparia riparia
S. Breeding (2 pairs) in wall drainage holes, Pulteney Weir,
Bath, May 1 (R.M.C., B.K.). Two pairs breeding in bank holes,
Re Avon; Saltford, June 30 (P:1-S:):
RAVEN Corvus corax
S. Usual breeding pair, Brean Down; two young reared (R.A.,
E.H., W.L.R.). Inland record of four crossing Chew Valley res.
and disappearing toward Litton, Sept. 27 (G.C.B., S.I.B.).
CaRRIOn Crow Corvus corone
G. and S. Nest (3 eggs) on top ledge, c.50 ft., of factory water
tank, Filton, May 21 (R.A.). Flock of at least 300, Nailsea Moor,
Apr. 28, and 140, May 13 (S.M.T.). Bred, Steep Holm: nest
(2 young, 2 eggs) in Elder bush, E. cliff, May 26 (Res. Stn.).
Rook Corvus frugilegus
G. Survey, Severn Vale, 1962: sixty-three Rookeries (1,482
nests) located—a decrease of about 8% on 1956 figures (A.E.B.,
DRY.)
Jackpaw Corvus monedula
S. Pair leaving hole in barracks roof, Steep Holm, in early
morning, May 27; no further observations (Res. Stn.).
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 32
=]
Biue Tir Parus caeruleus
G. and §. Colour-ringed bird trapped, Clifton, Feb. 24, had
been ringed there more than six years previously (25/12/55)
(P.J.C.). Pair breeding in hole of railway telegraph post, Saltford,
fume 27(P1'S.).
DieepeR Cinclus cinclus
S. One, Midford Brook, nr. Bath, June 26 (R.M.C.).
REDWING Turdus musicus
G. and §. Hard weather records, early Jan.: hundreds in
garden hedgerows between Ashton Park and Suspension Bridge
(Bridge Road) on 1st and some feeding in St. Paul’s Road, Clifton
(J.F.B.); a few (very tame) feeding in Talbot Road, Knowle, same
date (G.C.B.). About 350 on N. side, Chew Valley res., Jan. 13
(P.G.H.). Enormous roost, many thousands, Rowberrow Warren,
Shipham, Dec. 15 (T.B.S.) (cf. Proc. B.N.S. 1960, 1961). In severe
weather, last week Dec., some feeding on apples (still on trees) in
garden, Nailsea (M.V.T., S.M.T.), and hedgerows, Hutton Moor,
“full of Redwings” (W.L.R.).
Rinc OuzeL Turdus torquatus
G. Single male, Penpole, Shirehampton, Apr. 8 (H.W.N.,
PR. K-B.Y.).
S. Party of six, Brean Down, Apr. 4 (S.K.T.) and single bird
‘on 20th (R.A.). Two, Cadbury Camp ridge, Apr. 5 (S.K.T.).
Party of five, Farleigh Combe, Backwell, Apr. 8 (R.F.O.), 10
(G{E.C.).- One, Sand Point, Oct. 21 (S.LB.).
STONECHAT Saxicola torquata
G. Hard weather records of single males, Southmead, mid-
Jan. (R.H.P.) and Stapleton, late Dec. (H.G.H.).
S. Pair, evidently breeding, Brean Down, several dates, Mar. —
Apr. (R.A., E.M.P., W.L.R.). Pair carrying food, Sand Point,
May 13 (R.A.). Off season records from coastal areas and reser-
voirs (various observers).
WHINcHAT Saxicola rubetra
G.and §. Pair feeding young, Nailsea Moor, June 4 (T.R.J.W.).
A female, Filton golf course, May 1 (R.A.); a pair on saltings,
Uphill, on grd (R.A.). A male, Kenn Moor, June g (C.L.), and a
pair, King Down, nr. Cheddar, July 8 (R.M.C.), may have been
breeding birds. Other records, May and Sept.—Oct., from Chew
Valley res. and Brean Down (R.M.C., T.B.S.).
328 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
ReEpDsTART Phoenicurus phoenicurus
G. Pair building in hole of decayed Elm branch, Durdham
Down, Clifton, May 1, and a pair feeding young in hedgerow,
Hallen Marsh, June 6 (P.G.H.). Two ad. males and four juveniles
(just fledged), Oakford, nr. Marshfield, June 3, and pair with
young in nest, same place, on 23rd (A.A.C.).
BiAck REDsTART Phoenicurus ochruros
G. Female or imm., on Bypass between Filton and Patchway,
Jian, TO; REP).
S. Female or imm., Brean Down, Mar. 4, 17 (T.B.S.).
GRASSHOPPER WARBLER’ Locustella naevia
S. Single bird “reeling”, Brean Down, Apr. 24 (J.R.B.),
May 6 (R.A.), 30 (P.G.H.). Three “reelme”, Walton Moor:
several dates, May — June (P.G.H.).
REED WARBLER Acrocephalus scirpaceus
G. and S. Breeding, usual site, Littleton-on-Severn, June 20
(P.J.C., G.S., J.D.R.V.); one trapped, same place iulya2g. bad
been ringed there ( J57257) as an ad., 1/8/60 (P.J.C.). Reported
from widespread localities—notably from reed beds, east side, Chew
Valley res., where seventeen pairs located, June 10 (W.J.S.) and
twenty singing males counted, July 1 (G.S.).
LessER WHITETHROAT Sylvia curruca
G. and S._ First arrivals, last week of Apr.: Littleton-on-Severn,
Olveston, Chew Valley, Yatton Moor, etc. (P.J.C., H.H.D.,
J.D.R.V. et al.). Breeding season records from G@.—Filton and
Inglestone Common, nr. Hawkesbury Upton and S.—Clevedon,
Easton-in-Gordano, Yeo Estuary, Saltford and Chew Valley
(various observers).
WILLOW WARBLER Phylloscopus trochilus CHIFFcHAFF P. collybita
G. and S. Spring arrivals unusually late, neither being reported
in numbers until third week of Apr. (many observers).
Woop WarBLER- Pahylloscopus sibilatrix
G. Passage bird, Littleton-on-Severn brickworks, Apr. 23
GPHces:
PreD FLYCATCHER Muscicapa hypoleuca
G. Male singing in garden, Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton,
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 329
May 22 (G.S.). Several return passage records from Filton: two
seen, Aug. 8; one on 27th and one (perhaps two), Sept. 7 (R.A.).
S. Female, Flax Bourton, Apr. 24 (R.F.O.). Male, Shipham,
May 14 (T.B.S.).
HeEpDGE SPARROW Prunella modularis
S. Count of at least 25 pairs, Steep Holm, Apr. 28 - 29 (Res.
Stn.). One colour-ringed, Hutton, Jan. 1959, still a regular visitor
to same garden at close of 1962 (W.L.R.).
Tree Preir Anthus trivialts
S. Two pairs bred, Leigh Woods (P.J.C.). Breeding season
records (two singing birds in each case) from Ashton Court (J.F.B.);
Cadbury Camp ridge (H.H.D.) and Yoxter, Mendip (P.G.H.).
Noted on passage at Crook Peak, Brean Down, Kewstoke and Sand
Point (various observers).
Rock Pipir Anthus spinoletta petrosus
Seo aa creek, Pill; R. Avon, Mar.o2 (J.F.B.), Reservoir
records: single bird, Chew Valley, Oct. 21 (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and
two on 27th (B.K.); two, Cheddar, Oct. 27 (R.M.C.) and one,
Nov. 22 (W.L.R.).
Water Piprr Anthus spinoletta spinoletia
S. Cheddar res.: one, Feb. 4 (J.A.McG.) and Mar. 25 (B.K.);
two, Oct. 27 (R.M.C., B.K.) and one, Dec. 15, 16 (B.K., J.A.McG.).
Single bird, Chew Valley res., Feb. 10 and on several dates, Mar.
(R.M.C., J.A.McG.); up to four, same place, on two occasions,
early Apr. (P.J.C., M.A.W.) and up to six on various dates, late
Oct. to early Dec. (B.K., W.J.S. e7 al.).
YELLOW WactaiL Motacilla flava flavissima
S. Breeding or breeding season records from Nailsea and Kenn
Moors (H.R.H., $.M.T.); Blagdon res. (G.S.); and Chew Valley
res. where W.J.S. counted fourteen pairs, June 9, of which half
were feeding young.
Waxwinc) Bombycilla garrulus
S. ‘Two, or more, present, Bath and district, mid-Feb. to late
Mar.—one, sometimes two, being seen, various dates, Lans-
down, Victoria Park, Upper Weston, etc. (R.M.C., P.H., B.K.,
Pei.S.).
330 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
STARLING Sturnus vulgaris
G. One ringed (410185), Eastville, Bristol, 31 /12 /61, recovered
2,300m. N.E., nr. Podporozkye, Leningrad, 17/8/62 (per Moscow
Ringing Bureau).
S. Three nests with young in barracks roof, Steep Holm,
May 26 (Res. Stn.).
HawFincH' Coccothraustes coccothraustes
S. Single bird, Victoria Park, Bath, several occasions, Mar. 4-11
(R.M.C., P.H., P.T.S.). Two pairs, Leigh Woods, May 15 (P.J.C.).
GREENFINCH’ Chloris chloris
G. and S. First-winter female ringed (221168), Downend,
Bristol, 14/3 /62, killed by a cat, 85m. E., nr. Godalming, Surrey,
1/5/62 (R.H.P.). Male ringed (22571X), Corston, nr. Bath,
21/2/60, recovered in a bale of straw, 100m. N.E., Souldrop, Beds.,
17/4/62 (R.H.P.). Flock of c.200, Charterhouse, Mendip, Mar. 3
(T.B.S.). 300 or more, with other finches, Chew Valley res.,
Mar. 17, and nr. Cheddar Gorge, Apr. 21 (R.A.).
GOLDFINCH Carduelis carduelis
G. and S. Flock of 60, Filton golf course, Oct. 18 (R.A.). Chew
Valley res.: large flocks reported—250, Feb. 11 and 200, Mar. 4.
(W.J.S.); 450, Sept. 23 (T.D.H.M.) and Oct. 7 (W.J.S.). One;
juv., ringed (AA85952) nr. Thornbury, 30/7/61, recovered 260m.
S., nr. Vannes, Brittany, 28/12/62 (J.D.R.V.).
Siskin Carduelis spinus
G. Up to seven, New Grounds, various dates, Jan. 5 to Feb. 24
(L.P.A.). Sixteen in alders, Oakford, nr. Marshfield, Dec. 24, 25
(A.A.C.). At least eight, R. Frome, Fishponds, Dec. 25 (R.H.P.).
S. Noted, Saltford, various dates, mid—Jan. to mid—Apr. (P.H.,
B.K., P.T.S.)—usually only one to three but fourteen counted in
alders, Jan. 20 (P.H.). Coastal reports, chiefly of very small
numbers, from Brean Down, Jan. 28 and Axe Estuary, Feb. 11
(T.B.S.); Sand Point and Wick St. Lawrence, early to mid-Oct.
(R.A., T.B.S.). Autumn records of single birds, heard or seen, from
Blagdon res. and Shipham (R.A., T.B.S.).
LINNET Carduelis cannabina
S. Nest with three eggs and a Cuckoo’s egg, Kewstoke, May 13
(R.A.). Various flocks (1,000 birds in all), Chew Valley res.,
Sept: 23 (CAD EEN E):
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 301
LessER REDPOLL Carduelis flammea cabaret
G. ‘Two, New Grounds, Oct. 18; forty flying S., same place,
Nov. 24 (L.P.A.). Half a dozen, with Siskins, Oakford, nr. Marsh-
field, Dec. 24, 25 (A.A.C.). |
S. Two, Saltford sewage farm, Feb. 18 (P.H.); two, same place,
Apr. 9, 10—one clearly a Lesser Redpoll and the other (larger and
in paler plumage) probably belonged to one of the larger races
URIM:-C., P.E1.).
CrossBiLL Loxia curvirostra
G. Up to twelve, Westonbirt Arboretum, several dates, Nov.
(A.M.G.C., B.C.).
S. Party of eight or ten, Westpark Wood, Clapton-in-Gordano,
July 3 and single bird, various dates to early Nov. (H.H.D.). Six
in fir plantation, Barrow Gurney resrs., July 31 (T.B.S.).
CuHarFFINcH Fringilla coelebs
S. Ad. female ringed, Corston, nr. Bath, 20/2/60, recovered
g5m. 8.W., Plympton, Devon, 2/2/62 (M.J.B.). Of two ad. males
ringed, Saltford, 4/2/62, one was recovered 1,400m. N.E., Averéy
Is.. Norway, 25/5/62, and the other 350m. S.E., East Flanders,
Belgium, 9/10/62 (Mendip Ringing Group). Male, Victoria Park,
Bath, seen on three occasions attacking its own reflection in hub
cap “‘mirrors” of a parked car (R.M.C.).
BRAMBLING § Fringilla montifringilla
G. and S. Frequently reported from both coastal and inland
areas. About 50, with Chaffinches, Green Ore, Mendip, Mar. 3,
25 (B.R.). Early autumn date: one in birch tree, Westbury Road,
Bristol, Sept. 11 (N.J.C.).
Corn Buntinc LEmberiza calandra
_ §&. Up to three singing males, Yoxter, Mendip, various dates,
May (P.J.C., M.A.W.); birds noted there also, June, Aug. (R.A.,
P.G.H.). Two singing males, Saltford, May 11 (B.K.) and one in
song, Lansdown, Bath, June 21 (R.M.C.).
CirLt Buntinc Emberiza cirlus
G. Heard or seen, Horseshoe Bend, Shirehampton, several
dates, May — June; female feeding three fledged young, same place,
June 24 (P.G.H.).
S. Reported (mostly in breeding season) from Cheddar, Nailsea,
Portishead and Sand Bay (various observers). Less common in
Uphill - Bleadon area than several years ago (R.A.).
332 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
Snow Buntinc Plectrophenax nivalis
G. Single bird, New Grounds, Dec. 31 (L.P.A.).
S. Two on sea wall nr. Clevedon, Jan. 6 (J.R.B., C.L.); single
bird in flight and calling, Axe Estuary, on 13th (R.A.).
TREE SPARROW Passer montanus
G. Flock of 35, Hanham, Apr. 14 (E.H.). Occasional records
(summer and winter) from W.T. enclosures (R.M.C., B.K.). Pair
feeding fledged young nr. Filton golf course, July 12 (R.A.).
Exceptional number of c.200 in field, Aust Cliff, Aug. 18 (H.W.N.,
S. Several, Nailsea Moor, Feb. 17 (C.L.). Party of c. twenty,
Ubley, Mar. 14 (P.H., B.K.). Pair breeding in orchard, Chew
Valley res., Apr. 21 (W.J.S.); family parties (14 birds), same
locality, July 30 (S.1.B.). Brood of fledged young being fed, East .
Horrington, nr. Wells, July 9 (B.R.). Other breeding season
records from Backwell (R.F.O.); Kewstoke and Wick St. Lawrence
(T.B.S.); and Walton Moor (J.F.B.).
SPECIES REPORTED DURING THE YEAR BUT NOT INCLUDED IN THE
SYSTEMATIC ListT:—
Residents: Little Grebe, Cormorant, Mute Swan, Kestrel,
Partridge, Pheasant, Common Snipe, Barn Owl, Little Owl,
Tawny Owl, Kingfisher, Green Woodpecker, Great Spotted
Woodpecker, Magpie, Great Tit, Coal Tit, Marsh Tit, Long-
tailed Tit, Treecreeper, Wren, Song Thrush, Goldcrest, Meadow
Pipit, Pied Wagtail, Grey Wagtail, Bullfinch, Yellow Bunting,
Reed Bunting. .
Summer or Winter Visitors and Passage Migrants: Whimbrel,
Common Sandpiper, Cuckoo, House Martin, Fieldfare, Wheatear,
Nightingale, Sedge Warbler, Blackcap, Garden Warbler, White-
throat, Spotted Flycatcher, White Wagtail.
AUTUMN MIGRATION,
STEEP HOLM, oie
By P. J. GHADwick
N addition to field studies on breeding gulls and resident
passerines, carried out on Steep Holm, the Research Station
there has been occupied for up to fifteen days in September—
October in each of the past three years. ‘The main object has been
BRISTOL BIRD REPORT 333
to record, trap and ring some of the many diurnal migrants visiting
and passing the island at that season, and the following is a summary
of the 1962 observations.
September 16: A marked passage of Swallows was in progress on
arrival and it was estimated that at least 750 crossed the Channel
from Wales via Flat Holm and Steep Holm. With them were
about 25 House Martins and 15 Sand Martins, while other migrants
noted were a Kestrel, a Mistle Thrush and a Yellow Wagtail.
Birds on the island included two Wheatears, a Whitethroat and a
Goldcrest, and in the late afternoon a Turnstone settled on a scree
near the summit.
September 22—October 6: Observed migration was mostly on a
South to South-East heading and the chief feature was again an
impressive movement of hirundines (517 caught and riaged).
Owing to an insufficient number of observers it was not possible to
maintain a continuous watch throughout each day; hence the
figures quoted tend to understate the true size of the movements.
The largest discrepancy probably occurs in the total of Swallows
and it seems likely that this was nearer 15,000 than the 10,000
recorded. ‘The peak movement took place in a period of warm
weather, with little or no wind, from Sept. 22—25 but good counts
were also made on 28th to 30th, with moderate to strong winds
varying between West and South-East, and again on Oct. 2 when
there were force 4—5 South-West to West winds. House Martins
(1,050 seen) were much more in evidence than in the autumns of
1960 and 1961 though Sand Martins were relatively scarce.
Kestrels were recorded on nine days, with a maximum of four on
Sept. 22 when a female Sparrowhawk also flew over, heading E.S.E.
Two days later a Buzzard settled for a short while before moving
off across Bridgwater Bay. Peregrines (now only infrequent
visitors) were seen—one on 24th and one on 25th.
Skylarks were noted on all days except Sept. 30 but were in
small numbers apart from the 24th when 100 passed over. Approxi-
mately 2,000 Meadow Pipits were recorded, the majority being
counted in three short periods—c.500, Sept. 23 — 24; ¢.450, Sept.
27 — 29; and ¢.700, Oct. 2-3. There was also a daily movement of
alba Wagtails (except Sept. 30) with 230 being seen, one half
passing in the period Sept. 23-25. Grey Wagtails appeared on
nine days but only in small numbers. Of a total of 1,210 Starlings,
nearly half passed on Sept. 23 and 24th.
