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UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

SB

354

A47

V.34

1915

TiETiBC'lHr—

Proceedings of : : :
AMERI CAN
POMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY

SESSION OF 1915

BERKELEY MEETING

. ..,-— '''-^^"**"'3'

UBRARV

PROCEEDINGS

of the THIRTY-FOURTH BIENNIAL
MEETING of the : : : : : : : :

^— American ^=^
Pomological Society

-Held irr-

BERKELE7\ CALIFORNIA,
SEPTEMBER 7, 2, 3, 1915.

COMPILED AND EDITED BY THE SECRETARY.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

1916.

H^

0/VW w ^\q I £;

CONTRIBUTORS. ^

CONTENTS.

Act of Incorporation m

Bequest — ^Wilder m

Constitution and By-Laws iv

Officers, 1915-1917 vi

Committees vii

Contributors n

Papers and Discussions 1

Committee Reports 188

Code of Nomenclature 257

Necrology 251

Membership List 259

Index 268

CONTBIBUTOBS.

To the following list of persons are we indebted very largely for
whatever of value there is in this report ; and the Society, through
its Secretary, takes this means of expressing its deep appreciation
of the services rendered. To those others who in various ways, by
means of entertainment, discussions and as "aids" on one or more
of the many interesting excursions, side trips, or ' ' events, ' ' appre-
ciation is hereby recorded :

R. W. Allen, Prof. R. J. Bamett, Dr. L. D. Batchelor, F. T.
Bioletti, E. A. Bunvard, Dr. T. J. Burrill, Leonard Coates, Dr. J. E.
Coit, Prof. Ira J. Condit, Dr. A. J. Cook,* D. W. Coolidge, Dr. W. C.
Deming, J. L. Dumas, Dr. W. W. Fitzgerald, V. R. Gardner, L. A.
Goodman, A. H. Hendrickson. Dr. W. L. Howard. W. N. Hutt,
Prof. W. R. Lazenby, Prof. C. I. Lewis, W. T. Macoun, B. B. Meek,
Geo. W. Pierce, Eltweed Pomeroy, Wilson Popenoe, Frank W.
Power, Dr. H. S. Reed, F. C. Reimer. E. C. Roberts, Dr. J. P.
Stewart, Prof. A. V. Stubenrauch. R. H. Taylor, Prof. C. C.
Vincent, Dr. H. J. Webber, P. J. Wester, Dr. E. J. Wickson.

*Dr. Cook's article was published in "California Fruit News," Decem-
ber 18, 1915.

ACT OF INCORPORATION. HI

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIEH

Organized 1848.
Incorporated 1887.

ACT OF INCORPORATION.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1887.

Section 1. Patrick Barry, of Rochester, New York ; Charles W.
Garfield, of Grand Rapids, ilichigan ; Benjamin G. Smith, of Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts ; J. J. Thomas, of Union Springs, New York ;
Prosper J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Georgia ; Robert Manning, of
Salem, Massachusetts, their associates, the Officers and Members of
the Association known as tlie American Pomological Society, and
their successors, are hereby made a corporation under the name of
•'American Pomological Society," for the purpose of promoting and
encouraging the culture of fruit, with all the powers and privileges
and subject to all the duties and liabilities set forth in the general
laws which are now or may hereafter be in force applicable to such
corporations.

Sec. 2. Said corporation may. for the purposes aforesaid, have
and hold by purchase, grant, gift, or otlierwise, real and personal
property to an amount not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars.

Sec. 3. Said corporation may hold its annual meeting, or any
special meeting in any place, state or county it may determine, pro-
vided that due notice shall be given to the members thereof of the
time and place of said meeting.

Sec. 4. Any two of the corporators above named are hereby
authorized to call the first meeting of said corporation in the month
of September next ensuing, by due notice thereof to each member
of said Association.

BEQUEST FROM THE WILL OF THE LATE
MARSHALL P. AAHLDER.

"Eleventh. I give to the American Pomological Society one
thousand dollars the income of which shall be. from time to time,
offered in Wilder Medals for objects of special merit.

"Also, the further sum of four thousand dollars, for \ho general
purposes of the Society."

IV CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.

CONSTITUTION.

Article 1. The name of this Association shall be the AMERI-
CAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

2. Its object shall be the advancement of the science of Pomology.

3. It shall consist of delegates appointed by Horticultural, Agri-
cultural and kindred Societies in the United States, and British
America, and of such other persons as take an interest in the welfare
of the Association, and are desirous of promoting its aims. They
shall pay two dollars for each session, and twenty-five dollars paid
at one time shall constitute a life membei"ship.

4. The meetings shall be held biennially, at such time and place
as may be designated by the Society ; and special meetings may be
convened at any time on the call of the President.

5. The officers shall consist of a President, a First Vice-Presi-
dent, one Vice-President from each State. Territory and Province, a
Treasurer and a Secretary, who shall be elected by ballot or other-
wise at each biennial meeting.

6. Libraries and educational institutions may become life mem-
bers upon payment of twenty-five dollars ; such membership shall be
limited to thirty years.

BY-LAWS.

1. The President shall have a general superintendence of the
affairs of the Society during its vacation ; give due public notice of
the time and place of meeting ; preside at its deliberations ; deliver
an address on some subject relating to Pomology, at each biennial
meeting ; and appoint all committees unless otherwise directed.

2. In the case of deatli, sickness or inability of the President, his
official duties shall devolve on the First Vice-President, or such one
of the Vice-Presidents as the Society may elect by ballot or other-
wise.

3. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the
Society, and pay over the same on the written orders of the
President.

4. There shall be a Finance Committee of three members ap-
pointed by the President at each biennial meeting.

5. The Secretary shall, with the assistance of a reporter ap-
pointed by him, keep a record of the transactions of the Society for
publication.

6. There shall be an Executive Committee consisting of five mem-
bers, together with the President and Vice-President, ex-officio, five
of whom shall constitute a quorum, who shall mana-ge the affa' s of
the Society during its vacation.

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAW.S. V

7. A Chairman of Fruit Committees, for each State, Territory
and Province and a General Chairman over all, shall be appointed
biennially. It shall be the duty of such Chairman to appoint four
additional members of his committee, and with their aid and such
information as he can procure, to forward to the General Chairman
one month before each biennial meeting, State Poinological Re-
ports, to be condensed by him for publication,

8. A Standing Committee on New Fruits of American Origin,
consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed by the President,
immediately after his election. It shall be the duty of this Commit-
tee to report biennially on new fruits of American origin, and also
to examine, and before the close of the session report on, all new
seedling varieties that may be exhibited and to make an ad interim
report on those that were exhibited in an unripe condition at the
meeting of the Societj^, but had subsequently attained a state of
maturity ; and on such other seedlings as may have been submitted
to their inspection during the Society's vacation.

9. A Standing Committee on Foreign Fruits, consisting of eleven
members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall be similar to those
of the committee in By-Law Eight.

10. A Standing Committee on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits,
consisting of eleven members, shall be appointed, whose duties shall
be similar to those of the committee in By-Law Eight.

11. A Standing Committee on Nomenclature, consisting of seven
members, shall be appointed biennially.

12. Vacancies occurring in committees shall be filled by the chair-
man of each, and in case of his death or inability to serve, his place
shall be supplied by the President of the Society,

13. The order of business for each meeting shall be arranged by
the Executive Committee.

14. The Constitution or By-Laws may be altered or amended, at
any regular biennial meeting, by a vote of two-thirds of the members
present.

VI OFFICER* AND STANDING COMMITTEES.

OFFICEBS AND STANDING COMMITTEES.

of the

AMERICAN PBOMOLOGICAI. SOCIETY.

For Tlie Biemiium 1915-1917.

President

W. N. HuTT, Raleigh, North Carolma.

Vice-President

W. T. Macoun, Ottawa, Canada.

Secretary

E. R. Lake, Washington, D. C.

Treasurer

L. R. Taft, East Lansing, Michigan.

VICE-PRESIDENTS FOR STATES AND PROVINCES.

Alabama Ernest Walker, Auburn.

Alberta W. H. Fairfield, Lethbridge.

Arkansas E. S. Miller, Bentonville.

British Columbia R. M. Winslow, Victoria.

California Geo. C. Roeding, Fresno.

Colorado W. S. Coburn, Paouia.

Connecticut Ciias. E. Lyman, ]\liddlefield.

Cuba C. F, Austin, Herradura.

Delaware Wesley Webb, Dover.

District of Columbia Cuas. Hearing, Washington.

Florida H. H. Hume, Glen St. Mary.

Georgia C. A. Van Duzee, Cairo.

Hawaii J. Edgar Higgins, Honolulu.

Idaho Silas Wilson, Nampa.

Illinois T. J. Bitrrill, Urbana.

Indiana E. R. Smith, Indianapolis.

Iowa Laurenz Greene. Aines.

OFFICERS AXD STANDING COMMITTEES. VII

Kansas Aldert Dickens, Manhattan.

Kentucky C. W. Mathews, Lexington.

Maine Robt. H. Gardiner, Gardiner.

jManitoba A. P. Steveson, Morden.

IMaryland C. P. Close, College Park.

Massachusetts Wilfred Wheeler, Concord.

Michigan H. J. Eustace, East Lansing.

Minnesota J. M. Underwood, Lake City.

Mississippi Theodore Bechtel, Ocean Springs.

Missouri Geo. T. Tippin, Nichols.

Montana M. L. Dean, Missoula.

Nebraska A. A. Schenck, Omaha.

Nevada P. A. Lehenbauer, Reno.

New Brunswick A. G. Turney, Fredericton.

New Hampshire J. H. Gourley, Durham.

New Jersey H. F. De Cou, Merchantville.

New Mexico Fabian Garcia, College Station.

New York W. A. Mackay. New York City.

North Carolina J. Van Lindley, Pomona.

Nova Scotia W. S. Blair, Kentville.

Ohio W. W. Farnswortpi, Waterville.

Ontario F. S. Reeves, Vineland.

Oregon C. I. Le^vis, Corvallis.

Pennsylvania J. P. Stewart, State College.

Philippine Islands P. J. Wester, Manilla.

Porto Rico Linn Bartholemew, Gamoehales.

Quebec T. G. Bunting, Quebec.

South Dakota Chas. McCaffree, Pierre.

Texas Eltweed Pomeroy, Donna.

Virginia W. A. Macomb, Staunton.

Washington O. M. Morris, Pulman.

West Virginia II. W. Miller, Paw Paw.

Wisconsin. H. D. Locklin, Wauwatosa.

Wyoming Aven Nelson, Laramie.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Wm. R. Lazenby, Chairman Columbus, Ohio.

E. W. KiRKPATRiCK McKinney, Texas.

F. C. Seaes Amherst, Mass.

L. A. Goodman Kansas City, Mo.

J. L. Dumas Dayton, Wash.

FINANCE COMMITTEE.— (AUDITING.)

J. P. Stewart State College, Pa.

Ralph T. Olcott Rochester, N. Y.

Chas. E. Richardson Brookline, Mass.

VIII OFFICERS? AND STANDING COMMITTEES.

COMHaXTEE CHAIBMEN.

General Fruits Wendell Paddock. .Columbus, Ohio.

New Fruits C. P. Close College Park, Md.

Foreign Fruits D. G. Fairchild. .Washington, D. C.

Tropical & Sub-Tropical

Fruits Wilson Popenoe. .Washington, D. C.

Inspection and Grading C. I. Lewis Corvallis. Ore.

Nomenclature F. W. Power. ...Orenco, Ore.

Score Card and Judging. . . . S. A. Beach .... Ames, Iowa.

Wilder Medals Wm. B. Alwood. .Charlottesville, Va.

Revision and Catalogue . . . .E. R. Lake. . . .Washington, D. C.
Ad-Interim C. P. Close. . . . Washington, D. C.

SUB-COMMITTEE CHAIBMEN.

Pome Fruits U. P. Hedrick. . . Geneva, N. Y.

Stone Fruits J. Van Lindley. .Pomona, N. C.

Citrus Fruits W. S. Hart Hawks Park, Fla.

Grapes Chas. Bearing.. .Washington, D. C.

Small Fruits Geo. M. Darrow. .Washington, D. C.

Nuts T. P. Littlepage. .Washington, D. C.

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The President announces that there will be an executive meet-
ing in Washington, November 16-18, 1916, for the purpose of con-
sidering the questions of Federation, Finance and New Lines of
Work. The Executive Committee has decided to accept the in-
vitation of the ]\Iassachusetts Horticultural Society and associate
bodies to hold the thirty-fifth biennial session in Boston, November,
1917, probably about the 20th of the month.

AGKICULTUKE HALL, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

(Place of Meeting, 1915.)

]-. ,\. COUDMAN.

(Pivsi.l.Mit i!M):)-i!iir,.

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

Thirty-fourth Biennial Session, Agriculture Hall,

University of California, Berkeley, California,

September 1, 2 and 3, 1915.

PRESIDENT L. A, GOODMAN, presiding.
PROFESSOR E. R. LAKE, Secretary.

September 1, 1915,

lOO'clock A. M.

The president called the meeting to order at ten o'clock a. m.

The President : The American Pomological Society will come to
order.

The Reverend Mr. Eldridge of St. Thomas Presbyterian Church
of Berkeley will ask the invocation.

Reverend Doctor Eldridge : Almighty and Most Gracious Grod,
our Father, we lift our hearts to Thee this day, asking for light and
guidance and wisdom. Wilt Thou by Thine own gracious spirit re-
veal unto us Thy truth, showing us our duty and Thy will concern-
ing us. We thank Thee for the work Thou hast given us to do for
its worth and its greatness and its providence. We pray for Thy
blessing on the work of our hearts and our hands. We pray Thy
blessings today to be upon our great American people who live in
the open country ; for the youths brought up on the field and farm ;
and may they be made to see how Thy world shows forth Thy love.
Make them w'orthy men and women, serving Thee in the place which
Thou hast appointed to them.

Bless our life and our thoughts ; and may we seek first the King-
dom of God and its righteousness. Give us the comfort and ease
which Thou thinkest is best for us.

We thank Thee for a land of prosperity, and yet we thank Thee
for a land of peace and perpetual kindness. May every one of the
people in the land lift up to Thee a thankful heart, and may this
people sing Thy praise.

This we ask in the name and for the sake of Jesus Christ, our
Lord, Amen.

2 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The President: It is verj^ appropriate and fitting that the
American Pomological Society returns once more to the land of flow-
ers and sunshine. We entered California at the southern part of the
state ; and we have found warm weather ever since.

Twenty years ago it was my pleasure to be with the American
Pomological Society as it met in California, and since then we have
seen wonderful changes here. We have always been welcome at
every place where the American Pomological Society has met, and
certainly we know we will receive a welcome from California, as
California belongs to us all. I do not know of any state in the Union
that has not some representative in California, so it belongs to us all.
I am glad we will have the first word of welcome from our old friend
Doctor Wickson, who will respond for California.

Doctor Wickson : Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen : You
notice by the program I am to do an utterly impossible thing, and
that is to fill the place of George C. Roeding of Fresno. That is
physicallj^ impossible, as Mr. Roeding is the California fruit grower
with the very greatest hull displacement, as you might say, and no
ordinary Calif ornian can fill his place. (Laughter.)

Another thing, it is practically impossible to fill his place emo-
tionally or otherwise. Mr. Roeding could make you more welcome
by simply looking at you than I could by talking an hour and a half.
He has that expansive smile which is unrivalled in this state, al-
though there are many good "smilers" in every part of the state.

You will notice there are three speakers to welcome you, so indeed
it will be proper to be very brief.

I will only undertake to offer you one thought which seems to be a
good reason why we are glad the American Pomological Society has
come to California in the past, and is here now, and will continue to
come to California; and that is because the American Pomological
Society is that organization which stands for the very highest things
in Pomology, in fruit-growing. Tt always has, and therefore it
should continue to exercise somewhat of a corrective influence in
Pomology.

California has set up here a commercial standard of fruit-grow-
ing, a commercial aim which is commendable from a commercial
point of view, but which does not include the highest things in
Pomology. One likes to think of the points of view held by the old
leaders of this organization ; how distinguished they were as ama-
teurs, and how they held to the fact that fruit is desirable for its
own sake, for its very beauty, and how highly they esteemed Pomol-
ogy as a branch of science; of course, we are not forgetting that
point of view as we have societies of Pomology and the science of
Pomology has made great advances. But still there is a view which
exists in California, and that is the one about which I have just in-
timated. Now a California fruit-grower is apt to see nothing in the
beauty of the peach unless he can see twenty dollars through it, and
the most beautiful fruit in the world seems to him to be worth noth-
ing but hog-feed unless he can see money in it at two cents a pound
dry. T am not at all discounting some of the fine efforts, and would
perhaps be the first to object if you took the same position. Still, I

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 6

am sure we need in this state more people who have a regard for
Pomology for its own sake ; for the esthetic things if you like ; and I
think it is particularly fitting there should come into this state from
time to time just as often as your arrangements will possibly permit
this association, which for more than one-half of a century has stood
for the highest things in Pomology. That is the particular reason
why we welcome you. We think your meeting in our midst and
your contact with the people of California will lead them to appre-
ciate the fact that it is not alone the dollar in it that makes fruit
great. (Applause.)

The President : I do not know whether Oregon is part of Cali-
fornia or California is part of Oregon and Washington, but it is part
of the Pacific Coast, and it takes more than one speaker to welcome
this association to San Francisco and to California, so Mr. E, C.
Roberts from Oregon, we would like to call upon you for a few re-
marks. ( Applause. )

Mr. Roberts, Oregon : Mr. President and members of the Amer-
ican Pomologieal Society, fellow-fruit-growers, ladies and gentle-
men : After listening to the remarks from our brother of Califor-
nia, and looking the situation over carefully, and recognizing the
fact that the Chairman has stated that we lie between Washington
and California, it seems that Oregon is up against the real thing this
morning. (Laughter.)

The greatest blessing with which the human family is endowed is
referred to in that line ' ' Hope springs eternal in the human breast. ' '
Some of us have hoped and hoped, and our hope has given way to
despair, but later we have found the flower of hope springing up
anew, and we have hoped that somewhere, somehow and in some
place the American Pomologieal Society would see fit to meet with
us again on the Pacific Coast, that we might receive from it the in-
fluence and the encouragement to lead us on to better and greater
things in horticulture. And this morning, in the name of the great
state of Oregon, and in the joy of a hope realized, I welcome you all
to the Pacific Coast.

I was a good deal surprised at the maidenly modesty of the gentle-
man who preceded me as he spoke of California and the influence of
the American Pomologieal Society on the industry here. I was sur-
prised that he did not exhibit to you what to my mind is the greatest
thing in this magnificent state, and that is the California spirit. The
spirit of California that sees the silver lining to every passing cloud ;
the spirit that turns defeat into victory ; the spirit that takes a great
calamity and turns it into a blessing, and goes out and gathers up
millions and millions of dollars to stage the greatest International
Exposition ever held.

That spirit that goes out and says, "Here is the place we will
build" and it builds; and it comes here to the ocean and it says,
"Thus far the water shall come and no farther" and it erects this
splendid sea-wall. It is a wonderful thing to me that they did that —
the building of this Exposition. I hope I am not presuming in taking
to myself the honor of speaking of the spirit of California, to wel-
come you in the name of Oregon, yea thrice welcome you, to this

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Pacific Coast and to this magnificent state. Thank you. (Applause.)

The President: The wonderful possibilities of a country or of
a district or of a state amount to nothing except for the men who
are there. I think we have had some men come out to this Western
country, to California and to Oregon from Eastern points. The two
places we are most fearful of in the central part of the United States
are these two northwestern states with their apples (laughter), and
that is especially true with the class of men we have here. We will
have now a word from Mr. J. L. Dumas, of Washington. (Applause.)

Mr. Dumas : Mr. Chairman and members of the American
Pomological Society : We, of the north Pacific Coast, represent the
upper crust of the sandwicli. We are glad to welcome the Society
to this Pacific Coast. We had hoped that you would come up and
visit us in the state of Washington. We thought that was the place
where the Society really should have met, as we consider ourselves
as the Pomological center of the universe up there. (Laughter.)

We think we have a wonderful state. You have viewed the beau-
ties of California ; you have seen the orange groves of Riverside and
of Redlands ; you have seen the raisins at Fresno ; you have seen our
Exposition, but still the greatest pleasure awaits as you go farther
north; it is only in Washington, where you will find that Pomolo-
gical excellence which you are expecting on the Pacific Coast.

A few years ago, like most fruit-growers, I tired of chasing codd-
ling moths. I thought there was possibly a better place and so I
persuaded a man to give me an I. 0. U. for my orchard, and I de-
cided I would start East to look over the country and visit the vari-
ous fruit sections. I spent several months at the work. I first went
into Colorado, where the Pomology of the east and the west meet,
where the barrel and the box meet. I then went on to my old home
place in Missouri. I visited Columbia, and there fifteen hundred
farmers and fruit-growers met, and we had a magnificent time, and
we were most royally entertained. To close the festivities we had a
great banquet. We had the best which the country around there
produced. We had most of what was produced on a farm. We had
meat from a slaughtered ox which had won prizes at Chicago and
we had milk and butter from a wonderful cow ; and we had wonder-
ful things of the best quality, and to crown all, Mr. Chairman, those
princes of hospitality gave us for desert twelve boxes of Washington
Apples! (Laughter.)

I visited West Virginia and met a number of good friends, and
among them was Doctor Fletcher. We were delightfully entertained
and they showed us some Grimes (Golden) apples, but the only real
apples we could find on sale there had nice large letters across the
box, reading thus : ' * Oregon Apples. ' '

I went to Virginia and visited also the city of Washington and
Brother Lake. He went out and got apples to serve us and they
came from a box eighteen and a half inches long, ten and a half
inches deep and eleven and a half inches wide, and when unwrapped
they also proved to be Oregon and Washington apples ! (Great ap-
plause.)

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. D

I visited the South, Mr. Chairman, and I remember the welcome
we had at Tampa, Florida, and there we heard a New York fruit-
grower ; how he scored all fruit-growers of the Pacific Coast ; he said
we had beautiful fruit, but it had no flavor. But I want to prove to
you that our fruit is not only beautiful, but that it has a most deli-
cious flavor ; and I call attention to the fact that where people know
what is best to eat they offer Oregon and Washington apples !

I hope, gentlemen, you will visit the state of Washington as you
go back. You should visit Yakima and get apples out of the box
with a big " Y " on the end. Then visit the Wenatchee Valley. They
say that is the home of the apple ; and do not forget to visit Walla
Walla. We are always glad to welcome you ; and in the name of the
Evergi'een State, fourteen hundred miles away, we welcome you to
this meeting, and we hope your stay here will be most pleasurable
and profitable. I thank you. (Applause.)

The President : Fortunately, no part of this grand country of
ours, or of North America, has all of the good things, or we would
all want to go there. I think some of us like rather our own states,
even after seeing California and Oregon and Washington. We do
not want to forget that this North America is a most wonderful
country, and we have here men and women from different states
and different parts of it, and we have developed a fruit industry in
a most wonderful way ; and we are going to learn what we can and
tell some things which we know in the East.

Montana Telegraphs Welcome.

"Missoula, Mont., Sept. 2, 1915, 3.10 P. M.

E. R. Lake, American Pomological Society, Berkeley, Cal.

Montana sends congratulations and a welcome to the West. We
stand for better co-operation of all horticultural interests for the
maintenance and upbuilding of the industry. Regret cannot attend.

M. L. DEAN."

Col. Brackett's Last Letter.

Now, I will read a letter from the beloved Colonel Brackett, writ-
ten only five days before his death, expecting to be here with us on
this trip just as much as you or I did, and we have counted on it for
two years. This letter was Avritten on July 27, this year, and he died
on the second of August.

''Members of the American Pomological Society and Fellow-Fruit-
Growers : —

Greeting: Yours is to be the best meeting our beloved Society
has had. I had expected to be with you, but F'ate has willed other-
wise. I want you to carry forward the good pomological work be-
gun by Warder, Downing and the rest of us old pioneers. My bless-
ings upon you, and may the fruit harvests of the future tell of your
successes !

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Uphold the hands of my trained assistants in office, the persons I
leave in charge of Fruit Nomenclature, Fruit Identification and the
Section of Fruit History. They are carrying forward the work I
have outlined, and that has meant so much to the Fruit Industry.
It is valuable and must live! Help them, and they will help you.

As I enter the Valley of the Shadow, I face death fearlessly. Re-
member this truth: The law of Justice is invincible and always
demands "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth." Play life's
game fairly and you will, at last, have no regrets. While sorry to
leave the work, I feel that I am leaving it in good hands, and I go
without fear. There are many problems in Pomology for you to
solve — more of them in the future, I fear, than we have had in the
past. I trust you. Carry forward the good work.

Good-bye and God bless you !

Yours in friendship, love and truth,

G. B. BRACKETT, Pomologist."

The responses to these various welcomes will be given by men from
different portions of the United States, as the United States and
North America amount to nothing except as the different localities
are filled with good men. And you must remember that Canada and
the British Possessions are part of this Association. W. T. Macoun
of Ottawa will make the first response :

Mr. Macoun (Ottawa) : I do not know that this is the time to
refer to the death of Colonel Brackett, but as Canadians we looked
up to him and esteemed him very highly. As Canadians we will
miss Colonel Brackett very much. We always felt we could send to
him for information we could not get in Canada in regard to fruits,
and he was always most happy to give us any assistance in his power.
Fortunately he left behind him those imbued with the same spirit of
friendly interest in the variou>s causes and I believe they will up-
hold the good name of Colonel Brackett and his work.

Mr. Chairman, I had a neat speech prepared, but the fine speeches
of welcome which have been given to us have completely driven it
from my head. But I can say for the members of the American
Pomological Society who came from Canada and who traveled over
the southern parts of California, that we assure you that the mem-
bers of Canada have been charmed with the receptions which they
have received at all points, and the wonders which have been shown
to them of the diversities and the richness of California in the mat-
ter of horticulture. It is a great privilege as Canadian members of
the American Pomological Society that we have been able to be
associated with the members from the United States of this great
Society, which has had a glorious past, and I trust will have a great
future.

I consider that in the American Pomological Society there is
plenty of the best of the amateur spirit as M^ell as of the commercial
spirit and surely it is well to have some society which will have
among its membership those who will keep in view the great ideals
which the amateur has before him and which the commercial man

PRELIMINARY REMAEKS. 7

should have before him ; and I think the commercial man would have
a better ideal if his interests kept in closer touch with the man who
has the love for horticulture. As Doctor Wickson said, the com-
mercial man must have the love of horticulture in him which is the
first impulse with the amateur pomologist. I was much interested
in receiving a letter, since leaving home, from Professor Stuart, Sec-
retary of the National Potato Society. Last winter I attended a
meeting of the National Potato Society in Cornell University, and in
the discussion there I suggested that they change the name to the
American Potato Society, just as you have the American Pomolo-
gical Society, and I was pleased to find in Professor Stuart's letter
that at the coming meeting of the National Potato Society they pro-
pose to take up the question of the change of name of the society.
I believe if we had more international societies in America that the
question of war and peace would not have to be very much discussed
in future. I believe more and more we shall get the spirit of inter-
national relations from a co-operative standpoint rather than from
a political one. (Applause.)

As I say, it has been a great delight to Canadian members to visit
all the interesting parts of Southern California — Redlands, River-
side, Corona, San Diego, Los Angeles, Pomona, Whittier and Fresno.
We were met with the open hand and given every possible oppor-
tunity to see the districts and we were very cordially entertained,
both by word of mouth and through those channels which appeal to
the inner man.

I do not know what part of that trip I enjoyed most, but at Fresno
it put me more in mind of Canada than anything else. Fresno has
an atmosphere all its own, and it stands out distinctly from the other
places, as we had a temperature there ranging from 110° in the shade
upward ; and at the close of our visit we were taken by Mr. Roeding
to the raisin-growing house, where the raisins were going through
the process of having the seeds removed, and it took me back to the
kitchen at my home, where the temperature used to be from 110° to
120°, but where the delightful odor made one forget every other
consideration or suggestion but the pleasures of the kitchen and the
cooking.

The people around Fresno seem to be the most contented of any
place in Southern California. I understand the temperature is high
at Fresno. It is not only high at times but continuous. Where you
get a changeable climate the people are apt to be discontented and
fretful. In the east the weather is the topic, but in Fresno I cannot
imagine what they do for conversation, as the weather is always hot
and always the same !

I never saw happiness and heat combined so beautifully as I saw
it at Fresno, which reminded me of a rhyme : —

"As a rule man's a fool ;
When it 's hot he wants it cool ;
When it 's cool he wants it hot ;
Always wanting what is not. ' '

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Those of you who have been in Canada know we can show you
something better than Washington. If you will come to Canada
and see the apples we grow there you would never think of buying a
Washington or Oregon apple again ! I intend to give you the op-
portunity of going to the Canadian exhibit at the Fair. I would
like you to test the Northern Spy Apples, which we have there from
the 1914 crop, which I venture to say you will find as fine in quality
as if taken the other day from the tree.

I thank you for listening to me, and I would like to say again, the
Canadian members wish to express again their hearty appreciation
of the courtesy which they have received on all sides. I thank you.
(Applause.)

The President : The Far Eastern States come next. I will call
on Doctor Stewart for a word of Response.

Doctor Stewart : As a member from the Eastern states, my par-
ticular topic would seem to refer to the "New England states" as
printed on the program; but since the Middle Atlantic states do not
have a place here, I will assume that the New England states include
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and
others.

As a member from that section I wish to express the appreciation
we have felt of all the things we have seen since reaching the Pacific
Coast. It is my first trip out here and I may truthfully say that
everything so far has exceeded my expectations. I do not know
whether we will be able to keep up the climax as we go north through
Oregon and Washington, but it seems to me almost a series of clim-
axes so far through this state. Our introduction began at Needles
and lasted until we reached Barstow. In a steel pullman car we
traversed that part of our route in six hours, from nine to four, and
in one of your ' ' very best days. ' ' The temperature rose to the limits
of the thermometer, and as one of the porters said, "the thermome-
ter done busted and jumped over the top." It was at least 110° in
the shade that day and we had to stay in the shade. It became a
painful process to stand in front of an electric fan, in that hot car,
but we realized this was merely a part of the welcome which was be-
ing extended ! ( Laughter. )

We, in the East, have learned many things from the Pacific Coast.
Your methods of marking and packing fruit have certainly been an
eye-opener to the East. They should recognize it ; they are recogniz-
ing it, in fact, they are following in the footsteps of the West in this
regard. They, of course, feel they have a great many advantages
over the West, especially since they take advantage of some of the
things which the West has taught us. We, of course, usually have
an abundant water supply. We have excellent climate with the ex-
ception of a little cold weather sometimes, and incidentally we have
by far the greatest actual production of fruit of any section of the
countrv. That is, excluding citrus fruits. California leads in the
production of all fruits, but then it is followed by New York and
then Pennsylvania uniformly. Incidentally the production of ap-
ples in Pennsylvania during the past six years is about equal to the
total production of apples in the three Pacific Coast states. So we

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 9

can produce the quantity. It has been produced with such ease in
the East that, as a general proposition the quality has been neglected
and hence the final product is not always in nearly as good shape as
the product which comes east from the Pacific Coast.

In addition to these possibilities, we have still great opportunities
for people to get started right on the ground floor of the Horticul-
tural Industry in the East. The land values are much lower than
they are here ; and there is already quite a tide of immigration mov-
ing backward toward the East. We welcome any of the Pacific Coast
people who have learned the intensive methods of production; we
welcome them back to the Eastern states whenever they may get
enough of it out here, and I am sure we will do our best to get you
started right. (Applause.)

The President : California is a large state, but we have a still
larger state Avhich belongs to the Union, The difference between
Rhode Island and Texas is tremendous. We have a man, Eltweed
Pomeroy, from Texas, who will respond for the Southern states.

Mr. Pomeroy : It is with a good deal of diffidence that I come
here to speak and to take the place of Mr. Kirkpatrick of Texas, and
my diffidence is all the more burdensome when I recall what fine
speakers have preceded me.

When speaking of the Southwest states, one naturallj^ thinks of
Texas. It is farther from the northern part to the southern part of
it than it is from Chicago to New York ; and farther from the east
to the west of it than from New York to Chicago. We have all sorts
of things there. In my early days we looked upon Texas as the re-
sort of any convict or cut-throat who had gone unhung. We used
to put "G. T. T." after his name, meaning "Gone to Texas."

But we have had some Horticultural pioneers who have done great
work in Texas. T. V. Munsou thirty- three years ago started hybrid-
ization work in connection with grapes, and he did something won-
derful in that line. He was experimenting, among other things, on
obtaining a white hybiscus. He was also experimenting on Japanese
Plums. He was honored by the French Government because of his
success in some of his experiments ; and they wanted him to come
there to live. You also know of Onderdonk, whose varieties of
peaches have done so well. He was offered a life position by the
French Government, but he said he would sooner live in Texas and
develop the Flora and Fauna there. Then you all will recall the
older Ramsay and the older Watson and Mr. Kirkpatrick, and Mr.
Kerr and the Ramsays at Houston.

I do not know that you know of the work done on pecans by Judge
Edwards. He, by successive graftings, has obtained different quali-
ties, i. e., has put different qualities into them. You can get a report
on his work from the Commissioner of Agriculture of Texas. It is a
wonderful creative work. And then there is Mr. Conver, who is
slowly developing Amarillas, which rival those grown by Kerr at
Liverpool and Redding in England.

I myself am in the extreme southeastern corner of the state of
Texas, and I have met these men in Texas, and know they are doing
wonderful work there. In the extreme southeastern corner where I

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

live, down by the Rio Grande, we have a comparatively new country.
The wave of immigration skipped over us and went to the Pacific
Coast and other places out here, but now it is coming our way. The
railroad went there ten years ago and land sold for very low figures.

When Mr. Goodman asked me to speak of events there, I sent to
my foreman and told him to send me a little box of whatever kind
of fruit he had there. I got this package yesterday, and have hardly
looked at it. But I think in time we may even rival California in
fruit production. I know that is a very courageous thing to say ;
but my friend, Mr. Musser of Los Angeles, visited me for a period of
about two weeks last spring and when he got through he said,
"Well, if our real estate men could see the seven or eight hundred
thousand acres of level land here and the climate which you have,
they would go crazy." I told him not to say that when he got back
home, or there would be trouble for him.

Well, here (exhibiting fruit) are some of the little Japanese Kum-
quats which were grown on my place. We make a delicious preserve
of them; and here (indicating) is the Jujube or Sisyphus vulgaris,
fruit which is ripening on my place. And also the new hardy guava
from the Hawaiian Islands (exhibiting) ; the Department of Agri-
culture says it has the combined flavor of the pineapple, the straw-
berry and vanilla; here are a few of the Japanese Persimmons (ex-
hibiting persimmons), which have ripened in many other places and
which are coming there ; here are a few of the Persian Limes (ex-
hibiting limes). I had one in the ear and Mr. Goodman and the
others there said the acid in it is exceedingly fine ; here (indicating)
is a little bunch of our dates ripened on my place, and they are very
nearly dead ripe, and they are delicious eating in that condition;
here are some tender guavas (holding them up) ; here is a small ex-
ample of the Ponderosa lemon (exhibiting them), and they make
delicious lemonade and drinks of that sort, and we grow them for
marmalades and jellies. I made three or four tons of this material
last year. I have had one tree four years old with five hundred of
these lemons on it, and I have made two and one-half gallons of
marmalade from ten of these lemons. (Applause.)

Here (holding aloft) is a pomegranate which was grown down
there on my place. I also have two thousand or three thousand
citrus trees. We can grow the grape fruit there, and with a flavor I
have tried to find in California, but have not ; it is equal to the very
finest Florida grape fruit. Then there is another plant there known
as the Roselle. It is a jelly plant, and we made three to four tons
of it last year. That is dried, and there is a company down there
with three hundred thousand dollars paid up capital and they have
been growing it, but friend Carranza wants from thirty to forty
cents a pound export duty, and that is, of course, confiscation. Here
(exhibiting) is some of the dry roselle, making a fine vegetable acid
which will keep indefinitely, and you can make your jam and jelly
or pudding or pie with it when it is put on the market. These things
show some of the capabilities of that wonderful valley down there
where I am located. I have between a quarter and a half a million
bulbs down there. I have wonderful photographs of the amarillas

PRELIMINARY REilARKS. 1 I

and other bulbs which we grow down there. We have a small valley
which we think in time will equal the finest anywhere else on the
globe and we would be glad to welcome any Californians there with
their able methods.

I have one little quotation to make applying to these fruits and
plants. It is from Oscar Wilde. He said: "Devotion to beauty
and the creation of beautiful things is a test of all great civiliza-
tion. It is what makes life a sacrament and not a speculation."
You and I are here today with the devotion of the beautiful and
creation of beautiful things. It is the highest joy that man can
know, the creation of beautiful things, and it is making our life not
a speculation Init a sacrament. (Applause.)

The President : I am glad the speakers have told us something
of their own localities in these various responses and not confined
themselves to the Pacific Coast. Professor W. N. Hutt of North
Carolina will respond for the Southern Atlantic states.

Professor Hutt : Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen : I be-
lieve this is the only part of this program which I will not enjoy. I
have had a splendid time up to now, and I have greatly appreciated
the welcome which we have had from the West. Under other cir-
cumstances it would be a pleasure for me to tender these greetings.
I feel unequal to the task. One can but be impressed with this won-
derful country. Ever since entering this state we have been looking
at nature and the creations of man, and one cannot but feel that
you have a great country with great things in it, but still, I think
there is something greater than what we have seen. One of the old
philosophers said, "There is nothing great in the world but man,
and nothing great in man but mind. ' ' And I think the great thing
you have in this great country is your fine men and fine women.
And we, from the East and from the South, when we look at this
Western country, consider it a place where people do things. You
know down South they say we take things very easy, and when you
get farther South they say the things can be done as well tomorrow
as today, but in the West it is the cry to do things today, and it is a
pleasure for us from the South to see what you have accomplished
here.

One of the best things of the West is the splendid spirit of optim-
ism which pervades all of your people. And it reminds me of the
rather droll statement that the difference between the optimist and
the pessimist is that the optimist "sees the doughnut, while the pes-
simist sees only the hole in the doughnut."

The Western man does not see the hole, but the Eastern man sees
these great deserts and these canyons, and he thinks the West is a
good place from which to keep away. But when we see these West-
ern people doing these great things under these disadvantageous
conditions, we then know what can be done.

It is a pleasure for us of the East to visit the West because you have
a different viewpoint. When you see the difference in conditions
between the East and the West, the difference of potentiality between
the rain-drop and the sunbeam, you appreciate the fact that a per-

12 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

son's education is not complete until he has learned the value of the
rain-drop and the sunbeam mixed.

In the Southeast we think we have a great region, and I think we
are about in the condition that you were out here twenty-five years
ago. It was Horace Greeley who said, ' ' Go West, young man, ' ' and
it was good advice at that time, but now I tldnk the ' ' Go West ' ' ad-
\dce may be questioned ; for when we hear of three thousand dollars,
four thousand dollars, five thousand dollars or six thousand dollars
being the price per acre, we wonder whether it is a good thing to go
West, and whether the advice of Horace Greeley is not out of date
at this time.

In the South the advice we give is, ' ' Go South, young man. ' ' And
in our great Southland we have the manless land waiting for the
landless man. And in the great West I think the time has passed
for the pioneer to come to open up the place and start in with the
hope of making a living; he generally comes out now to spend his
millions after he has made them elsewhere. I believe this is a splen-
did place to spend one 's millions, and when I get my millions, I will
try to get into that Pasadena class and live down there with them.

But we have, we feel, in the cotton country in the Southland, a
great country for the man with a little capital and a great deal of
energy, and the ability to work and the desire to gain a home. Our
country is generally considered as a cotton and tobacco country, and
probably some of that good tobacco you smoked last night came
from there, but it is more. It is said that in the Government Census
Bureau, they designate North Carolina as the sample state, as they
say we grow something of eveiything, but not very much of any-
thing down there. I do not know that I should tell you that; but
we have now changed that and we excel all other sections of the
country in peanuts and sweet potatoes. The possibilities in the
Southeast we think are fine because the land values have not gotten
to such a height that a person with very meager means cannot make
good. We raise what we think are the most magnificent apples. We
have taken them to many expositions and are not ashamed of them.
North Carolina cannot raise the tropical fruits, but rather the fruits
of the sub-tropical or sub-temperate zone. 'We are trying to raise
what we call quality fruit. Many of our products are so luscious
they will not travel to market. That is the kind of fruit we are
trying to raise, and to put it into the market, and I came here to
study your Western markets and to study how best to put the North
Carolina apples on the market.

It is a pleasure for me to be here and to travel as far as we have
done to see these wonderful things. We have always received a
glad hand, and I think this is the country of the larger heart and
the kindlier hand. I think every man stands on his own merits out
here. It is the place where a man has a face value. In some of the
older parts a man travels on what his ancestors did.

We certainly do appreciate the splendid welcome you have given
us, and we hope when we get back to our home country, that we will
have sometime the pleasure of entertaining you Western folk ; and

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 13

although we do not think we can do as well as you have done, we
will give you the best welcome we know how to extend. (Applause. J

The President : California is a great country ; Texas is a won-
derful state ; the Eastern Atlantic section has some wonderful
states; but the gem of the United States is the Mississippi Valley.
We will now hear about the Valley States by Doctor T. J. Burrill.
(Applause.)

Dr. Burrill : What is that they say about scratching someone's
back ? Ever since we reached California, with five minutes of con-
versation, and even less than that at times, I could say, "Well
enough I know you, however you are dressed up. ' ' I can place you
in position, you are a Californian. Were we at Redlands, or at
Riverside, or at the other places around here we knew you to be all
Californians. I frequently heard in my earlier days of the value of
faith and works as a matter of theological discussion. It was on the
one hand, "Faith, faith, faith." If you do not have faith, you went
to some place spoken about this morning. On the other hand it was
"Works, works, works" and "Faith without works was not good."
I find in this state of California that it is faith and works. Every
man we have talked with believes in his own locality. If it is Red-
lands, the native there thinks that Redlands is the center of the
universe, not only the center of California, but of every place, and
it is the same with Riverside and the same with Fresno. Fresno is
the real center. And so, we had it with other places all through.
Faith and works are your watchwords. You believe in your own
locality and your own affairs, and you distribute your works well
the country over, and they are in everybody 's mouth.

When I was seventeen or eighteen years of age I saw a young
lady tossing an orange in her hand. How did that young woman
get an orange? I thought it was a wonderful thing that a human
being could be walking the streets of a town in Northern Illinois
and could be in possession of that golden fruit v/hich should be
looked upon as the gift of our Grandmother Eve — we know it was
not an apple — the Good Book says nothing of the apple; nothing,
never mentions a fruit of that kind, but it is this long luscious
California orange. Everybody is glad to get one in his mouth, al-
though they do not furnish them on the tables here in California
and in San Francisco. If I could sketch out here a map of North
America, I would place as near the center as I could get, the middle
of the Mississippi Valley. The center of population is right there
in the Mississippi Valley of the United States. It is within a mile
of the campus of the University of Indiana. It is a little to the
northwest. I do not pretend I am a youngster, but I am going to
live to see the time when the center of population of the United
States is in the campus of the University of Illinois, and I will not
be one hundred years old either at that time (applause). That is
because of the magnificent development of this great Northwest.
First, I thought it would go South, but Texas, big as is the state,
has not been able to swing it that way. It is this great Rocky

14 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mountain region, this that is tempting the population in this
direction.

Now, I must quit with a word or two because if I should enter
upon the subject at ail, I should take more time than can be
squeezed in here. It is a great area, one thousand miles square,
of richness, of fine climate, and magnificent men and women, grow-
ing in population. The people in the Mississippi Valley make their
piles at home and come out to California and live in Pasadena to
spend them (laughter). The fortunes which have been brought to
California which have been made in the Mississippi Valley are very
great, and they are growing all the time, and they will contribute
to the growth of this magnificent Pacific Coast region.

My neighbor. Senator Knapp, has devoted himself for the last
twenty years to the raising of apples and this year he built a fine
rural residence, built it on a farm at a cost of forty thousand dol-
lars. I asked him after it was completed early in the year, ' ' Sena-
tor, how did you do it?" "Ben Davis apples," he said. (Applause.)

If you live in Mr. Goodman's locality, and if you knew what the
Ben Davis apple is, you would not wonder. I do not know whether
Mr. Goodman has accumulated a great fortune or not, and there-
fore is able to attend this great meeting of the American Pomologi-
cal Society, and I do not know whether his fortune has come from
Ben Davis apples ; but it could come from them. Down in the
Ozark region, where he is, they raise peaches; and on the Eastern
coast of the shore of Lake Michigan they also raise peaches and also
other things which bless humanity.

Mr. President, I must suppress my great admiration of Cali-
fornia for this visit and I wish I could fairly represent the great
region you have assigned to me, but I will leave it where it is.
(Applause.)

Receptions.

The President: In honor of the ladies of the Society, there
will be an informal reception and tea to be held Thursday after-
noon from two-thirty to five at the h9me of Mrs. Stubenrauch, No.
747 Woolsey street.

This evening there will be a reception in this hall and a personal
invitation is extended to all of you.

The following committees I will appoint now:

Appointment op Committees.

On Credentials: The Secretary will take that work up. I
would like very much to have every member of the Society give in
the name of the Society which he represents, whether a state society
or a local society or other society.

On Resolutions : Messrs. Pomeroy, Burrill and Macoun.

On Nominations: The Vice-Presideu.t of each state, unless
the delegates from that state choose to select someone else to repre-
sent them, acts on the committee on nominations. If there is only one

THE president's ADDRESS. 15

delegate from a state and he is not a vice-president, he may repre-
sent that state. This committee will be called together at the will
of the Chairman, Mr. Stubenrauch.

On Finances: Messrs. Hutt, Stewart and Roberts. That com-
mittee is to pass on the Treasurer's report and to audit his accounts.

On Wilder Medals : I have chosen the committee which acted as
judges at Washington, and I think they are the best fitted to work
on that as they are the ones who judged the scores of the teams.
Professors Close and Taft, and Mr. Macoun.

On Obituary: Professor Close, very intimate friend of both
Colonel Brackett and Professor Van Deman; Dickens of Kansas;
Lewis, of Oregon.

Mr. Dumas was called to take the Chair and Mr. Goodman
presented,

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

All pomological work needs a threefold helper, a threefold in-
fluence, a threefold power. Faith and belief in the power of the
hands as man's first helper; trust in the possibilities of the head
and the influence of the will in its dealing with all the labor of the
hand; thinking out, then working out the thoughts and getting re-
sults from such thoughts, making it science. See things, think
things, then do things. The third of this trinity of pomological
work is the heart, enthused, on fire with love of the cause. This
heart co-operation is one v,hich will carry through almost any line
of development that the mind may undertake, and carry it through
successfully. This union of hand, head, heart in the work of
Pomology is one which every true horticulturist always and every-
where recognizes and adopts as his guide.

I believe that no class of people more than pomologists use the
hand and head and heart with more equal balance, more uniformly
and persistently and thus make their education more complete and
more correct. This principle is being recognized by all our educa-
tors, in almost every department of college and university work,
as well as in the high school and graded school life. We study
better, learn better (use the head better) when hands and heart
are helping, whether in the building of a character, of a business
or a profession.

The producer fulfills the glorj% the worth of life. This joy of
success, and achievement, of power to do things is and shouldl)e the
aim and ambition of many thousands more people than are now en-
gaged in such work. The producer has to do with physical toil as
well as brain toil and it is the one lacking consideration in all our
educational matters, that mental and physical ability do not grow
up together, that their mutual and necessary interdependence are
not acknowledged and acted upon.

The producer, therefore, the fruit grower, meets this much to be
desired condition, the combination of the muscle and brain, making
a complete education of the man.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

This Society can stand and should stand for this new order of
education, honoring the toil and labor of the hands fully as much
as the toil and labor of the head, and insisting that both have the
hearty co-operation of the heart in everything that is undertaken.

We can surely lend all our influence, experience, and knowledge
to this demand for perfect manhood, in this the only perfect plan
for perfect education, the training of the hand for labor, the head
for thought, the heart for love and inspiration, in whatever task
we have to undertake.

The business and growth of this Society has prospered since our
last meeting here in California in the year 1895. What wonderful
changes Me have seen in the growing, packing and marketing of all
our fruits. How astonishing has been the increase in the florists
trades, the nurserymen's business, the landscape and park work in
these last twenty years. Twenty-seven years ago it was my good
fortune to make the trip (with the American Horticultural Society)
up and down the valleys, over the mountains and plains of Cali-
fornia seeing the marvelous possibilities of this wonderful state;
and now we see all these prophecies more than fulfilled in a hundred
different ways, many new and unforeseen. California has become
almost a nation by itself in the wonders of its climate, its moun-
tains and valleys, its fruits and flowers, its trees and grains, but
above all in its men and women who have made out of this land
of wilds, a land of milk and honey, such as has never been seen
in all the old world in all the time of its development. No wonder
Califomians are proud of their state, but let them not forget that it
belongs to us all, and that we have also half a hundred other states
and lands belonging to us all.

Many important matters are to come up at this gathering and we
hope that they may be settled in the very best way and for the
very l>est interests, not only of this Society, but for the good of all
branches of pomology in our land.

Federation.

First of all, I think a closer union of all our horticultural organi-
zations is a necessary step in the future development of pomologi-
cal and horticultural interests in America; and then a hearty co-
operation with the foreign societies. So many points come up
yearly, that need final settlement, that it seems necessary to have
a co-operative and conclusive and final authority to decide these
questions.

I notice that both the Royal Society of Great Britain and the
National Society of France, as also others, are as anxious as we are
to have some final court to decide the nomenclature of varieties in
those countries and in the exchange of varieties from one country
to another to prevent the misuse and confusion of names. The idea
of "Federation" which has been discussed in a limited way is the
most important and I have asked the Executive Committee to take
it in charge and to submit a report of their findings at this meet-

THE president's ADDRESS. 17

ing, after consulting with other members, other societies, other or-
ganizations, and getting their suggestions and recommendations.

I sincerelj' trust that all our membership will give earnest
thought and advice and criticisms of the report when presented and
if we find that it cannot be conclusive and settled at this time then
that there be a special committee appointed to act with the Execu-
tive Committee to work out a perfected plan as near as may be and
as soon as possible.

My suggestion as to a plan would be to have as little formality
and red tape as possible, that every State Horticultural Society be-
come a member of the Federation with one delegate to attend to
Federation matters. That District Societies embracing more than
one state have two delegates, and that every National Society have
three delegates. This delegated body to have charge of all matters
pertaining to the direct work of regular affairs of this American
Pomological Society the same as other Society members do of their
own society. We can thus keep our individuality and yet secure a
complete ' ' Federation. ' '

The meetings of the Federation could be held at such time and
place as would be most convenient and then each component organi-
zation hold its sessions as sectional meetings.

In this way those interested in several separate lines of study and
work would be able to attend several at one time instead of missing
most of them or going, at extra expense, to several different places
at varied times. The American Pomological Society would be the
basis of such a Federation and all other kindred organizations be-
come members of this Society as 30-year members with powers as
suggested above.

The sections of the Federation would be such as Pomology,
Floriculture, Seedsmen, Growing Nurseries, Landscape Architec-
ture, State Horticultural Societies, Gardening, each of the seven
sections to have their own Chairman, and Secretary and other offi-
cers as may seem necessary to do the best work.

I believe that such an organization with its various sections would
come to be recognized as the final authority in all matters pertain-
ing to these departments.

Besides all these important matters entrusted to these different
sections, it would give an opportunity for all of us to meet the best
men of the land in each section and be in closer sympathy and un-
derstanding with the other great divisions of horticulture, and so
know each other better by getting in touch with all their business
troubles and trials, their successes, their failures, and their
possibilities.

For such an organization, in order that the name may embrace
the ends desired in a "Federation" and yet that the American
Pomological Society may retain its identity as the central Society
around which this Federation will hinge, the name that suggests
itself to me as appropriate is ''American Pomological Society and
Horticultural Federation."

18 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I fully realize the many, many interests that should be combined
in such an organization and the extreme difficulty of harmonizing
them all, adjusting them equally, but so much more the reason for
the effort, and so much greater the reward if the aim can be
achieved. I believe it can be, I believe it should be, I believe it will
be done and I believe this is the time to begin to work this plan out
to a finish.

' ' Somebody said it couldn 't be done.

But he with a chuckle replied
That maybe it couldn't, but he would be one

Who wouldn 't say so until he tried.
He started to sing as he tackled the thing

That couldn't be done, and he did it.
There are thousands to tell you it cannot be done

There are thousands to prophesy failure,
But just start in to sing as you tackle the thing

That 'cannot be done' and you'll do it."

Man is the factor in all this new development and he is not fol-
lowing the old bounden rules of past ages. We find ourselves
changing and modifying our rules and ideas with experiences as the
years go by.

Cultivating, pruning, healing of the wounds, spraying, the insect
and fungus life, marketing and co-operation, all these are being
modified day by day from the experiences of growers.

Let us hold fast to the truths and facts as we prove them, but let
us not be afraid to change or modify our opinions when experience
proves we are wrong.

Recommendations :

(1) That our Executive Committee decide on what shall be the
permanent badge for this Society. It seems that there is some ques-
tion or objection to the last work of the Executive Committee on
this point.

(2) That the Honor Roll be confirmed, so that names can be
entered upon it by a three-fourths vote of the members present.

(3) That the effort to secure funds through an endowment be
pressed to final action.

(4) That a systematic and definite plan be decided upon to
secure membership in our Society representing every state of our
Union. We need and must secure a larger representative member-
ship. I trust something will be done at this time to this end, and
that the Treasurer, Mr. Taft, be authorized to push the campaign
for this membership to the best of his ability.

(5) That the Committee on the Wilder Medal be requested to
make a final report of their work for the past two years and be
asked to continue to act for the next two years also.

(6) That our Committee on Grading make a report on the man-
ner of indicating the three grades of apples, 1, 2, 3, or XXX, XX,

X, or A, B, C, and thus settle our confusion.

THE PRESIDENT 'g ADDRESS. 19

(7) That the Committee on Revision complete its work and sub-
mit the plan for reliable catalogues for the nurserymen 's approval,
and that the rules of A. P. S. be strictly adhered to as to names and
synonyms.

(8) While in the Mariposa Grove and noting the names of the
various big trees I thought how wonderful they all were and said
to myself that the very society which stands for all tree growth had
no ' ' memorial tree ' ' and decided that we should at once make appli-
cation for the selection and naming of one of those giant trees,
American Pomological Society.

Over-production is not the question for us, so much as Transpor-
tation and Distribution. There is no reason at all why we should
not, by thorough co-operation, have always and everywhere enough
fruit for everyone, rich and poor. The consumption of the apple
has been curtailed to a great extent by inadequate distribution and
by the high prices for fancy box apples. There is a very large loss
of eaters that would consume ten times the quantity of apples, pro-
vided they could get them at reasonable prices.

Let us then keep in mind this large proportion of our people, the
working class and provide medium priced apples for their use in
unlimited quantity.

This question enters more closely into the status of American
Pomology than any other one question I know. This was shown too
plainly in the hundreds of car loads of bulk apples delivered last
year at our various consumption points at a low price for a medium
apple. It is better, then, to have everybody eating apples even if
they are not so fine in quality, provided they are sound and cheap
enough. The status of American Pomology, therefore, depends on
the transportation problem so far as the apple is considered.

I am glad that some of the railroads are taking up this question
of markets for the products on their lines. This much is sure : If
the railroads do not take up this matter of distribution and help
put things in shape so that the growers can make some money out
of their products then the railroads will kill the greatest developer
along their lines, instead of fostering it.

The co-operative organizations all over our land are trying to
solve this puzzling question and now we need the assistance of the
railroads to bring this transportation and distribution problem
to a successful solution.

Too many problems there are for me to enumerate to you even,
and we find we can touch only a portion of them in our program.

We have come a long distance to hold this meeting and it will be
well if we keep in close attendance and close touch with every
session, with each paper and speaker and the discussions. We be-
speak for each paper your earnest attention and consideration, so
that the discussion (ofttimes the best part of the meeting) may pro-
ceed in an intelligent and definite manner.

Let all our committees do their work quickly and well, and make
their reports as soon as possible. Let all business matters be well in

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

hand and in definite shape so that they may be acted upon quickly
and intelligently. Let all papers on the program be ready on call,
that there may be no delay in their presentation.

Let us have all invitations and excursions arranged definitely and
simply and when we accept them let us all attend in a body that
it may be an enthusiastic acceptance.

Twenty-seven years ago it was my happy fortune to visit with
the American Horticultural Society all parts of California from San
Diego to Mt. Shasta. This land of wonder, even as seen at that
time, has come to be still more the wonderland of this whole country.

With us at that time was one of the most noted historians of the
United States, John Clark Ridpath. He gave a most vivid descrip-
tion of this trip and land of promise, which is published in the re-
port of the American Horticultural Society for 1888. One of his
noted sayings I have always remembered because of its prophetic
vision ; he gave it as we were standing at the edge of Golden Gate
Park viewing the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean before us.

The idea he gave is written in these words.

"The civilization of the world has gone westward, always west-
ward, crossing the Atlantic with the Pilgrim Fathers, through the
forests, across rivers, over the plains, up and over and through the
mountains until it has reached this Western Ocean, its first circle
of the earth.

"The next step will be this same Western civilization stepping
across the Pacific Ocean and starting in those far Eastern countries
for its second circle of civilization of the world ; and on this second
journey it will be imbued with power from the American Idea, so
that it will accomplish more and greater things than ever were
known or thought of. ' *

How true this prophecy is we see today in the events of the pres-
ent. Twenty years ago this American Pomological Society met here
in California and the report of 1895 will give you an idea of the
great times and the splendid visions the members then saw in the
fulfillment of all the ' ' prophecies. ' ' And now again w^e are viewing
this beautiful land, with a glad desire to make it part of our life to
enjoy for many years.

The unity of ideas, this meeting in various parts of our great
America, at different times, with different men, both old and new
friends gives a new inspiration to better, greater things. We meet
here, therefore, under peculiarly happy circumstances, a joyous,
interesting, delightful time, we are having — a better time in a
horticultural way we never expect to have. (Prolonged applause.)

Announcements.

The Chairman: Mr. Taft, our Treasurer, wants to make a
statement.

Mr. Taft : Mr. President, I wish to call to the attention of the
members the matter of badges. Quite a number are present who
are members and who have not yet registered. The funds are at a

^;EEL)LIN(i TK'Kl-, OK AlANCK) CUINO IX KUIIT, (^I'lNTA AVILES, CIENFUKGOS.

THE MANGOS OF CUBA. 21

very low stage, and to print the report we need all the funds we can
get from our membership. We hope all will enroll for the next two
years ; the fee is two dollars ; and for life membership, twenty-five
dollars; a life membership secures copies of all of the reports now
on hand. We can supply the reports back to 1889, and a few be-
yond that. We would be glad to have those who represent colleges
see that the colleges they represent are supplied with the papers and
reports. When you go out I would be glad to have you stop in the
hallway at the registration desk and register and get your badges.

Mr. Tippen : 1 have a little announcement to make, and I wish
to say before I give it that it gives me great pleasure to do so at this
time. Especially as it is on behalf of the state that adheres to the
principle "We will show you, instead of asking you to show us."
I am especially gratified with the arrangement of apples now placed
on exhibition at the Exposition. We have a number which were to
come over here for your disposition, they were ordered over yester-
day morning, and they were delayed in transit across the bay, and
did not get here until this morning. Had they not been ordered
yesterday morning I am quite satisfied that my friend Dumas would
think we had ordered them today as a come-back at him for his
comment on Missouri. He stated to you that when he came to a
farmers' banquet at Columbia several years ago, after eating all the
splendid things on the table he found we had to go to Washington
for apples to adorn the table. Now, my friend Dumas, that bears
out the fact that Missourians have a high feeling for you and for
your apples, but now and then when some citizen becomes over-
solicitious in advance on the commercial side of horticulture, and
puts into the background the social and the ethical, and the better
side of it, we have sometimes yielded to his demands. To get beauti-
ful specimens they did go to your country. But we have found that
the better side, the ethical side, has suffered from the quality and
the flavor of the fruit which has been served, and so last year we
decided that the Missouri product should be improved in quality.
We have placed in the hall out here some Ingraham apples, and
some Winesap apples, and we hope you will partake of them liber-
ally at the recess time for luncheon.

Dr. Wickson asked that we place at his disposal for the members
of his class whatever was left over. (Laughter.) These apples
come to us as a contribution from the Horticultural Society and the
Missouri Exhibit at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition.
(Applause.)

THE MANGOS OF CUBA.

Wilson Popenoe, Washington, D. C

Cuba must be numbered among those tropical countries in which
the mango is King of Fruits. Whether one grants that it is the
finest fruit in the island — and there is no lack of Cubans who will
affirm this to be a fact — one is forced to admit that it is by far the

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

most abundant. It springs up on all sides, wherever a seed chances
to fall upon favorable ground, forming a large, handsome tree which
embellishes the landscape and provides in the summer months a
wealth of luscious fruit.

It is but natural that there should be found, among the innumer-
able seedling trees scattered over the island, a number of distinct
races and types. It has long been recognized, in certain parts of
the tropics, that many seedling mangos come more or less "true to
type" when propagated from seed, and because of this fact the
natives have learned to recognize certain of the best defined types
and have distinguished them with varietal names. With the avo-
cado, another fruit extensively grown in Cuba, this is not the case ;
seedling forms are innumerable, but names are not used to dis-
tinguish the different ones, probably because it has been learned
that the offspring of a superior tree do not reproduce the charac-
teristics of the parent to any extent, and because no well defined
classes of seedlings can be pointed out.

With mangos a different state of affairs obtains. The best known
seedling races and types, such as mango* manga amarilla and
manga blanca, are recognizable by anyone who has the least
familiarity with the fruit, and there can be do doubt but that seed-
lings of these classes will, in the majority of cases, reproduce the
characteristics of the parent to a great enough extent to make them
recognizable as belonging to the same type as the parent. We must
admit the possibility, for the time being, that occasional seedlings
may depart from the type, perhaps because of cross pollination,
perhaps because of some other cause. Occasional aberrant forms
are found in Cuba which can only be accounted for by some such
explanation as cross pollination. On the whole, however, it can be
considered that the various races and types described in this paper
come true from seed, in so far as concerns the characteristics which
distinguish the group.

This peculiar characteristic of coming true from seed, a thing
very rare among tree fruits, must be attributed in seedling mangos
to polyembryony, a phenomenon which has long been known to oc-
cur in mangos. While it has never been thoroughly studied, and
much remains to be learned about it, the investigations of Belling
have thrown considerable light on the subject. Belling, working
at the Florida Experiment Station in 1908, found that in one race
of mangos, known as No. 11 in Florida and Jamaica, mango in
Cuba, the seeds were commonly polyembryonic, i. e. contained more
than one embryo, and gave rise to as many as eight or ten plants.
A microscopic examination of numerous young fruits showed that
these several embryos were not the product of fertilization of the
egg cell in the ovary (the normal method of producing new in-

•To those unfamiliar with the popular classification of majigos in Cuba, it may
seem peculiar that this name, which properly belongs to all fruits of Mangifera indica,
should be used to distinguish a race. It must be explained that the natives commonly
divide mangos into two classes, which they distinguish by the names of mango and
manga, the masculine and feminine forms of the word. It has been thought best, there-
fore, to retain this name in its Cuban application.

THE MANGOS OP CUBA. 23

dividuals in all the higher plants), but that they arose as minute
vegetative buds in the nucellar tissue surrounding the egg cell. The
trees which they produce are, therefore, comparable to budded or
grafted trees, in that they should reproduce more or less exactly the
characteristics of the parent. Belling did not find a single embryo
which had developed from a fertilized egg cell, but it is possible
that the occasional trees of these well known seedling types which
do not come true may have developed from fertilized egg cells, and
would, therefore, be as capable of variation as ordinary seedlings
of other tree fruits. It remains to be shown whether the egg cell
ever develops into an embryo in polyembryonic mangos, and to what
extent they may be affected by cross pollination. No investigations
have been made with monoembryonic mangos, such as Mulgoba,
Bennett and other grafted varieties grown in Florida and Cuba,
but with these we are not concerned here.