Apart from two days in September when Linnets were observed
in fair numbers (85 on 24th and 170 on goth), the movement of
finches did not really begin until Oct. 2 when 290 Greenfinches, 39
Goldfinches and 420 Linnets crossed the Channel. Greenfinches
334 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
were more numerous on the 3rd but counts showed a marked
reduction on the three following days while the number of Linnets
declined from 170 on the grd to 50 on the 6th. Contrary to expecta-
tions, Chaffinches were infrequently noted and the total for the
entire period was only 104. A Chaffinch trapped proved to be a
bird which had been ringed on the island on the same date in 1961.
Two House Sparrows were seen, Oct. 2, and the next day there was
a marked easterly passage lasting an hour from o800 hours G.M.T.
In all 143 were counted, some settling on the island, as did some of
54 recorded on the 4th.
Other observations included those of a Golden Plover, Oct. 3
and 4, and a Curlew on Sept. 25 and 26, while Oystercatchers were
present on most days—with a maximum of six on Sept. 6 and
Oct. 5. A Stock Dove was present, Sept. 30 to Oct. 5, and a Turtle
Dove made a short stay on Sept. 27. Very small parties of Carrion
Crows and Jackdaws appeared, Sept. 29 (the latter departing north-
wards towards Flat Holm) and a party of Jackdaws on Oct. 4
passed the island heading south.
Wheatears (up to three) were present from Sept. 24-29, a
Whinchat arrived on the 24th and single Redstarts were trapped
on the 24th and 25th. A small movement of Robins occurred, and
Chiffchaffs were also moving through (29 trapped), as also were a
few Goldcrests.
Among less frequent visitors were a Spotted Flycatcher, Sept. 26;
a Whitethroat on 27th and 28th; a Blackcap and a Garden Warbler
(both mist-netted), Oct. 3; and two Pied Flycatchers (netted on
the 4th). Single Tree Pipits were identified among the many
Meadow Pipits passing on Sept. 24 and 28th. Two species not
previously recorded for Steep Holm were Lesser Whitethroat (one,
Sept. 25) and Lesser Redpoll (three or four arrived, Sept. 30).
335
DE PIDOPTERA NOTES.
Dives PO-L DISTRICT, 1962
MOTHS
By C. S. H. BLATHWAYT
VERY cold and dry Spring was followed by a poor Summer
with little warm weather. The best month was probably
October but the year was not a good one for moths. The following
notes are taken from records supplied by J. F. Burton (J.F.B.) and
K. H. Poole (K.H.P.) and also from my own records (no initials).
Tethea ocularis Linn. (octogesima Hiibn.) (Figure of Eighty). One at light at
Weston, July 8.
Arctia villica Linn. (Cream Spot Tiger). A few at light at Weston in early June
and as late as July 17 at Pill (J.F.B.).
Colocasia coryli Linn. (Nut-tree Tuffet). One at light at Wraxall, May 20 (J.F.B.).
Graphiphora augur Fabr. (Double Dart). Two at light at Weston, July 15 and 23.
Amathes glareosa Esp. (Autumnal Rustic). One at light at Weston, Sept. 15.
Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn. (White Colon). One at light at Weston, July 8.
Procus literosa Haw. (Rosy Minor). One at light at Milton, Aug. 8 (K.H.P.).
Apamea sublustris Esp. (Reddish Light Arches). One at light at Weston, July 8
Leucania vitellina Hiibn. (Delicate Wainscot). Two at light at Weston in early
October.
Caradrina ambigua Fabr. (Vine’s Wainscot). One at light at Weston, Sept. 26.
Laphygma exigua Hiibn. (Small Mottled Willow). Two at light at Weston,
Sept. 14 and 15.
Tiliacea citrago Linn. (Orange Sallow). Several at light at Weston in September.
Sterrha trigeminata Haw. (Treble-spot Wave). Several at light at Weston, June
and early July.
Discoloxia blomeri Curt. (Blomer’s Rivulet). Several at light at Weston, June and
July ; one at Milton, July 27 (K.H.P.).
Plemyria bicolorata Hiibn. (Blue-bordered Carpet). One at light at Milton,
July 23 (K.H.P.).
Nyctosia obstipata Fabr. (fluwiata Hiibn.) (Narrow-barred Carpet). One at
light at Milton, July 14 (K.H.P.).
BUTTERFLIES
By J. F. Burton
N view of the continuing scarcity of several species of butterflies,
including some normally common ones, it has been decided to
publish all records received for all species. In this way it may be
possible to obtain a better notion of the present fortunes of the
D
336 J. F. BURTON
butterflies of our district during this critical period. The reasons
for the decline are still not clear and several factors may be res-
ponsible, so it is especially important to collect all possible informa-
tion. A study of a population of Speckled Woods in Surrey (M. J.
Goddard, 1962, Entomologist, 95, pp. 289-307) suggested that in
1962 the second part of the second brood failed to appear and was
apparently overwintering. It would be interesting to know if the
Spring brood of this species was unusually common in our district
this year. All records of Speckled Wood are therefore particularly
welcome.
All records of butterflies received for 1962 are given. Contributors
were Messrs. R. Angles (R.A.), C. S. H. Blathwayt (C.S.H.B.),
Jj. F. Burton (J.F.B.) and [. R. P. Heslop (1.R.P:H.):
G. refers to Gloucestershire, S. to Somerset.
Pieris brassicae Linn. (Large White).
S. Not common this year in north-west of the county (J.F.B.).
P. rapae Linn. (Small White).
S. Spring and Summer broods both very common in north-west of the
county (J.F.B.).
P. napi Linn. (Green-veined White).
S. Rather few this year in north-west of the county (J.F.B.).
Anthocharis cardamines Linn. (Orange-tip).
S. Only a few noted this Spring in N.W. Somerset (J.F.B.).
Colias hyale Linn. (Pale Clouded Yellow).
S. Watchfield: one male, Aug. 31; Bawdrip: two males near King’s Sedge-
moor Drain, Aug. 31 (I.R.P.H.).
Gonepteryx rhamni Linn. (Brimstone).
G. Filton Golf Course: two on April 4, one on April 11, one on April 25
(RSA:);
S. First noted April 22, Ashton Park. Not so plentiful as in 1961 (J.F.B.).
Two in Cheddar Gorge, April 28 (R.A.). |
Argynnis aglaia Linn. (Dark-green Fritillary).
S. Brean Down: three at least on July 7, one on Aug. 6 (R.A.).
Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary).
S. Fairly plentiful in its locality near Glastonbury, but much later and not
as common as usual (C.S.H.B.).
Polygonia c-album Linn. (Comma).
G. Filton Golf Course: 2 at catkins, April 13; one, Aug. 1 (R.A.).
S. Chew Valley Lake: one, Aug. 4 (R.A.). Sand Point: one on brambles,
Octa4n(ReAS).
Aglais urticae Linn. (Small Tortoiseshell).
G. Filton Golf Course: frequent on following dates: Mar. 27, April 28,
Oct. 19, 1Oct..204(R.A.).
S. Noted in small numbers throughout N.W. Somerset in April, June,
July and August (J.F.B.).
LEPIDOPTERA NOTES 337
Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady).
S. Sand Point: one, Sept. 2; Brean Down: one, Sept 9; Chew Valley Lake:
one, Sept. 8(R.A.). A few seen near Weston-super-Mare from the end
of June until October, becoming fairly plentiful in early October
(C.S.H.B.).
V. atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral).
S. Sand Point: one or two flying east, Oct. 7; one seen Sept. 16 (R.A.).
Melanargia galathea Linn. (Marbled White).
S. Fairly common in its haunts around Weston and also near Glastonbury,
but much later than usual (C.S.H.B.). Chew Valley Lake: about 6 rather
worn individuals on grassy bank, July 15 (J.F.B.); Brean Down: one,
July 8; Worlebury: one, July 6 (R.A.).
Pararge aegeria Linn. (Speckled Wood).
G. Filton: noted, June 27 (R.A.).
S. Scarcer than usual in N.W. Somerset. First seen April 28, at Pill
(J.F.B.). Sand Point: two, April 29 (R.A.).
P. megera Linn. (Wall Brown).
G. Filton: one each on Aug. 22 and 27 (R.A.).
S. Sand Point: one, June 24 (R.A.).
Eumenis semele Linn. (Grayling).
S. Brean Down: several, June 30; many, July 7 (R.A.).
Maniola jurtina Linn. (Meadow Brown).
S. Fairly common throughout N.W. Somerset in 1962 (J.F.B.).
Aphantopus hyperanthus Linn. (Ringlet).
S. Leigh Woods: several, July 15 (J.F.B.).
Coenonympha pamphilus Linn. (Small Heath).
G. Filton Golf Course: three, Aug. 22 (R.A.).
S. Rather scarce in 1962 in N.W. Somerset (J.F.B.).
Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue).
S. Pill: fairly plentiful in August; Barrow Gurney Reservoir: frequent
Lysandra coridon Pod. (Chalkhill Blue).
S. Fairly plentiful in its restricted localities near Weston and Glastonbury
from late July until September. This species appeared to have had its
best season since 1958 (C.S.H.B.).
L. bellargus Rott. (Adonis Blue).
G. Filton Gold Course: one only, June 28 (R.A.).
Thymelicus sylvestris Pod. (Small Skipper).
S. Fairly common at Pill, Leigh Woods, Portishead and Chew Valley Lake
(J.F.B.).
Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey (Large Skipper).
G. Filton: one, June 19 (R.A.).
S. Locally common in N.W. Somerset (J.F.B.).
339
CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS
HE Centenary year of the Society was heralded by the publica-
tion of a special part of the PROCEEDINGS, entitled The
First Hundred Years, in which is outlined the history of the Society and
details are given of its achievements in the field of natural history.
At the invitation of Council, a record is made here of the
events of the Centenary year, the chief of which were the dinner
and exhibition.
CENTENARY DINNER, TUESDAY, 8th MAY, 1962
Almost two hundred members of the Society and twenty-nine
guests dined at the Berkeley, Berkeley Square. The Guests of
Honour were Mr. Peter Scott, C.B.E., D.S.C., M.A., and Mrs.
Scott. Amongst other guests of the Society were:—Alderman
Marcus Hartnell, Sheriff of Bristol, and Mrs. Hartnell; Alderman
and Mrs. Hugh Jenkins; Professor W. F. Whittard, D.Sc., F.R.S.,
and Mrs. Whittard (representing the University of Bristol on behalf
of Sir Philip Morris, who was unable to be present owing to illness,
and Lady Morris); Dr. Bruce Campbell, M.B.O.U. (also represent-
ing the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) and Mrs.
Campbell; Mr. John H. Barrett, M.A., Field Studies Council,
Warden of Dale Fort Field Centre; Dr. E. B. Worthington, Deputy
Director-General, The Nature Conservancy; Professor James
Brough, President, Cardiff Naturalists’ Society; Mr. C. A. Ralegh
Radford, F.S.A., President, Somerset Archaeological and Natural
History Society; Lieut. Col. Charles Floyd (Sheriff of Wiltshire),
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society; Mr. Bernard
Storer, B.Sc., The Mid-Somerset Naturalist Society; Miss Elizabeth
Ralph, M.A., F.S.A., Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological
Society; Mr. F. R. Sterne and Miss G. Robinson, Bath Natural
History Society; Mr. Alan Warhurst, B.A., F.S.A., F.M.A.,
Director of Bristol City Museum, and Mrs. Warhurst; Dr. F. S.
Wallis, formerly Director of the Bristol City Museum and a past
President of the Society; Mr. R. W: M. Melvin, C.B.E., Director
and General Manager of Bristol Waterworks Company, and Mrs.
Melvin; Mr. H. G. Hurrell, M.A., J.P.; Mr. and Mrs. Stanley
Roberts; Mr. Hugh Boyd (Wildfowl Trust); Mr. Jeremy Brien
(Evening Post). Messages of regret for inability to be present were
received from Lord and Lady Sinclair of Cleeve; Mr. E. M.
Nicholson, C.B., Director-General of the Nature Conservancy;
Mr. P. E. Brown, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; Mr.
340 CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS
R. E. Greed and Mr. J. S. Young, Bristol Zoological Gardens;
Dr. K. B. Rooke, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological
Society; Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Mason; Mrs. H. G. Hurrell; the
Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club. Telegrams and messages of
congratulations were received from the Norfolk and Norwich
Naturalists’ Society, the Field Studies Council, the President and
Council of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the Mid-
Somerset Naturalist Society, the Bristol and District Branch of the
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (of which the distinguished
botanist J. W. White was once a member), and Guy Mountfort,
formerly Secretary of the British Ornithologists’ Union.
After an excellent dinner the Loyal Toast was honoured, and
Mr. Peter Scott, introduced by the President, rose to propose the
toast of the Society. It was a matter for congratulation that it had
established and maintained a position in the forefront of Natural
History studies in Bristol, and he expressed the hope that it would
continue to bring together the amateur naturalist and the scientific
specialist. Speaking of the work of the Wildfowl Trust at Slimbridge
he described his exciting experience on the banks of the Severn
sixteen years ago when, in company with our Centenary President,
he saw two Lesser White-fronted Geese—only the third and fourth
to be recorded for the British Isles.
Mr. H. H. Davis, in his reply, stressed the great importance of
the work at Slimbridge and the advantages to the Society that
the world’s greatest centre of wildfowl preservation and research
was located so close to Bristol.
The toast of the Guests was proposed by Miss M. H. Rogers,
Centenary Vice-President, in a clever and amusing speech in which
she described some of her experiences in teaching biology. Speeches
in reply were made by Alderman Marcus Hartnell (Sheriff of
Bristol) and Dr. Bruce Campbell.
In the B.B.C. programme Round-up on the evening of the dinner,
Dr. F. Coles Phillips was interviewed and gave details of the
Society’s activities and of its achievements in the past.
CENTENARY EXHIBITION, 4th—3o0th JUNE, 1962
The Exhibition was held in the City Museum, Queen’s Road,
by kind permission of the Director, Mr. Alan Warhurst. It was
originally planned to be on view from 4th to 16th June, but so much
interest was aroused that it was extended to the end of the month.
In declaring the Exhibition open, Dr. Bruce Campbell referred to
the value of the work by local naturalists’ societies in helping to
keep a close watch on threats to wild life in Britain inherent in
many modern developments.
CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS 341
Each of the four specialised Sections of the Society contributed
an exhibit. The Geological Section showed a series of early
geological maps of the district to illustrate the work of William
Sanders, and a selection from the J. W. Tutcher collection of
ammonites. Recent work by members of the Section was illustrated
by a selection of fossils from the quarries on Dundry Hill re-
excavated by Messrs. T. R. Fry, F. S. Ross and others; specimens
of Cotham Marble exhibited by Mr. W. F. Vernon (who 1s colla-
borating with Mr. D. Hamilton, B.A., M.Sc., in research on the
Rhaetic); fauna from the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendips
exhibited by Mr. C. B. Salter; and petrological work on stone axes
by Dr. F. S. Wallis and Mr. E. D. Evens. Other exhibits included
a selection of minerals from the Trelease collection shown by Mrs.
G. S. Wakefield and Coal Measure plants collected by Dr. A.
Marsden.
A map of the Bristol district, together with photographic studies
of typical habitats and various breeding species, formed the centre
piece of the exhibit by the Ornithological Section. Maps and
charts relating to present field-work by the Section illustrated a
Census of Rookeries in South Gloucestershire; a study on the
population of Shelducks on the coastline of the area and continuing
work on the gull colony on Steep Holm. Studies of migration were
illustrated by maps of the British Isles and Europe showing re-
coveries of birds ringed by members of the Section, and by the
Wildfowl Trust.
The Botanical Section illustrated the flora of limestone areas
near Bristol by means of an exhibit of live plants collected by Mr.
I. W. Evans and Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Cummins. Mr. Evans
showed also a collection of alien plants, now common in the district,
which were rare or unknown a century ago; accompanying notes by
Dr. A. F. Devonshire gave the country of origin and the dates of
first record in Britain and in the Bristol district. Other exhibits
included a collection of Mycetozoa, with a distribution map and
details of structure and life history, shown by Mr. F. W. Evens; a
collection of pressed specimens of alien grasses shown by Mr. I. W.
Evans; and live plants from the Nailsea district collected by Mrs.
D. E. Bunce.
The basis of the exhibit by the Entomological Section was a
selection from the extensive collections, preserved in the City
Museum, of Messrs. C. J. Watkins, H. J. Charbonnier, J. W.
Norgrove, C. Bartlett, S. Barton, and C. W. Braikenridge, deceased
former members of the Section. Mr. J. Eatough showed some
attractive enlargements of photographs of British Insects and
Spiders.
342 CENTENARY CELEBRATIONS
On sale for the first time at the Exhibition were lapel badges,
specially designed for the Society, showing the Flower of Bristol,
Lychnis chalcedonica.
RECEPTION BY THE LORD MAYOR, 8th JUNE, 1962
The South-Western Naturalists’ Union was invited by the
Society to hold their thirty-fifth Annual Conference in Bristol in
1962, as part of the Society’s centenary celebrations. On 8th June,
the opening day of the Conference, about 150 members of the
Society, with other members of the Conference, attended a Recep-
tion at the Council House, College Green. Members were received
by the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress in the Conference Hall and
excellent hospitality was provided. An address of congratulation
and welcome by the Lord Mayor was replied to by Mr. O. Buckle,
President of the South-Western Naturalists’ Union and Mr. H. H.
Davis on behalf of the Society. The Reception was concluded with
a conducted tour of the Council Chamber and other important
parts of the building.
CENTENARY WALK, 1rith JULY, 1962
The first excursion of the Society, on 8th July, 1862, left Bristol
for Bath by train, and was led by Charles Moore over Hampton
Down to Claverton and along the Kennet and Avon Canal. Under
the leadership of Mr. F. R. Sterne members were invited to cele-
brate this excursion by a centenary walk over much of the same
ground as their predecessors covered one hundred years ago. A
party from Bristol was met at Bathampton station by Mr. Sterne,
who distributed an interesting commemorative pamphlet which he
had prepared for the occasion. Though much has changed the
objects of the Society have not, “‘so let us take this walk”’ writes Mr.
Sterne “‘in the spirit in which this walk was taken a hundred years
ago’’—a spirit so clearly indicated in the report of that first walk—
“|. . omitting no object of interest likely to attract the attention of a
student of nature or to call forth discussion’’. In spite of heavy rain
during the later part of the evening, the walk was greatly enjoyed
by about 40 of our members.