As Cuba was known to possess a large number of interesting races
and types, it was thought worth while to devote the month of July,
1915 — the season during which most of the mangos ripen — to a
thorough investigation of Cuban mangos, in order to learn as much
as possible concerning their relationships, productiveness and other
characteristics, and to bring to light choice types which might be
worthy of propagation. This work was greatly facilitated by the
hearty co-operation of the Cuban Sub-Secretary of Agriculture, Sr.
Arias, who appointed Sr. Gonzalo M Fortun, Ayudante Tecnico of
the Departamento de Botanica at the Estacion Agronomica Experi-
mental to travel with me through the island and assist in the inves-
tigations. I am also greatly indebted to Prof. J. T. Crawley,
Director of the Estacion Agronomica Experimental, and to Prof
H. A. Van Hermann, Chief of the Division of Agricultural Vul-
garisation of the Department of Agriculture, for valuable assistance
in the work.

Distribution op the Mango in Cuba.

The mango is widely distributed throughout Cuba, but it was seen
most abundantly in the region around Habana, where it is a con-
spicuous feature of the landscape, and in the hills back of Santiago
de Cuba. Toward Pinar del Rio, the tree was not seen as commonly
as farther eastward, though for the first thirty or forty miles after
leaving Habana it is abundant over the countryside. Between
Habana and Matanzas the tree is fairly common, and it is rather
extensively grown in some of the old Quintas of the Yumuri Val-
ley, near Matanzas. Farther west in Matanzas province we found
it less abundant. Around Santa Clara it is fairly abundant. At
Cienfuegos there are a number of groves and quite a few scattering
trees, but it is not so abundant outside the town as in some other
sections of the island. At Trinidad, on the south coast a short dis-
tance east of Cienfuegos, we found plenty of trees, many having
become naturalized in the mountains from seeds dropped by the
guajiros (countrymen), returning to their homes in the mountain

24 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

valleys. Toward Camagiiey the trees were less frequent on the
plains. Around the town of Camagiiey itself, however, the mango
is fairly abundant, but the types are seemingly rather inferior.
The nomenclature of the groups seems to change in this region, and
the names applied in Habana, Matanzas, and Santa Clara provinces,
are no longer used. At Santiago de Cuba mangos are very abund-
ant, and during the season they are hauled into the markets every
morning by the cart load. Farther east in Oriente province, how-
ever, we saw comparatively few trees, and at Guantanamo most ot
the best mangos were being shipped in from Santiago de Cuba.

The common seedling races, mango and manga, are pretty well dis-
tributed throughout the island, and in most localities are practically
the only ones grown. There are, however, a few places which pos-
sess unusually choice types and are noted for them throughout the
island. Chief among such places are Cienfuegos and Santiago de
Cuba. With the exception of the Filipino, which is found around
Habana and which I have never seen in eastern Cuba, the best man-
gos of the island are probably grown near these two cities. In the
outskirts of Cienfuegos there is a garden known as the Quinta
Aviles, now the property of the Asturian Society, which contains a
large number of old mango trees, including a wider range of types
than I have seen in any other Cuban collection. The well known
mango Chino and manga Mamey are found in this quinta, and
from it the markets of Habana are supplied with fruits of both of
these types. Mango Chino is now grown in other gardens near
Cienfuegos, the seeds having been taken from the Quinta Aviles.

At Santiago de Cuba there are several types of very superior
quality which are not quite so limited in distribution as are mango
Chino and manga Mamey of Cienfuegos. Along the hillsides
around El Caney, a few miles back of Santiago, are scattering trees
of the type known as Biscochuelo, a fruit which I believe to be,
everything considered, the most desirable seedling type which we
studied. While inferior to Filipino in quality, it is a good fruit and
so much more productive that it seems to me more valuable. The
names Seilora and Obispo are applied to several large and fine types
which are also found around Santiago. Corazon, Mamey and
Toledo are common and well defined types, but of no great merit.
They were not observed elsewhere in the island. A considerable
number of types appear to be peculiar to this region, and it seems
to be the belief in Oriente that they were introduced by some of the
French immigrants who came over from Haiti when they were
driven out of that island by the blacks.

Classification.

The classification of mangos presents some interesting problems,
and as yet very little has been done toward the solution of any of
them. The subject is large, and will require an infinite amount of
study, yet everything seems to indicate that we will, in time, be able
to have a system which will bring out the relationships of different

THE MANGOS OP CUBA. 25

groups and be of practical value in studying varieties. For exam-
ple, the Indian variety Sandersha is characterized by unusual pro-
ductiveness. Two or three other varieties which have been grown
in Florida appear to belong to the same group and are also unusual-
ly productive for Indian mangos. It seems, then, that productive-
ness is a characteristic of this group of varieties, and when we learn
that a variety belongs to this group we can at once infer that it is
likely to be fruitful. The various forms of Alphonse or Alfonzo,
Indian mangos which are now grown in Florida, also seem to have
much in common when it comes to bearing habits. The question
may, therefore, be considered a practical one, and not unworthy of
attention.

First of all, it is necessary to emphasize the need of a natural
system of classification, as opposed to an artificial or arbitrary one,
in which mangos are grouped according to the shape of the fruit or
some other character of this nature. Such a system, while per-
haps useful, does not really meet our needs, and should be avoided.
A system taking into consideration natural affinities of varieties or
types, however, cannot fail to be of great value in our study of
the mango.

Arbitrary systems of classification have been proposed by one or
two Indian pomologists, but have never been used. A few attempts
have been made in India to classify varieties into natural groups,
and these have been somewhat more successful, but they have never
been carried far enough. The best known instance of a natural
classification is probably that attempted by Maries, in "Watt's
Dictionary of Economic Products of India, but the field is so exten-
sive that Maries probably covered but a small portion of it, and
did not make a very thorough study of even that portion.

In this country, practically the only effort to classify mangos is
that which has been made by Professor Rolfs of Florida, and is set
forth in his bulletin "Mangos in Florida" (Bui. 127, Fla. Agricul-
tural Experiment Sta.). Prof. Rolfs has formed nine groups into
which he places the mangos of the Miami region, ])oth those of In-
dian origin and the local seedling forms. This is an effort along the
right line, but much remains to be done before the subject will be
thoroughly worked out.

In this attempt at classifying the principal seedling mangos of
Cuba, an effort ha,s been made to recognize relationship and degree
of relationship as well. The first and broadest division is there-
fore into groups for which I have used the term race; the second
is into typoi, of which several may be comprised in one race. This
classification has been made necessarj^ by the fact that the manga
hlanca and manga amarilla of Cuba, though quite distinct, are evi-
dently more closely related to each other, judging by characteris-
tics of growth, inflorescence and fruit, than they are to any fruits
of the mango race. As they are seedlings, however, we cannot ap-
ply the term variety to them, and I have, therefore, termed them
types. Some of these types correspond to the divisions Prof. Rolfs

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

has termed groups, but for seedling fruits I believe the term type
is better. The word group rather implies an assemblage of related
horticultural varieties or forms, while these seedling types such as
manga amarilla, as seen in Cuba, are so constant that the tenn
group does not seem fitting. In considering horticultural varieties,
however, it would seem more natural to throw them together into
groups, each group containing a number of allied varieties, or those
having several characteristics in common. There is naturally some
slight variation within each type and any of these variations, if
propagated asexually (by budding or grafting) would constitute
a true horticultural variety.

This classification would comprise, then, three divisions ; the first
and broadest one is races, the second seedling types, several of which
may be included in one race, and the third horticultural varieties,
which are propagated by budding or grafting, and of which sev-
eral may be included in one type.

Key to the Principal Cuban Mangos.

A. Tree erect, height 60 to 70 feet ; crown open, oval or ovate
in form ; panicle 8 to 12 inches long, the axis rather
slender, reddish maroon ; fruit strongly compressed
laterally, with curved and beaked apex, color yellow,
often blushed with crimson, the fiber long and coarse;
season June to July.

Race 1. Mango.

AA. Tree not erect, but spreading, height only 35 to 40 feet;
crown not open, but dense, not oval or ovate but dome-
shaped or flat-topped; panicle shorter, 6 to 10 inches
long, the axis very stout, pale green, tinged red-
dish; fruit not strongly compressed, very plump, the
beak wanting, color yellow to orange without reddish
blush, fiber long and fine ; season July to August.
Race 2. Manga.

B. Fruit elongate, oval to ovate, deep orange-yellow, the
flesh bright orange.

Type 1. Manga amanlla.

BB. Fruit nearly or quite as broad as long, decidedly
oblique, bright yellow in color, the flesh whitish
yellow.

Type 2. Manga blanca.

AAA. Tree erect, height only 30 or 35 feet; crown not open but
very dense, oval or rounded ; panicle very long, 12 to 24

inches, axis rather slender; pale green, sometimes

THE MANGOS OF CUBA. 27

tinged reddish ; fruit strongly compressed laterally but
sharply pointed rather than curved and beaked at apex,
color lemon yellow with no reddish blush, fiber short and
scanty, usually limited to ventral edge of seed; season
July to August.

Race ^. Filipino.

Race 1. Mango.

The mango race is by far the commonest throughout Cuba. It
seems, in fact, to be the common race in other parts of tropical
America as well. In Florida it has become established (at least on
the east coast, near Miami) under the name of "No. 11." The tree
is easily distinguished from manga by its form, which is erect, tall,
with the crown rather open, not dense and umbrageous as in both
the manfja and Filipino races. The fruit ai^^o is not difficult to dis-
tinguish, being characterized by its elongated, curved form and
compressed sides, mailing it decidedly reniform as a rule. The
color varies from light yellow to crimson, there usually being a
reddish blush on the cheek of yellow fruited forms. The flavor is
not as sweet and rich as that of manga, hence the latter is nearly
always preferred by the Cubans. The fiber is coarse and long, but
not so abundant as in manga. This race is the first to ripen, coming
into season in June (sometimes in May) ; by the time manga com-
mences to ripen it is nearly gone by. It is much more subject to
anthracnose than manga, and clean fruits are rarely obtainable.
As a rule the fruits come into market badly stained with fungus,
and when they are fully ripe, the disease spreads rapidly and they
are soon unfit for use.

There seem to be no well-defined types of this race recognized in
Cuba, though the fruit of different trees varies quite noticeably.
Varietal names are often applied to individual trees. Mango
manzana and mango corazon are two of the commonest names, these
being applied to quite a number of forms. The race appears to
have been established in Cuba a long time, and its origin is obscure.

The flowers are produced on rather loose panicles 8 to 12 inches
long, the axis bright reddish maroon. The lateral branches are
rather scattering, and the flowers are not so crowded as in the
manga race. The proportion of perfect to staminate flowers is
good, but not as high as in the Filipino race.

The characteristics of this fruit, as seen in Cuba, are as follows :

Form varying from reniform to oblique-cordate, always somewhat
compressed laterally and more or less beaked at the apex; length
21/2 to 5 inches, weight 5 to 12 ounces ; shoulders rarely equal, the left
shoulder usually high and broad, right shoulder falling more or less
abruptly ; nak 14 to 14 inch from longitudinal apex ; surface smooth,
color yellow green, greenish yellow or deep yellow, often washed
with carmine toward the basal end, the subcutaneous dots minute

28 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and inconspicuous, rather numerous ; skin thick and tough, of firm
texture; flesh light orange yellow in color, very juicy, flavor sul)-
acid to SAveet, not very rich nor piquant, the aroma very faint ; fiber
abundant, long, coarse, extending from all parts of the seed ; quality
rather poor; seed oblong-oblique, 3 to 3% inches long, thick, con-
taining 2 to 10 embryos, endocarp rather thin.

It may be possible to consider Mango chino of Cienfuegos and
some of the other types of limited distribution as belonging to this
race, but for the present I have kept them separate. The Cubans
themselves usually speak of Chino as belonging to this class. The
tree has the same characteristics of growth and, the fruit is quite
similar in nearly every way.

I have classed this as a race, since it presents many more varia-
tions than should be found in a type. Its seedlings in Cuba, how-
ever, usually bear a strong resemblance to each other.

Race 2. Manga.

This race includes two distinct and widely distributed types in
Cuba, and there are a number of minor types, such as Manga
mamey of Cienfuegos, which are usually considered by the natives
as belonging to this class. For the present, however, I have only in-
cluded in it the two important types.

The ti*ee is easily distinguished from that of the mango race by
its low and spreading form, dome-shaped or flat-topped, the crown
being dense and not open as in mango. Usually it is not difficult to
identify a tree of this race, unless it is growing under somewhat un-
natural conditions — crowded among others, for example, so that it
is forced to seek the light and hence grows abnormally tall. The
fruit is not strongly compressed as in the mango race, being nearly
or quite round in cross section, and the color is light to deep yellow
or orange, the crimson blush being absent. The flesh is nearly con-
colorous with the skin, and is of very sweet, rich flavor, generally
preferred to that of mango; the fiber, however, forms a dense mass
around the seed, and extends throughout the flesh. It is finer than
in mango, and is so extremely abundant that the flesh is eaten with
difficulty, hence the common practice of sucking the fruits. In sea-
son the race is practically one month later than mango, rarely com-
ing in before the latter part of July. The keeping qualities are
very good. The fruits are not affected by anthracnose to the same
degree as are those of mango, and are nearly always clean when
offered in the markets. The race is exceedingly productive, sur-
passing in this respect all other mangos with which I have come in
contact. In eastern Cuba (Camagiiey province) it is known under
the name of mango de hilacha, the classification of mango and
manga not being recognized in that part of the island. In Oriente
it seems to be extremely rare.

The flowers are densely crowded on short, stiff panicles usually
6 to 10 inches long, the axis being decidedly greenish. The tree
blooms very profusely, but the proportion of perfect to staminate

SEEDIJXG TREE (JF Till-: .MAXGA RACE, NEAR SANTIAGO UE LAS VEGAS.

OLD SEEDLING TREES OF THE MANGO RACE, NEAR SANTLVGO
DE LAS VEGAS.

THE MANGOS OF CUBA. 29

flowers is not as high as in the Filipino race. It agrees approxi-
mately in this respect with the mango race.

In southeastern Florida this race is predominant. The type
amarilla, described below, is the commonest one found in the vicin-
ity of Miami, and is usually called turpentine or peach mango. The
type hlanca is also grown, but not so extensively as amarilla; it is
known as apple mango, or sometimes as Bombay. The Eleanor
mango probably belongs to this same type, but of this I am not
certain.

Type 1. Manga amarilla.

This is the commonest form, and seems to be a general favorite.
It is very abundant around Habana and toward the end of July the
fruit fills the markets of the city. It is of oval or ovate form, plump
to almost round in cross section, sometimes slightly impressed on
the ventral surface near the apex, but never distinctly beaked. The
color is deep, bright orange-yellow, the flesh coneolorous with the
skin, and very juicy but fibrous.

The type may be described as follows :

General form oblong or oblong-ovate, rounded in cross section, the
base slightly oblique with oftentimes a shallow, irregular cavity;
length 2^2 to Sy^ inches, weight 4 to 8 ounces, left shoulder full,
rounded, frequently with a broad ridge extending down the ven-
tral edge of the fruit, right shoulder rounded to angular, not broad ;
apex rounded to broadly pointed, never prominently beaked and
commonly depressed on the ventral surface around the slightly
raised nak ; surface smooth to slightly undulating, deep orange-yel-
low, sometimes blushed with dull salmon, and overspread with a
thin grayish bloom, dots numerous, large, and conspicuous, as seems
to be the rule in the manga race; skin moderately thick and very
tough, peeling readily from the flesh when the fruit is fully ripe;
flesh bright orange in color, becoming very soft, pleasantly
aromatic ; quality rather poor, flavor sweet, rich and very pleasant ;
fibre abundant, fine, extending from all parts of the seed through
the flesh ; seed oblong, rounded at both ends, 2% inches long, plump,
containing 1 to 5 embryos, endoeai-p very thick and woody.

Type 2. Manga blanca.

Not as common as amarilla, but abundant around Habana and
plentiful in the markets during the same season. It is somewhat
difficult of description, being oblique-cordate in form, decidedly
oblique at the apex, and usually as broad as long. It is lighter in
color than amarilla, and the flesh is whitish-yellow, whence the name
manga hlanca. It is scarcely as rich in flavor as amarilla, and not so
popular, but is preferred to fruits of the mango race. From what
I have seen of it I do not believe it is quite so prolific in fruiting
as amarilla. The fiber is even more abundant than in the latter.

It may be described as follows :

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Form oblique-cordate, broad and somewhat flattened at the
base, obliquely flattened at the apex, not quite round in cross sec-
tion; length 21/2 to 3 inches, weight 5 to 8 ounces; left shoulder
somewhat broader than right, cavity very shallow and broad ; apex
rounded or slightly flattened, often depressed above the nak; sur-
face smooth, bright yellow to orange-yellow, with very large and
conspicuous dots; skin thick and quite tough, peeling readily from
the flesh when the fruit is fully ripe ; flesh pale whitish-yellow, very
juicy, faintly aromatic, quality poor; flavor sweet and pleasant;
fiber very abundant, fine, extending from all parts of the seed
through the flesh ; seed broadly oval, nearly 2 inches long, plump,
containing 2 to 5 embryos, the endocarp not quite so thick and hard
as in amarilla.

Race 3. Filipino.

The fruits of this race are of unusually good quality, and it is
unfortunate that the trees should be unproductive. To the Ameri-
can palate, there is probably no mango in the island equal to a good
Filipino, but the Cubans usually seem to prefer a sweeter, richer
fruit. Trees of the Filipino race are not common, and though dis-
tributed pretty generally over the western part of the island, they
are grown in small numbers and the fruit is never very abundant in
the markets.

This race has undoubtedly come to Cuba from the Philippines,
probably by way of Mexico, where it is grown to a limited extent
under the name of Manila mango. The fruit is nearly free from
the objectionable fiber which characterizes most seedling mangos,
and is of a delicious, spicy flavor which is exceedingly agreeable.
Occasional trees are found in gardens as far west as Matanzas and
Cienfuegos; we failed to find any in eastern Cuba but it is quite
probable that a few exist. In Florida the race has become fairly
well known under the name of Philippine, a shipment of seeds from
Cuba having given rise to most of the old seedlings which are now
found near Miami. Were it not so unproductive it would be a re-
markably valuable seedling race.

The tree is erect and resembles that of the ruamga race more than
mango, having an oval or dome-shaped crown (not flat-topped as
in manga), with dense foliage. It is small, rarely attaining more
than 30 or 35 feet in height. The leaves are frequently very large.
The fruit is unique in form — long, slender and sharply pointed at
the apex, distinctly flattened laterally, while the color is always
greenish-yellow or when fully ripe lemon-yellow. The flesh is
meaty, of spicy, piquant flavor, with fiber only along the ventral
edge of the seed. The season corresponds to that of manga. An-
thracnose rarely attacks the fruits to a serious degree, and they are
usually clean and attractive in appearance.

The flowers are produced in extremely long, rather loose panicles,
1 to 2 feet in length, the axis being light green, sometimes
tinged with red. The proportion of perfect to staminate flowers is

THE MANGOS OF CUBA. 31

higher than in any other race I have examined, 75 per cent in some
instances. The bearing habits of the tree are puzzling, and require
much investigation.

The characteristics of the fruit are as follows :

Form rather variable, but in general slender oblong, compressed
laterally, somewhat narrowed and oblique at the base and sharply
pointed at the apex ; length 4 to 6 inches, weight 6 to 12 ounces ; left
shoulder broad*but not high, right shoulder falling abruptly; apex
sharply pointed, sometimes curved slightly toward ventral side of
fruit; nak scarcely distinguishable; surface smooth, pale greenish-
yellow or lemon-yellow, dots numerous, small, inconspicuous; skin
very thin, tough ; flesh bright yellow-orange, extremely juicy,
smooth, almost free from fiber, aroma faint but agreeable ; quality
good ; flavor piquant, delicious ; fiber coarse, confined to ventral edge
of the seed ; seed oblong, 3 to 4 inches long, thin, containing 5 to 6
embryos, the endocarp very thin and easily broken.

There seem to be no types of this race recognized in Cuba. The
fruits from various trees are remarkably uniform in character, but
in the native home of the race Wester has described three distinct
types, Carabao, Pico, and Pahutan. A horticultural variety, Cecil,
has been propagated in Florida from one of the trees grown from
Cuban seed. The Cambodiana mango of Florida appears to belong
to this race. Prof. Rolfs uses the name Cambodiana for the entire
group, in which he includes all the types above named, as well as
Moulmein, a seedling grown near Miami, which I have not seen.

Types of Limited Distribution.

The following types are of very limited distribution, and for this
reason have not been included in the general classification. It is
difficult in some cases to determine the races in which they should
be placed, and it is probably safer, therefore, not to place them
definitely until further studies of their characteristics have been
made.

BlSCOCHUELO.
SANTIAGO DE CUBA.

This is a very distinct type and undoubtedly the best grown at
Santiago de Cuba. Considered from every point of view it would
seem to be, in fact, the most desirable type in the Island of Cuba.
While it is more fibrous than the Filipino race, and of a less piquant
flavor, it has the great advantage of being productive, which more
than outweighs the points against it. Its origin is obscure, but it
is quite probable that it was introduced from Santo Domingo by
the French settlers. It is grown rather commonly in the hills back
of Santiago, especially around El Caney, and is abundant in the
markets during July, selling for $2.00 per 100. Its affinities do not
seem to lie with either the mango or manga races.

32 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL. SOCIETY.

The fruit is broadly oval, weighing 8 to 14 ounces and of a clear
orange-yellow color, rarely stained by anthracnose. The flesh is firm
and meaty, fibrous around the ventral edge of the seed but else-
where almost free from fiber, and of a rich, sweet flavor which is
very pleasant. It keeps well and is often shipped to Habana. It
seems well worth propagating elsewhere in the island.

It may be described as follows :

Form oval to sub-reniform, decidedly oblique, length 3 to 4 inches,
weight 8 to 14 ounces; left shoulder rounded to very broad and
marked by a deep suture which extends down the ventral surface
of the fruit 1-4 or 1-3 of the distance to the apex, right shoulder
usually falling abruptly, sometimes marked by a shallow suture;
apex somewhat wedge-shaped, broad, with sometimes a tendency
toward a beak, the nak prominent; surface smooth, clear, light
orange-yellow in color, with very numerous small russet dots ; skin
thick and tough ; flesh bright orange-yellow ; very firm and meaty,
juicy, the aroma not pronounced but very pleasant ; quality good ;
flavor unusually pleasant, very sweet even when the fruit is rather
hard ; fiber objectionable around the ventral side of the fruit, slight
on the sides ; seed reniform, 2i/2 to 3 inches long, plump, containing
3 to 5 embiyos.

Chino.

cienfuegos.

This is a famous fruit, originally grown in the Quinta Aviles at
Cienfuegos and now produced in a few other gardens as well. It is
probably the largest seedling mango in Cuba, and is well known in
Habana markets, where single specimens sell for 20 to 40 cents.
Size is its principal virtue, however, for it is fibrous and rather
lacking in flavor.

The people of Cienfuegos class this as mango, and the habit of the
tree as well as some of the characteristics of the fruit are distinctly
those of the mango race.

It may be described as follows:

General form broad cordate, very plump, usually somewhat
oblique at base ; length 3 to 5i4 inches ; weight 12 to 20 ounces ; cav-
ity shallow, broad, somewhat irregular; shoulders sometimes nearly
equal, but more often the left one broad and rather high, the right
rounded and falling; apex rounded, the nak slightly raised, ^4
inch above longitudinal apex ; surface smooth, greenish -yellow to
dull cream colored, overspread around the base with light red, the
dots numerous, very small and inconspicuous; skin usually thick
and tough ; flesh deep yellow in color, orange-yellow toward the
seed, and of very firm, meaty texture, juicy, with faint aroma;
quality fair ; flavor sub-acid, spicy ; fiber abundant throughout the
flesh ; seed oval, rather thin, 2^/^ to 3 inches long, containing 4 to 6
embryos.

The season of ripening corresponds with that of the mango race,
as do the bearing habits of the tree.

the mangos of cuba. 33

Mamey.
cienpuegos.

Another type grown in the Quinta Aviles at Cienfnegos, and of
better quality than Chino, though not 80 well known in Habana as
the latter. It is classed by the natives as manga, because of the
habit of the tree and the general character of the fruit. It is
smaller than Chino, but of somewhat more attractive color, as a
rule, and of sweeter, richer flavor.

General form broadly cordate, not as plump laterally as many
fruits of the manga race, length and breadth nearly equal ; lengtli
3 to 3I/0 inches, weight 8 to 12 ounces ; base flattened, very slightly
oblique; cavity narrow, flaring, almost regular; right shoulder
somewhat broader and higher than the left ; apex with a suggestion
of a beak, the nak not prominent, 14 iiich above longitudinal apex ;
smooth surface, greenish orange-yellow to orange-yellow in color,
blushed around the base with reddish salmon, dots large, conspicu-
ous, fairly numerous ; skin thick and tough ; flesh bright orange-
yellow, firm and very meaty; moderately juicy, with very little
aroma ; quality fairly good, flavor sub-acid, rich, pleasant ; fiber not
very objectionable except around ventral edge of seed ; seed oblong,
rather thick, 2I/2 inches long, containing 2 to 5 embryos, the endo-
carp thick and woody.

The productiveness of this type, while not as good as that of
manga amarilla, seems to be satisfactory. The season corresponds
to that of manga amarilla.

While Chino and Mamey are the two best known mangos in the
Quinta Aviles, there are a number of other types which are known
by name, and some of which may have been propagated. A few
trees of the Filipino race are growing in this quinta, and also trees
of a long slender fruit erroneously called Filipino. Others which
may be mentioned but which are not worth describing, are the
following :

Mango de Olor

Garcia

Melocoton

Manga manzana

Cana

Crema

Morado

CORAZON.
SANTIAGO DE CUBA.

This is one of the commonest types in the markets of Santiago,
but is not a fruit of great merit. Its relationships are difficult to
determine.

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

It inay be described as follows:

General form oblong-cordate to broad-cordate; length 3 to 31/2
inches, weight 5 to 8 ounces ; base varying from level, flattened, with
the shoulders equal, the stem inserted in a shallow cavity, to oblique,
the left shoulder high and rounded, the right shoulder falling
gradually ; apex broadly pointed, sometimes almost beaked, in other
instances rounded, nak depressed; surface smooth, greenish-yellow
to dull yellow in color, sometimes tinged with salmon near the base,
the dots medium large, rather conspicuous ; skin rather thin ; flesh
bright yellow-orange, very juicy, the aroma pronounced and very
pleasant ; quality poor ; flavor piquant, sweet, rich ; fiber very ob-
jectionable, abundant throughout the flesh; seed oblong reniform,
2Y2 inches long, plump, containing 3 to 5 embryos.

Mamey.
santiago de cuba.

This name is applied to various types throughout the island ; it is,
in fact, one of the commonest names given to seedling forms. The
Mamey of Santiago de Cuba is an important and well defined type,
however, and is therefore deserving of description. It is not a fruit
of any great merit, but is very abundant in the markets.

It may be described as follows :

Form oblong-oval, slightly oblique, plump; length 2i/ii to 31/2
inches, weight 4 to 8 ounces; cavity very shallow, left shoulder
rather high and broad, right shoulder falling gradually ; apex blunt,
the nak slightly depressed ; surface smooth, greenish-yellow to deep
yellow in color, sometimes tinged with salmon near the base, dots
rather conspicuous, skin rather thin but tough ; flesh bright yellow-
orange, very juicy, the aroma pronounced and very pleasant; qual-
ity poor ; flavor piquant, sweet, rich, very pleasant ; fiber abundant,
long, throughout the flesh; seed oblong-reniform, about 21^ inches
long, containing 3 to 5 embryos.

Toledo.

santiago de cuba.

This is a small fruit, of rather unattractive appearance. It is
common in the markets of Santiago de Cuba, however, and is well
defined, the name being applied to this one type only.

It is characterized as follows :

Form ovate-oblique to ovate-reniform ; length 2VL> inches,
weight 2 to 4 ounces; base oblique, the left shoulder high and
rounded, the right shoulder falling abruptly ; apex broadly pointed
to rounded, having the suggestion of a beak ; surface smooth, green-
ish-orange in color, dots almost none ; skin moderately thick ; flesh
light yellow, very juicy with a strong aroma ; quality poor ; flavor

THE JIANGOS OF CUBA. 35

aromatic, sweet, pleasant; fiber very abundant throughout the
flesh ; seed oblong-reniforra, 2 inches long, containing 3 or 4 embryos.
Other Types at Santiafjo de Cuha: There are quite a number of
types cultivated in the vicinity of Santiago de Cuba besides those
just described, but none of them seems to be very common, and the
names applied to them are used so indefinitely that it is impossible
to define the types. The name Senora is well known in the markets,
and is applied to a number of large fruits, more or less similar in
character, and of fine appearance but fibrous. Ohispo is another
name similarly used. Mameyzon is applied to several fruits
resembling the manga mamey of Cienfuegos. Papelina is a small,
greenish fruit of inferior quality which does not seem to be common
and is not worthy of notice. Rosita is another very small fruit,
something like Toledo, with a reddish cheek. "We found specimens
of it in the markets of Guantanamo.

Cuban Mangos in Florida.

Considering the proximity of Florida and Cuba, and the frequent
communication between the two regions in the early days by means
of sailing vessels, it is but natural that Florida should have received
most of her seedling mangos from Cuba. Mention has already been
made of several Cuban types which commonly occur in Florida, but
in order to bring them all together a list of the commonest ones is
here given :

Mango Race: This has become fairly common in southeastern
Florida under the name of No. 11, and is said to have been intro-
duced from Jamaica. Prof. Rolfs describes this race under the
name of "No. 11 group," and mentions one named variety which
has been propagated.

Manga Race: The majority of seedlings in southeastern Florida
are of this race.

Manga amarilla Type: This is the principal one grown in the
Miami region, and is usually called "turpentine mango," some-
times "peach mango." The fruits of most of the trees around
Miami are remarkably uniform in character. Prof. Rolfs does not
define this group separately, but it appears to be included in his
"turpentine group."

Manga blanca Type: This includes the seedlings known in the
vicinity of Miami as "apple" mango and "Bombay" mango. It is
fairly abundant, but less so than the manga amarilla type. The
' * Bombay group ' ' of Prof. Rolfs belongs to this type, and probably
the "Eleanor group" also.

Filipino Race: This is fairly well known around Miami under
the name of Philippine mango, numerous trees having been grown
from Cuban seeds. One named variety, the Cecil, has been propa-
gated by budding. The Cambodiana mango, introduced by the De-
partment of Agriculture, also belongs to this race. It corresponds
to the ' ' Cambodiana group ' ' established by Prof. Rolfs.

36 PROCEEDrNGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A thorough study of the Indian mangos cultivated in Florida has
not yet been made for the purpose of classifying them, but we are
beginning to find that many of them fall naturally into types. Prof.
Rolfs has made a beginning at classification by establishing the San-
dersha, Mulgoba, and Gola groups. The several Alphonse mangos
fall naturally into one group, and exhibit many characteristics in
common. A study of these mangos in India would doubtless pro-
duce more satisfactory results than an attempt to classify them from
the few varieties which we are now cultivating in this country.

THE PILI.

By p. J. Wester, Philippine Islands.

The almond, chestnut, walnut and Brazil nut are the most import-
ant of the world's dessert nuts, with which, in the United States,
may be included the pecan. Among these the almond, chestnut and
the walnut, if not actually cultivated, have been used by man since
the dawn of civilization. The Brazil nut has been in the trade for
rather less than 50 years, while the pecan did not attain commer-
cial importance until about 1880. The pistache is of more or less
importance in the Mediterranean countries, particularly in Italy,
and has found an increasing sale in the United States during the
last ten years. Aside from these there are a number of nuts that
are of local importance where they are grown but which do not en-
ter the world's trade or else are of minor importance. Such are for
instance, the .sapiwaja, also called the "paradise nut." related to
the Brazil nut, and the pili, which have appeared in the market
within the last few years. Some indeed, are not nuts at all, for
instance the litehi, the edible part, of this ''nut" being the dried
pulp, and not the seed enclosed therein.

Probably used as a food for many centuries by the Filipinos the
pili was all but unknown to the outside world until about five years
ago. Many Americans had, of course, become acquainted with this
nut after the occupation of the Philippines, and the general excel-
lence of the pili finally persuaded a local firm to make a trial ship-
ment to the United States. This shipment brought further orders
and a rapidly growing demand was created until in the last half
year of 1918 (when statistics of the pili exports were first made)
1,186,173 kilograms of pilis, valued at .$94,135.00, were exported
from the Philippines, practically the entire amount being imported
into the United States.

During that year (1913), with unheard of prices for pilis to the
producer, or more properly, the collector, in their wild scramble to
''get-rich-quick" as it were, the collectors, in order to get the nuts
more quickly and with less effort, did not, as formerly, wait until
the nuts ripened for collection, but cut down the limbs of a large
number of trees and gathered ripe and immature nuts together;
furthermore, in husking large quantities of nuts were steeped in
boiling water with the result that a large percenta^ge of the kernels

■;>•.'■ '<||g •■

li 21

l'L\TK XI. I'lr.T XUTS CANARIUM OVATUM, ENGL.

'la'i'K XII. A 'I'N-i'ic \i. I'lM 'n;i-;i<: i\ a m\\iI)\ iiilmi- I'liWr vi'kix ix
MdAo, \i,i'.\v i'i;(»\i\'(:i:, iMiii.ii'nM'. isi-ands

THK PILT. 37

became rancid. Thus between the green and rancid nuts a great
proportion of them were unfit for consumption by the time they
reached the consumer with the consequence that in 1914 the export
of pilis dropped to 296,281 kilograms, valued at $22,312.00, with
the prospect that in 1915 the export figures will be still lower. Con-
sidering both the loss of reputation of the pili in the importing
countries and the mutilation of the trees, it will probably take four
to five years before the export figures will again equal those of 1913.

The pili, Canarium ovatum Engl. (C. pachyphyllnm^ Perk.) be-
longs to the family Burseraccae, and is a rather large handsome
tree, with a straight tiiuik, attaining a height of fifteen to twenty-
five meters, with a spread rarelj' exceeding fifteen meters, of medium
compact growth and rigid branches. The leaves are about forty
centimeters long, seven to thirteen pinnate, the pinnae being ten or
more centimeters long, dark green, rather thick, and prominently
veined. The flowers grow in axillary panicles and are small and in-
conspicuous, greenish-yellow in color. The fruits are solitary or
in small clusters of two to four, and are ovate to oblong, forty-five
to 73 millimeters long, more or less triangular in cross-section, black,
smooth and shining, each containing a nut enclosed in a fleshy husk
three to five millimeters thick.

The nuts occur in two forms, short and long, and are more or less
distinctly three-angled, frequently canaliculate, more or less sharply
pointed at each end, brown and smooth, the short form being from
forty-five to sixty centimeters long, and the slender type fifty-five
to sometimes exceeding seventy millimeters in length. The shell is
thick and hard, and the kernel oblong, separating readily from the
shell, light, brittle in texture, and of excellent flavor and quality
raw or roasted. (Plate XI.)

One kilogram contains 130 nuts of which the shell constitutes
81.71 per cent and the kernel 18.29 per cent in the short, and the
shell 81.13 per cent and the kernel 18.87 per cent in the long kind.
According to Dr. Brill, organic chemist, Bureau of Science, Manila,
the kernel in each form analyzes as follows :

Long, Short,

Composition of Kernel. Per cent. Per cent.

Moisture 2.79 2.90

Fat 74.37 72.53

Protein (N x 6.25) 12.06 11.88

Sucrose 88 .66

Reducing sugars 45 1.35

Starch (bv difference) . 4.33 5.11

Crude fiber 2.15 2.42

Ash 2.97 3.15

The above analyses show that the two types are identical for all
practical purposes. The long nut is superior to the short one, with
a greater percentage of edibility and a greater fat, protein and

38 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

sucrose content. About five to seven per cent of the bulk marketed
constitutes long nuts.

While scattered trees of the pili are found from Laguna province
south of Manila through the Islands of Catanduanes, Samar, Mas-
bate and Leyte to Mindanao, the pili district from a commercial
point of view is confined to Sorsogon, Albay and Ambos Camarines
in southern Luzon, which provinces are important in the production
of pilis in the order named, and in which most of the trees grow
from sea level to an altitude probably not exceeding 330 metei-s.
Here the annual rainfall varies from 2500 to frequently exceeding
3000 millimeters with practically no dry periods. The soil is rather
a light, frequently a sandy loam to gravelly or in places consisting
largely of volcanic ash. The tree is always found on well drained
land. It makes a very attractive ornamental and is well adapted
for shade, or for avenue planting. So far as noted, the pili is
singularly exempt from diseases and insect pests.

No statistics are available relative to the age when the trees begin
to bear nor of the yield, but the trees are of slow growth and prob-
ably do not produce more than eight to ten kilograms of nuts at the
age of ten years. Estimates of the yield of full grown trees given
to the writer during a visit of investigation in the pili region,
ranged from thirty to one thousand kilograms, one man asserting
that he had one tree that yielded five thousand kilograms. From
the observations made the writer has estimated the average annual
yield per full grown tree at one hundred to perhaps one hundred
and fifty kilograms, with exceptional trees considerably exceeding
this figure. The nuts are collected from trees in the forest or from
trees growing spontaneously in the abaca (Manila hemp) planta-
tions. (Plate XII.) There are no pili trees planted by man.

As stated in a previous paragraph the nut is encased in a fleshy
covering or "husk." This is removed by heaping the nuts into
piles and covering them with leaves or straw to prevent drying on
the surface. In two to three days the resulting fermentation ren-
ders the husks sufficiently soft to be easily washed away from the
nuts which are then dried in the sun before bagging. Or, the fruits
may be placed in vats and covered Avith water and allowed to stand
until the husk peels away readily. In either case the rinsing should
be made in cold water in order to produce a high grade article.

The boiled husk resembles a boiled yellow-fleshed sweet potato in
texture and appearance and is a common article of food in the pili
regions. In flavor it is tasteless and inspid. An edible oil that is
used locally is said to be extracted from the husk by continued boil-
ing and allowing the mass to settle overnight.

"With a kernel of excellent quality the pili cannot be placed un-
shelled on the table like the almond and walnut for the reason that
the shell of the pili is so hard that it cannot be broken by the ordi-
nary nut cracker. However, it may be confidently expected that
here, as in case of the pecan, systematic search will bring to light
trees bearing thin shelled nuts of good quality.

PEAR BLIGHT AND RESISTANT VARIETIES AND STOCKS. 39

In common with all nuts the pili is not perishable and can be
stored away and shipped to distant markets without any prepara-
tion save the husking process, and its superior quality is sure to
create for it a demand far greater than the supplj' for many years
to come. It is, of course, to be expected that when the mutilated
pili trees in the Philippines again come into bearing the lesson of
the past will be remembered, and that future exportations will be
of the same quality that originally created the demand for the pili
and that they will increase somewhat in quantity. Then, with the
realization that the pili is profitable and in the market to stay the
setting out of pili plantations is probable. However, from the pres-
ent outlook it seems very unlikely that pili plantations of such size
as to affect the price of the nuts will be planted in the Philippines
for many years to come. Therefore, considering also the tremend-
ous marketing possibilities of the pili, the insignificant quantity
produced at present, and the restricted area in which it is pro-
duced, the pili is believed to be worthy of a thorough trial by the
fruit growers in the moist regions of Porto Rico and Hawaii with-
out fear of competition by the producers, either in the Philippines,
Porto Rico or Hawaii.

PEAH BLIGHT AND RESISTANT VARIETIES AND STOCKS.

F. C. Reimer, Oregon.

Pear Blight (Bacillus amylovorvs) is the greatest enemy of the
pear industry in Oregon. This disease first made its appearance in
Southern Oregon in 1907. Since then it has gradually spread
northward, and in 1914 became established in the Williamette Val-
ley, a region which had previously remained exempt.

In Southern Oregon this disease is exceptionally destructive, and
during the past eight years has been a veritable nightmare to our
growers. It attacks the branches and fruit spuis as it does in the
Eastern States, and in addition often attacks and destroys the trunk
and root system even of old trees. This form of blight is often
difficult to detect until it is well advanced and much damage
has been done. It is also difficult to eradicate from the trunks and
roots of large trees. Such trees usually have more or less irregular
trunks containing deep crevices in which the disease becomes es-
tablished and from which it is diflfieult to extricate all of the dis-
eased tissue. This diseased tissue serves to perpetuate the disease,
by housing millions of bacteria which are carried by insects to
other parts of the same tree where new infections occur. Such
body blight, therefore, has a serious aspect in that it serves as
"hold-over" blight, carrying the disease over from one year to
another. In other words, it serves as a storage house, housing and
protecting the disease during the winter and long hot, dry periods
during the summer months. It is therefore the connecting link be-
tween one siege of pear blight and a succeeding one. It is well
known that most of the blight in the smaller branches eventually

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

dies, especially during very hot and dry summers, or very dry and
cold winters. If pear blight could be confined to such branches we
would have much fewer outbreaks than at present, and there would
probably be long periods when pear blight would be almost un-
known in certain regions. Such dry periods occur almost annually
in the leading pear sections of the Pacific Coast. During such
periods, however, these bacteria find favorable conditions in the
succulent tissue under the thick bark on the trunks, large branches,
and roots of the trees. Here the disease often lurks unobserved for
many months. Insects and other agencies carry the bacteria from
such places to other portions of the tree, and when the conditions
are favorable an outbreak of blight occurs in these newly infected
portions.

Such hold-over blight is particularly abundant in the succulent
tissue of the trunks of the Bartlett, Howell, Bosc, and many other
varieties.

The Remedy.

The pear blight problem will be solved ultimately by growing
varieties resistant to the disease. Such varieties will be developed
by extensive and systematic breeding work. Excellent breeding
work of this kind is already being done at some of the Experiment
Stations, and also by individuals, notably by Charles Patten, of
Iowa.

The Southern Oregon Experiment Station has undertaken exten-
sive work of this kind. We will not be able to do the best breeding
work possible until Ave have determined the most resistant varieties
and species now in existence. For this reason we are giving special
attention to the subject of resistance to pear blight. For this pur-
pose we have gathered together hundreds of varieties of pears from
this country, Europe, and Asia, and practically all the known
species of Pyrus. During the present summer we have made thou-
sands of inoculations into many of these varieties and species, and
some interesting results have already been obtained.

Breeding work requires much time, and many years will elapse
before we will be able to supplant the best varieties now grown.
Extensive pear orchards are being planted every year in the West,
and we should do everything possible to reduce the injurj' from
blight to a minimum in these orchards. AVe can be of immediate
service to the industry by inducing the growers to plant varieties
which are practically immune to body blight, and to top-Avork these
at the age of three or four years with the best commercial varieties.
This will eliminate the body or trunk blight which is the greatest
menace to our pear industry at the present time. For this purpo.se
we should use not only a resistant variety but also one Avhich will
make a congenial and vigorous trunk for the varieties grafted
upon it.

Many of our Oregon groAvers have been using the KiefFer as a
stock for this purpose. While this variety is not entirely immune

PEAR BLIGHT AND RESISTANT VARIETIES AND STOCKS. 41

to blight it is more resistant than our commercial varieties. In
Oregon trees top-worked upon Kieffer in this way during the past
four or five years have done very well. Whether they will be per-
manently successful on this stock is a question which cannot be
answered at the present time. In some of the Eastern States, par-
ticularly New York, most of the trees top-worked on Kieffer in this
way have not been a permanent success, making a weak union at
the graft. This may be due to the fact that the Kieffer is quite
distinct from our common commercial varieties in habit of growth.
It is a cross between the Chinese Sand Pear and the Bartlett, and
begins grov.th considerably earlier in the spring than our com-
mercial varieties.

At the present time we are attempting to find more desirable
varieties than the Kieffer for this purpose, and the following varie-
ties appear very promising: Surprise, Orel 15, Douglas, Warner,
and possibly Birkett.

The Surprise is a valuable blight resistant variety. We obtained
propagating wood of this from the Horticultural Department of the
Missouri Experiment Station. There, two bearing trees of this
variety have never shown any blight, while other varieties of pears
and apples in the same orchard surrounding these trees have often
suffered severely from this disease. We have made many inocula-
tions with blight bacteria into this variety, both on the trunk of two-
year-old trees and the tips of young, tender and very vigorous
shoots, on one and two-year-old trees. Usually the tips of the young
shoots would blight from one to three inches, and in a few cases as
much as five inches. It would then stop, die out, and the branch
would push out new shoots from below the blighted tip, and grow
as vigorously as ever. Although we have made many and repeated
inoculations on the trunks of two-year-old trees of this variety we
have never been able to get the blight to develop beyond the point
of inoculation. Even on the trunks of vigorous one-year-old trees
the disease would develop only in a very limited area around the
point of inoculation. This variety is a vigorous grower, and as it
belongs to Pyrus communis it will undoubtedly make a fine blight
resistant stock on which to top-work our commercial varieties.

Up to the present time I have not been able to determine the ori-
gin of this variety. About thirteen years ago it was sent to the
Missouri Experiment Station by the Stark Brothers Nurseries Co.,
of Louisiana, Missouri, with a note that it appeared to be very free
from blight, and that the Experiment Station test it for this pur-
pose. It would be of great value to us to know the parentage of
this variety, and we hope to determine this matter, if possible.

Orel 15 is a variety which the late Prof. J. L. Budd, of the Iowa
Agricultural College, introduced from Russia about 1880. Trees of
this variety have been remarkably free from blight in Iowa. We
have been able to make successful inoculations in the tips of the
young, tender shoots, but the disease would never extend down the
young shoot for more than four or five inches. On the trunks, even

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

on the one-year-old wood, numerous inoculations have failed to pro-
duce the disease up to the present time. The variety belongs to
Pyrus communis, and apparently is a very valuable one as a stock
for top-grafting.

Douglas is a comparatively new variety, originating as an acci-
dental seedling on Mr. 0. H. Ayer's farm, in Douglas County, Kan-
sas. The original tree has never been known to blight. In our work
we have been able to get some of the tips of the vigorous young
shoots to blight from one to six inches. We have never been able
to get the disease to develop on the two-year-old trunks of the trees
beyond the point of inoculation ; apparently showing very marked
resistance.

This variety is a seedling of the Kieffer, and the other parent is
supposed to be Angouleme. We will top-work this variety for the
first time this summer to determine its suitability as a stock for our
standard varieties. -If it proves a congenial stock for our commercial
varieties it will be valuable because of its marked resistance to pear
blight.

The Warner originated with Dr. Boor, of Henry County, Indiana,
in 1832. It has never become widely known because of its poor
quality. One grower in the Middle West states that this variety has
never shown blight in his orchard. In our work we have made
many inoculations on the trunks of two-year-old trees of this
variety, but have been unable to get the disease to develop. We
have been able to produce the disease in the very tender, young
shoots, but it would not extend into the older wood.

Birkett is another variety which has shown a fair degree of re-
sistance to blight. This variety originated at Peoria, Illinois, about
ninety years ago, and appears to be identical with a variety now sold
as "Sudduth." On the rich prairie soils, and in the severe climate
of Illinois and Iowa, this variety has suffered comparatively little
from blight. In our work a large number of trees of this variety
were thoroughly inoculated in the trunks and branches. Most of the
inoculations in the smaller branches produced the disease, often kill-
ing the entire branch, and even extending into the two-year-old
wood of the trunk in some eases. Of all the inoculations made on
the two-year-old trunks only fifteen per cent produced the disease ;
in most cases producing only small cankers, while in four cases gird-
ling the tree. Since the largest trees of this variety, and the oldest
portions of the trunk, showed almost complete resistance, it is prob-
able that as the trees become older, the trunk and larger branches
will be markedly resistant to this disease. The young trees, how-
ever, are not nearly as resistant as Orel 15, Surprise, or Douglas.

We now have the Bartlett, Anjou, Bosc, Comice, and Winter Nelis
top-worked on Birkett and they are making a very satisfactory
growth on this stock.

It should be stated that in all of this work the conditions for the
development of blight in these trees have been made as favorable
as possible. They were grown on exceptionally fertile soil, and were

PEAR BLIGKT AJSTD RESISTANT VARIETIES AND STOCKS. 43

repeatedly and abundantly irrigated, and very thoroughly culti-
vated. The trees have, therefore, been extremely vigorous, a condi-
tion conducive to pear blight. The inoculations were made with the
greatest care and thoroughness, usually making from twenty to
thirty needle pricks at each point of inoculation. This lacerated the
bark thoroughly over an area of about one-sixth of an inch in diame-
ter, and hence provided ideal conditions for the pear blight
organism.

Check trees of such varieties as Bartlett, Howell, and Forelle were
inoculated at the same time and in the same manner and under the
same conditions, and with the same lot of bacteria. In every in-
stance these have blighted very vigorously, both in the branches and
on the trunks. On the trunks of these varieties the disease would
usually completely encircle the trees and most of them have already
died.

We have tested a large number of other varieties, some of which
were supposed to be resistant to blight, but as most of these suffered
more or less from the disease I need not mention them at this time.
This work will be extended to our entire collection of varieties and
it is hoped that other valuable blight resistant varieties will be
found.

At the present time we are recommending the Surprise, and Orel
15, as blight resistant varieties to be used as body stocks on which to
top-graft our commercial varieties. These should be grafted or
budded on some blight-resistant root system.

Just at present it is impossible to purchase these trees, especially
Surprise and Orel 15, in large quantities. I have interested a num-
ber of nurserymen in these varieties, and am supplying them with
propagating wood, and there should be a goodly supply of trees of
these varieties on the market within the next two or three years.

Stocks for Root Systems.

A blight resistant stock or root system is just as important as a
blight resistant body or trunk. In many regions on the Pacific
Coast pear blight is just as severe on the root system as on the trunk.
Most of our older pear orchards are on the French seedling pear
roots, Pyrus communis. This stock is particularly susceptible to
blight and woolly aphis. Under these conditions we should not con-
tinue using the French stock for pears. What stock will eventually
prove most desirable under such conditions is a difficult question to
answer. At the present time the best stock available, considered
from the standpoint of blight resistance, is the Chinese Sand Pear,
commonly listed as Pyrus sinensis. In our work a number of three-
year-old seedlings of these two species were inoculated just above
the roots. One month later 36 per cent of the trees of the French
stock had developed blight. None of these Chinese Sand Pear trees
so far have developed the disease either at the crown or on the
roots. The Sand Pear is also much freer from woolly aphis which
is a valuable characteristic in the prevention of pear blight.

44 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

It is unfortunate that only two species of Pyrus have been
thoroughly tried in this country as stocks for pears. It is well
known that there are many other wild species of pears in Europe,
Asia, and Northern Africa; and some of these may prove valuable
as stock for our cultivated pears. We have made a complete collec-
tion of these species. During the present summer numerous inocu-
lations were made on young trees of most of these species. While
the work has not progressed far enough to draw conclusions it might
be well to present the results obtained up to the present time.

Pyrus ovoidea, Rehder, has proved remarkably resistant to blight.
Numerous inoculations in the trunks of young trees have failed to
develop the disease. Even in the tips of the young vigorous shoots
the disease would never develop more than two or three inches.

Pyrus variolosa has shown marked resistance. All of our inocula-
tions in the trunks of two-year-old trees of this species have failed to
develop blight.

Under the specific name Pyrus sinensis we have several distinct
species which will be classified as soon as they begin to fruit. Two
of these so far have not blighted on the trunks of two-year-old trees
although they were thoroughly inoculated. The young, tender
branches of these species were readily inoculated but the disease
would not extend into the older, harder wood.

The following species have blighted readily, although some of
them more vigorously than others: Pyrus communis, Pyrus mich-
auxii, Pyrus elaeagrifoliu, Pyrus malifolia, Pyrus canescens, Pyrus
fascicularis, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Pyrus pashia, Pyrus halansae,
Pyrus nivalis, Pyrus salicifolia, Pyrus cotinifolia, Pyrus cordata,
Pyrus longipes, Pyrus siniaca, Pyrus hretschneideri, and Pyrus
phaeocarpa.

We have been very much interested in Pyrus betuliefolia, which
is used extensively in China as a stock. This species is propagated
readily from cuttings, and is a very vigorous grower. Inoculations
have been made on one and two year old trees, in the branches and
also the trunks. Nearly all of the inoculations were successful, and
the trees blighted vigorously.

Attention should again be called to the fact that this work has
been done with young trees from one to three years old. It is well
known that such young and vigorous trees will often blight more
readily than older trees of the same variety or species. This has
been well demonstrated in our own experiments. In some of the
species and varieties the young branches blighted readily, but none
of the inoculations on the two and three year old trunks of the
same trees Avere successful. It is; quite probable that older trees ol
some of these species will show greater resistance to pear blight, at
least on the tnmks, than the young trees with which our work was
done.

The work with these species, as well as several others, is being
continued, and it is hoped that the degree of resistance or suscepti-
bility to blight of every species of Pyrus wiU be definitely
determined.

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PEAR BLIGHT AND RESISTANT VARIETIES AND STOCKS. 45

The President : We have with iis today the man who discovered
and proved that pear blight was due to a bacterium, and I want to
say all honor of that discovery is due to Dr. T. J. Burrill, of Illinois
Dr. Burrill will say a few words to us at this time.

Dr. Burrill: Mr. President, at the Illinois Horticultural
Society, in the early seventies they prohibited the discussion of pear
blight, as there were so many confident assertions made with regard
to its cause and cure which meant nothing when tried out.

Now, I read a paper under those conditions, under another name,
in 1878, and the prohibition is still in force, which proved to be
the original data in regard to a statement of the disease being due
to a special bacterium. It was not, however, completed until 1880
— that is, the experiments — ^when a considerable paper some of yovi
may have seen was published in the proceedings of the American
Society for the Advancement of Science and also in the proceedings
of the Illinois State Horticultural Society, an out and out publica-
tion, of fifteen pages, with no prohibition.

Now, then, the peculiar thing about it all was that that has proved
to be, after a long examination, the first demonstration of any plam
disease being due to any species of bacteria. It was held that plants
could not be troubled with bacteria as the sap of plants is always
acid, and it was assumed that bacteria could not be developed in an
acid media. Hence it was assumed further that no plant disease
could be due to bacteria.

Now, we know, and any of you who have seen Irwin S. Smith's
three-hundred-page quarto volume, giving an account of ''Plant
Diseases Due to Bacteria" will know different, and will see the
significance of this discovery. (Applause.)

Data Relating to Figures of Plates XIII and XIV,
Pear Blight Investigations.

plate xiii.

Fig. 1. — Inoculated in tip of tree. Blight killed shoot for 21/2
inches. The disease then died out, and two vigorous
secondary shoots grew from buds just below blighted
shoot.

Fig 2. — Inoculated in tip of vigorous shoot. Shoot killed for a
distance of two inches. The disease then died out, and
the two secondary shoots then grew from buds just be-
low blighted tip.

]/^ig, 3_ — Inoculated in the tip of the tree at point indicated by let-
ter "a". Blight developed in shoot for distance of
two inches. The three secondary shoots then grew
from buds below blighted young tips.

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. — Inoculated at tips at points indicated by letter ''A."

strings. No blight developed.
Fig. 2. — Inoculated on one-year-old trunk at points just below

Tree killed by blight — Check tree.
Fig. 3. — Inoculated on trunk at points indicated by circular rings.

Killed by blight — Check tree.

THE STANDARDIZATION OF NURSERY CATALOGUES.

Frank W. Power, Oregon.

At first thought to standardize the nursery catalogues might seem
an easy matter — one that could be accomplished merely by the dif-
ferent nurserymen getting together in convention and agreeing to
bring their respective catalogues up to a certain standard.

Among the progressive nurserymen this could easily be done,
provided some standard could be suggested that would cover the
different fruit sections of the United State, and describe the differ-
ent varieties catalogued with approximate accuracy.

In looking over a general assortment of catalogues, even of the
most up-to-date firms, one will be surprised at the different descrip-
tions given to the same variety, often by nurserymen in nearly the
same locality. Many of these seeming discrepancies can be ac-
counted for by a careful examination of these catalogues, when one
is apt to find that some very attractively printed and illustrated
ones are made up largely by the "scissor method," that is by
description clipping from eastern catalogues and printing with-
out revision in a western one, or from a northern one to be used by
a southern nurseryman. Such methods are sure to give rise to
errors, especially as to time of ripening, color, size, etc. As an in-
stance of such methods I might cite a description of the Oregon
Champion Gooseberry I ran across a number of years ago in the
catalogue of a Williamette Valley, Oregon, nurseryman, who gave
the startling information at the close that ' ' this valuable acquisition
was introduced into this district from Oregon," when, in fact, it
had originated in that district. The description had evidently been
clipped from some eastern catalogue in which the above quoted
clause had been added to the original description, and the nursery-
man in Oregon had copied it without revision, making the descrip-
tion absurd.

Careful proof reading will avoid all such errors. You should
always carefully proof read all your catalogues and circulars and
not leave it to your printer — the copy sent him might have been
incorrect and you will notice it, while he could not be expected to do
so in all cases. All you can ask of him is to print exactly what you
furnished him in your copy and not put in errors of his own.

But using the best and most careful methods available and giving
time and study to the work, it is still a difficult matter to so arrange

THE STANDARDIZATION OF NURSERY CATA1X)GUES. 47

a description that it will be accurate in all fruit districts, as any
nurserj'man doing an inter-state business will testify.

It certainly must be a somewhat perplexing matter to an amateur
in looking over a number of catalogues and reading the descriptions
(most of them using adjectives principally in the superlative de-
gree) to decide just which one of the many "very best that can be
grown" he will plant. If, added to this he is interviewed by an
oily-tongued salesman with his glowing descriptions, backed up by
handsome colored prints of the fruit, is it any wonder that often he
plants an orchard that in after years reminds him of the crazy
quilt he slept under as a boy, so many and varied are the varieties
planted.

Understand that I am not "knocking" the nurseryman, I belong
to that class myself and on the whole I am certain you will find them
as truthful and honest as an equal number in almost any other line
of business.

Nor do I mean to intimate that all catalogues are prepared by
such methods. There are many well written ones that have had
much careful study and are probably about as accurate for their
district as could be expected. But if a small nursery, say, owned
by Brown, prepares one that is nearly up to the desired standard,
but only does a limited business, and another, Smith, does several
times as much, and can afford to print a catalogue that is nearly a
work of art, from the mechanical make-up and cuts contained, but
very inaccurate as to printed matter, how is the amateur grower go-
ing to know that Brown's is correct and that Smith spent all his
time and money preparing beautiful cuts and hiring a high-priced
printer to do the work? I am merely pointing out some of the
errors you are liable to find and giving a partial cause for them.

While a description might not be possible that would be suitable
for all districts in the United States, still a much more "standard"
one is possible, one that would describe the general size, form, color,
the flesh with regard to its color, texture, quality, and use, also the
trees, their form, habits and manner of growth.

The season of ripening would be the most difficult to ' ' standard-
ize," for what may be an early variety in one district becomes an
autumn or winter variety in another. The size, color and form also
change somewhat in the diflPerent localities, but a much more uni-
form description could be given if an effort along that line were
made.

The first thing needed in standardizing catalogues would be de-
scriptions worked up by the Division of Pomology of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture in co-operation with the Experiment Sta-
tions in the different states, the nurserymen and fruit growers so
as to have accurate data for the different districts as to color, size,
form, time of ripening, quality, use, etc. The Secretary of this
Society must realize the difficulty as he has had experience along
this line in trying to arrange a new quality rating and key for
apples where even districts in the same state have radically differ-

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ent ideas as to the quality, rating, etc., of certain varieties aud much
difReulty has been experienced by the judges and managers of large
apple shows on such points.

In discussing this matter with my friend, Secretary Ijake, I as-
sured him that I was in favor of such a move, but that if I spent
the time and money working up such a description, one that was
scientifically accurate (even if I had the ability to do so, which I do
not claim to possess) I feared I was so selfish that in place of giving
it free to the world, that I would copyright that book and prosecute
any nurseryman using it without first obtaining the right to do so
and giving full credit to its author.

It could hardly be expected that any one firm could afford to
spend the time and money necessary for such an undertaking and
then give the information to others free of charge, and for this
reason the Division of Pomology in co-operation with the pomolo-
gists at the various experiment stations is in a much better position
to do this detail work than any one else, as they have the organiza-
tion, a number of experts, and the machinery capable of doing it.

Nursery catalogues made from such descriptions would be like an
abridged work of reference on horticulture for the fruit grower and
one on which he could rely and which would be carefully preserved.

The nurserymen should be given the permission of enlarging on
the standard descriptions for such new specialties or varieties as
they deemed necessary, as a new variety needs a much more com-
plete history than some old one like the Northern Spy, Baldwin, etc.,
but these descriptions could be so printed as to show which part was
the accepted standard one, and which part was supplemental
thereto. In this way even old varieties could have supplemental de-
scriptions as to habits, desirability for certain districts, etc.

Sweet cherries, prunes, loganberries, etc., which are so prolific
and successful in certain localities, may be total failures in others.
By using good judgment many of these characteristics could be ex-
plained without making the catalogue over-sized, as the nurseryman
must avoid too bulky a book, or it will be merely a work of refer-
ence and not an advertisement to secure orders — the prime object
of all catalogues, whether for nursery stock or other articles.

A catalogue to be useful must be brief and if accuracy and merit
can be secured in about the same size a really standard one has been
secured.

Such works as Downing, Thomas, Apples of New York, Plums of
New York, while excellent work of reference, would be unusable
if supplied to nurserymen free of charge.

This point, size of the booklet, is the only one on which I an-
ticipate much opposition from nurserymen, that if left to the
scientists, too much information will be attempted, making it a work
of reference, rather than a nursery catalogue, therefore, in order to
secure its adoption, accuracy, terseness and brevity are three things
that must be the rule.

While this data is being prepared a fairly standard one could be

CONTROL OP APPLE DISEASES OP THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 49

prepared by nurserymen with the advice and assistance of the
Secretary of this Society, and of the Division of Pomology, and I
fully believe that all progressive nursery firms would work along
such lines if the matter was presented to them.

I might say that I am now revising our own catalogue and trying
to prepare a more standard description of varieties, and the rough
outline was submitted to Secretary Lake and, with certain sugges-
tions, approved by him. I am sorry that I am unable to be present
to explain more in detail than can be done in a paper without be-
coming tiresome. I find that the greatest difficulty is in securing
data for a Northwest catalogue. The most complete description of
apples at present is found in "Apples of New York," but unfor-
tunately many varieties change their habits of growth, season of
ripening, color, size or some other characteristic when planted in the
Northwest, and for the present, at least, it will be necessary to
specify for what state or district the description was standardized,
with an additional note for the section in which it is desired to sell
it or for other districts. This will always be necessary for firms do-
ing a large inter-state business, and I have not yet formulated a
plan that is entirely satisfactory to myself, but believe the sugges-
tion above probably might work for the present, as a standard de-
scription for any one district or state if so specified in the cata-
logue, accompanied by a supplemental note, would be much better
than the hap-hazard method of description used by many at pres-
ent without anything to show for what district the description was
prepared.

I would suggest that a resolution be adopted by this convention
requesting the Secretary of Agriculture to have this work taken up
by the Division of Pomology in co-operation with the horticultural
diWsion of each experiment station.

That a further resolution be adopted directing the Secretary of
this Society to request all nurserymen associations to take this mat-
ter up at once, and that the State Horticultural Societies be re-
quested to assist in gathering and preparing the data.

Let us make a start at this meeting, and if it takes Jten or twenty
years to develop it we are at least headed in the right direction.

THE CONTROL OF APPLE DISEASES OF THE APPALACHIAN BEOION.

Dr. H. S. Reed, California.

The practical, as well as the impractical, grower of fruit is fully
aware of the variety and severity of the plant diseases to which it
is subject. Unless the diseases are controlled, it is impossible to
produce marketable apples today.

Fruit growing is largely a question of healthy trees in a suitable
location. The location depends upon a suitable soil and exposure
subject to subsequent modification by tillage, application of fer-
tilizers and other operations under the control of the farmer. The
healthy tree is usually the result of the factors just mentioned com-

50 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

bined with sneh practices as pruning, spraying, and similar forms
of caretaking which are needed perennially. Unless the environ-
ment of the tree is suited to its development it is exceedingly diffi-
cult, if not impossible, to control orchard diseases. It cannot be
assumed, however, that proper location and cultivation alone will
insure freedom from disease. In fact, certain diseases, such as twig
blight, are more destructive to healthy, rapidly growing trees than
to trees of retarded growth of the same variety.