Special thanks are due to Mr. D. W. B. Frost, the Publicity
Secretary of the Society, for assembling press cuttings, photographs
and information regarding the Centenary activities. The file so
prepared, on which the above account is based, is housed with the
archives of the Society in the Library.
F. Cores PHILLips
A. J. WIiL.is
343
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON
SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET
By J. F. Hopre-Simpson, SarAH E. NEwron anp M. J. RICKETTS
(Department of Botany, University of Bristol)
CONTENTS PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION *: ae oa ae xs oe Pe guy
II. SuccEssioN AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITIES ae oe) S45
III. DescrirTion OF COMMUNITIES oi oe oe ae -+ 349
1. Oakwood
Tall carr
Low carr
Heathy bog
Rush swamp
Reed bed
Remnant ditches
Blocked ditches
Open ditches
Droves
COS Gore
=
IV. GENERAL SPECIES LIST Ns £, = 7 ie ». 355
V. Hasirat Notes ON SPHAGNA is se oe oe wc, © ORF
VI. EcorocicaL Facrors se a wc ays - .. 358
1. Colonisation of cuttings
2. Water conditions
3. pH
VII. Summary AND CONCLUSIONS e. bog en .. 360
VIII. AcKNOWLEDGMENTS .. ee se ae ay Bs -. 360
IX. REFERENCES .. Be ce we * ar - -. 361
I. INTRODUCTION
HAPWICK Heath, about 4 miles west of Glastonbury, is part
of the peat moor between the Polden and Wedmore hill ridges.
The area studied, whose southern margin almost meets the gentle
slope of the Poldens, covers 3 sq. mile (Fig. 1, p. 346). Apart from
a few grazed fields at the western edge and the two eastern corners,
it has not become farmland and bears a rather rich wild flora;
but it has long been powerfully influenced by peat-cutting, formerly
in a number of separate holdings and now by the Eclipse Peat
Company.
The so-called “‘Heath”’ is not a heath and has never been one.
In prehistoric times it was a raised bog, or part of a complex of
344 J- F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS
raised bogs with intervening belts of sedge fen (Clapham and
Godwin, 1948). For the last two millennia, however, there has been
no regeneration in the manner of an active raised bog. Moreover
the destruction wrought by intensive peat-cutting has resulted in a
modern condition which can scarcely even be called ‘derelict
raised bog’’. ‘There has been extensive establishment, alongside
some bog-like vegetation, of plants more nearly representative of
fen, evidently brought about by base-rich water from the surround-
ing country gaining regular access to the artificial depressions.
Only two small areas at the peat margin, Withy Bed Copse and
another (Site Q) at the western corner of the former Decoy Pool
-Wood, are at or near the natural level; the rest of the Heath is
about 4 ft. lower, or more in recent cuttings. During intervals
between successive cuttings on the same area, new peat is formed
to some extent in the waterlogged depressions.
The general nature of the peat land near Shapwick has been
described concisely by Godwin (1941). The brief account by Hope-
Simpson & Willis (1955) of vegetation on the Somerset peat moors
refers largely to Shapwick Heath. The well-known pioneer study
by Moss (1907) gives a full description of semi-natural vegetation
on the Somerset levels, and from his account it is easy to tell that
the condition and flora of the Heath, though still matching his
description closely in some respects, have undergone much change
in the past half-century—for the worse, floristically, especially in
the loss of the more exclusive bog species. Moss’s paper does not,
however, specify that all his records are taken from Shapwick Heath
itself, so that they cannot be used here for exact floristic comparison.
The area has long been familiar to naturalists as a source of
botanical records; more scientifically it has acquired, through the
work of Godwin and others, a classic status in the study of vegeta-
tional history in relation to archaeology. ‘These interests have
remained somewhat unconnected, in spite of the link that exists
in the ecology of some of the characteristic plants. The purpose of
this paper is mainly to add to the basis of facts by describing the
present situation. We know something of the condition about 1900
from the observations of Moss, and of the 1936-7 condition from
those of Prof. Godwin, who has added the description quoted
below (p. 345). A report of the 1960 condition is appropriate not
only because of the further lapse of time, but also because Shapwick
Heath has just become a National Nature Reserve, of which an
initial description is desirable even though future peat-cutting is
likely to cause drastic changes.
Our study has been confined to the reserve. Most attention has
been given to the western half, where the Roughet, extending to the
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 345
railway, contains a good range of vegetation not disturbed recently.
The pastured areas are not considered. The field work was mostly
done in late June and early September, 1960.
The names used for vascular plants are taken from Clapham,
Tutin & Warburg (1957). For mosses the names follow Richards
& Wallace (1950).
II. SUCCESSION AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF
COMMUNITIES
No part of Shapwick Heath bears vegetation that one can suppose
would have been the same in man’s absence. Except on two small
areas mentioned already, the whole original surface has been cut
away. Consequently the re-established vegetation consists of stages
in “‘turbary subseres’’, that is, in secondary successions on sites
created in the exploitation of peat.
With regard to the surviving fragments of the natural surface,
their preservation is desirable because they provide the only
remaining ground for possible renewed studies of the more recent
peat and, in addition, Withy Bed Copse probably preserves a
length of ancient trackway (Foster’s Track; Godwin, 1960 and
in litt.). ‘Their existing vegetation, reported later (p. 351), does
not show many features of obvious interest and may well have been
altered and impoverished within recent years by the reduction of
the sites to areas of very small extent. At Site Q this contraction has
taken place within the last 25 years. In 1936-37, Prof. Godwin was
in time to see, adjoining Site Q, an adequately large area of the
primary bog surface and its vegetation. He has very kindly given
us (zn litt.) the following description amplifying the brief one in his
paper of 1941. It portrays a condition now extinct and much more
natural than any existing at present; it was not really natural, since
peat-cutting and artificial drainage had long been affecting the
hydrology of the whole Heath.
“To the south of Decoy Pool Drove, and extending from the batch of Burtle
sand at the western end [part of Site Q; see p. 351] some two or three hundred
yards eastwards, there was an old woodland area apparently on an undisturbed
bog surface and bearing quite large oaks and pines. As I recollect, the oaks
were 40 or 50 feet high and of pioneer form. The trees were not dense, however,
and there was a tremendously thick undergrowth of sallow, sweet gale, Rubus
and bracken .... Bracken was extremely abundant, locally at least, because
the rhizomes were present whenever we tried to get peat samples for analysis
through the uppermost flooding horizon in that part of the Heath.... The
Decoy Pool itself existed within a woodland of the kind I have described.
Of course, it has now become clear that the bog surface at this point was of
late Roman age, and I simply do not know what intervened between 400 A.D.
when it was still a bog and 1935 when I saw it. We never saw any evidence that
peat had been cut from the smooth rounded surface as it then was, but in some
places to the east there were old field drains (clay pipes) just below the surface,
J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RIGKETTS
346
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347
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET
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348 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS
so that there might well have been some local cultivation. The road to Westhay
across Shapwick Heath was made fairly recently, but I suspect that peat-
digging has been going on in various parts of the Levels since Mediaeval times
and it may be that the growth of the big trees that I remember near Decoy Pool
Drove had been induced by the big increase of activity in the 18th century and
afterwards.”
The plant communities on the Heath comprise a wide variety.
Some of the interacting factors responsible are matters of past
treatment which cannot be discovered in detail. The most obvious
factor of this kind is the time lapse since a given area of peat was
last cut. Besides this, the subsere after cutting is presumably affected
by the variable mass of partly living turf (“‘fill-in”) usually thrown
into the worked-out depression during clearance of an adjoining
strip due to be cut next.
Except where the succession has been recently interrupted by
peat-cutting, almost the whole area shows stages of progress to a
carr of sallow (Salix atrocinerea) and birch (Betula pubescens), often
with alder as well. ‘This seems to be the vegetation climax with the
prevailing degree of ground wetness, at any rate in the absence of
frequent fire. Oakwood is confined to the two highest, uncut areas
mentioned previously. Isolated, small colonists of Quercus robur
occur in many cut areas, but they are never more than occasional
and are small (up to 12 ft.); possibly they suffer from waterlogging
when they reach a size demanding some depth of root system.
For purposes of description, the vegetation is classified into ten
communities, some named from their habitats for convenience:
1. Oakwood 6. Reed bed
2. ‘Tall carr 7. Remnant ditches
3. Low carr 8. Blocked ditches
4. Heathy bog g. Open ditches
5. Rush swamp 10. . Droves
A few communities, little studied by us, are excluded from this
account. One consists of stands of Typha latifolia which here and
there fill whole cuttings. A heterogeneous herbaceous cover occurs
in much of the largest area mapped in Fig. 1 as low carr with rush
swamp. Myrica gale, occurring in carr and heathy bog, forms some
thick stands in the north-west quarter of the reserve; their extent is
uncertain and they are not shown on the map. The most important
excluded communities are the pastures, with or without Myrica.
These deserve special study; the area in the south-east corner of
the reserve not only has a large flora but also is interesting ecologi-
cally in that the short turf contains Sphagna, Erica tetralix and other
plants more reminiscent of bog than grassland.
The numbered order of the communities, with the extensive
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 349
woody ones placed first, on the whole reverses that of the succes-
sion and, with exceptions, proceeds from drier to wetter. The
subseral relationships are mostly quite evident from intermediate
states and are expressed by the following scheme. Oakwood is
excluded because the two examples, standing on ground not cut
for peat, are ipso facto not part of a turbary subsere.
Tall carr (locally with reed bed)
Remnant ditches I
t |
Low carr
|
|
Heathy bog
i
Blocked ditches
Rush swamp
t
Open ditches! | Droves
ve
**Filled-in’’ cuttings via
t Le
PEAT-CUTTING ACTIVITY
III. DESCRIPTION OF COMMUNITIES
In most of the communities the vegetation was recorded by listing
the species present in stands of adequate but undefined extent and
assessing abundance subjectively. Table I gives the main results.
For community 1 (oakwood) a single area only was listed.
For communities 2—8 two or more stands each were recorded.
Here the symbol given in Table I represents the average abundance;
it is to be emphasised that, as the entries are intended to give only
the principal components of the community, they omit single-stand
occurrences except a few with some particular interest.
Community g (open ditches) was not seriously recorded; 10
(droves) is so variable and rich in composition that its flora is merely
indicated qualitatively in the general species list on p. 355-7.
1 Provisionally we include here not only drainage ditches but also those few
peat cuttings which receive no “‘fill-in’’. Whether they actually undergo the same
succession as the ditches is not established.
350 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS
TABLE I.
THE PRINCIPAL PLANTS OF COMMUNITIES 1-8
The omission of communities 9 and 10 is explained on p. 349, where the derivation
of the abundance estimates is also given. Abbreviations: d dominant, cd co-
dominant, sd subdominant, a abundant, f frequent, o occasional, 7 rare; as prefixes,
! locally, v very. + (col. 6, reed bed) signifies presence only in parts under carr.
Bryophyte names are italicised.
SS § 8)
aS = SS Ss S ~S +
= as = mye eS Ss £8
9 fo S) 3 a eee es
Community No. 1 2E 2W 8 4 5 6 7 8
Quercus robur Id
Pteridium aquilinum sd—d
Chamaenerion angustifolium r
Circaea lutetiana .. r
Galium aparine r
Polystichum setiferum ig
Solanum dulcamara r
Stellaria media r .
Urtica dioica <= r r
Rubus (brambles) i la o
Alnus glutinosa ; o) fe)
Frangula alnus ec a r-o
Dryopteris filix-mas ae ° r
D. spinulosa : : r r
Athyrium filix-femina r vr
Rosa sp. (Sect. Caninae) .. : , r °
Betula pubescens att) GO df ivan) ad a o
Salix atrocinerea .. .. of r-cd d a o oO
Osmunda regalis .. ee BE r ola f f °
Myrica gale bie ae ; - osd o- r-o r
Sphagnum ‘subsecundum’ (see
page 358) a one : r 0) fe) fe)
S. rubellum .. bis a 2 : r i £
S. papillosum a Be : : r o oO ;
Thelypteris palustris 2 f f r : o f
Molinia caerulea .. ue : a a a: sed fe) 2
Erica tetralix a i 2 : 2 fs f :
Calluna vulgaris : : : a edie
Salix repens ssp. repens ro rr : r .
Carex paniculata .. a c a a f O o )
Drosera rotundifolia aT : : ; - ro :
Eriophorum vaginatum .. : : c : vr
Sphagnum recurvum .. oe ° : : : vr : :
S. squarrosum ie ae : r oO o o o may eed
Hydrocotyle vulgaris : oO o ‘ ; a a oO
Juncus effusus me aS: : o a . o ed fi ted
Carex nigra es Rta ; : : 9 - olf .
Holcus lanatus.. a3 . ° ; ; ° o ;
Aulacomnium palustre at C ° : ° o ie
Eriophorum angustifolium ° : : Oo o 8 6cd ; “hm ca
Peucedanum palustre... 2 ? f : . Oo a f .
Phragmites communis... : ¢ : : . - a-cd -;
Lysimachia vulgaris ae ; : ° 2 , 2 a
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 351
TABLE I (cont.)
Remnant
Heathy bog
~ ditches
= Oakwood
© Low carr
ov Rush swamp
on Reed bed
co Blocked
ditches
Community No.
Valeriana officinalis
Epilobium palustre
Juncus articulatus
Lycopus europaeus
Lythrum salicaria . :
Lotus uliginosus_.. a : 2 : : : oO
Agrostis canina var. canin : . . - . a . - — Ied
Galium palustre : : : : : : :
Rumex hydrolapathum
Potentilla palustris
Iris pseudacorus .. is : . : : 2 : r
Typha latifolia
Carex pseudocyperus
Acrocladium cuspidatum oP: : : : : : :
Sphagnum cuspidatum : : : 2 . . . - — Ied
Juncus bulbosus .. ne 2 : : : - : ; : o
Potamogeton spp. .. ae : : ; : : : : : fe)
Oenanthe aquatica me : : : 2 : : : : r
i
Oo .
i
wy
~-ORPpnW OO
a
Ons
1. Oakwood
The two small oakwoods, Withy Bed Copse and Site Q, are both
on ground which must have been on or (Site Q) near the rand, or
sloping flank, of the former raised bog. We have not examined
Withy Bed Copse thoroughly. It is conveniently classed with Site QO
which it now somewhat resembles, although the oaks are few and
small and there is much more ash, planted and coppiced.
On Site Q the oaks are also sparse; there are a dozen or so,
branching widely and up to 50 ft. high, but about four of them are
small (10-15 ft.). Otherwise the vegetation is almost entirely bracken
up to 7 ft. high; a few other species appear in small amount where
the bracken is thinner. The single clump of Osmunda is a very large
one. ‘The species list in Table I comes from Site Q.
Although the present oakwood community has apparently
developed by natural means on an undisturbed surface, it certainly
cannot be considered a preserved sample of vegetation that would
be more extensive if a substantial area of bog surface had been left
uncut. That condition is represented by Godwin’s description,
quoted earlier. Close encroachment of peat-cutting may have
caused accelerated drying of the remnant of raised ground (and
likewise at Withy Bed Copse); besides which, the ground at Site Q
is in part not dried bog at all, but Burtle sand (brought to our
notice by Prof. Godwin).
E
352 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS
2. Tall Carr
The dominant trees are birch and sallow. Their canopy varies
in height (15-30 ft.) and in density; often their spacing is very close
(at the closest, about 15 trees per 10 sq. yds.). ‘Their relative quan-
tities also vary, sometimes within a short distance. The eastern
carr, where examined, has a generally high proportion of birch;
Myrica gale, Peucedanum palustre, and several Sphagnum species are
absent and Osmunda is rare; water levels were nearer the surface
than in the western carr, and pH values were relatively high.
The ground flora is, of course, richest where the tree canopy is
thin. Even here there is an appreciable area (5-10%) of bare
ground, largely in remnant ditches (p. 354). The barrenness of the
latter is all the more marked where they are under a dense canopy
and collect a thick litter of fallen leaves.
3. Low Carr
Here the tree species are 5-10 ft. high, rather densely but variably
spaced as in tall carr. Although separately recognised for descriptive
purposes, low carr is merely part of the seral transition from heathy
bog to tall carr. At least this is evident in the Roughet, where there
has been little or no disturbance for some decades and every
gradation can be seen; the record in Table I was obtained there.
The vegetation map (Fig. 1) shows low carr immediately south
and east of the Roughet, intermixed with rush swamp. In these
areas the mapping of 1960 has already become out of date owing
to extended operations by the peat company. The low carr was not
colonising the rush swamp in the cuttings, but only the intervening
banks. Just south of the Roughet, the whole of this vegetation has
now been destroyed. In the east central area mapped likewise,
where the low carr has now been cut down, not all the cuttings
contain rush swamp, and the vegetation between them is partly a
heterogeneous herbaceous cover; the area is probably influenced
very directly by the operation of the drainage pump beside the
railway (Fig. 2).
4. Heathy Bog
This community, occurring principally in the Roughet, is closely
mixed with gradations to low carr, which contains most of the same
species (Table I, col. 4 cf. 3).
Straight banks are present, with relatively dry surface, bearing
tall Calluna with birch colonists. The heathy bog itself, occupying
the old cuttings, is the nearest approach to natural bog vegetation
now existing on Shapwick Heath. The peat (pH 4.0-4.5) is more
acid than elsewhere, apart from droves and, apparently, rush
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 353°
swamp. Dominance is generally shared by Molina and Calluna,
with Erica tetralix less plentiful. Dense or loose tussocks of Sphagnum
spp. are frequent, often bearing various liverworts and, less often,
Drosera rotundifolia. Low birches are widely spaced, with sallow
more local. Salix repens is characteristic here and in the associated
low carr.
The very rare occurrence of Eriophorum vaginatum is interesting.
Its remains in the peat show that it was common on Shapwick
Heath in the Sub-boreal Period and also in the Iron Age, soon
after 500 B.C. (Clapham & Godwin, 1948). Although modern
conditions are apparently unfavourable on Shapwick Heath, E.
vaginatum grows plentifully on Westhay Moor, 2—3 miles away.