The increasing prevalence of many of the plant diseases is not
an unmixed evil. It is one of the safeguards against over-produc-
tion. If all orchards were healthy and producing normal crops of
fruit, over-production would be certain. Fortunately, or un-
fortunately, this is not the case. Many hundreds of acres of or-
chards are planted every year with the more or less certain fate of
being destroyed or stunted by the various plant diseases to which
they are subject. Even in fairly well tended orchards, a greater or
less percentage of the fruit falls a victim to diseases which destroy
its value for market and a certain portion of the fruit is destined to
fall to the ground where it decays or is used for by-products of
small value.

The epidemics of diseases which appear from time to time have
been a perplexing problem to many fruit growers. The question
naturally arises, "Whence come these injurious diseases and what
part have we in their distribution?" Most of our fruit diseases be-
long to one of two classes: First, those which have existed in the
country as more or less obscure diseases of native vegetation ;
second, those of other countries which have been introduced through
the channels of commerce. Some of the apple diseases of the eastern
United States belong to the first class, and were present as diseases
of the wild crab or related species before the introduction of im-
proved fruit. Examples of this may be seen in the twig blight and
the cedar rust. These diseases existed and may be found today on
the wild crab of North America. When improved varieties of ap-
ples were propagated and especially when careful methods of cul-
tivation brought about a rapidly growing tree, the organisms caus-
ing these diseases found much more suitable host plants and mul-
tiplied at a correspondingly greater rate. The communicability of
such diseases is also increased where large areas are planted abund-
antly with a given species or with a given variety of a single
species. Here the natural barriers which exist in nature, such as
isolation, are removed and the organisms find little if any hind-
rance in passing from one host plant to another over large areas.
The second class includes diseases such as the currant cane blight
introduced into this country from Europe, the chestnut bark blight
introduced from Asia, or the more recent citrus canker from the
Philippines. Doubtless many other fruit diseases which are now
firmly established and widely distributed, came from other conti-
nents at a time when no attention was paid to such matters and con-
sequently no record made of their introduction. This is undoubt-

CONTROL OP APPLE DISEASES OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 51

edly true of apple scab which is uniformly present both in Europe
and North America.

Another observation on the nature of these epidemics may be
made in passing, namely, the waves of disease which appear to pass
over the country at more or less frequent intervals. The present
year probably marks, for example, the crest of the wave of twig
blight in the eastern apple orchards. For the last five years the
infection and injury from this disease have been on the increase
until the past spring witnessed the complete destruction of the fruit
over a large district, the injury being pronounced even upon varie-
ties which ordinarily suffer little if at all from this disease. The
history of peach yellows shows a similar order of affairs. Several
years ago a destructive epidemic of this disease swept through the
Middle Atlantic States destroying thousands of acres of valuable
orchards. The disease seems to have more or less completely dis-
appeared at the present time and many young orchards are growing
thriftily in localities where this disease was at one time severe. It
cannot be doubted, however, but that the epidemic of this disease
will recur unless better means of control are devised for the future.
The reason for this state of affairs offers an inviting field for specu-
lation but it can only be speculation with our present incomplete
knowledge of the subject. Many times the disappearance of the
epidemic may be due to the death of suitable host plants and con-
sequent isolation of the survivors. In some cases it is hard to get
away from the belief that the trees acquire some sort of immunity
from the continued presence of the disease organisms in their tis-
sues. This immunity is probably temporary so far as we can judge
from results. It goes without saying that many epidemics are de-
pendent entirely upon weather conditions, which favor the growth
and dissemination of the disease producing organism. The appar-
ent freedom from infection may in such cases be traced directly to
weather conditions. This was observed in the case of the cedar
rust in the Shenandoah Valley in 1911, when, on account of a pro-
longed spring drought there was scanty opportunity for infection
of the apple foliage. Many persons concluded that the cedar rust
was a vanishing quantity and that the problem of control would
take care of itself. They were promptly disillusioned in the season
of 1912 when a period of rainfall during the susceptible stage of
apple foliage gave abundant opportunity for infection and re-
sulted in an injury of a half-million dollars in; the Shenandoah
Valley alone and possibly a like condition existed in the neighboring
states of West Virginia and Maryland.

Methods op Control.

In the discussion which follows an attempt will be made to point
out some of the more practical methods of controlling the orchard
diseases and of preventing the injury which follows from their
attacks.

52 proceedings of the american pomological societst.

Inspection.

Inspection, either State or Federal, is one of the successful means
of disease control but one which has been unfortunately too little
regarded in the past. The agricultural interests have appeared to
be "willing for immigrants of every character, both desirable and
undesirable, to come to our country. A more determined stand has
been taken by several of the states in which horticultural interests
are important and they have maintained rigid quarantine against
many of these unwelcome invaders. It is only recently, however,
that Federal inspection of imported plants has been initiated. Had
we had suitable inspection of this kind it might have been possible
to avoid the introduction of the San Jose scale, the chestnut bark
disease, and white pine blister rust, all of which are definitely
known to have been introduced in recent years from countries
naturally isolated from us.

Inspection methods are especially useful in the control of dis-
eases of nurserj^ stock. The best example of tliis type of work is the
inspection service of the various states for crown gall and hairy
root. It has been definitely proven that these diseases are con-
tracted in the nursery and that there is no means of curing or con-
trolling the disease in a tree which has once been infected.

Various states have laws requiring the inspection of orchards and
giving power to the official in charge to destroy or to direct the
destruction of infected trees. In most cases known to the writer,
the results of this work have not been so productive of good results
as the framers of that legislation hoped. Perhaps one of its great-
est values, however, has been the education of fruit growers and
a recognition of the harm which results from such diseases. There
is a type of mind, more or less common, Avhich will be convinced
of such facts more readily by legislation than by any amount of
scientific experiment or demonstration. At the present time the
inspection laws are serving the purpose of a loaded fowling piece
standing behind the kitchen door in maintaining law and order.
They are seldom called into use but their moral effect is wholesome
and restraining.

Pruning.

Pruning and disinfection of diseased trees is the most efficient
method of treating certain types of cankers and other diseases
which affect the woody portion of the trees. This method is to be
regarded as efficient so long as it removes centers of infection and
prevents dissemination of disease producing organisms to healthy
trees. The need of such kind of treatment is perpetual. The work
required can be done to best advantage during the winter when the
entire trunk and branch system of the tree inay be readily seen.
It is only necessary to emphasize the necessity for careful and
thorough work. It is not enough to remove the entire canker but
a portion of the adjoining healthy tissue should also be taken.

CONTROL OF APPLE DISEASES OF THE APPALACHLAN REGION. 53

The instruments used for such work should be frequently sponged
with a disinfecting solution which will prevent them from carry-
ing organisms to healthy tissue and producing infection. The sur-
faces of the wounds should also be washed with a disinfecting solu-
tion and when dry, covered with a protective coating such as graft-
ing wax or Bordeaux paint. In the case of such diseases as the bit-
ter rot of apples or the brown rot of stone fruits, which produce
mummies, it is advisable and in some cases absolutely indispensa-
ble that the mummied fruits be knocked off the trees and destroyed.

Eradication.

Eradication of diseased trees is simply carrying further the
remedies discussed in the last paragraph. This is required in the
case of highly infectious diseases such as the citrus canker or peach
yellows. Indeed, it is advisable in such cases to burn the tree in
place with the aid of oil rather than to attempt to cut it dov/n and
drag it out of the orchard, because in so doing, many growers have
communicated the disease to neighboring trees which came in con-
tact with the diseased tree on its way to the brush pile. Strictly
speaking, this is not a means of controlling disease because the dis-
eased tree is completely destroyed by the treatment. It must be
regarded rather as the removal of centers of infection which are
dangerous to neighboring healthy trees.

Only a small part of the benefits of eradication measures will be
experienced unless some type of community co-operation can be ob-
tained. Disease producing organisms know nothing of land titles
and pass Avithout hindrance from one orchard to another without
regard to ownership. A diseased tree in an adjoining orchard is
obviously just as dangerous as one on one's own land. If co-opera-
tion cannot be had, it may be necessary to secure legislation which
would insure the result under the oversight of a suitable official.
The twig blight disease previously mentioned is an illustration of
this matter. Since this disease is transmitted from one tree to
another through the agency of bees, it may travel to wide areas and
produce infection. It is, therefore, important to have the hold-
over canker removed from adjacent orchards. The case of the
cedar rust disease of apples affords a rather unique instance in the
history of this type of treatment since the disease is commimicated
to the apple from the native red cedar. It becomes necessary to
eradicate not the apple, but the cedar. In many cases, the owners
af the two are not the same person. For many reasons it is often
difficult to obtain consent from the owner of the cedar trees for the
destruction of the cedars, especially if it happens that he does not
grow apple trees. In many cases, it is therefore right that the
owner of the cedar trees should be compensated if he can show that
he has suffered actual loss from the destruction of his cedars. The
new state law in Virginia provides for suitable compensation in
cases where it can be shown that valuable property has been de-
stroyed. The damages are paid from the county treasury, the

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

amount being collected by tax on apple orchards in the district in-
volved. In other states, cedar trees may be cut without compensa-
tion. The eradication practice has recently had an interesting ap-
plication in the case of apple twig blight. Since the disease is
very abundant upon pear trees it can be shown in many cases that
the bulk of infection in apple orchards has come from neighboring
pear trees. The writer has been venturesome enough to advise the
destruction of pear trees in the neighborhood of badly blighted
apple orchards. In such apple orchards the amount of blight has
been reduced to a negligible quantity without resort to other means
of control. In such cases, of course, the apple crop was the money
crop of the orchard. The pears were planted largely for home use
or incidental sales.

Spraying.

The practice of spraying is so well known and so widely used that
it needs no detailed discussion to bring it to your attention. In
fact, when we speak of disease control the average person regards
it as synonymous with spraying. This means of control is the most
efficient one which we possess against diseases of foliage and fruit.
Some idea of the extent to which spraying is practiced may be
gathered from the sale of spraying material by the carload in im-
portant districts. Its efficiency depends upon the presence on the
foliage of a suitable poison at the time the spores of the disease
producing organism germinate. It can be shown by microscopical
observation that the w^eak poison kills the germ tube or young
mycelium of the fungus. For many years gardeners have followed
the practice of dusting plants with sulphur or other fungicidal
agents for the control of mildews and other epiphytic parasites. It
was not until the introduction of Bordeaux mixture by Millardet
that practice of spraying became practical enough to warrant its
use in a large way. Another discovery of almost equal importance,
made by Professor Cordley, of the Oregon Agriculture Experiment
Station, following his experiments in 1907, is that of dilute lime
sulphur as a summer spray.

From time to time the possibilities of dust spraying have been
tested in a practical way. This would be exceptionally desirable on
steep orchards. It is possible to prepare Bordeaux powder for or-
chard use and to apply it cheaply to the trees. If it could be made
as efficient as the liquid spray it would materially reduce the cost
of spraying. Unfortunately the results thus far obtained do not
warrant its use in a practical way. The weather conditions under
which the dust can be applied are much more limited than in the
case of the liquid spray. Absence of winds and the presence of rain
or dew in some form on the foliage are quite indispensable. Un-
fortunately, in the season when spraying must be done these condi-
tions are not always to be had.

The literature of the agricultural papers and bulletins of the
state experiment stations are well supplied with thorough studies

CONTROL OF APPLE DISEASES OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 55

upon the question of spraying and its relation to the control of
various diseases. It is not advisable to enter into details here, since
any adequate discussion would far exceed the limits of a single
paper. It may be proper, however, to suggest that orchard men
have overlooked the value of winter spraying. This practice is
frequently contined to the control of scale insects, but it may be
profitably used in many eases where scale insects are not present
since it kills the lichens and other types of vegetable growth which
frequently cover the branches of old trees. These plants do not
cause disease in themselves but they form a harbor for the spores
of numerous fungi which may prove very detrimental to the health
of the tree. A weak solution of lye or an oil spray, has proven
beneficial in many instances in maintaining a healthy bark and
promoting the health of the tree.

Tillage.

The various operations, such as cultivation, drainage, irrigation
and fertilization assist the growth of the tree and more or less
directly influence the disease control. As pointed out above, a vig-
orous tree is not necessarily free from disease. In fact, the oppo-
site is often the case. Nevertheless, many troubles may be traced
directly to improper tillage methods, as for instance, the case of
trees in wet soil. Such trees are almost invariably more susceptible
to root rot than trees on well drained land. A heavy sod in the
orchard unquestionably affords a harbor for fungus and insect
enemies. The hope of controlling plant diseases through the appli-
cation of fertilizers has not met with success in most instances.
Nevertheless, the question warrants study, in some cases at least.
Price, at the Virginia Experiment Station, has shown that pear
blight may be largely controlled by the application of potash and
phosphoric acid with the absence of nitrogen and cultivation. The
moisture content of the soil so far as it may be influenced by culti-
vation or irrigation is also important in instances where various
fruit troubles such as fruit spot or fruit pit are found. According
to our present knowledge, some of these troubles might be avoided
by maintaining a fairly constant water supply for the trees.
Sterilization of the soil by means of heat or chemicals oft'ers promis-
ing possibilities for the control of many root diseases. Future work
must show how this may be done economically.

Selection op Healthy Propagating Material.

The value of this practice is too obvious to require extended dis-
cussion. It has been shown repeatedly that the use of scions
or buds from diseased trees is responsible for the infection of
plants and trees with such diseases as crown gall and peach yellows.

56 proceedings of the american pomological society.

Working Varieties on Hardy Roots.

This method borders very closely upon the last one mentioned. It
has been found profitable in districts where collar blight is pre-
valent to work susceptible varieties on hardy roots. In these cases
the buds are inserted at least twelve inches above the surface of the
ground so that the susceptible wood shall be well above the place
likely to be infected. The California citrus growers have found
that the gummosis disease may be avoided by budding on stock of
the sour orange instead of the sweet orange.

Controlling Insects.

Many instances are known where insects are directly responsible
for the dissemination of plant diseases. Stewart of Cornell has re-
cently sho\\^l that blight is spread by the tarnished plant bug and
by sucking insects which have been in contact with the blight
bacteria. Unfortunately the transmission of blight by bees cannot
readily be controlled. In this, as in other cases, different means of
control will need to be devised.

Selection and Breeding of Resistant or Immune Varieties.

This means of disease control offers abundant opportunity for
profitable work. By this means it should be possible to avoid much
of the loss now suffered from plant disease. It is perhaps the most
permanent and satisfactory solution of the problem. Many of the
means of control discussed above, such as spraying, are to be re-
garded as a make-shift necessitated by our present incomplete
knowledge of better means of control. The writer does not be-
lieve that spraying will always be necessary. The time will come
when such crude methods will be left far behind. Valuable varie-
ties may be obtained by the selection of naturally resistant individ-
uals as is shown by the strain of cabbage resistant to yellows dis-
covered and propagated by L. R. Jones. Plant breeding for re-
sistance is one of the promising means of disease control. The
present status of horticultural varieties appears to an outsider to be
largely the result of chance crossing and subsequent selection for
productiveness, color or flavor. We see that marvelous improve-
ments have been made in the quality and productiveness of fruits
as a result. There is reason to believe that we might improve the
resistance or immunity of plants to as great an extent as we have
improved their quality and flavor. A publication describing the
work of Professor Hansen on breeding pears immune to blight has
been received in the last few days. The problem is necessarily diffi-
cult on account of the long time required from the hybridization of
the flower to the productive age of the offispring, but the result will
fully warrant the cost in time. Now that we have agricultural in-
stitutions established, as we hope, for the benefit of future genera-

THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST. bi

tions as well as our own, it is well worth undertaking some prob-
lems in this field. We know that we have varieties in hand which
are almost immune to certain diseases. AVith these at one's dis-
posal there would need to be little hesitancy in attempting to make
suitable hybrids, due regard being had, of course, to quality and
flavor as well as to hardiness. Unfortunately many of the varieties
which display resistance to disease are more or less undesirable as
a commercial proposition on account of lack of flavor, size, or other
characters which commend them to the consumer.

Each year that passes witnesses a more intelligent and, there-
fore, more successful light against the diseases of the orchard.

Much of the failure to control plant diseases is due to our im-
perfect knowledge of the causal organisms. We are trying to fight
enemies whose location and modus operandi are unknown, natural-
ly we cannot be entirely successful. A vast amount has been
learned in recent yeai-s, however. The science of plant pathology
in this country is only a quarter of a century old, yet we are re-
garded by other nations as among the foremost in the art of con-
trolling diseases of plants. (Prolonged applause.)

THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

Dr. W. W. Fitzgerald, California.

Mr. President and members of the Association, it gives me great
pleasure to address you on my experience with Vv'alnut culture on
the Pacific Coast. I am a humble practitioner of medicine, and like
your chairman, fourteen years ago, I was taken up Avith the walnut
tree when I was out here. And I conceived the idea of trying a few
grafts in my own section at Stockton, ninety- five miles from San
Francisco.

I met M'ith success, and conceived the idea of planting a grove
of walnut trees. As there was no grove in that section, and no one
to go to for advice, the general opinion was that you could not
grow walnuts in the interior of California, and as my tentative
experiments were a success, I continued them, and I have continued
until today.

The President : How many of them have you ?

Dr. Fitzgerald : In the last fourteen years I have been grafting
every year, until I have nearly every variety known in this state.
There are some others that have been bearing eight or ten years, to
test out the proper varieties. After I got started I put out seed-
ling trees and top grafted. I have one hundred acres in seedlings,
and this year sixty acres were planted with peaches, and grapes,
which, until this year paid well with the peaches — those in the peach
business this year need no explanation of why they do not pay this
year.

The Persian Walnut, often called the English, and sometimes the
California Walnut, is obtained mostly from France. Italy and a
few iiLferior nuts from Manchuria. We, the United States, import

58 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

about 15,000 tons annually, while California produces from six to
twelve thousand tons, mostly in Southern California. Although
plantings have been constantly increasing until now, it is only re-
cently accepted that walnut culture in Central California is a com-
mercial success. There are also many groves in the states of Ore-
gon and Washington, which in favorable localities are bearing
successfully.

At first only seedling trees were planted and in this way, the
different varieties were originated. For a long time it was thought
that the seedling trees were superior in thrift, vigor and productive-
ness, but like many other things, it was seen that when many of the
poorer trees were grafted over to better varieties, superior products
were harvested, and no well-informed grower would consider plant-
ing a seedling tree today.

While this gives groves of universal bearing, the stopping of
seedling plantings does not give us the opportunity of producing
new varieties. Walnuts have also been grown in a number of states
in the Union, but as a nile, not in commercial quantities. The wal-
nut industry is only in its infancy on this coast and far more so in
other states, as it is only recently that special attention has been
paid to the selection of root-stock and varieties -for different locali-
ties. Under favorable and normal conditions, walnut growing is one
of the most attractive, as well as remunerative horticultural pur-
suits. The trees requiring comparatively little care in comparison
with other deciduous fruits and subject to comparatively few pests
and diseases. The prices have always been good and first-class wal-
nuts have always sold at a premium. The walnut not being a per-
ishable crop, and not subject to many diseases, where proper varie-
ties are selected, it requires no special care to conduct a well-
established grove.

Climate.

The walnut tree will stand considerable freezing during its period
of dormancy, provided the trees do not suffer from excessive moist-
iire which keeps them growing during the late fall and winter;
suffering from lack of moisture during the summer also makes them
inore subject to freezing during their period of donnancy.

The walnut is affected in cases where the heavy frosts come on
suddenly in the early fall, where trees are still green and are not
yet in a dormant condition. As far as winter temperatures are con-
cerned, the trees are almost as hardy as any deciduous fruit. Thus
you see, it is very necessary to select a variety that comes out late
in the spring in a locality where you are apt to have late spring
frosts, and a variety that goes dormant early in the fall. By so
doing, walnut culture can be made a success in many different
localities.

At one time, it was thought that walnuts could not be grown suc-
cessfully in Central and Northern California on account of the
frosts, but we now know that it is not injured any more by frosts

THE PERSIAN WALNtIT INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 59

than the almond, apricot, peach or grape. Walnuts will stand con-
siderable heat, but sadden hot spells with a rise in temperature of
several degrees for two or three days will often cause sunburn.
Here again trees on good soil with plenty of moisture, are not
affected with these extreme hot spells as are trees on poor soil with
lack of moisture. Nuts with heavy hulls and trees with good foliage,
are better adapted for hot sections. Varieties that come out late
in the spring like the Eureka, Mayette, Franquette and Concord,
seem to produce better white-meated nuts and do not burn as easily
as the early varieties do in very hot climates.

Hot, dry weather at the time of blooming in the spring, is some-
times very disastrous to the setting of the nuts and long continued
rains during the period of pollenation often reduces the yield of
nuts. Walnuts can be grown in the mountain districts almost any-
where, except in high altitudes where spring and summer frosts are
of regular occurrence, so, generally speaking, in regard to climate,
walnut culture may be profitable wherever there is good soil and
good water supply, and proper varieties are chosen for the differeiit
localities, except in those much exposed to cold and in the high
altitudes where frosts are of regular occurrence.

Soil.

The walnut does best on a fairly heavy, deep, well-drained soil
with plenty of moisture. One cannot expect to make a success with
dry sandy soil or on a shallow soil underlaid with hard-pan,
although in many cases, a thin layer of hard-pan underlaid with
gravel, may be broken up with dynamite and the land made profit-
able for walnut culture.

While the walnut tree will stand considerable drought it will
grow much more rapidly and supply a greater crop of nuts where
there is good moisture conditions. On the other hand, too much
moisture in a soil that is not well drained is bad. Much also de-
pends on selecting proper roots for your soil conditions.

Stock.

The stock we use for grafting purposes, in the Northern Cali-
fornia black, the Southern California black, the Eastern or Ameri-
can black, the Royal hybrid root which is a cross between the Cali-
fornia black and the Eastern black, and the Paradox hybrid, which
is a cross between the Persian walnut and the California black.
The Southern California black makes a good root for the South,
but my experience with it in the northern part of the state, es-
pecially on heavy moist soil is that it does not do well ; the roots
being very susceptible to moisture. The Eastern or American
black is a good root, but it is too slow a grower, taking many years
to mature. The Northern California black makes a good root and
it is on this root that most of the walnuts are grafted. The Royal

60 PKOCl'-EDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

liybrid root, and when I speak of the hybrid root, I mean a first
generation cross between the Eastern and the California black, not a
cross of a Royal hybrid and a California black. These nuts are
procured only by hand poUenizing, unless, perhaps, an accidental
hybrid occurs once in a great while.

These I obtain by gathering the catkins of the California black
just as the pods — anthers — are ready to burst and expel the pollen.
I place them on large sheets of paper in the sun in some protected
place where the wind will not blow the pollen away. Care must be
taken that this pollen does not become damp, or the catkins allowed
to lie on the paper too long, as the moisture from them will destroy
the pollen. Then, after separating the pollen from the refuse of
the catkins and stems, I dry it thoroughly and place it in dry paste-
board boxes and keep it in a dry place until the pistillate blossoms
of the Eastern black, which comes out three or four weeks later, are
ready to receive the pollen, having previously removed the catkins
from the Eastern black. Then I place a quantity of pollen in sev-
eral folded thicknesses of gauze, tie this to the end of a long bamboo
fishing pole, and by this means I can dust the pollen over the sur-
face of the Eastern black walnut trees, so as to pollenize the pistil-
late blossoms. Then, after these nuts mature in the fall, I gather
them, sprout and plant them in the nursery the following spring.
These are first generation hybrids. Now, if I allowed one of these
nuts to grow^ up and make a tree, the nuts wliich that tree produced
would be second generation hybrids. Again, the nut from that tree,
if allowed to grow and produce a nut, would be third generation,
and so on. Of course, a few may be pollenized from trees in the
neighborhood, and these will have to be rejected when they come up
in the nursery row in the spring.

After they grow a short time in the nursery, it is easy to tell by
the character of the leaves and the rapidity of their growth which
are hybrids and which are not. The first generation of the Paradox
hybrid is procured in the same way, using the pollen from the Per-
sian walnut trees on California black. I have often heard people
say that a hybrid tree was not as good as or no better than the
straight California black. This is due to their using a second, third
or more generation nut. The most skeptical are convinced when
they see the first generation hybrids grow in the nursery alongside
of the straight or second and third generation trees. These hybrid
roots grow at least one-third faster, produce a tree earlier and give
larger crops, due to the increased size and vigor of the tree.

The Royal hybrid root is the best all-around root. It does well
in heavy soil and stands lots of moisture. The Paradox hybrid is
as vigorous a grower, but having the Persian walnut strain in it,
will not stand as much moisture as the Royal hybrid root. It is a
better root for light and dry' soils. Another thing which might af-
fect the Paradox hybrid root is the Oak root fungus which origi-
nated in the roots of Oak trees and affects most fruit trees. I have
known it to kill walnut trees on Persian walnut roots. It does not

THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 61

affect the Eastern, California or Royal hybrid roots. I know of no
case in which it has affected the Paradox root. I have had Paradox
hybrids planted in spots where the Persian was killed lo test this,
but it is too soon to say whether they will be affected or not. If I
should plant a walnut grove on land that had previously been cov-
ered with Oak trees, I would hesitate about planting the Paradox
hybrid, as it is too serious a matter to take a chance on having them
killed in ten or twelve years when you can plant the Royal hybrid
root and be positive of having no trouble. Another thing in top-
working your Paradox hybrid trees, the grafts and buds do not take
well on it. Many times you have to graft two or three times to get
them to grow. It is just as important to select your buds as it is
to choose the proper roots. The limbs of a tree vary as much as the
individual members of a large family. Buds should be selected not
only from the most thrifty and heavy bearing trees, but from indi-
vidual limbs on those trees that are good producers. While the
majority of limbs will produce true ; there are limbs that will pro-
duce inferior and irregular nuts, and they will also vary as the
amount and the times they will come into bearing. I know of
groves that bore very fair crops the third year after planting and
other groves planted eight years, that produced scarcely a nut. I
have taken buds from different limbs of a tree and top-grafted them
on different limbs of another tree, showing this variance. This is
all due to bud selection. You can easily see the difference between
success and failure in walnut culture b.y choosing the best that can
be produced, or planting any old kind of a walnut tree. It is un-
fortunate for the industry that many people, in planting walnut
groves first think of how cheap they can get a tree rather than of
how good a tree they can get. The first cost of the best tree that
can be produced is cheaper in the long run than the lowest priced
tree that you can buy, as with a low priced tree, it is a question
what you will have if you ever have anything. With the best trees
and proper conditions and care, you are positive of success.

The best way to produce a paying orchard of walnuts is to plant
nursery grafted trees. A few years ago it v/as thought the proper
way was to plant three or four nuts in the spots which the trees
Mere to occupy in the orchard, pick out the most vigorous tree that
started from these nuts and graft to the desired variety of the Eng-
lish walnut later on. Theoretically, this sounds very well. How-
ever, I know of no instance in which this method proved satis-
factory, as in some places there would be no trees developed and in
others each nut would produce a good tree. Another method, which
is better, but yet unsatisfactory, is transplanting the black walnut
seedlings in orchard form and top-grafting later. The disadvant-
age of this method is one common with that of planting the nuts in
place, namely, that it is impossible to obtain a uniform standard by
grafting the first year, and it will probably take three or four years
before all the trees have good tops, thus making your orchard un-
even. Then, to, in top-grafting on vigorous roots, the grafts grow

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL. SOCIETY.

very rapidly and thriftily, making them top heavy and easily blown
off by the wind, making considerable expense and much work to
keep your grafts from blowing out. The best way to top-graft in
the field is to let the trees grow a tew years until they attain consid-
erable size, then graft about one-third of the tree each year. It will
take three years to work your trees over, but you will not have the
trouble of their blowing off and will not shock your tree. It is not
much of a shock to a one-year-tree to cut it off and graft it, but the
older the tree, the more shock it produces to cut off all the top for
grafting. When you figure up the time and expense of top-working
your trees in the field they are much more expensive than planting
nursery grafted trees. Then too, the scientific nurseryman does not
graft any but his best trees, and if they do not make a good growth
after being grafted in the nursery, they are rejected. I know of
several besides myself who have tried top-grafting in the field as
well as planting nursery grafted trees, and I have yet to find the
man who has tried this on any large sq^le who would plant anything
but nursery grafted trees. Of course, a small percentage of nursery
grafted trees that are transplanted, will fail to grow and will have
to be replanted, the following season. These failures are so few
under proper conditions, that they are not noticeable in the orchard.

Varieties.

One can consider the walnut industry with impunity until he
comes to the subject of varieties. Then he will receive opinions
galore. Most men with seedling groves have some particular tree
which they consider superior to any other variety. Then, too, a
man who is growing some particular variety, thinks that that is the
only one, either because he has not had experience with other varie-
ties, or because they do not do so well in his particular locality.
In considering the different varieties of walnuts, we have to keep in
mind several things, as soil, climate and moisture conditions.

It is true that we can regulate moisture conditions, but soil ana
climate we cannot change ; so, in considering the different varieties,
we must keep in mind where they are to be grown, and the character
of the soil they are to be grown on, as some of our best varieties that
produce good white-meated nuts in a cof^ler climate, will produce
inferior nuts in a verj^ hot climate.

The first thing to be considered in judging the different varieties
of walnuts is their producing qualities. I do not mean by this a
larger producer of an inferior nut, but a heavy bearer of a good
quality nut. A tree that produces only a few very fancy nuts is not
to be considered commercially. A fancy variety may bring a few
cents a pound more, and may make up what it would lack in the
number of pounds it would produce, providing it was not too shy a
bearer. A fancy variety producing only from fifty to seventy-five
pounds on full bearing trees at twenty-five cents per pound, would
not compare favorably with a variety whicli produces two hundred

THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY OP THE PACIFIC COAST. 63

to three hundred pounds at twelve to fifteen cents per pound. The
relation between the quality of nuts and the quantity of nuts pro-
duced should be carefully considered in choosing a variety for
planting, especially as the demand is increasing for fancy stock.

One should not judge a variety by the fine appearance of a
picked sample of nuts without considering the quantity in which
they are produced. The best variety is one that will produce an-
nually a large crop of the most desirable type of nuts. Unfortun-
atelj^ we do not have all the good qualities in any one variety, or
we would not be discussing this subject today. We have to choose
a heavy producer with a good quality of nut. One important point
is that young trees often produce larger nuts than the,y do after the
tree becomes older, so one should judge nuts from a tree that has
been bearing for a few years.

We should also consider the age in which the tree comes into
bearing, as great differences exist in different varieties as to what
age they begin bearing. Some varieties begin to produce nuts even
in the nursery and give a commercial crop within three years from
planting in the orchard, while other varieties are several years later
in coming into bearing.

The next important consideration is that of the size and weight
of the nut. The size for commercial number one grade walnuts are
those which will not pass through a one-inch square opening, while
those above one and three-sixteenths inches, which are generally
considered as budded nuts, bring considerably more per pound, and
the demand is growing for this size of nut.

The weight of the nut is equally important since this varies
widely in nuts of the same size. Some of the largest varieties are
considerably lighter in weight than others in which the nuts are
smaller. A desirable nut should be well filled with plump white
meat without too much air space between the shell and the meat.
A comparatively heavy shell is more desirable than a very light one,
since the nut is better protected from being mashed in handling and
less susceptible to perforation disease, which' is one of the most
serious troubles of the walnut grower in recent years. It consists
of a non-development of the outer hard layer of shell. The hard
shell is not actually perforated, but rather fails to develop. This
disease has become more prevalent in the last few years and affects
principally the one with very thin, soft shells ; the ones with harder
shells not being affected. Nuts that are prone to crack easily, and
have a fine light shell, are more or less injured in handling, thus
contaminating the nut.

It is also to be considered that since walnuts are sold by the
pound, the heavier the shell, the greater the weight, and the more
the returns for a given number of nuts. The leading walnut on the
world's market is known as the Grenoble. Strictly speaking, the
Grenoble means a Mayette variety. It is not a very long nut, some-
what broader at the base than at the apex. This is not very import-
ant, however, since the smoothness, symmetry and uniformity of

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the nuts affect their appearances more than their shape. An ideal
nut should be quite smooth, free from outside ridges and other ir-
regularities of surface, and all nuts should be of the same general
shape and appearance, thus giving them uniformity and individu-
ality. A variety in which the nuts are decidedly uniform so that
the variety is easily distinguished and recognized even to the con-
sumer, has a marked advantage over one in which the nuts are of all
sorts of shapes, so that only an expert could distinguished the
variety from others.

The color of the shell is not important, as the trade demands
bleached nuts even though they may have an attractive appearance
without bleaching. By being bleached, they are all brought to about
the same color. The quality of the meat is also of considerable im-
portance, as nuts with the lightest colored meat are considerably
more desirable, while those that are dark, even though plump and
of good color are discriminated against. There is no doubt but
that the dark-meated varieties Avill become more objectionable as
more of the lighter colored ones are produced. The flavor of the
meat varies considerably in the different varieties and is of much
importance in a high class fancy trade. Although commercially
there is not much importance placed on their flavor except when
they are bitter, and this is the most undesirable quality and should
be guarded against in choosing the variety and in formulating an
idea of what constitutes an ideal walnut.

The most important qualifications in a variety from a strictly
commercial standpoint is that it should be a uniformly large pro-
ducer of nuts. The majority of which will not pass through a one
and three-sixteenths inch square mesh, well sealed even though hard
shelled, and should be uniformly weU filled with meat of light, yel-
lowish-brown color or not darker than light brown or amber. For a
fancy trade, the nut should be of an attractive uniform shape and
color, with a fairly smooth surface and particularly high quality,
Mith agreeable flavored meat, and with no bitterness.

The next important consideration is the choosing of a variety that
is resistent to blight. This being a bacterial disease which affects
the young growth when it first puts out and requires for its devel-
opment, moist weather conditions.

It is not as yet ver>' prevalent in Northern and Central California
on account of the drier atmosphere and also because the groves are
young and they have not as j'et been infected with the blight. For
many years, they did not have blight in Southern California, but it
is sure to come in any locality in time.

While, as I said, it is not very prevalent in Northern and Centrol
California, as yet, still, in localities where the infection has been
introduced, the seedling trees have considerable blight so that it
behooves a planter to give due and timely consideration to walnut
blight in selecting a variety.

As a rule, the late blossoming varieties are free from blight as
they come into blossom when the weather is drier and the blight can

THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 65

make little lieadway, while t)ie earlier varieties blossom during a
moist season on account of rain and fogs, which is a favorable period
for it« development. Certain varieties are spoken of as being im-
ramie to blight, but while there is not such a thing among walnuts as
absolute immunity, when conditions are favorable for the develop-
ment of blight, yet some trees do show quite a marked resistance
and should be given precedence on this account. Their marked
resistance is on account of their great vigor and because they start
out late in the spring, avoiding the moisture which is necessary to
develop the bacteria which attack on the young nuts and new
growth.

There are many seedlings of promise scattered throughout the
state, both of the Santa Barbara soft shelled type and the French
varieties which are being carefully watched. The University of
California has for a number of years done much in ^is line through
Professor Ralph E. Smith, and now Professor Batchelor is following
in that line of work. Besides, there are a number of individual
growers who for years have been tiying out promising seedlings,
but up to date the leading varieties for Southern California are
the following :

Placentia, Eureka. Neff, El Monte, Prolific, and Chase. In
Northern and Central California, Oregon and Washington, the
varieties that come out later in the spring are the best, such as the
Eureka, Franquette, Mayette and Concord. The Payne is also a
variety which is coming into prominence in localities which are not
subject to blight.

These varieties all have their good and bad points and, as I have
said, there are many who are constantly on the watch for new
varieties, and some besides myself, I presume, w^ho are developing
new varieties by crossing some of our best walnuts. I have some
very promising new varieties, but as the trees have to be under ob-
servation for a number of years before it can be proved, I do not
wish to be too sanguine.

Planting.

After you have selected your varieties, on the proper root, then,
when you obtain your trees, heel them in moist soil until you are
ready to plant. Trees should not be left lying around with the roots
exposed. It is useless to plant during the cold months of the win-
ter, as the roots will not start to grow and are liable to become sour
from the cold, damp earth, but in the spring when the ground be-
gins to get w^arm, it is natural for plant growth to put forth.
Roots should be about eighteen to twenty inches long. If too
long, they rot due to soil being too cold and wet. Make a fresh cut
on the under side of each root and spread them out in their natural
position in the hole where they are to be planted. The hole should
be dug large and deep if it has not been dynamited. Put in to]>
earth at first and see that it is filled in well around the roots. The
earth should be tramped thoroughly, being careful not to bruise

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the roots with your boots. The top six inches that is filled should
not be tramped. Previous to planting, the tops should be cut off,
and waxed, about twelve inches above the ground, according to the
number of buds on the lowest part of the trunk of the tree. After
these buds make a growth of four to six inches, I select the most
thrifty one to make the butt of the future tree, and pinch off the
tops of each of the other limbs. This will stop their growth and
leave them with a few leaves to shade the butt of the tree. The
tree will probably make a growth of four to twelve feet the first
season.

Pruning.

As a rule, the next year they will not make so much growth in
height, but will throw out side branches. When they fail to throw
out side branches, it is well to top them about seven or eight feet
above the ground. This will force out the side branches. The only
other pruning that is necessary is to cut off the limbs that are too
low and any limbs that would cross and chafe against each other.
Of course, after the tree gets older and is in bearing, the limbs
should be pruned to open up the center, allowing the sun and air to
go through the tree, the same as with other fruit trees. The
amount of pruning required by the walnut, however, is very little
compared with other deciduous fruits.

Distance op Planting.

As the walnut tree continues growing for many years and event-
ually makes a large spreading top, the trees should not be planted
too close together. Most of the old groves in Southern California
are planted entirely too close. In most instances, groves have pro-
duced more nuts after every other row has been taken out. Fifty
to sixty feet looks a great distance with small trees, but as the years
go by and the trees get their growth, this is none too much. With
vigorous growing varieties on heavy soil, sixty feet apart is none
too far, although fifty feet with less vigorous varieties and on lighter
soil is all right. It is generally desirable in planting walnuts to
inter-plant with something in order to receive some remuneration
while the walnuts are coming into bearing. With the principal
trees planted sixty feet apart, some variety of walnut that comes
into bearing early and does not make a large growth may be inter-
planted one way, thus making your trees sixty by thirty. Walnuts
being deep rooting trees, do not interfere with each other at that
distance until the tops of the trees get large enough to touch, and
being sixty feet apart one way, gives plenty of air, so you can plant
them this way for a number of years and receive a few crops of
nuts until the trees are large enough to interfere with each other,
when the inter-planting can be taken out. Peaches, grapes and ber-
ries are often used for inter-plantings. Beans also are an admirable
crop to inter-plant with as they are a benefit to the soil and quite

THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 67

remunerative. Sugar beets are sometimes used, the tops being left
on the ground to be plowed under. This is an advantage. Alfalfa
ig good to inter-plant, but one must leave a strip to be plowed six
or eight feet on each side of the trees, otherwise the alfalfa would
rob the walnut trees of moisture. Of course, proper irrigation
must be had under these conditions, especially with alfalfa.

Cultivation.

The soil should be plowed and cultivated to conserve the moisture,
different characters of soil requiring different methods of cultiva-
tion. Fertilizing and the growing of cover crops, suitable to the
soil and location, between the trees to be plowed under, is a benefit
to the soil and a help in conserving the moisture.

The walnut tree, while not dependent on constant irrigation, like
most deciduous trees which are more shallow rooted, is at the same
time a large consumer of water and needs plenty of moisture for
its successful development. While it may be grown without irriga-
tion where there is a good rainfall and the moisture is covered, by
proper cultivation, yet it is necessary in dry years to irrigate it,
and while it grows quite well and produces good crops without irri-
gation, it grows better and produces better ci'ops where it has
proper irrigation and drainage. As I have said before, trees with
sufficient moisture conditions are not so apt to be aft'ected by frosts
and die back, and naturally the nuts are better filled and the trees
produce more fruit buds for another season. Then too, the hulls
will crack open, letting the nuts fall more readily if an irrigation is
given at the proper time, especially in the warm, dry climates. On
the coast where they have fogs at this time, it is not necessary to
irrigate.

Harvesting.

Under proper conditions, the hulls crack and the nuts fall on
the ground. In case there are a few that do not drop, they are
easily shaken off by using a long pole with a hook in it to shake the
limbs, after which they are easily picked up and put in sacks. They
are then hauled to the shed and washed to remove the dirt and
hulls that may adhere to them. This is generally done in large
drums that are made of wire netting which revolve slowly in a
stream of water. Then they are placed on trays in the sluule to dry.
In moist localities, they are usually dried with artificial driers.
Then, in Southern California, they are taken to tiie packing houses
where they are graded and marketed. The California Walnut
Growers Association of California handles at least seventy-five per
cent of the output of this state. (Prolonged applause.)

[A series of twenty-nine very interesting lantern slides, illustrat-
ing in particular the character of growth and behavior of the vari-
ous stocks, was presented, together with brief explanations of the
merits of Royal, Paradox and California black stocks ; the appear-
ance of inter-planted orchards, young and old bearing trees, toj)-
worked trees, blight affected trees, and types of nuts.] — Secreiarij.

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE OLIVE INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

A Brief History.

B. B. Meek, California.

It is interesting to note that it was during the stirring days im-
mediately preceding the American Revolution that the olive, the
historical emblem of peace, M'as first introduced into California by
the early Spanish Fathers. Many of the olive trees planted by
these sturdy missionaries in their mission gardens are still alive and
producing bountiful crops. From these trees was propagated the
most popular variety of pickling olive we have today — that known
as the "Mission" variety. Surely to these Mission Fathers we owe
a deep debt of gratitude.

But it was not until about a generation ago that there occurred
an awakening as to the commercial possibilities of the olive culture,
and then, in many parts of the State, stimulated by nurserymen and
promoters, a large acreage was planted. However, little or no care
was given to the selection of varieties, with the result that when
these orchards reached a bearing age many of them were found to
contain almost all known varieties of olives, pickling varieties, oil
varieties and varieties good for neither purpose.

Again, soil and climatic conditions were not given due considera-
tion. Many groves were planted in the coast regions, where the
moist atmosphere encouraged scale, and where the yield was found
to be irregular.

But oil was inade and green olives were pickled and the commer-
cial history of olive culture in California was begun. However, it is
doubtful if the oil and the green pickled olive could ever have placed
the olive industry on the horticultural map of California. It re-
mained for the pickled ripe olive to revolutionize the industry, and
to give to California a climatic corner on a new and delicious form
of a food famed for centuries in the Old World for its nourishing
and healing value.

Long years of tedious experimenting for a pickling process that
would retain m the ripe olive its rich, oily flavor, preserve it in-
definitely for Eastern shipment and not destroy its beautiful, deep
purple color, were followed by long, trying years of discouraging
and costly attempts to educate the people to its exceptional food
value and to introduce the delicious product to the markets through
the country ; }>ut so well done was the work of these pioneers in the
building of thics industr}^ and so meritorious their cause, that today
the gospel of the California ripe olive is being spread by enthusiastic
food experts, by physicians and by magazine writers throughout the
entire civilized world.

And thus, while the introduction of the ripe olive began only a
few years ago, the expansion of the market has been phenomenal.

The early promiscuous planting served the purpose of disclosing
the best commercial varieties, and of determining the ideal soil and
climatic conditions.

THE OLIVE INDUSTR-V OF THE I'ACIPIC COAST. 69

More recently a great improvement has been made in the cul-
tural methods. It is now an established fact that the olive tree
responds ^vell and continuously to good cultivation, to regular irri-
gation, to consistent pruning, and to the application of suitable
fertilizers in adequate quantities and in proper season ; and that if
it be cultivated negligently or not at all, it will not bear remunera-
tive crops. It is known that the olive in a state of nature is not
exacting in respect to soil ; it establishes itself on the sides of moun-
tains among clefts of rocks and amid loose stones scarcely less well
than in the richest and best watered of garden soils. But when it
comes to the cultivation of the olive for profit, conditions of climate,
soil, irrigation, tdlage and fertilization have to he carefully studied.

Soil.

It has been demonstrated that the olive will thrive best in a
light, friable, well aerated, warm and well, but not necessarily
deeply drained soil, rich in lime and potash contents and that it will
yield scanty crops of fruit of poor quality in heavy, clayey or ill-
drained soils. The olive requires less water than many other trees
on account of its sparse foliage and strong root system. It will
not, however, produce heavy yields in a soil lacking in moisture.
Excepting in rare cases, monthly irrigation during the dry season
is necessary for big fruit and a regular yield. This must not, how-
ever, be excessive and the water level must be kept low, otherwise
the quality of the crop will be inferior, the yield irregular and the
tree subject to disease. In many rich, loamy soils, a good tree
growth can be obtained without irrigation, but inequalities and in-
termittency of yield to which the olive is subject under certain con-
ditions, make the growing of the product unprofitable in these
localities.

Climate,

In the coast regions of California, subject to the fog and cool sea
breezes, the tree is generally diseased, the yield irregular and the
fruit of poor quality. A dry, warm atmosphere is absolutely
essential.

It is unwise to plant olive trees in any region where the tempera-
ture often falls below twenty degrees. The olive tree has survived a
temperature of ten degrees in California, but the fruit may be in-
jured by a fall in temperature to twenty-eight degrees. This tends
to render unprofitable the growing of the olive in localities where
the ripening season extends into the later winter months.

Thus, the climate restricts the district available for olive culture.

Varieties.

Of the numerous pickling varieties of olives, the Mission is gen-
erally considered the best all-around variety. The tree is of great
longevity, the fruit is large and of uniform size, and contains a

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

large percentage of oil. The meat is firm, both before and after
pickling, and hence does not bruise easily in handling. The Mis-
sion is a regular and prolific bearer under conditions adapted to it.

The Manzanillo is the variety next in popularity. Its tendency
to soften as it approaches maturity is not in its favor; while its
early ripening and heavy yield commend it.

The larger varieties, principally the Sevillano and the Asealano,
are favorably considered in some localities.

In soil, climate and varieties then, the experimental stage has
been passed, and the olive industry occupies a peculiarly secure
position.

Territory.

There are approximately 25,000 acres of olives (bearing and non-
bearing) in California. This is only a small fraction of the acre-
age in peaches, prunes, apricots, apples or oranges, for instance, in
California, and these products are grown in other states, and in
other countries throughout the world, while California alone pro-
duces practically the entire world crop of pickled ripe olives; and
on account of the combination of climatic and soil conditions, the
future production of the pickled ripe olive commercially, will prac-
tically be confined to California.

There are thousands of acres of land in the foot-hill sections of
Northern and Centra] California, where climatic and soil condi-
tions are ideal for olive culture, that would not grow any other
product profitably.

Special. Features op the Industry.

Olive growing is especially attractive for many reasons. The
olive is the only fruit-bearing tree whose producing qualities do not
deteriorate with age. In fact, they appear to increase as far as we
have any record. Many olive trees in California, which are known
to have been planted more than one hundred years ago, are today
producing a larger quantity of better olives than when they were
younger. And in Europe and Asia the trees are still producing at
the remarkable age of several hundred years.

Besides its wonderful longevity, the olive is remarkably free
from pests, in fact, entirely so in portions of the Sacramento
Valley.

With consistent care, it is a regular and prolific bearer.

Another important feature is that the entire crop can be utilized.
Fruit too small for pickles, and frozen or otherwise damaged fruit,
can be used for oil and other by-products.

As a delightfully healthful, nourishing food, the ripe olive can-
not be surpassed, and the number of uses to which it can be suc-
cessfully put is constantly increasing — as a substitute for indigesti-
ble mui^rooms, for instance.

THE OLIVE INDTTSTRV OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 71

The development of the market has hardly been begun. To illus-
trate this : If New York City ate as many olives per capita as the
little town of Oroville does, California, with its present acreage,
could not supply this large center alone.

And, lastly, but of prime importance, an olive grove is a sure,
consistent, everlasting revenue producer, and is indeed, as the old
Spanish proverb has it, "A gold mine on top of the ground. ' '

Care of Orchard.

The orchard should be plowed and cross-plowed early in the
spring of each year, thereby permitting the warm air to quickly
reach the roots of the trees ; this induces an early growth of the
trees. Any cover crop can be turned under at this time.

The spring application of commercial fertilizer should be broad-
casted or drilled in just ahead of the plow.

After the ground has been plowed it should be thoroughly pul-
verized by the use of a harrow or other device.

Bearing trees should be irrigated once a month and young trees
oftener. The irrigating season usually begins in May and lasts five
months.

The most critical time in respect to the crop is the period during
and immediately following the flowering time ; care should be taken
during this period that the ground is sufficiently moist.

Olive orchards require nothing exceptional in the way of culti-
vation. During the summer months the orchard should be kept
free from weeds, which sap the soil of its moisture, and the surface
of the ground should be kept well pulverized. Cultivation both
ways should follow each irrigation as soon as the land is dry
enough to permit of it. Cultivation should cease about September
first.

In some sections of California it is a general practice to put on
artificial fertilizer in two applications; one in the spring and one
in the fall. The fall planting of a cover crop is also recommended.
Manure can be applied to the best advantage after summer cultiva-
tion ceases.

Pruning is a very important factor. When set out in the orchard
the nursery tree should be topped back to about eighteen inches
from the ground, leaving four to six laterals near the top cut back
to about four inches, and stripped of all leaves. Probably twice a
year for the next three years, the young tree should be pruned —
during this period the shape of the tree is determined and the prun-
ing is done with this idea only in mind. To prevent the tree from
getting too thick and to encourage the growth of fruit wood, light
annual pruning thereafter is important.

72 proceedings of the american pomological society.
Cost of Planting and Care per Acre.
Based on a unit of forty acres of average land (cleared).

FIRST year cost.

Preparing ground $15.00

Trees, 55 per acre, at fifty cents 27.50

Planting trees 7.50

Water 5.00

Irrigating, cultivating, pruning 15.00

Superintendence 5.00

Total $75.00

second year.

Care $15.00

Water 5.00

Superintendence 5.00

Total $25.00

THIRD year.

Care $15.00

Water 5.00

Superintendence 5.00

Total $25.00

fourth year.

Care $20.00

Wat^r 5.00

Superintendence 5.00

Total $30.00

Total $155.00

Probable Yield.

A yield of five pounds per tree can be expected the fourth year,
and from ten to fifteen pounds per tree the fifth yesiV. increasing
annually thereafter. Sixty to seventy pounds per tree can be ex-
pected the tenth year.

In respect to yield, the following is interesting data from Butte
County groves :

THE OLIVE INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 73

Mr. Onyett's grove of 155 trees yielded: Seventh year (1907),
3^2 tons; eighth year (1908), 4 tons; ninth year (1909), 4i^ tons;
tenth year (1910) 5i/4 tons; eleventh year (1911), 5% tons; twelfth
year (1912), 6 tons; thirteenth year (1913), 4^/2 tons; fourteenth
year (1914), 7 tons.

Mr. Lang's grove of 180 trees was planted in May, 1904. It
shows a record of nearly twenty pounds per tree the fourth year
after planting, forty pounds the fifth, thirty pounds the sixth, sixty-
five pounds the seventh, eight pounds the eighth, thirty pounds the
ninth, and one hundred and twenty pounds per tree the tenth year.

Mr. Fogg on forty acres had a yield of one hundred and seventy
tons in 1911, twenty-five tons in 1912, seventy tons in 1913, one hun-
dred and sixty tons in 1914. Mr. Reardon on his four and a half
acres grew fourteen tons in 1911, eight and a half tons in 1912,
sixteen and a half tons in 1913, and seventeen and a half tons in
1914.

The twenty acres of Old Orchard on the Meek and Gray Ranch
bore a crop of thirty tons in 1911, forty-five tons in 1912, fifty tons
in 1913, and one hundred and thirteen tons (5.6 tons per acre) in
1914.

There are records of many twenty-year-old trees and older in
Butte County yielding from 250 to 650 pounds of olives per tree.
Such tremendous yields show the unusual possibilities for individ-
ual effort in increasing the yield.

Harvesting and Handling Fruit.

Harvesting of the pickling varieties usually begins early in Octo-
ber and lasts about two months. The olive maices the best pickle
if pickled when it is red to purple in color. Olives for oil purposes
are permitted to remain on the trees until black in color and are
harvested during the later winter months.

Pickling olives are handled very carefully to prevent bruising.
They are hand-picked and if carried any great distance to the pack-
ing house, are transported in huge vats of water or in the pickling
solution of lye.

At the packing house they are graded for size — the larger sizes
are placed in the pickling vats and the small sizes sent to the oil
room. It takes three to four weeks for the processing of a pickled
olive. The essential in turning out a first-class product is care.
Mrs. Ehmann, frequently spoken of as the Mother of the Pickled
Ripe Olive has achieved her remarkable success principally by the
exercise of this homely virtue.

By-Peoducts.

The largest by-product at present is the oil made for table use
from the oil varieties and from the undersized pickling varieties.
Next in importance is the oil extracted from the pulp by means of

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

gasoline — this oil is used in the manufacture of soaps. The refuse
from the plant is used as a fertilizer.

The most promising by-product is olive paste. This is still in the
experimental stage but is meeting with great favor.

Summary.

However, if the olive industry in California is to gain the im-
portant place it logically deserves :

First, the state must do for the olive what it has done for other
fruits — establish an experimental station, and experiment in prun-
ing, fertilization, cross-pollination, etc., and for larger sized and
earlier ripening fruit.

Second, oil must be considered as a by-product only.

Third, the growers must give their orchards better and more con-
sistent care, thereby increasing the proportion of good quality pick-
ling fruit ; and the prospective growers must plant proven varieties
in proven districts, according to proven methods.

Fourth, the market now so undeveloped must be enlarged to
keep pace with the increase of production, by standardizing the
pack, by a co-operative and consistent campaign of advertising, and
by a systematic campaign of education as to the diversified uses of
the olive and its by-products.

Fifth, for the past three years, perhaps, we have been trying to
strangle the goose that lays the golden eggs by cramming tasteless
green olives down its throat. This year's carry-over stock is largely
the result of this short-sighted and unfortunate policy. And, there-
fore, above all the growers and packers must combine to the end
that ripe olives, and ripe olives only, are pickled, and the pickling
of green olives sold under a ripe olive label forever stopped.

Upon the ripe olive, how it is grown, how cured, and how mar-
keted, depends the future of the olive industry in California ; and
the olive industry can become one of the biggest and most import-
ant fruit industries in the state. (Prolonged applause.)

Discussion.

The President : I want to commend you on the completeness of
the paper, Mr. Meek. I think anyone who wanted to undertake the
cultivation of the olive could not do better than secure a copy
of your paper which would give him all the information he needed.

Mr. Hutt : "What is the comparison in fruit value ?

Mr. Meek : The green olive is six to ten per cent of oil, and the
ripe olive gives twenty-five to forty per cent of oil. After the green
stage, the olive turns a light yellow, and the oil content develops
very quickly during the last ten days of its ripening.

Mr, Hutt: The principal food value coming through ripening,
as I understand, is the additional oil derived.

Mr, Meek : Yes,

STATUS OF THE ALMOND INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 75

Mr. Pomeroy: How does the food value of the olive compare
with the Avoeada?

Mr. Meek : I do not know. The Avoeada is very rich, but I do
not know exactly the percentages.

Mr. Pomeroy : What do the growers consider a satisfactory price
for the olive?

Mr. Meek : There is no limit. We want all we can get. We con-
sider that our small sizes this year will not bring as much as before.
We expect a lower price, but if it drops under one hundred dollars,
then we will feel badly.

Mr. Condon : The Avoeada fat contains twenty-nine and one-
tenth per cent oil, ranging upward to thirty-three to thirty-five per
cent. The olive runs higher than that in some varieties.

The President : Would you consider them nearly equal ?

Mr. Condon : I would, yes.

Dr. Stewart : Does the Olive Association recommend that they
pickle only ripened olives?

Mr. Meek : I am quite sure they recognize the necessity of stop-
ping the pickling of any but ripe olives. The green olive has been
pickled to sell as a ripe olive, and we are not able to compete with
Southern Europe on the pickling of the green olive ; so, to make
money, we must confine ourselves to the ripe olive. In Southern
Europe they have not been able to produce a pickling ripe olive.
They soften too much, and they are obliged to pickle them while
green.

Mr. Condon : Has the speaker noticed the different variations
in Mission olives. There is some evidence that the first olives raised
in California were raised from seed.

Mr. Meek : There is a difference in the fruit and in the character
of the tree ; there are many similarities between the different kinds
of Missions. The leaves are longer in some cases, and the firuit is
more nearly spherical, something like Manzanillo in many cases.

I think the same care will bring about the same general products.
That is open to question. I have noticed that trees of Mission olives
that were considered to bear small fruit always, have come out won-
derfully under a proper sort of care.

Mr. Dumas : What does it cost to pick olives?

Mr. Meek: Fifteen to twenty dollars per ton; the average is
seventeen and a half; that is for the pickling varieties. The oil
varieties average ten dollars per ton. (Extended applause.)

THE STATUS OF THE ALMOND INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

George W. Pierce, California.

As far back as authentic history takes us we read of the almond.
It is frequently referred to in Scripture and has played no small
part in ministering to the needs and pleasures of mankind. Its food
value is important and its bloom, following closely on the heels of
winter, has probably appealed to the esthetic side of man more
strongly than has the bloom of any other orchard tree.

76 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE AMEBICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The almond is supposed to be a native of Asia, but it has been
under cultivation so long, over an area so extensive in Europe, Asia
and Africa, the cradle of mankind, that its origin is a matter of con-
jecture. Certain it is, however, that around the shores of the Medi-
terranean Sea, where a mild and temperate climate prevails, the
almond both in its wild and cultivated states has flourished for
many centuries. It is referred to in the Bible we are told under the
name ' ' shaked, ' ' meaning to hasten. One might easily imagine that
its extreme haste in blossoming before winter is wholly over may
have suggested its name. The famous rod of Aaron, mentioned in
Numbers, was taken from an almond tree. So, too, the rod cut by
Moses, that afterwards became a serpent when cast down, was an
almond branch. There are also many Biblical references to the
beautiful pink bloom of the almond. It has been long a favorite
of the Jewish people, being used extensively by them in the decora-
tion of their sjTiagogues.

Many sections of California have established beyond question
their ability to produce almonds in commercial quantities. Experi-
ments have made known the necessary requirements of soil and
climate. That certain freedom from frosts, so essential during the
early growing period has been found. The general outlines of the
area possessing these requirements are definitely known. The pests
that infest the orchards may be said to be under a reasonable degree
of control. As to varieties, a wide range of these is possible. With
these facts established, there seems to exist no physical reason why
California should not materially increase her output of almonds.

From reliable data we learn that the annual almond crop of Cali-
fornia, for the last ten years, has averaged about three thousand
tons. That the amount produced in the near future will be much
greater is well known. During the planting seasons of the last five
years, a large acreage has been set to almonds. In fact, so great
has been the demand for nursery stock that but little, if any, of the
almond material has remained in the hands of the nurseryman at
the close of the several seasons.

Accepting then, as an established fact, the ability of California to
produce almonds, the future of the industry in the state depends
upon the ability of the orchardist to market the product at a
sufficiently remunerative price. If the crop cannot be sold at a
reasonable profit its decline is certain. There is but little satisfac-
tion save to ' ' the gentleman farmer, ' ' in knowing that one can pro-
duce any given crop unless he is assured that he can dispose of it at
a price that will leave him a fair profit.

There are two great varieties of almonds, viz: Those having
sweet meats and those having bitter meats. The bitter almond is not
grown commercially, in extensive quantities outside of the Medi-
terranean regions. Those almonds are chiefly used in the manu-
facture of Prussic acid, bitter almond oil and in perfumery. In
California the bitter almond output is chiefly consumed by the
nurseryman. It is claimed that nursery stock on bitter almond root
is of superior quality.

STATUS OF TUE ALMOMD INDUSTRY OF TIIE PACll'lC COAST. 7 i

The almond of commerce having sweet meats is divided into hard
shelled, soft shelled and paper shelled varieties. These are again
sub-divided many times to meet the requirements of the trade and
to gratify the fancy of supposed originators of vaiieties. Many of
these are well known and are standard. Others have names known
only locally.

The leading varieties grown in California are the Nonpareil,
I. X. L., Ne Plus Ultra, Peerless, Drake (Seedling), Texas (Prolific)
and Languedoc.

The almond is supposed to have found its way into California
from Europe about 1853. It came to us after long centuries of
existence with many of the imperfections that characterized its
early career. To a Californian, Mr. A. T. Hatch, of Suisun, Solano
County, is given the credit of fii'st having undertaken the improve-
ment of the almond along scientific lines. So great Avas the improve-
ment, and so marked the results obtained by Mr. Hatch, that the
leading commercial varieties of almonds grown in California today
are designated as the Hatch varieties. Chief among these are the
Nonpareil, the I. X. L., and the Ne Plus Ultra. The first two are
the leading and the highest priced almonds produced in California
at this time.

While Mr. Hatch greatly improved the quality of the almond, the
varieties originated by him, when planted in the orchard in solid
blocks, of a single variety, rarely give a satisfactory yield. The
quality of the product was improved at the expense of the output.
To obtain cross-polination and increased yield it has been found to
be good practice to alternate the Hatch varieties with some hardier
almond. Years ago hard shelled seedling almonds were used for
this purpose, but now the Texas (Prolific), Drake (Seedling) or
other soft shelled varieties are generally grown because of their
higher market value. Usually two rows of the soft shelled varieties
alternate with four rows of the Hatch varieties. The rows should
run, as far as may be, at right angles to the line of the prevailing
winds at the time of blossoming.

The almond is a long-lived and very hardy tree. It is moderately
free from insect pests. Its early blossoming period, which, in Cali-
fornia, begins in the latter part of February, makes it very suscepti-
ble to the killing effects of late frosts. So it is that many sections
that can successfuDy grow an almond tree, so far as the tree only
is concerned, may not be able to ever produce a crop or ever mature
a single almond.

The almond is a deep-rooted tree and seeks water at considerable
depths. It will not flourish where the water plane is near the sur-
face. These well known requirements of the almond limit, with un-
erring certainty, the area adapted to its culture.

California is the only state in the Union that produces almonds in
commercial quantities. About 35,000 acres are here devoted to
almond culture. Less than one-half of this is in full bearing at this
time. The trees are usually twenty-five feet apart in the orchard.

78 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

From 700 to 1,000 pounds per acre is an average crop of the Hatch
or paper shelled varieties, with exceptional yields of double that
amount. The soft shelled varieties are heavier bearers, one ton per
acre being frequently realized.

The market for California almonds, up to the present time, has
been confined to the demand from the United States. The annual
consumption of almonds in America amounts to about 5,000 tons
of shelled goods and 6,000 tons in the shell. Or, expressing the
shelled in terms of the unshelled, we find the consumption to be
annually about 16,000 tons.

There are two sources of supply to meet this demand for almonds.
These are California and Southern Europe. The two are in direct
competition. There is but one market and each is seeking it. It
goes without saying that the section that can acceptably supply that
market at the lowest cost to the consumer, will ultimately get the
trade. Heretofore the imported product has enjoyed the bulk of
the trade in shelled almonds. There is a market the year round
from the baker and the confectioner for the shelled goods. For the
nuts in the shell, there is but a limited market, limited as to the
amount consumed and limited as to the time of selling. Almonds
in the shell find their readiest market at and immediately before
the holidays. Many of the wholesale dealers in almonds in the shell
are practically out of the market by the first of February.

Eighty per cent of the almonds imported are shelled, while but
five per cent of the California crop is shelled. It will thus be seen,
that, under existing conditions, the California almond industry is
sadly handicapped. The California Almonds Growers' Exchange,
a co-operative organization, of nine hundred members, representing
about eighty per cent of the California output, has taken up the
matter of shelling almonds and will, this season, enter the markets
of America and endeavor to secure what we deem a fair share of
our home trade. The importers have long enjoyed this trade and
today hold the great market centers. The contest between the home
and the imported products will be keen. In both Europe and
America the acreage devoted to almond raising is being increased.
The imports from Europe are increasing. In 1900, 5,140,232
pounds were imported to America. In 1914, 4,753,525 pounds of
unshelled, and 10,114,901 pounds of shelled goods came here. In
1914 the importations were ten thousand tons greater than they
were in 1900.

As to quality, California can meet the demands of the market and
duplicate anything her competitors may offer. The question as to
whether or not the Pacific Coast can supply the United States with
almonds is not a horticultural oije. It is a commercial proposition.

In the final statement of the cost of production of almonds will
be found the following items: Taxes, interest on investment, sup-
plies, labor and marketing. Chief of these is labor. When one com-
pares the wages paid in California with those paid in Spain, France
and Italy, he finds that the European grower has a most decided ad-

STATUS OF THE ALMOND INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 79

vantage. The labor put into a pound of almonds in Spain is less
than one-third as much as the California producer is compelled to
put into a pound of his product. In the matter of interest and sup-
plies, the Spanish grower again has the lesser expense.