5. Rush Swamp
In the subsere following peat-cutting, rush swamp seems to be
the earliest stage represented by many similar stands, i.e. consti-
tuting a recognisable community type. It forms a nearly closed
community, although standing water is often present. The belts of
rush swamp are showy expanses of white at the fruiting-time of the
cotton sedge, Eriophorum angustifolium. Birches and sallows are few
and small (to c. 4 ft. high). The beginning of succession to heathy
bog is exemplified in Table I by the record of locally abundant
Calluna in the rush swamp list.
6. Reed Bed
This term is used for extensive stands of Phragmites. They are
confined to the north-west quarter of the Heath. Neither in June
nor in the much wetter weather of September (1960) did water
stand above ground ; it appears that the Phragmites has spread from
colonies which originated in ditches. The reed-bed flora has a fen-
like composition, as the list in Table I shows, and in this context it
might be significant that Peucedanum palustre, though present in
other communities on the Heath, has its highest abundance record
here. (The interest of milk parsley as a plant of the Somerset
Levels is made apparent in the B.S.B.J. Atlas. A comment by
Hope-Simpson and Willis (1955), referring to ““‘poorly grown’’ plants
on Shapwick Heath, may be misleading. Many of the plants are
small, but well grown ones are not uncommon.)
In a narrow sense the reed bed is not a single community, for it is
partly treeless and partly under a fairly tall, open carr. In the latter
situation, which is the more extensive, the Phragmites is sparser and
a few additional species are present (+ in Table I) which mostly
reinforce the fen-like distinctness of the reed-bed flora. The pH
values, although somewhat acid (5.0-5.4), were in general higher
354 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS
than those of peat samples from elsewhere in the western half of
the Heath.
7. Remnant Ditches
Former ditches which have become nearly functionless are evident
in carr. Although usually waterless at the surface, their courses are
about 6 in. below the surrounding ground level, and few trees
grow in them. In dense carr they are covered with dead leaves
and bear little plant growth, although scattered Typha latifolia,
Peucedanum palustre and Carex pseudocyperus occur, with species of
Sphagnum here and there along the edges. In less shaded habitats
the remnant ditches contain also Potentilla palustris, Thelypteris
palustris, Iris pseudacorus, Hydrocotyle vulgaris and Rumex hydrolapathum.
In the open, for instance beside droves, there are some old ditches,
normally waterless, which carry stands of Typha latifolia, often with
large amounts of Carex pseudocyperus.
The species list in Table I comes from remnant ditches in sparse
low carr and heathy bog.
8. Blocked Ditches
These ditches contain water covered with partly floating vegeta-
tion. The latter varies a good deal and is shown in Table I by an
average list. Sphagnum cuspidatum and S. squarrosum, which form
dense masses, apparently play a major part in impeding the flow
of water. We do not know how long it takes for ditches to become
thoroughly blocked. Those in the Roughet must have been un-
touched for about 30 years before our recording, but a similar
condition is seen in other places where the period may have been
shorter.
9. Open Ditches
These (together with abandoned cuttings in a similar stage) have
had no systematic study in our work. They contain peaty water
with floating plants: such as Lemna minor, species of Callitriche,
Utricularia and Potamogeton, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (infrequent),
Hottonia palustris (local in E. carr) and Drepanocladus fluitans.
10. Droves
The main droves are drained freely, by ditches alongside and
usually by maintenance of the surface at a relatively high level.
There is frequent traffic caused by peat-cutting activity and the
disturbed surface is loose and only partly colonised by a large,
miscellaneous flora containing numerous casuals and weeds. We
have recorded over 100 species on the droves; they are indicated
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 390
by ‘D’ in the general species list (below). Most are common plants,
although Radiola linoides and Wahlenbergia hederacea are present, the
latter usually where there is some shelter and relative freedom from
disturbance. The flora is interesting because some members show
unusual abundance, luxuriance or variability, due no doubt to the
opportunities provided by reduced competition and the uncommon
type of substratum. The freely drained peat is, however, one of the
most acid habitats, judging by four samples giving pH 3.8—4.6 (a
fifth gave 6.0).
IV. GENERAL SPECIES LIST
The following plants were observed within the Nature Reserve
during this study. They comprise the bulk of the flora, but not the
whole of it. The chief omissions are likely to be plants of the
pastured areas:
‘D’ indicates plants found on droves, whether or not they also
occur elsewhere.
VASCULAR PLANTS
D Acer pseudoplatanus D Cerastium viscosum
Agropyron repens C. vulgatum
D Agrostis canina var. canina D Chamaenerion angustifolium
D A. stolonifera D Chenopodium album
D A. tenuis D C. polyspermum
D Aira praecox Circaea lutetiana
Alisma plantago-aquatica D Cirsium dissectum
D Alnus glutinosa D C. palustre
D Angelica sylvestris D C. vulgare
D Anisantha sterilis Conium maculatum
D Anthoxanthum odoratum D Crataegus monogyna
Apium nodiflorum Cynosurus cristatus
D Arctium sp. D Dactylis glomerata
D Arenaria serpyllifolia D Daucus carota
D Arrhenatherum elatius Drosera rotundifolia
Athyrium filix-femina Dryopteris austriaca
Avena sativa D. filix-mas
D_ Betula pubescens D. spinulosa
D Bidens cernua Eleocharis spp. (incl. palustris)
D B. tripartita Eleogiton fluitans
Calamagrostis epigejos Epilobium hirsutum
Callitriche sp. D_ E. montanum
D Calluna vulgaris DE. obscurum
Caltha palustris E. palustre
D Calystegia sepium E. parviflorum
D Carex contigua D E. parviflorum x obscurum
C. nigra Equisetum fluviatile
C. paniculata Erica tetralix
C. pilulifera Eriophorum angustifolium
C. pseudocyperus E. vaginatum
C. riparia D Eupatorium cannabinum
C. rostrata D_ Euphrasia brevipila
Centaurea nigra Filipendula ulmaria
356
whe)
wilele) Slelwlof is
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wlohe)
wis) alse,
wis)
J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS
Frangula alnus
Galeopsis tetrahit
Galium aparine
G. palustre
Glyceria declinata
G. fluitans
G. maxima
Hedera helix
Heracleum sphondylium
Hieracium sp. (Sect. Tridentata)
H. sp. (Sect. Umbellata)
Holcus lanatus
Hordeum distichon
H. vulgare
Hottonia palustris
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Hypericum perforatum
Hypochaeris radicata
Iris pseudacorus
Isolepis setacea
Juncus acutiflorus
J. articulatus
J. bufonius
J. bulbosus
J. effusus (incl. var. compactus)
J. subnodulosus
Lapsana communis
Lemna minor
L. trisulca
Ligustrum vulgare
Linum catharticum
Listera ovata
Lonicera periclymenum
Lotus uliginosus
Luzula multiflora
Lychnis flos-cuculi
Lycopus europaeus
Lysimachia nummularia
L. vulgaris
Lythrum salicaria
Matricaria matricarioides
Medicago lupulina
Melandrium album
Mentha aquatica
Molinia caerulea
Myosotis arvensis
M. palustris
Myosoton aquaticum
Myrica gale
Oenanthe aquatica
Oe. fistulosa
Orchis praetermissa
Osmunda regalis
Peucedanum palustre
Phalaris arundinacea
Phleum pratense
Phragmites communis
Pinus sylvestris
Plantago lanceolata
D
BgeoeS Co) eS Ser ece
SSE ASS Sis.s) ec) o
whe) Sloe 0
is)
P. major
Platanthera bifolia
Polygala serpyllifolia
Polygonum aviculare agg. °
P. convolvulus
P. hydropiper
P. lapathifolium
P. persicaria
Polystichum setiferum
Populus tremula
Potamogeton spp. (incl. coloratus)
Potentilla anglica
P. anserina
P. erecta
P. palustris
P. reptans
Prunella vulgaris
Pteridium aquilinum
Pulicaria dysenterica
Quercus robur
Radiola linoides
Ranunculus acris
R. flammula
R. repens
R. sceleratus
Rhamnus cathartica
Rhinanthus minor agg.
Rosa sp. (Sect. Caninae)
Rubus (brambles)
R. caesius
Rumex acetosa
R. acetosella agg.
R. hydrolapathum
Sagina apetala
S. procumbens
Salix atrocinerea
S. repens ssp. repens
S. viminalis
Sambucus nigra
Scrophularia aquatica
Scutellaria galericulata
Senecio erucifolius
S. jacobaea
S. sylvaticus
Sium latifolium
Solanum dulcamara
Sonchus arvensis
S. asper
Sparganium ramosum
Stachys palustris
S. sylvatica
Stellaria alsine
S. graminea
S. media
S. neglecta
Succisa pratensis
Symphytum officinale
Thalictrum flavum
Thelypteris palustris
Trifolium pratense
D Valeriana officinalis D V. riviniana
D Veronica arvensis D Wahlenbergia hederacea
DV. officinalis
BRYOPHYTES
Acrocladium cordifolium Lophocolea bidentata and /or
A. cuspidatum cuspidata
Atrichum undulatum Metzgeria furcata
D Aulacomnium androgynum Pleurozium schreberi
A. palustre Polytrichum commune
Brachythecium rutabulum P. gracile
D_ Bryum pseudotriquetrum DP. juniperinum
- Calypogeia fissa Ricciocarpus natans
Chiloscyphus pallescens Sphagnum contortum
Climacium dendroides S. cuspidatum
D_ Dicranum bonjeani S. papillosum
DD. scoparium S. recurvum
Drepanocladus fluitans S. rubellum
Eurhynchium praelongum S. squarrosum
Frullania dilatata S. subsecundum
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET
T. repens D Vicia cracca
Typha latifolia V. hirsuta
Urtica dioica V. sativa
Utricularia sp.
Hypnum cupressiforme
Leucobryum glaucum
Viola palustris
Thuidium tamariscinum
Ulota bruchii and /or crispa
357
Some noteworthy bryophytes found by members of the British
Bryological Society are reported in Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc. 3, 787
(1960). Pallavicinia lyellit was found by C.I. and N. Y. Sandwith
in 1947 (Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 27, 207).
V. HABITAT NOTES ON SPHAGNA
The text and Table I have already given some indication of the
more important Sphagna. Altogether seven species were found.
The pH samples quoted were obtained near but not in Sphagnum
tussocks.
S. contortum. See S. ‘subsecundum’ below.
S. cuspidatum. In some blocked ditches (pH 5.0) and a strip of
waterlogged ‘“‘fill-in’? (pH 4.3).
S. papillosum. Frequent, forming characteristic, coarse, large
tussocks; found mainly in the rush swamps, heathy bog and carrs
of the Roughet (pH 4.2, 4.4, 4.6). All specimens examined lack the
normally characteristic hyaline-cell papillae and therefore are
probably form laeve or sublaeve.
S. recuroum. A few patches, in heathy bog and ditches (pH
4.2, 5-3). |
S. rubellum. In the western half of the Heath; locally frequent
398 jJ- F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS
in heathy bog of the Roughet (pH 4.4, 4.9), local in tall carr
(O.S. plot 154) and in a “‘fill-in’’ strip near Site Q (pH 4.3).
S. squarrosum. Abundant, forming broad cushions in the carrs
of the Roughet (pH 4.4, 4.9) and, less frequently, in the east carr
(pH 5.2, 5.6). Also frequent in heathy bog (pH 4.6), local in rush
swamp (pH 4.2) and locally dense in blocked ditches. Probably the
commonest bog-moss on the Heath.
S. ‘subsecundum’, This designation is used for either or both of
S. subsecundum (identified from Roughet and eastern carr) and
S. contortum (identified from Roughet); they were not separable in
the field. S$. ‘subsecundum’ occurs mainly in the carrs (pH 4.6—5.2),
as loose, dark green carpets. It is almost as common as S. squarrosum.
The latter and S. ‘subsecundum’ were the only Sphagna found in the
eastern Carr.
VI. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
Some of the factors which have influenced the present pattern of
vegetation probably date from the past exploitation of peat and
cannot now be traced. Here are given a few facts we were able to
obtain, under three headings.
1. Colonisation of Cuttings
Hitherto peat has been cut by hand. When a long trench (or
‘head’) is cut, the topsoil with surface litter and vegetation is
cleared and thrown into the adjacent, previously cut trench, as
already explained. The trench receiving the “‘fill-in’? may by then
be partly filled with water—a matter clearly relevant to the course
of colonisation. The broad cuttings so formed, lined with wet
““fill-in’’, are separated at intervals, as necessary, by ditches for
drainage or banks left for access.
It seems more than probable that the course and speed of the
new subsere must be influenced by the circumstances in which it
begins. A generalised idea of the time-scale was obtained from peat
cutters well acquainted with the Heath. The Roughet is said to
have been untouched for a period varying, in different parts, bet-
ween 30 and 70 years before our recording. ‘The community pattern
of 1960 was not essentially different ten years earlier. It is therefore
concluded that heathy bog (the youngest major community on the
Roughet) is established after 20-30 years of colonisation, and
medium to tall carr after about 50 years. These estimates are very
rough ones, but 20-30 years for heathy bog accords tolerably well
with the local report of ‘“‘at least 30 years” given by Moss (1907, p. 32)-
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 359
2. Water Conditions
The watercourses adjoining the Heath are shown in Fig. 2. They
drain the Heath except in spells of wet weather, when their level
rises. Culverts passing under the railway to the (disused) Glaston-
bury Canal have valves intended to prevent flooding from it to the
Heath; but in any case flooding occurs from Shapwick Moor Rhine,
which is partly fed by rivulets draining the slope of the Polden Hills;
the Mazewell Stream is one of these. The drainage pumps marked
in Fig. 2, with capacities of 12,000 and 18,000 galls. per hour, are
used to lower the water level locally where peat is to be cut.
It is easy to place some of the communities in order of increasing
wetness, as follows: oakwood and droves, tall carr (west), low carr
and heathy bog, rush swamp, blocked and open ditches. ‘The
remainder (eastern tall carr, reed bed, remnant ditches) belong
somewhere in the middle range but we cannot place them with
confidence.
Holes were dug in various sites without standing water; they
showed a variable rate of inflow, apparently related to the texture
of the peat locally. The short-period measurements of water level
obtained are not given; instructive results would emerge only from
records covering several months at least, like those obtained by Willis
& Jefferies (1959) on peat elsewhere in Somerset. The seasonal
variation found by them in the Gordano valley would probably be
much exceeded on Shapwick Heath where, Mr. J. P. Alexander
tells us, a seasonal range of about 6 ft. in height is not unusual in
the ditches. This effect might be expected from pumping out
on the one hand and, on the other, the large catchment area for
flood water.
3. pH
Determinations were made by means of a glass electrode, in a
few cases nearly 48 hours after sampling but usually much sooner.
All the readings were kindly taken by Mr. M. Holmes of the
Eclipse Peat Company.
Fig. 2 marks most of the values, in the approximate sites of
sampling. Water in the Glastonbury Canal is not far from neutral,
and that in ditches on the Heath is consistently less acid than the
neighbouring peat; Willis & Jefferies (1959) found a similar situa-
tion on the peat moor of the Gordano valley.
Some relationships between pH and communities are not clearly
detectable in Fig. 2, where the position of pH samples and com-
munity boundaries cannot be shown precisely. Relationships which
are in fact reasonably certain have been mentioned in the descrip-
tions of the communities (eastern tall carr, heathy bog, reed bed,
360 J. F. HOPE-SIMPSON, SARAH E. NEWTON AND M. J. RICKETTS
droves); these and other pH relations can doubtless be clarified by
fuller data.
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The foregoing account describes the modern condition of Shap-
wick Heath, an area of old and recent peat cuttings, and its major
plant communities. ‘Their composition is summarised in Table I
(p. 350-1). They are stages in secondary succession, as outlined by
the scheme on p. 349. ‘The successional changes include the
decrease of surface water, one of the most important factors.
Within this framework, other factors operate. The most evident
is nutrient supply, inferred from certain contrasts in the vegetation
itself. The best example is given by cols. 4 (heathy bog) and 6
(reed bed) of Table I, which have few species in common; roughly
it is a contrast between rudimentary bog and fen floras. An inde-
pendent pointer to nutritional differences between some of the major
communities is provided by the pH results, as far as they go.
Before considering the more direct study of variation in nutrients,
or the many features of plant distribution that remain to be ex-
plained, it is well to recognise that only the older tall carr may have
reached a stable state in balance with the existing factors. ‘The rest
of the vegetation, being seral, is partly an expression of what plants
could get established under former conditions. ‘To understand the
vegetation it is therefore necessary to record and follow the con-
ditions and developing vegetation in chosen cuttings from the time
when they are abandoned. A first slant to the succession, perhaps
affecting its whole course to some extent, might be caused by initial
circumstances such as the nature and amount of ‘‘fill-in’’ and the
season when it is deposited, the water régime when colonisation
starts, and the sources of seed-borne colonists at that time.
These circumstances may be greatly altered by the introduction
of machinery to extract the peat. Assuming that long-term succes-
sional studies will be practicable, it may fairly be asked whether an
understanding of the secondary communities will be worth elaborate
research. They have been interesting because of the mixture of
bog and fen tendencies. The primary aim, however, need not be
to elucidate the communities as such, but rather the autecology of
some of the species.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful for help received from several sources. Messrs.
L. D., T. M. W. and J. P. Alexander of the Eclipse Peat Company
have willingly provided information, and Mr. M. Holmes made
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON SHAPWICK HEATH, SOMERSET 361
all the pH determinations. Prof. H. Godwin, F.R.S., has given
liberal background information as well as that quoted verbatim.
Dr. A. J. Willis and Mr. N. Y. Sandwith have made welcome
improvements to the paper at several points. The preparation of
typescript and re-drawn maps was largely the work of Elizabeth
Hope-Simpson. The Nature Conservancy met the principal
expenses of the field work.
IX. REFERENCES
Clapham, A. R., & Godwin, H. 1948. Studies of the post-glacial
history of British vegetation.
VIII. Swamping surfaces in peats of the Somerset Levels.
Pil. Trans. Roy. Soc., B., 233, 233.
Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G. & Warburg, E. F. 1957. Flora of
the British Isles. Cambridge.
Godwin, H. 1941. Studies of the post-glacial history of British
vegetation. VI. Correlations in the Somerset Levels. New
Phytol. 40, 108.
Godwin, H. 1960. Prehistoric wooden trackways of the Somerset
Levels: their construction, age and relation to climatic change.
Proc. Prehist. Soc. 26, 1.