When one considers transportation rates, he finds that it costs tlie
American grower more to deliver his almonds to the home market
than it does the Spanish grower to ship across the ocean to the same
market. The overland freight rate from the Pacific Coast to the
chief eastern points is $1.40 per cwt. By steamer from San
Francisco to New York, via Panama it is 75 cents per cwt. From
Malaga, Spain, to New York, it is 27 cents per cwt.

The Federal Government, long ago recognized the disadvantages
under which the American almond grower labors. For a consid-
erable time a handicap was placed on the European growler in form
of an import duty, equal to six cents per pound on the shelled and
four cents per pound on the unshelled goods. This, it was thought,
would equalize the cost of production and delivery to the common
American market. It meant, in the judgment of those responsible
for the law, that it costs about five cents a pound more to produce
almonds in America than it does in Southern Europe. Recent legis-
lation has reduced this differential to a duty of four cents on the
shelled goods and three cents on the almond in the shell. The wis-
dom of this change is yet to be demonstrated. The American
grower, however, realizes that he is pulling against the tide, while
his European competitor is simply drifting. He knows that to in-
sure a profitable sale for a greatly increased output he must ex-
tend the markets and induce a more general consumption of al-
monds. He sees foreigners appropriating our markets and antici-
pating the needs of our people. He sees cause for alarm and is
organizing his forces. He must popularize his products, advertise
their desirability and cheapen their production.

About 1898 local associations of growers began to be formed.
These were a benefit from an educational point at least, for they em-
phasized the need of co-operation. They generally combined for
selling purposes, the greater part of the almonds produced in the
immediate vicinity of the location of the association. Their sphere,
however, had narrow limitations. They had no selling agencies, de-
pending upon what seemed to be competition among the commis-
sion houses and speculators. They were not in a position to even
obtain data on which to place a fair valuation of their crops. They
were surely and safely in the hands of the enemy.

Previous to the year 1910, little had been done by California
almond growers either to develop or protect the market for al-
monds. Each individual isolated grower was a complete selling
agency within himself. He was supposed to be a walking encyclo-
pedia of almond lore and commercial shrewdness. He was eagerly
sought for by the agents of the commission houses and was legiti-
mate game for the speculator. Under these conditions ridiculously
low prices ruled for the grower, while the consumer was taxed to

80 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the limit. Actual entries in the books of growers of this time show
that Nonpareil almonds were sold at prices ranging from seven to
ten cents per pound. The buyer interested only in the goods he
had acquired at a low figure, had no thought for the future of the
almond industry. He took all the profit the traflfic would bear.
The markets were demoralized and the business languished. The
demand for almonds was confined to the few. The speculator
usually bought early and on an eminently safe margin. He imposed
on both producer and consumer and made of the almond a luxury
supreme.

It is only within the last five yeai-s that the California almond
situation had been studied along commercial lines in the interest of
the growers. Beginning in 1910 with eleven local associations and
230 members, a start was made by the California Almond Growers'
Exchange. It was purely a pioneer effort based on a determination
to secure to the growers the profits of the business. At once, those
who had reaped rich harvests at the expense of the growers, saw in,
this movement, the killing of the goose that was laying the golden

Through various vicissitudes, organization has progressed, until
today there are eighteen associations and nearly nine hundred mem-
bers. These are located, in the almond, growing sections of the
state from Tehama on the north, to San Bernardino on the south.
In this co-operative work, the year 1915 is no laggard. One new
association has been formed and is affiliating with the Exchange.
One old, strong, well equipped independent association, represent-
ing ten or more carloads of almond, annually, has joined the Al-
mond Exchange. A careful investigation convinced these people
that they were on the wrong track, and that if they were to accom-
plish anything in the upbuilding of the almond industry, they must
train with those who were doing that certain line of work. Tired
of competition they turned to co-operation.

During the month of June of the present year, 300 tons of al-
monds were added to the output of the Exchange for the season of
1915. The Exchange has never lost an association by withdrawal
or otherwise. The Associations have lost but few members. About
eighty per cent of the California crop is now handled by the Ex-
change. The remaining twenty per cent is sold independently, and
generally, for less money than is realized by Exchange members for
the same class of almonds. These sales furnish ammunition for the
brokers who are doing their utmost to discredit and discourage
co-operation among the growers. The independent seller unwitting-
ly pays a commission for his own undoing. That the speculator
makes a profit goes without saying. That profit belonged to the
grower. It is his money, and he would have gotten it had he been
a member of the Exchange. Were it not for the almonds sold by
non-members, the speculators and demoralizers of the markets
would have nothing on which to operate and would be forced out
of the field. It is no less to the interest of the consumer than it is

STATUS OF THE ALMOND INDUSTRY OF THE PACIFIC COAST, 81

to the producer to eliminate the speculator. The time has come
when the producer, through organization, must protect the con-
sumer. The history of speculative marketing is full of instances
where crops have been purchased at low figures, cornered and sold
to the consumer at exorbitant prices. The principle involved in
these transactions is recognized and utilized to the detriment of
legitimate almond production.

The Almond Growers' Exchange has had a healthy growth from
its inception. It is placing the almond business of California on as
firm a foundation as existing economic conditions will permit. It
has done much to eliminate speculation and to steady prices. It
markets the almonds of its members at cost. Its equipment for
handling the business, while efficient is neither elaborate nor expen-
sive. The aim in view at all times, is to return to the grower every
dollar possible from everj' sale made. It adopted and maintains a
high business standard. Starting without capital and without
credit, it has advanced financially, until it is now in a position to
handle the entire output of the State with ease. It advances to
growers fifty per cent of the value of the almonds immediately upon
receiving warehouse receipts, properly endorsed showing quality of
the nuts. It has already begun that development which will ul-
timately enable the California grower to make a strong fight for
the almond trade of America. This growers' organization is but
an infant now. When it reaches maturity it will be a giant capable
of commanding attention and respect. Already it has developed a
satisfactory selling scheme. It has reliable agents in all the large
Eastern markets. It has gone into territor}^ and developed trade in
sections hitherto neglected. It has taken care of all the old mar-
kets and has developed many new ones. By its methods of distribu-
tion it encourages increased consumption. It has studied the needs
of various sections and has learned how best to place the several
varieties at its disposal.

Officials of the Exchange have studied foreign methods and con-
ditions. With all available data they have mapped out a campaign
for the contest in what we believe to be our share of the almond
trade of America. Noting that eighty per cent of the imported
product is shelled while but five per cent of the California crop is
shelled, and seeing a better market for these goods, the Exchange
decided to make that market available to the California grower. It
took up this work a year ago, and now has, at 19th and C streets in
Sacramento, a large fireproof building devoted exclusively to al-
mond shelling. The plant is equipped with modern machinery. It
is now being enlarged to bring its output up to one car of shelled
almonds daily. This will enable the Exchange to compete on a com-
mercial scale with the imported product. It will also tend to re-
lieve at times, congestion in certain varieties. The cost of the shell-
ing plant has been about $14,000, and best of all, it is paid for.

This plant is the property of the loyal members of the several
Associations. It is one of their investments made to insure the

82 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

permanency of the almond business in California. It represents
money saved through co-operatiou. It equips to make and save
more money. It was built out of the surplus from several funds
remaining, after the growers had been returned annually, the high-
est market price for their almonds. No special assessment was ever
levied for the building fund. No grower was ever approached for
a subscription. As they would say on the street, "It is all velvet. ' '
The construction of the building and the financing of the under-
taking was all accomplished so quietly and so easily that but few
of the actual contributors knew that advanced co-operative methods
were erecting here in California, a monument to their loyalty and
business forethought. Comparatively few, even today realize that
they have been/ important factors in the solution of one of the
knottiest problems ever presented to the producing classes. They
are making history of a lasting sort. They are overcoming the
producers' prejudice against organized effort. Yes, more, they are
making an earnest appeal to the American people to give fair con-
sideration to American products.

The future of the almond in California depends largely upon the
degree of co-operation practiced among the growers. Co-operation
in selling, is a modern idea, and in this line the grower needs educa-
tion. The situation is full of hope. That eighty per cent of the
growers of the State should have co-operated and built up a suc-
cessful selling agency within and during the first five years of the
experiment, is cause for congratulation. The remaining twenty per
cent of the growers have been benefitted, through the existence and
influence of the Exchange, from fifty to one hundred dollars per
ton annually on their output. This is their dividend on the busi-
ness ability displayed by their fellow growers. The outside pro-
ducer needs the Exchange much more than the Exchange needs
him. A campaign of education is now on, and these two forces will
ultimately get together for their mutual benefit.

California alone, can supply our nation's demand for almonds.
Whether or not she ever becomes a dominating factor in that sup-
ply, depends largely upon the support her growers give to co-opera-
tive marketing and the attitude of the Federal Government toward
the encouragement of home industries. (Prolonged applause.)

THE STATUS OF THE PEACH INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA.

Leonard Coates, California.

In considering the peach industry in California it may be well to
devote a few minutes to a pomological study of this most popular
fruit.

Perhaps no species bearing fruit of such economic and commer-
cial importance as Primus persica has so many widly divergent
types or varieties. Some of them differ, in fact, so greatly, that
they become very near to being candidates for distinct species. The

THE STATUS OF THE PEACH INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. 83

specific name, Persica, is misleading, as it assumes Persia to be the
laud of its birth, while it is more likely that the peach is indigenous
to China and Northern India. The peach may be said to be adap-
tive, if not ubiquitous. Early in the Nineteenth Century it was
found growing wild in this country as far west as Arkansas, and if
only "Johnny Apple-seed" had had a brother who believed in this
fruit as faithfully as he did in the apple, more new and acclimated
peaches would doubtless have originated in many states.

There are what may be called distinct "types" of the peach, dif-
fering very much in their fruit, with considerable variation in leaf,
and a very marked difference in their climatic requirements or
preferences. In the north and well into the western states the
"Persian Group" thrives, comprising such varieties as Crawford
and Salway; to the southwest a class of peaches known as
"Indian" is grown successfully, probably so named because found
while still the Indians were in the ascendancy, and thought to have
been brought to this country from Spain. Among them are Cabler,
Columbia and Lulu. We have also the "North China" group, to
which belongs Elberta, Chinese Cling, and Thurber, and the ' ' Peen-
to" type, also from China, which approaches the semi-tropic in
some of its characteristics, such as a love of warmth and moisture,
and a large, luxuriant foliage, which remains upon the trees long
after other varieties are bare.

While these groups or types of peach have fairly distinct climatic
boundary lines, from Canada to Florida, and west to Missouri and
Texas, all will thrive in some portions of California, and some of
all of these groups were brought here either as seed or budded
trees, by our pioneer settlers.

The Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley, or Great Central Plain, is
the home of the peach, in its broadest and most comprehensive
sense, showing that it thrives best with abundant summer heat and
sunshine, a diy atmosphere, plenty of root moisture, and yet with
very cool nights. These conditions are anomalous, and just as
puzzling to the horticulturist today, as to the early pioneer nursery-
men and fruit growers, who would have thought it madness to plant
trees anywhere except where the water table did not lower more
than eight or ten feet during the rainless summers. An instance
may be cited in the old Soscol Rancho a few miles south of Napa,
and forty-five miles north of San Francisco, where extensive or-
chards of almost all fruits were planted sixty-five years ago. This
tract was largely in or adjacent to the marsh or tule lands, as well
as within the influence of the fog drifting in from the Bay. Old
seedling peach orchards could occasionally be found in Napa and
Sonoma counties, bearing fruit of every conceivable quality, shape
and color, all of which formed a most interesting study to the
pomologist, but, in those days there were but few who gave much
attention to fruits, little dreaming that thousands of trees would, in
a few years, be carried across the mountains to distant markets.

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

During the eighties it began to be realized that a veiy large mar-
ket— ^the ' * world 's market ' ' — was open to receive our fruits, but for
many years the French prune was the fruit most lai'gely planted,
mainly in Santa Clara Valley, because the care and handling of
the dried product appealed most strongly to those who were hitherto
producers of wheat. The fruit grower, however, is a boru gambler,
and, in California at any rate, a creature of impulse. So he soon
launched into all sorts of fruit-planting speculations, the market
being as unprepared to receive the product as the railroad was to
transport it; do not the chronicles of the old State Horticultural
Society and of the State Board of Horticulture tell the story?

As the market opened for our canned peaches, the demand in-
creased faster than the supply, with the natural result of very high
prices, for several seasons, even running as high as four cents a
pound, and the obvious stimulus to planting. Only culls and in-
ferior fruit were dried.

These conditions continued, with soifne fluctuation, for several
years, but the inevitable happened. In the interior central valley,
peach orchards were being planted by the thousands of acres, and
to a proportionate extent in the smaller valleys. Prices steadily
declined, but still, in the San Joaquin Valley five to ten tons to the
acre at four years old, even at $20 per ton "looked good" to the
farmer — and the planting continued. Shipping fresh peaches to
markets east of the mountains is not, and cannot ever be a reliable
and continuously profitable enterprise. For this purpose, the fruit
must be picked too green, which, however, does not apply with
equal force to any other of the large fruits. When it ripens, it has
not the sweetness and flavor of the peach picked from the tree
nearly ripe. After the early shipments, most of our CalifoiTiia
fresh peaches come into competition with riper fruit grown nearer
home. The development and betterment of the peach industry in
California must be mainly with the local fresh fruit markets, and
with the cured and otherwise preserved product. By this time,
during the early years of this twentieth century, stocks of dried
peaches were accumulating, there being an annual heavj^ "hold-
over" of both the canned and dried product. In 1912 the output
of dried peaches alone reached the enormous total of 30,000 tons,
and, at the present time the highest obtainable price would not pay
the cost of production, and there are many thousands of tons of
fine peaches now on the trees in excess of the eannei*s' require-
ments. The San Francisco and other local markets, consume a
large amount of fresh peaches, but it is but a drop in the bucket com-
pared with the supply. The canned fruit industry shows an output
of over 2,000,000 cases of peaches, mostly clingstones.

I have thus very briefly sketched the history of the peach up to
date, there not being any good prospect of the 1915 crop bringing in
much profit to the grower, as a whole, and it becomes imperative to
suggest wherein mistakes have been made, and how conditions may
be permanently improved.

As the keynote to the solution of this problem, 1 would say that

the status op the peach industry of c.^ifornia. 85

Quality Has Been Sacrificed to Quantity.

From the earliest agricultural days of California, the phrase,
"feast or famine" has been axiomatic. The spirit of gambling
was rife in 1849 and it is not dead in 1915. Wheat farmers made
a fortune because of one year's ample rainfall, and the next year
they did not get enough to pay for the seed. Gambling on the
weather, before the days of irrigation, was as exciting as pros-
pecting for gold in a new field. If a farmer made a lot of money
out of a potato crop, all of his neighbors planted tubers, each think-
ing he was a little shrewder than the other. Later on, it was so with
French prunes, with Muir peaches, with Elbertas, and so on all
along the line with large fruits or berries, potatoes or onions. The
nurserymen, of course, had to follow suit, but, propagating of neces-
sity in advance, and on a rising market, the result was that when
prunes were offered the grower wanted pears, and when he raised
peaches in largest quantity, the demand was for apricots. And we
find, in consequence, great blocks, thousands of acres, of one variety
all maturing at once, a slump threatening, and growers grubbing
out whole orchards, while others will graft over orchards to some
other variety which seems to be likely to become popular.

As a business investment, and because one "should buy when the
market is low" nothing would promise better than good peach or-
chard property, contradictory as it ma.y seem. All may admit the
soundness of the proposition, but few have the grit to act on it.

California canned peaches are unsurpassed, if not unequalled.
The leading varieties used are Elberta and Lovell, for freestones,
and (Tuscan) Tuskena and Phillips for clings. White-fleshed
peaches do not seem to be in demand, though the quality of Heath
Cling, and some of its seedlings, and Illinois for a white freestone,
are very far ahead of any of the yellow-fleshed varieties.

But the price of canned fruits is too high. Canners have had
to pay as high as four cents a pound for peaches, and now, when
they can get all they want at one cent, there is little if any differ-
ence in the price the consumer has to stand. Furthermore, the can-
ner should acquaint himself with other varieties, and instruct his
travelling men to introduce them to their customers.

The dried peach market has slumped badly for several rea-
sons, but mainly because of poor quality. It has been, and is still,
very largely the practise to dry the culls, and I read in our leading
horticultural journal of July 24th how a grower, in boasting of his
pack, and the money he makes refers incidentally to the "culls"
being dried. This is all wrong.

The manager of. one of the largest fruit houses in California
writes me that the dried peach output has reached anywhere from
35,000 to 45,000 tons; and he says, "when we come to figure each
year on the total production of the peach crop of the state, and the
tonnage of peaches which have been shipped, it is rather startling
to realize that the majority of the crop had been cleaned up. and the

86 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

carry-over is not tremendous. I rather take it that after the peach
once got started down the road, that they have become under-
dogged, and everyone has given it a kick ; even the producer himself
has lost faith, and when there is not faith or confidence in business
or in a commodity that commodity has not much of a future until
the confidence is restored. ' '

Peaches like the Muir, Lovell, Salway, all have very fuzzy and
thick skins; if the fruit is large and carefully handled, the dried
product is nothing to boast of, either to the eye, or to the sense of
smell; but when small culls are used, no amount of stewing can
render palatable a thick, fuzzy, leathery skin, with a minimum of
peach flavor. Fruit buyers in England have told me that they do
not want our dried peaches because they "stink" and the flavor is
far removed from what in Europe generally is considered the stand-
ard of quality, found in green and white-fleshed varieties.

Instead of 40,000 tons of dried peaches, good, bad and indifferent,
if we put on the market 10,000 tons of first-class fruit, and organ-
ize a campaign of advertising the same, the demand would grow, and
prices would be much better. The "fuzz" should always be rubbed
off, or peaches should be peeled, if we are to create a demand for
the cured product. If we never eat the skin of a fresh peach, why
should we be expected to eat it when it has been dried ?

The trade, however, has yet to explain why it is that dried peaches
are now selling at from ten cents to sixteen cents a pound in the
East, while the grower in California receives but two and a half or
three cents ; or why it is that fresh peaches retailing at three for ten
cents bring the grower forty cents a box ?

As refuting the statements made that the European War will
decrease our export trade in fruits, it is a significant fact that while
in March, 1914, our export to Europe of dried fruits amounted to
$400,000, in March, 1915, these commodities exceeded $1,000,000 in
value.

The market for fresh peaches is still in a more chaotic state, and
mainly, again, because of over-stock of poor goods.

A well-known commission firm in San Francisco, Wetmore Bros.,
writes me that Late Crawfords from Oregon are selling at seventy-
five cents for a 23-pound box, while the market is quoted at thirty
and forty cents. Also another pack, in Porter carriers, similar to
egg crates, is selling at sixty to seventy-five cents. Answering a
question, he writes me that the only way to improve the market is to
eliminate the trash, but he could not suggest how it could be done.
If some of the commission men were eliminated, and many of the
dealers, who charge exorbitant prices and who know nothing what-
ever of varieties of fruit, it would tend to help the situation. It
would seem that the only way to stop some growers from shipping
poor fruit to market is for the commission men to refuse to
receive it.

Lack of distribution is another and important factor combining
to injure the peach industry. Let any one visit the well-known

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS FOR COMMERCIAI. AND DOMESTIC USES. 87

hotels and holiday resorts or any of the Coast towns, and the peach
is a rarity. The large markets are catered to, while the smaller
markets all over the state are hungry for good fruit. Even in the
country, amongst the orchards, the tourist or visitor is unable to
purchase the fruits which California raises in such abundance.

The peach is a popular fruit; it is synonymous with all that is
luscious in fruits. The list of varieties is so great that I can, in omr
own orchard, pick a ripe peach any day from June to November,
and yet. on the farms of California, there may be a few peach trees,
generally of one variety, such as an Early Crawford or a Muir, but
none other. We need more real horticulturists, lovers of fruit and
flowers, who, by their influence and example, will teach their neigh-
bors how they may live where nature does so much for them, and,
to that end, the very presence with us in California of the American
Pomological Society, with all its traditions, ambitions, and successes,
must be an abiding help and inspiration to all.

SOME SUS-TBOPICAL FBUITS FOB COMMEBCIAL AND
DOMESTIC USES.

D. W, CooLiDGE, California.

I think we will all agree that, up to this time, none or any of the
tropical or sub-tropical fruits have equalled in importance our
temperate zone fruits ; however, it is my firm belief and honest con-
viction that another quarter of a century will witness the introduc-
tion to all of the markets of the Western Hemisphere and, possi-
bly, Europe, of a real food fruit that will rival in commercial im-
portance any fruit grown today.

The Avocado.

In calling your attention to the Avocado, Ahuacate, or Alligator
Pear, I am willing to go on record as predicting that, in Southern
California, the time is coming when the acreage of this fruit will
equal that of the citrus product. And why should it not? The
orange at best is but a confection that is eaten, not as a real food,
but because it pleases the palate. The Avocado is today being sold
in the Los Angeles markets at from seventy-five cents to a dollar
and twenty-five cents each. Now, the average wealthy man, for it is
only he who will pay such prices, I am sure would not buy Avocados
simply as a food. It is my contention that no product of tree or
vine takes a greater hold on the palate than this fruit and couple it
with the fact that it has been proven by careful analyses to be a
real food, nourishing and healthful, it seems to me that beyond
cavil this fruit is destined to be one of our staple food products
when it is raised in sufficient quantities that it can be sold at a
price within the reach of the masses. Competent authorities state
that the Avocado is of equal value, as a food, to eggs. It has been

bo PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

proven that the Avocado can be successfully grown in California
and thus far the local markets are confronted with a greater de-
mand than supply.

If I weie to make the statement — which can be verified — that,
from a single tree in the last six years, more than $2,000 worth of
fruit has been sold, you would set me down as a typical California
liar.

About ten years ago, when I first became interested in the Avo-
cado, there were but three or four producing trees that supplied
fruit for our local markets. At that time they sold for thirty-five
to fifty cents each. Last year to my certain knowledge there were
more than one hundred trees contributing to the local supply and
the fruits brought the highest prices known.

I maintain that when fruits weighing from three-fourths of a
pound can be retailed at ten cents each there will be an unlimited
demand and at such a price the grower will get returns beyond any
tree product known today.

Feijoa Sellowiana.

A real fruity fruit that was brought to California about 1900 is
Feijoa sellowiana. I have always believed that this fruit possess
so much merit that it will ultimately receive consideration at the
hands of commercial growers. Up to this time we have nothing but
seedlings which are erratic in their bearing habits and in the size
of their fruit. Individual bushes — for the Feijoa is not a tree, but
a large shrub — are producing regularly heavy crops of fruits aver-
aging almost as large as hens' eggs. From these we are attempting
to propagate, but the plant is a very difficult one to work, budding
or grafting not being successful. However, we have had some suc-
cess in propagation by cuttings.

For the benefit of those of you who are not familiar with the
Feijoa, permit me to say that it is a fruit the flavor of which has
been described as a mingling of pineapple, banana and raspberry.
The seeds are not much larger than those of the fig and the fruit
can be used for every purpose that apple is used. It is delicious
when fresh, or when stewed, or when made into pies, jellies, or jams.

The plant is very hardy, having withstood a temperature of four
degrees above zero v/ithout injury. The fruit can be kept three or
four weeks after ripening and can be shipped to any of our markets.
I am sure that it will become one of our commercial fruits.

LOQUAT.

A really good fruit that has not yet received the attention it
merits is the loquat. Up to about fifteen years ago only inferior
seedlings were planted, but by selection a strain of greatly improved
fruits has been secured. Mr. C. P. Taft, of Orange, has pi-obably
done more with the fruit than any local person, and his "Pine-

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS FOR COMMERCIAL AND DOMESTIC USES. 89

apple," "Advance," and others are marked improvements over
those planted earlier in the history of this fruit. There is still room
for improvement, not so much in the flavor of the fruit, perhaps, as
in the elimination of the too large a proportion of seeds.

Japanese Persimmon (Diospyros kaki).

A growing demand is found for some of the finer and larger
Japanese and Chinese Persimmons. Hachiya, Hyakume, Tane-
nashi and other varieties grow very large and are really superb in
quality. Growers of this fruit find a ready market wholesale at six
to eight cents per pound.

GuAVA (Psidium cattleyanum and Psidium guajava).

While they have not reached any great commercial status, some
of the guavas are fruits of much excellence and there is no rea-
son why they should not be planted more largely. Of the two types,
Psidium cattleyanum and Psidium guajava, the Cattley type is the
one best adapted to California culture. Besides being a hardier
plant, its fruits are of much finer flavor and for eating fresh there
is no comparison. The red or brown fruiting, one known as the
strawberry guava, is most commonly seen, but Psidium lucidum in
reality a yellow fruited variety of Cattleyanum, is much the finer
flavor, particularly as a fresh fruit. The red one, or Cattley guava,
is a little more acid and for this reason might be preferred for jelly
making. The araca guava is a very large, yellow fruit, quite acid,
And if it were obtainable, I am sure would supplant the red fruit.
Of the Guajava type there are many varieties, but all impress me
as valueless. One called the lemon guava is used to some extent for
jelly making, but others of this type are insipidly sweet.

The two types are so distinct in their foliage and habits of growth
as to make them unrecognizable as belonging to the same family.
The Cattley type has thick, glossy leaves and the plant is but a
large shrub at best, while plants of the Guajava type have rough,
dull green leaves and grow into large trees. The fruits of the latter
type also grow very large, some of them being as lai^e as a good
sized pear.

The Lime.

In speaking of sub-tropical fruits, it would hardly be expected
that I omit all mention of the orange and other citnis fruits, but
I assume that all of you gentlemen, although you may not live
where the orange and lemon grow, are so familiar with our Bahia
(Navel) and Valencia oranges. Eureka and Lisbon lemons. Marsh
Pomelo, Dancy and other tangerines that nothing I could say would
be especially illuminating, so that I will now mention but one or
two comparatively rare citrus fruits that you may not know. Two

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

years ago as I know your impartial eastern press informed you, we
had a "slight" frost, the mercury going as low as twelve degrees
above in some localities. Naturally sub-tropical fruits suffered
One of the tenderest was the lime. Out of half a dozen varieties,
l)ut one passed through almost untouched at our gardens — the Rang-
pur lime coming from well up the slopes of the Himalayas. This
fruit is, in appearance, like the tangerine, but it is a real lime, in-
tensely acid and of good flavor. It has not been planted to any
extent but I cannot see why it should not be a good commercial
fruit.

The little Japanese orange, known as the Kumquat has not
reached any commercial importance. I think most of you know it,
a real orange about the size of a gooseberry that is eaten skin and
all. It makes good preserves and people usually like it fresh. The
principal market thus far has been as a novelty and it is not grown
to any extent for eastern shipment.

Custard Apple (Annona cherimola).

The Cherimoya — which, though so called locally, is not the real
Custard apple of the tropics which, I believe, is Annona squamosa
— but is really quite a delicious fruit and, while it is not grown to
any extent for the market, has yet proven its adaptability to many
sections of California and is not (infrequently seen on our fruit
stands. It would not be a good shipper and I would not advise
planting it except in a small way for home consumption and, per-
haps, the local market.

The White Sapote (Casimiroa eduUs).

A fruit from Mexico and Central America that is frequently seen
in our gardens is the Sapote. It grows into a pretty evergreen tree
and produces fruits usually about the size and shape of a medium
sized tomato, dull yellow or greenish in color. The flavor is gen-
erally liked, but the consistency of the flesh — being somewhat salv^"-
— does not strike every palate. Like the Cherimoya, I cannot con-
ceive that it will ever be commercially planted.

The Queensland Nut (Macadamia, ternifoUa).

Here wo have a subject that has commercial potentialities and
that surely is a most desirable tree for the home. It is one of the
prettiest evergreen trees and the nuts it bears are simply delicious.
However, it is not .strictly hardy and the sections of the state where
it can be grown are somewhat limited. In any section where the
temperature does not go below twenty-eight degrees (28''), it is
safe to plant it. In the young sta^e it is more tender than the
Avocado, but a tree some fifteen or twenty years old in one of the
Los Angeles parks, passed through the severe winter two years

SUB-TROPICAL FRUITS FOR COMMERCIAL AND DOMESTIC USES. 91

ago with no apparent injury. The nuts have been likened in flavor
to the Brazil nut (Bertholletia), but aside from the fine grained
flesh there is not much similarity. The flavor is very delicate and
were it not for the hard shell — one almost has to use a sledge ham-
mer to break it — it would surely be a winner in the markets. A
statement in an English trade journal chronicled a sale at ten shill-
ings per pound.

Natal Plum (Carissa grandiflora).

A charming ornamental evergreen shrub is the Carissa, both in
foliage and in flower. The latter is like a large single Jasmine,
very fragrant. The fruits which are about the size of a medium-
sized plum are of a brilliant crimson color and of a very pleasant
acid flavor. The Carissa, however, is erratic in its bearing habits
and few of the plants in California have fruited heavily. In
Florida and the Hawaiian Islands is produces fairly heavily and is
esteemed quite highly.

Kai Apple (Aberia caffra).

This is a large thorny shrub that produces fruits similar in size
and appearance to Transcendent Crab-apples. The flavor is quite
acid but of pleasant character which makes it a superior fruit for
jellies. The plants are dioecious and it would be necessary to have
more than one plant to insure a fruitage.

Mango (Mangifera indica).

I am sure that no really good Mangos have ever been produced in
California. There are a number of large seedling trees that bear
regularly, but the fruits are so strongly impregnated -with turpen-
tine as to make them uneatable. I believe there are a few sections
of Southern California where good Mangos might be grown and it
is possible that within another year a favorable report on this fruit
could be made.

The writer has experimented with a great number of tropical and
sub-tropical fruits, few of which not heretofore mentioned have any
particular value even if they could be successfully grown. There
are some, however, that we grow principally as ornamentals —
notably the Eugenias. The Rose Apple (Eugenia jambos), the
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia uniflora) and some others of this group
really produce interesting, if not fruits of commercial value.

In closing this rambling talk, permit me to say that I have always
been an enthusiast in the field of new fruits and a fifteen-years'
experience in California, whose wonderful climatic possibilities are
not yet half known, leads me to say that the commercial horticulture
of a quarter of a century later will witness the introduction of many
fruits scarcely heard of today and much improved varieties of exist-
ing sorts.

92 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

NUT GROWING IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES.
Dr. W. C. Deming, Connecticut.

I feel like apologizing for the title for there is almost no nut grow-
ing in the northeastern United States, except as you might speak
of huckleberry growing, or growing any other wild thing. There is
no nut growing in the sense that you grow walnuts and almonds in
California, or as the southerners are beginning to grow pecans in
Georgia.

Nut tree planting, however, is beginning with us in an experi-
mental way, and, of course, we have our native nuts. But even
these we have to speak of with somewhat bated breath. The cheat-
imt is nearly extinct over a large area from the ravages of the chest-
nut blight, and this area appears to be growing greater every year.
Our shagbark hickory is growing scarcer because of tree destruction
by the axe and the hickory bark borer, and from deficiency in bear-
ing due to unexplained causes. The black walnut especially is fall-
ing prey to the axe, but this nut is little in demand owing to its
thick shell and strong flavor — a neglected source of cheap food.
The butternut is abundant and of high quality but little used on
account of its thick shell. The abundant native hazel is too small
to be of commercial value.

Our one bright shining star in the nut growers ' firmament is the
Indiana pecan, but the native habitat of this nut is restricted to
parts of the states of Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas
and Iowa.

This is a sorry present showing for an industry that is destined
some day to put the growing of the soft fruits in second place.
To put nut growing in its rightful place in the northeastern United
States is the purpose of the Northern Nut Growers' Association.
This Association was organized iu 1910 with the stated object of
' ' The promotion of interest in nut-producing plants, their products
and their culture." It now has about 200 members distributed
through twenty-six states, Canada and the District of Columbia.
Pennsylvania leads with forty-five members and New York is second
with thirty-six. Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massa-
chusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Virginia and the District of Columbia
are well represented.

One of the first objects of the Association has been to locate and
preserve by propagation the best examples of our native and intro-
duced nut trees. Before the organization of the Association this
object had already been pursued by Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New
York City, who had for several years offered prizes for different
varieties of nuts and succeeded in locating a number of valuable
ones. Last year the Association offered prizes for the best shag-
bark hickory, black walnut and hazel. This year the Association
offers $50 for a hazel nut of pure American origin that can com-
pete with the imported filbert; $25 for a shagbark hickory nut,
under conditions not yet announced ; $10 for a northern pecan bet-

NUT GRO\nXG IN' TITK NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. 93

ter than those already being propagated ; and $20 as piizes for other
nuts. I do not know that a list of prizes for nuta has ever been
offered equal to this.

The pecan of the Middle West, grouped imder the title of the
"Indiana" pecan, has been assiduously studied and propagated by
a group of Indiana men composed of M. J. Niblack, T. P. Little-
page, W. C. Reed, R. L. McCoy, J. F, Wilkinson and others, and
some very fine pecans have been selected for dissemination.

The Persian walnut is found in bearing throughout most of the
eastern states from Ontario to Georgia. These are mostly single
trees though there are a few groups of larger numbers. Adelbert
Thompson, of East Avon, N. Y., has 225 trees in bearing. E. C.
Pomeroy has an orchard at Lockport, N. Y., and Mrs. J. L. Lovett
another at Emilie, Pa. The greatest number of trees is reported
from the region south of the Great Lakes from Long Island and
from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. The State of Pennsyl-
vania has been carrying on this summer a surs^ey of the Persian
Avaluut trees of the state.

All the larger bearing Persian walnut trees are seedlings, so far as
I know, with the exception of eight trees at Hainesport, N. J., said
to have been grafted in 1896-1897, variety not stated, but said to
have been bearing well for some years ; and the Garrettson trees in
Adams County, Pa., one of them a Franquette with a good bearing
record, grafted in 1898 ; another believed to be a Mayette, grafted
in 1900, bearing two bushels in 1914. The scions for these trees
were obtained from Felix Gillette, of California. Pictures of these
trees are shown in the American Nut Journal, the official organ of
the Northern Nut Growers' Association, in the issue for April, 1915.

No final determination of the value of our eastern walnuts has
been made, but a number of them are being propagated by J. G.
Rush, a pioneer propagator of the walnut ; J. F. Jones, T. P. Little-
page, W. N. Roper, W. C. Reed, R. L. McCoy and others.

With the sbagbark hickory less has been done than with either the
pecan or the walnut, in the way of the selection and propaji^ation of
improved varieties. We have some pretty good varieties but none
as yet that combine in a high degree the qualities that we seek.
Possibly this combination does not exist. If it does not we hope
that it may be produced by man's efforts in hybridizing among the
fifteen or sixteen varieties of the hickory. Some verj' good and re-
markable natural hybrids have already been brought to notice.

The chestnut had begun a most promising commercial career in
the East when the imported chestnut blight appeared and put an
end to further planting. What is to be the fate of the chestnut in
its native habitat no one yet can tell, but the appearance of this
destructive plague has certainly given rise to an excellent oppor-
tunity for the commercial planting of the chestnut outside the area
where native chestnut forests and trees keep up a supply of the
infective agent.

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Some very excellent varieties of the chestnut have been pro-
duced by the experimenters of the East, notably H. W. Endicott
and E. A. Riehl, of Illinois ; and Dr. Van Fleet, of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, is now engaged in experiments for producing
a blight immune, or blight resistant, hybrid chestnut, with results
so far that are very promising.

No variety of our native eastern hazel of commercial value has
yet been brought to notice, and the large filbert of the Old World
which, I believe, is being made something of a success on the Pacific
Coast, cannot be grown commercially with us on account of a
blight to which it seems inevitably to fall a victim.

Of the black walnut no variety of marked excellence has yet been
introduced, though several are on trial. Of the butternut there are
no varieties even on trial.

No review of the status of nut culture in the Northeast would
be complete without references to two factors. The first is an hon-
orable one to the disinterested, scientific work of Dr. Robert T.
Morris, who for some years has been collecting nut trees from all
parts of the world, at his place in Stamford, Connecticut, carrying
on systematic experiments in hybridizing nut trees, and by his
geniality and enthusiasm encouraging others in the pursuit of nut
culture. His collection of the edible nuts of the world at Cornell
University is perhaps the largest in the world.

The other reference is to the practises, without honor, of certain
nurserymen who, from motives of self-interest, make totally un-
warranted claims for the nut trees which they have to sell, and even,
I am sorry to say, in some instances knowingly and willfully mis-
represent the trees which they deliver to their customers. Their
ability to reach the public through their persistent advertising has
done much to counteract the educational purposes of the Northern
Nut Growers' Association, to discredit nut growing, and to injure
the future interests of the advertisers themselves.

Thus the status of nut culture in the Northeast, not too en-
thusiastically stated, may be described as one of belief and hope.
Belief in the great possibilities for nut culture in the Northeastern
United States, as well as in other parts of the world ; and hope that
we of the present generation may do something toward the develop-
ment of these great possibilities and live to see the realization of
some of them.

THE PEESENT STATUS OF POMOLOGY IN GREAT BRITAIN.
E, A. BuNYARD, England.

The large amount of fruit imported into Great Britain has often
led Americans to think that fruit culture must be undeveloped in
the United Kingdom. Many transatlantic visitors whom I have had
the pleasure of introducing to Kentish fruit fanns have been greatly
surprised at their extent and up-to-date organization. I am glad,

THE PRExSENT STATUS OP POMOLOGY IN' GREAT BRITAIN. 95

therefore, to take the opportunity offered to me by your Secretary
to place before you briefly the present status of fruit growing in ray
country.

First, however, I must emphasize how much we owe to American
example. The routine spraying of orchards, for example, has been
generally adopted only within the last twenty years, and our first
machines and formulas for washes were all borroM'^ed from Ameri-
can sources. In the same period the knell of the old home orchard
with its varied collection of sorts has been sounded and the fruit
farmer is now a specialist and no longer deals with fruit as a side
line. The most striking change within the past twenty years is the
plantation of bush trees or dwarfing stocks, especially apples. The
term orchard in England is used where trees are planted in sod, and
Avhere the land is cultivated it is termed a "plantation." The
tendency of recent years has been from orchard to plantation. The
ease with which trees may be sprayed and pruned and the fruit
gathered is a great recommendation. One striking exception must,
however, be noted, and that is in the culture of cherries. These
do not thii*ve under cultivation and are always planted on grassed
land and sheep are grazed beneath the trees. Under suitable con-
ditions the trees crop enormously and as much as 25s worth of fruit
is frequently gathered from one tree. Such trees are generally
thirty to thirty-five feet apart. No department has shown more ad-
vance than the marketing of fruit, and the non-returnable box is
now firmly established for such fi-uits as apples and a considerable
export trade is done in this way.

The great staple of culture is, of course, the apple, followed in
order of importance by the plum, cherry and pear, and in small
fruits, strawberries, raspberries, currants and gooseberries. Our
proximity to France, the home of the pear, makes our culture of
this fruit of little importance in comparison with that of the apple.

Nut culture is rather restricted, and comprises only cob-nuts, fil-
berts and walnuts. The first are almost entirely limited to the
County of Kent, and the trees are always severely pruned, so that
a tree of a hundred years old will not be over six feet high. By this
method large fruits are produced and the trees are always within
hand reach.

The culture of fruit under glass has been carried on commercially
for many years and grapes and peaches are extensively grown,
especially in the neighborhood of London. In this department no
great changes can be recorded during recent years, but a steady fall
of prices indicates a greatly increased production.

The competition of American apples with the home-grown
product is not really very serious. The English dessert apple sea-
son is from September to Christmas, while cooking varieties go on
till March. As the best American apples do not come on the Eng-
lish market till after Christmas they have a free field. For cook-
ing purposes English fruits are generally preferred, and ia their
culture much of the recent development has tended. The English

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

housewife prefers a green apple for cooking, and the dryer flesh of
such fruits as Baldwin will never hold the market as against such
native varieties as Bramley (Seedling), Lane (Prince Albert) and
Newton (Wonder). In the choicer fruits, such as Cox (Orange),
an export trade has sprung up, principally to the English Colonies
and to the Argentine.

The surprising general development of fruit culture has been
mainly the result of individual enterprise, and it was not until
quite recently that the Government discovered that there were
problems that could only be solved by state aid. In response to this
feeling, and from the spoils of the famous Lloyd George budget, a
start has been made in the establishment of experimental stations.
The Government wisely gave their grants to established agricultural
colleges to enable them to extend their work, and it is to these that
fruit growers are now looking for advice upon problems which are
rather beyond the reach of the resources of the private individual.
Prom the fruit-growing point of view the principal experimental
stations are those of Wye College, Kent, Woburn Fruit Farm and
that of the University of Bristol, at Long Ashton. The first named
has been for some years the principal, if not the only, establishment
in the country where commercial fruit culture has been scientifically
taught. Thanks to a Government grant and to private assistance an
experimental station has been started at Mailing, Kent, where sev-
eral questions are now being studied. The most important of these
is that of the various stocks used in the propagation of fruit trees.
The so-called "Paradise" stocks for apples have been collected and
studied, and it is hoped to classify them and settle their nomen-
clature, and after that to test their dwarfing power and effect on
the fruitfulness and vigor of the tree. In view of the great number
of dwarf trees now being planted this is of special interest. It is
well known that the original French paradise has a great dwarfing
power, and it is now little used if at all on the Continent or in
England. Other varieties such as the Doucin are used largely and
have a moderate dwarfing power, whilst those preferred in England,
the "Broad leaf" and "Nonsuch" give trees of some considerable
vigor. The grouping of all these stocks under the generic name of
"Paradise" has thus led to much confusion, and these experiments
will be of the greatest value in bringing exact knowledge into this
question.

A problem of similar character is the use of the "free" or seedling
apple stocks for standard trees. These stocks are raised from mixed
seeds and give plants of very varying degrees of vigor and rooting
habit. This question is being dealt with at Long Ashton. This sta-
tion is mainly concerned with the cider industry which is chiefly
located in the west of England, and here the chemistry of cider-
making is being investigated with great thoroughness.

The cultural problems of fruit culture have been dealt with for
many years at Woburn Experimental Station. This was established
and has been sustained entirely by a private benefactor, and the

HO.ME OF THE FRESNO COLXTRY CUB, A \ ERITABLE OASIS,
GASTROXOMICALLY SPEAKIXG, FOR I'OMOLOGISTS.

ON THE LAWX, SOUTHERX CALIFORXIA BL'ILDIXG, SAX DIEGO.

DR. HOWARD Sl'ECl'LATIXG OX THE MERITS OP CALIFORXIA MAXGOS AS
COMPARED WITH :\riSSOURI APPLES.

AT THE RIMROCK, GRAND CANYON.
THE FIRST "horned TOAD," RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA.
"through" the big trees, near YOSEMITE PARK.

THE GANTER AVOCADO. 07

results have been published in a series of reports dating from 1897.
Such questions as that of pruning after planting, the effect of grass
on fruit trees, shortening roots and manurial experiments, to men-
tion but a few, have been treated in an exhaustive manner, and
though the conservative tendencies of the fruit grower have not
always accepted their conclusions there is no doubt that they have
had a remarkable effect upon many established practices.

The systematic branch of Pomology has always been strangely
neglected in England and it is remarkable that at the present time
no such work is being done by any state institution. All the au-
thorities in past 3'ears, with but a few exceptions, have been nur-
serymen and we have no experts who devote their time to this
necessary work as in the United States.

We can, however, pride ourselves upon a large number of real
amateurs who grow fruit in the fancier's spirit and in their gardens
collections of all the best fruits are groM^n to perfection. We do not,
however, possess a society devoted to Pomology, standing almost
alone among the great nations in this respect. The Royal Horticul-
tural Society, through its Fruit Committee, gives awards to new
fruits and makes occasional trials of fruits in its gardens, but there
is much work which could be done by a special society. Notwith-
standing our numerous gardening papers, none exists which deals
exclusively or even mainly in fruits.

Such, briefly stated, is the position of Pomology in this country.
Much remains to be done in experiment and organization, and we
hope that in a few years we shall be able to throw a new light on
certain problems and repay in a small measure our great debt to
the energy and enterprise of the American States and their
investigators.

THE GANTER AVOCADO.

MiLo Hunt, California.

The Ganter Avocado tree at Whittier, California, is perhaps the
most valuable single tree commercially in the United States, being
insured in Lloyds for thirty thousand dollars, and having paid to
its owner more than three thousand dollars per year for two suc-
cessive years, this income being about equally divided between
fruit and budwood.

This avocado tree is one of a half-dozen seedlings planted by
Mr. A. R. Rideout, a Whittier nurseryman, eleven years ago. At
the age of three years it began to bear fruit of an excellejit quality,
and in large quantities. Successive years showed the tree to be
a phenomenal bearer, and that the fruit was large, of unusually
good quality, and sufficiently solid to make a rather good shipper.
The big freeze of 1912 also showed that the tree Avas hardy. These
qualities, together with the rapid growth of tlie avocado in general
public favor caused a remarkable demand for both the fruits and
the budwood. Thousands of seedling avocado trees are now budded
to this variety in Southern California.

98 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Rideout, who planted the tree, does not now know where the
seeds came from, neither does the party from whom he secured
the seedlings when they were very small. Just as this tree was com-
ing into bearing Mr. Rideout sold his home place to A. M. Ganter,
and as the tree in the next two years showed its phenomenal quali-
ties the tree became known for its new owner as the "Ganter"
avocado. A little later the property was sold to H. A. Woodworth,
and more recently it is called locally the ' ' Woodworth. ' ' However,
Government publications state and national, recognize the name
' ' Ganter. ' ' So valuable did the tree become a couple of years ago
that Mr. Woodworth not only had it insured, but he also had a fence
twenty-five feet high built around it, both as a protection from
wind, and from possible pilferers of fruit and budwood.

The tree is now about thirty-five feet high, and has a spread of
perhaps thirty feet. This season, autumn, 1915, the tree is heavily
loaded with fruit. These ripen in October and November.

This avocado tree seems to show the adaptability of the fruit to
sheltered locations in Southern California and appears to indicate
that the avocado will soon take its place as one of the standard
fruits of the state.

A SYMPOSIUM OF CAUFOENIA POMOLOGY.

Dr. E. J. WiCKSON, Leader.

In talking this matter over with my associates and successors in
the Pomological Department of this institution, we all agreed that
the best way to present California fruit growing was to get contri-
butions from a number of our men who had made special study of
the different branches of it. Anyone, of course, could rattle around
in this great subject and not communicate anything of particular
value. The best way to get the points which we are most desirous to
present to the Pomologists of this country ; the best way to serve
their interests in getting accurate information, would be to break
it up. And that is the entertainment and instruction which we
offer to you today.

We offer you a somewhat more extended list than appears on the
official program, for the purposes stated. Now, in leading in this
discussion, obviously it would be improper for me to attempt any
general discussion for fear I should say something which would not
agree with the foUovring features and might muss up their situation
somewhat. I would like, however, to call attention to the fact, that
the very presentation in this program indicates that we have been
developing in this state not only fruits and great industries in
fruits, but we have been developing men also.

Yesterday afternoon your President called attention to the fact
that the greatest thing in the Pomological industry and industry in
general was not so much the material which was developed, as the
development of men. We have been fortunate in California in

A SYMPOSIUM OP CALIFORNIA POMOLOGY. 99

developing men devoted to the fruit industry, not only those who
have developed land and industry in that direct way, but fortu-
nately also in the development of those who have given their lives
to the studies of the question. We have not only developed men
from the soil in California, but we have borrowed men from the
whole country; and it is a very fortunate thing for us that good
people like to come to California to engage in these undertakings.

The work of this institution began many years ago with one or
two men, serving a good purpose, but it soon reached a point where
specialization was necessary and hence the organization of the
Pomological staff which has sub-divided the subject with very com-
mendable results. We are calling this morning upon men, all of
whom are connected with the pomological branches of work in this
institution.

Our industry is great. Of course one has to steel himself against
the temptations to talk about it. One of the speakers yesterday
gave us great credit by saying that we led the United States in the
total of value produced by fruit. It is also a fact that we led the
United States in the production of every fruit except two that are
grown. According to the census of 1900 we stand ninth in produc-
tion of apples. In the census of ten years ago, or rather ten years
before, we led in all except two, the apple and the cherry. So that,
of the larger fruits only the apple stands as a fruit today in which
we are not first, and we have only attained the ninth place there.
The other fruit, or group of fruits in which our standing is lower
than first, is tlie berries.

The census of 1910 gave us a farm value of those fruits amounting
to fifty million dollars, and on the basis of fifty million dollars we
took first place in farm production. That was the fruit : But man
touched it, as you might say, and the added value by handling
would be so much that we count the commercial value of the agri-
cultural products of 1909 at one hundred million dollars. That
seems to be a large amount until you see how easy it would be to
spend that, I suppose the annual fruit product of California would
maintain the European War about thirty hours. So great and satis-
factory as this seems to us, it is not the greatest thing in the world,
although, probably, as compared to war, it should be.

Naturally, the development of an industry of such dimensions has
brought out a great many original points. Those in the beginning
began to develop this fruit industry of California by imitation.
Nearly all who went into it in the early days, with capital enough,
either went to Europe themselves or sent representatives to find out
how this business was done in the place where it had been longest
pursued. It was the universal conclusion, I think, even in early
times that the growth and handling of fruit in California must not
be by imitation. Conditions were so different that original processes
had to be discovered and developed. And it was thirty or forty
years ago that the conclusion was reached that if California wanted
to go ahead in this business, it must work its own way out. So we

100 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

are growing fruits in California diiferently, and liandiing them
differently, and it is largely because of this that we have something
to tell you this morning that may be interesting.
The first address on this collective subject will be :

Apples and Pears.

Dr. W. L. Howard.

Mr. Chairman, to my mind it is a striking co-incidence that just
about the time George Washington was oiling up his old flint lock
gun and getting ready to shoot holes through divers and sundry
red-coats, that another man, Father Junipero Serra was planting
apple and pear trees in Southern California. About the time of
the opening of America, the fruit industry of California had its
beginning in these old Mission orchards which started at San Diego.

Perhaps the Franciscan Padre Junipero may have smiled at the
grim joke he was playing on the native Indians aai they saw him
planting those first trees, when he knew that hereafter the said red
man would have to cultivate them. In fact, they perhaps began
then to do their first real work, and for sixty or seventy years
thereafter they cultivated these Mission orchards. These Missions,
as you know, were scattered from San Diego to the vicinity of San
Francisco, and all of them established rather wonderful orchards.

It is my place to speak only of the development of tlie apple and
pear in California. With this beginning the industry began to
tlirive and it was only after the fall and decline of the Missions, in
about 1834, that the industry of fruit-growing declined. But before
I take up the next step I had better make brief mention of the
fact that about the year 1812 small apple orchards were planted
on the upper coast of California in Mendocino county by the Rus-
sians and I am told there are still remnants of those old seedling
apple trees to be found in that part of the state.

However, the Russian influence on the apple industry of the state
was comparatively insignificant; following the decline of the mis-
sions in 18;34 came eventually American settlere, these venturesome
spirits who braved the wilds and the dangers of the mountains and
the deserts, in some instances revived thes<^ mission orchards.

This continued until 1849, when there occurred the great influx
of settlers from the eastern states and other parts of the country,
and they re-biult the fruit industry. About this time there were
many introductions of budded and grafted varieties brought from
the eastern states. But soon nurseries were established in Oregon
(this was in the early fifties) which resulted in the extensive plant-
ing of apples and owing to lack of markets the industry suffered
great depression beginning about 1857. About ten or fifteen years
later shipments of fresh fruits were sent to the eastern market, and
with the opening of the railroads across the Sierras and the Rockies
until in 1886 the fruit was sent eastward in solid trainloads. In

A SYMPOSIUM OP CALIFORNIA POMOLOGY. 101

1901 the state of California produced seventy carloads of apples.
In 1905 over seven hundred carloads of apples. In 1910, 3,800 car-
loads. In 1914, 2,500 carloads. In 1912 California had 3,800,000
apple trees — think of it — 3,800,000 apple trees. This represented
51,600 acres.

In point of acreage the apple was fifth in importance among the
fruits of the state, being surpassed by grapes, oranges, peaches and
prunes in the order named.

In 1909 the last available figures I could get in point of total
money value received for the crop, the apple ranked sixth, in the
state, being surpassed by oranges, grapes, peaches, plums, prunes
and lemons in the order named.

Now, the apple orchards of California are chiefly located in the
counties of Santa Cruz, Sonoma, Monterey, Nevada, Los Angeles,
San Diego, Humboldt, San Bernardino and Inyo, in the order of
importance.

The largest recent plantings have been made in San Bernardino,
Riverside, Sonoma and Kern (a xiev: county appearing), Santa
Cruz, Siskiyou and Humboldt counties.

The industry is, for the most part now, confined to twelve coun-
ties. In a general way these are located along the coast or in the
mountain section or the foothill section. The cultural conditions
do not differ materially from the highly developed districts in other
states. I may say that California is the original home of the open-
headed tree, and otherwise severely pruned fruit trees. Likewise,
California is the original home of the boxed apple. To me, with my
limited observation of half a year, it appears that apples are grown
in California more than the.y are in the middle and eastern states.

Possibly they have not lived up to their possibilities, but at any
rate it does not seem uecessar>' for them to do the work that they
do in the east. It appears to me that while the pruning requires a
good deal of work and the cultivation here, more perhaps than east-
ward, that less spraying is done, and with results that are better
than to be hoped for further eastward.

Outside of the state, California is famous for two varieties of
apples, the Newtown and the Yellow Bellflovver. But inside of the
state the Gravenstein has great fame, likewise the Alexander, Red
Astrachan, White Astrachan, which are quite well known. Other
varieties most generall,y met with in the state are Esopus, Baldwin,
Rome, Wagener, White Pearmain, Yellow Transparent, Delicious,
Jonathan. Black Ben and Gano.

All the varieties, practically — of the eastern and middle states —
may be found growing in a small way in the farm orchards of Cali-
fornia. It may be said that only the summer varieties can be suc-
cessfully grown in the San Joaquin and Sonora Valleys. Winter
varieties require the cooler locations to be found near the coast, or
at altitudes from two thousand to four thousand feet. The trees
will do well at altitudes above four thousand feet, but the danger
from spring frosts becomes very great. Aside from the fresh apples,

102 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

California does a big business in evaporated apples. About twenty-
five hundred tons of apples, chiefly Newtowns, are canned every
years, and they bring from ten dollars to twelve dollars per ton.
That is, the eanners pay that.

California in 1913 exported over thirty-three and one-half million
pounds of evaporated apples. These brought nearly two and three-
quarter million dollars. The time is too short to go into the details
of apple growing.

The history of the pear parallels that of the apple. It is grown in
the river bottoms and the delta districts and in the foothills and the
semi-desert locations. It is even found in the hot locations if water
is abundant.

The chief variety is the Bartlett. While the pear reaches its best
development in the better types of soil, it is less exacting than the
prune, apricot or cherry. The blight has hit the pear-growing in-
dustry pretty hard, but we have it under control now. The profits
from pear-growing are sufficient to make it a large industry. I will
give some of the figures : In the state in 1910 there were 1,500,000
pear trees of bearing age which produced approximately 2,000,000
bushels of fruit, the exact figures being 1.928.097 bushels. In 1914.
8,000,000 pounds of evaporated pears were exported, and one and
a half million dollars worth were sold as fresh fruit to the export
trade. In addition to the foregoing, about 25,000 tons of pears are
canned annually. For these the eanners pay thirty dollars to forty
dollars per ton to the growers.

Plums and Prunes.
A. H. Hendrickson.

According to the California definition, a prune is simply a plum
which will dry without fermenting at the pit; all others are re-
garded as plums, pomological classifications to the contrary, not-
withstanding.

Plums and prunes have been grown in California ever since the
establishment of the old Spanish Missions throughout the state in
the latter part of the Eighteenth Century. They did not, however,
gain rapidly in popularity nor were they grown on a commercial
scale until after the introduction of the (Prune d'Agen), Agen,
commonly known as the French or Petite prune, in 1856. It was
then found that California could grow a plum which could be dried,
and the first commercial plantings were begun about 1870. At the
present time plum growing is the foremost deciduous fruit industry
in the state in point of acreage and value of the product, having dis-
placed the peach within the last few years.

The plum in California is an exceedingly healthy, vigorous and
long-lived tree over the greater part of the state, excepting some of
the higher elevations and some of the drj^ areas. It is adapted to

A SYMPOSIUM OP CALIFORNIA POMOLOGY. 103

regions along the coast, to the hot interior valleys and to the lower
foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains wherever the rainfall is
sufficient or water for irrigation is available. Probably three-fifths
of the plum acreage is located in the Santa Clara Valley just south
of San Francisco Bay, the rest of the plantings being found princi-
pally in the region just north of tlie Bay, in various localities in the
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, and in the low foothills just
east of Sacramento.

There are now being gi*own but three varieties of prunes which
are of any great importance. They are the Agen, or French prune,
the Imperial, and the Sugar. The other branch of the industry — the
growing of shipping plums — shows a nuich greater number of varie-
ties. Because of the ease with which the plum can be top-worked
in California, these varieties are being constantly changed in an
effort to find something, having exceptional qualities with regard to
early ripening, quality, color, regular bearing and shipping; new
varieties are being constantly added to the list, and the older ones,
as soon as the demand falls, are either pulled out or top-worked.
At present, the most popular shipping varieties are the Climax,
Wickson, Burbank, Kelsey, of the Japanese sorts ; Tragedy, Grand
Duke, Diamond, Pond and Giant, of the domesticas also.

Shipping plums are picked in a hard, green condition practically
as soon as they have reached a saleable size ; packed in the four-
basket crate, with which you are familiar, and shipped to market
under refrigeration. Unfortunately in the effort to reach the early
markets, growers often pick the fruit before it even shows any
color, relying on the fruit coloring and ripening en route. Under
such treatment, the quality of the fruit exposed for sale on the east-
ern markets cannot be regarded as a criterion of the quality of the
tree-ripe California plums. Comparatively few plums are canned,
except those of the Yellow Egg and Green Gage types.

The prunes are handled in an entirely different manner. In-
stead of being picked, they are allowed to remain on the tree until
thoroughly ripe, when they fall to the ground. They then have a
high sugar content which permits them to be dried and kept for
an almost indefinite period. After being picked from the ground,
they are immersed for about a half-minute in a boiling solution of
concentrated lye, to crack the skin to insure quick and even drying.
They are then thoroughly rinsed in fresh, cold water, placed on
trays, and put out in the sun to dry, the latter process requiring
from one week to ten days. The shrinkage is ordinarily about two
and one-half to one, requiring two and one-half pounds of the fresh
fruit to produce one pound of dried prunes. They are then stored
in bins and packed as needed. The dried product is sold according
to size, the larger prunes selling for a considerably higher price
than the smaller ones. The size containing eighty prunes to the
pound is taken as the standard or basis upon which the price is com-
puted and proportioned for the other sizes. For all prunes larger
than eighty to the pound, the grower receives a higher price or
premium and vice versa.

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The utilization of the secondary fruits has not as yet been given
much attention and usually plums which cannot be packed and
shipped are thrown away. Prunes which grade below the smallest
commercial size are sold to the distilleries.

The revenue derived from the growing of plums and prunes in
the past decade has, on the whole, been very satisfactory. The yield
of prunes varies from an average of 2,500 pounds up to three tons
of dried fruit per acre, and the selling price averages between two
and a half and six cents per pound. For the state, the prune crop
in 1914 was 56,000 tons, roughly valued at $5,000,000. For ship-
ping plums, the yields run from two hundred and fifty to six hun-
dred crates per acre, which brings the grower from forty-five cents
to a dollar and twenty-five cents per crate. For the last season, the
total shipments of plums, exclusive of the plums used locally, was
1,906 carloads. The foregoing yields and prices may, in part, ac-
count for the value of plum orchards which are valued, and com-
mand a ready sale, at from four hundred to one thousand dollars
per acre.

Plum growing has at nearly all times shown a greater stability as
regards growth, production and returns, than nearly any other
deciduous fruit in California. The present rapid extension of plum
orchards is probably being done at the expense of the peach. The
prune has far out-stripped the plum in acreage, probably because of
the limited demand for the latter and the more restricted areas over
which it can successfully be produced. The plum is further re-
stricted by its ripening season — it must ripen at a time when the
demand on the eastern markets is greatest. The greater ease in
handling and marketing the prune crop give it a decided preference
over the plum which is marketed fresh. The plum itself has been
given more attention than the lowly prune, and along the line of
selection for securing new, early, attractive, good quality shipping
plums, a marvelous development has taken place. Our growers have
been very successful in producing plums which seemed peculiarly
adapted to some special needs ; on the other hand, the prunes which
are being planted today are the same kind as were planted in 1856,
when the first prune trees were set out.

No doubt the special feature we have in California is the great
prune industry with its attendant drying, packing and marketing
problems. In the Santa Clara Valley alone there will be harvested
this year over 80,000,000 pounds of dried prunes. The task of pick-
ing, drying, packing and selling this great crop presents a problem
entirely different than those usually found in commercial fruit
growing.

Another feature is that of being able to use several stocks for the
plum, thereby adapting it to a greatly increased number of different
soil conditions. Prunes are being grown upon Myrobalan, almond,
peach, and apricot roots. When the great range of conditions, to
which these different stocks are adapted, is considered, some of the
reasons for the success of the prune become apparent. In connee-

A SYMPOSIUM OF CALIFORNIA POMOLOGY. 105

tion with the matter of stocks can be mentioned the great ease with
which plums can be top-worked under California conditions. It is
not unusual to top-work a plum tree to change the variety, once,
twice or even three times. If one variety becomes unprofitable, it
is simply grafted to another. In the same way peaches at the
present time are being successfully top-worked to plums.

Another peculiar feature of it is the difference of the time of
ripening of one variety in different regions which may be separated
by only a few miles. North and south mean very little as far as the
time of ripening is concerned. Plums are picked and shipped from
Vacaville three weeks earlier than are the same varieties from Santa
Clara, although the latter place is nearly one hundred miles farther
south. The difference of a few hundred feet in elevation may mean
a difference in season of a week or ten days, although the orchards
may be within a few miles of each other.

Of our problems, probably, the most serious one is that concerned
with the Armillaria mellea, commonly known as the Oak Root fun-
gus. The other insects and diseases can be controlled by ordinary
methods, but as yet no satisfactory method has been discovered of
dealing with this fungus. Once it has a foothold, it works upon the
roots of the trees, and spreading underground, it rapidly kills off
the trees in a constantly widening circle. It cannot be controlled
satisfactorily. All the common rootstocks are susceptible to it.
Then it is not uncommon to find that a great many fruit growers
often have several of these ever-increasing areas, sometimes a half
acre in extent, on land which pays eight per cent on an investment
of a thousand dollars an acre, the seriousness of the problem how
to control this disease is no doubt quite apparent. (Applause.)

Cherries, Peaches and Apricots.

A. V. Stubenrauch.

"We have to go to the early Missions for our earliest plantings of
the peach, and as Dr. Howard indicated to you, those Missions were
established in the latter part of the Eighteenth Century. We have
not found that there was any great extension of the peach planting
until after the discovery of gold in this state. Soon after that there
were established a number of seedling orchards or gardens sur-
rounding the different mining camps. The first record we have of
grafted or budded trees is in the year 1850 or 1851, and after the
introduction of these grafted types of known varieties, we have
accounts of early plantings which flourished and which indicated
the precocity of the trees in California under those conditions.

There have been many examples of trees coming into bearing and
yielding considerable crops the third year after planting, and many
fruits the second year after planting.

For many years the peach was the most widely grown fruit in
the state, and during the last few years of low prices, many of the

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

trees have been top-worked to plums and prunes, and as there has
been heavy planting of these plums and prunes they have over-
taken the area in plantings of the peach.

In 1914 the number of peach trees in the state was nearly eleven
and a half million which we find is equivalent to about 127,000
acres.

The production during that year was 330,000 tons green weight.
"We find the shipments in the fresh state, out of California during
this season were 2,144i4 carloads, which, at 13 tons per car, equalled
27,876 tons of green fruit, leaving 302,000 tons for drying and can-
ning. Of this 203,000 tons were dried to yield the 37,000 tons of
dried products. The remainder, 98,624 tons, went to the canneries,
which do not appear in a record of carload shipment.

There are peach trees in every county of California. The princi-
pal district is the great San Joaquin Valley. Eight counties pro-
duced ten thousand tons or over in 1914. They are : Fresno, 122,-
980 ; Tulare, 31,280 : Kings, 39,400 ; Placer, 20,700 ; San Bernardino,
16,576; Santa Clara, 14,688; Stanislaus, 13,544; Solano, 10,080.
Notice the range of these counties ; they are distributed over North-
em and over Southern California.

The character of the principal area is valley lands and foothills,
and deep, light, sandy soils. The peach thrives in sheltered valleys,
north of San Francisco Bay, and in the Coast Range. But when
sheltered from coastal influences it succeeds one thousand to two
thousand feet higher up in the Sierra foothills than apricots, or
about three thousand to four thousand feet elevation. The hand-
ling of the orchards during the season is about as follows: Clean
culture is practiced in summer for the purpose of conserving moist-
ure. Cover crops or green manure crops are being used in some
sections. In the foothill sections they are irrigated throughout
the summer season. In handling the question of pruning the peach,
the best form with the low head is the standard, and the strenuous
pruning each winter is used to shorten the growth and maintain
healthy, vigorous new wood on which the crop is borne. With good
care, in the state of California, the peach tree is long-lived. Where
it is neglected, the heart wood soon decays and the trees break down.
We find this true in many trees which have been top-worked, where
proper care has not been taken to exclude the fungi of decay; in
such cases we find a variety of troubles which can be avoided with
the exercise of proper care.

A variety of peaches, different varieties of peaches, are shipped,
fresh, dried and canned, in California. Some of the principal
shipping, drying and canning fruit sections, are as indicated by the
statistics given above. We have these three outlets for peaches in
our state. The greater portion of the crop is dried and canned.
Less than one-tenth of the crop is shipped in fresh condition and
about two-thirds of the production is dried. Special varieties are
grown for these special purposes, so that the peach grower is not
dependent upon simply shipping his fresh fruit.

A SYMPOSIUM OP CALIFORNIA POMOLOGY. 107

The leading shipping varieties are Alexander, Tuskena, Crawford,
Elberte, Foster, and the Muir.

The leading canning varieties are: Of Clingstones — Phillips,
Tuskena, Golden, Orange ; of the Freestones — Lovell, Muir, Craw-
ford, Foster.

The leading drying varieties are the Lovell, Muir, Crawford and
Foster.

The shipments are made in twenty-pound peach boxes, practically
all of the fruit being shipped in wrapped condition. The fruit is
picked in hard, green condition, to obtain the early markets, and
to avoid ripening during transit.

I might stop a few moments to say a few words about the de-
sirability of a method of using and handling which will allow our
peaches to remain on the trees longer, in order to acquire better
qualities. We are, in the East, met with the statement that while
our peaches have a fine appearance the quality is low. Some of us
who have attempted to investigate and improve shipping condi-
tions, have tried to determine whether it is possible to have the
fruit remain on the tree long enough to acquire higher qualities.
And a system of promptly cooling the fruit before shipment has
been suggested. I regret to say that this system has not come into
as wide practice from the standpoint of improving the quality of
our shipping peaches, as much as it might be. Prompt pre-cooling
would materially assist in improving shipping qualities.

The Apricot.

This is one of the principal stone fruits of California. It was
introduced early with the American settlers. California has largely
a monopoly of this fruit. For a long time practically an absolute
monopoly of it, but now some orchards are to be found in some of
the districts of the North Pacific where they produce fine fruit.
It is my privilege to see some of the apricots sent to the Exposition
from the state of Washington and from British Columbia, where
fine apricots have been grown, but not on a large commercial scale.
I think we can safely state that at the present time California has
a monopoly of the canned and dried apricots. The apricot has a
very wide range in the state. It is more tolerant of the Coastal con-
ditions than the peach. It withstands winter temperature just as
well. The limiting factor in its cultivation is the early spring frosts.
It blossoms early, following closely after the almond, and for that
reason is frequently cut with frost in lowlands. The more elevated
lands are freer from this frost and are better adapted to this fruit.
Then there is serious damage from cold winds and rains in exposed
places during the blossoming season. They throw the blossoms olS,
especially if they come before the calyx protects the fruit. I am
told by the pathologists that this may be due to a species of the
monilia fungus.

Now, some figures: Using the figures of 1914, the number of
apricot trees in California was 3,157,718, which is equivalent to

108 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

about 45,000 acres. The production of the fruit was 115,000 tons,
green weight. The shipments of fresh fruit was 382 carloads, of
13 tons each, making a total of 4,966 tons green.

Approximately 110 tons of this went for drying and canning.

About one hundred tons were dried in order to yield twenty
thousand tons of dried products in 1914. The remainder, ten tons,
were canned.

Nine counties in the state produced 4,500 tons, or more, green
fruit in 1914 — they are as follows : Santa Clara, 22,804 ; Alameda,
20,000; Fresno, 12,375; Kings, 8,250; Santa Cruz, 6,500; San
Bonita, 6,000; San Bernardino, 4,789; Rivei-side, 4,788; Los
Angeles, 4,500.

The apricot can be worked on a number of stocks, and is suited to
a variety of soils. On the peach root it is adapted to a low, warm,
well-drained soil, and the peach is largely used in the state, owing
to the fact that the gophers, which are at times a serious pest, do
not attack this root readily.

On the apricot root, deep, rich, well-drained soil is best.

On moist, heavy lands, or where lighter soil is underlaid with
heavy retentive sub-soil recourse must be had to plums, preferably
the Myrobalan root. Some of the growers complain of the dwarfing
effects. A few are using the almond, and they claim larger fruit is
obtained as a result of that. Many of them claim that the union
does not hold on almonds, and where desirable it must be double-
worked with peach or plums on almonds. The apricot thrives bet-
ter in a heavyl soil, a little heavier soil than that which is best for
the peach. The climatic conditions I have already mentioned ; and
clean culture is the rule.

Pruning, is the vase form, and in later years a considerable
amount of fall pruning is done. I am not certain that this is desir-
able, but it seems to me it is more from a desire to have the work
done before the rainy season is at hand. In the Vacaville or Win-
ter district, they have a peculiar type of tree, with the open head
and which is adapted to expose a larger surface to the sun in order
to get early ripening fruits.

I will just run over the list of varieties for shipment. They are ;
The Royal, Hemskirke, Moorpark, Blenheim and Montgamet.

For canning: The Moorpark, Hemskirke, Blenheim and Royal.

For drying: The Royal and Blenheim.

The shipments are made in crates containing from four to five
baskets and this fruit is, like the peach, picked in hard, green
condition.

Here is an opportunity for the use of pre-cooling to enable ship-
ment of fruit of higher qualities. Both the peach and the apricot
are dried first by pitting, and then subjecting the fruit to the fumes
of sulphur in order to bleach the product and destroy the insects,
and then it is dried in the sun. Practically all of our fruit crops
are sun-dried. There has been considerable discussion as to the use
of this bleaching agent. The sulphur apparently does two things.

TYPICAL FRUIT OF THE FILIPINO RACE. JOVELLANOS
MATANZAS PROVINCE.

s.

- 02

O 5-1

- O
X o

A SYMPOSIUM OF CUjITORNIA POMOLOGY. 109

It prevents the darkening of thie fruit in drj'ing, and it does more ;
it is necessary to use an agent which will kill the insects and enabh^
the fruit to give up water more readily.

Experiments where this is not used, indicates that the process re-
quired such a long time that the fruit deteriorates considerably.

Personally I would welcome a change in this process, as I think,
all systems to the contrary notwithstanding, that there is undoubt-
edly deterioration of the flavor of our fruits due to this process.
So I hope eventually we will find a substitute which will enable us
to put all these on the market with their full fruit flavor and
properties.

The Cherry.

The cherrj' was planted in California by our earliest settlers.
There are some famous old trees planted in the early fifties. These
trees remained productive for many years. There are some old
trees still in excellent condition, but in later years many of the old
trees have been affected by a sort of die-back.

The earliest introduction of the cherry was from Oregon. There
were some valuable varieties which came to California by this
Oregon route.

The cherry, while one of the minor deciduous fruits, is one of
great unit value. California cherries are all early cherries and
they are all of the sweet varieties. It is often the earliest fruit to
leave the State ; sometimes being ready to ship during April. This
year the shipments got off about April 15th. That is of the ripe
fruit. There were some earlier shipments, about March 31st, from
Vaca Valley. Of course, reaching the market early and in good
condition, high prices are obtained. From $1500 to $2500 per car-
load.

The cherry in California is not as widely planted as the peach and
the apricot. Many of our counties have crops of commercial pro-
portions. The bulk of them come from Northern California. There
are some districts in Southern California which are proving adapt-
able to cherry growing.

The number of cherry trees in California in 1914, according to
our figures was 952,118 trees, or about 13,600 acres.

The crop in 1914 was 10,646 tons. The shipments, 156 cars, equal
to 2,150 tons.

Of the balance, between five thousand and six thousand tons of
them were canned. From two thousand to twenty-five hundred tons
of local shipments were used for Maraschino cherries.

The Coast Valleys adjacents to San Francisco Bay, and the
alluvial bottoms in the interior valleys and their tributaries, and
in Southern California, in the elevated valleys where moisture is
adequate and the temperature not too high, these are the various
localities in California for the successful growing of cherries.

The soil for the cherry is a deep alluvial or sediment, where water
does not stand near the surface.

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A sandy sub-soil if not too dry in summer is satisfactory but
heavy clay soil is wholly unfit for the purpose.

A very deep loam, well drained, is the best, but it must be well-
drained ; for standing water for any considerable period is especially
fatal, even in winter.

The locations must be elevated and protected from late frosts and
cold winds. Early blossoming- trees, but they are not as early as
the apricots.

There were eight counties in California producing cherries in
1914. Their names and the quantities produced are as follows:
Santa Clara, 2,751; Alameda, 2,250; San Joaquin, 2,250; Solano,
1,000; Sacramento, 841; Placer, 700; Sonoma, 654; Contra Costa,
200.

STOCK.

In California, the stock is almost exclusively the Black Mazzard.
It makes the better tree on the whole under California conditions
than the Mahaleb, although the latter is more hardy and less liable
to injury from soil saturation during the winter.

The varieties are: Black Tartarian, Napoleon (Royal Ann),
Lambert, Bing and Black Republican. The Napoleon is used for
canning, and pickling for Maraschino. They are shipped in ten-
pound crates faced; some are sent in one and two pound cartons.
Of course, refrigerating and pre-cooling are used to give the best
effect. (Prolonged applause.)

The Citrus Fruits.

Dr. J. E. Coit.

The first orange orchard in California was planted at the San
Gabriel Mission about 1804. The first commercial orchard was
planted by William Wolfskill in 1841 in what is now the city of Los
Angeles. Commercial development was most rapid between 1875
and 1885, due to the introduction of the (Washington navel) Bahia
variety and the completion of the transcontinental railroads.

There are now about 200,000 acres planted to citrus fruits in Cali-
fornia and about $200,000,000 are invested in the industry. A con-
siderable proportion of the lemon acreage is not yet in bearing and
a large increase in production will come in the next three years.
Fifty thousand cars may be considered a normal crop at the present
time for which about twenty-seVen to thirty million dollars is re-
turned to California. California is now producing about one-sixth
of the world's supply.

Citrus fruits are grown in favorable localities from San Diego
County to Shasta County. The localities are in the order of present
importance: (1) The area enclosed in and adjacent to a triangle
drawn through Pasadena, Redlands and Santa Anna; (2) the east-
ern foothills of Tulare County; (3) Ventura and Santa Barbara

A SYMPOSIUM OF CALIFORNIA POMOIvOGY. HI

Counties; (4) San Diego County; (5) Butte County. There are a
great many smaller areas scattered through the state which are well
suited to citrus fruits.

The industry is older in Southern California and there the lands
and water have been further developed and prices of land and water
are much higher than in the central and northern parts of the state.
The cost of land varies from $150 to $700 an acre and water rights
from $75 to $800, or more. It costs to establish an orchard and
care for it througli the first five years from $800 to $1200 per acre in
Southern California, and from $500 to $900 per acre in other parts
of the state.

The labor in California citrus groves is done principally by
Americans, although a good many Mexicans, Italians and Orientals
are employed. In the packing-houses, most of the packing is done
by women while the heavy work is performed by men.

In none of the citrus areas in California is the rainfall sufficient
for commercial citrus culture. Irrigation is universal. In the early
days the water was diverted from streams. Recently there has been
an enormous development of underground water by pumping.
Many wells interfere with each other and there is a growing demand
for state control and apportionment of underground waters. The
methods of applying w^ater have been very highly developed, yet
there is much room for improvement along the line of greater
efficiency and conservation.

The usual method is to irrigate through four deep furrows in
each middle (except in very sandy soil), about once a month, soak-
ing the ground about four feet deep. There are one or two culti-
vations between each irrigation. Recently considerable interest has
been show' n in the mulching system. The groimd is entirely covered
from six to ten inches deep with hay, bean vines, shavings or other
material, water is applied through permanent furrows under the
mulch and all soil stirring discontiniied. This system appears to be
better for the trees but is objected to on account of the great cost of
the mulching material and the high fire hazard during the dry
season.

Clean cultivation is the rule in most orchards. A good many
growers plant vetch, bur clover or sweet clover in the fall as a win-
ter cover crop and turn this under at the spring plowing, applying
fertilizer and manure at the same time.

Recently orchard tractors have come into quite general use and
on large ranches where they are kept busy, seem to be giving satis-
faction particularly in the interior valleys where the high summer
heat is so distressing to work stock.

During the last few years a great advance has been made in
methods of protecting citrus orchards from excessive cold. The
problem of heating a lemon orchard is very different from that of
smudging a peach or pear orchard. For almost five months, lemon
growers must be prepared to fire on a few hours notice for blossoms
and young fruit may be found on the trees all winter. Smoke or

112 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

smudge is injurious as it makes expensive washing and brushing of
fruit necessary. The ideal citrus orchard heater, therefore, is a sheet
iron receptacle with a capacity of three to five or more gallons of
cheap fuel oil. It must have a draught capable of easy regulation,
and a stack which gives complete combustion of the gases and pro-
vides the maximum proportion of heat in the form of radiant energy.
Such heaters have been found very efficient and have come into quite
general use in Southern California, particularly in lemon orchards.
The elimination of the less profitable varieties has taken place
rather rapidly and now five varieties may be said to dominate the
field. These are : (Washington Navel), Bahia and Valencia oranges ;
Eureka and Lisbon lemons; and Marsh pomelo. The ratio of
oranges to lemons is about five or six to one. Very few pomelos are
raised in California.

The bulk of California citrus fruits is shipped eastward and dis-
tributed throughout the United States and Canada. Very little is
exported to Europe. In the autumn a few early oranges are sent to
Australia and New Zealand Avhile there is a small but growing ex-
port of lemons to Manila, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea.

About sixty-two per cent of the fruit is sold through a very weU
•organized co-operative selling agency known as the California Fruit
Growers' Exchange. The grower buys stock in a local packing-
house usually in proportion to his acreage. Such houses are owned
and operated by an association of growers. Several associations
together form a district exchange which orders cars, ships the fruit,
and distributes the returns. All of the district exchanges belong to
the central exchange which furnishes facilities for marketing the
fruit in the shape of bonded agents working under salary in the
principal markets. The central exchange also furnishes daily mar-
ket reports and other information. Grower-members are prohibited
from selling and delivering fruit outside of the association.
Growers may withdraw from an association at the end of any year.
There are about forty co-operative marketing associations outside
of the exchange and a number of independent grower shippers.
Very little fruit is shipped on consignment.

A recent investigation by the Exchange shows that the dollar the
consumer pays for oranges is distributed as follows: Picking and
hauling, .024 ; packing, .074 ; freight and refrigeration, .205 ; sell-
ing (Exchange), .015; jobber, .082; retailer, .333; grower, .267.

The associations belonging to the Exchange have the privilege of
buying ranch and packing-house supplies through the Fruit Grow-
ers' Supply Company. This is a non-profit co-operative organiza-
tion through which the growers pool their orders at low cost. This
company has an authorized capital of one million dollars and last
year did a business of $3,319,062.04 at an operating expense to the
members of three-fourths of a cent on each dollar of business
transacted.

Up to the present time there has been no citrus by-product indus-
try to take care of cuU fruit and as a result too much poor fruit is

A SYMPOSIUM OF CALIFORNIA POMOLOGY. 113

forced on to the market where it depresses the sales of good fruit.
There is now a concerted effort being made to develop a citrus by-
product industry to relieve this situation. Both the University of
California and the U. S. Department of Agriculture are operating
laboratories for experiments along this line, while a large number
of individuals and private companies are taking an active interest
in the matter. Citric acid is the chief citrus by-product and our
problem is to devise machinery' which will enable us to compete with
the cheap hand labor of Southern Europe. But citric acid is made
from lemons and the great bulk of California culls are oranges.
Of course, some of these are made into jellies, jams and marma-
lades, but the citrus growers equity in these products is small com-
pared with that of the sugar beet grower. Orange marmalade,
therefore, comes nearer being a by-product of the sugar beet indus-
try than it does of the citrus industry and it offers but a small out-
let for the thousands of tons of orange culls available.

In conclusion, I may say that our production is now somewhat
ahead of consumption and low prices and very conservative plant-
ing will probably be the rule for the next few years. Ordinarily we
might hope to overcome this trouble by increasing consumption
through an advertising campaign and this is being tried with some
success. It is very costly, however, to increase consumption in the
face of the very wide-spread economy which the people of this
country are beginning to put into practice as a result of the unrest
and uncertainty brought on by the world war. (Prolonged
applause. )

The Semi-Tropical Fruits.

Ira J. Condit, California.

The term semi-tropical as applied to fruits grown in California,
includes in a general way those fruit plants which are either
temporarily or permanently injured by temperatures much below
20 or 22 degrees F. For convenience sake a few tropical plants are
included, such as the banana and pineapple which can be grown
here successfully in many localities although not commercially.
Citrus fruits are usually classed by themselves. The fruits de-
scribed in this paper will include the fig, date, avocado, loquat and
persimmon, the olive being treated in another paper. Time or space
will not permit more than a mere mention of the guava, several
species of which are found in our gardens; the Feijoa, which was
introduced in 1900, and is now a widely disseminated and promis-
ing fruit plant ; the cherimoya, which has produced fruit in a small
way for many years ; the mango, seedlings of which have fruited in
several localities and which can undoubtedly be grown here success-
fully if the proper varieties are planted; the pomegranate, which
produces very profitable crops in the Imperial Valley and in Tulare
County where it is commonly planted as a border tree ; the white
sapote, which is a common tree in southern gardens; and the

114 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

jujube, which is not grown commercially but is promising, es-
pecially with the newer varieties recently introduced from China.

The Fig.

Fig trees were introduced into California by the Franciscan
Fathers early in the Eighteenth Century and large Mission fig trees
are common in all the older settlements of the state. The Mission
or California Black fig was the only variety groAvn previous to 1850,
when a number of European varieties were introduced. In 1880 the
Bulletin, a newspaper of San Francisco, imported a large number
of cuttings of the Smyrna fig offering these cuttings as premiums to
subscribers. The resulting trees grew thriftily, but Avithout excep-
tion failed to mature any figs until the introduction of the Blasto-
phaga in 3898. Since that time Smyrna fig culture has been a de-
cided commercial success and there has been a slow but steady in-
crease in the number of acres planted. The Adriatic fig Avhich has
long been grown for drying purposes, is still far in the lead in the
number of tons of dried figs produced. In the San Joaquin Valley
the Adriatic trees are planted around the borders of vineyards and
are known as "mortgage lifters," the crop being contracted for
from one to five years in advance, the buyers doing all the work of
gathering, drying and packing. The production of the three leading
varieties is about as folloAvs : White Adriatic, 5,000 tons ; Smyrna,
600 tons ; Mission, 300 tons.

Fig trees may be and are grown in nearly every county of the
state. The industry in dried figs, however, is limited to the hotter
and dryer valleys where the temperature during the drying season
ranges from 90 degrees to 110 degrees Fahrenheit in the shade. The
center of this industry at present is at Fresno, although other
equally good sections for the production of dried figs may be found
along the foothills from Bakersfield north to Merced and in the
Sacramento Valley along the eastern border. The marketing of
fresh figs forms only a very small percentage of the entire business ;
some early figs are shipped to eastern markets from the Imperial
Valley in ponj^ refrigerators and from the San Joaquin Valley in
cars of other fruits. Fresh figs are found in the local markets from
July to October at prices ranging from five to fifteen cents a pound.
The White San Pedro. Brunswick, Brown Turkey, Calimyrna (a
trade name for one type of the Smyrna), Mission, and Adriatic are
commonly grown in gardens for home use or local markets.

Since the production of mature Smyrna figs is entirely dependent
upon caprification of the small figs by means of the female Blasto-
phaga or fig wasp, the growing of good capri figs is an important
matter. Capri fig trees ordinarily bear three crops of fruit a year,
the mammoni or summer crop, the mamme or winter crop, and the
profichi or spring crop. The profichi figs contain not only large
numbers of galls in which the insects live but also an abundance of
pollen from the male flowers. The process of caprification consists in

A SYMPOSIUM OP CUilFORNIA POMOLOGY, 115

placing profiehi figs in the Smyrna trees so that the fig wasps after
emerging dusted with pollen, may enter the figs of the Smyrna tree
and pollinate the female flowers contained therein. In practice this
is accomplished by placing the capri figs every three or four days in
wire baskets suspended in the Smyrna trees. It is this necessity of
growing capri figs of the proper kinds and of understanding some-
thing regarding the life history of the Blastophaga which has de-
terred many a grower from setting out Smyrna figs and induced him
to plant the Adriatic instead. Dried Smyrna figs bring from one
and one-half to two tons ; of Adriatics, two to two and a half tons.
I\Iuch larger yields, however, are often obtained.

Figs partially dry on the tree, then drop to the ground, after
which they are picked up and hauled to the yards where they are
spread out on trays, placed in the sun or in stacks open to the light
and air. After being dried the Adriatic figs are exposed to the
bleaching effects of sulphur fumes for a short time ; neither the Mis-
sion nor the Smyrna figs are sulphured since the black color of the
former could not be removed by any amount of bleaching and the
latter is naturally of the desired light color. The best grades of
Smyrnas and Adriatics are packed in small squares or bricks of
four, six. eight, twelve, or sixteen ounces as the trade may require,
the remainder being marketed in larger packages. The bird-pecked
and split figs are not a total loss but are sold at a reduced price
to bakers and confectioners.

The number of pests which attack the fig is exceptionally small.
In sandy soil Adriatic trees are often seriously infested with root
nematodes which stunt the growth of the trees and reduce the crop.
On poorly drained soil or on land which has been too heavily
watered the fruit of some varieties sours badly on the tree. Con-
siderable loss is occasional in the interior valleys from sunburn
which causes the fruit to grow irregularly and woody ; also from
splitting of the figs, due probably to climatic conditions as well as
injudicious irrigation. Birds cause considerable damage at times;
some growers have found it profitable to furnish boys with guns and
ammunition and pay so much a head for each bird killed.

The Date.

Date seeds were brought into Southern California by the Mission
Fathers along with the fig, olive, and grape about 1795. Unlike the
other three plants mentioned, however, the date palm was of no
value for other than ornamental purposes around the Mission Gar-
dena since it rarely if ever sets or matures fruit along the coast.
Although quite hardy in most of the California valleys the true
date palm is not so ornamental as its near relative. Phoenix cana-
riensis, the latter being the most widely planted of all palms in the
state. Seedlings of Phoenix dactylifera, the true date palm, are
growing in widely separated localities and many in the interior val-
leys have produced edible fruit.

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The possibilities of growing dates conimereially in the hotter val-
leys of the state have long been recognized. It was not until 1890,
however, that the first offshoots of named varieties were imported
from North Africa by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and
were distributed in Arizona and in various parts of California.
Later importations were made in 1900 and in succeeding years until
by 1906, the number of varieties totaled 213. Date gardens where
these varieties are being tested out, were established at Tempe and
Phoenix, Arizona, and at Mecca and Indio, California. A station
at Tulare in the San Joaquin Valley has been discontinued. Re-
cently thousands of offshoots have been imported by private parties
and by the Coachella Valley Date Growers' Association, 13,000 off-
shoots having been received in one shipment. The first commercial
date orchard was planted in 1903 near Heber in the Imperial Val-
ley and consisted of about four acres of imported Deglet Nur off-
shoots. This orchard is now producing abundantly, the fruit being
largely sold in one-pound fancy cartons.

The high prices received for the fruit and the prospects for large
profits from orchards of date palms, have induced many owners of
land in the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to start planting on a
more or less extensive scale. Since the palm can be propogated
asexually only by the offshoots which are produced somewhat
sparingly around the base of the trunk, the greatest problem has
been and still is to secure stock for planting. The Date Growers'
Association succeeded in importing offshoots of desirable varieties
for about $2.85 ; offshoots handled by other concerns ranged con-
siderably higher in price.

The scarcity and high cost of the offshoots has encouraged the
planting of seedlings, thousands of which have been set out in the
last few years. Owing to the fact that the date palm is dioecious,
at least half of the seedlings turn out to be males. Of the females
the proportion which produces fruit of good marketing qualities is
variable, depending upon the source of the seedlings, those from
specially selected seed of the Deglet Nur being preferred. The
growers can usually expect to secure ten or fifteen per cent of the
seedlings which will bear good fruit and there is always the chance
that one or two of these will be a little better than other varieties
grown in the locality. They would then have to be propagated by
offshoots. The growing of seedling dates in the hotter parts of the
San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys is being encouraged as it is
believed that varieties can be developed which will mature fruit in
the fall months before cool weather starts in and that this fruit
will be most excellent for home use if not for extensive markets.

Unfortunately the early importations included two very serious
insect pests, the Parlatoria scale Parlatoria hlanchardi, which in-
fests the leaves and green stems, and the Marlatt scale Phoenicoccus
marlattii, which attacks only the bases of the leaves and flower
stalks away from the light. The Parlatoria can be controlled by
spraying but the second species has been difficult to control; one

A SYMPOSIUM OP CALOPORNIA POMOLOGY. 117

method used is to pour kerosene over the trunks and around the
bases of the leaves of the palm and set them afire. The heat proves
fatal to most of the insects and naturally interferes with the fruit-
ing of the palm for one season but the terminal bud remains alive
and soon sends out new growth.

The Federal law now requires that all imported offshoots be dip-
ped for two periods of fifteen minutes, separated by twenty-four
hours, and then be planted in nursery form for one year in specially
designated quarantine areas where the plants can be examined by
inspectors from time to time. They can not be shipped outside the
quarantine area unless free from scale.

The date palm is able to stand more severe conditions of soil and
climate than any other fruit tree grown here commercially. With
its roots in soil containing as much as 0.6 per cent total salts, and
sometimes in standing water, and its trunk and foliage in an atmos-
phere, the day temperature of which ranges around 110 degrees
Fahrenheit for several months in the year, the date palm flourishes.
The palms do not require an alkaline soil, but they will endure it if
need be. They will moreover stand considerable cold, experience
having shoMHW that old palms if nearly dormant are not seriously
injured b}^ a temperature of 15 degrees Fahrenheit. A few more de-
grees of frost will kill the foliage but not the terminal bud, which
pushes out new leaves and fruit stalks, bearing an abundant crop
the same season. The succeeding crop is much smaller on account
of the setback received by the palms.

The flowers of the date palm are produced in large brush-like
clusters appearing usually in March and April. The female clus-
ters are pollinated artifically with sprigs of male flowers of the
same season's growth or with pollen preserved from the previous
year. Pollen of Phoenix canariensis, or of many other species of
palms can be used if date pollen is scarce. UnpoUinated flowers do
not drop off but mature into three-parted seedless fruits which con-
tain some sugar but are worthless except for advertising purposes
in real estate windows.

The season for dates in California extends from the last of
August until November or until cooler weather prevents proper
maturity of the fruit. Many of the varieties of dates now being
grown belong to the class known as soft dates and the fruit is
largely marketed as fresh fruit. These fresh dates of such varieties
as the Birket al Hajji, Makantishi, and Maktum were rather com-
mon in the Los Angeles market last season but only a few were ship-
ped farther north. Small berry baskets holding almost a pound of
fruit sold at from twenty-five to thirty-five cents each.

The standard variety which is most largely favored for planting
is the Deglet Nur. The fruits of this variety are picked by hand
from the clusters when the individual berries begin to show trans-
lucent brown spots, and are then artifically ripened in an incubator
or closed room heated for the purpose. Slow ripening, or a tempera-
ture of eighty to eighty-four degrees F. for three or four days is

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

preferred to more rapid incubation when the temperature is main-
tained at one hundred and ten degrees F. for only twenty-four
hours. The fruits of most varieties of dates when allowed to ripen
on the tree become soft and sticky and attract bees, ants, and other
insects to such an extent that it has been found necessary' to pro-
tect the berries by enclosing the entire cluster in a bag of thin
muslin or netting. Only a few varieties of the dry or bread dates
are grown and practically none of the fruit of this class has been
placed on the market.

The Avocado,

One of the newer fruits to attract the attention of planters is
the avocado. It was not introduced into California until a com-
paratively recent date and is not, therefore, so well known as the
fruits introduced by the padres. During the last ten or fifteen
years several large seedling avocado trees have come into bearing
in the southern part of the state ; these have produced such bounti-
ful crops and the fruit has sold at such attractive prices that grow-
ers all over the state are considering the possibilities of the avocado
as a reliable source of income. Plantings from a few trees up to
several acres in extent are being made from San Diego to Butte
County, although the most extensive plantings are being made in
the southern coast counties.

The seedling trees which have ])orne fruit in the state represent
two distinct types of tree and fruit. The first, generally known here
as the Mexican type produces foliage with a characteristic anise-
like odor and taste, and fruit with a thin, tender skin ; the second,
commonly known as the Guatemalan type produces foliage in which
the anise is not pronounced and fruit which has a thick granular
rind or shell. Both types are being planted commercially, although
it is generally conceded that the thin-skinned fruits will be good for
home use and local markets, while the hard-shelled fruits will be
better for distant markets on account of their greater shipping
qualities.

The avocado tree has proven itself to be as hardy as the lemon and
the behavior of trees under various climatic conditions indicates that
some varieties may be expected to thrive wherever lemon, orange,
or pomelo production is successful, with the exception of the Im-
perial Valley where the extreme heat has so far proved fatal to the
foliage of the avocado. Many parts of the state are too windy to
admit of the successful culture of the trees and undoubtedly scores
which have been set out in such localities Avill never come into
bearing.

Avocado trees are propagated in this state by budding on seed-
lings of the thin-skinned type of fruit since such seedlings have
proved hardier than those of the hard-shelled type. Budding may
be done any time during the season when the bark of the stock is
slipping. The usual procedure is about as follows: Seeds are
planted either in pots or in seed beds during the winter months and

A SYMPOSIUM OF CALIFORNIA POMOLOGY. 119

when the seedlings are from six to eight inches high, they are trans-
planted to nurseiy rows in the open ground. Pot-grown plants are
looked npon with disfavor since the roots become so confined in the
pots that it is difficult to get the plants to start into healthy growth
when set out in their permanent location. Seedlings planted in the
nurserj' in the spring should be ready for budding in October, the
buds remaining dormant until early spring. Budded trees are al-
lowed to grow in the nurserj^ for one year and then transplanted,
by balling, the month of March being favored.

Varieties diflier as to the age of bearing after the bud starts to
grow. Some varieties, notably the Walker and Lyon, are very pre-
cocious, often blossoming and fruiting in the nursery row. The
most experienced plantei*s are favoring the planting of varieties
which develop primarily into good orchard trees believing that
they can be easily top-worked to more profitable varieties if not pro-
ductive of good, marketable fniit. This top-working is accom-
plished with only the loss of about eighteen months in fruiting
period, by cutting back the larger branches iu the spring and bud-
ding into the base of the new sprouts which appear. Some varieties
are easy to bud and nursery trees are relatively cheap ; budders have
found it difficult to propagate any large percentage of some varie-
ties and the trees are more expensive. Seeds of the avocado sell at
present for four to five cents apiece ; buds bring from two to ten
cents each ; while one-year-old field-grown trees sell at from two to
five dollars, depending upon the variety.

The number of named varieties of the avocado of local origin is at
least twenty-five and a great many more are being heralded by en-
thusiastic owners or nurserymen as worthy of propagation. A score
or more varieties have been introduced from Central and South
America, Florida, Hawaii, and elsewhere and are being propagated
by the thousand. It is the opinion of many persons who have
traveled in other countries and eaten avocados in various climates
that the commercial avocado of the future has not yet appeared in
California; others maintain that we already have varieties which
can not be excelled anywhere. Growers and prospective planters
are, therefore, having a very difficult and perplexing time in decid-
ing what variety or varieties to plant.

The Harmon is very largely planted because nurserymen find it
easy to propagate and its merits have been widely advertised. The
Harmon tree grows vigorously, is prolific, and bears a thin-skinned
fruit of medium size, of light purplish-green color and of good
quality but with a large seed, loose in the cavity ; the fruit has a
tendency to crack in ripening and to soften rather quickly. Other
thin-skinned varieties which are being planted are the Northup,
which bears two crops in a season, Carton, Ganter, Chappelow, and
"White. For commercial planting, however, varieties bearing the
larger hard-shelled t3T)e of fruit are preferred. Among these the
Taft is probably the favorite so far. Budded Taft trees have so far
not shown a tendency to come into bearing as early as some growers

1 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tlesire although this may not be such a bad feature after all if the
young tree is enabled to bear larger crops in later years on the
strong framework which it formed during the first four or five years
of its life. The Lyon, Blakeman, Challenge, Sharpless, Meserve, and
Miller are some of the California varieties which are being planted
out more or less extensively.

The Loquat.

The loquat is comparatively speaking, a neglected fruit in Cali-
fornia. With few exceptions the trees now growing in this state
are seedlings, bearing as a rule small and inferior fruits. Good
varieties that are well suited to our climatic and soil conditions
have, however, been developed here and introduced from abroad.
There are commercial orchards in Santa Barbara, Ventura, San
Diego, and Orange Counties. At Orange where the largest orchards
are to be found, enough fruit is produced to warrant co-operation
of the growers in marketing. In the northern and central parts of
the state there are no commercial loquat orchards, but one or more
trees are to be found in almost every good home garden collection
of fruits. The lack of good varieties, the occasional failure of the
crop on account of frost injury, and the greater interest in better
known fruits, are the main reasons for the lack of attention given
the loquat by commercial growers in California.

Loquats do well wherever the production of lemons is successful.
They blossom and set fruit from October to February and, while the
blossoms are fairly resistant to cold, the developing fruit is liable
to be injured by temperatures much below thirty degrees F. The
tree is not particular as to soil requirements. Although poor soils
and a scanty supply of water will produce an abundant crop, and
the individual fruits may be of good flavor and quality, they are
almost invariably small. Since size is an important factor in a
commercial fruit, the fertilization and irrigation are regulated so
as to produce fruit equal to the market demand.

The loquat tree is very prolific and liable to over-bear. A com-
mon practice in some sections is to crowd the trees into rows twenty-
four feet apart, with the trees twelve feet apart in the row. This
helps to dwarf the tree and to produce more uniform and regular
crops.

Some excellent varieties have been developed in California. The
best variety for an early market is the Early Red which often ripens
in February-. The best mid-season varieties are the Champagne,
Thales, Advance, and Victor.

The average price received for the fruit during the past few years
has been about five cents per pound. Budded trees are usually pre-
cocious and begin to bear profitably at the age of four or five years.
Trees ten years old should produce from one hundred and fifty to
two hundred pounds of marketable fruit.

The loquat tree is remarkably free from serious insect or fungous
pests. The pear blight often attacks the flower clusters and twigs

THE ALMOND. 121

in the spring of the year but it is only occasionally fatal to the tree.
Birds often destroy quantities of the fruit during the harvesting
season. Their depredations may be prevented in small orchards by
bagging the clusters of fruit before the color develops.

The Persimmon.

The kaki or Japanese persimmon was introduced into California
about 1S70 and is to be found to a greater or less extent in nearly
every county in the state. The tree is easily grown, is free from
serious diseases and insect pests and is in most cases exceedingly
prolific. The following reasons may be given why it is not more of
a commercial fruit in this state: The general lack of knowledge
among consumers as to the value of the fruit and the proper condi-
tion for eating; the failure of the growers and marketing agencies
to advertise the fruit and educate the public as to its use ; the grow-
ers' lack of attention to the subjects of varieties, pollination, natural
and artificial ripening ; the failure of growers to develop the indus-
try in by-products such as dried persimmons.

The persimmon tree thrives in nearly all sections of the state, com-
mercial orchards being found in Orange. Los Angeles, and Placer
Counties, while small plantings of a few trees are very common both
along the coast and in the interior valleys. Although some nur-
series propagate the trees by budding or grafting on seedlings of the
American persimmon tree, others import the grafted plants from
reputable firms in Japan.

A common practice is to plant the trees along ditches and
streams where they seem to thrive with little care. When planted in
orchard form the trees are set about twenty feet apart, although
the spacing depends upon the variety.

The fruit is marketed either on the coast or in some of the eastern
cities. New York has proven one of the best markets, Pittsburg,
Philadelphia and Boston being good, while the demand is light in
the Middle West. Eastern shipments proved unprofitable during
the season of 1914 and large quantities of the fruit were sent to San
Francisco, flooding that market which resulted in reducing the price
to such an extent that very little profit was received by the growers.
A better distributing system is therefore necessary if the persim-
mon is to become a staple commercial fruit. The usual price to the
grower is about six cents a pound.

The leading commercial varieties are the Hachiya, Tanenashi,
Hyaknme, Tsuru, Yemon and Zengi. The Tamoan has been fruited
here but is yet in the experimental stage.

THE ALMOND.

R. H. Taylor, California.

The California almond industry for a number of years previous
to 1910 remained about stationary. Old orchards were constantly
being taken out in poorly chosen situations and new orchards being
planted in newer and more promising localities, so that the bearing

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMEKICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

acreage remained about the same. About 1910 a new interest began
to be aroused. The growers waked up and organized themselves into
the California Almond Growers' Exchange, a co-operative, non-pro-
fit-bearing organization, and proceeded to market their crops them-
selves rather than allowing all the profits to go into the hands of the
middleman as they had done before. Prices to the producer went
up and new acreages were planted in increasingly larger blocks from
year to year until the result is that all the orchards now planted
come into bearing at the usual time it has been estimated that pro-
duction will increase several hundred per cent in the next five years
over what it was last year.

The estimates reported to the office of Commissioner of Horticul-
ture by the county commissioners at the close of 1914 show that
there were then 15,747 acres of bearing almonds in the State, and
13,371 acres of non-bearing trees.

Many of these trees figured as bearing have just born a few nuts
for the first time, so that in reality tlie non-bearing trees are greatly
in excess of those in full bearing. On the commissioners' basis of
740,188 acres of all fruit trees of all kinds in the State, the almonds
constitute 3.93% of the whole.

The largest acreage in any one county is in Yolo, 2,250 acres of
bearing and 2,750 acres of non-bearing trees, a total of 5,000 acres
in almonds. Next in order are Butte with 1 ,800 bearing, and 1,000
acres non-bearing; Contra Costa with 1,737 acres bearing and 850
acres non-bearing ; Riverside with 818 acres bearing and 1,328 acres
non-bearing; San Joaquin with 1,500 acres bearing and 500 acres
non-bearing trees, etc. Trees average seventy-five per acre.

In general, the successful plantings are on slightly elevated lands,
where the soil is deep and well drained without being too loose and
open. These conditions are generally found along the lower foot-
hills on both sides of our great valleys and on the slightly higher
lands adjacent to the streams flowing from the mountains. In south-
ern California, the Banning district in Riverside County at an eleva-
tion of about 1,900 feet, is the only one of any importance. The
absence of real cold weather in the winter, such as is found at lower
elevations, fails to force the trees into a sufficiently dormant condi-
tion to prevent them from blossoming too early in the spring. Even
when the frost does not kill the blossoms, the weather conditions
seem to cause an excessive drop of blossoms and young fruit. The
result is that over eighty per cent of all the almonds grown in the
State are in the great interior valleys of northern California where
the trees are subjected to cold winter temperatures for some time.

The average yield of almonds in this State is approximately 800
pounds per acre. With good care, this could and should be raised to
1,000 pounds for trees in full bearing. Not infrequently yields of
one ton per acre are obtained.

Prices range from eight cents to twenty cents per pound, depend-
ing on variety and season. The average price would probably be
somewhere around thirteen cents per pound. At these figures, gross
returns would rang from sixty-five dollars to one hundred and sixty

THE ALMOND. 123

dollars per acre for average orchards. A man should be able to
fi^re one hundred and thirty dollars per acre. Cost of production
ranges from twenty dollars to fifty dollars per acre, exclusive of
interest and taxes, so that net returns can easily be figured where
land valuations and taxes are known.

The domestic crop is at present protected by an import duty of
four cents on shelled and three cents on unshelled almonds. These
figures are from the recent Underwood Tariff, wliich reduced the
former rate two cents on shelled and one cent on unshelled almonds.

The almond is particular in its requirements in most ways, yet at
the same time will live through considerable neglect. It requires a
deep rich medium loam soil with good drainage. It is especially
averse to standing water around its roots. The loss of many crops,
and also a great deal of sour sap, and consequent death of the trees
in many cases, has been directly traceable to this one difficulty.

The tree is the fii'st to commence growth in the spring and the
last to go dormant in the fall and consequently requires a reason-
able amount of moisture for a long season. Variation in the mois-
ture supply is undesirable.

Frost is an important factor because of early blossoming and loca-
tions must be chosen with special reference to this point.

Cultivation, thoroughly and continuously done, will well repay
the OMTier of any orchard. Cover crops or some means of restoring
humus to the soil are equally important.

Pruning consists in shaping the young tree and thereafter limiting
cutting to removal of watersprouts, dead and interfering branches.

Harvesting is done by knocking the nuts and hulls from the trees
by long poles on to sheets spread under the trees. This is done as
soon as the hull splits open sufficiently to allow of easy hulling by
machinery. If the nuts are allowed to hang on the trees long after
the hulls open the nuts turn so dark that only very heavy bleaching
will bring them back to a desirable color for market. It also makes
hulling harder.

After hulling, the nuts are thoroughly dried until the meats will
break without bending, after which they are bleached. This is done
by first lightly spraying the nuts with water or better, by steaming
them for a few moments and then exposing them to the fumes of
burning sulphur for from ten to thirty minutes. If the meats are
not thoroughly dried, the sulphur fumes will penetrate them and
hasten the development of rancidity. Unbleached nuts will keep
much better than bleached nuts.

Marketing facilities are excellent, largely because over 75 per cent
of the crop this year is being marketed by the California Almond
Growers' Exchange for its members. The number of members has
been gradually increasing until there are now nearly 900 members.
As is usual with most co-operative organizations, the Almond
Growers ' Exchange has encountered serious opposition from outside
interests and even after five years, the opposition is still strong.
The unusual market conditions throughout the world the past year
have been hard on all fruit lines and this condition has furnished

124 TKOCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

oiDportunity for renewed attacks. The growers are commencing to
learn, however, that they can do no better than to stay together, and
handle their problems as a unit. The Exchange finished last season,
in much better condition than it expected, and now things look bet-
ter for it than ever. Without such an organization, the growers
would be losing money fast, especially with the supply increasing
so rapidly, and the markets still undeveloped.

The standardization of product that is being brought about by
this co-operation is having a good effect on the wholesale market.
Buyers are less afraid to purchase in larger quantities because they
are sure that what they get will be what they ordered. The large
organization has a greater sense of responsibility than the average
individual grower, and realizes its need for building up a reputa-
tion for uniformity of product and honesty in all dealings.

The almond, as other fruit trees is subject to its quota of insect
pests and diseases. The Red Spider is one of the most important
insect pests, of which there are two kinds, the Brown Mite, Bryohia
pratensvi, and the Yellow Mite, Tetranychns bimaculatus. Both
cause injury to the tree by sucking the plant juices from the leaves
and bark, and both are controlled by the use of sulphur in one form
or another.

The brown mite, or clover mite, as it is commonly called, is the
first one to commence active operations and fortunately it is the
most easily controlled. Its entire life history is lived on the tree.
The fall eggs are laid on the under side of the large and small
branches, where they pass the winter. In the spring they com-
mence to hatch with the first warm weather, and thereafter a num-
ber of generations are born successively through the summer.

This mite may be easily and effectively controlled by spraying
with winter strength lime-sulphur solution under at least 180 pounds
pressure just before the buds open in the spring. This will control
it effectively throughout the year. If winter spraying is not done,
the only other thing to do is to use some sulphur spray in the sum-
mer as soon as the mite appears. Lime-sulphur, one — thirty, atomic-
sulphur or milled-sulphur will be effective though not nearly as
much so as the winter spray. If facilities are not at hand for a
thorough liquid spraying, dry sulphur may be dusted on the trees
using the very lightest grade of flowers of sulphur obtainable. It is
difficult to get good results with one application of this so that it
may be necesaiy to make as many as four or five applications.

The yellow mite, or six-spotted red spider, passes the winter in
the ground, in rubbish, etc., and generally commences crawling up
into the trees about the middle of May or first of June, depending
on the time the warm weather comes. Its later summer generations
are then produced on the tree. This mite, unlike the Bryohia, spins
a very fine web on the upper surfaces of the leaves and on the
smaller branches and then works underneath. This makes it much
more difficult to control by means of dust sprays. Liquid sprays,
if thoroughly applied under high pressure, will control the pest if
applied soon enough. Spraying should be done as soon as the mite

THE ALMOND. 125

first appears. Waiting until the leaves commence to turn yellow is
too late. It is not long then until the leaves drop from the trees.
This is the same mite which is so destructive in defoliating the plum
and prune before the crop is harvested in many cases. Winter
spraying is ineifective in most cases.

The stored almond is sometimes infested with a moth, the larva
of which eats into the meats pretty badly. The infestation is worse
in poorly sealed varieties like the Nonpareil. Prompt handling and
elimination of unnecessary exposure will largely do away with the
trouble. Storage bins should be thoroughly cleaned every year.

Of the fungous disease, the shot-hole fungus is the worst on the
leaves and fruit. It is only bad in years of late spring rains and
continued damp weather after the friiit has set. In the past it has
never been serious enough to warrant spraying regularly, and the
growers seem satisfied to risk an occasional severe infestation.

The Armillaria, or oak fungus, is bad in some sections, and is
gradually making holes in the orchards. There is no remedj'' known
except to dig out the trees and isolate the infested area from healthy
trees by digging trenches outside of the first row of healthy trees,
and cutting off all root connection with the outside trees, or simply
pulling out a row of healthy trees with as much of the root as pos-
sible to prevent its spreading through them.

Root Knot, or crown gall, caused by Bacterium tumefaciens, is
very troublesome, causing the death of many trees, both young and
old. Care must be exercised in planting to see that clean, healthy
trees are planted with no infestation on them. After the knots have
developed the only method of control is to dig away the dirt and
cut out the knots cleanly and paint over the wounds with Bordeaux
paste. This is expensive and not always satisfactory.

"Sour-Sap" and "Fruit Drop" are the result of unfavorable
weather and moisture conditions. Wet weather in the spring, fol-
lowed quickly by warm, sunny weather, seems to be the reason for
the worst cases. Sudden variations in moisture or temperature con-
ditions omitted in the soil as nearly uniform throughout the entire
growing season as possible.

The question of varieties to plant is still an unsettled one. Prob-
ably the Nonpareil, I. X. L., Ne Plus Ultra and Drake are
the most popular varieties. These are all of California origin.
The first three, known collectively as the Hatch varieties, are by far
the most popular and bring the highest prices, though they are not
heavy bearers. The Drake is consistently a heavy bearer. The
Texas, Languedoc and Peerless are also being planted considerably.
The Languedoc is an old French variety and one of the first to be
grown in the State.

In planting orchards, three or four varieties are generally inter-
planted in order to secure the benefit of cross-pollination. This is
desirable because it also extends the harvesting season considerably
and lightens the work in that busy season. It is generally consid-
ered that the early blooming varieties like the I. X. L., Ne Plus
Ultra and Nonpareil are most in need of such inter-planting.

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

either with each other or late blooming varieties. Commercial plant-
ings at the present are largely composed of but seven or eight varie-
ties, so it is not difficult to choose varieties for planting.

While prospects for the future are somewhat doubtful in some
ways, there is every chance that the industry will maintain its pro-
fitable standing provided all the growers will work together for its
sane development.

THE WALNUT.

Dr. L. D. Batchelor, California.

Persian, so-called English, walnuts may have been planted first in
California by the Mission Fathers. However, it was not until after
the coming of the first Americans that this industry attained any
commercial importance. The present walnut industry is of com-
paratively recent origin and owes its establishment to the early ef-
forts of Joseph Sexton of Santa Barbara and the late Felix Gillet
of Nevada City. The Santa Barbara soft shell seedlings and the
several grafted varieties of this type all trace back more or less
directly to the efforts of Mr. Sexton. The French varieties, such as
the Mayette, Franquette, etc., owe their popularity to the tireless
work of the late Mr. Gillet in promoting the production of this type
of walnut. The extent of the present walnut industry will fall
somewhere between 45,000 and 50,000 acres or about one and one-
quarter million trees.

An average crop for the past few years is about twelve thousand
tons, valued at three and one-half million dollars. The investment
in the walnut industry of California represents about forty-five
million dollars.

The walnut industry is centralized in the following counties men-
tioned in their order of importance : Orange, Los Angeles, Ventura,
Santa Barbara, San Joaquin and Contra Costa.

This industry is almost universally a specialized crop. It is sel-
dom one encounters the growing of walnuts as one of two or more
general farm crops, but on the contrary, nuts are the one and only
crop produced by most of the orchardists engaged in this industry.
Success with this crop depends on the soil and climatic conditions
and the availability of irrigation water. A deep, rich loam is de-
sirable and although good drainage is imperative to a depth of six
or eight feet, irrigation water is necessary practically throughout
California for the best production of walnuts.

Groves planted on the light, sandy loams or soils underlaid with
a fluctuating water table or a hardpan close to the surface, say
within three or four feet, are bound to be short-lived and unsatis-
factory in the end.

Clean culture with the use of a winter cover crop is the most pre-
valent type of soil management practiced by the progressive grow-
ers. Such cover crops as Melilotus or sweet clover, vetch and rye
are often seen. These crops are usually planted immediately after

THE W.UjNUT. 127

harvest, the latter part of September, and should be nearly waist-
liigh at the time they are plowed under, during the latter part of
March or April. Irrigation water is applied by the furrow system
in the majority of cases, although occasionally a grove is watered
by the basin method, where the land is level or where possibly a sod
is grown in the grove throughout the year. Companion crops in
the bearing groves are seldom seen, and in fact, the young groves,
before they reach a bearing age, are sometimes handled with clean
cultivation. As the industry has grown older this has seemed to be a
mistake and the most progressive planters are now inter-planting
the young walnut groves with hoed vegetable crops, small fruits,
alfalfa, and occasionally apricots and peaches. If these inter-crops
are properly handled the land will commence making returns im-
mediately after the trees are planted without any detriment to the
future walnut grove.

It is clearly noticeable on every hand that the older plantings of
walnuts were set too close together. Although fifty feet apart
seemed ample room for development, it is very evident now that a
distance of sixty feet is none too much for the larger growing varie-
ties on the rich loam soils which are best adapted for this crop. It
is a matter of common observation to see the outside trees in a grove
produce considerably more than the trees in the center. This leads
one to believe that perhaps some of the older plantations might pro-
duce as many walnuts today with half as many trees to the acre,
inter-planted with some vegetable or small fruit crop.

The older gi'oves are composed entirely of seedlings, most of
which are of the Santa Barbara soft shell type and trace directly
or indirectly to the original trees grown by Mr. Sexton at Santa
Barbara. It is only within a comparatively recent time, during the
last ten to fifteen years, that the walnut has been propagated by
budding and grafting in commercial quantities. During this time,
a comparatively large number of varieties have been introduced and
many of these have been dropped by the wayside even thus early in
the development of the industry. At the present time the following
five varieties are being propagated to a greater extent than all other
sorts combined: Placentia, Eureka, Franquette, El Monte, and
Prolific.

In a general way the two first-mentioned varieties will compose
nearly seventy per cent of the trees propagated at the present time
in California nurseries.

The grading and sale of the California walnuts has developed
rapidly during the last decade, from the sale of seedling nuts, un-
graded and unbleached, as just plain walnuts; the grading has
gradually reached a stage where a portion of the nuts are sold under
their variety name and another larger portion is disposed of after
being strictly graded according to size, shape, color of the meat and
quality of same. Recently the California Co-operative Nut-Grow-
ers' Association have introduced a one and two-pound carton and
will attempt to standardize the product handled in this package as
strictly as are breakfast foods and canned goods at the present time.

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Although the walnut industry has not an established reputation
for profitableness which is comparable with the citrus fruits of Cali-
fornia, it has nevertheless, maintained its position as a stable, con-
servative, permanent crop within this state. The income per acre
for this product will vary widely according to variety, soil and
climatic conditions as well as the personal element of the manage-
ment. Such net incomes will fluctuate from $100 to $200 per acre.

The future development of this industry seems to be drifting
gradually inland. Especially is this true where the walnuts have
been planted on soil which might have been used for citrus culture.
Whereas the inland valleys were formerly thought to be poorly
adapted to walnut production because of the darkening of the meats
by the intense sunshine, there are several sections which give promise
for development along these lines with the proper choice of varieties
adapted to their particular environments.

The walnut industry' enjoys one of the most unique features of
any fruit industry of the country, inasmuch as its product may be
successfully stored awaiting disposal for a period of at least twelve
months if necessary. This has given the industry a very stable
character and has freed this product from the speculative manipu-
lations which are frequently found in connection with the perish-
able fruit products. It is interesting to note that the importations
of walnuts into the United States have gradually increased during
the last ten years and during this same period the prices to the
growers of California have also gradually increased. This may be
taken as only one of many indications that the walnut is being
looked upon more and more as a stable food necessity by the people
of this country.

From present indications this industry is farther from the dan-
gers of over-production than almost any other agricultural or horti-
cultural crop within the borders of the state.

THE OBAPE.

Frederic T. Bioletti, California.

The vineyard area of California, comprising about 1,000 acres in
1857, has grown to about 375,000 acres in 1915. It may be roughly
estimated to consist at present of 175,000 acres of wine-grapes, 130,-
000 acres of raisin-grapes and 70,000 acres of shipping-grapes. At
a valuation of $250 per acre this represents an investment of nearly
$100,000,000. To this must be added the value of wineries and
packing houses, with their equipment for handling, grading, seed-
ing, packing and shipping, which is difificult to estimate.

Grapes are produced in commercial quantities in forty-five of the
fifty-eight counties of California. In most of the remaining thirteen
they are grown as garden fruit or arbor vines in limited quantities
for home use. All the counties of the great interior valleys from
Shasta to Kern have large vineyards; the centers of densest plant-
ing being in Fresno, Tulare and Kings, and in San Joaquin and

THE GRAPE. 129

Sacramento counties. All the coast counties from Mendocino to
San Diego also have commercial vineyards, the densest planting be-
ing in Napa, Sonoma, Santa Clara and Contra Costa. All the coun-
ties of southern California have considerable vineyard interests, the
largest being in San Bernardino county in the San Gabriel Valley.

Of the grape-growing counties, ninety-three per cent produce
wine-grapes, eighty-two per cent shipping-grapes and fifty-three per
cent raisin-grapes.

The raisins are produced principally in the upper San Joaquin
Valley in Fresno, Tulare and Kings counties. Other considerable
centers of production are San Diego, Los Angeles, Madera, Colusa,
and Sutter counties. California produces about sixty per cent of
all the raisins of the world, excluding Zante currants. Nearly half
the world 's crop of raisins is produced within fifty miles of the city
of Fresno.

The shipping grapes are grown principally in the interior valleys
in the counties of San Joaquin and Sacramento and of Tulare and
Fresno. Other considerable centers of production are Los Angeles,
Contra Costa, Colusa, Stanislaus, Placer and Imperial. Several
minor but important centers exist.

The wine-grapes are more evenly distributed than either of the
others. The areas of largest production are San Joaquin and Sacra-
mento, Napa, Sonoma and Solano, Fresno and Tulare, Santa Clara,
Alameda and Contra Costa, San Bernardino and Riverside, with
important areas also in Madera, Stanislaus and Merced, in Placer,
in Tehama, and in Santa Cruz.

In a general way it may be said that grapes for drv^ wine are
grown in the coast counties where the summer temperature is mod-
erate and the vintage lat€. Grapes for sweet wine are grown in the
great interior valley where the hot summer insures high sugar con-
tents and low acidity. Raisin-grapes are grown in the same region
where they mature at a time when several weeks of dry weather are
still available for drying. Table-grapes can be grown in almost all
the viticultural regions, but most of them are produced near certain
centers. These centers owe their pre-eminence partly to natural
advantages, such as extreme earliness as in Imperial, extreme late-
ness as in Contra Costa and Santa Cruz counties ; and partly to the
accidents of proximity to railroads or the first establishment of pack-
ing houses.

The methods of grape-growing in California are practically those
of southern France and Algeria modified slightly b}' the more gen-
eral use of large implements and the high price and unskilled nature
of most of the labor. They differ markedly from those of the eastern
and southern parts of the United States, owing to the dry summers
which make it possible to grow \dnifera grapes, to omit much of the
warfare against fungous diseases which necessitate modifications of
practice in pruning and cultivation.

Practically all our grapes are varieties of the so-called European
grape, Vitis vinifera. A few American species, Riparia, Rupestris
and Berlandieri supply a number of varieties and hybrids which are

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

extensively used in some sections as grafting stock resistant to the
Phylloxera. Lahrusca varieties, principally Pierce and Concord,
constitute not more than a few hundred acres. Rotundifolia is not
grown at all.

Each of the great classes of viticulture depends partly on the use
of varieties with special characteristics, and partly on special clim-
atic conditions.

The great bulk of the raisins is made from the {Muscat of) Alex-
andria, the Sultanina {Thompson's Seedless) and the Sultana. The
first produces large raisins of the Spanish type, the last two, the
seedless raisins known to commerce as ' ' Sultanas. ' ' No other known
varieties can be substituted for these, though fair raisins are made
occasionally from a few large grapes such as Malaga or Feher
Szagos. Currants or seedless raisins of the Zante or Greek type are
made in small quantities from the Black and White Corinth grapes.

The business of shipping-grapes deals with a large number of
varieties, though three constitute by far the greater part of the east-
ern or distant shipments. These are, in order of importance, Flame
Tokay, Malaga and Emperor. A few others, notably Cornichon.
Verdal and Black Morocco, are shipped in fairly large quantities.
For Pacific Coast markets the raisin Muscat and the Sultanina are
used extensively and also, in smaller quantities, Black Prince (Rose
of Peru), Black Malvoisie, Black Ferrara, Ferrara, Mission, Lug-
lienga. Golden Chasselas, Pizzuetello and Pierce, the last our only
variety of Loirusca type, while a score or more of varieties are ship-
ped occasionally, locally and in small quantities.

For wine, the list of varieties used extensively would be too long
to give. Zinfandel is still the chief, out of a list of even the im-
portant names would contain fifty or more. The total number grown
commercially would probably exceed a hundred.

Among the better varieties which have been planted largely dur-
ing recent years, the principal is the Petite Syrah, Alicante Bouschet
and Palomino have also been extensively planted, but these are little
better than the Carignane, Mataro and Burger which they tend to
replace. J\Iany small vineyards of fine varieties, such as Cabernet
Sau\4gnon, Colombar and Riesling, exist which in the aggregate
constitute a considerable area.

Few new grapes have been introduced within recent years. Most
of the European varieties were introduced and tested during the
last two decades of the Nineteenth Centur.y. Those which we now
grow have proved their worth in actual practice. There has been
little careful testing of varieties Avith the exception of wine-grapes,
which in part accounts for the much larger number of this group
of varieties which are actually grown.

For raisin-grapes it seems hopeless to look for anything better
than our Muscat of Alexandria and our Sultanina. Perhaps by
selection the setting of the former might be improved. The Huasco
is a strain showing this improvement. Attempts are being made to
increase the size of the Sultanina by selection, but so far without
very definite results.

*'-.^Jfk;

TYl'ICAL KRIHT OF THE ^[AXGO RACE, SIIOWIXG THE CII AKACTEUISTIC
PX)K^[. COMMON TIIROrGIlOFT THE ISI>ANDS

A FPailT OF MANCiO CIIIXO WKKI 1 1 1 M I 1 () i )Z. Fl.'OM TIIF (^I'lXTA AVILES,
CIFNFrFOOS. ONE OF THE LAlUiEST CTBAN TYPES.

THE GRAPE. 131

The introduction of new varieties of table and shipping-grapes is
more promising. Persian 23 is an earlier and more highly colored
grapes than the Malaga and may be useful in the Imperial region.
A red grape for the hotter regions, where the Tokay fails to color,
may be found in the Flame Muscat or the Maraville dc Malaga. The
Battier de Beiruth is earlier, larger and of better quality than the
Malga and gives promise of being useful in the Malaga sections of
the San Joaquin Valley. It appears, however, to be too much sub-
ject to coulure* and abortive berries.

The crop of raisins for 1914 was about 182,000,000 pounds, valued
at about $10,000,000. The %vine produced about 44,000,000 gallons,
consisting of 26,000,000 gallons of dry wine and 18,000,000 gallons
of sweet. The value, together with that of the 7,000,000 gallons of
brandj"^ made, totalled about $15,000,000. The table-grapes shipped
amounted to 8,773 carloads, bringing about $4,000,000 to the grow-
ers. The total value of the grape crop to the growers of wine, table
and raisin-grapes, including the manufacturers of wine, but exclud-
ing all packing or transportation values, was roughly $29,000,000.
The great bulk of the crop of all kinds is consumed in the United
States.

The manufacture of by-products is on a very small scale. The
production of grape-juice, vinegar and cream of tartar utilize but
an infinitesimal portion of the crop.

On the whole the production of grapes ha,s been perhaps a little
more profitable than that of most other fruits. The best vineyards
in the most favorable years return profits as high as any orchards.
Poor vineyards are unprofitable. That the vineyards as a whole
have been profitable is proved by their steady and rapid increase
during the last fifteen years. The average profit from a vineyard
may be estimated to be from thirty dollars to forty dollars per acre,
though the variations are very great, especially in the case of table-
grapes.

This profit is calculated aside from the labor of the owner, which
makes it possible to support a family on fifteen or twenty acres of
vineyard.

The further development of the industry is hard to foresee. The
extension of Prohibition discourages the planting of all kinds of
grapes, as the discontinuance of wine-making would automatically
much increase the output of table and raisin-grapes without new
plantings. At present the most extensive plantings are of Sul-
tanina.

The mast notable facts regarding the industry during the last
year are the continued success of the Raisin Growers ' Association ;
the changes in the Internal Revenue laws due to higher tax rates,
which have introduced much uncertainty into the operations of the
producers of sweet wines ; and the attempts being made to standard-
ize the quality of shipping-grapes and to prevent the shipping of
unripe or othei-wise inferior fruit.

•Dropping of fruit.

132 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A SYMPOSIUM ON OREGON POMOLOGY.

Professor C. I. Lewis, Leader.

As far as statistics are concerned I will refer you to the census
figures, which you can get from the United States Census Bureau
at Washington. For a general history, I refer you to the State De-
partment of Horticulture, where they have a lot of literature for
free distribution. For our booster literature, I refer you to our
commercial clubs, which will be glad to furnish you with some ex-
cellent booklets.

We have thought that the best way to treat this subject is to eon-
fine ourselves to certain problems. I have picked out those having
national interest, rather than those with only Pacific Coast interest.

Professor Gardner will discuss the subject of pruning, having
thirty -five hundred trees under observation. Professor Allen will
talk to you on cover crops and shadow crops, and so forth, while
Professor Reimer will devote himself to pears. My own subject is
that of

OECHARD ECONOMICS.*

Four or five years ago we were getting bonanza prices, three, four
and even five dollars for apples in boxes and in carload lots. At the
time we were growing apples at five dollars a box, we got extrava-
gant, and we are trying to use the same methods now while our re-
turns are one dollar a box. They will not work together. A sum-
mary of the results of our study is herewith offered :

For the past four years the Division of Horticulture has been
conducting investigations dealing with the cost of fruit production
in the Pacific Northwest. The investigations have been conducted
on a broad scale, including the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho
and the Province of British Columbia, and have entailed the study
of a thousand orchards.

All figures are taken from farms which have at least two-thirds of
their entire acreage devoted to orchards and at least two-thirds of
this orchard devoted to apples.