Hope-Simpson, J. F., & Willis, A. J. 1955. Chapter 6, Vegetation,
in. Bristol and its Adjoining Counties (ed. C. M. MacInnes &
W. F. Whittard). Bristol.
Moss, QC. E. 1907. Geographical Distribution of Vegetation in Somerset:
Bath and Bridgwater District. Roy. Geogr. Soc. London.
Richards, P. W., & Wallace, E. C. 1950. An annotated list of
British mosses. Trans. Brit. bryol. Soc. 1, Appendix.
Willis, A. J., & Jefferies, R. L. 1959 (for 1958). The plant ecology
of the Gordano valley. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 29, 469.
363
OCCURRENCE OF ILLITE
IN THE GULLY OOLITE OF
THE AVON GORGE
By R. J. Howartu
(Dept. of Geology, University of Bristol)
HE mineralisation was first noted in fallen blocks of Gully
Oolite below the south-west wall of Vaughan’s Number 3
Quarry (Vaughan, 1936), on the Somerset side of the Avon Gorge.
The blocks appeared to have fallen from a heavily iron-stained
group of rocks just below the junction of the Gully Oolite with the
Clifton Down Mudstone.
In the blocks of oolitic limestone could be seen ‘nodules’ of a soft
bluish-green to red-brown mineral. The largest of these was sub-
cylindrical with maximum dimensions of 6x 3x2 inches, but
smaller nodules, irregular patches, and ‘veinlets’ also occurred.
In one specimen, two elongate sub-spherical inclusions of oolite,
each about 0°5 inch in maximum diameter, could be seen enclosed
in the body of the mineral.
The material making up the nodules and other patches has a
waxy lustre and subconchoidal fracture, and on one specimen a
surface texture resembling slickensides was observed. Small
cavities, usually filled with cubic crystals of pyrite, occur scattered
through the body of the mineral. The pyrite is frequently altered
to limonite and surrounded by a red-brown alteration halo within
the enclosing mineral. Secondary iron-staining is common.
Examination of the bluish-green mineral by Differential ‘Thermal
Analysis and powder X-ray Diffraction showed it to be a clay of
the ledikite group, probably illite.
In polished section (see Fig. 1) the relation between the clay and
the oolite in which it occurs could be determined. The ‘nodule’
of clay is surrounded and traversed by cracks infilled with calcite.
Within the nodule single ooliths only rarely occur. Small pyrite
spheres and cubes are relatively abundant, frequently showing
alteration haloes. Secondary staining of the blue-green clay to a
reddish-brown colour results from this alteration of the pyrite. The
— oolite adjacent to the nodule is iron-stained, the intensity rising to
a maximum close to the nodule and diminishing outwards.
From this, it may be deduced that the clay nodules are probably
of primary origin, since they contain single ooliths. Shrinkage of the
364 R. J. HOWARTH
nodule was followed by infilling of the shrinkage-cracks by calcite.
Weathering has decomposed the pyrite to release iron which has
stained both the clay and the oolite. Pyrite may also have been
present in the oolite.
The clay also occurs as small flattened ‘veinlets’ and eeoticred |
flakes in the oolite, varying in size from about 1°5 inches long down
to less than 0°05 inch.
In section, the clay patches have sharply defined boundaries with
the matrix of drusy mosaic calcite. Both the matrix and the clay
may be cut by later veins of fibrous calcite. Silicification close to
the veins occurs, and they often have closely associated ferruginous
material, both in the matrix and the ooliths. Close to the veins, the
ooliths are often compressed and largely destroyed. Microstylolites
may also be developed.
The pyrite cubes and framboidal pyrite spheres extracted from
one of the nodules were examined for micro-organisms by the writer
in conjunction with Dr. J. W. Murray, using a technique developed
by Love (1957; Love and Zimmerman, 1961).
The pyrite was dissolved, in a special cell mounted on the
microscope stage, in dilute nitric acid. Continuous microscopic
observation of the reaction with a high-power oil immersion
rae NARYS \ A Sa
& COR elds DDN ate Ns ON X\ VRE at \\ bs ron Ai’ ' C
WN: Nas Was Oa SOR RONG \\\
& ae a ‘ SNAG VK. — VvvA
ER Vs
E Sh
Fic. 1. te se ee drawing of part of a nodule in pole section.
(1) Blue-green illite; (2) Pyrite; (3) Veins of fibrous calcite with some ferruginous stair
(4) Secondary iron-staining of illite; (5) Calcareous ooliths, with occasional ferruginous ¢
in a matrix of drusy mosaic calcite; (6) Iron-stained oolite adjacent to nodule.
OCCURRENCE OF ILLITE IN THE GULLY OOLITE OF AVON GORGE 365
objective revealed that the pyrite dissolved in the acid, releasing a
variety of micro-organisms.
These micro-organisms, although sometimes aggregated, usually
appeared as clear, rounded and featureless, single bodies about
0.5 — 2.0 p in Size, similar in appearance to the Group 5 and
Group 6 cell-bodies described by Love (1962). Their origin is
discussed by Love (1962), and it seems at present to be uncertain
whether they originated from the breakdown of larger bodies, such
as pyrite “microberries’ (Love, 1957), test-infillings, or partly
developed cores of Pyritosphaera barbaria Love 1957.
The primary origin of the pyrite has, nevertheless, been estab-
lished, since it is inferred that the pyrite was deposited in the
micro-organisms, probably as an amorphous sulphide syngenetic
with the deposition of the sediment, or at the time of early diagenesis
before complete lithification took place (Love and Zimmerman,
1961).
It was not possible to confirm the exact location of the clay in
relation to the boundary between the Gully Oolite and Clifton
Down Mudstone at this locality owing to the inaccessibility of the
exposure in the quarry face.
However, the contact was examined on the Portway, 22 yards
south-west of the Gully Oolite Quarry on the Bristol side of the
Avon Gorge. The section at the contact is shown in Table I.
TABLE I
DESCRIPTION OF BEDS THICKNESS
Inches
Curton Down MupstTone
mannan nnn nnn nn nnn nnn nnn Sharp Break — --------------------------------------------------
Grey to black shale with rare single ooliths a ee ro ) 2.40 =) Re
Soft grey shale in which no ooliths were found .. ay .. 0.0 — O04
Purplish-grey shale with disseminated mele es and small
patches of bluish-green illite ar ; me 26.0505 =) 7420
Lenses of bright red silt with many single ooliths ae .. 004 — 1.6
—_—_—__—_—_-——---. Sharp Break | ~----------------------------------—
Oolitic limestone reddened by iron-staining, intensity of staining
diminishing downwards from contact .. me aif . 08 - 4.8
GULLY OOLITE
The base of the Clifton Down Mudstone rests on an uneven
surface of grey shale. The frequency with which the disseminated
ooliths occur appears to increase towards the base of the shale, until
they become prolific in the reddened silt at the base. These lenses
of ooliths in a ferruginous matrix, which appears to be goethite,
are extremely friable, and the ooliths may be brushed out with the
finger. The reddening at the top of the Gully Oolite appears to be
yA ae
366 R. J. HOWARTH
a secondary feature. The lenses of ferruginous material are deposited
on a surface which, although undulatory, is not obviously ripple-
marked.
The incoming of the illite into the Gully Oolite appears, from the
limited evidence available, to occur close to the boundary with the
Clifton Down Mudstone. The appearance of the primary illite
suggests an abrupt change in sedimentation conditions with the
development of iron-rich shales and silts, together with a possible
reworking of ooliths. The occurrence of the pyrite in the clay
nodules suggests the presence of a near-by area where biochemical
formation of the pyrite could occur, and this would be a region of
fine subaqueous muds “in which the change from aerobic to
anaerobic conditions could occur at any depth’’ (Love, 1962).
Although the colouration and general appearance of the illite
clay resemble some of the Old Red Sandstone sediments at Portis-
head, it seems unlikely that a major upheaval of the Severn Axis
region occurred during C1 — C2 times of sufficient magnitude to
cause erosion. Slight non-sequences in the Avonian section at
Tytherington and Tidenham suggest possible elevation along the
Severn Axis to near sea level; considerably more movement would
be required to produce erosion of the Old Red Sandstone during
the time interval represented by these beds. It is possible that
these changes in sedimentation may represent a period of non-
deposition prior to the deposition of the Clifton Down Mudstone.
It is hoped to extend this preliminary study elsewhere*in the
Bristol district. ;
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer wishes to thank: Dr. J. W. Murray for his assistance,
and helpful comments on the manuscript; Mr. D. Hamilton who
also read the manuscript; and Mr. S. C. Matthews for helpful
discussion.
REFERENCES
Love, L. G. 1957. Micro-organisms and the origin of syngenetic
pyrite. Quart. J. geol. Soc. Lond. 113, 429-440.
Love, L. G. 1962, Further studies on micro-organisms and the
presence of syngenetic pyrite. Palaeontology,
Lond. 5 (3), 444-459.
Love, L. G. and Zimmerman, D. O. 1961. Bedded pyrite and
micro-organisms from the Mount Isa shale.
Econ. Geol. 56 (5), 873-896.
Vaughan, A. 1936 (for 1935). The Carboniferous Limestone Series
(Avonian) of the Avon Gorge. Proc. Bristol Nat.
Soc., 4th Ser., 8 (1), 29-90.
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ec eer eee eee eo wo © oo
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ppenkins. Mis. Gi. aie soe 5 oe
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nr. Bristol
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As Jones, INS. sai cae 10 Lake Road, Henleaze, Bristol
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iobertsoms IViss Yates: 2. “Blagdon res., Oct. 27 (R.M.G., J.A.McG., R.J.P:) ;
up to four macrura, Cheddar res., Apr. 21, Aug. 29, Sept. 1, and one,
Blagdon, Oct. 6 (P.J.C., H.H., B.K., J.A.McG., M.A.W.).
RosEATE TERN Sterna dougallit
S. One seen Weston Bay, June 29, flying S.W. over Brean
Flats by R.A., who mentions very white underparts, pale grey
upperparts, long tail-streamers, long dark bill and absence of crest.
Fourth record for the county—cf. Proc. B.N.S., 1962, p. 324.
LitTLE TERN Sterna albifrons
S. One, Chew Valley res., Aug. 31 (R.A.).
SANDWICH TERN Sterna sandvicensis
G. One imm., New Grounds, Sept. 11 (LiP.A.) ; details sup-
plied.
RAZORBILL Alca torda
S. One found dead, Sand Bay, Oct. 13 (R.A.).
LirtLe Auk Plautus alle
S. One, Cheddar res., Nov. 6, found dead on 7th (P.T.L.).
Stock Dove Columba oenas
G. Flock of five, Shirehampton, roosting with Woodpigeons
and Collared Doves, Jan. — Feb. (C.L.) ; five, New Grounds, Nov.
go (R.M.C.).
S. Reported from Radstock and Midsomer Norton, Jan. (C.S.).
Winter flock, up to ten, Chew Valley res. (W.J.S.) ; two to six
birds, same place, Mar. — Apr. (P.J.C., C.S., M.A.W.). ‘Two,
Steep Holm, Sept. 8 (Res. Stn.).
TurTLE Dove Streptopelia turtur
G. Three, Avonmouth Dock, May - July; 21, July 13, and
three as late as Oct. 28 (C.L.). Pair, Littleton-on-Severn, July 26
(P.J.G.):.
404 BRISTOL BIRD REPORT
S. Breeding season records from Banwell, Walton Moor, Ticken-
ham, Portishead, Combe Down, Bath (P.G.H., E.G.M.N., W.L.R.
et al.). Flocks of ten, Bath, and six, Litton, Aug. 11 ; eleven, Wring-
ton, Sept. 1 (A.A.G._, MEK A McG;
COLLARED Dove Streptopelia decaocto
G. Flock of fourteen, Shirehampton, Jan. — March, with four
pairs present in breeding season ; one pair with three nests raised
three young (C.L.). Other breeding records : two young reared,
B.B.C. gardens, Clifton, and another two young reared elsewhere in
Bristol (R.B.) ; pair reared single young, New Grounds, August—
two other pairs present did not breed (M.A.O.). Up to three ads.,
Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton, Jan. — Feb., Apr. - May, August and
Dec. (G.S.). One, Redland, Apr. — July ; two, July 13 (C.G.).
Large numbers feeding on grain, Avonmouth Dock: 34, Apr. 6 ;
43, May 12; 40, June 21 ; ¢. 30, July 13, and 92, Oct. 28 (C.L.) and
influx noted, New Grounds, Sept. — Oct., with max. of ¢. 20, Oct.
to end year (M.A.O.).
S. One or two, Weston-s-Mare, Jan. — April, Oct. and Dec. ;
four, Apr. 11 {R.A., R.B.). Single “birds, "Portishead; Wiay |’ 4
(G.E.C.); Odd Down, Bath, May 15 (R.M.C.) and Pill, July 26
(J.F-Bi); Two, Failand, Sept. 23 (FHA);
Barn Ow. Tyto alba
S. The only records are of single birds, nr. Lower Weare, vari-
ous dates, Mar. — May and three dates, Sept. (R.H.R.) ; Yatton,
Apr. 1 (H.H.D.) ; Wrington, Oct. 13 (M.K.) ; Kingston Seymour,
Nov. 3 (J.F.B.) and Bishop Sutton, Nov. 5, 22 (D.W.).
SHORT-EARED OwL_ Asio flammeus
S. One, Chew Valley res., Mar. 18 (R.F.T.).
NiGHTJAR Caprimulgus europaeus
S. Single 3, Leigh Woods, May 19, 23, but not found, June 22
(R.F.T. et al.). One 9, Shipham, May 20—“ almost certainly
does not breed here ”’ (T.B.S.).
Swirt SILURIAN
Series
Dr Ae
OW’
| gs 7
Fault
100 200
Se = Sa |
Yards
Fic. 1. Position of the Buckover Section.
M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE
430
(-aures aq} sopeos [eoT}I9A pue [e}UOZTIOH)
: “Furyyna pvos saaoyong ayy fo yung fo uoysas puv Fup *% ‘Old
‘a0 34 00!
aie
= <5
‘Joob N Moors
2aa4 \ Ajyiwsojsuooun \
eet er al | ag oe x
as a = 4 = aN ey, e = =
° | NaN 29
\-—~* > 44 = :
i am \ \ ZN WW aie
; Zea os wee
lee A ‘ A
ee ea ee
ee ee eee
Ue
K
SILURIAN——-OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 431
rocks to the west against Wenlock, Llandovery and Tremadoc
rocks to the east (Curtis, 1955, fig. 1, p. 4).
SILURIAN ROCKS
The Silurian rocks seen in the Buckover section are considered
to occupy a high horizon in the Wenlock Series. The Wenlock
succession as developed in the south-western part of the Tortworth
Inlier, around Whitfield and Horseshoe Farm, consists of some 800
ft. of shales, mudstones, siltstones and calcareous sandstones, with
three prominent limestone bands (Kellaway & Welch, 1948, p. 12;
Curtis, 1955, p. 6). It is to the highest part of this succession that
the strata exposed in the new road cuiting belong. Over 180 ft.
of beds were exposed in the cutting, consisting predominantly of
mudstones and siltstones. ‘The lower beds, about 130 ft. thick, are
mainly purplish-red mudstones with occasional thin green streaks
(Beds 1-9); they are sometimes slightly calcareous, and at two
horizons contain layers of hard calcareous nodules. About 50 ft.
below the top of this purplish-red mudstone group is a band of hard
purple and grey argillaceous limestone, 12 ft. thick, and a few feet
above it is a richly fossiiiferous horizon. This limestone is un-
doubtedly the highest of the three limestones referred to above ;
it probably thickens eastwards for between Horseshoe Farm and
High Wood it forms a prominent ridge.
The highest 53 ft. of Silurian beds consist mainly of silty mud-
stones, sitlstones and fine-grained sandstones (Beds 10-18), the
lower part being mostly yellowish-green and brown, and the upper
part showing alternations of green and purplish-red. A considerable
fauna has been obtained from this portion of the succession, par-
ticularly from Bed 10 which consisis of yellowish-green siltstone
with hard bands of yellowish-brown, fine-grained calcareous sand-
stone, often highly fossiliferous. These highest Silurian rocks are
identical with the fossiliferous siltstones and sandstones formerly
exposed in the well-known lane section at Horseshoe Farm, } mile
to the south-east (Reed & Reynolds, 1g908a, pp. 524, 537 ; 1908b,
p- 40). There has been much doubt in the past as to whether
the beds at Horseshoe Farm belong to the Wenlock or the Ludlow
Series. Murchison, Phillips and other nineteenth century geologists
assigned them to the latter. Reed and Reynolds agreed that the
fauna from this locality, and the fauna obtained by them from
trenches south of Little Daniel’s Wood, contained some elements
having Ludlow affinities, but considered the fauna as a whole to
indicate a Wenlock age. This view is confirmed by the evidence of
the Buckover section. The purplish-red mudstones (lower part of
E
432 M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE
Bed 7), which overlie the limestone, contain a typical Wenlock:
fauna including Favosites gothlandicus forbesi (Edwards and Haime),
Meristina obtusa (J. Sowerby), Trigonirhynchia stricklandi (J. de C.
Sowerby), Leptaena depressa (J. de C. Sowerby), Strophonella funicu-
lata (M’Coy) and Dalmanites myops (Konig). The highest part of the
Silurian succession, comprising 53 ft. of siltstones and fine-grained
sandstones (Beds 10-18), has yielded a large fauna which includes
Cramops implicata (J. de C. Sowerby), Howellella sp., Meristina obtusa
(J. Sowerby), Leptaena rhombordalis (Wilckens), Strophonella funiculata
(M’Coy), Fardenia applanata (Salter), F. pecten (Linnaeus), Chonetes
ceratoides Reed, Actinopteria cf. pleuroptera (Conrad), Cornellites sp.,
Dalmanites myops (Konig) and Homalonotus sp. An interesting feature
of this fauna is the abundance of lamellibranchs.
An indication of the shallow water conditions under which these
highest Silurian beds were deposited is provided by the occurrence
in the fine-grained sandstones of small-scale current-bedding,
ripple-marks and small drag-marks. ‘There is also evidence that
these rocks suffered disturbances which were penecontemporaneous
with their deposition. Bed 18, for example, is a fine-grained yellow
sandstone containing pebbles of similar material; the upper
laminated part of this bed seems to have been broken when partially
consolidated, and penetrated from below by argillaceous sediment
which was still in a plastic condition. The occurrence of rounded
masses and curved bedding in Beds 12 and 13 may likewise be
attributed to penecontemporaneous disturbance.
The Silurian succession is shown below in descending order.
In the lower portion (Beds 1-7) the thicknesses given were calcu-
lated from the w:dths of the outcrops, and in the upper portion
(Beds 8-18) the thicknesses were obtained by direct measurement.
Ft. Ins.
(18) Hard yellow current-bedded, fine-grained calcareous
sandstone, weathering to a brown laminated rotten-
stone, and containing abundant crinoid ossicles A I 6
(17) Silty mudstone with some silty sandstone bands,
mainly green below and red and green above .. 4 )
(16) Purplish-red shaly mudstone, with occasional bands
of hard, green, fine-grained sandstone, and with a
thin layer of green clay at the base 6 6
(15) Banded green and purplish-red silty mudstone, with
some hard sandy siltstone bands .. 8 6
(14) Banded green and purplish-red silty mudstone, with
occasional bands of hard, fine-grained sandstone,
and a few pale green clay partings 5 6
(13) Green siltstone, with some sandier bands showing fine
current- bedding, and SoOrnIne rounded masses with
curved bedding . . 4 O
(12) Brown sandy siltstone, showing s some curved bedding,
and with abundant fossils ays es ue BY: a fo)
SILURIAN—-OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 433
(11) Banded green and purplish-brown silty mudstone .. 2 o
(10) Yellowish-green siltstone, with bands of harder silt-
stone. Bands of yellowish-brown, fine-grained cal-
careous sandstone, up to 1 ft. thick, and sometimes
highly fossiliferous, are most abundant in the middle
and upper part. Some reddish-brown and purplish-
brown streaks occur towards the base and top a4 18 oO
(9) Purplish-red mudstone and silty mudstone, with thin
layers of slightly harder siltstone, and two 4 in. bands
of fine-grained sandstone : 10 o
(8) Banded purplish-red and drab green mudstone and
sandy mudstone, with a band of green reY Aro
sandstone, 7 ins. thick, atthe base... 4 6
(7) Purplish-red mudstone, with green streaks, and occa-
sional bands of green mudstone and sandy mudstone
up to 1 ft. thick. Abundant fossils occur in a bed of
purple mudstone, apparently about 6 ft. above the
base ‘ 33 o)
(6) Hard, purple and purplish- -grey ‘argillaceous and silty
limestone, occurring in lumpy, irregular beds with
clay partings. The highest 2 ft. is the most massive
and regularly bedded. Drusy cavities, up to an inch
or two across, contain small crystals of white and pink
celestine. About 2 ft. above the base is a band of
purplish-blue clayey mudstone, gins. thick .. ; 12 oO
(5) Purple and purplish-red mudstone with occasional
calcareous nodules, and in the lower part a few seams
of nodular, lumpy limestone, up to g ins. thick .. 9 fe)
(4) Purplish-red mudstone, slightly calcareous towards
the base, with a green limestone and mudstone band,
3 ins. thick, at the base i 13 ts)
(3) Purplish-red mudstone, with occasional thin green
and purplish-blue bands. Nodular lumps of purple
limestone, up to about 4 ins. thick, occur in the lower
part 8 o
(2) Purplish-red mudstone, ‘with an occasional calcareous
nodule in the upper part, and with occasional thin
green and purplish-blue bands and streaks .. 26 O
(1) Soft purplish-red mudstone, with occasional very thin
green partings. Notwellexposed .. ie a 15 (a)
OLD RED SANDSTONE
A thickness of more than 300 ft. of Old Red Sandstone sediments
has been observed in the Buckover section. ‘That these beds belong
to the Farlovian or Upper Old Red Sandstone is indicated by the
occurrence of scales and plates of Bothriolepis cf. hydrophila (Agassiz)
in a thin bed, 4 ft. above the base, here named the Buckover Fish
Bed. The succession is similar to that described in Monmouthshire
and around the Forest of Dean (Welch & Trotter, 1961, pp. 49-57;
Trotter, 1942, pp. 9-11), and the two main subdivisions of the
Upper Old Red Sandstone seen in those areas, the Quartz Con-
glomerate below and the Tintern Sandstone above, can be recog-
nised also in the Buckover section. ‘These two groups have already
434 M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE
been described as occurring in the Thornbury and Tortworth
areas (Kellaway & Welch, 1955, pp. 5-7 ; Welch & Trotter, 1961,
p. 57), but most of the existing exposures are small, and the new
road cutting at Buckover provides the most complete succession in
these formations to be seen anywhere east of the River Severn.
The Quartz Conglomerate at Buckover is about 47 ft. thick, and
consists of two bands of massive conglomerates and sandstones, the
lower one 22 ft. thick and the upper one 7 ft. thick, separated by
64 ft. of rather thinly-bedded sandstone. About 12 ft. of beds occur
below the massive conglomerates and sandstones ; they include at
the base a bed of hard sandstone, about 1 ft. 9 ins. thick, and just
above the middle a 6 in. band of sandstone showing well-developed
symmetrical ripple-marks.
The Tintern Sandstone consists of a variable series of sandstones,
siltstones and ‘marls’ with occasional rubbly bands of nodular
cornstones. The thickness seen is probably not less than 250 ft., and
may be more than 300 ft. The basal beds of the Tintern Sandstone
are rather soft, and consist of purplish-brown and red fine-grained,
thinly-bedded sandstones, succeeded by coarser sandstones with a
bed of red marl, and at the top a conspicuous bed of hard purplish-
blue rubbly conglomeratic cornstone (Beds 29-34). The main por-
tion of the Tintern Sandstone (Beds 35-65) consists of purplish-
brown, pale green, grey and yellow sandstones, generally strongly
current-bedded. These sandstones are normally hard and rather
massive, but flaggy and more thinly-bedded sandstones are also
common. Interbedded with the hard sandstones are beds of
siltstone and ‘marl’, and occasional layers of clay and bands of
’ rubbly cornstones. The highest beds of the Tintern Sandstone
occurring in the section (Beds 66—72), although only intermittently
exposed, were seen to consist of soft thinly-bedded sandstones and
soft sandy clays, with occasional lines of cornstone nodules. The
ochreous appearance of the cornstones in the upper part of the
succession has almost certainly been caused by the once overlying
Dolomitic Conglomerate.
The Buckover Fish Bed is a purplish-brown, green and yellow
sandstone band, 3 ins. thick, containing white scales and plates
of Bothriolepis cf. hydrophila, and is situated 4 ft. above the uncon-
formable base of the Quartz Conglomerate. On the eastern side
of the road cutting the bed contains abundant fish remains, but on
the western side only isolated scales were found at this level. Frag-
mentary fish scales have also been found about 7 ft. higher in the
succession. It is interesting to recall in this connection that long ago
a scale of Holoptychius sp. was found near the base of the Upper Old
Red Sandstone at Milbury Heath (Smith, 1934, pp. 119-20). No
SILURIAN—OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 435
fish beds have been reported from the Quartz Conglomerate or
the lower part of the Tintern Sandstone in the Forest of Dean or
Monmouthshire. At Portishead in Somerset the well-known Wood-
hill Bay Fish Bed occurs about 50 ft. above the base of the Portis-
head Beds, but it is not easy to correlate the Portishead succession
with that further north (Wallis, 1928, pp. 768-9; Kellaway &
Welch, 1955, p. 6).
In the following details of the Old Red Sandstone succession
at Buckover, the thicknesses given for the beds of the Quartz
Conglomerate were obtained by measurement. The thicknesses of
the beds comprising the Tintern Sandstone, on the other hand,
have been calculated from the widths of their outcrops, and become
increasingly less accurate towards the top of the successior owing
to the strongly current-bedded nature of the sandstones and the
difficulty of determining the amount and direction of their dip.
This is particularly so in the case of Beds 56-72 which were observed
only in a trench excavated along the eastern side of the road, and
the estimated thicknesses of Beds 66—72 (shown in square brackets)
are very approximate indeed.
TINTERN SANDSTONE
Ft Ins
(72) Occasional exposures of soft red and green thinly-
bedded sandstone and sandy clay” =: [10 o]
(71) Green and red sandy ‘marl’ with occasional thin
layers of yellow cornstones , [15 oO]
(70) Soft brownish sandstone, with occasional green clays
and layers and isolated nodules of yellow cornstone .. [7 o]
(69) Green clay, slightly sandy towards base, with occa-
sional layers of hard ochreous cornstone nodules .. [23 o]
(68) Soft pale green micaceous sandstone, strongly current-
bedded .. Ae [8 o|
(67) Pale-green, grey and purplish- brown ‘sandstone, with
coarse-grained and pebbly layers, aaa rather
flaggy and current-bedded ss [20 o]
(66) Soft, pale green and purplish- brown, ‘ thinly-bedded
sandstone. Lower part coarse-grained ‘with occasional
small pebbles; upper part current-bedded with
occasional thin bands of harder sandstone. A band
of green, slightly sandy clay occurs at the top . [14 o]
(65) Pale green, grey and brown, rather flaggy sandstone,
coarse-grained and pebbly at base and in upper part 5 O
(64) Soft, pale green shaly sandstone, with a band of co
nodular cornstones, 6 ins. thick, at the base .. ; I 6
(63) Red ‘marl’ with occasional thin layers of soft green
sandstone, especially in the lower part ns 13 O
(62) Yellow, grey and pale green, hard quartzitic sand-
stone, coarsely slabby and much jointed. A band of
green sandy clay occursnearthetop .. 6 O
(61) Pale green flaggy sandstone, mostly rather ‘soft, but
hard and current-bedded towards base. A band of
rubbly ochreous cornstone, 1 ft. thick, occurs at the
top oe oe oe os s oe oe # fe)
M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE
Purplish-brown and green sandstone. Lower part
flaggy and current-bedded; upper part coarse-
grained and pebbly, becoming rather soft and fissile
towards the top
Red and green silty and sandy beds with abundant
rubbly yellow and green cornstones.
Soft red and green sandstone and siltstone, with bands
of purplish-brown and green sandstone. The lowest
4 ft. consist of ae aa brown, sree and grey laggy
sandstone
Red ‘marl’
Purplish-brown and green flagey sandstone
Purple siltstone and sandstone with small nodular
cornstones re
Hard purplish- brown and green sandstone ..
Purple fissile sandstone, soft and highly micaceous
Hard purplish-brown and green current-bedded sand-
stone; flaggy, especially in upper part .
Soft red sandy marl with green patches
Purplish-brown and green flaggy sandstone ..
Dark purple sandstone, soft and thinly-bedded, with
nodular masses of purple and green cornstones be-
coming abundant towards the top ..
Hard purplish-brown, pale green and grey, current-
bedded sandstone, with a band of bright ere clay,
4 ins. thick, a little above the middle
Soft purple and green micaceous sandstone
Hard grey current-bedded sandstone
Clay, red below and green above
Hard, massive grey and pale green sandstone; lowest
foot contains abundant ochreous fragments ..
Purplish-brown, pale green and grey sandstone.
Lowest 6 ins. contains abundant ochreous fragments,
and at the top is a green siltstone band, 5 ins. thick ..
Red siltstone and fine-grained, thinly-bedded sand-
stone, with some green patches. A pale green sand-
stone band, 2 ft. thick, occurs about the middle and a
green siltstone band, 1 ft. thick, at the top :
Hard, purplish- -brown and green current-bedded
sandstone
Red siltstone and fine- ‘grained thinly-bedded sand-
stone with green seams and patches. Possibly equiva-
lent, in part, to Bed 39 .. at
FAULT
Red siltstone and fine-grained thinly-bedded sand-
stone with occasional green patches. .
Hard purplish- brown and green sandstone
Red ‘marl’ with occasional green patches, rather
sandy and crumbly ..
Purplish-blue and oa rubbly siltstone with small
yellow cornstones ‘
Purplish-brown and green sandstone, “mostly rather
hard and massive, and often showing current-bedding;
pebbly at base with quartz pebbles up to 4 in. across
Hard, purplish-blue rubbly conglomeratic cornstone.
Irregularly coloured; mainly purplish-blue, with
green, yellow and reddish-brown ie
Hard purplish-brown and green sandstone ..
Ft.
NNN ©
Nw
Ins.
oOo
nN
(32)
(31)
(30)
(29)
(28)
(25)
(19)
SILURIAN—OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY
Soft sandstone. Lower part dark purple with green
patches; upper part dark red and purple :
Soft red argillaceous siltstone or ‘marl’; rapidly break-
ing down on weathering ;
Soft argillaceous sandstone; lower part “mainly yellow
and green, and upper part purplish- red
Purplish-brown and red fine-grained, thinly-bedded
sandstone. Mostly rather soft, but slightly above the
middle is a harder bed with purplish blue and grey
patches
QUARTZ CONGLOMERATE
Hard, massive, yellowish-grey, pale green and
purplish-brown sandstone, often pebbly, and showing
current-bedding. Beds of hard conglomerate, which
may be a foot or more thick, occur in the sandstones,
but seem to wedge out rapidly. Pebbles, mainly of
quartz, are well rounded and up to 14 ins. across;
other pebbles include red jasper, and in some beds
there are bright green mudstone pellets a
Thinly-bedded and flaggy silty sandstone; rather
soft, and eed aca and red in colour with green
patches
Hard, massive, ‘current-bedded sandstone; greyish-
green, yellowish-green and purplish-brown. Occasion-
al thin conglomeratic seams occur, and some beds
contain isolated quartz pebbles up to I in. across.
Pebbles of soft purplish-brown sandstone and siltstone
and green mudstone occur near the top
Hard greyish-green and yellowish-green conglomerate,
with pebbles, mainly of quartz up to I in. across.
Other pebbles include jasper; at some levels there are
soft brown sandstone and siltstone pebbles, and at
others green mudstone pebbles. .
Hard yellowish-green conglomeratic sandstone, with
pebbles mainly of quartz
Conglomerate, with a brown, “green ‘and yellowish
matrix, and pebbles, mainly of white quartz, up to
13 ins. across. The upper part is hard and current-
bedded, but the whole is rather poorly cemented and
weathers to a friable gravel. Thin layers and partings
of pale sandstone and red shaly mudstone occur
Red shaly mudstone and green sandy siltstone
Yellowish-green conglomerate, with rounded quartz
pebbles up to $ in. across, wea tnenne to a friable
gravel ,
Purplish-brown and green mudstone, siltstone and
fine-grained, thinly-bedded sandstone. The lowest
beds contain flow-rolls with concentric banding. A
3 in. sandstone (Buckover Fish Bed) occurs 2 ft. 2 ins.
above the base. A 6 in. sandstone, with the top surface
extensively covered with symmetrical ripple-marks
having a wavelength of about 1 in., occurs about 5ft.
5 ins. above the base sd
Hard purplish-brown and green sandstone. The
lowest 3-4 ins. is pebbly in some places, with quartz
pebbles up to about } in. across, and pebbles and
fragments of green mudstone and yellow decalcified
sandstone similar to Bed 18 of the underlying Silurian
Ft.
6
8
o
iN)
437
438 . : M. L. K.. CURTIS AND R. CAVE
THE SILURIAN—OLD RED SANDSTONE
UNCONFORMITY
The Silurian—Old Red Sandstone unconformity represents a
very considerable stratigraphical break. ‘The highest Silurian rocks
seen in the Buckover section are believed to be near the top of the
Wenlock Series, and these are overlain by beds belonging to the
Upper Old Red Sandstone. The Ludlow Series of the Silurian, the
Lower and Middle Old Red Sandstone, and possibly part of the
Upper Old Red Sandstone are absent. Although the unconform-
ity is a major one, no well-defined angular discordance between the
Silurian and Old Red Sandstone can be seen in the road cutting.
Indeed, even the position of the unconformity itself is not at first
obvious owing to the similarity of the highest Silurian and lowest
Old Red Sandstone sediments, both consisting of rather thinly-
bedded purple and green siltstones and sandstones. Nor is there a
well-marked basal conglomerate. The lowest bed of the Old
Red Sandstone is a hard purplish-brown and green sandstone,
1 ft. 9 ins. thick, the lowest 3 or 4 ins. of which is inclined to be
pebbly, with quartz pebbles up to about } in. in diameter. This
pebbly bed rests on approximately the same horizon in the Silurian
across the whole width of the road cutting.
The unconformable junction was seen most clearly on the eastern
side of the cutting where the basal bed of the Old Red Sandstone
(Bed 19) is in contact with a conspicuous calcareous sandstone band
in the Silurian (Bed 18); the latter is a fine-grained, current-
bedded sandstone, 1 ft. 6 ins. thick, which in a fresh condition is
an intensely hard yellow rock, but weathers to a laminated brown
sandy rottenstone. In some places the unconformable surface 1s
sharp and only slightly uneven. In other places it is more irregular
with elevations and depressions of about an inch ; and sometimes
narrow infillings of pebbly sandstone and conglomerate can be seen
penetrating an inch or two downwards into the underlying Silurian
sandstone, filling cracks which often have smooth weathered sides.
Detached and partially detached flakes of Silurian sandstone are
seen in the Old Red Sandstone adjacent to the contact. On the
western side of the cutting the junction is more obscure; in some
places the relationship appears to be the same as that on the
eastern side, but at one place (Pl. VII, 1) it was observed that
greenish siltstones occur in the position normally oe ae by the
fine-grained sandstone (Bed 18).
Considered more generally, the unconformity beneath the
Upper Old Red Sandstone is one of the most widespread strati-
graghical breaks in the Palaeozoic rocks of southern Britain.