The aim of the bulletin is to give average costs of production
which will serve as an aid to those orchardists attempting to lower
their production costs and which will indicate what expenses may
be included under the various heads of Growing, Handling, Over-
head and Selling.

The average cast of clearing land and planting to apples in the
northwest amounts to about $112.82 an acre.

The average cost of maintenance and development of the young
orchard is as follows:

Ochards two to three years of age $62.72 an acre.

Orchards four to five years of age $60.36 an acre.

Orchards six to seven years of age — less receipts — $52.87 an acre.

♦Very full details of the investigations summarized here are reported in bulletin
132 of tlie Oregon Experiment Station.

A SYMPOSIUM OF OREGON POMOIX)GY. 133

A study of costs of production according to horse units reveals
the fact that the average fruit ranch maintains too many horses for
economical management.

The figures found on Costs of Production of Apples show con-
clusively that it is much cheaper to produce apples on the larger
units than on the smaller units, and that those growers who are de-
pending upon five or ten acres of apples should either enlarge their
orchards or combine with apple production some other agricultural
activities.

Our figures seem to indicate that, given a large number of orch-
ards, it would be possible to plot a curve which would show strong
regular fluctuations of higher and lower costs according to the ap-
proximation to the local economical unit, and a progressive lower
cost according to increase in acreage. There would be, then, certain
combinations of acreage which would mean low production costs,
and certain combinations which would mean high production costs.

The average costs of production of apples in orchards six to nine
years old with an average yield of 120 bushels, on an acreage basis,
were: Maintenance, $30.71; Overhead, $57.03; Handling, $53.18;
a total of $140.92.

The average cost of each box under the same conditions were:
Maintenance, $0.2564; Overhead, $0.4776; Handling, $0.4463; a
total of $1.1803.

The average costs of production of apples in orchards ten to eigh-
teen years old with an average yield of 233 boxes to the acre, on an
acreage basis, were : Maintenance, $40.75 ; Overhead, $110.76 ;
Handling, $68.99 ; a total of $220.50.

The average cost for each box under these conditions were : Main-
tenance, $0.1782 ; Overhead, $0.4737 ; Handling, $0.3030 ; a total of
$0.9549.

To make a success of apples, the orchardist must choose varieties
with which he can excel.

It is doubtful if the Northwest as a whole should be producing
more than a dozen varieties of apples, and each locality should only
be producing the particular few varieties that are best suited to the
local conditions, probably not more than three or four at the most.

The average orchardist studies his problems from the point of
\aew of the whole orchard or large blocks of trees in the orchard,
whereas he should study the problems more as they are related to
each individual tree and small blocks of orchards.

The problem is to find out what trees are unprofitable and to de-
termine why this condition is true.

We believe that the best opportunities to diversify the apple
farm — especially where lands are high priced and where there is an
overhead cost, taxes and interest on investment, of from $30 to $50
an acre — is by the growing of more than one kind of fruit. We
doubt if there are many types of farming other than fruit growing
that will pay as good a dividend on an investment of over $500 an
acre.

Regardless of location, soil or climatic conditions, where fruit is

134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

raised there is no doubt that the fruit-grower should under all cir-
cumstances have a good garden; should raise enough pork for his
own use ; should keep a family flock of chickens and a good cow. He
should also endeavor to raise all feed necessary to maintain all stock
on the ranch.

Under proper conditions a number of growers are handling forage
crops to advantage, where the crop is fed to live stock on the place.
When grown strictly as a hay crop in the orchard, it is very difficult
to make much profit from the crop, as the increased cost of produc-
ing hay under such conditions leaves the margin of profit extremely
narrow.

If it becomes necessary to hire labor for all the work in raising
truck and garden crops in the orchard, it will be only in exceptional
cases that profits can be realized.

Where irrigation is practiced, probably one of the most successful
crops grown among trees in the Northwest is the strawberry.

Potatoes as an inter-crop have been tried by a number of orchard-
ists with varying success.

Where climatic and soil conditions favor cheap and abundant pas-
turage and where most of the concentrates necessary may be raised
on the farm or obtained at a reasonable price, hogs have proved a
profitable investment with orcharding.

The only opportunity for the orchardist in the Northwest to make
a profit from dairying in conjunction with his orchard, is by having
a superior herd — better than the average — and by producing on the
ranch the major portion of the feed consumed.

There is perhaps no cue orchard operation which will probably
allow more economy than that of tillage.

The greatest loss from the use of fertilizers and manures comes
from the tendency of many growers to buy mixed fertilizers.

Perhaps the greatest loss in pruning comes from a lack of knowl-
edge of fundamental principles of pruning, and of the application
of these principles to the orchard and to individual trees.

Large sums of money are lost in improper spraying.

Lack of facilities for scientific handling of the crop often causes
a loss.

Unskillful organization and handling of labor is responsible for
the loss of much money.

One of the greatest drawbacks in the past has been the absolute
independence of the selling agencies.

Not enough attention has been given to the relation of the size of
crop, the general market conditions of any one period, and the pro-
portion and amount of fruit that is held in storage.

We strongly urge the establishment of a Bureau of Statistics and
a Protective Fruit League.

The causes of a large percentage of low-grade and cull apples are
choice of wrong varieties, too many unprofitable trees, poor man-
agement, and unfavorable climatic conditions.

We have three possibilities in handling low-grade apples : (1) re-
duce the amount of this fruit to the minimum ; (2) handle this class

COXSTDERATION OF THE QUESTION OF "BULK" PRUNING. 135

of fruit in u cheaper package; (3) manufacture these apples into
fruit by-products.

The general apple situation would indicate that to make a profit
from the industry- at present prices an economical unit must be
chosen and the investment kept down to a reasonable figure so that
the overhead charges are not excessive ; soil and climatic condition!
must be favorable ; proper varieties must be grown and skillful man-
agement given.

A CONSIDEEATION OF THE QUESTION OF "BULK" PRUNINQ.

V. R. Gardner.
Introduction.

Any one who has had occasion to make a somewhat careful survey
of the literature pertaining to pruning fruit trees realizes the im-
probability, if not almost the impossibility, of advancing an entirely
new idea on the subject. It has been discussed so often that some-
thing has been said on almost every phase of the question. Further-
more, the literature on pruning shows that there is hardly any prac-
tice followed, or any theory held, about which there are not opposite
views. It may almost be said that the literature of pruning is very
largely a record of opinions formed, of views held, rather than a
record of facts ascertained and principles established. What is
needed in a difficult field, like that of pruning, is first the collection
of a large body of facts — facts that are presented just cis they are
found, uncolored by any opinions or theories regarding their ex-
planation. Once in possession of such a large body of facts it should
be possible carefully to analyze and interpret them. Perhaps it is toQ
much to expect that we may learn all that they have to teach, but
certainly there should be a few lessons that we can draw from theuL
Fortunately we are not entirely without data regarding certain
pruning operations. The difficulty has been that in too many cases
the amount available has been too small to warrant the conclusions
that have been reached. Sometimes, too, a large amount of evidence
has led to erroneous conclusions because considered from unfortun-
ate points of view, or because closely related facts have not been
taken into consideration. Viewpoint is often as important to a cor-
rect interpretation of evidence as is the accumulation of additional
data that bear on the question.

It is not tlie intention in this paper to present a large body of new
data. Time is not available for a detailed presentation of all the
e\'idence, nor is it necessarv- in tliis instance. The illustrations cited
are simply representative of examples that without doubt the reader
has seen duplicated in many orchards in many parts of the country.
In other words, the full body of facts here called in evidence in-
cludes the observations and experience of many fruit-growers and
investigators. The object of the paper is rather to suggest a point
of view for a consideration of this evidence. It is not claimed that

136 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL. SOCIETY.

it is a new point of view, but it is one that without doubt is given
too little consideration by those directing, or engaged in, pruning
our orchard trees.

Pruning Considered as an Operation Affecting the
Tree as a Whole.

In pruning practice and in the consideration of pruning prob-
lems, outside of those dealing with the healing of wounds, most
people look upon pruning as something directly affecting the tree as
a whole. We speak of pruning this tree heavily and that one light-
ly ; of heading-back one and thinning-out another ; of winter-prun-
ing in one instance, and summer-pruning in another. We say that
a certain tree that has been neglected for a number of years requires
a heavy pruning to bring it back to a vigorous productive condition.
Such a statement is made, regardless of the fact that, while possibly
certain parts of the tree should be pruned heavily, certain other
parts should be pruned lightly, if at all. Taking it for granted
that heavy pruning is synonomous with large cuts and much brush
left on the ground, we proceed to do rather heroic work. If a tree
thus pruned fails to attain quickly the vigorous productive condi-
tion we have in mind as an ideal, we wonder why the result has not
been satisfactory, especially when general opinion seemed to be that
heavy pruning was required. On the other hand, when it is decided
that another tree requires only a light pruning, we proceed to take
out only a very few branches, and consider it fortunate that so little
work is required. If such a pruning is attended by some of the re-
sults usually accompanying a heavy pruning again we wonder why.
These statements, which will be recognized as based upon very gen-
eral experience, serve to illustrate the fact that pruning is looked
upon as a kind of hulk problem — as something which is decided
upon for the tree as a whole, done to the tree as a whole, and to
which the tree as a whole responds. It is some of the negative evi-
dence on this question with which this paper is mainly concerned.

Evidence That Pruning Does Not Directly Affect the Tree
AS A Whole, But Rather Parts of the Tree.

Evidence from, the Results Following '^Dehorning" — Everyone
who has had much experience in pruning fruit trees, and many
who have been simply casual observers, have seen trees that have
been more or less severely cut back or "dehorned," as it is called
when the cutting back has been very heavy. In fact, this is the
kind of pruning with which some people are best acquainted. The
type of growth that almost invariably follows such pruning is well
known. If the dehorning has been done in winter or early spring,
numerous comparatively upright shoots will be produced during the
following summer. The usual practice is to thin out these shoots
and head-back those that are left, the idea being to develop as quick-

CONSIDERATION OF THE QUESTION OF "bULK" PRUNING. 137

ly as possible new fruiting branches. Thus is the tree reinvigor-
ated — ' ' rejuvenated. ' ' So well is this procedure understood that we
regard as praeticall}^ settled the questions as to when and how to re-
juvenate our trees. We assume that the tree as a whole responds to
the treatment given and there the matter rests. But does the tree
as a whole respond ? And is the whole matter to be thus summarily-
dismissed? Even a cursory examination of a tree that has been re-
cently dehorned shows that only a part of the tree has responded.
Because it happens to be the part upon which we have, through
habit, come to focus our attention, makes it none the less a part, and
not the whole tree. Undisturbed branches in the lower part of the
dehorned tree usually continue to grow in the ordinary way. As a
rule their spurs bear flowers and fruit no more regularly and yield
a product of no better grade than before. Their older spurs and
smaller fruiting branches are nearly as prone as ever to become
gradually weaker and die. Apparently neither as whole branches
nor in their separate parts have these branches in the lower part
of the tree been accelerated or retarded in growth. The chances are
that they have not even produced watersprouts, such as have de-
veloped so abundantly on the dehorned branches above them. In
other words, there is an important portion of the tree, often its most
important portion, that has apparently not been affected by the de-
horning, either for better or for worse. Though the tree as a whole
has been pruned heavily, a large part of the tree has not felt the
influence of the pruning. Dehorning has not rejuvenated the whole
tree; it has resulted merely in the production of new wood to re-
place a portion of the old top.

Evidence from Results Following Partial ^'Dehorning" — Even,
more striking evidence on this question of the distance to which the
influence of pruning extends is furnished by trees that have been
partially dehorned, i. e., have had a portion of their branches cut
back very severely and other branches of equal size and that reached
to an equal height left untouched. In such instances what we have
come to regard as the characteristic results of dehorning usually are
limited almost entirely to the branches that have been cut back.
These branches give rise to watersprouts in abundance, but the un-
pruned branch continues to grow and function as though nothing
had been done to upset the normal course of events in the tree. The
case presented is that of a single branch, or several branches, imme-
diately surrounded by the effects of a particular type of pruning
and yet neither having received a stimulus from the pruning itself
or an influence from the new vegetative growth resulting from it.
So far as results are concerned, they may be compared with those
following the occurrence of a frost in some region. Because of
elevation or location killing temperatures are not reached and vege-
tation is not injured in a particular orchard, even though neighbor-
ing orchards possessing the same kind of soil, containing the same
varieties, swept by the same prevailing winds, and falling within
the same general storm areas, may have their new growth entirely
destroyed. Another particular orchard receives no benefit from a

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL. SOCIETY.

rain coming at a critical time, if just before reaching the orchard
the path of the storm is turned in another direction by a momen-
tary shift in the air currents. Similarly a particular limb is ap-
parently little benefited or injured by the pruning shears or saw
that greatly injures or benefits, or even entirely removes, the sur-
rounding or neighboring limbs. All have seen examples of the
point that is made here in old trees of one species or another that
were being top-worked, where the top-working was being distributed
over a period of several years. The hea\y pruning that such trees
receive, incident to the top-working process, usually is not reflected
to any appreciable extent in a changed manner of growth on the
part of the ungrafted limbs. On the contrary the influence of the
heavy pruning is apparently mainly limited to an area close to the
point of insertion of the cions. This seems to be true not only for
the first season, but for as long as the tree remains in a partially
top-worked condition.

Evidence from the Type of Pruning That Entirely Removes a
Few Large Limbs — If there is a type of pruning that lies at the op-
posite extreme from the cutting-back to stubs of a number of large
limbs for purposes of grafting and at the same time leaving one or
more large limbs uninjured to help temporarily to maintain a bal-
ance between top and root, it probably consists in the entire removal
of one or more comparatively large limbs, the majority of the limbs
being left unpruned. This may be considered a kind of hulk thin-
ning. In a way it is the converse of the hulk heading-back practiced
in dehorning. Few will fail to recognize it as a type of pruning
commonly employed by many fruit-growers. It at least possesses
the advantage of requiring little labor. At first thought one might
imagine that if hulk heading-back influences only certain parts of
the tree and not the tree as a whole, certainly hulk thinning-out
should operate in an opposite manner. However, let us see whether
or not it does. When a single large limb is removed from almost
any part of a tree, watersprouts develop to take its place, and the
rest of the tree top continues to grow much as though no pruning
had been given. Attention is again called to the point of origin of
these watersprouts. They spring, in the main, not from limbs far
removed from the pruning wound, but close to where the cut was
made. There is an unmistakable response to the bulk thinning, but
that response is evident within a very limited area. The tree as a
whole does not show it.

Those who have intentionally or unintentionally permitted a
leader to develop for a number of years and form close-centered
trees and have then tried to train them as open-centered or vase-
shaped trees can furnish abundant evidence on the question under
discussion. The removal of the central leader from trees of this
kind (bulk heading-back or bulk thinning-out, depending upon the
form of the tree and where the cut is made), is almost always fol-
lowed by the production of a number of watersprouts that attempt
to take its place. The subsequent removal of these watersprouts is
followed by the production of still other watersprouts, nearly al-

CONSIDERATION OF THE QUESTION OF "bULK" PRUNING. 139

ways springing from points near the wound left by the removal of
the leader. On the other hand, the unpruned branches of the tree
seem to be little influenced by the cutting out of the leader.

What has just been said regarding the bulk pruning of old trees
apparently holds true for younger trees, though perhaps to not quite
the same degree. When trees that have not yet reached bearing age,
or that are just coming into bearing, have one of their larger limbs
entirely removed in order to train them to a desired shape, new
shoots usually' start to take the places of the limbs that have been
cut out. Those who have had any considerable experience in at-
tempting to develop open-centered Yellow Newtown apples or Bart-
lett or Anjou pears, or close-centered Mcintosh apples or Winter
Nelis pears, know how difficult it is to keep shoots and limbs from
growing up in the center in the first instance, and from spreading
out and even growing down in the second by simply cutting them
out or off; and what is of equal or greater importance, make the
other shoots and limbs of these same trees spread out or grow up-
right, as the case may be, and thus profit by the food materials that
it is desired to divert from the closely pruned parts. In fact, so per-
sistent are the watersprouts in attempting to replace removed limbs,
that many careful growers are coming to realize that the easiest way
to develop an open-centered tree is not to cut out all of the growth
in the center, but rather to simply suppress it by pruning it a little
more severely than the surrounding branches that are desired to
form the main framework of the tree. Even then it is to be doubted
if the normal growth of the remaining branches is materially
changed. Similarly, when young trees are lightly, or even heavily,
headed-back new shoots are sent out, but mainly from points where
some of them can easily replace the portion removed. It is not usual
for distant portions of the tree to show a clear cut response to the
pruning.

It may be argued that when the thinning-out and heading-back
that are usually afforded very young trees is practiced, the tree as
a whole responds to the treatment — sometimes nearly every bud
starting to vegetate. Without doubt such trees are influenced as a
whole by the pnining given them, but it must be remembered that
every part of such trees is pruned ; and that probably the tree is in-
fluenced as a whole only because each pari is separately and dis-
tinctly influenced.

Evidence from Spur Pruning — Also bearing on this same ques-
tion are the results that are obtained from what might be termed
' ' spur pruning. ' ' As they become older, some varieties of apple and
pear trees are very prone to develop large numbers of fruit spurs,
spurs that often branch and rebranch until they become fruit spur
clusters rather than individual spurs. If more or less neglected,
such trees finally reach the state where they make hardly any new
shoot growth, practically their entire energies being absorbed by
their fruit spur systems. Usually when there are such large num-
bers of fruit spurs but a comparatively small percentage can flower
and fruit in any single season and the record of any single spur, or

140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETT.

even spur cluster, especially in an older part of the tree, would show-
very irregular fruiting. Such trees present a condition in which,
though there is little of what we commonly speak of as vegetative
growth, neary all of the energies of the tree are really being ab-
sorbed in a slow vegetative growth of the spurs. The engineer
would say that the fruiting machine is so large and complicated
that nearly all the power is required to overcome friction ; conse-
quently but a small portion of a full load can be carried. The econo-
mist would say that it is an instance of the trees using up most of
their income in their own overhead charges. Such, of course, is
recognized as the condition that many seek to remedy by dehorning
or by some other type of bulk pruning. That bulk pruning is only
a partial remedy has already been pointed out. Some have seen the
experiment tried of removing a part of the spurs from such trees —
a half, or two-thirds, or even three-fourths of them. As the spurs
possess a very large percentage of the normal growing points and
bear practically all the leaf system of a tree in such a condition, it
will readily be seen that such a thinning of spurs is really the
equivalent of a heavy pruning, except perhaps in the total weight
of wood tissue removed. Treated in this way trees do not produce
watersprouts as they do when dehorning or the removal of a few
large branches takes away an equivalent number of growing points.
In fact, they produce very few watersprouts. However, the remain-
ing spurs show a much more vigorous growth and the new shoot
growth that develops from normal lateral and terminal buds is
much longer and more virgorous. The net results is that the tree
is changed little, if at all, in general form ; but the rate of growth of
nearly all of its individual parts is accelerated, and the ways in
which they function are materially changed, for strengthened and
enlarged spurs bear fruit more regularly. Here, then, is a type of
pruning that has apparently affected the tree as a whole, affected
the tree as a whole because affecting nearly all of its individual
parts. However, it is a type of pruning that must be regarded as
the opposite of hulk pruning. Of course, it is an extreme case, but
nevertheless it serves to illustrate the point that it is desired to
emphasize.

The Interpretation of the Facts Presented,

A consideration of the facts that have been cited leads unmis-
takably to at least one conclusion, viz. : that the radius of influence
within the tree of any pruning (i, e,, the cutting out or cutting back
of any particular shoot or branch) is comparatively narrow. Parts
close to the pruning wound, or perhaps close to space left by the re-
moval of a branch, show a response to the pruning treatment.
Roughly speaking, other parts of the tree do not. In other words,
pruning does not directly affect the tree as a whole, but it affects it
only indirectly through its effect upon individual parts. Why such
is the case is, of course, another question. No attempt is made to
suggest an answer here. Probably much careful work will have to

CONSIDERATIOX OF THE QUESTION OF "bULK" PRUNING. 141

be done before a satisfactory answer will be forthcoming. Mean-
while the iDrinciple established may be of use, even though we are
not able fully to explain it.

Application of the Principle Established to Pruning Practice.

In order that a few of the applications of the principle that has
just been stated to pruning practice may be better understood it
may be well to make a brief statement regarding some of the main
objects that the grower should have in mind when pruning. In
other words, why do we prune? There are, of course, many ends
sought in pruning, the relative importance of which vary with soil,
elevation, temperature, humidity, disease, variety and many other
factors, factors both environmental and those artificially imposed by
market demands or the whims of the grower. It is not the intention
to attempt even to mention these here. It will be generally agreed,
however, that primarily, pruning must seek to bring trees into bear-
ing at a reasonably early age and then keep them bearing large
quantities of high-grade fruit, and this must be done with due re-
gard for keeping down the cost of production. Limiting the dis-
cussion now to apples and pears, it may be stated that at least in
the case of older trees by far tlie most of the fruit is borne upon
fruit spurs. Pruning should consequently aim to lead to the pro-
duction of large numbers of fruit spurs and to the regular bearing
of those already possessed by the tree, together with the mainten-
ance of a reasonable amount of vegetative growth. It has just been
pointed out that hulk pruning is mainly influential in the stimula-
tion of watersprouts and not the main fruit spur system or normal
vegetative growth of the tree. There is certainly very little reason
to believe that watersprouts can, or at least do, take the place of the
normal vegetative (shoot) growth in contributing to the welfare of
nearby fruit spurs and to the welfare of the tree as a whole. Fur-
thermore, they are comparatively slow in developing a fruit spur
system of their own ; so it may be questioned whether or not they
are really very useful in the economy of the average tree (except, of
course, for special purposes, such as rebuilding a new top in cases
of renovation, etc.). To stimulate the formation of fruit spurs and
to increase the efficiency of those already in our possession requires
that pruning must be afforded close to the point where we wish them
formed or where they alreay are, for we have seen that the radius
of the influence of pruning is comparatively narrow. This in turn
means light, or rather fine as opposed to coarse pruning. In other
words, it means pruning that is distributed throughout the tree top,
for the spurs and normal vegetative shoots are thus distributed.
Our tendency must be in the direction of the removal or cutting
back of a larger number of smaller branches. It will be necessary
more and more to get away from the idea of what has been called
hulk pruning and to give greater attention to detail. Theoretically
pruning should concern itself mainly with shoots and spurs rather
than with older or larger wood. Practically it should be limited to

142 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the shoots, spurs and smaller branches. Of course, in the case of
trees that have been neglected for several years some exceptions
must be made. Just because the removal of a larger number of
smaller branches necessitates the exercise of better judgment and
perhaps takes a little more time and requires greater skill than the
removal of a smaller number of larger ones, tliis should not deter us
from the best method of procedure.

Carrying the line of reasoning a step further it becomes evident
that pruning should be a regular, rather than an irregular orchard
operation. This is a statement that most growers know to be true
from observation and experience, though the reasons therefor may
not have been clearly understood. However, the points that have
been brought out furnish an explanation of some of the character-
istic results foUowdng irregular pruning. Trees left unpruned for
several years usually seem to demand the removal of some of the
larger branches or limbs. This approaches the bulk type of prun-
ing that has been described, and as such stimulates new vegetative
growth, rather than invigorating the older fruiting wood ; and new
vegetative growth in trees of this sort is as apt to increase as to
diminish difficulties. If the pruning that is to be afforded our
orchard trees is to be such as will help establish and maintain rather
than disturb a proper balance between vegetative and fruiting wood
it must be attended to every year.

What has been stated should not be regarded as an argument
against occasional heavy pruning, i. e., the removal of a considerable
amount of growth. Though heavy pruning as commonly done is
bulk pruning, this is not necessarily the case. It may consist in the
removal of a large amount of shoot growth and small branches and
thus not give rise to watersprouts, but on the contrary stimulate the
normal vegetative growth and fruit spur system of the tree. The
instance of spur pruning cited in this article is evidence on this
point.

Some Questions Raised by the Facts Presented.

That the radius of influence of a particular pruning cut is com-
paratively narrow seems to be established beyond all question. Just
how far that influence extends is only one of a great many unan-
swered questions. Is the radius of influence of a pruning cut the
same when a limb is cut back as it is when it is cut off entirely?
Does it depend more upon the size of the wound or the age of the
limb? Is it felt to as great a degree by fruiting wood in the neigh-
borhood of a cut as by more strictly vegetative tissue 1 Does it de-
pend to any extent upon the season when the pruning is done ? For
instance, is the radius of influence from a cut made July 1st greater
or less than it would be from a similar cut made March 1st? To
what extent are the fruit spurs of a tree virtually independent of
the tree as a whole, and to what extent are the fruit spur and vege-
tative systems interdependent? If interdependent to a certain de-
gree, how close to a particular shoot must a particular spur be in

MAINTEN^INCE OF FERTILITY AND IRRIGATION OF ORCHARDS. 14.'>

order to be benefited or injured by it ? Is the radius of influence of
a particular pruning cut greater or less than that of the part re-
moved ? Finally, to what extent are parts of tree tops independent
and to what extent are they interdependent ? These and other ques-
tions are at present unanswered. They are not easy problems to
solve, yet they must be solved if we are to have a more perfect un-
derstanding of the principles underlying pruning practice.

MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY AND IRRIGATION OF ORCHARD
SOILS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.

R. W. Allen.

During the past three years a very radical change has taken place
in the manner of treating orchard soils throughout the Pacific
Northwest. Systematic summer tillage without the use of fertilizers
has been temporarily abandoned and the use of green manure crops,
stable manure or other fertilizers adopted. The long continued
practice of clean culture, which dates from the beginning of com-
mercial orcliard planting has resulted in the impoverishment of ir-
rigated— as well as nonirrigated land. The necessity for this change
in soil treatment, which has but recently taken place, has long been
apparent.

That the average soil in mature orchards is seriously depleted is
plainly indicated by: (1) The yellow appearance and slow growth
of trees; (2) Weak character and heavy falling of blossoms; (3)
Small size and earl,y maturing of fruit ; (4) Very poor physical con-
dition and low water holding capacity of the soil; (5) Extremely
dry condition of the land late in summer, and (6) A consequent
cessation of activity of a large proportion of the feeding roots of
the tree, as a result of drouth.

Although the conditions enumerated above have existed in many
of the old nonirrigated orchards and upon some irrigated tracts for
a number of years, it has only been of recent date that full recogni-
tion of this critical condition of the trees has prevailed. It is diffi-
cult for growers who have had confidence in the fertility of their
land, to realize the extent to which the store of fertility has been
reduced. It is also difficult for them to realize the extent to which
the demand of trees for moisture grows as they increase in size. The
influence of lack of fertility upon the amount of moisture required
by the trees, and the loss of power of the soil to retain moisture as
its supply of organic matter is diminished, are little understood at
the present time. The influence of organic matter upon the water-
holding capacity of the soil, and that of fertility upon the quantity
of water required for a tree to mature its crop is very marked, there-
fore an adequate quantity of fertility and organic matter in soils
having a limited supply of water, is of greater importance than
where moisture is plentiful. Where injury from drouth results to
crops on poor soil — well managed land frequently yields satisfac-
tory returns owing to the higher duty of the water they contain.

l-±4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

To correct the factors which have greatly diminished the yield,
and not infrequently caused permanent injury to the trees in the
old orchards, it is necesary to apply nitrogen and organic matter.

Trees can be stimulated by the application of nitrogen, but the
effect is probably temporary and of no benefit to the soil. Some
very striking results have been obtained by applying Nitrate of
Soda to land occupied by eighteen-year-old Spitzenberg apple trees,
which were in a seriously devitalized condition. The soil in the
orchard where this determination was made has been kept under
continuous clean culture since the trees were planted.

One hundred thirty-five pounds of nitrate of soda, containing
sixteen per cent nitrogen, was applied to each of several plats con-
taining twenty trees. This gave to every tree approximately 1.08
pounds of nitrogen. As a result of this application, which is twice
the amount used by mature trees, according to Roberts in Cornell
Bulletin, the crop, vigor and growth of the trees were greatly in-
creased. The leaves were larger and darker in color, and the fruit
was much larger than that produced by untreated trees. On ac-
count of the marked results derived from the use of nitrogen on
these trees the same treatment was given them again in 1915. From
the second application very pronounced results were also derived.
By the first fertilization the trees were restored to an apparently
normal state of vigor, but upon receiving two treatments in suc-
cession some have been over-stimulated as extensive terminal growth
has occurred on many fruiting branches during the current season.
The results of this experiment are briefly summarized in the follow-
ing table, which shows the striking difference in (1) set of fruit,
and (2) vigor of growth of trees on treated and untreated plats:

Set of

Average terminal

Size of

%of

fruit.

growth in inches.

leaves, 1915.

Moisture

Plat.

1915.

1913. 1914. 1915.

Length. Width.

in foliage.

Nitrate

, 71%

5.05 7.85 14.85

2.8 1.65

176.5

Check,

36%

6.7 5.35 8.05

2.25 1.35

129.5

These results, which are closely paralleled by a number of similar
experiments, under similar conditions in the Hood River Valley,
demonstrate the great need of nitrogen where attention has not
been paid to fertilizing the land. In this same set of experiments
no appreciable benefit has so far been gained from the use of potash
or phosphates.

As there is no appreciable benefit to the soil from applying nitro-
gen in the form of Nitrate of Soda, sulphate of ammonia, or other
forms not containing organic matter, their wholesale use should be
discouraged, notwithstanding the fact that very marked and bene-
ficial results to the trees follows the application of nitrogen in a
readily available form.

Orchards that have become seriously devitalized can, and should
be stimulated by the use of commercial nitrogen, until green manure
crops are grown and incorporated into the soil.

MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY AND IRRIGATION OF ORCHARDS. . 145 .

Where it is at all possible to grow green manure crops, the use of
commercial nitrogen is unnecessary for trees of moderate vigor, as
it does not take the place of nitrogenous manures by supplying or-
ganic matter needed in the soil.

The cost of nitrogen in nitrate of soda applied at the above rate is
approximately $16.00 per acre. An average crop of vetch, which
can be gi'own for $10.00 or less, accumulates about seventy-four
pounds of nitrogen, approximately nine-tenths as much as was ap-
plied to these trees. In addition to the benefit derived from incor-
porating the vegetable matter into the soil a saving of at least $1.50
to $2.00 per acre is realized. If the above application of nitrogen is
excessive, as it appears to be, that derived from one leguminous crop
should be sufficient or more than sufficient for the growth of one
fruit crop. By the use of live stock a large portion (possibly 80%)
of the fertilizer value of forage consumed should be returned to the
land and a moderate profit derived from feeding it.

The shortage of stable manure and the high cost of organic fer-
tilizers containing nitrogen renders them both impracticable for use
by the average orchardist, therefore, he is obliged to resort to the
growth of fertilizing materials with which to improve his land.

What system of cropping should be used depends largely upon
conditions of climate, and the available supply of moisture. The
practice of growing winter cover crops and plowing them under in
the spring, followed by clean culture throughout the summer, is a
most effective method of soil treatment where irrigation is not ap-
plicable, and where there is a shortage of irrigation water. Owing
to the necessity of purchasing seed annually, and to the cost of fre-
quent summer tillage this practice is quite expensive.

Where sufficient moisture is available the soil can be rapidly and
effectively improved by maintaining crops during the entire year
in the orchard. As an additional amount of water is necessary for
this purpose, irrigation must be applied in many instances where it
has not previously been needed. Its adoption, however, causes only
a slight change in cultural practice where a system of clean culture
is in vogue.

By making a close study of the effect of clover and alfalfa upon
mature trees and soil in many orchards in the Pacific Northwest, no
detrimental results have been observed where sufficient water is used
for both crops. It is important, however, not to permit such crops
to remain on the land for too long a period without cultivation.
Crops grown in the orchard are of little fertilizing value until
plowed in and partially decayed. The frequency at which cultiva-
tion is necessary for proper aeration, depends a great deal upon the
porousness of the soil. Alfalfa, clover and similar plants can be
allowed to stand longer on light than on heavy soils without dam-
aging them.

For the reason that clover lasts only two or three years, it is pre-
ferable to alfalfa for general use. It grows better than alfalfa un-
der mature trees, owing to its greater tolerance of shade. When al-
falfa is used the land should be plowed and worked frequently, as it

] 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

can be done without injuring the stand, provided the soil is not per
mitted to dry out. The extent to which crops of this nature should
be grown upon, and incorporated into the land will be influenced
by the state of neglect the land is in, the success of crops grown for
the purpose, and upon the character of the soil. One crop should
greatly benefit any soil, and two or three should restore most soils to
a desirable condition. It is possible that sufficient nitrogen can be
supplied before a desirable physical character of the soil is obtained.
In such an instance crops low in nitrogen should be grown for a
period. When the proper state of soil improvement is reached sys-
tematic summer culture should be resumed until additional fertilizer
becomes necessary.

As a matter of economy in the management of the orchard all
forage grown between the trees should be fed to live stock, instead
of being worked directly into the ground. For this purpose dairy-
ing, hog-raising and sheep raising can be practiced with a fair de-
gree of profit. As it is expensive to harvest hay necessary for cattle,
much of the forage should be pastured by hogs or sheep. Although
but few orchardists are experienced in the handling of live stock,
many of them have up to the present time, kept a few animals very
successfully on their orchard tracts. In selecting stock to use, one
should be influenced by the amount of hay he can produce, and by
his personal preference of kinds of stock.

Although sheep have not been extensively tried, they offer a very
promising possibility for utilizing clover and gi'ass crops grown in
the orchard. The principal interest in sheep is due to the fact that
they do not require grain. Grain is expensive in most fr'uit dis-
tricts, and must be had to get maximum returns from dairy cows
and from hogs. Where it is obtainable at a moderate price, hogs
will doubtless yield greater returns than sheep or dairy cattle. Hogs
pastured on alfalfa in a young apple orchard, on the Umatilla Ex-
periment Farm in 1914, yielded a net return of $47.48 per acre.

The introduction of forage crops into the orchard necessitates
the growth of two widely distinct kinds of vegetation upon the same
land, therefore, plants should be chosen for this purpose that differ
materially in their fertilizer requirements from fruit trees. By so
doing there is less danger of failure on the part of the introduced
crop or of the orchard. Since there is a close relation between the
amount of water consumed by plants and the amount of vegetation
produced upon a given area of land, the growth of two crops on the
same soil calls for approximately a double amount of moisture pro-
vided both produce normally.

As many mature orchards have been more or less injured by
drouth, notwithstanding the fact that systematic clean culture has
been given them, it is very evident that irrigation is necessary for
the growth of crops for green manure. That a liberal supply of
moisture is necessary' for the proper growth and productiveness of
trees there can be no doubt.

Moisture determinations made during the early part of August,
in orchard soils receiving different cultural treatment show that in

MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY AND IRRIGATION OF ORCHARDS. 147

some instances the trees are surrounded by very uncongenial con-
ditions. The samples were taken from that area of soil in which
the greater part of the feeding roots of the trees are located. Where
continuous clean culture has been practiced the moisture contained
is 7.4%, where a crop of alfalfa has been inadequately irrigated the
soil contained but 4.28% of moisture, and where the soil has been
effectively improved by the use of green manure crops and irriga-
tion 15.9% of moisture was found.

The ^\alting coefficienct of soils very similar in physical character
to this has been found to be 7.7%, which is the Hood Silt Loam of
the Hood River Valley, and the moisture equivalent 14%. From
this it can be seen that the trees receiving clean cultivation and
those among which improperly managed alfalfa is grown, are de-
cidedly in distress. Both show visible signs of distress and the
foliage of those accompanied by alfalfa is badly wilted.

The soil in these orchards, which was originally very similar in
texture, differs widely now, owing to the manner in which it has
been treated. In 1907 it was found by a number of tests, to contain
the extremely low amount of 1.08% of organic matter, which has
evidently been much reduced as clean culture has been continued.

The amount of irrigation, water, frequency and method of ap-
plication required under the old system of summer tillage have
been worked out for respective soils and crops. Although similar
methods in general are advisable for use with clover or alfalfa in
the orchard, a large number of details require special care.

When crops are placed in young orchards a strip of land should
be left along the rows for cultivation during the summer, as imma-
ture trees do not appear to be as successful in competing with such
crops as do old trees. In mature orchards crops may be planted
over the entire area.

To start these crops by irrigation shallow furrows are necessary
so as to permit the surface soil being uniformly moistened to germi-
nate the seed.

Upon lands that are quite nearly level, ridges should be placed in
line with the rows of trees in order that large quantities of water
can be held in a small area, and forced through the thick stand of
forage. This is also necessary as a safe-guard against mushroom
root rot, to which apple and pear trees in this district are more or
less susceptible.

Irrigation should be applied to mature alfalfa by the above
method, or by two or three deep furrows to a space between tree
rows.

Crops can be started on steep land by taking advantage of per-
iods of damp weather to avoid the use of irrigation water. If irri-
gation is attempted when the ground is soft and the plants are
small, much washing is liable to result. When the crops are well
established, large quantities of water can be run on steeply sloping
land without injury to soil or by washing.

It has been the general practice in a number of our fruit-growing
districts to irrigate bare soils by means of numerous shallow fur-

148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

rows. This method is necessary and effective on coarse sandy soil
where the movement of soil water under the influence of capilliary
attraction is very limited. The finer types of soil should be irrigated
by a small number of deep furrows to prevent the surface becoming
moistened, which results in heavy loss of water by evaporation. It
is also important to prevent the very harmful result of baking and
puddling of wet soils that results from exposure to the sun. The
use of deep furrows permits of better distribution of the water in
the soil, a saving of labor and a minimum of loss of moisture.

The decided change in systems of orchard culture cited above has
now become quite general throughout the Pacific Northwest. It is
one of great value to the horticultural industries. Not only is it
less expensive than the old elaborate systems of clean culture, but
it is well suited to the needs of orchards and orchard lands. By
growing fertilizers on the land a great saving is effected in the cost
of production. Althougli more water is required, returns more than
sufficient to justify its cost can be gained. Successful and econo-
mical methods of handling water are rapidly being established and
a higher duty derived from its use than resulted when it was ap-
plied to impoverished soils.

By keeping orchard soils in a high state of fertility by the growth
and utilization of nitrogenous and other crops in the orchard, the
yield and period of usefulness of the trees will be greatly increased,
whereas, without such care many excellent orchards have become
unfruitful at the extremely low age of from twelve to eighteen years.

WASHINGTON POMOLOGICAL INTERESTS.

Professor R. T. Barnett.

Among the states that border on the Pacific Coast you will no
doubt remember that Washington is the most northern of them.
We have heard from the representatives of California and Oregon,
and although I will have no chance to compete with the very able
boosting and the scientific addresses which have been presented
from these other states, still I wish to leave with you some idea of
the distribution and the extent and the type of pomology that is
going to make the State of Washington still more famous as a fruit-
growing region than it is at the present time.

You will all realize that Washington is a new state. It has come
into any pomological notice it may have within the last twenty
years. We have made many errors and mistakes, but we have made
considerable progress considering the conditions under which we
have worked. I trust to make this a comparatively brief and
friendly talk, rather than address, feeling sure that our President
will stop me if I trespass beyond the time limit which has been as-
signed to me.

We have in Washington another region where we have the possi-
bilities of apple growing, that is in the Lake Chelan region, and the
Walla Walla region. The Lake Chelan region is here (indicating on

WASHINGTON POMOLOGICAL INTERESTS. 149

blackboard sketch of the State of Washington), and the Walla
Walla region is here (indicating). The original Lake Chelan or-
chard is here, planted by the Indians and grown from seed. The
Walla Walla region has a large majority of budded or grafted trees.
Insects and diseases prevailed, and these practically, almost en-
tirely, eliminated the first generation plantings, and it was only
after spraying came in that we had high grade fruit in this state.

The state, in a pomological way, is divided as you may remember
into three parts. The first part I will mention is Western Washing-
ton ; and by Western Washington I mean that part between the
Pacific Ocean and the Cascade Mountains, which traverse the state
from north to south. The others are the irrigated valleys, and the
dry uplands, both of which have importance in a pomological way.

I will speak a few moments of that part lying west of the Cascade
Mountains in what is known as the humid section of the state. The
rainfall there runs from twenty inches up to one hundred inches.
Here (indicating on map) would be a dry part of Western Wash-
ington, where the Olympic Mountains intercept the water-carrying
clouds that come from the Pacific. The greater part of this is well
watered. That being the case fruits, such as the apple, are not cul-
tivated there to any extent. The scab is bad there where it rains
eight to nine and sometimes ten months of the year, as it washes off
the spray materials. In spite of that, there are several sections in
Western Washington where a good many fine apples are being
grown. They have not the smooth appearance of the Eastern Wash-
ington apples, but we have in Western Washington some regions
which produce good apples.

I collected apples from Western Washington and from Eastern
Washington and from seven Middle and Western States. I peeled
those apples and presented them to a class in pomology, and in that
class of twenty, studying pomology there was no knowledge as to
where those apples were grown. Nor could anyone distinguish any
difference between them. I believe if they are well grown there is
no one can tell the difference.

Western Washington is noted for its pears, in a small way, and it
would be more noted in that way, as well as with the growing of
small fruits and berries especially, if greater attention was paid to
that branch of the industry. Puyallup Valley here is eight or nine
miles long, and it is practically planted solid with, berry crops,
gooseberries, red raspberries, the Logan berry and finally the ever-
green blackberry. I cannot stop to dwell on their efforts and ac-
complishments in that valley. In 1902 they started a cannery to
take care of their overplus of fruit. They appropriated $1,200, and
assessed the members at one dollar per member for that cannery.
They have put no more money in that, but last year they put up a
pre-cooling plant in that valley, quite after the Government's sug-
gestion. They are able to ship the red raspberries to Cincinnati
and Chicago, and they say they could ship them entirely to New
York City. I have seen as many as twelve carloads going out of
Puyallup Valley in one day. They stopped the Twentieth Century

150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Limited and put as many as six cars of berries on that fast train
going East. It is a wonderful business for them to have built up
there. That could be developed even further. They have moist
weather right up to the day the picking of the red raspberries be-
gins. That spoils their strawberries, but the dry season begins
when the picking season of the red raspberries starts. I have seen
seven hundred and twenty crates per acre of Snyder blackberries
grown in that particular valley.

Sumner is the next station in the valley, but there is a region here
(indicating on chart) just above where we find considerable prune
growing. They grow there also the English walnut and other crops
of that sort. They have been slack in doing their work, such as
fertilizing and spraying and so forth. Tliere are some regions
around the mouth of the Columbia River where cranberries can be
grown, and in the early future we will be producing the cranberries
for the Pacific Coast. Our cranberries are poor in keeping quali-
ties, but they are excellent otherwise. I have compared them with
the ones shipped from Wisconsin. The Wisconsin ones will not hold
up in quality.

The only solid carload of currants that ever was shipped in the
world, was shipped out of Puyallup to Vancouver and British
Columbia. Those two places will take a considerable quantity of
black currants. I cannot leave Western Wasiiington without men-
tioning the pear industry.

I have talked with a number of men who have been in Belgium
and Southern England, and they assure me that the climatic con-
ditions and the soil of the regions over there can be duplicated in
Puget Sound regions; and many men are making considerable
plantings in Western Washington.

If any of you have ever the opportunity it would be of great
pomological interest to you to visit Mr. Stephen Hahnly on Vashon
Island. He says the water falling on that island varies between one
degree in summer and winter. So you can see the influence on that
small island of that rain. Pears will become important in that part
of Washington.

•Mr. Paulhamus told me he would contract in five-year periods for
all that could be contracted for canning purposes.

The Eastern section of Washington is divided into two pomologi-
cal districts. These cannot be sub-divided on the map as they inter-
mingle with each other. The first is the valley sections. This
region is scattered all over Eastern Washington, practically in the
valleys along the streams which I have shown here (indicating on
blackboard). This branch system here (indicating) is accurately
shown.

We have here the Spokane River; here is the Snake River (indi-
cating), and here is the mountain streams flowing in the Columbia
River. Now, those mountain streams have valleys of varying
width, and because there are varying rainfalls on the eastern slope
of the Cascade Mountains, it is practicable for us to store water and
to irrigate a considerable acreage of land in these valleys. Much of

WASHINGTON POMOLOGICAL INTERESTS. 151

these lands have been given over to the growing of fruit. In this
section (indicating) the apple is so much in advance of any of the
other fruits that we might dispense with a discussion of other fruits
than the apple. It is grown in all of these valleys, and to a high
degree of perfection. I might designate what I mean by this — this
is the longest river and the largest valley in this section — Columbia
(indicating). The next is Chelan Lake and the short river connect-
ing that with the Columbia River. Now all of these are to some
degree developed in fruit growing. Last spring I was in the upper
Columbia River Valley, and they expected in that neigliborhood, in
that valley, to have one hundred and fifty carloads of extra fine
fruit. Our grade terms here as Extra Fancy, Best, Fancy, and
Choice.

It will cost these people from ten to fifty cents to haul to the rail-
road. There the development of the region has gone ahead of the
means of transportation, and unless a railroad comes up and down
the valley, those fniit trees will have to be cropped out to alfalfa.
This (pointing) little valley up here is in much the same situation.
There is a man there with eighty acres of apple-bearing land. This
(indicating) land here is up near British Columbia, and it now has
a railroad built down where it connects with the Great Northern.
The development of this valley is more fortunate, although it has
not developed in fruit growing as much as the other valleys on each
side of it. This, of course, is one of the great, great difficulties.
The promotors get ahead of the transportation people, but the trans-
portation people will catch them after considerable time.

They say our handicap up there is in the neighborhood of fifty
cents a box on fruit to the Eastern market. That must be taken
into consideration in figuring what the profits from Western grown
apples might be. This Snake River Valley is comparatively wide,
and if you get opportunity you might find it interesting to study.
I can not help thinking of the meteorological conditions there. It
is some two thousand feet deep, and you find a place to dive nearly
to the bowels of the earth from that top. I have seen the land
drop 1700 or 1800 feet in a distance of 3,000.

Now, the cold air does not dip into that valley (indicating). I
might say that of this section around Lewiston. Pullman is 2,600
feet higher than the valley floor a few miles away.

Some of these sections raise apples of a very high quality, and the
consumers, at least it looks as if the consumers are beginning to
recognize quality. Those California pears must have been picked
while green, and they could not develop the quality which bears
shipping from here if they did not do that. And, of course, that
makes a great difference in the quality of the fruit.

The strawberry growers in this section are very prosperous at the
present time. They have splendid crops there. This region also
grows large quantities of peaches, some apples and some other
fruits.

Our problem is what to do with the apples not fit to be shipped
away.

152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL, SOCIETY.

The growers have this year organized a growers' council, with
which is affiliated all of the large and small associations of the
state; and this council has certain powers over the marking and
marketing of fresh fruits and of fruit products w^hich we hope will
assist in solving the problem. (Applause.)

edaho — pomologically considered.

Professor C. C. Vincent.
Introduction.

The State of Idaho, lying west of the Rocky Mountains, is of vast
extent and wide diversity of topography. It has a range north and
south of approximately seven hundred miles, extending from the
forty-second to the forty-ninth parallel of latitude. Its breadth east
and w^est, at its widest point is about two hundred miles. Taking
the state as a whole, the altitude ranges from that of central and
northern Indiana to more than five thousand feet above the highest
peaks of the Appalachian system.

Some of the salient features of Idaho are its sage brush plains,
high snow capped mountains and timbered plateaus. Along the
eastern border of the state lie the Coeur d'Alene, Bitter Root,
Cabinet and mam' other ranges of mountains. The Owyhee
mountains lie in the southwest corner and their lateral spurs ex-
tend almost to the Snake River. The native vegetation of the whole
of the southern part of the state, as far north as the middle of
Washington county, is sage brush. This entire area is a vast agri-
cultural region, having at the present time 1,843,039 acres of irri-
gated lands. South Idaho is an arid region, the rainfall being from
eight to fifteen inches. The timbered plateau extends over most of
the northern and central parts of the state. The principal trees
found in this area are Yellow Pine, Red Fir, and White Pine. The
northern part of the state is humid, the annual precipitation vary-
ing from twenty-twenty-five inches. The agricultural lands lie
mostly near the western border. The state is entirely drained by
the Snake River and other tributaries of the Columbia.

Development of Fruit Industry.

Never in the history of our state has so much interest, so much
intelligent thought been given to land, to the soil, to the possibilities
that may be realized in its improvement, as at the present. Hard-
ly half a century has elapsed since the pioneers laid the foundation
of the empire in the "Gem of the Mountains" and yet progress is
noted on every hand. The development of the fruit industry of the
state is an interesting story. When H. H. Spaulding, a missionary
in this country, started the first orchard in the state, little did he
dream that within the next quarter of a century, the value of the
annual fruit crop would be more than two millions of dollars. In

WITH CLEAN TILLACE IN IDAHO.
WITH INTERCROPS AND "WATER,"' IDAHO.

IDAHO POMOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 153

the year 1836 Mr. Spaulding started an orchard on the Clearwater
River, a few miles above Lewiston, at a place now known as Joseph.
In the southern part of the state, two small orchards were set out on
the Snake River near the Brown Lee country in 1862. Small plant-
ings were also made on the Payette River in 1863 and near Boise in
1865. From these small plantings, the fruit industrj^ has developed
until now there are over 140,000 acres planted to orchards, having
a valuation of $6,021,109.00. This acreage is distributed as follows :
Apples, 110,000 acres; prunes, 12,000 acres; pears, 3,000 acres;
peaches, 5,000 acres ; mixed fruit, 10,000 acres. The plantings have
been wisely and carefully done. The lands selected are ideally
adapted for producing tree fruits and the varieties have been wisely
chosen. It appears that there will be a very small acreage planted
the next few years, as the general sentiment is that we should wait
until we have developed markets for our present acreage before
making any further plantings.

Fruit Districts.

Owing to differences in altitude and climatic conditions, the state
may be divided horticulturall}^ into several distinct districts:

THE north IDAHO OR PANHANDLE DISTRICT.

This section includes the timbered territory of North Idaho and
especially the country around Coeur d' Alene, Hay den Lake, Pencl
Oreille Lake, Sandpoint, Bonners Ferry, Clarks Fork, Rathdrum,
and Post Falls. It includes all of Bonner county and parts of
Kootenai, Shoshone, Latah, Clearwater and Idaho counties. This is
a large district and there is considerable variation in the conditions
in different parts of it. The section around Coeur d' Alene and
Post Falls is really one end of the Spokane Valley and here the
soil and precipitation are quite different from the soil and precipita-
tion around Bonners Ferry or Sandpoint. Conditions around Rath-
drum are also quite similar to those around Post Falls.

The soils of the northern part of the state vary in texture from
silt loams to sandy loams and in color from red to black. Around
Bonners Ferry, the red sandy loams predominate while around
Pend Oreille Lake and Sandpoint, the soil consists of red silt loams.
The typical Spokane Valley soil is a gravelly black, silt loam. The
timber soil around Coeur d' Alene consists largely of a reddish silt
loam. The bottom land around Clarks Fork is a gravelly, gray, silt
loam.

The climate is mild in summer and not severe in winter. The
elevation varies from 1500 to 2500 feet. The annual precipitation
is from twenty-twenty-five inches and is sufficient to mature horti-
cultural crops although irrigation is practiced in several localities.

The local conditions such as soil, air drainage, elevation and slope
are important considerations in the establishment of an orchard in
this district.

The varieties in large type are recommended for commercial
planting.

154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF VARIETIES FOR NORTH IDAHO DISTRICT.

Apples:— WAGENER, ROj\IE BEAUTY, TOMPKINS KING,
JONATHAN, BANANA. Wealthy, Grimes, Oldenburg,
Gravenstein, Yellow Transparent, Baldwin, Northern
Spy, Wolf River, Yellow Bellflower, Bellflower, Trans-
cendent (Crab), Hyslop (Crab).

Pears;— BARTLETT, FLEMISH, Kieft'er, Howell, Anjou.

Peaches: — Early Hale.

Cherries: — Napoleon (Royal Ann), Bing, Lambert, Republican,
Wood. Morello, May Duke, Late Duke, Montmorency.

Prunes :~ltaU'dii. Pond (Hungarian), SILVER, Golden, AGEN
(Petite).

Plums: — Peach, Burbaiik, DAMSON, Green Gage, Columbia,
Golden Drop, Yellow Egg.

S[raivh€rries:—FARiiON, Gandy, William Belt, Dunlap, Clark,
Glen Mary.

Dewberries : — Lucretia.

Blackherrics: — Snyder, Early Harvest, Eldorado, Taylor.

Bed Raspherries :—Ciithhei% Loudon, Turner, RANERE (St.
Regis).

Blackcap Raspherries: — Cumberland, Gregg, Kansas.

Loganherries : — Do well in parts of the district.

Gooseberries:— Bowning, Pearl, Houghton, OREGON CHAMPION.

Currants: — Cherry, Fay, Perfection. White Grape.

Grapes: — None.

THE PALOUSE DISTRICT.

This distri(^t includes all of the typical, rolling, wheat-growing
region, known as the "Palouse Country." The commercial or-
chards are mostly located around the towns of Viola, Moscow, Pot-
latch, Genesee and Princeton. As conditions are quite similar on
the "Camas Prairie" which lies in Idaho, Lewis, Clearwater, and
Nez Perce counties, it is also included in this district. The larger
plantings of fruits on "Camas Prairie" are found in the vicinity
of the towns of Grangeville, Cottonwood, and Nez Perce.

Irrigation is not necessary in this dictriet. The rainfall being
from twenty-twenty-five inches, is sufficient to grow crops success-
fully, although a good dust mulch is essential in order to obtain size
to the fruit. The deep, friable soils are of basaltic formation, very
fine in texture, and hold moisture remarkablv well. The elevation
varies from 2000 to 3500 feet.

Pear growing is rapidly gaining prominence, in certain parts of
this district. The growers have had very little trouble with blight
and where systematic patrolling of orchards is practiced, it has been
practically eradicated.

All sweet cherries do exceptionally well. The Bing is the leader,
although the Napoleon (RoyaJ Ann) and Lambert are excellent.
The sour cherries also find here soil and climate congenial to their
growth.

IDAHO — POMOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 155

LIST OF VARIETIES FOR THE PALOUSE DISTRICT.

Apples:— WAGE^ETi, GRIMES, ROME BEAUTY, JONATHAN,
Early Harvest, Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachau,
Tompkins King. Gravenstein, Banana, Rhode Island
Greening, Blue Pearmain, Transcendent (Crab), Whit-
ney (Crab).

Pears;— BARTLETT, FLEMISH, Clapp Favorite.

Peaches: — None do well.

Cherries:— Brno, Napoleon (Royal Ann), LAMBERT, Morello,

May Duke. Late Duke, Richmond.
Prunes: — Italian, Agen, Pond (Hungarian) .
Plums: — DAMSON, Bradshaw, Washington, Wiekson. Burbank,

Abundance.
Strawherries:—ChABK, PARSON, Marshall, William Belt,

Dunlap.
Dewberries ;— LUCRETIA.
Blackberries: — Snyder, Early Harvest, Lawton.
Red Raspberries: — Cutlibert, Ranere, Marlboro.
Blackcap Raspberries : — Gregg.
Loganberries : — Do well.
Gooseberries : — Downing, Oregon Champion.
Currants: — Victoria, Cherry, Fay.
Grapes: — None do well.
Apricots : — Moorpark, Blenheim.

THE LEWISTON DISTRICT.

This district includes the territory around the town of Lewiston
in the Lewiston Valley. It extends up the Clearwater Valley to
Stites ; up the Potlatch Creek Valley to Kendrick ; and south from
Lewiston along the Snake River.

The average elevation of this district is low. It varies from 700
feet, which is the elevation of the business streets of Lewiston, to
about 2000 feet at the upper end of the Potlatch Creek Valley. The
annual precipitation ranges from twelve-twenty inches. Irrigation
is practiced in the Lewiston orchards as well as in parts of the
Clearwater and Snake River Valleys. Practically all kinds of fruits
of excellent quality are raised here. In a few favored localities, the
European grape, such as Flame Tokay, Muscat, etc., are grown
successfully.

A large percentage of the fruit in this district is grown on a
bench, about three miles southeast of Lewiston at an approximate
elevation of 1500 feet, known as the "Lewiston Orchards." In
these tracts there are about 6000 acres. A few varieties of fruits are
grown in this locality that do not do well in other parts of the
state, among them being the Esopus ( Spitzenburg ) and Yellow
Newtown varieties of apples.

156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICxVN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF VARIETIES FOR THE LEWISTON DISTRICT.

Apples:— ROME BEAUTY, ESOPUS (Spitzenhurg), JONA-
THAN, WINESAP, YELLOW NEWTOWN, DELICI-
OUS, Banana, Mcintosh, Yellow Transparent, Olden-
burg, Wealthy, Bellflower, Gravenstein, Martha (Crab),
Whitney (Crab).

Pears:— BARThETT, Flemish, Anjou, Winter Nelis, Kieffer.

Peaches:— EhBEUT A, EARLY CRAWFORD, LATE CRAW-
FORD, Muir, Lemon Cling, Indian Cling, Triumph,
Alexander, Early Hale.

Cherries: — Biug, Napoleon (Royal Ami), Lambert, Richmond, May
Duke, Late Duke, Montmorency.

Prunes: — Italian, SILVER, German.

Plums: — Yellow Egg, Green Gage, Burbank, Wickson, Lombard.

mraw})erries:—GOljD DOLLAR, CLARK, Warfield, Glen Mary,
William Belt, World (World's Wonder).

Dewberries : — Lucretia.

Blackberries: — Snyder, Himalaya, Taylor, Lawton, Kittatinny,
Early Cluster.

Red Raspberries: — Cuthbert, Red Antwerp, Ranere.

Blackcap Raspberries : — Gregg, Cumberland, Kansas.

Loganberries: — Do well.

Gooseberries: — Oregon Champion, Downing.

Currants: — Perfection, Victoria, Fay, White Grape.

Grapes: — CONCORD, Moore, Niagara, Brighton.

Apricots: — Royal, Blenheim, Moorpark.

THE PAYETTE DISTRICT.

This district includes the territory along the Payette River from
its mouth to the Horseshoe Bend and Brown Lee country ; along the
Snake River from Weiser to Payette; and along the Weiser River
from Weiser to the Council Valley. A large percentage of the fruit
is planted around the towns of Payette, Fruitland, New Plymouth,
Emmett, Woods Spur, Jonathan and Weiser. This is the largest
fruit district of Idaho, calculated on the basis of the acreage planted
to fruit. The soils are volcanic ash and vary in texture from light
sandy loams on the uplands, to heavy dark loams in the valleys.
The annual precipitation ranges from ten-fifteen inches. Irrigation
is necessary.

The Council Valley section is located along the upper Weiser and
Council Rivers. Its elevation varies from 3000 to 4000 feet. The
protection is very good and fruit of fine quality is grown. Approxi-
mately 3000 acres are in fruit at the present time.

Almost all kinds of fruit of excellent quality are grown in the
Payette District. However, at the present time, apples and Italian
prunes are the leaders in importance from a commercial standpoint.
Blackcap raspberries are also of some importance commercially.
Almost all kinds of apples row well, although the six varieties

IDAHO POMOLOGICALLY COXSIDERED. 157

named are the leaders. The Arkansas Black isl one of the best
money makers with the Rome Beauty a close second. The acreage
in Jonathans is large.

LIST OF VARIETIES FOR THE PAYETTE DISTRICT.

^ppZes:— ARKANSAS BLACK, ROME BEAUTY, WINESAP,
JONATHAN, BEN DAVIS, GANO, Delicious, Winter
Banana, Stayman Winesap, Grimes, Wealthy, Yellow
Transparent, Gravenstein, Hyslop (Crab), Martha
(Crab).

Pears: — Bartlett, Anjou, Flemish, Winter Nelis, Clairgeau.

P(,„c/?fs;— ELBERT A, LATE CRAWFORD, EARLY CRAW-
FORD, Orange Cling, Early Hale, Triumph, Alexander.

Cherries:— QmG, NAPOLEON (Royal Ann), LAMBERT, Late
Duke, May Duke, Richmond, Morello, REPUBLICAN.

Prunes:— IT AlAAl^, Pond (nungarian), SILVER, Ageu, Ger-
man.

Plums: — Peach, Bradshaw, Golden Drop, Yellow Egg, Abundance,
Damson.

mraw})crries:—D\5^\jA?, WARFIELD, GLEN MARY, WILL-
IAM BELT, Aroma, Parker Earle, Jumbo, Superb,
Progressive.

Dewherries : — Lucretia.

Blackberries: — Snyder, Lawton, Himalaya.

Red Raspberries: — Cuthbert, Columbian.

Blackcap Raspherries : — GREGG, Kansas.

Logan b erries : — Do well .

(iooseberries: — Downing JOSSELYN.

Currants: — Cherry, Fay, White Imperial.

Grapes: — CONCORD, Niagara, Moore. Delaware, Worden.

Apricots : — Blenheim, JMoorpark.

THE BOISE VALLEY DISTRICT.

This district includes the entire Boise Valley with Boise at one
end and Parma at the other. It is about thirty-five miles long and
varies in width from two to ten miles. While fruit is raised in the
entire valley, most of the commercial orchards are found in the
country around the towns of Boise, Eagle, Star, Parma, CoUister
and Middleton on the north side of the river, and Meridian, Nampa,
Caldwell, and Roswell on the south side. There are approximately
25,000 acres and it is the second largest fruit district in Idaho.

While many varieties of apples do excellently in this district, the
Rome Beauty, according to many of the growers, is the most profit-
able. However, the growers are almost unanimous in agreeing that
the Italian prune is the leading money maker in the Boise Valley
at the present time.

The soils of the Boise Valley are very rich, being volcanic ash of
a decomposed basalt. The elevation varies from 2000 to 3000 feet.

158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The annual precipitation is from ten-fifteen inches. Irrigation is
depended upon to mature crops grown in the valley.

LIST OF VARIETIES FOR THE BOISE VALLEY DISTRICT,

Apples:— HOME BEAUTY, JONATHAN, WINESAP, ARKAN-
SAS BLACK, DELICIOUS, BEN DAVIS, GANO,

Yellow Transparent, Red June, Oldenburg, Gravenstein.

Grimes, White Pearmain, Banana, Baldwin, King David.
Pears: — Bartlett, Winter Nelis, Anjou, Flemish, Kieffer, Howell,

Clairgeau.
Peaches: — Elberta, Early Crawford, Late Crawford, Champion,

Crosby. Alexander, Early Hale.
C/temes;— RICHMOND, MORELLO, MONTMORENCY, MAY

DUKE, LATE DUKE, DYEHOUSE, Bing, Napoleon

(Royal Ann), Lambert, Republican.
Primes: — ITALIAN, Agen, Pond, Silver.

Plums: — Peach, Damson, Yellow Egg, Bradshaw, Green Gage.
Strawherries :—V'NChE JIM, MICHIGAN PRIDE, WILLIAM

BELT, GLEN MARY, JUMBO, Climax, Magoon,

Parson,
Detvierrics : — Lucretia,

Blackberries: — Snyder, Lawton, Taylor, Early Cluster.
Red Raspherrii-s: — Cuthbert, Ranere.
Blackcap Raspherries : — Gregg, Cumberland,
Loga/nherries: — Do well in some locations.
Gooseberries : — Downing, Josselyn, Industry.
Currants: — Fay, Cherry, Red Cross, Red Dutch, Perfection, White

Grape.
Grapes: — Niagara, Moore, Concord, Worden.

THE SNAKE RIVER CANYON DISTRICT,

This district consists of :

(a) The Homedale section which includes Indian Cove, Central
Cove, Sunnyside, Fargo and Peaceful Valleys, All of these are
coves along the Snake River. This section is well adapted to fruit
as the climate is excellent for fruit growing purposes. However,
trees should not be planted on the adobe land on the floor of tbr
river valley. There are about 2000 acres in this section which is
distributed along the Snake River for thirty miles.

(b) The Upper Snake River Canyon section consists of Grand
View, Medbury Valley, Glenn's Ferry, King Hill, Swiss Valley,
Hagerman Valley, Crystal Springs, Niagara Springs and Blue
Lakes. This is approximately one hundred miles long and is a nar-
row canyon varying in width from one to four miles. The fruit is
planted in spots.

The entire district is located directly along the Snake River. The
hills or canyon walls on each side of the river afford an excellent
protection although there is a wide variation. At Blue Lakes, the

IDAHO POMOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 159

canyon walls of the river are very steep and about eight hundred
feet high, while in the Ilomedale section, the valley is much wider
and the hills not nearly so abrupt nor high.