SILURIAN—OLD. RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 439
Throughout most of South Wales and the Welsh Borderland the
Upper Old Red Sandstone rests on the Brownstones, the highest
subdivision of the Lower Old Red Sandstone, but there is generally
little or no discordance between the two formations. This relation-
ship is found to exist in Monmouthshire and around the Forest of
Dean, although in one area, near Mitchel Troy, south of Mon-
mouth, -the Quartz Conglomerate oversteps the Brownstones, and
comes’ to rest on the St. Maughan’s Group, apparently due to
gentle folding during pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone times (Welch
& Trotter, 1961, pp. 4, 8). Along the eastern margin of the Forest
of Dean syncline, and southwards as far as ‘Tidenham Chase, the
Quartz Conglomerate rests on Brownstones, but east of the Severn,
around Thornbury, it overlies the ‘Thornbury Beds which have been
tentatively correlated with the Raglan Marls (Welch & Trotter,
1961, pp. 8, 32, 46). In the Buckover road cutting the Upper Old
Red Sandstone comes to rest directly on Silurian rocks, thought to
be near the top of the Wenlock, and this relationship appears to
exist over the distance between Buckover and ‘Tortworth. However,
south of Little Daniel’s Wood, near Tortworth, a major north—
south fault, which is unmistakably of pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone
age, has a downthrow to the west with the result that the Quartz
Conglomerate between this point and Tortworth Church rests on
beds near the base of the Wenlock Series (Reed & Reynolds,
1908a, fig. 3, p. 518; Curtis, 1955, fig. 1, p. 4). Thus, as followed
eastwards from Tidenham Chase, across the Severn to the village of
Tortworth, a distance of about 9 miles, the Upper Old Red Sand-
stone is found to overlie rocks which seem to belong to progressively
lower horizons. There is no evidence throughout this region of any
marked angular discordance at the unconformity which would
account for extensive overstepping by the Upper Old Red Sand-
stone. It is therefore suggested that an explanation of this phenome-
non is the presence of a series of major north—south faults of pre-
Upper Old Red Sandstone age with the downthrow in each case
to the west. One such fault, referred to above, emerges from beneath
the Upper Old Red Sandstone outcrop south of Little Daniel’s
Wood, near Tortworth, and can be traced northwards along the
western side of Daniel’s Wood, with a downthrow to the west of at
least 500 ft., and possibly over 1,000 ft. Another is the fault extending
from Stone Bridge to Purton (p. 428 ), which brings Ludlow and
Lower Old Red Sandstone to the west against Tremadoc, Llan-
dovery and Wenlock rocks to the east, and the southerly continua-
tion of which probably accounts for the juxtaposition of the Thorn-
bury Beds and the Wenlock Series in the area between Crossways
and Whitfield ; the throw of this fault is probably to be measured
440 M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE
in thousands of feet. Other faults having approximately the same
trend are the Blakeney Fault, east of the Forest of Dean, and a fault
observed on Black Rock, in the Severn near Berkeley (Welch &
Trotter, 1961, pp. 7, 14-15, 45), but the ages of these are unknown.
The absence of part of the Upper Silurian and the whole of the
Lower Old Red Sandstone at Tortworth, in contrast to the thick
development of these formations in the area immediately to the west,
suggests that the major north—south faulting described above, and
the very extensive erosion which must have followed it, occurred
mainly in ‘Middle’ Old Red Sandstone times (i.e. post-Brownstones,
pre-Quartz Conglomerate). The magnitude of the faulting and
subsequent erosion is indicated by the fact that along the eastern
margin of the Forest of Dean and in the Purton and Sharpness
area these deposits attain a thickness of at least 3,000 ft., probably
considerably more, and around Thornbury the thickness of the
Lower Old Red Sandstone is considered to be not less than 1,000 ft.
(Welch & Trotter, 1961, pp. 28, 32). It seems reasonable to
suppose that a substantial part of this great thickness originally
extended eastwards across the Tortworth area, and was removed
by erosion prior to the deposition of the Upper Old Red Sandstone.
Unfortunately, however, there is no direct evidence as to the original
thickness of these deposits at Tortworth. ‘Thus the possibility
remains that the major north—south faults may have been active
over a long period and may have had a controlling effect on
sedimentation, producing a somewhat attenuated Ludlow and
Lower Old Red Sandstone succession in the Tortworth area,
while allowing a greater thickness of sediments to accumulate to
the west (Kellaway, 1961, p. 28). If this were so, considerably less
pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone erosion would have been needed
to produce the unconformity at Buckover.
Although little is known as to what formations are present
beneath the unconformable base of the Upper Old Red Sandstone
to the east and south of the Tortworth Inlier, some information is
provided by the recent Geological Survey borehole at Hamswell,
near Bath, where 960 ft. of Lower Old Red Sandstone sediments
were encountered (Cave, 1963, p. 35). Fish remains from the
lowest 6 ft. of this borehole and from a small faulted outcrop of
Lower Old Red Sandstone at Wickwar (Whittard & Smith, 1944,
pp. 69-70) are suggestive of divisions I6 or I7 and ‘I8 or lower’
respectively of Wickham King’s classification, and permit a general
comparison with the Downtonian of the Sharpness area (White,
1946, pp. 213-4) and the Forest of Dean (Welch & Trotter, 1961,
pp. 31-2, 38, 43-4). The occurrence of thick deposits of Lower
Old Red Sandstone at Hamswell suggests that a downfaulted mass
SILURIAN——-OLD RED SANDSTONE UNCONFORMITY 441
of these rocks may occur to the east of the Tortworth area, and that
the structural relationship described above for the western side of
the inlier may be mirrored to the east. If this hypothesis is correct,
the Tortworth area may have stood as a north—south fault ridge
or horst during pre-Upper Old Red Sandstone times. It is of interest
to note in this connection that both the Tortworth Inlier and the
Eastern Mendip Inlier, where a similar unconformity occurs
between the Silurian and Upper Old Red Sandstone, are situated
on a southward continuation of the Malvern Axis.
SUMMARY
The Wenlock and Upper Old Red Sandstone strata exposed in
the Buckover section are described, and it is shown that an un-
conformable relationship exists between them. The absence of
Ludlow and Lower Old Red Sandstone deposits is attributed to
major north—south faulting and erosion in pre-Upper Old Red
Sandstone times.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Mr. G. R. Smout, Resident Engineer, Glouces-
tershire County Council, for facilities to examine the section, and
for kindly arranging to leave the rocks in the more interesting parts
of the section exposed for the benefit of geologists. We wish to
thank Dr. E. I. White of the British Museum (Natural History) for
identifying the fish remains from the Old Red Sandstone. The
participation of one of the authors (R.C.) in the publication of this
paper is with the permission of the Director of the Geological
Survey.
REFERENCES
Cave, R. 1963. In Summ. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1962.
Curtis, M. L. K. 1955. In Bristol and its adjoining counties. Bristol.
Kellaway, G. A. 1961. In Summ. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1960.
Kellaway, G. A. & Welch, F. B. A. 1948. British regional geology.
Bristol and Gloucester district. 2nd ed. Geol. Surv. Mus.
Kellaway, G. A. & Welch, F.B.A. 1955. The Upper Old Red Sand-
stone and Lower Carboniferous rocks of Bristol and the
Mendips compared with those of Chepstow and the Forest
of Dean. Bull. Geol. Surv. 9, 1-21.
442 M. L. K. CURTIS AND R. CAVE ©
Reed, F. R. CG. & Reynolds, S.-H. rgq08a. On the: fossiliferous
Silurian rocks of the southern half of the Tortworth Inlier.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 64, 512-45.
Reed, F. R.C. & Reynolds, S. H. rgo8b. Silurian fossils from certain
localities in the Tortworth Inlier. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. (4),
2, 32-40.
Smith, S. 1934. The Tortworth Inlier. Jn The geology of the Glou-
cester district by C. I. Gardiner and others. Proc. Geol.
Assoc. 45, 114-20.
Trotter, F. M. 1942. Geology of the Forest of Dean Coal and Iron-
ore Field. Mem. Geol. Surv.
Wallis, F. S. 1928. The Old Red Sandstone of the Bristol district.
Quart. Fourn. Geol. Soc. 83, 760-89.
Welch, F. B. A. & Trotter, F. M. 1961. Geology of the country
around Monmouth and Chepstow. Mem. Geol. Surv., explana-
tion of Sheets 233 and 250.
White, E. I. 1946. The genus Phialaspis and the ‘* Psammosteus
Limestones ”’. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 101, 207-42.
Whittard, W. F. & Smith, S. 1944. Unrecorded inliers of Silurian
rocks, near Wickwar, Gloucestershire, with notes on the
occurrence of a stromatolite. Geol. Mag. 81, 65-76.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII
1. The Silurian—Old Red Sandstone unconformity on the western side of the
Buckover road cutting. The massive jointed sandstone is the lowest bed of the
Upper Old Red Sandstone (Bed 19), and the unconformable junction occurs
at the base of it. The highest Wenlock beds at this point are siltstones.
2. A polished section of the unconformity from the eastern side of the cutting
(natural size), photographed with a blue filter. An uneven junction is seen
between the fine-grained sandstone of the Wenlock (Bed 18) and the coarser
sandstone of the Upper Old Red Sandstone (Bed 19), with the latter pene-
trating cracks in the Wenlock.
Voit. XXX, Pr. V PLATE V El
Jace p. 442
=f,
<2
=
>
443
MALACHITE CRYSTALS
OF UNUSUAL HABIT
By C. E. LEEsE
‘FEW specimens of interesting crystals of malachite
Cu,(OH),CO; have recently been collected in North
Somerset and X-ray analysis has shown the mineral to have
characteristics rare enough to be recorded.
Over a century ago, probably without much profit, copper ores
were mined in the Upper Devonian limestones and grits at Doding-
ton, near Nether Stowey. They appear in pockets in the Carboni-
ferous Limestone quarry at Cannington also, and as green and
blue stains on joint faces in the Triassic rocks which surround the
Palaeozoic uplift. At Cannington there is a spectacular vein of pink
baryte stained green and blue on the crystal faces and enclosing
geodes of copper minerals. The waste heaps around the shafts at
Dodington indicate that the country rock was a mosaic of pearly
and pink granules of barytes loosely cemented by malachite and
chessylite with occasional clots of both minerals.
It is in a few of the geodes in the Carboniferous Limestone at
Cannington that the unusual crystals occur. ‘The cavities in a com-
pact aggregate of limestone and baryte yielded about a dozen
specimens. They exhibit a flooring of malachite and chessylite
(azurite) in which chalcopyrite and melaconite are embedded,
and upon which have developed well-formed crystals of dark blue
chessylite and crystals of malachite with spheroidal bodies made up
of radiating and silky crystals of malachite. Distributed over the
surface of the lining are threads of malachite just visible to the
naked eye. Some are straight and others are curved and there is a
tendency for them to gather into coralloidal bunches. Generally
the final disposition within the geodes was of acicular growths of
white barytes, but this order of deposition cannot be regarded as
invariable. It is the filiform malachite which has been submitted
to X-ray analysis by Miss Linda Carlton, M.A., of the Bristol
College of Science and Technology. She has reported her findings
at the Congress of the International Union for Crystallography in
Rome, September 1963. They are as follows :—
“The largest specimen consists mainly of azurite with large well
formed interlocking baryte crystals. Other minerals which have
been identified in the specimen are malachite, haematite, and
chalcopyrite. Apparently growing on the azurite are small lustrous
pale green curved filaments, mostly about 2 mm. long, of varying
diameter but about 1 mm. at the widest, and with a radius of
$44 Cc. E. LEESE
curvature down to about 1 mm. or less. A few filaments are curved
into complete circles. Microscopic examination reveals azurite
crystals apparently growing on some of the filaments, and the
latter are rather opaque and have radial striations. Most are
roughly circular in cross section, though some are polygonal.
Many appear ‘frayed’ at the ends into separate very fine fibrils.
“The X-ray powder pattern shows the filaments to be malachite.
The normal beam single crystal rotation pattern shows that growth
was (as usual) along the c axis, spacing 3.24 A (A. F. Wells, Acta
Cryst., 1951, vol. 4, p. 200 gives 3.21 A, Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.),
Rep. 6415, 1959, p. 15, and A.S.T.M. X-ray Powder Data File No.
10-399 give 3.24 A), but although each reflection is sharply defined
along the equator, it is elongated along the azimuth, the elongation
increasing with the Bragg angle. Intensity does not vary along each
arc. The midpoint of each reflection corresponds exactly with the
reflections from a normal malachite crystal (from a spherulite
collected near the site of the abnormal crystals) taken in the same
camera. The filament rotation pattern was prepared using Cuka
radiation in a ‘Unicam’ single crystal goniometer with 30 mm.
radius camera, and using the } mm. diameter collimator. The fila-
ment was mounted as nearly vertically as possible by eye, but
although a filament with comparatively large radius of curvature
was chosen, the portion in the beam was not straight and the
elongation of the reflections is probably due entirely to this cause.
“Single crystal patterns were prepared from a stationary fila-
ment, and on these all reflections are present at the same relative
intensities as in the rotation pattern, although‘the elongations are
less. The layer lines, although well defined, are in general neither
parallel with the equator nor symmetrically aligned on either
side of the meridian. This means that the filaments are not single
crystals but are polycrystalline. There is preferred orientation of
the c axes of the crystallites along the length of the filament. The
crystallites, while being small enough for the uncrushed filaments
to give smooth powder diffraction lines on a Guinier picture, obtained
from about 24 fibres scattered on a flat surface, are large enough for
these lines to be sharp.
‘““A few filaments have been examined with a micro-probe
analyser by Mr. R. J. Pearce of the Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories,
Berkeley, Gloucestershire. About 1° zinc is present, homogene-
ously distributed throughout the filaments, and small quantities
of iron in markedly segregated areas, probably separate from the
filaments. No other impurity was detected. Zinc has not been
detected in the normal malachite crystals by a similar method
(sensitivity of method being such as to detect 0.1% Zn). No zinc
mineral has yet been identified in the specimen.”
445
PEE TREASSIG DOLOMITIC
CONGLOMERATE AND STRUC-
Lee: OF THE OLD RED SAND-
SONNE, PORTISHEAD COASTAL
SECTION, NORTH-EAST SOMERSET
By M. CG. Pick
(Department of Geology, University of Bristol)
INTRODUCTION
HE best exposures of Old Red Sandstone in the Bristol area
are found in N.E. Somerset, in the coastal section between
Portishead and Ladye Bay, Clevedon. Detailed examination of
the Old Red Sandstone sequence has led to subdivision into twelve
formations ; the stratigraphical descriptions together with an
account of the sedimentary features observed in the units are
published elsewhere (Pick, 1964).
DOLOMITICG CONGLOMERATE
Non-marine Dolomitic Conglomerate of Upper ‘Triassic age
rests with marked unconformity on all the Old Red Sandstone
formations. ‘The Triassic beds occupy a narrow strip extending
along the coast from Kilkenny Bay to Ladye Bay. The seaward
margin generally coincides with the edge of the cliffs although
small outliers of conglomerate frequently appear on the tidal plat-
form. In a few places such as Black Nore Point and on the northern
side of Ladye Bay, the Triassic extends seawards for a considerable
distance. Small inliers of Old Red Sandstone are found where the
conglomerate cover is thin. The inland margin of the Triassic beds
is not well exposed. As indicated by Reynolds & Greenly (1924), it
seldom extends for more than 100-200 yds. S.E. of the coast.
The maximum development of the Triassic is at Ladye Bay
where about 200 ft. of beds appear in the cliffs leading south-
westwards to Clevedon. Elsewhere the exposed succession is much
thinner and rarely attains a thickness of more than about 30-50 ft.;
at several places only a few feet of beds may be seen. The succession
generally exhibits north-westerly dips of less than 10°. The rocks
mostly dip at 3-7° and sometimes at as little as 1°, these attitudes
446 M. C. PICK
probably mainly reflecting the initial depositional dip. An excep-
tionally steep dip of 20° was measured at Ladye Bay but the atti-
tude here has probably been influenced by fault drag.
Although the formation dip is low, the underlying surface of
unconformity is extremely irregular and in most places displays
swells and hollows cut across the Old Red Sandstone beds. Spectacu-
lar vertical contacts are visible at localities where the Triassic
descends from the top of the cliffs to beach level (Plate VIII,
upper). It is clear that the present form of the coastline is a resur-
rection of the physiographical conditions obtaining in Triassic times.
Many aspects of the post-Old Red Sandstone cliffs are preserved
beneath the Triassic sequence, which has been moulded over
features as small and fragile as the protruding rock ribs on the
Triassic shore (Plate VIII, lower).
The Triassic is typically represented by a completely unsorted
fanglomerate which probably accumulated as a scree on mountain
slopes adjacent to an interior basin. Cobbles and boulders up to
4 ft. long are the most common constituents; they are always
angular with only a slight degree of rounding at corners, and are
derived from the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Lime-
stone. Quartz pebbles in the Triassic conglomerate overlying the
Woodhill Bay Conglomerate (Upper Old Red Sandstone) (Kella-
way & Welch, 1955) were apparently derived from the latter unit.
To the N.E. occasional red siltstone fragments from the Woodhill
Bay Fish Bed of Upper Old Red Sandstone age (op. cit.) appear in
the basal Triassic rocks. The conglomerate is generally restricted to
the lowest part of the Triassic sequence where it is frequently
5-20 ft. thick. Although widespread along the entire strike of the
division, it does not form a continuous sheet ; in many places the
beds become extremely thin or give way entirely to medium-
brown, fine- to medium-grained, calcareous pebbly sandstones
which mainly display an indistinct bedding but are sometimes
thinly laminated over short distances. Occasional boulders up to
1.5 ft. in diameter are sometimes scattered through the basal part
of the sandy beds. Thinly-laminated, light-brown, sandy siltstones,
a few inches thick, and occasionally with a ripple-marked upper
surface, are in places found in the sandstones. Higher up, the sand-
stones often give way to red sandy siltstones which may be inter-
bedded with fine-grained sandstones of the same colour.
An interesting deposit was found in a few places at the base of —
the sequence immediately below the lowest part of the conglomerate.
It consists of orange-brown, fine-grained, moderately to highly
calcareous sandstone, 1-3 in. thick, which probably represents a
cemented beach sand. The band extends for only short distances
WOlpeoN Ss Pr. V PLATE VIII
Upper: Steeply inclined contact of Triassic Dolomitic Conglomerate (left) on Lower
Old Red Sandstone beds (right’. Outcrop is located about 440 yds. south-
west of Black Nore Point.
Lower: Moulded contact of Dolomitic Conglomerate on rock ribs formed on the
underlying beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. Contact shown by
pecked line. Hammer is 1 ft. long.
face p. 446 |
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TRIASSIG DOLOMITIC CONGLOMERATE 447
along the strike and its appearance probably marks the position
of former pocket beaches and coves in the post-Old Red Sandstone
lake shoreline.
STRUCTURE OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE
The structure of the Clevedon-Portishead area has been des-
cribed by Reynolds & Greenly (1924) who mentioned that the
Old Red Sandstone of the coastal section forms part of the north-
‘western limb ofa major syncline but did not investigate the sequence
in detail (Fig. 1). A number of post-Triassic faults were recog-
nised by Wallis (1927) but their position, trend and amount of
throw were not shown on a map. The Old Red Sandstone main-
tains a south-easterly dip of 15-35° over the whole section. Oc-
casional steeper dips are usually found near faults and are attribut-
able to drag.
Faults and Joints
The most important fault is located between Walton Bay and
Charlcombe Bay where the upper part of the Upper Old Red
Sandstone on the S8.W. side of the break is in juxtaposition with
the upper part of the Lower Old Red Sandstone to the N.E. The
stratigraphical displacement is at least 250 ft. The fracture, which
is concealed beneath the Dolomitic Conglomerate, is of pre-
Triassic age. Its presence is indicated both by the lithological
dissimilarities of the units on either side and by the pronounced
steepening of dip and swing in strike of the adjacent beds; the latter
phenomena suggest that the fault has a N.W. trend.
Other fractures, striking either N.W. or W.N.W., and bringing
the Triassic and Old Red Sandstone into contact, appear mainly
at the N.E. and S.W. ends of the section. The greatest amount of
throw is shown by a fault at Ladye Bay where the stratigraphical
displacement is at least 200 ft. The throws are, however, generally
at most 20-30 ft. and are often less than 10 ft. Greater displacement
is shown by a fault at Pigeon House Bay where the throw is 50-100 ft.
On the southern side of Kilkenny Bay, a stratigraphical dis-
placement of 36 ft. is well shown by the offsetting of the Woodhill
Bay Conglomerate at the middle of its length of outcrop.
Except for the fracture between Walton Bay and Charlcombe Bay,
all major faults affect the Dolomitic Conglomerate and therefore
display post-Triassic movement. The downthrown side is generally
to the south-west. Superficially, the faults appear to be tensional
fractures of the normal type. Several faults, however, display sub-
horizontal slickensides indicating lateral movement. They are
particularly well shown on the plane of a small fault about 400 ft.
F
448 M. C. PICK
N.E. of Black Nore Point and on that of a subsidiary fracture in the
zone displacing the Woodhill Bay Conglomerate, the lowest divi-
sion of the Upper Old Red Sandstone. These faults appear to be
of the dextral transcurrent type. Similar movement is indicated
for the main fault displacing the Woodhill Bay Conglomerate at
Woodhill Bay. ‘The evidence here consists of dragged bedding planes
in the sandstone-siltstone bands at the top of the Lower Old Red
Sandstone beneath the conglomerate on the N.E. (upthrown) side
of the fault where the conglomerate has been clearly displaced to
the south-east. ‘The bedding, however, shows pronounced down-
ward drag, suggesting that two periods of faulting have taken place:
fiist, pre-Triassic, in which there was dextral transcurrent move-
ment and horizontal dragging of the beds; secondly, in post-Triassic
times, the fracture was reactivated by normal faulting which
accentuated the displacement of the units.
Similar complications are shown, 300 yds. N.E. along the section,
by a fault bringing the Triassic against a thick sandstone unit of
the Upper Old Red Sandstone, the throw being probably as much as
30 ft. At this locality, the basal Triassic cemented beach sand and
the immediately overlying conglomerate are exposed at beach level
where they display a down-dragged vertical attitude on the south-
western (downthrown) side of the fault. The conglomerate is,
however, also exposed in three large blocks immediately N.E. of
the fault (that is, on the upthrown side). The blocks, which appear
to be in place, are also at beach level and indicate that the Triassic
beds have suffered a maximum displacement of only about 5 ft.
This amount of throw cannot account for the relationship of the
Old Red Sandstone and Triassic rocks since the latter are clearly
in juxtaposition against the older beds for the entire height (20-30 ft.)
of the outcrop. The distribution of the strata can be explained
only by assuming pre-Triassic fault-movement which created a
scarp, facing S.W., against which the Dolomitic Conglomerate
was deposited. Post-Triassic renewal of fault movement caused a
further 5 ft. of displacement accompanied by downward dragging
of the relatively incompetent rocks above the unconformity. At
many places the highly sheared nature of the Old Red Sandstone
near fault contacts is inexplicable if the effects of only post-Triassic
movement are considered ; an earlier, more intensive period of
deformation is indicated.
Apart from the major faults already described, numerous minor
fractures with throws limited to a few inches were observed especi-
ally in the section S.W. of Woodhill Bay. The fractures are mainly
branching or en échelon faults which form small grabens; where
they extend upwards into the Dolomitic Conglomerate they all
TRIASSIC DOLOMITIC CONGLOMERATE 449
display post-Triassic movement. North-east-trending faults are
rare. ‘The best example seen is in the cove at Walton Bay where
Triassic beds display a minor graben. Three hundred yards S.W.
of Woodhill Bay, an outcrop of cross-bedded sandstones on the tidal
platform shows steepened, down-dragged bedding which is also
suggestive of moderate faulting on a N.E. trend.
Many bedding planes in the Old Red Sandstone exhibit well
developed slickensides which are parallel to the stratification.
Their presence indicates that a considerable amount of bedding-
plane slip has affected parts of the succession. Such movement
would result in deformation of softer incompetent layers and may
thus be the cause of the “‘brecciated’’ appearance of many silt-
stones in the lower part of the Old Red Sandstone sequence.
The Old Red Sandstone exhibits strongly developed joint
patterns or sets, at least two of which also affect the Triassic strata.
Joint trends are shown in Fig. 1 where they are seen to be parallel
and transverse to the axes of the syncline to the S.E. and of a major
anticline which probably lies to the N.W. The trend of the joints is
thus parallel to that of the observed faults.
Three joint sets were found. Set 1, the most conspicuous and
best developed, consists of vertical dip joints trending N.W. Set 2
is composed of strike joints which trend N.E. and commonly dip
N.W. at 60-70°. Set 3 is poorly developed and was found mainly
at the N.E. end of the section in the Woodhill Bay Fish Bed and the
immediately overlying unit. These joints are generally vertical
with an E.-W. trend; they are sometimes prominent in thinly-
laminated sandstones belonging to the lowest part of the Lower Old
Red Sandstone where they have a N.W. dip of 60-70°. This set is
mainly developed in beds which strike parallel to the cliff edge and
is probably caused by rocks settling downhill in response to gravity;
the joints therefore have no tectonic significance.
The distribution of joints is governed by the lithology and thick-
ness of the beds. The joints are generally indistinct in the thicker
siltstones where they frequently curve downwards to merge with
the bedding. The thinner, brittle sandstones (0.5-6.0 in. thick) in
the siltstone units display a close pattern, the most prominent set
containing one joint to every 3-6 in. along the strike. Sandstones up
to 2 ft. thick usually contain one joint to every 1-2 ft. and thicker
layers display one to two per yard. Thick sandstone units exhibit
at least one joint of the best developed set to every two yards.
_ Although Set 1 is usually the best developed, Set 2 may be locally
more conspicuous. At many places joints of both sets are filled by
calcite which sometimes attains a thickness of 4 in. but is mainly
0.1-0.5 in. thick.
450 M. C. PICK
A ilhenny 44
.
ee
he
Fic. 1. Rose-diagrams showing joint-set trends in the Portishead coastal
section.
The section, which is shown by the outline of the coastal cliffs, is divided into
four equal lengths, numerals indicating the number of readings within each sector.
Observations are grouped in 40° classes. The circle accompanying each diagram
marks the 20% frequency level. Major fold axes are shown to the N.W. and S.E.
of the section.
REFERENCES
Kellaway, G. A. & Welch, F. B. A. 1955. The Upper Old Red
Sandstone and Lower Carboniferous rocks of Bristol and the
Mendips compared with those of Chepstow and the Forest of
Dean. Bull. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit. No. 9, 1-21.
Pick, M. C. 1964. The stratigraphy and sedimentary features of the
Old Red Sandstone, Portishead coastal section, north-east
Somerset. Proc. Geol. Ass. 75, in press.
Reynolds, S. H. & Greenly, E. 1924. The geological structure of the
Clevedon-Portishead area. Quart. 7. geol. Soc. Lond. 80, 447-67.
Wallis, F.S. 1927. Notes on sections of Old Red Sandstone in the
Bristol district. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 6, 400-5.
451
Brey OPHYTES OF LEIGH WOODS,
SOMERSET
By A. J. WILLIs
(Department of Botany, University of Bristol)
HE Avon Gorge has long been celebrated for its array of rare
plants, but the bryophyte flora has received relatively little
attention. The rare flowering plants are most frequent on the
Gloucestershire side of the Gorge, but many of them also occur in
Leigh Woods on the Somerset side of the river Avon. Here the rock
outcrops are less extensive, the slopes usually not so steep, the soil
deeper and the tree cover considerable and of very long standing.
An opportunity to compile a list of the liverworts and mosses of
Leigh Woods was provided by a visit of the British Bryological
Society there on 27 October, 1963. The records, although not
exhaustive, were made as complete as possible for the particular parts
of the woods visited (National Grid Ref. ST /5674). Altogether over
110 bryophytes were seen, this large number probably reflecting the
wide range of environmental conditions existing.
In the shaded Nightingale Valley the chief habitats are the rocky
outcrops and the soil of the woodland floor; epiphytes on the trees
and dead wood are also of interest. ‘The towpath provides a narrow
open belt adjoining the river, and has a characteristic bryophyte
population which probably receives appreciable quantities of salt.
The six quarries which adjoin the towpath were examined closely
on the B.B.S. visit and yielded several notable records. A map show-
ing the position and extent of these quarries is given in the classic
account of the geology of the Avon Gorge by Vaughan, revised by
Reynolds (1936).
The nomenclature of liverworts in this report follows that of
Jones (1958) and of mosses that of Warburg (1963).
As will be seen from the following lists, many of the bryophytes
are those to be expected in an area where the rock is of Carboni-
ferous limestone and the soil calcareous. However, a few of the
liverworts present, e.g. Calypogeia fissa, Diplophyllum albicans,
Lepidozia reptans, Solenostoma crenulatum, are usually regarded as
calcifuge; the distribution of these forms is restricted in Leigh Woods,
and probably depends largely on surface leaching.
In the lists for Nightingale Valley the bryophytes are recorded for
their most characteristic habitat; some species given for soil and
rock areas may also occur, for example, on bark at the base of trees.
A few old dead tree trunks in the valley were especially rich in
452 A. J. WILLIs
epiphytes; on one trunk were Ptilidium pulcherrimum, Nowellia
curvifolia and Dicranum montanum, the last a new record for vice-
county 6. The living trees do not, however, support a very extensive
growthfof epiphytes.
The rock and soil surfaces bear a considerable variety of bryo-
phytes which occasionally form a moderately thick carpet, especially
in the lower, damper parts of the valley. Here, as well as in some of
the quarries, Fissidens minutulus var. tenuifolius occurs (new v.c.
record) on rock fragments.
NIGHTINGALE VALLEY
On soil and rock
Calypogeia fissa
Chiloscyphus polyanthos var.
polyanthos
Leiocolea turbinata
Lejeunea cavifolia
Lophocolea bidentata
L. cuspidata
Lunularia cruciata
Pellia fabbroniana
Plagiochila asplenioides var.
asplenioides
P. asplenioides var. major
Porella platyphylla
Acrocladium cuspidatum
Atrichum undulatum
Barbula recurvirostra
Brachythecium populeum
B. rutabulum
Bryum capillare
Camptothecium sericeum
Cirriphyllum crassinervium
Ctenidium molluscum var. molluscum
Dicranum scoparium
Eurhynchium confertum
E. praelongum var. praelongum
E. praelongum var. stokesii
E. striatum
E. swartzil
Fissidens cristatus
F, minutulus var. tenuifolius
F. taxifolius
Isopterygium depressum
Isothecium myurum
I. striatulum
Mnium hornum
M. punctatum
M. stellare
M. undulatum
Neckera crispa
Plagiothecium sylvaticum
Rhynchostegiella pumila
R. tenella var. tenella
Thamnium alopecurum
Thuidium tamariscinum
Tortella tortuosa
Trichostomum brachydontium
On trees and dead wood
Cephalozia bicuspidata var.
bicuspidata
Lophocolea heterophylla
Metzgeria furcata
Nowellia curvifolia
Ptilidium pulcherrimum
Amblystegium serpens
Anomodon viticulosus
Dicranoweisia cirrata
Dicranum montanum
Hypnum cupressiforme var.
cupressiforme
Isothecium myosuroides
Tetraphis pellucida
On the more open parts of the towpath the most abundant
mosses are small acrocarpous forms. Bryum argenteum and Barbula
convoluta are frequent, together with other species of Barbula of more
sporadic occurrence.
BRYOPHYTES OF LEIGH WOODS, SOMERSET 453
TOWPATH AREA
Solenostoma crenulatum Drepanocladus aduncus
Barbula convoluta var. convoluta Encalypta vulgaris
B. fallax Tortula ruralis
B. hornschuchiana T. subulata
B. trifaria Trichostomum crispulum
B. unguiculata _ ee
Brachythecium albicans On walls adjoining towpath
Bryum argenteum var. argenteum Barbula convoluta var. commutata
B. argenteum var. lanatum B. rigidula
B. pseudotriquetrum Brachythecium glareosum
Campylium polygamum Bryum caespiticium
Dicranella varia Rhynchostegiella pumila
The quarries, now long disused, support many of the species
characteristic of the wooded areas, as well as some typical of rock
and soil surfaces. Several quarries contain a substantial growth of
young trees which form fairly dense thickets, but in other areas there
are exposed rock faces, boulders and screes. Further, on the floors
of the quarries some soil formation has taken place. Consequently
the quarries themselves present contrasted habitats.
The following list excludes very common bryophytes already
noted, but gives the numbers of the quarries (according to the se-
quence in the paper by Vaughan & Reynolds, 1936), in parentheses,
where the less widespread species occur.
QUARRIES
Frullania dilatata Campylium protensum (3)
Lepidozia reptans Ceratodon purpureus var purpureus
Metzgeria furcata Cirriphyllum crassinervium
Riccardia pinguis C. piliferum
Scapania aspera (4, 6) Climacium dendroides (2)
Solenostoma crenulatum Cratoneuron filicinum
S. triste Dicranella heteromalla
Acrocladium cuspidatum D. varia
Aloina ambigua Distichium capillaceum (4)
Amblystegiella confervoides Ditrichum flexicaule
Amblystegium serpens Encalypta streptocarpa
Barbula convoluta E. vulgaris
B. fallax Eurhynchium murale
B. recurvirostra Fissidens cristatus
B. revoluta F. incurvus
B. rigidula F. minutulus var. tenuifolius
B. tophacea F, viridulus
B. trifaria Funaria hygrometrica
Bryum capillare Grimmia apocarpa
B. donianum (4) G. orbicularis (5)
B. inclinatum G. pulvinata
B. pallens (2, 3, 5) Gymnostomum calcareum (2)
B. pseudotriquetrum Hypnum cupressiforme var.
B radiculosum (2, 4) resupinatum
Camptothecium lutescens H. cupressiforme var. tectorum
454 A. J. WILL.Is
Isopterygium depressum Tortula muralis (inc. var. rupestris)
Mnium longirostrum (3, 6) Trichostomum brachydontium var.
M. punctatum brachydontium
Neckera complanata T. crispulum
Pottia bryoides (3) Zygodon viridissimus var. viridissimus
Tortella tortuosa
A survey of other parts of the area, such as the plateau woodland,
would yield further records. For reference, species noted by Watson
(1912, 1920) for Leigh Woods, but not already listed in this paper
are given below.
Calypogeia arguta M. pseudopunctatum
Cephaloziella starkei Omalia trichomanoides
Chiloscyphus pallescens Pleuridium subulatum
Barbula cylindrica Pottia lanceolata
Brachythecium plumosum P. truncata
Campylium chrysophyllum Rhacomitrium canescens
C. stellatum R. lanuginosum
Funaria obtusa Tortella nitida
Hylocomium brevirostre Weissia controversa
Hypnum lindbergii W. crispa
Leucobryum glaucum W. tortilis
Mnium cuspidatum
Less common bryophytes, also known to occur in Leigh Woods,
include:
Cololejeunea rosettiana Fissidens bambergeri
Lejeunea ulicina Funaria muhlenbergii
Marchesinia mackaili Scorpiurium circinatum
Ditrichum cylindricum Seligeria doniana
Eucladium verticillatum
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The records given here are largely those obtained by members
of the British Bryological Society. The assistance of members in
noting occurrences and confirming determinations is gratefully
acknowledged. Special thanks are due to Dr. E. F. Warburg,
Mr. G. W. Garlick, Mr. R. M. Harley and Mr. P. J. M. Nethercott.
REFERENCES
Jones, E. W. 1958. An annotated list of British hepatics. Trans. Brit.
bryol. Soc. 3, 353-74.
Vaughan, A. & Reynolds, 8. H. 1936 (for 1935). The Carboniferous
Limestone series (Avonian) of the Avon Gorge.
Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. (4), 8, 29-90. |
Warburg, E. F. 1963. Census Catalogue of British Mosses. 3rd ed.
British Bryological Society.
Watson, W. 1912. The mosses of Somerset. Proc. Somersetsh. archaeol.
nat. Hist. Soc. 58, 114-64.
Watson, W. 1920. The liverworts of Somerset. Ibid. 66, 134-59.
PRESIDENTS
WILLIAM SANDERS
HENRY E. FRIPP .. ;
GEORGE FORSTER BURDER ..
JOHN BEDDOE
Professor WILLIAM RAMSAY
Rev. THOMAS HINCKS .. ae
Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN ..
Professor ADOLPH LEIPNER
Professor SYDNEY YOUNG
S. H. SWAYNE ta
Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN at
ARTHUR B. PROWSE
C.K.RUDGE..
JAMES W. WHITE..
G. MUNRO SMITH
Miss I. M. ROPER .
G. C. GRIFFITHS .. se
ERNEST (later Sir Ernest) H. COOK me
H. WOMERSLEY F
Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE
JAMES RAFTER
A, L. FLEMMING ..
J. W. TUTCHER
F. S. WALLIS
Professor O. V. DARBISHIRE
G. E. J. McMURTRIE ‘
Professor MACGREGOR SKENE
H. TETLEY .. ;
Sir LEWIS L. FERMOR
F. W. EVENS .
H. H. DAVIS -
Professor W. F. WHITTARD
J. H. SAVORY
R. BASSINDALE
Miss M. H. ROGERS
F. COLES PHILLIPS
H. H. DAVIS
R. J. G. SAVAGE
The dates gwen are those of election to office.
1862
ea) kdl
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