This entire area has a mild climate and long growing season, well
adapted to the growing of fruits and there are localities where even
tender fruits such as European grapes are grown successfully.
Apples do well and are grown commercially.

Peaches, sweet cherries, grapes, etc., have the advantage of a
good local market, due largely to the fact that they ripen earlier
than those grown outside of the canyon district. Sour cherries are
excellent and sweet varieties do well. Prunes, plums, strawberries
and all of the small fruits grow well and produce abundantly.

LIST OF VARIETIES FOR THE SNAKE UlVF.ll CANYON DISTRICT.

.Ipples:— JONATHAN, ROME BEAUTY. WINESAP, DELICI-
OUS, GANO, Wagener, Yellow Transparent, Graven-
stein, Hyslop (Crab), Red Astrachan, Ben DaAas. Ar-
kansas Black, White Pearmain.

Peac/ies .-—ELBERT A, EARLY CRAWFORD, EARLY HALE,

Late Crawford, Alexander, Carman.
Cherries: — Bing, Napoleon (Royal Arm), Lambert, Richmond,

Morello, IMontmorencv, Wood.
Prw?Jtvs;— ITALIAN, Agen, Silver, Pond.
Plums: — Damson, Bradshaw, Abundance, Red June.
Strawherries: — Dunlap, Gandy, Jucundo, Chesapeake.
Dewherries : — Lucretia.
Blackherries : — Eldorado, Snyder.
Red Raspberries: — Cuthbert, Ranere, ColumWan.
Blackcap Raspherrics: — Cumberland, Kansas, Gregg.
Loganberries : — Do well.
Gooseberries: — Downing, Josselyn.
Currants: — Fay, Cherry, White Imperial.
Grapes: — Concord, Moore, Niagara, Muscat, Tokay, Comichon,

Sweetwater.
Apricots: — Blenheim, Royal.

THE TWIN FALLS DISTRICT.

This district includes :

(a) The territory known as the North Side Twin Falls section
and the country- surrounding where the conditions are similar, es-
pecially the vicinity around the towns of Ticeska, Bliss, Jerome,
Gooding, Wendell, Shoshone and Richfield. The conditions in the
Richfield project are somewhat different from those on the North
Side Twin Falls as the elevation is greater. In this entire section,
there are approximately six thousand acres in fruit.

(b) The South Side Twin Falls section, especially the area sur-
i-ounding the towns of Hansen, Kimberly, Twin Falls, Filer, Buhl,

160 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Minidoka and Burley. Minidoka and Burley are located on the
Minidoka project and at the present time very little fruit is grown
in this vicinity. In this section there are about 19,000 acres in fruit.

(c) The Salmon Tract. This is a flat, irrigated country located
to the east of Salmon River and Avatered by the Salmon River and
Deep Creek. There are approximately three thousand acres in
fruit.

The average elevation of this district is quite high, varying from
3500 to 4500 feet. The soil is a clay loam and is excellent for the
production of fruit. Throughout the district, irrigation must be
practiced in order to produce crops.

LIST OP VARIETIES FOR THE TWIN PALLS DISTRICT.

^pp^e^;— JONATHAN, ROME BEAUTY, DELICIOUS, WAGE-
NER, STAYMAN WINESAP, GRIMES, Gano, Mc-
intosh, Yellow Bellflower, Rhode Island Greening,
Banana, YeUow Transparent, Wealthy, Gravenstein,
Oldenburg, Hyslop (Crab).

Pears: — Bartlett, Flemish, Winter Nelis.

Peaches: — Early Crawford, Elberta, Alexander, Mamie Ross, Early
Hale, Triumph.

Cherries: — Richmond, Montmorency, Napoleon (Boyal Ann), Dye-
house, Morello.

Prunes: — Italian, German, Silver.

Plums: — Green Gage. Lombard. Damson, Abundance, Bradshaw.

Strawberries: — Glen Mary, Clark, Dunlap, Clyde.

Dewberries : — Lucretia.

Blackberries : — Snyder, Eldorado, Erie, Early Harvest.

Red Raspberries : — Cuthbert, Turner, Loudon.

Blackcap Raspberries : — Cumberland, Gregg, Kansas.

Loganberries: — Do well.

Gooseberries : — Downing, Oregon, Champion, Josselyn.

Currants: — Eay, White Grape, Cherry, Red Dutch.

Grapes: — Moore, Campbell. Diamond, Niagara.

Apricots: — Blenheim, Royal.

THE BLACKPOOT AND IDAHO FALLS DISTRICT.

This district consists of a strip of land running from Blackfoot
through Idaho Ealls and on to St. Anthony, being approximately
eighty miles long and thirty miles wide. The average elevation is
about 4700 feet. There is a gradual rise in elevation from Black-
foot to St. Anthony of about thirteen feet to the mile. In general,
the soil is excellent.

Owing to a greater elevation, the area planted to fruit in this dis-
trict is small compared with some of the other fruit districts of
Idaho. There are some favored localities where commercial plant-
ings have been made. Sour cherries, dewberries, blackberries and
blackcap raspberries are grown on a small scale. Prunes and plums

roAHO — ^POMOLOQICALLY CONglDEBED. 161

do well, while strawberries, red raspberries, gooseberries and cur-
rants grow to perfection.

LIST OF VARIETIES FOR THE BLACKFOOT AND IDAHO FALLS DISTRICT.

Apples:— WE AJjTBY, GRAVENSTEIN, McINTOSH, Wagener,
Rome Beauty, Oldenburg, Rhode Island Greening, Jona-
than, Pewaukee, Yellow Transparent, Hyslop (Crab),
Transcendent (Crab), Martha (Crab).

Pears: — Bartlett, Clapp Favorite, Flemish.

Peaches : — None.

Cherries: — Morello, May Duke, Late Duke.

Prunes: — Italian, German.

Plums: — Lombard, Yellow Egg, Green Gage.

Straivierries :—I>VNhAF, JUMBO, GANDY, MARSHALL.

Dewberries : — Lucretia.

Blackberries: — Snj'^der, Briton, Eldorado.

Red Raspberries: — Cuthbert, Columbian, Ranere.

Blackcap Raspberries: — Gregg, Cumberland.

Gooseberries : — Downing, Houghton, Industry.

Currants: — Cherry, White Grape, Fay.

Grapes: — None.

MISCELLAITEOUS NOTES.

The President: We might at this time use a few moments in
hearing reports from different sections of the country. I will call
for a report on Western New York.

Mr. Gillett : I have not been there since last April, and all the
reports I hear show that we are one-fourth of a crop short. We had
a big freeze on the 26th of May which struck the big apple section ;
so I get reports of a short apple crop. Twenty-five to thirty per
cent shortage.

The President : Washington now.

Mr. Barnett : My impression is that it will not be in excess of
forty to fifty per cent of last j^ear's crop.

The President : Now let us hear from Oregon.

Mr. Roberts : Mr. Chairman, the prospects for a crop in Oregon
this year are bad. We have a very light crop. Some sections were
hit by heavy frost on the night of the 30th of April, and other sec-
tions have been hit by drought. In some sections which depended
on irrigation the water has failed. Their crop will be small. I
doubt if we will have more than forty per cent of a full crop. I
think I am safe in saying we will not have more than forty per cent.
It is a hard question to definitely answer.

The President : That is why I asked it. We will now hear from
Mr. Taft and Michigan.

Prof. Taft: Of winter apples, we will have only one-half a
crop. We had in some sections cold rain or frost, at the time of
blossoming, which cut down the crop. We have a good crop of sum-
mer and fall apples.

162 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The President: From Illinois. Mr. Lloyd Avill report on
Illinois.

Mr. Lloyd: They are better than any year for the last three
years. A poor crop of some varieties, but a moderate crop of Ben
Davis.

The Presstdent : About one-half of all the apple trees in Illinois
are dead?

Mr. Lloyd : Yes. We have a great many more apples, however,
than we had last year.

The President : We will now hear from Missouri.

Mr. Wayman : As far as I can learn it is about forty per cent.
The apples are of good quality, but the quantity cannot be kept up.
The Jonathan and Grimes are especially fine this year, but owing
to excessive rains there is some shrinking in the quantity.

The President : What varieties are short ?

Mr. Wayman : The Ben Davis, that is our principal variety.
The reports which I get, although these reports are not general, are
to the effect that the best we can get is about forty per cent this
year.

The President : Noav let us hear from Idaho.

Mr. Blunck : ( Idaho. ) I have not been in Idaho for six months,
but I get weekly reports. The frost was not so bad in certain parts
of Idaho, but blight is bad up there this year owing to the weather
we had in the month of May. They will have about sixty-five per
cent of the regular crop this year.

Mr. HuTT: (North Carolina.) The North Carolina apple crop,
I should say will be sixty per cent of the regular crop. We had
excellent prospects this spring, and we looked for a bumper crop,
but the blight has been the worst ever known, and it has been with
us twenty-five or thirty years. This year it swept down like a
cyclone, and some heavy bearing orchards did not have enough left
on them for an apple pie. But summing up, I should say we have
about sixty per cent of the regular crop.

The President : Mr. Lord will tell us about California.

Mr. Lord : I visited the Watsonville district, and took a thirty-
five-mile ride with men well informed there, and they tell me it was
about a sixty per cent crop. The apples are too large, but the trees
look to me like carrying a light load ; but they said there was sixty
per cent of the regular crop.

Dr. Cook : That district embraces one-half of our California
crop.

SIr. Ream : San Diego County, there is no crop at all. The
second of May cleaned them up.

When I left there we had just commenced to gather the crop. It
Mas very short owing to the drought, and also to the frost which had
visited us.

The President : Let us have a few words from Australia.

Mr. L. M. Shoobridge, of Tasmania : I have been asked to say a
little about Australia, but I should like to preface my remarks with
«in expression of the great pleasure it gives me to meet such a body

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 163

as the American Pomological Society. When it was known to yonr
Secretary that I was about to visit this country he extended to me a
hearty invitation to be present at this the 34th Biennial Meeting of
your Society.

I have listened with great interest and profit to the papers read
and discussions on the various aspects of the fruit industry, realiz-
ing that we in Australia have much in common with you. Aus-
tralia is a great country with a wide range of climate and soil, but
with a territory as large as tlie United States we have only a popu-
lation of a little over five million as against about a hundred million
in the States. We sadh' need more people for the fuller develop-
ment of our resources. Australia is eminently a pastoral country,
as it is never necessary to house stock even in the severest winter.
A large part of Australia is still unsettled, but the value of pastoral
products for 1913 (the latest figure I have was over 360,000,000
dollars). Very large areas are suitable for grain growing and the
wheat crop for the same year amounted to nearly thirty million
bushels, with other grains in proportion. Australia is rich in min-
eral deposits, but other than gold, silver and copper, have not been
worked to any great extent, as we have large deposits of coal with
an increase of population otlier metals will be worked and an im-
petus given to manufactures.

The railways, post and telegraph systems are owned and worked
by the state. Education is free, compulsory and unsectarian. Our
form of government is very liberal, every adult, male and female,
having the right to vote. Each state has its own Governor and
Parliament. There is also a Governor-General and Federal Parlia-
ment in which each state has its fair representation. Hitherto the
most of the settlement has been near the coast, but with the con-
struction of railways into the interior settlement is rapidly push-
ing ahead.

As Australia possesses such a wide range of climate and soil
every known fruit can be grown to perfection. In the northern
parts bananas, pineapples, sugar cane, etc., are extensively culti-
vated, over two and a quarter million tons of sugar being produced
last year. All sub-tropical fruits, as grapes, figs and citrus fruits,
thirve to perfection, and the output of dried fruits and wine is con-
siderable and only limited by market conditions. In the southern
part all the fruits, as apples, pears, etc., that prefer a cooler climate
are found in profusion, and as these can be carried to all parts of
the world in refrigerated chambers a big future is in prospect for
these. Already a considerable trade is established with England
and other parts, and as the area of land suitable is almost unlimited,
there is ample room for the development of a pleasant and profitable
occupation. For fuller information 1 would refer you to the Aus-
tralian Court at the Expositioii now held in San Francisco, where
you may obtain some of the literature that is distributed there.

The construction of the Panama Canal has been watched witli
keen interest in Australia, as the completion of this great work
should result in the expansion of our trade, especially with your

164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Eastern States, for as we are in the opposite hemisphere, our fruits
ripen in your off season, which should result in an exchange of
these products to our mutual advantage.

In conclusion I should like to express how much pleasure it has
given me to travel through your great country and view the many
natural wonders you possess. Nature has been very liberal to you,
providing extensive areas of fertile lands with an abundant water
supply, of which you are making good use, as evidenced by the
wonderful collection of primary and manufactured products dis-
played in the Panama Exposition.

A Day in June.

' ' I could write such a beautiful poem

About this summer day
If my pen could catch the beauty

Of every leaf and spray.
And the music all about us

Of brooks and breeze and birda,
But the greatest poet living

Cannot put them into words.

" If I only could write the color

Of the lilacs tossing plumes
And make you feel in a sentence

The smell of its sweet perfume ;
If my pen could paint the glory

Of the blue and tender sky
And the peace that crowns the mountains

My poem would never die ! ' '

— Ceres Flora Pomona.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS AVOCADOS IN CALIFORNIA. 165

OHARACTEEISTICS OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL VARIETIES OP
AVOCADOS BEING GROWN IN CALIFORNIA.

Ira J. CoNDiT.

The number of named varieties of avocados originating in Cali-
fornia is at least thirty. New varieties are rapidly appearing as
local seedlings and as budded trees from other countries. It is,
therefore, very difficult for growers to decide what varieties or
variety to plant, either for home use or for market. The accom-
panying table is presented as a guide to the important characters
of varieties as far as we have been able to obtain them. Any addi-
tions or corrections will be gratefully received by the writer.

The requirements of a good commercial variety of avocado may
be briefly outlined as follows :

1. The bud of such a variety should be able to grow, into a

vigorous, upright, orchard tree.

2. It should be sufficiently hardy to withstand ordinary frosts.

3. It should be precocious, prolific, and a regular bearer.

4. It should blossom late enough for the flowers to escape heavy

spring frosts.

5. The fruit should be of good flavor and quality.

6. The size and shape of the fruit should be uniform and not

too large, approaching oval or round, rather than "bottle-
necked, ' ' and averaging about one pound in weight.

7. The fruit should be well adapted to shipping.

8. The seed should be small and tight in the cavity.

166

PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

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188 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGIC-Ui SOCEETY.

COMMITTEE REPORTS.

The committee reports of this society have long
been recognized as a feature of particular value
in its proceedings. During recent years a num-
ber of our older members have been constrained
to withdraw their services from this important
part of the work of the society to its great loss:
But this volume will be notable as the first one
in many years in which Colonel Brackett has
not been an, active factor in making one or more
of the important committee reports. — Secretary.

REPOBT OF THE TROPICAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.

Wilson Popenoe, Chcdrman.

In recent years there has been a remarkable awakening of interest
in tropical fruits, not only in the mildest sections of the United
States, where such fruits can be grown, but in Hawaii, the Philip-
pines, Cuba and Porto Rico, not to mention those foreign countries
with whose conditions we are not so familiar, such as India, Queens-
land, and Algeria. Considering the matter solely from the American
viewpoint, it appears that several of the tropical fruits which have
been unknown, horticulturally speaking, until very recent years,
are rapidly becoming commercial and are demanding the attention
of pomologists. We see this with the avocado, of which more than
eighty varieties have already been named and propagated in Cali-
fornia, and a smaller but considerable number in Florida. Here,
then, is a new field for pomologists, and one which should be given
attention at the very beginning if the science of pomology is to keep
pace with commercial development. In other lines, too, we see
notable progress, together with unusual promise for future develop-
ment. The mango has been given attention in Florida and the West
Indies for the past fifteen years, and seems almost certain to become
of considerable commercial importance. The annonaceous fruits are
also attracting attention as commercial possibilities, while the fruit-
ing of the litchi at Santa Barbara, California, two years ago gave a
new stimulus to the culture of this fruit and it is now being pushed
as a promising thing for south Florida.

The field of tropical pomology is as yet practically untouched.
What the future holds in store we can only conjecture, but it will
be surprising if the next quarter of a century does not witness a
much greater development of tropical horticulture than has any pre-
vious period of similar length. Horticulturists are just getting to
the point where they can propagate most of the lesser-known tr<^-
ical fruits by budding or grafting, thus paving the way for the
establishment of named horticultural varieties, and making possible
commercial culture of these fruits on a modem basis.

MAXGA MAMEY, FROM THE QUIXTA AVILES, CIENFUEGOS. A HANDSOME
FKUIT OF GOOD (JTALITY.

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COMMITTEE REPORTiS. 189

It seems doubtful, however, whether the greatest development in
tropical pomology will take place within the tropics themselves or
in the slightly cooler regions to the north of the torrid zone, such
as Florida and California, where the culture of many tropical fruits
is possible. Not only are the living conditions better in these re-
gions, but it has been seen with citrus fruits, as well as with some
others, that they frequently attain their highest perfection when
pushed right up against the frost line, and grown at the extreme
northern limit of their zone.

It is with the object of reviewing the present status of tropical
fruit culture in Florida, California and the territory of Hawaii, as
well as to point out some present-day needs in tropical pomology,
that the Tropical Fruit Committee submits the following report :

Some Systematic Needs op Tropical Pomology.

Numerous varieties of both the avocado and mango are now being
propagated in tropical and sub-tropical regions, while named varie-
ties of several other tropical fruits are commencing to appear. In
glancing over varietal descriptions published in the catalogs of nur-
serymen or by tropical pomologists, a discrepancy which immediate-
ly strikes the attention is the lack of definite terms in regard to size ;
while it is correct enough to use the terms ' ' small, " " medium, ' ' and
''large," when describing avocados and mangos, unless they have a
definitely understood meaning they can very easily be misconstrued.
Especially is this true when descriptions prepared in one region are
used in another; for example, the avocadas of Florida are on the
average considerably larger than those of California, hence a variety
which would be termed small in the former state would be at least
medium-sized in the latter. To obviate this misunderstanding, some
such schedule of sizes as the following should be adopted for use in
all regions where these fruits are grown :

Avocados.

YeTj small Below 5 ozs.

Small 5 to 8 ozs.

Below medium 8 to 10 ozs.

Medium 10 to 14 ozs.

Above medium 14 to 16 ozs.

Large 16 to 19 ozs.

Very large 19 to 24 ozs.

Extremely large Above 24 ozs.

Mangos.

Very small Below 4 ozs.

Small 4 to 7 ozs.

Below medium 7 to 9 ozs.

Medium 9 to 13 ozs.

Above medium 13 to 15 ozs.

Large 15 to 20 ozs.

Very large 20 to 24 ozs.

Extremely large Above 24 ozs.

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In regard to describing avocado varieties, there has been as yet
very little uniformity among pomologists, and the nurserjrmen 's
descriptions are usually lacking in several important points. The
amount of detail necessary in a description will vary with different
workers, depending upon the purpose for which the description is
made. A brief, practical description should certainly contain all of
the following characteristics :

Form. Commonly spherical, oval, oblong, obovate or pyriform.

Size. Comparative, according to some such schedule of sizes as
that given above, and actual, including weight in ounces and length
and greatest breadth in inches.

Ba^e. The form should be stated, whether rounded, attenuate,
flattened, etc., and the insertion of the stem, whether squarely or
obliquely inserted. The cavity is very frequently wanting in avoca-
dos; when present it should be described as to size, depth, breadth
and form.

Stem. The length and character of the stem should be given. It
is also important to note whether the fruits are borne singly or in
clusters.

Apex. Should be described as to form — rounded, obliquely flat-
tened, etc.

Surface. This should be described first as to texture (smooth, un-
dulating, rough), next as to glossiness, then as to color, and finally
the number, size, form and color of the dots should be noted.

Skin. In describing the thickness of the skin the use of relative
terms is not sufficient. It is desirable to note the actual thickness in
fractions of an inch, when dealing with the thick-skinned varieties.
With the thin-skinned Mexican fruits, this is impracticable, and
relative terms must be depended upon. The texture of the skin
(brittle, tough, leathery, etc.) should be given, and its adhesion to
the flesh.

Flesh. This should be described a.s to texture (firm, meaty, soft,
buttery), the color, and the amount of fiber present. Sometimes
there is no actual fiber but it is represented by discolorations in the
flesh.

Flavor. This can only be described by the use of such terms as
rich, nutty, watery, etc., which are oftentimes rather indefinite and
unsatisfactory.

Quality. This point represents the personal opinion of the de-
seriber, and should be listed as poor, medium, good, very good, or
extra good. None of these terms should be applied to flavor.

Seed. The form should first be given (conical, spherical, oblate,
etc.), followed by the relative size (large or small and the actual
size (weight in ounces) ; the character and adhesion of both seed
coats should then be mentioned, and the size of the seed cavity, if
larger than the seed. When the outer seed coat adheres to the wall
of the seed cavity, it should be noted.

Season. This should be stated fairly, not considering the fruit in
season until it is fully mature.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 191

Tree. Tlie vigor and character of the growth should be carefully
noted, together with any peculiarities of habit which the tree may
exhibit. Its hardiness should be stated, followed by the character of
the foliage. Productiveness and precocity of bearing are two points
of great importance, and should be described as fully as possible.

In regard to classification of tropical fruits, we have not progress-
ed far enough to have worked out any natural systems for either
the avocado or the mango which can be considered as complete and
definite. In Florida only one tjpe of avocado has been commonly
grown, and of this only one or two varieties are prominent. In Cali-
fornia, however, avocados of several distinct types have been plant-
ed, making a classification almost necessary. Nurserymen have fre-
quently divided the varieties grown in California into two arbitrary
groups, accordingly as they are thin- or thick-skinned. As this lat-
ter group contains both the Florida varieties (which do not flourish
in California, as far as past experience goes), and the hardier
Guatemalan varieties, which include the leading commercial sorts,
the classification was ratlier unsatisfactory. Recently a natural
classification has been proposed, consisting of three types, the Mexi-
can, which includes the small, thin-skinned, hardy varieties; the
South American or West Indian, which includes the varieties from
Florida ; and the Guatemalan, which includes those varieties from
southern Mexico and Guatemala which have very thick, woody
skins, which are hardier than the Florida varieties, and which ripen
from the latter part of winter luitil mid-summer. This classifica-
tion would also apply in Florida, and as it tends to bring out the
important features of a variety, such as hardiness, size, thickness of
skin, and season of ripening, it seems likely to prove very useful.

Present Status op Tropical Fruits in Florida.

A keen interest in tropical fruit-growing has been developed in
south Florida, principally in the Miami limestone belt, which com-
prises a narrow strip of land along the east coast from Fort Lauder-
dale to below Homestead. On the west coast there has been a good
deal of planting done, notably at Fort Myers, Sarasota, and in the
vicinity of Tampa Bay, which is almost the northern limit of trop-
ical fruit culture.

At the present moment the avocado is receiving more attention
than any otlier of the tropical fruits. It is estimated that there are
approximately two hundred acres of budded trees now in bearing,
with an area of nearly equal size recently planted. Trapp is the
only variety which has been planted extensively up to the present,
but interest is now centering in the winter-fruiting Guatemalan
varieties which have been introduced from Guatemala and Cali-
fornia. Several of these have already fruited at Miami, and have
matured from January to April, the precise season when avocados
are in greatest demand and highest prices are realized. The variety
Pollock, which ripens in August and September, is practically the
only one beside Trapp which ha^ been planted commercially, and
the acreage is insignificant.

192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The maugo promises well for the future, but is not yet upon as
substantial a basis as the avocado. Many of the Indian varieties,
which are of excellent quality and in most ways quite satisfactory,
do not fruit abundantly, and the problem now is to obtain varieties
of good quality which will be productive. Some of the most promis-
ing are Haden, a seedling of Mulgoba which originated at Cocoanut
Grove, and is more productive than its parent but of somewhat
poorer quality ; Amini, a small fruit from India, of attractive ap-
pearance, excellent quality, and seemingly more productive than
most of the Indian varieties ; Paheri, another Indian variety, which
strongly resembles Mulgoba but seems to be slightly more produc-
tive ; Beimett, from Bombay, a good fruiter and a mango of excel-
lent keeping qualities, but not quite so attractive in appearance as
some of the others, though of good quality ; Sandersha, a large In-
dian mango which is more properly a culinary than a dessert fruit,
being rather acid and well suited for cooking or canning ; and Cam-
bodiana, from ludo-China, a very productive fruit of good quality.
There are several small mango groves in the vicinity of Miami, and
in good seasons many crates of fruit are shipped to northern mar-
kets. A large number of the plantings made in the earlier days
were of Mulgoba, but this variety is proving so unproductive that
it seems almost certain to be superseded by some other.

The sapodilla, Achras zapota, is a common tree on the keys, on
the mainland around Miami and as far north as Palm Beach, and on
the west coast around Fort Myers. The fruits are abundant in the
markets during summer. While no named varieties have yet been
established, it has been shown by Simmonds at Miami that the tree
can be budded in the same way as the mango, and some of the choice
seedling trees will probably be propagated in the near future.
There are several trees on the lower east coast which have some-
thing of a reputation for large, fine fruits ; one of these, at Lemon
City, produces conical fruits up to four inches in diameter. It
should certainly be propagated.

The cashew, Anacardium occidentale, has fruited successfully at
Miami and Cocoanut Grove, and should be more widely planted,
both for its aromatic fruits, which can be used in a variety of ways,
and its edible seed, knoA\'n as cashew-nut. It is a variable plant, but
so far as known selected varieties have not yet been propagated
vegetatively.

The annonaceous fruits are very promising. The true cherimoya,
Annona cherimola, does not seem to be at home in south Florida,
and has so far produced fruit of indifferent value, but the sugar-
apple, A. squamosa, flourishes and should in time become a favorite,
as it has in Cuba. It can readily be budded. The sour-sop,
A. muricata, is somewhat tender except in extreme south Florida,
but has been successfully grown at Miami. The eustard-apple,
A. reticulata, also succeeds at Miami, but seems less desirable than
the sugar- apple. All of these species are readily budded, and choice
seedlings can be propagated without difficulty. Edward Simmonds,
of the Plant Introduction Garden at Miami, has recently produced

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 193

a hybrid between the eheriraoya and the sugar-apple which indi-
cates that the aimonas may be made to yield, by proper manipula-
tion, a whole range of new fruits which should be of value in tropi-
cal countries. They seem to hybridize readily.

The Jak, Artocarpiis intfgrifoJia, has fruited at Coeoanut Grove
and seems to do well in this section, but the fruit is not esteemed.
The bread-fruit, A. incisa, has not yet fruited in Florida, so far as
known.

Averrhoa carambola, an interesting fruit from south China, has
proved to be hardy in ]Mr. Reasoner's tropical fruit shed at Oneco,
and is fruiting well. It does not appear to be of especial value,
however, as the fruit is rather acid and deficient in flavor. The
bilimbi, A. hilinihi, is growing well at the Plant Introduction Gar-
den in j\Iiami, and has fruited abundantly. The fruits are cylindri-
cal, about three inches long, very acid, and useful only for pickling.
The tree seems very susceptible to frost.

The papaya, Carica papaya, has been grown commercially in the
Miami region for the production of papain, and the fruits are mar-
keted in considerable quantities. This tree is of such easy culture,
and yields so abundantly of its rich fruit, that it seems almost cer-
tain to become popular. A large number of seedling types have
been grown at Miami in an attempt to obtain choice ones. Through
grafting, which was first applied to the papaya about three years
ago, by Simmonds at Miami, the perpetuation of named varieties
has been made possible. One has already been established; it is a
small, round fruit of attractive appearance, known as Simmonds.

Carissa grandiflora, the Natal plum, seems likely to become more
popular as a hedge and ornamental plant than as a fruit, but its
bright red, plum-like berries are excellent for sauces and jellies. It
is becoming common around ]\Iiami and is hardy enough to be grown
some distance north. There is a great deal of variation among
different plants in size and character of fruit, as well as in produc-
tiveness, and the best ones should be propagated by budding, which
has been shown by Simmonds to be comparatively simple.

The white sapote, Casimiroa edidis, has fruited at Coeoanut Grove
and Miami, and seems to do well in this region. Tlie star-apple,
Chrysophylhim. cainito, has fruited near Miami and seems to be at
home, but has not yet become common. The akee, Blighia or
Cnpania sapida, is also fruiting at Miami, and seems to be a promis-
ing thing. Diospyros ebenaster, the sapote negro or sapote prieto
of Mexico, is growing well at Buena Vista, near Miai)ii, but is not
yet large enough to fruit. The kei-apple, Docyalis caffra is fruiting
abundantly at Coeoanut Grove, and grows readily in this section.
Its fruit, however, is not sufficiently valuable to warrant extensive
planting.

The loquat, Eriohotrya japonica, has been grown commercially
in a small way at Miami and in other parts of Florida. It does well
in this state but the fruits do not attain to such large size as i)i
California. Practically all of the varieties which have been planted
are of California origin, and include Advance, Premier, Victor ar,d
Champagne.

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Surinam-cherry, Eugenia nniflora, is one of the lesser-known
fruits which seems to be winning its way into favor. It has recent-
ly made its appearance in the Miami markets, selling at fifteen cents
a quart basket. The plant is quite at home in south Florida, fruits
most prolifically, often bearing two crops a year, and requires very
little attention. It has not as yet been successfully propagated by
budding or grafting, so far as known, and no named varieties are
grown. It seems to come fairly true from seed.

The feijoa, Fcijoa selloiviana, which is doing well in California,
lias not been a complete success in Florida. It grows well, and is
hardy throughout the state, but the fruits seem to be lacking in
flavor. Proliably it requires a cooler climate and different soil.
Some of the plants have proved to be self-sterile, and do not bear
unless hand-pollinated, while others are self-fertile and fruit fairly
well.

The litchi, Litchi cMnensis, has blossomed at both Tampa and
Oueco. and set fruits at Oneco the past season but did not carry
them to maturity. It is growing well at Miami, and looks very
promising. Named varieties have been introduced from south
China and India by the Department of Agriculture, but have not
yet come into bearing in this country.

On the Florida keys the egg-fruit or ti-es, Liicuma nervosa, is well
known, and it is fairly common around Miami. It is popular among
those who are accustomed to it, but its disa^reeabk odor and cloy-
ing sweetness seem to stand in the way of its becoming a commer-
cial fruit. Lnc'uma mammosa, the mammee sapote, which is so com-
mon in Cuba, does not seem to do well on the limestone of south
Florida, and no bearing trees are known.

The Queensland nut, Macadamia. ternifoUa, seems very promising.
There is a large specimen on the grounds of the Hotel Royal Poin-
ciana at Palm Beach which fruits heavily, and young trees in the
Plant Introduction Garden at Miami have recently come into bear-
ing. The young plants seem rather difficult to start, but when they
have become established, they grow well.

Malpighia glabra, the Barbados cherry, is grown in a few gar-
dens around Miami and Cocoanut Grove, but is a fruit of very minor
importance.

The mammee-apple, Blammea. amerieana, seems quite at home in
the Miami region, and there are a number of large fruiting speci-
mens. The fruit is not esteemed as it is in Cuba, however, the cul-
tivation of this species is not being extended.

The Spanish-lime, Mclicocca hijuga, is grown at Key West, but
does not seem to fruit at Miami.

The guavas have assumed considerable importance as .jelly fruits,
and several small groves have been planted near Miami. The
species grown for this purpose is Psidium guajava. It occurs in
numerous varieties, a few of which have been propagated at Miami
by budding. Mr. Simmonds has shown that l)udding is successful,
when performed as with the avocado. The strawberry guava,
P. cattleianum, is not so common in south Florida, but is grown in

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 195

other parts of the state, especially to the north of the zone in which
the tropical guava can he cultivated.

Two species of Spondias have been grown in south Florida, the
Otaheite-apple, S. dulcis or 8. cytherea, and the Spanish-plum, S.
purpurea. Both of these are easily propagated by cuttings, and the
last named exists in a considerable number of varieties, some of
which are superior and ought to be introduced. Neither species is
at all common.

California.

Among the tropical fruits which experience has shown to be suc-
cessful in California, the avocado is just now attracting the most
attention and seems to be of greatest promise. During the past
five or six years the nurserymen have taken up the propagation of
this tree, and are now producing thousands of budded plants yearly.
More than four-score varieties have been propagated, many bearing
originated locally as seedlings, a few having been introduced from
Hawaii, quite a number from Florida, and at least twenty-five from
Mexico and Guatemala. The question of varieties is at present a
pressing one, and it M'ill require some little time for the large num-
ber now on trial to be tested out. Eventually the oi'chardists will
doubtless settle down to a liandful of the best ones, and eliminate
all the others, many of which are already being found worthless.
Of the Guatemalan type, which seems to be by far the most promis-
ing commercially, the leading varieties of the present day are Taft.
Blakeman, Meserve, Sharpless, and one or two others; of the thin-
skinned Mexican type the t^vo most prominent varieties are Ganter
and Harman. The Florida type has not done well in California up
to the present, and none of tlie varieties is being planted extensively.

The mango is still in the experimental stage, though several trees
have been fruiting in southern California for years, dononstrating
the possibility, at least, of growing mangos in this state. Before
the disastrous freeze of January, 1913, quite a collection of Indian
varieties had been placed on trial by the Department of Agriculture
in several locations, but most of these trees were killed. Some of
them have been replaced, and are now making good progress. Tt
seems likely that the warmest locations in Southern California may
be able to grow good mangos ; near the sea coast, as at Santa Barbara
and San Diego, the summers are so cool that the fruit does not
ripen, but in the foothill sections, as at Sierra Madre and jMonrovia,
where the summer heat is more intense, some good fruits have been
produced. Two or three seedlings of local origin have been named,
but no choice varieties have fruited in California.

Achras zapota, the sapodilla, has never been a success in Cali-
fornia. Its growth is very slow, and it is susceptible to frost, ft
may reach fruiting size in favored locations, l)ut has not been given
a thorough trial as yet.

Of the annonaeeous fruits, the only one which succeeds and seems
of value for California is the eherimoya. This is much more sue-

196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL. SOCIETY.

cessful in the foot-hill regions of Southern California than it is in
Florida, the climate being, apparently, more to its liking. Excellent
cherimoyas have been grown at Hollywood, where there are several
small groves, but this fruit is not now receiving much attention. It
awaits the introduction of choice varieties, propagated by budding.
C. P. Taft, of Orange, has budded a variety called Golden Russet,
but this, like most of the others, is rather unfruitful. The problem
of the cherimoya in California is one of productiveness, which may
possibly depend upon pollination by insects. It deserves investiga-
tion. Undoubtedly, the cherimoya is one of the fruits which will
become of importance in the future.

The papaya, Carica papaya, has never been a complete success in
California. It has fruited at Hollywood and in a few other sec-
tions, but due to the cool nights the fruit never becomes properly
ripened, and is of an insipid, squash-like flavor. The plant is very
tender in most locations.

Carissa grandiflora grows well throughout the southern part of
the state, seeming to be fairly hardy. It does not bear abundantly,
as a rule, and for this reason has never become well known as a fruit,
though as an ornamental shrub it is much liked. The reason for its
failure to bear is not known, but the evidence seems to indicate that
it may be faulty pollination.

The white sapote. Casiniiroa ednlis, is believed by Franceschi to
have been the first tropical fruit tree planted in California. An old
specimen, phiiited by one of the Mexican settlers about 1810, is still
to be seen on De la Guerra street in Santa Barbara, and forms one
of the horticultural landmarks of the state. This species has proved
to be quite hardy in Southern California, and is readily propagated
by budding. Three named varieties have been established, one of
which, Harvey, has been propagated to a limited extent. While this
tree fruits Avell and seems quite at home in California, it has not
yet become very popular.

The loquat, Enohotrya japonica, has become a commercial fruit
of some importance, due mainly to the efforts of C. P. Taft, of
Orange, who lias originated most of the varieties now grown in Cali-
fornia, and who has the largest commercial orchard. The principal
varieties now being grown are Advance, Premier, and Victor;
among the newer ones are Champagne and Tanaka, the latter hav-
ing been introduced from Algeria, though of Japanese origin.

The Surinam cherry, Eugenia vniflora, grows well in Southern
California, and is fairly hardy, but does not fruit so prolifically as
it does 'in Florida. It is not widely planted and is not receiving
much attention.

The feijoa, Feijoa sellowiana, has been propagated more exten-
sively in the past five years than almost any of the other new fruits
except the avocado. Thousands of plants have been set out, and
many are now coming into bearing. This fruit is one which seems
to be of commercial promise, but it will be necessary to establish
selected varieties of known productiveness and propagate them
vegetatively, since seedlings do not always fruit abundantly.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 197

Practically the only variety whicli has thus far been offered by the
trade is Andre, an excellent form which was introduced from the
Riviera.

Litchi chinensis, the true litchi, is too tender for any except the
most protected locations in California, but it is doing well at Mon-
rovia and at Santa Barbara, where it firet came into fruit two years
ago.

The Queensland nut, Macadamia tcrnifolia, has proved to be
fairly hardy and drought-resistant ; it is being propagated in consid-
erable numbers, and seems likely to become common. It is of slow
growth but fruits well. No attention has been given to the matter
of varieties as yet, the plants being, gi'own from seed.

Of the guavas, Psidium cattleianum, the strawberry guava, is by
far the most common, and is found in almost every garden. It is
propagated from seed and no named varieties are known as yet.
The tropical guava, P. guajava, is seen occasionally, and will prob-
ably become more common in the future. Only seedlings are raised,
but these are offered under different varietal names ; those of a deep
yellow, oval fruited form are called lemon guava ; those from long,
pear-shaped fruits with white flesh, grown at Hollywood, are called
pear-guava ; and those from a round, yellow fruit with salmon-
colored flesh, grown at Elysian Park, Los Angeles, are offered by the
trade under the name of Hawaiian guava.

The Passion-fruit or Granadilla, Passiflora cdidis, is fairly hardy
in Southern California, but is not so highly esteemed as it is in
Australia, perhaps because it is not well known as yet. No varieties
have been offered.

Hawah.

The following notes regarding varieties of tropical fruits culti-
vated in the Hawaiian Islands will be of interest. The more import-
ant varieties of each are italicized :

Pineapple: Cayenne. This variety is the basis of the Hawaiian
pineapple industry. About 15,000 acres are planted to this and
another sort, the two being mixed and all passing under the above
name. The other variety, the indentity of which is uncertain, is
known as the "Queensland." No other varieties are grown on a
commercial scale.

Banana : Cultivated commercially for export : Cavendish, about
17,000 bunches per month. In gardens and for home market:
Apple, Brazilian, Borabora, Cuban, Eleele, Haa, Hai, Hamakua,
Hilahila, Hua, Moa, Iholena, Ihou, Jamaica, Kaio, Kapua, Kaualau,
Koal, Kusaie, Largo, Lele, Mahoe, Malai, Maoli, Pahi, Popoulu,
Puapuanui, Oa.

Avocado : Cultivated chiefly in yards and gardens, but always in
the market during the season. Varieties: Chapellow, Eskhank,
Farnsivorth, Harman, Hulumanu, Inezholt, Kailua, Lycett, Lyman,
MacDonald, Magoon, Moanalua, Preston, Taft, Trapp, Walker.

Mango : Not cultivated commercially, but much grown in yards
and gardens. Very few of the choice varieties ever reach even the

]98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

local markets. Varieties : Alphonse, Ameeri, Arbuthnot, Bennett,
Brindabani, Bombay yellow, Camhodiana, Crescent, Divine, D'or,
Fijri, French, Gay, Hawaiian, Herbert, Jamshedi, Java, Julie,
Kawasji-Patel, Lemon, Totapari, Mangosteen, Manila, Mulgoba,
Mullgoa, Nectarine, Number Nine, Number Eleven, Oahu, Pahutan,
Peach, Peters, Philips, Pirte, Samoa, Smiths, Strawberry, Wooten.

Orange : No commercial culture. In gardens and at experiment
station may be found. Bahia, Golden Nugget, Mediterranean
Sweet, Navelencia, Ruby, St. Michael, Thompson, Valencia.

Lemon : No commercial culture. Eureka, Genoa, Lisbon, Villa
Franca.

Lime : Kusaie, Mexican, Tahiti.

Pomelo (Grapefruit) : Not cultivated commercially. Varieties :
Duncan, Imperial, Marsh, Royal, Triumph.

Coco^iNUT: Hawaiian, Madagascar, Samoan — a few commercial
plantings.

LiTCHi : No commercial culture. The fruit of the few trees now
in bearing is much in demand, selling at about fifty cents per pound.
Varieties: Chiefly unnamed and of local origin. Hak Ip and
Kwai-mi have been introduced recently.

Dates : No commercial culture — only seedlings in cultivation.

Cacao : No commercial culture.

Grapes : Isabella grown commercially for local market. Grapes
in market throughout the year.

Vanila: a few acres in commercial culture.

BEPOBT OF GENERAL FBUIT COMMITTEE.

By C. p. Close, Chairtnan.

In order to assemble the units which make up the general report
of this committee, the Chairman sent out a circular letter early in
July to each member asking for his state report. Some of the mem-
bers, for various reasons, could not make their reports and substi-
tutes were appointed, but not all of these responded. In this report,
therefore, it will be noticed that not all of the states are represented.

The special subjects upon which information was asked are as
follows :

Items of special pomological interest.

New methods of grading, packing, etc.

Legislation needed on standard grades and packages.

New markets.

New varieties.

New plantings.

New orchard implements and machinery.

(^old storage and pre-cooling.

Orchard heating.

By-products — cider, vinegar, evaporated products.

Co-operative buying and selling.

Best varieties for your section.

Unusual outbreak of diseases or insects — how handled.

committee reports. 199

Alabama.

The Satsuma orange industry is assuming great commercial im-
portance in Southern Alabama where there are 150,000 bearing
trees and 432,000 young trees, mostly in Mobile and Baldwin coun-
ties. There is an eighty-acre planting of figs three years old known
as the Cudahay Orchard near Robertsdale.

The Southern Alabama Orchard Company, of Atmore, in South-
em Alabama, has young and bearing peach orchards embracing
225,000 trees. New plantings are being made each year in that
locality. Mr. D. C. Turnipseed, of Union Springs, in Southeastern
Alabama has 1100 acres of bearing peach trees. Mr. E. J. Bryan,
of Blount Springs, in Northern Alabama, has 50,000 peach trees.
Fugazzi Brothers, in the northeastern part of the state, at Fort
Payne, have 100 acres of apples, mostly winter varieties, and 300
acres of other fruits. Summer apples are giving good results in
Northern Alabama.

Mr. Frank Holraan. at York, in the west central part of the state,
is perhaps the most extensive strawberry grower, having one hun-
(h'ed and sixty acres. The Southern Alabama Orchard Company,
mentioned before, has one hundred acres of stra\Fberries. Klondyke
is the leading variety.

There is increased interest in the planting of improved varieties
of pecans, of which Schley is the best.

The Duncan and McCarty grapefruit are grown to some extent
for home use in Southern Alabama. Such oranges as Bahia (Wash-
ington Navel), (Double) Imperial Navel, Pineapple and others are
tried there in an experimental way. The Ponderosa lemon bears
bountifully there.

In May. 1914, a Citrus Growers' Association was organii^ed in
Baldwin County. Alabama, and incorporated under the laws of the
state. This organization was established on the plan of the Florida
Citrus Exchange, and during the year 1914 all the citrus fruit in
the said county was sold advanta-geously through this Association.
The Association also buys fertilizers, spraying materials, imple-
ments, etc.. for its membei-s.

At present there is in process of organization a Citrus Exchange
to cover the entire southern part of South Alabama and Mississippi.
The Baldwin County, and other similar associations, will become
aflfiliated with the Citrus Exchange. Its object will be co-operative
.selling, buying of materials, packing, storage, etc.. along the lines of
the Florida Citnis Exchange. It \nll be an incorporated body.

The producers at Thorsby operate a Fruit and Truck Growers'
Association for co-operative marketing.

The Gulf Coast Horticultural Society organized in 1914, includes
Southern Alabama, Western Florida, and Southern Mississippi. It
is principally interested in citrus fruit culture and with the aid of
the State Horticultural Society raised $3000.00 to add to a like
amount from the Federal Department of Agriculture for use in
fighting the destructive citrus canker. This work has been pushed

200 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

with vigor under the supervision of the State Department of
Horticulture.

December 8th, 1914, was set apart as "Satsuma Day" in Mobile
and will now be celebrated annually.

The fire blight of apples was not so serious in 1915 as in 1914.

Ernest Walker.
Connecticut.

The San Jose Scale appears to have lost its vitality in this state
and does not seem to flourish even in unsprayed orchards as it did
previously. There has been such thorough work in the eradication
of the brown tail and gypsy moths that these pests are almost en-
tirely eradicated, so far as orchards are concerned.

Uniform standards of color, size, form, etc., of fruits have been
adopted and are proving a benefit to fruit growing.

Some of the best apples for Connecticut are Northern Spy, Tomp-
kins King, Wagener, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin and Fall
Pippin. Delicious is considered worthy of trial.

Norman S. Platt,

C. L. GrOLD,

E. E. Brow^n.
Delaware.

The strawberry plantings of the state are increasing rapidly and
the peach industry is going through an era of revival. Thousands
of acres of peaches and hundreds of acres of apples have been
planted during the past two years largely as a result of the work
of the Experiment Station. The Georgia carrier is being exten-
sively used in the marketing of peaches. Several mechanical sizers
are being used with success with peaches as well as with apples.
The majority of the fancy apples are now being packed in bushel
boxes, and the early apple market has been extended to Canadian
points.

Orchard methods are being improved. Sussex County has broken
all records in the shipment of strawberries this year, Selbyville hav-
ing shipped seventy-five cars in a single day. The thirty -two-quart
crate is taking the place of the cumbersome forty-eight-quart crate.

A uniform apple grading law, similar to the New York law, was
passed by the last General Assembly.

Orchard heating has been practised to some extent in peach or-
chards, but whether or not this will prove a good investment has
not been established.

There are a few produce exchanges operating with rather indiffer-
ent success, although there is much need of co-operation among
growers who produce fruit in less than car-load lots.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 201

The best varieties of fruits are the following : Yellow Transpar-
ent, Williams, Stayman Winesap, Winesap, Nero and Paragon
apples; Champion, Carman, Elberta, Belle and Francis peaches;
Kieffer pear : Early Richmond and Montmorency cherries ; Niagara,
Moore and Concord grapes; Klondyke, Chesapeake, Gandy and
Parsons strawberries. Plums are not considered profitable.

There was an imusually virulent attack of fire blight in the apple
orchards this season.

C. A. McCuE.
Georgia.

The peculiar conditions in the South, incident upon the European
War, have created a great demand for knowledge along horticul-
tural lines. Some of the items of special and general horticultural
interest are the increase in the planting and production of apples
in the mountain sections, and the planting of Satsuma orange groves
in South Georgia. The peach industry is increasing in some sec-
tions and diminishing in others. The growth of the pecan industry
is also worthy of note. From the Albany section last year there
were shipped 300,000 pounds of pecans. A great increase over this
amount is expected this year.

The methods of growing and packing of all fruits in this state are
yet open for improvement, though advances are being made along
these lines. At the present time the problem of grades of pecans is
of great interest to the growers of this nut. There is a tendency in
some sections to substitute the bushel and half-bushel baskets for the
six-basket Georgia carriers for peaches. Some growers report good
results from this substitution and the saving of considerable money
from the use of the basket. The tendency to pack fancy apples in
boxes is becoming more general.

The markets for Georgia peaches are being extended to Toronto
and Montreal. More attention is being paid to the smaller cities and
towns as markets. The question of getting the railroads to facili-
tate in this matter by allowing individual car lots to be distributed
through several small places on the same line is being agitated.

No new varieties have come to light during the past two years
from this state. The J. H. Hale peach has not proven as successful
with us as has been hoped. The Early Wheeler, syn. Red Bird,
peach has ripened in central Georgia and is a promising variety, it
is about a week later than Victor. The Niagara peach also promises
well. The Brilliant apple, origin middle Georgia, adapted to north
and middle Georgia, is medium in size, oblong, ground color, yellow,
partly covered with brilliant red, sub-acid, of good flavor and qual-
ity, and is a promising new fruit. The Delicious, Yellow Newtown,
and other high quality apples are being successfully grown in north-
ern Georgia. The Georgia Experiment Station has a new seedling
of the seuppernong grape which is yet unnamed but is worthy of
being disseminated within the next few years.

Spra>ang is recognized as absolutely necessary in the production
of good fruit. Power sprayers are the rule in all of the better or-

202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL, SOCIETY.

chards. Compressed air sprayers are being used by some and the
use of dusting outfits is being tested at the present time. The intro-
duction of the picking strap in some of the up-to-date orchards has
demonstrated that its use is a money and time saver.

Cold storage is not of importance in this state as yet. Some of
the apple growers have built ventilation storage houses. Pre-cooling
has passed through its experimental stage and there are a few pri-
vate and public plants in operation. There is need and room for
more.

Orchard heating has not proven successful. A great .deal of our
trouble comes from cold winds and freezes rather than frosts, and
our orchards are so large that individuals find the expense of proper
orchard heating almost prohibitive.

The by-products of orcharding are conspicuous by their absence
in Georgia. There are some few canning establishments located
near the large peach growing centers. Prohibition has successfully
killed a very promising and tliriving grape industry.

The Georgia Fruit Exchange has passed through another success-
ful season. This organization is only a selling agency. The
National Pecan Growers' Exchange was organized last spring. As
the pecan industry is young the object of this exchange is to pre-
vent errors rather than to remedy the same.

The following varieties are recommended for commercial pur-
poses omIt fti the sections of the state where generally adapted.
Apples: — Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, Julian, Brilliant,
Fall Pippin, Grimes, Kinnard, Ben Davis, Black Ben,
Gano, Stayman Winesap, Shockley, Terry, Yates, Wine-
sap, Rome Beauty.
Oranges : — Satsuma.
Peaches: — Greensboro, Carman, Waddell, Hiley, Belle, Elberta,

Fox.
Plums: — Wild Goose, Abundance.
Pomegranates: — Acid, Large Sweet, Spanish Ruby.
Pecans: — Alley, Bradley, Curtis, Frotscher, Moneymaker, Pabst,

President, Schley, Stuart, Teche.
Pears: — LeConte, Kieffer.

Grapes: — Moore, Diamond, Brighton, Ives, Delaware, Niagara, Con-
cord, Diana, and all types of Roiundifolia as Scupper-
nong and Thomas.
Figs: — Brunswick, Black Ischia, Brown Turkey, Celestial, Green
Ischia, Lemon.
The Georgia State Horticultural Society keeps track of new varie-
ties of fruits, vegetables and ornamentals, and from time to time
publishes a catalogue of its recommendations and tries to prevent
muddles in names and histories. Its president is an ex-offieio mem-
ber of the Georgia State Board of Entomology and through him the
organization plays its part in safe-guarding the interests of the fruit
growers. The Georgia State Horticultural Society and the Georgia
Apple Growers' Association at their winter meeting in January,
adopted a box IO1/2 x lli/o x 18 inches, inside measurement, as the

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 203

standard apple box and have requested all apple growers to use it.
Pear blight has been serious this season and growers have fol-
lowed the system of cutting it out. Shot hole fungus has also at-
tacked the peaches in some sections quite seriously. Brown rot on
the twigs last year, was bad in sections. Bacillus pruni has also
proven a foe. Spraying and general cleanliness are the systems fol-
lowed in handling these troubles. The growers have access to the
information and assistance of the various state and educational
interests in controlling these diseases.

Tee H. McHatton.
Idaho.

Some of us feel that there is not an unlimited market for extra
fancy apples at $1.50 to $2.00 a box, and that we must cultivate the
middle class of people who hestitate to purchase apples at a cost ex-
ceeding $1.00 to $1.25 per box. Many of us lean toward sizing the
apples into a uniform size and then use a face and fill pack for
middle class consumption. Last fall our orchardists paper-wrapped
each individual apple in class three. It seems to me that it would
be better to wrap only the extra fancy and face and fill the others.
Those who spent least money on the pack last season received the
largest net returns. When extra fancy Jonathan, each apple paper-
wrapped, sold at seventy cents a box in Nampa in 1914, there
seemed very little encouragement for paper-wrapping the whole
crop. The North Pacific Association and a number of the independ-
ent dealers will face and fill the major portion of the Jonathan crop
and probably some other varieties that should go into consumption
before Christmas. There is a general disposition to size apples by
machinery thus eliminating the slower and more expensive hand
labor.

The middle class market is practically unlimited if satisfactory
methods of distribution can be worked out that will satisfy the dis-
tributers and retailers with a moderate profit. Our most experi-
enced growers regard twenty-five cents a bushel at the orchard for
Idaho apples as extremely profitable, since it is not difficult to grow
one thousand bushels per acre. The ten-year-old apple orchard of
Mr. R. H. Woods, of Woodspur, produced 1295 boxes of extra fancy
and fancy grades, besides several hundred bushels of low grade fruit
per acre. There were eighty trees per acre and they averaged
twenty bushels per tree.

The planting of commercial apple orchards has practically ceased
in Idaho because people are waiting to see how they come out with
what they have. Idaho has one hundred thousand acres of com-
mercial apple orchards of which thirty-eight per cent are Jona-
thans. The crop this season will be larger than last year.

New plantations are almost entirely of Italian prune, probably
three hundred thousand trees having been planted in the Boise-
Nampa-Payette district in the last three years. The Italian prune
as grown in southern Idaho is reputed to carry twenty-five per cent

204 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

more sugar than the same prune grown on other soils at a lower
elevation. Three pounds of Italian prunes as grown there make
one pound of dried prunes which are reported to contain thirty
per cent of sugar. The southern Idaho Italian prune stands up re-
markably well and can be carried to far-distant markets.

In favored localities with excellent air drainage commercial
varieties of peaches are grown with great success. The section
around Emmett expects to ship one hundred and twenty ears of
peaches from the young orchards. At the end of June the contract
price was $1.00 per bushel in boxes or baskets.

Sour cherries succeed everywhere and sweet ones do exceptionally
well where there is suitable air drainage.

There is a general disposition to use some kind of mechanical
sizer for apples. For large orchards the Manville fruit grader and
sizer with a capacity of 2500 bushels daily has many advantages.
This machine will deliver seven sizesj of fancy on one side and
seven sizes of extra fanc}' on the other side, each size increasing by
one-eighth inch. The apples are automatically and carefully placed
in boxes in seven sizes on either side of the machine. They are then
ready to be paper-wrapped at less cost than if hand graded, or with
a little additional work in regulating the top layer of the box the
cover may Ibe nailed on at once. This sizer is peculiarly suited to the
face and fill pack and to the jumble pack, and it will grade and size
the fruit with the help of six to ten women on either side of the end-
less belt at a fraction of the cost of hand grading and sizing. This
machine handles apples with such care that it was used in grading
and sizing the Grimes for the Manville section of the Idaho exhibit
at San Francisco. By use of this machine apples can be sized,
graded, packed and loaded into the car for four cents a box or less,
depending on the amount of imperfect fruit to be thrown out by the
sorters on the endless belt.

We have no new legislation worthy of particular mention and in-
spection is being carried forward under the laws of the previous
two years. We are making an effort to have the deputy inspectors
as well as the chief, teachers and friends of the orchardists, as well
as exercising their police powers. The amount of money available
for state inspection, about $28,000.00, is nearly $11,000.00 less than
last season. We believe, however, that it Avill be handled with such
energy and success as to answer the purpose.

There are perhaps seventeen store houses in southern Idaho that
attempt to utilize the cool night air in autumn and spring and that
safely carry a considerable portion of the crop until a market can
be found in late winter and spring. In some instances electric fans
are used to drive out the warm air and draw in the cool night air.

A good deal of orchard heating equipment was installed five or six
years ago in the larger orchards. The oil used created a good deal
of smudge or smoke which, coating the blossoms, seemed to keep the
bees away. It is possible that some orchards did not have enough
pots to the acre. At any rate the owners were disappointed in the
results. People who did not attempt to heat fared about as well as

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 2U3

those who did. The present method of guarding* against spring
frosts is to turn in as much water as possible, commencing with the
frost warning and keeping up irrigation day and night where a
good head of water can be handled. This method has been quite
helpful.

Cider and vinegar are being manufactured quite freely and with
the advent of " Idaho dry" in 1916 we anticipate the use of a con-
siderable amount of pastureized cider. Jonathan apples carry four-
teen per cent sugar and make a seventy grade vinegar. Vinegar
that runs as high as ninety-two grade has been made from our rich-
est apple cider. By-product plants are veiy limited in number and
comparatively little has yet been done along these lines.

The North Pacific Distributing Association has, I believe, about
six or eight thousand growers organized. The Nampa sub-central
has five hundred and twenty growers. Effort is made to purchase
boxes and articles needed on advantageous terms. Independent
dealers are also active and the Farmers' Equity Association has
just begun to organize and ship their members' fruit to other equity
organizations in other states with less attendant expense than by
other methods.

The Jonathan has manj' friends so far and thirty-eight per cent
of the orchards of the state are this variety. The Jonathan in south-
em Idaho develops good quality, bears apples when five years
planted, is productive, and in our cold night-air houses can be kept
until mid-winter without the expense of artificial refrigeration.
Rome Beauty is a late blossomer and is productive. Winesap is
very productive and is one of our best varieties. White Pearmain
yields an abundant crop every other year, and keeps without arti-
ficial refrigeration until April or May. Delicious seems to be
promising from a very limited experience. Arkansas Black suc-
ceeds and sells to advantage on southern markets. Quite a number
of other varieties have been planted with more or less success.

E. P. Stevens.
Illinois.

Fruit crops of the last two years have been reasonably satis-
factory to most Illinois fruit growers and there is a general feeling
of encouragement for the future. Efforts to improve the quality of
fruit harvested by greater attention to the details of orchard man-
agement, have been in large measure successful and marked advance
has been made in the direction of improved grading and packing.

The introduction of mechanical sizers for apples is an innovation
worthy of note. Sizing machines were used by several growers in
handling the crop of 1914 with the result that a number of machines
have been installed as a permanent part of the harvesting equip-
ment. They effect a large saving in expense and in great part solve
the problem of standardization of sizes. One grower has purchased
ten and it is predicted that mechanical sizing will soon become uni-
versal in large orchards. The standard barrel continues in favor

206 PROCEEDINGS OF TKE AMERICAN POMOLOGICiVL SOCIETY.

and is in general use as the package for apples. No notable changes
in markets have occurred. Summer apples from the southern coun-
ties find outlet mainly tlirough Chicago, St. Louis, Indianapolis and
Cincinnati, although .shipments to more distant points are not in-
frequent. Distribution of winter apples from cold storage varies
with the season and is in part governed by the magnitude of the
crop in other sections of the country. Normally the southern cities
absorb a considerable portion of the crop.

In general, new plantings of apples show preference for old es-
tablished varieties. New introductions are but sparingly planted.
In southern Illinois apple planting is mainly confined to summer
varieties, chiefly Yellow Transparent, Oldenburg and Benoni.
After several years, during which the peach was in disfavor for most
localities, the last two years have witnessed a marked revival in the
planting of this fruit. In area planted it exceeds the apple. El-
berta is the variety most in favor.

Implements employed are, in the main, those that have been in use
for several years. The light draft harrow is gaining in favor and
the gasoline tractor is now entering as a factor in the culture of
large orchards. A few of the larger growers now use the tractor
and its most extended use is predicted.

Growers of winter apples use cold storage, but, so far as we know,
pre-cooling has not been attempted.

Opinions of growers who have given orchard heating a trial indi-
cate that the practice has been, or will be abandoned on the ground
that benefits are not such as warrant the expense. When frost in-
jury occurs it is usually under circumstances that render all efforts
at protection ineffective.

Low grade apples are sold in bulk to evaporators or to manu-
facturers of cider and vinegar. Revenues from this source fluctuate
widely in different seasons, but for most growers this method of
i^disposition of waste fruit is the most convenient and satisfactory.
In recent years there have been increasing efforts to reduce the
; amount of low grade fruit by careful attention to cultural details
£m6. these efforts are meeting with encouraging success.

Co-operative buying and selling is successfully practiced by
growers of small fruits, but is applied in only a very limited way
to orchard fruits. The Illinois Commercial Apple-Growers' Asso-
ciation is a buying association, organized by some of the leading
growers and has operated successfully for several years, but this
association does not attempt selling.

The varieties that have been thoroughly tested, have a recognized
standing in markets and are now in greatest favor with growers,
are as follows :

Apples: — Yellow Transparent, Oldenburg, Benoni, Maiden Blush,
Wealthy, Jonathan, Grimes, York Imperial, Rome
Beauty, Minkler, Gano, Willowtwig, Ben Davis, and for
some localities, Winesap.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 207

Pears: — Howell, Lawrence, Lincoln, Sheldon, Tyson, Garber, Seckel,
Giffard, Kieft'er. Kieffer is the only variety planted
commercially in recent years, the other varieties are oc-
casionally planted in home orchards.

Peaches: — Champion, El])erta, Early Crawford, Late Crawford,
Carman, Foster, Alton, Amsden, and for the south.
Mountain Rose, Ede and Salway. Elherta leads all
other varieties in area planted.

Ch erries : — Richmond, Montmorency.

The new or little known varieties recommended by Mr. E. A.

Riehl, of Alton, are the following :

Apples: — Colton, McMahon, Jefferis, Oliver and Ingram.

Pears: — Giffard, Tyson and Smyth.

Cherry : — King ( sweet ) .

Blackberry : — Ward.

Rasphcrries : — Manitou (red), and Black Pearl.

Currants: — Wilder and Perfection.

Nuts: — Thomas, black walnut; Boone and Rochester, chestnuts.

In 1914 occurred the worst outbreak of codling moth known since
systematic spraying was introduced. The abundance of the insect
was general and even the most thorough spraying was ineffective
in controlling it.

The "Apple Flea Weevil" has been seriously injurious in some of
the southern counties and does not readily yield to remedial
measures.

Compulsory care of orchards has been under discussion and there
is a strong sentiment in favor of legislation on the matter, but no
definite action has been taken.

C. S. Crandall.

Indiana.

Interest in horticulture in Indiana is largely confined to the
apple. At a few points strawberries are grown to advantage and a
few successful peach orchards are among us. Peaches are too often
winter killed to prove a successful business, but apples are very
rarely frost killed, in fact never in the southern part of the state.
Apples grown in Indiana are of high quality and the kinds most
desired in the markets are the ones that do best here. Yellow
Transparent, Oldenburg, Grimes, Rome Beauty, Winesap, and in
the northern portion of the state Baldwin, are the leading varieties.
Our most sensational apple noM' is Dr. Matthews. Whether this is
a new creation or an old one resurrected we are not sure. Be that
as it may, the Indiana experiment orchard is giving it to the world.
Nearly all who have tasted it exclaim "The best apple I ever
tasted. " It is medium to large ; pale yellow, green and red, pos-
sessed of little beauty, but just good. It ripens in August but keeps
well till May. The tree is a splendid grower and of spreading
habit. Has not been tried outside of the experiment orchard.

208 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

We have had a boom in planting orchards, but all is quiet now.
We grow only about one-tenth the apples we use, hence our mar-
kets are of the best and we do not need associations to sell our
product. We pack altogether in barrels and are not interested in
new packages and new st^ies of packing. We sell solely on the
merits of the fruit and our market is the home market.

We are suffering much this season from fire blight on apple trees.
It is very severe on Yellow Transparent, Jonathan and Wealthy.
Aphis injury is as bad as usual. We are troubled with a new worm,
or an old one with new ideas. It starts work like a codling moth and
then quits. Whether it dies or moves on we do not know. It makes
numerous punctures, but they are only skin deep. They do not
hurt the apple seriously except in appearance. The codling moth
seems to have given up old habits for it carefully avoids the calyx
and we find it much harder to combat on the side of the fruit than
it was in the calyx.

Most orchards are cultivated, but under protest, especially is
this the case on the hilly land on account of erosion. We are look-
ing for a permanent cover crop that will also be a mulch.

Without doubt we have in Indiana the best spraying outfit in the
world. We refer to a compressed air outfit. This is a little costly
to install, but after the first cost the operation is the cheapest, easiest
and most satisfactory.

Joe a. Burton.
Iowa.

Interest in commercial horticulture is increasing and a few com-
mercial orchards were planted last year. There is no increase in
farm orchards. Fewer varieties are planted in commercial orchards
than was formerly the practice. Much attention is being given to
grading and packing and a few apple sizing machines have been
installed.

The weight of fruit has been fixed, and the size of berry boxes
determined. There is nothing new in cold storage or orchard
heating.

There is co-operation in buying supplies, but not in selling.

The following are desirable varieties for Iowa :
Apples : — Oldenburg, Wealthy, Jonathan, Grimes, Winesap.
Cherries : — Richmond, Montmorency.
Plums: — DeSoto, Wyant, Miner.
Grapes: — Concord, Moore.
Strawberries: — Dunlap, Warfield.

Wesley Greene.

Kansas.

Many peculiar weather conditions prevail in Kansas at different
times and during some seasons fruit has a very precarious time of
it. Last season was very dry and this season we have had nearly
as much rain during the last week of May and first three weeks of
June as we had in the past three years.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 209

Because of the terrible drought of 1913 about two-thirds of the
apple trees and many other fruit trees in Kansas died, so there will
probably be a great revival in the planting of fruit trees in the next
two or three years. Fruit growers have finally decided that they
cannot grow good fruit without a sprayer used intelligently.

We have plenty of markets in Kansas for our fruit were it not
for discriminating freight rates. However, a state organization has
been effected for the purpose of getting a more equitable rate on
apples. Grading is as nearly standard as possible. Many growers
are using boxes, packing with double facing and jumble pack.
There is a good demand within the state for even the second grade
and eider apples.

About the only recent legislation is a law passed that all wine
measure strawberry boxes must be stamped stating the amount
they hold. It has been proposed to legislate to prevent the sale of
diseased apples in the state. Some work has been done by the State
Agricultural College in a co-operative way in getting the buyer and
seller together.

The best varieties of apples for Kansas are : Early Harvest, Yel-
low Transparent, Maiden Blush, Jonathan, Winesap, Grimes, Stay-
man Winesap, York Imperial and Delicious. Champion, Crosby,
Carman and Elberta .are the best peaches. Dunlap, Sons, Aroma
and Sample are the best strawberries. The new ever-bearing varie-
ties are bound to revolutionize strawberry growing in some locali-
ties and of these varieties Progressive is the best. It is one of the
best berries to plant for June fruiting and it will produce many
berries later in the season with favorable weather conditions.

Many diseases of apples are rampant in this state now and only
during late years are growers trying to control them, apple blotch is
probably the worst and does more harm than all others. The
Missouri is susceptible to this and should be discarded unless the
trees can be thoroughly sprayed with bordeaux mixture at the
proper time. The apple blotch can be controlled. Ben Davis is
very susceptible also. Winesap is very seldom attacked and Jona-
than is almost immune. The vast majority of farmers do not spray,
therefore, much of the fruit grown in Kansas is unfit for market.
The codling moth and curculio can be controlled by spraying.

The drought of 1913 was no doubt a blessing as it killed most of
the Ben Davis trees. This variety was always very susceptible to
codling moth and fungous diseases, especially the Illinois canker.
The Ben Davis has been a great apple in Kansas, but its day is about
over. We regret to bid Ben Davis farewell, but its usefulness is
just about ended here.

F. W. Dixon.
Kentucky.

There are few notable details to record in the development of
Kentucky horticulture during the past two years. As for several
years previous there was a rather heavy planting of apple and other
orchards in the fall of 1913 and spring of 1914 resulting from the

210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

high average of apple and other fruit prices for the several years.
preceding. As a result of the large crop of fruit in 1914 with con-
sequent lower prices, orchard planting has diminished quite per-
ceptibly during the past year. The high prices for apples during
several recent years has led many owners of farm lands to plant
orchards rather largely and not a few of these amateur orchardists
have already seen their ardor cool somewhat on account of the 1914
drop in prices. Some of the speculative orchards have consequently
suffered a greater or less degree of neglect.

In the Hendereon County fruit district the interest in orcharding-
has been maintained, although the new plantings during the pasi
year have been materially reduced as a result, no doubt, as else-
where, of the lower prices in 1914. The orchardists in the Hender-
son district have continued their co-operative efforts to the extent
of purchasing their spray supplies in common, though but little
progress has as yet been made in standardizing the pack or other-
wise uniting in the sale of the crop.

As the crop in the region has a large proportion of one high class
variety — the Winesap — it would seem that this should be a promis-
ing field for the development of an efificient and profitable selling
organization.

In 1915 in this district spray materials were purchased in com-
mon to the extent of one hundred and nineteen barrels of lime-sul-
phur and two tons of arsenate of lead.

The crop in this district is sold almost entirely in barrels, but
little effort having been made to introduce the box pack.

The past two seasons have witnessed a very serious outbreak of
fire blight which has materially lessened the crop of some varieties
and which, under existing conditions, has been almost or quite un-
controllable. Cutting out the disease has seemed altogether im-
practicable and when attempted has afforded but little apparent
check to the disease. Fortunately, the Winesap, the most important
variety grown in Western Kentucky, seems to be much less subject
to the ravages of this disease than other kinds; a suggestion that
the comparative immunity of certain varieties may afford the most
satisfactory final solution of this perplexing difiiculty.

The strawberry growers of Warren County and vicinity continue
to maintain a highlj' efficient and growing co-operative organization.
During the present season they disposed of the product of 1100 or
1200 acres of berries at an average price of over $2.00 per crate
(24 qts.), making a total shipment of one hundred and fifty-six cars
sent from Bowling Green.

C. W. Mathews.

Maine.

A state law pertaining to the packing, grading and shipping of
apples has resulted in better grading and packing, especially with
reference to filling the barrels properly so that they Avill stand ship-
ment to different markets. Considerable fruit is being shipped to

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 211

England. The bushel box is being used to some extent. The best
varieties of apples are Mcintosh, Fameuse, Delicious, Baldwin,
Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy and Gravenstein. Not very
much has been done in commercial orchard planting recently but a
good many home orchards of from fifty to one hundred trees have
been planted. Not much is being done in cold storage because large
amounts are kept in cellars and storage houses on the farms.

There are eleven co-operative associations working independently,
but an effort is being made to unite these and thus eliminate un-
necessary overhead charges.

The past winter has caused more injury to the fruit trees than
any other winter since 1907.

Robert H. Gardiner.

Massachusetts.

The past two years have shown a very decided difference in the
orchard plantings in the state. In 1914 there was a very general
interest in setting fruit trees and more were set than in perhaps any
previous year. In 1915 the setting in the aggregate has been very
decidedly reduced, while the individual plantings have been larger.
The following are the leading orchard varieties at the present time:

Apples: — Baldwin, Mcintosh, Wealthy, Wagener, Gravenstein,

Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Oldenburg.
Pears: — Clapp, Bosc, Bartlett, Sheldon, Seckle, Anjou.
Peaches: — Greensboro, Waddell. Carman, Champion, Belle

(Georgia), Elberta.
Plums: — Bradshaw, Burbank, Red June, Yellow Egg.
Cherries: — Sour, Richmond, Montmorency, English Morello.

Sweet — Windsor, Wood, Black Tartarian.
Grapes: — Moore, Winchell, Delaware, Brighton, Worden, Niagara.
Raspberries: — Black — Kansas, Plum Farmer. Red — Cuthbert,

Herbert.
Blackberries : — Eldorado, Snyder.
Currants: — Wilder, Perfection, Cherry, Fay.
Gooseberries : — Pearl, Downing, Industry.
Strawberries: — Abington, Dunlap, Sample, Marshall, Glen Mary,

Minuteman.

A law to govern the packing and sale of apples is now in force,
establishing standard size of barrel ; the four grades, fancy,
standard A. standard B, and ungraded; the name and address of
packer, name of variety, grade, minimum size, and quantity of con-
tents must be stamped on package ; fine of $50.00 for first offence
and $100.00 for each subsequent offence in violating this law. An
effort is being made to have all of the New England States adopt a
similar law.

The past year has been marked by an increased interest in better
methods of marketing apples and several co-operative organizations

212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

have been formed to unify grades, establish trade brands and re-
duce marketing expense. Last year the bulk of apples at Hardwick
were graded and packed under expert supei-vision and sold under a
copyright brand. By thus collecting a large amount of uniform
fruit the organization was able to sell at twenty per cent above rul-
ing prices for number one apples. This year they have already
contracted their entire crop to buyers who handled their pack last
year. Officers of the organization report the contract price to be
very satisfactory.

The past two years Colerain Fruit Growers' Association has acted
entirely as a buying agency for the purchase of orchard equipment
and supplies. This year steps are being taken to sell at least part
of the apples grown by its members.

At Groton, Heath and Williamsburg co-operative fruit growers'
Associations are now being incorporated for the purchase of sup-
plies and the sale of the apple crop. The spirit and enthusiasm with
which growers are taking hold of this method which has proven so
successful in the West speaks for its success in Massachusetts. The
present trend would seem to indicate that \vithin a few years a con-
siderable proportion of the commercial apple crop of this state will
be sold on a strictlj' co-operative basis.

The principal by-products are cider and vinegar, although there
is produced a limited amount of canned fruits, jellies and preserves.
Thousands of bushels of apples are used in this way.

The brown tail and gypsy moths continue to be serious pests, par-
ticularly in the eastern part of the state. The so-called "red bug,"
Heterocordylus malinvs and Lygidea mendax, is very destructive
where not controlled by tobacco or similar sprays applied wuth great
thoroughness. There has been a virulent outbreak of the common
tent caterpillar this year.

Montana.

During the past two years little new planting has been done, but
the exceptionally heavy plantings of the previous two years have
been kept up in good shape with replants.

The varieties of apples most commonly planted are Wealthy, Mc-
intosh, Rome Beauty, Tompkins King, Gravenstein and AVagener.
A good many Delicious have been planted in some sections. We are
testing one new variety of promise, the Vanderpool (Red), which
originated in Oregon.

The varieties of cherries most commonly planted are Bing and
Lambert of the sweet cherries, and Montmorency, Wragg and
Ostheim of the sour varieties.

The fruit growers are organized to sell their fruit through the
Northwestern Fruit Growers' Association and are packing in ac-
cordance with the standard Northwestern packages.

Little is being done in the way of cold storage and with the varie-
ties grown there is very little necessity for pre-cooling. No orchard
heating of any consequence has been undertaken in Montana and

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 21 :{

little has been done in the way of taking care of waste fruit or low
grades by working them into by-products.

We have had no unusual outbreaks of insects or diseases unless we
would consider our difficulties with blight unusual. During the
past two years blight has destroyed a great many susceptible varie-
ties of apples, but at present it does not seem to be serious. The
early plantings in Montana consisted largely of Alexander and
Transcendent crab. These have been practically eliminated by
blight and the less susceptible varieties are now doing very well.

0. B. Whipple.

Nebraska.

There was never a time in the history of Nebraska when commer-
cial fruit growing looked as bright as it does now. Some of the
apple orchards planted twenty to thirty years ago that have been
given a reasonable amount of care, have demonstrated the possibili-
ties of eastern Nebraska for growing a high grade quality of fruit.

Loess Soil: The characteristic loess soil formation found border-
ing the Missouri River, is an ideal fruit soil and it is on this type
of soil that most of the commercial orchards are now being planted.
The steep, rolling hills and bluffs, in many cases too rough for gen-
eral farm purposes, are now recognized as being ideal fruit-growing
soil. Several hundred acres of this soil have been planted to apples,
grapes, and small fruits in the past two years. For the most part
the apple orchards are being planted in units, ranging from ten to
forty acres.

Organizations : The Eastern Nebraska Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion was formed March 5, 1913. This Association was started by
most of the larger growers in the eastern part of the state for the
purpose of buying and selling as a unit. An association pack was
established the first year and most of the fruit was barreled and
put in cold storage, to be disposed of in mid-winter and early spring.
In 1914 the Eastern Nebraska Fruit Growers' Association was
changed to the Central Fruit Growers' Association, which includes
not only the eastern Nebraska section, but also a portion of south-
western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, and northeastern Kansas,
representing the same soil type. The success with which this asso-
ciation harvested and marketed its crop in 1915 has caused many
more orchards to be planted in this section.

The Omaha Fruit Growers' Association handles most of the
grapes and small fruits near Omaha.

Orchard Heating: Heating apple orchards by means of crude oil
is being practiced by several growers. The loss from late spring
frosts in orchards on well selected sites is so small it is a question as
to whether the additional expense to equip for heating is justified.

Varieties: Winesap is one of the most profitable varieties for
eastern Nebraska. Jonathan is being planted freely, and rivals
Winesap in prominence. Ben Davis and Gano are being planted on
account of their extreme regularity of bearing. Grimes, Paragon,

214 PROCEEDINGS OF TPIE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

Oldenburg, Virginia Beauty, Stayman Winesap, and Wealthy, are
also being included in many commercial orchards. Delicious is be-
ing tried out on a small scale in most of the orchards now being
planted. It promises to be one of the leading varieties for the
Missouri River loess soil. Missouri is used freely as a filler. This
variety comes into bearing at an early age, and is very prolific. ,

Kieffer and Flemish pears are being grown commercially.

Early Richmond, Montmorency, and English Morello cherries are
the leading commercial varieties.

Wild Goose, Wyant, Wolf, DeSoto, and Forest Garden plums are
among the leading American varieties for this section.

Moore, Concord, Worden, Campbell, and Brighton grapes are
among the leading varieties.

Diseases and Insects: Within the past five years the Illinois or
blister canker (Nummularia discreta) has done more damage to
apple trees in this section than any other fungous disease attacking
the trees. Ben Davis and Gano seem to be extremely susceptible to
this disease, while the Winesap, Jonathan, Paragon, Oldenburg are
more or less resistant. In well cared for orchards that have been
properly pruned and sprayed, and where the disease has been cut
out when first noticed, this canker has not done any serious damage
to any of the varieties, except the Ben Davis and Gano.

R. F. Howard.
New Jersey.

Extensive plantings of fruit trees of all kinds are being made, but
as yet the area covered is not as large as it was when the San Jose
scale first appeared. This pest destroyed thousands of trees of all
kinds, but is now being held in check. In 1910 there were over a
million peach trees not yet in bearing and since that time the peach
has been planted more freely than any other kind of fruit. The
most popular varieties are Elberta, Belle, Carman, Champion,
Hiley, Greensboro, Fox, Iron Mountain and Lola. The Georgia six-
basket carrier is being used extensively as a shipping package in the
central and southern parts of the state.

New Jersey ranks seventh in the Union in number of pear trees
and many more are being planted each year. Bartlett and Seekel
are taking the place of the Kieffer and LeConte in recent plantings.

The early summer and fall varieties of apples are proving very
profitable, especially Yellow Transparent, Williams, Starr, Olden-
burg. Gravenstein and Wealthy. Other popular varieties later in
season are Grimes, Mcintosh, Baldwin, Stayman Winesap, Rome
Beauty and Paragon. Delicious and King David are quite promis-
ing in some sections.

A good many sour cherries are grown commercially, especially
Early Richmond and Montmorency. Only a few sweet cherries are
being planted at this time. The planting of plum trees has been
practically discontinued since the early ravages of the San Jose
scale.

Quinces seem to be very promising.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 215

New Jersey ranks first iu the production of small fruits, if cran-
beiTies are included in this class. The acreage devoted to cran-
berries exceeds that in Massachusetts and Wisconsin by many acres.
The best varieties are Early Black, Howell, Champion and Cen-
tennial. Ward is the most popular blackberry, and Cuthbert,
Kanere (St. Regis) and Welch are the best red raspberries. Wilder
and R^d Cross currants are the most profitable varieties, and Down-
ing and Houghton are the leading gooseberries.

The small fruit industry would develop rapidly were it possible to
secure labor.

Grapes are grown quite extensively, there being several vineyards
comprising more than one hundred acres each. A considerable por-
tion of the crop is made into wine and grape juice. Concord and
Ives are the leading varieties.

Rapid progress is being made annually by the fruit grower in
improved methods of orchard management and spraying. The auto
truck is being used in marketing fruit from the larger fruit farms
and is becoming an important factor in the fruit business, especially
near the large cities.

M. A. Blake.

New" Mexico.

During the last two years there has been more discussion and
perhaps more progress made in the new methods of grading and
packing of fruit than almost any other phase of fruit growing.
Some fruit growers' associations have been organized and these have
under consideration the adoption of rules on picking, grading and
packing. The Mesilla Valley Fruit Growers' Association has very
recently adopted a set of rules for picking, grading and packing of
peaches and pears. These rules are very similar to those adopted
at the Spokane meeting on April 15, 1915.

Some difficulties have been encountered in the marketing of our
fruits and because of this more interest has been manifested by the
fruit growers and the fruit growers' associations to reach out for
new markets and to put in operation better methods for disposing of
the fruit.

Very little work is being done in the originating of new varieties
of fruits. The fruit growers are using old and well tried varieties.
Many of the newer varieties of apples that have been recently intro-
duced are being tested. For example, Delicious has been planted
quite extensively all over the state and the results up to the present
time seem to show that this apple does exceedingly well in the higher
and cooler sections. Excellent Delicious are being grown at alti-
tudes of six thousand to seven thousand feet. The fruits seem to
vary considerably in shape, color and time of ripening when grown
at lower altitudes, becoming very oblate in shape, dull purplish in
color with little striping and ripening in August.

Many new plantings are being made in those fruit growing dis-
tricts where there is plenty of water for irrigation purposes. In

216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the Mesilla Valley under the Elephant Butte Project, a great many
plantations have been started practically all of the Bartlett pear.

Orchard heating, when properly done, wiU materially reduce the
frost injury to some of the fruits, particularly the peach as ex-
periments have shown. Very little has been done with apples and
pears, as these usually blossom, in the lower and warmer valleys,
late enough to escape the late spring frosts.

There are no co-operative buying and selling organizations.

There is some difference of opinion as to the best varieties for the
state as a whole. For the higher altitudes such winter apples as
the Jonathan, Winesap, Delicious, Black Ben, White Pearmain,
Rome Beauty, Hoover (Thunderbolt) and Bellflower are among the
most promising. In the lower altitudes the Jonathan, Winesap,
Paragon, Black Ben and Arkansas Black are among the leading
varieties.

Bartlett is the leading pear being grown on a commercial scale.
In our experimental work Anjou, Winter Nelis, and Winter Bart-
lett are showing up very favorably.

Apricots, as a rule, are not considered commercially, because they
blossom too early and, as a rule, are usually killed by late frosts.
However, the trees are among the hardiest that we have.

Mayflower, Alexander, Hynes (Surprise), Texas King, Elberta,
Late Crawford, Crothers and Salway are the best peaches. The
main trouble with peaches is that the late ripening varieties are
liable to be injured by late spring frosts because they blossom about
two weeks earlier than the Alexander.

Jefferson, Coe, Imperial Gage, Pond, Sargent, Yellow Egg, Agen
(French Prune) and German (Prune) do very well. The Japan-
ese plums are not recommended because they blossom too early in
the spring. Wild Goose, Wayland, and Omaha are good native
varieties.

Early Richmond, Montmorency and Ostheim are three of the best
sour cherries. The sweet varieties, for one reason or another, are
not doing very well in any of the fruit growing districts, particu-
larly the lower and warmer parts.

The worst pest of pomaceous fruits is the codling moth. Fruit
growers have come to realize that if they are going to grow poma-
ceous fruits they must spray, consequently, they are now partially
controlling the codling moth.

Fabian Garcia.
Wyoming.

Naturally there is not much to be said on pomology for Wyoming.
We are not yet shipping out of the state except very sparingly in
apples. The standard western box is used. Most of our fruit of all
kinds is marketed locally in "any old package."

No new fruits have been announced except two new seedling
apples, from the State Experimental Fruit Farm, located at Lander.
The State Horticultural Society has not passed officially on the
standing of these candidates for recognition.

COMMITTEE REPORTS, 217

The new plantings are primarily apples, but hundreds of new
home orchards have been started, in which fruits of all kinds are
being tried out.

There is no legislation whatever as to grades and packages. We
do not yet have need of cold storage and pre-cooling. Orchard heat-
ing is talked about, but not practiced. It is generally not needed.
Some fruit was killed by frost this year late in May. There are no
by-products except cider and vinegar for home consumption. No
fruit associations have yet been organized.

Our State Horticultural Society is pushing the establishment of
home orchards and incidentally encouraging commercial planting
and is offering medals for worthy new fruits. Several commercial
orchards are just coming into bearing. The Big Horn Apple Com-
pany has one block of one hundred and thirty-five acres.

Two counties have suffered terribly from fire blight. Efforts
have been, and are being made to get concrete action in an effort
to control it.

Codling moth has only recently been detected in a few isolated
localities, and literature is being spread everywhere outlining the
best known methods for its control or extermination. No other pests
or diseases of importance are yet within the state.

AvEN Nelson.
Newt York.

There are no new methods of grading and packing in New York
that have become prominent, except that there is a fairly marked
interest in the possible use of mechanical fruit sizers as a means of
making compliance with the new apple packing law easier.

A considerable number of growers in New York have interested
themselves in the development of special personal markets whereby
the fruit is sold directly to consumers or stores handling high grade
fruit. During the past year it is said that a considerable number
of apples were taken from storage late in the season and evaporated
for shipment to European markets.

For the past year there has probably been less planting than usual
in the various fruit sections of New York.

During the winter of 1913-14 a fairly rigid apple packing law
was passed by the New York Legislature. This law established a
' ' Fancv ' ' grade with no tolerance except five per cent on minimum
size; and, "A" and "B" grade; and an ''Unclassified" grade.
Even in this last it is necessary for the grower to mark barrels
''Scabby," "Wormy," or "Wind Falls," if such apples are to be
found in the package. The first experience with the law was dur-
ing the harvesting season of 1914; there was both satisfaction and
dissatisfaction among the growers. It was found by experience that
the law could not well be enforced as drawn, since it did not give
to the Department of Agriculture the right of seizure in order to
secure evidence. During the legislative session of 1915, the law has
been revised, giving the Department of Agriculture this right, and,
perhaps, increasing the tolerance in the different grades a little.

218 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

There is no interest in pre-cooling in New York State, owing to
the fact that the markets are so near.

Orchard heating will probably never be of great interest in New
York State, since very few^ crops are lost by frosts. Perhaps
medium cold Aveather at blossoming time is the cause of very much
more loss than freezing at blossoming time or later.

There has been interest in a new process of evaporating apples,
known as "dehydration." It seems that the air is first exposed to
very low temperature so that the moisture is precipitated, and is
then passed through warm chambers. This dehydration can be
made possible at a considerably lower temperature than can be used
with ordinary evaporators. Whether or not the product can be
produced cheaply enough to make it of any great importance is not
yet determined.

There is small interest in co-operative buying and selling, though
there is one large co-operative bu.ving society in the Hudson River
section, and during the past year a new exchange, doing a rather
large business, operated in western New York.

The State Horticultural Society and the Western New York
Horticultural Society have taken a marked interest in the new law
regulating the packing of apples in this state — in fact, it was prob-
ably through their influence that the bill was secured, and they are
being depended upon to keep growers from becoming dissatisfied
with the workings of the bill before its possible usefulness is care-
fully determined.

During this present season (1915) there have been no severe in-
sect outbreaks in so far as horticultural interests in New York State
are concerned. The only unusual insect outbreak has been the ap-
pearance in very large numbers of the cherry leaf beetle (Galerv-
cella cavicollis). The adult has appeared in many sections of the
state and has done considerable injury to the foliage of cherry,
plum and peach. However, its ravages have been rather easily con-
trolled and no serious material injury has resulted.

The fruit diseases common to New York State have been generally
prevalent during 1914 and 1915. Experiments conducted bv lied-
dick and Crosby (N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 854, 1015,)
in dusting apple trees with sulphur and lead have, compared with
spraying, given very satisfactory results.

Peach Leaf Curl was very prevalent in the spring of 1914 and
1915, The poor results secured by growers from the application
of lime-sulphur solution is attributed to late and to careless spray-
ing. Carefully spraved orchards have been free from diseases.
Reddick and Toan (N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 31. 1915,)
report as a result of experiments and observations that a dormant
late fall or early winter application is as effective as the early spring
sprayings in controlling the curl.

Fire blight has damaged many pear trees in 1914 and 1915. and
also appeared generally in 1914 as a twig blight of apples. It has
not been possible to demonstrate conclusively that the recommenda-
tions usually made for the control of this disease are entirely

COMMITTEE REI'ORTS. 219

effective. Growers here are not successful in controlling this dis-
ease. Better results have been secured where growers have jointly
hired a competent and trained man to fight blight for them.

W. H. Chandler.
Oregon.

Nothing new of importance in methods of grading and packing
fruits is reported.

No new fruits have been reported in the past two years which
have attracted attention.

The apple-planting boom subsided about two year-s ago. Very
few new plantings of apple trees have been made since that time.
There were extensive plantings of loganberries in western Oregon
in 1914. It is probable that more prune trees have been planted in
the past two years than of any other orchard fruit, but the aggre-
gate planting of prune trees has not been large. There has been a
revival of interest in walnut culture in past year and several thou-
sand walnut trees have been planted.

A number of new macliines for grading fruit, particularly apples,
are being introduced, and some appear to have much merit.

There has been no new legislation in this state relating to stand-
ard grades and packages for fruit. The only change in inspection
law is a provision making it the duty of county horticultural in-
spectors to inspect fruit evaporators when in operation.

Cold storage and pre-cooling plants have been established at the
leading shipping points. ]\lost of these plants are owned or con-
trolled by associations of fruit growers.

The only portion of the state in which orchard heating is prac-
ticed is in Jackson County. In that county most of the orchardists
practice heating their orchards in spring when severe frosts are
likely to do serious damage. Crude oil is the fuel commonly used
and lires are operated so as to make as much smoke as possible.

Much interest in the matter of by-products has been shown in the
past 3'ear or two. The production of evaporated prunes has long
been one of the leading horticultural industries of the state. An
increase in the production of other evaporated fruits and of canned
fruits is taking place. The most notable increase is in the pro-
duction of evaporated loganberries and the manufacture of logan-
berry juice as a beverage, and as a base for the manufacture of
jellies, flavorings, etc. The production of loganberry products gives
promise of becoming an industry of much importance in this state.

Owing to the extraordinary diversity of climatic conditions in
Oregon it is impossible to give a list of best varieties in this state.
Orchard planters in Oregon have incurred very great loss as a
result of planting varieties of apples said to be the best to grow in
Oregon, but which were in fact best only for certain limited
districts.

The law of this state makes infested trees or diseased trees, if
the disease is liable to spread, a public nuisance and provides a
method of abating the nuisance at the expense of the owner of the

220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

property ou which the trees or plants are growing. Any unusual
outbreak of diseases or insects can be handled under the provisions
of this law. There is also provision for quarantine Avhen advisable.

H. M. Williamson.
Texas.

There are tv.o new varieties of peaches that have been introduced
in our state that are worthy of mention. The Yellow Swan, intro-
duced by J. F. Sneed, of Tyler, is a large yellow peach, a seedling of
the Elberta and quite similar to it, but ripens some two weeks earlier
than Elberta. The Frank, originated by Mr. J. W. Stubenraueh, of
Mexia, Texas, and introduced by Will B. Munson, of Denison.

Some of Mr. T. V, Munson 's recent productions in grapes (seed-
lings germinated by him but which did not fruit before his death)
promise to excel even the finer varieties introduced by him in prior
years. These new grapes have not been named, but after this sum-
mer's test a few of the choice ones will be selected wdth a view of
introducing in a year or so.

There has been a pre-cooling plant established at San Benito.
This is used in cooling vegetables in carload lots before they are
shipped to northern markets. It has worked very successfully and
there is talk of establishing several other similar plants in the
Brovmsville country. The question of cold storage in the fruit and
vegetable centers of the state is receiving a great deal of attention
and it will only be a question of a short time w^hen there will be a
great many cold storage plants established.

There has been considerable advancement in the protection of
fruit crops in this state by the use of smudge pots. These smudges
have been used on the citrus fruits and figs in the; coast country,
and on the peaches and apples in north and east Texas.

A marketing association has been organized among the fruit grow-
ers in Denison and vicinity, and the Chamber of Commerce has a
man to keep in touch with all the markets and advise the fruit
growers; also to make sales and allow the fruit growers to fill the
orders. In this way, orders are received from near-by towns which
prevent the market from being glutted. This relieves the local mar-
kets considerably. There have been a number of fruit and vegetable
growers' organizations organized in the southwestern part of our
state. Some of these have been operating very successfully.

Some of the best fruits for Texas are the following:
Apples: — Shockley, Ben Davis, Red Texas, Jonathan, Gano, Arkan-
sas Black.
Peaches: — Mayflower, Mamie Ross, Carman, Yellow Swan, Elberta,

Augbert.
Plums: — Gonzales, Abundance, Terrill and Burbank.
Grapes: — Concord, W. B. Munson, Herbemont.
Strawherrics: — Klondyke, Lady Thompson.
Blackherries: — Spaulding, Early Harvest and Dallas.
Dcwherrics: — (Austin) Mayes, Ilaupt, San Jacinto.
Figs: — Magnolia.
Ora/nges : — Satsuma.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 221

The codling moth is becoming a serious pest of the apple and
pear. The growers are beginning to spray against this pest success-
fully with arsenate of lead.

The San Jose scale is also becoming a very serious pest of the
fruit industry of this state. The growers are beginning to use lime-
sulphur solution against it.

E. J. Kyle.
Utah.

The tendency in Utah is toward a cheaper fruit package. There
is a strong inclination for peach growers to get away from the peach
box and to adopt the bushel basket. The bulk of the crop was
handled that way last year and three-fourths will be handled in
bushel baskets this year. The tendency among cherry shippers is
to use a twenty-pound cherry box with one side faced. This year's
crop Avas partly handled in these with the balance in sixteen-quart
crates or twenty-four-pint crates.

Growers are encouraging manufactured fruit products and dis-
posing of as much fruit as possible to local canneries, etc. A new
evaporator has been established at Ogden under the management of
Everfresh C/Ompany of Portland.

There are practically no new fruit plantings in Utah excepting
replacements.

A law was passed by the last Legislature establishing pints and
quarts for Utah sale, these to be stamped. It will become effective
for next year's crop.

Cold storage and pre-cooling are among the most important
necessities of the fruit growers of Utah. ^We need up-to-date store-
houses and more modern home-packing plants. These are some of
the main features we are urging.

Interest in orchard heating is waning. A few years ago it took a
boom, but now the effort is to select orchard sites not susceptible to
late spring frosts.

There is increased interest in by-products and all canning fac-
tories and evaporators are running this season.

The Utah Fruit Growers' Association last year handled at least
three-fourths of the Utah crop. This year it will do almost as well.
The distribution of the fruit is handled by the California Distribut-
ing Association at so much per car, and has proven satisfactory.

The best varieties for Utah are:

Apples: — Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Winesap.
Peaches: — Phillips, Runyan, Gleason.
Cherries: — Lambert, Bing, Orb, Windsor, Napoleon.
Apricots: — Jones, Chinese, Moorpark, Blenheim.
Pears: — Anjou, Bartlett, Winter Nelis, Kieffer.

The apple leaf roller proved serious in two sections of the state.
There was increased damage from apple mildew and the Calif or-

222 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

nia peach fungus also. The aphides covered all kinds of fruit trees
in the worst outbreak ever known here.

Fruit shippers of Utah are seriously handicapped in that they are
kept out of Montana markets on account of a quarantine which the
Montana officials maintain on account of supposed danger of intro-
duction of the Alfalfa Weevil so prevalent in Utah. This works an
injustice to Utah shippers and should be modified by the Montana
officials if possible.

E. P. Taylor.
Vermont.

The 1914 apple crop was about equal to the average of the past
ten years and Avas fairly remunerative to the growers. Pears and
stone fruits were fifty per cent of an average crop. Red raspberries
are grown extensively in the Connecticut river valley and are ship-
ped largely outside the state.

The 1915 fruit crop promises to be about one-third the ten years''
average. This is largely due to the unusual drought, frosts and cold,
dry winds early in the season.

There is an increased planting of fruit trees throughout the en-
tire state. Co-operative buying of fertilizers is practiced and con-
siderable money has been saved to the growers as a result. It is
expected soon that co-operative selling will be started also. A new
grading, packing and inspection law has been passed, but it is too
early to state what l)euefits will follow.

Vermont leads the Bast in the innovation of irrigation of or-
chards. Mr. C. H. Holmes, of Charlotte, has recently installed a
powerful engine to pump water from an adjoining lake and dis-
tribute it to a system of ditches over his apple orchard covering
one hundred acres. There are several other irrigating plants which
have been installed as a result of three seasons of extended drought.

The State Horticultural Society is in flourishing condition and its
meetings are well attended. Since there is more or less damage to
fruit trees each year by deer the question of the value of fruit trees
has been settled by the Horticultural Society as follows : "A tree
set less than one year is worth not less than one dollar, and that said
tree or trees increase in value at the rate of not less than one dol-
lar a year thereafter." This valuation has been approved by the
State Game Commissioner.

Some of the best varieties for Vermont are Northern Spy, Rhode
Island Greening, Red Canada, Sutton, Esopus and Mcintosh. The
best pears are Bartlett, Seckel, Flemish, Cornice, Winter Nelis and
Anjou. The plums recommended are Lombard, Green Gage, Ger-
man (Prune), Bonum, St. Ann, Niagara and Monarch. The Mont-
morency, Early Richmond, English Morello and Ostheimer are sug-
gested as the best cherries for Vermont. Some of the new varieties
of apples worthy of trial are Delicious, King David, LaVictoria,
Canada-Baldwin, Fameuse Noire and Wismer. The pears suggested
for trial are Mcljoughlin, Worden, Rossnej', Fame and Bart-

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 223

lett Hybrid. The pluras for trial are Black Diamond, Italian (York
State Pr\inc), and Tatge. The cherries are Baldwin, Ostheimer,
Snda and Tennv (Early).

D. C. Hicks.
Virginia.

The growers generally have adopted the speeifieations as outlined
in the Sulzer law for grading and packing apples. The results have
been most satisfactory. An effort is being made to have the Bureau
of ^larkets of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture send a special
agent to South America to open up markets for American apples.

The amount of fruit tree planting has fallen off. and Ben Davis
is no longer being planted. Orchard tractors are being used by
several of the largest fruit growers, and apple sizing machines are
proving to be a splendid success, but are not yet entirely adapted to
sizing for packing in l)arrels. The cedar rust law has been upheld
as constitutional. New cold storage houses are being erected to
taJie care of the increased yield of fruits from year to year. Or-
chard heating has been tried in a few orchards. The number of
vinegar factories and evaporators is being increased. Co-operative
buying and selling is receiving considerable attention but has not
been attempted on a large scale.

The State Horticultural Society is endeavoring to secure accurate
and complete stock statistics throughout the marketing season. It
favors governmental inspection of fruit both at the shipping point
and at destination. It approves any intelligent effort to get the con-
sumer and producer closer together and thus eliminate unnecessary
service by middlemen.

The connnercial varieties of apples in their order of preference
are: York Imperial. Winesap. Ben Davis, Yellow Newtown (Al-
bemarle Pippin). Arkansas, Grimes, Stayman Winesap, Rome
Beauty, Black Ben, Delicious.

Wm. p. Massey.

, ON SCORE CARDS AND JtTDGING.

W. T. Macoun, Chojirman.

In view of the fact that a part of this committee is a part of a
similar committee of the Society for Horticultural Science, which
has spent two years in preparing score cards that have been pub-
lished in the Annual Reports of that Society for the years 1913 and
1914, yowT Committee has decided that it would be better for the
American Pomological Society to adopt these cards rather than to
try to prepare other score cards which would not differ materially,
if at all, from those of the S. H. S. We, therefore, beg to submit
for your approval the score cards referred to.

Your committee feels that; some explanation, necessarily brief,
is due you regarding the several factors and their values appearing
upon the score cards about to be submitted. In our opinion, form,
size, color, uniformity, and freedom from blemish are factors that
ougiit alwavs to be considered. In most cases it is difficult and

224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL. SOCIETY.

often impracticable to pass judgment upon quality, although such
judgment would be desirable. In order to suit, as far as possible, all
conditions and all opinions the cards for plate fruit of everything
except grapes are made up of values totaling 100 points upon the
first five factors, quality being omitted. Then if it seems desirable
to the judge to score quality it may be given an extra 25 points for
perfection, making 125, or as will probably be true in most cases it
may be left out entirely. Passing to the other factors, form and
size are considered of equal importance in the pomaceous fruits
(quinces being an exception) while in drupaceous fruits size is con-
sidered of greater importance than form. Uniformity in most
instances is considered of about equal importance to color, and no
other single factor is given greater consideration than freedom from
blemish.

Single Plate Score Cards for Fruit of a Given Variety.

Apples and Pewrs. Peaches and Cherries.

Form 15 F'orm 10

Size 15 Size 20

Color 20 Color 20

Uniformity 20 Uniformity 20

Freedom from blemish 30 Freedom from blemish 25

Total 100 Total 100

Quality when scored 25 Quality when scored 25

Plum. Quince.

Form 10 Form 15

Size 25 Size 20

Color 20 Color 15

Uniformity 20 Uniformity 20

Freedom from blemish 25 Freedom from blemish 30

Total 100 Total 100

Quality when scored 25

Grape.

Form of bunch 10

Size of bunch 15

Size of berry 10

Color 10

Uniformity" 10

Freedom from blemish 20

Quality 20

Firmness 5

Total 100

committee reports. 225

Collection op Fruits With Specified Number op Plates.

Value of varieties for purpose stated 50

Condition of fruit (average of individual plate score) 50

Total 100

Largest and Best Collection.

Numbers of varieties 33 1-3

Value of varieties for purposes stated 33 1-3

Condition of fruit (average of individual plate score) 33 1-3

Total 100

Score Card for Sv^epstakes Prizes.

OR OTHER competitions BETWEEN DIFFERENT
VARIETIES OF PACKED FRUIT.

Box.

Texture and flavor 100

Value of variety 100

Size and form 100

Color 120

Uniformity 100

Freedom from blemishes ... 130

Total 650

Box.

Material 30

Marking 10

Solidity (nailing, cleats.

etc.) 10

Total 50

Box.

Bulge or swell 100

Alignment 20

Height of ends 60

Compactness 80

Attractiveness and style of

packing 40

Total 300

Grand Total 1000

Barrel.

Texture and flavor 100

Value of variety 100

Size and form 100

Color 100

Uniformity 100

Freedom from blemishes . . . 150

Total 650

Barrel.

Staves 10

Hoops 10

Heads 10

Nailing 20

Marking 20

Total ,. 70

Barrel.

Facing 80

Tailing 50

Pressing 70

Packing 80

Total 280

Grand Total 1000

226 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

P'oR Barrels and Boxes of a Given Variety.

Box.

Texture and flavor 100

Size and form 100

Color 150

Uniformity 150

Freedom from blemishes. . . 150

Barrel.

Texture and flavor 100

Size and form 100

Color 150

Uniformity 150

Freedom from blemishes. . . 150

Total 650

Total 650

Box. Barrel.

Material 30 Staves 10

Marking 10 Hoops 10

Solidity ( nailing, cleats,

etc.)

10

Total 50

Heads 10

Nailing 20

Marking 20

Box.

Total 70

Barrel.

Bulge or swell 100 I^'acing 80

Alignment 20 Tailing 50

Height of ends 60 Pressing 70

Attractiveness and style .... 40 Packing 80

Compactness 80

Total 300

Grand Total 1000

Total 280

Grand Total 1000

Definition, of Terms.

Your committee feels that this is somewhat of a local problem,
but in our effort to secure unity of action as far as possible we ven-
ture to make the following suggestions :

Form in all cases refers to the normal type of the variety, region
of growth considered.

Size. The most acceptable commercial size for the variety should
be the ideal. This should be somewbat above the average size for
the variet}^ in regions where it is well grown. Extremely large size
should be discouraged.

Color. In red, blushed or striped pomaceous fruits high clear
color is desirable. In typically green or uncolored fruits a. blush
shall not be considered either favorably or otherwise. In dru-
paceous and vine fruits the highest color is the most acceptable.

Uniformity. This factor infers that all fruits shall be uniform in
form, size and color.

Quality. When scored shall include texture, juiciness, flavor,
aroma and any other characters that may give pleasure to the palate.

VENDOR OF MANGOS, GUANAJAY. THE FRUITS ARE SEEDLINGS
OF THE MANGO RACE.

SHOWING THE PKriTING HABITS OF THE MANGA AMARILLA TYl'E
SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS.

COMMITTEE REPORTS.

227

IDEAL SIZES OF EXHIBITION AI'PLES, DIAMETER GIVEN IN INCHES.

Variety. Summary. Variety. Summary

Akin 2|-3| Flushing 2|-3

Alexander 3f-3f Gano 3 -3|

Arkansas 3 -3| Garden Royal 2|^-3^

Arkansas Black 2f-3 Golden Russet 2^-3

Babbitt 3-^3f Gilpin 2|-3

Bailey 2|-3iL

Baker syS^

Baldwin 3 -3|

Baltimore 2|-3|

Beach 2f-3i

Belmont 2-|-3^

Ben Davis 3 -3^

Bietigheimer 3|-4

Black Ben Davis 3 -3^

Black Gilliflower 2i-2f

Gravenstein 2|-3|

Green Sweet 2|-3

Grimes 2f-;^

Grindstone 3|

Herefordshire 2|-3

Hubbardston 2f-3i

Hurlbut 2^31

Hyde King 3|-3|

Ishani Sweet 3 -3|

Jacobs Sweet 3^-3|

Blenheim 3f-3l JefPeris 2|-3

Blue Pearmain 3 -3| Jonathan 2|-3

Canada Reinette 3^-3| Kaighn 2f-2|^

Chenango 2f-2^ King David 2f-3

Collins 3 -Si Kinnard 2|-2^

Delicious 2|-3|

Domine 3

Dudley 3J-3A

Lady 1-Hi

Lawver 2|-3 }

Maiden Blush 3-3]

English Codlin 3^3f Mann 3]-3i

Ensee 3^-3^ Mcintosh 2f-3i

Esopus 3 -3f McMahon 3^-31

Ewalt 3-3^ Milden 3 -3i

Fallawater 3|-3f Missouri 2f-3

Fall Pippin 3 -3-J Mother 2|-2^

Fameuse 2f-2-J Nero 3-i-3t

Nodhead 2f-3

Northern Spy 3f-3-|

Northwestern 3^3f

Nyack 3^3|

Oldenburg 2|-3J

Sheriff 21 ^

Shiawassee 2^—3^-

Smith 2f-3

Smokehouse ^h-'H

Oliver 3 -3| Stark 3 -3f

Opalescent 3|-3-| Staymau Winesap 3 -3|

Ortley 3^-3| St. Lawrence 3 -3J

Black Oxford 2|-3 Sutton 2f-3i

Palmer 3-3-1 Swaar 2|-3i

228

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMEKICxVN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Palouse 2i-3J

Patten 3^-3^

Peek 2|-3|

Pewaukee 3 -3-|

Porter 2f-2J

Pumpkin Sweet 3^3f

Rainier 3^3f

Ralls 2f-3i

Rambo 2f-3

Red Astrachan 2^3^

Red Canada 2^3^

Red Russet 2f-3

Rhode Island 3 -3f

Rolfe... 3^-31

Roman Stem 2|-2|

Rome Beauty 3^-3^

Roxbury 2|— 3^

Salome 2f-3

Seott 2f-2|

Sliackleford 3^

Tolman 2f-3|

Tompkins King 3{— 3f

Twenty Ounce 3|-4

Virginia Beauty 2|-3i

Wagener 3 -3f

Walbridge 2|-3

Wealthy 2^-3^

Westfieid 2|-3

White Pearmain 2f-3i

White Pippin 3 -3^

Williams 2f-2^

Willowtwig 2|-3

Winesap 2f-3

Winter Banana 3|-3f

Winter Paradise 3 -2^

Wolf River 3^-4

Yellow Bellflower 3 -3i

Yellow Newto^vn 2^3^

Yellow Transparent 2f-3

York Imperial 3^3f

York Stripe 3 -3^

W. T. jMacoun, Chairman.

C. P. Close,

L. R. Taft,

W. L. Howard.

ON INSPECTION AND GRADING.

C. I. Lewis, Chairman.

Professor Lewis : I have a written report of the work done and
will send it to your Secretary. We have made certain progress in
the last two years. New York State and California have passed
good laws. An effort was made to have the Rocky Mountain and
Pacific Coast States pass uniform laws on inspection and grading.
Selling agencies have agreed on uniform grading of their fruits.

We have also met with the various nurserymen's organizations
on this Coast, and the national organization at its Cleveland meet-
ing. They are co-operating with us and we wull make progress.

The bill on National Boxing of Fruit did not pass the last session
of Congress, but we expect and hope it can be revived.

COMMITTEE REPORTS, 229

THE FEDERATION OF HORTICULTURAL AND POMOLOGIOAIi

SOCIETIES.

W. R. Lazenby, Chairman.

Mr. President, your statement that the Executive Committee has
been conferring is hardly true. The Committee has had some cor-
respondence and I think its members substantially agreed on the
main issue, that some federation, provided it can be effected, of all
the horticultural interests of America would be a good thing.

Now, I have prepared a short report, mainly along the line of
suggesting how this federation of horticultural and pomological
societies may be begun. It is merely suggestive. It is only a plan,
and certainly may not be the best.

In spite of the fact that I have not yet had an opportunity to
confer with my associates, since the matter was prepared, yet I
shall present this as a report, hoping that these members will feel
free to express any dissent which they may have.

Your committee appointed by President Goodman to consider the
question of the federation of the horticultural organizations of
America begs leave to present the following report :

No special plea is needed to show that a genuine federation, lead-
ing to co-operative action on the part of all the horticultural in-
terests of America through the various organizations representing
the same, would be a step in advance and could scarcely fail to pro-
mote all branches and divisions of horticulture.

Genuine co-operation is the word of hope and cheer for thousands
engaged in horticultural pursuits. We deem it unnecessary to pre-
sent anj' argument to show what such a federation might accom-
plish in the way of collecting and disseminating accurate informa-
tion regarding crop conditions, in improving the machinery of ex-
change and distribution, in promoting a campaign to increase the
use of fruit as a food, or securing uniform and equitable laws where
legislation is needed, and in multiplying and improving rural
homes.

We do not minimize the difficulties to be overcome or the sus-
tained effort required to effect and successfully maintain such a
federation. Some of the difficulties are obvious. Horticultural in-
terests are widely diversified.

What is of paramount importance in some states or regions, is of
little or no importance in others. The growers of semi-tropical
fruits in California and Florida may seem to have little in common
with the fruit growers of Ontario or Michigan. The .seedsmen and
vegetable growers have a common bond of interest but neither may
appear to be intimately connected with the orchardist.

Another difficulty is that the geographical extent of America is
such that anything like frequent representative meetings of a fed-
eration appear to be Avell nigh impossible.

These, and other difficulties are not insurmountable, and in view
of the possible benefits of a real federation can scarcely be con-
sidered.

230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

For the purpose of organization the following general plan is
recommended : Every existing horticultural organization of reput-
able standing shall be invited to take part in the proposed federation
in accordance with the following provisions:

(1) Each organization shall be entitled to one elector or vote,
because it is an horticultural organization representing and pre-
sumably promoting some phase of horticulture. This provision
gives each organization one elector irrespective of number of mem-
bership.

(2) It would be manifestly unfair to have all organizations,
whether large or small represented equally. To obviate this diffi-
culty, each organization shall have one elector for each one hun-
dred members after the first hundred. That is, for each organiza-
tion that has two hundred members one additional elector shall be
allowed ; for each that has three hundred, two ; for each that has
four hundred, three, and so on. In this Avay disregarding fractions,
each one hundred members would be represented, and at the same
time any organization of less than one hundred members has one
representative.

(3) It would not be equitable to base representation on number
of members alone. Some old societies with a quite restricted mem-
bership have a rich accumulation of experience and influence. They
have the wisdom of age — the power that comes from sustained effort.
They are among our most truly representative horticultural or-
ganizations. Some young, untried associations may have a much
larger memberehip but their experience and influence may be much
less. We recommend, therefore, a representation based on age, say
one elector for every ten years of existence. Our Pomologieal
Society has a membership of five hundred, while the American
Apple Growers' Association has a reported membership of over five
thousand. We could scarcely equalize the representation that each of
these national organizations should have on the basis of membership
alone.

The Columbus (Ohio) Horticultural Society has less than one
hundred members, but it has a history covering seventy years. It
is clearly entitled to a larger representation than a society of the
same size that has been in existence but one or two years.

(4) To meet the expense of oi'ganization we recommend that each
organization that signifies its willingness to join a federation be
assessed as follows :

Each national organization $15.00

Each state or large district 10.00

Each town or county district -. . . 5.00

According to the best data at hand there are in round numbers
two hundred and fifty horticultural organizations.

Of these, twenty are national : seventy are state or large districts ;
one hundred and sixty are town, city, county or small districts.

The twenty national organizations average six hundred membei-s.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 231

The seventy state and large distriets average three hundred and
tifty members.

The one hundred and sixty town, city, county or small districts
average one hundred members.

In other words, the total membership is:

10,000 for national organizations.

24,500 for state and large districts.

16,000 for town, city, county or small districts.

This makes an aggregate or total membership of 50,000. It
should be borne in mind that in such an enumeration there will be
a large duplication. That is, many if not most of the individuals
who are members of the national organization are also members of
the state or county organizations.

If we divide our total membership by three there is still a vast
anny to form a federation.

(5) The federation shall be a mem.bership body with a distinct
name, governed by a constitution and by-laws and supported by
annual dues from each member. Experience has shown that the
strongest bond to hold a great membership in any organization is
a live publication that adequately represents the interests concerned.
The success of the American Geographical Society, the American
Forestry Society, The American Association for the Advancement
of Science, and other organizations, that might be named depends
very largely on their publications. By reason of their journals these
great organizations number their membership by thousands. And
are growing in strength and influence.

Any action looking toward a federation of our great and varied
horticultural interests that is to be of a permanent and beneficial
character must take this into account. If we are to have a great
American Horticultural Society we must have an adequate publica-
tion to represent it.

( 6 ) Owing to the difficulty of holding a meeting of delegates that
would be truly representative, we recommend that the Federation
be effected mainly by correspondence and that each horticultural
organization that is willing to take a part in such federation be al-
lowed to vote by mail in accordance with the plan proposed. That
is the number of votes east by each organization shall be in accord-
ance with the plan outlined.

(7) We recommend that a committee of five be appointed to cor-
respond with and invite the co-operation of all known reputable
horticultural organizations in forming a federation of the horti-
cultural interests of America.

When it is found that a majority of the electors of the various
horticultural organizations favor a federation, then a committee of
nine shall be named by the President of the American Pomologieal
Society. This committee which should fairly represent the organiza-
tions favoring a federation, should at once prepare a constitution or
articles of confederation, and this should be submitted to each or-

232 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ganization for its ratification. If two-thirds of the electors approve
the constitution a meeting to effect a more complete organization
should be called.

Now, Mr. President, I have only a word to add to what I have
already said. I feel so sure that unless we have some very fair and
equitable plan of representation, the whole plan wall prove to be
a failure.

The last meeting of the Hague Conference particularly interested
me. They agreed upon quite a number of propositions, and then
came the most important proposition of all : " How shall we have
an international court of arbitration ? ' ' Now, the forty-two nations
represented were all in favor of this court, but they did not secure
it because they could not agree on any single plan of representation.
China, with large population and small commercial interests said
she could not agree to representation based on commercial inter-
ests, as some desired. Others wanted it on a basis of population,
and there was no substantial agreement and they failed in this,
the most important issue which was placed before the Congress. I
hope, if we attempt a federation of the horticultural interests in this
country, that it will not fail for that reason. I, therefore, have tried
to suggest a plan whereby fair representation would be given to all
the horticultural interests which signify a willingness to join a
federation. ( Applause. )

Discussion.

The President : The matter is before you, now, gentlemen, for
discussion.

Professor La2;enby: Mr. President, I am particularly anxious
to hear Mr. Roeding and Mr. Macoun, the other members of the
committee.

The President : We will hear from Professor W. T. Macoun.

Mr. Macoun (Ottawa) : Professor Lazenby is mainly responsi-
ble for the preparation of this report. We have contributed in a
siaall degree, but he has done the main portion of th* work. There
are minor differences of opinion.

Professor Lazenby has not mentioned the benefits which would
arise from that organization, or one of that kind. It is for this
meeting to show what the benefits thereof are. If there is not to be
sufficient benefit, then we had better not start it. If it is worth
working for it is worth our best effort. It may be this is not the
society which is to effect it, but I think it is the work either of the
American Pomological Society or of the Horticultural Society. Its
object will be to increase the love of fruit for itself and for the grow-
ing consumption of vegetables, the fruit, as well as the growth of
flowers.

There are millions of dollars at stake in this matter. There is
probably a question of overproduction, and it is a duty of those who
love fruit for itself to try to do something to stave oft' this over-
production, and keep men who have put money into it to see if they

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 233

cannot get something more out of it than a bare living. And I
think if some means could be devised whereby the commercial
interests and the amateur interests could be united, it would bring
great advantage to the people engaged in the business. I know it is
true that as a rule the amateur interests and the commercial inter-
ests are wide apart ; but in this association I think we have the best
of the amateur spirit and the best of the commercial spirit. The
men and women who are members of this Society love the fruit for
the sake of the fruit, and for the fact that it brings them their
bread and butter. And anything that can be done to advance this
good work will be for the benefit of this society. It is for the mem-
bers of this Society to consider and find out whether it is worth
while to attempt a federation of all the horticultural organizations.

The President: We will now hear from G. C. Roeding, of
California.

Mr. Roeding (California) : I am sorry I did not have an oppor-
tunity to confer with Professor Lazenby, but I was unable to be here
yesterday.

Professor Lazenby wrote the various members of the Executive
Committee in reference to this matter and we have all tried to help
a little. I want to say that I approve of many of the facts that
Professor Lazenby has brought out. On the other hand I feel that
it would probably be a mistake to change the name of the American
Pomological Society after it has been in existence for so many years,
to some other name, in order to take up this work. I appreciate the
importance of work of this kind. I realize, I believe, as forcibly as
anybody, that back of the organization work it is absolutely neces-
sary to have some economical point. Unless some economic point
can be arrived at it is very difficult, to my mind, to maintain these
organizations. That is the problem which every organization today
in horticultural work or in any other class of work must fight.
They must get down to the economics. That is, down to the bene-
fits that the members of the organization will derive from their
membership in such an organization. That is the point which must
be before us all the time, and just how to bring that about is a
problem which seems difficult.

Personally I feel that the name of the American Pomological
Society should be continued. It is one of the oldest horticultural
organizations in the United States. It has created a standard, and
it would be a great factor, to my mind, in strengthening anything
recommended in the report by Professor Lazenby.

Professor Macoun said it is quite apparent that there is over-
production in fruit. I do not agree with that quite. The real
trouble is not in overproduction, but is in poor distribution. That
is the great problem which we have before us today — it is to try to
find some method of creating a wide distribution for our fruits.
Now, if in this organization, through some of the recommendations
made by Prof. Lazenby we can bring that out more forcibly, it will

234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

accomplish much good and it will bring members to our cause that
we otherwise would not get. That is the problem before us.

Now, the great trouble with many of our organizations that are
in the fruit business is that they attempt to put men out of busi-
ness who are regularly engaged in the distribution of our fruits,
and they are working along the line of putting the experienced men
in our line of business out of it. That is a mistake, I think.

The necessary thing to do is to bring about a certain control, if
there is any way of compelling a wider distribution of fruits, by
putting certain prices on fruits, if possible, so that there can be
less difl:erence between the price which the producer gets and the
price which the consumer gives. That would be a welcome innova-
tion. That is one of the difficulties today. And if there is any-
thing that can be done to bring about closer relations between the
producer and the consumer we can accomplish a great purpose by
adopting it. And the question is : Can this proposition be certain
of getting these organizations to join with us ?

Now, in the matter of a publication ; there is no question but that
a publication on fruit lines which would show the fruit interests in
different parts of the world, and their methods of procedure, as the
geographical interests are shown in the American Geographical
magazine, to the people of the United States, would be well received.
In other words, if the American Pomological Society, the oldest
organization of the kind in the United States, is willing to start such
a movement, develop such a great idea, and carry it out, it will be
a splendid work.

The whole object before us is to devise some plan which will
create this great federation which has been proposed. I would op-
pose any change in the name of this organization. The name is
easy and established, and it has been recognized during a period of
years, and to my mind I think it should be maintained. The very
standing which this association has acquired has made it possible
for it to bring about closer affiliation with us by opposing plans
of organizations that do not believe in the wide distribution of fruit.
I do not think there is overproduction. It is merely a matter of en-
couraging the production of fruit of a better quality, and getting
the fruit growers to believe that the better and the higher the grade,
and the better it is packed, the better it is for our interests gen-
erally. If we can inculcate those ideas among the pomologists of the
country and bring about closer relations between producer and con-
sumer we will have done much. But, do not forget that you must
get down to the economics of the situation in order to get them inter-
ested. You cannot get the interest of fruit growers unless you can
show them forcibly that it will put money in their pockets. That is
the only way to do it. (Applause.)

Professor Lazenby: My friend Roeding missed one point. I
made no suggestion that we should change the name of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, but merely said that we should take the
lead in the federation. The federation may be named anything you

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 235

choose. I think I said it might be called the American Horticul-
tural Society, or something like that.

Professor Lewis : It seems to me that of these suggestions which
have been made, the part which appeals to me most is the matter of
publication. I believe nothing would help the cause of pomology
more than a good strong publication, national in scope. If there is
any noticeable characteristic of American pomology today it is that
of factions. Take the question of national legislation which we may
desire on packing and grading : It is impossible for us to get any-
thing because we are all split up into factions and can agree on no
one single plan. There are many things we could accomplish for
American pomology by going before the national Congress as a
unified body. We lack reliable statistics. Take the different esti-
mates which we get in the United States of the yield of apples, and
the only one that approaches the truth is the International Apple
Shippers' Association. We found the condition in this country
varying in different reports from thirty millions up to two hundred
and seventy million barrels of apples. Now, that was the difference
on apples only. But if we had a publication in which we could
drive home the matters of getting legislation, of preparing proper
statistics, and of cementing ourselves closer together, I believe, as
Mr. Roeding has said, it would be a success, particularly as it would
appeal to the fruit growers through their pockets. Until we do this,
it will be hard to get them to come in and get interested. We have
to approach them on the line of their interests.

Mr. Tippen (Missouri) : This is an important and far-reaching
question. It has occurred to me for a good many years that if
the American Pomological Society would constitute itself a forum
or bureau of information, or a source from which the grower and
the consumer and the dealer could obtain reliable information,
facts, this problem would be solved.

As some of the gentlemen in the audience know, I have worked
on both sides of the fence for many years ; and the information
obtained from one side is always so diametrically different from
that obtained from the otlier, that it makes both worthless.

Knowing what I do of the substance of human nature, and of
the disposition of so many men to not be able to see a fact but from
one viewpoint, and that is the viewpoint of their personal interests;
and knowing that these interests must come into an organization of
this kind, that this Society could not do a greater work for the
fruit industry than to start out and take the position of being a
forum. And put out a publication. A prominent man has said
that every man who writes an editorial should be compelled by law
to put his name to it. Strong men Avrite on one side or the other,
and they are absolutely governed by their personal interests in the
question.

Now, if we had a source of information which we could know was
absolutely correct (and such information could come from the
American Pomological Society), then these different interests could
be unified in their operation. I would rather see that.

236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

To illustrate what I mean: A representative of the Post Office
Department called om me recently at the Missouri Booth of Horti-
culture at the Exposition groimds, he discussed with nie for some
time the proposition which the Post Office Department was taking
up, of mailing apples by parcel post throughout the United States.
He asked me for my opinion in regard to it.

The more I thought of it the more I saw in it. And I think it
is possible through the Post Office Department, by means of the
parcel post, to reach lots of consumers in this country who would
consume perhaps one-fourth of the product grown in the United
States. If that is correct, and this body was influential, think what
it could do. But, gentlemen, let me say, you have a great deal of
selfishness to overcome before you can do anything in these matters
before civic bodies.

Mr. Oglesby: I am interested in this particular phase of the
work, Mr. Chairman. As some of the men in the University know
I have talked a good deal about some phases of this. I want to
leave with you some statistics, and then you can tell whether we
are overproducing or not. This goes through my own house:

Three hundred pounds of fresh grapes; 100 pounds of raisins;
30 boxes of apples, that would make 1200 pounds; 500 pounds of
peaches, fresh ; 200 pounds of pears, fresh ; 100 pounds of prunes,
fresh ; 200 pounds of berries ; 400 pounds of citrus fruits.

To my mind inefficiency in distribution is the cause of our
trouble. Parcel post costs too much. It has been spoken of here
in the University. There are other things that make it practically
impossible. People do not alwaj^s stay at home waiting for the pack-
ages, and the parcel post must be eliminated from our system of dis-
tribution. If the Pomological Society can do one thing, determine
upon some line of legislation that will enable us to get at what we
are doing, what it costs to do it, then it will be possible to know
what it shall be possible for us to do in the matter of actual sales
that will bring a profit. I think that is one of the big things which
the Society must undertake in this federation work. I have sug-
gested here to the members of this faculty and to the statistician
of the State the idea of the state-wide collection of statistics on the
planting of the different trees. In other words, a survey each year
that will enable us to know the planting and what the crop condi-
tions are. There is perhaps only one source through which this
can be collected annually, and that is the assessor.

Now, the assessor will not do this unless he is required to do it.
And there must be some great body of thinkers who will put their
influence behind the movement to demonstrate the advantage of
such statistics; because, cupidity enters into the matter very largely.
And the assessors will give from year to year figures that are not
worth that much (snapping his fingers). Farmers, otherwise hon-
est, will tell all kinds of lies about what they have on the farm.
They all do it. Why ? — because we Avould like to get out of part of
the tax ; but we overlook the fact that it is imposing a heavier tax

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 237

than we would have if we had given a fiiU statement of what we
actually had. In this state perhaps thirty-five dollars an acre would
be added to make a fair estimate.

Now, if we can demonstrate to our glowers that the few cents
they save in additional tax would furnish them Avith correct in-
formation as to crop conditions throughout the state, and as to their
holdings, I think they would prefer to pay the additional small
sum in order to get the correct information and the advantage
which they would derive from it.

Now, as to the middleman ; we do not know what it costs to pro-
duce and distribute fruit. We cannot tell what the middleman is
getting out of it until we know what it costs to produce and dis-
tribute our products.

I am sure we can more than consume in our own country the
fruits which we are producing. And I think it is an excellent sug-
gestion that this great body should put itself on record as determ-
ining upon some method of furthering the interests of the commer-
cial side of our industry, to say nothing, of course, of the improve-
ment of varieties of the methods of packing and marketing and the
standards, and the grades of our products. The primary consid-
eration is what shall be our standard of excellence, and how shall
we make practical horticulturists understand that this standard
must be adhered to all over the country. We have to do it, as we are
3,000 miles from most of our markets. We cannot help it. Our
noses are up to the grindstone by the inexorable law of economics.

The President : I have allowed this discussion to proceed from
the primary discussion. The real question before us is the federa-
tion of the different societies. We have drifted into "overproduc-
tion" and "economics" and marketing, and other side issues.
Those questions relate to it, but let us get closer to the main ques-
tion : How best to federate, if we decide to federate.

Mr. Dumas (Washington) : I have listened with favor to the
views expressed here. I think it is possible to bring to tlie minds of
the other men interested in this business the importance of this
federation. I believe that one of the best means of starting this
federation is a magazine. I do not think it is necessary to talk
more about that. If this is a great organization of fruit growers, we
should have something to speak for us that will be read by fruit
growers all over the world ; and if we have reliable statistics pub-
lished in the magazine it would prove a financial success from the
very beginning.

The National Geographical Society has become highly prosperous
by selling their magazine at two dollars a year. I would like to
give twenty-five dollars or thirty dollars towards such a magazine,
that dealt with my business on the same scope that the Geographical
magazine deals with the business of that society. It is not a ques-
tion of dollars, it is a question of giving people what they want.
I deplore the idea that because we inject some idea of commer-
cialism, that we are getting over-selfish. We all must live, and we

238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

are entitled to live when we make proper effort. The value of this
organization depends on what it is able to contribute toward the sum
of human happiness. If it is able to advanee human progress, then
it is of value to the world. Now, if we can induce people to eat more
fi-uit I believe we are advancing human progress. I will tell you
one of the reasons, not from a horticultural source, most of you have
visited the booth at the Pair, the Exposition, devoted to Racial
Development, which shows in the opinion of the greatest physicians
of the M^orld the comparative value of different foods and how they
conduce to the benefit of humanity and to the state. The first in the
list is fruit ; second is nuts ; and then it goes on down to the other
foods of lesser value.

I think we should make the world know that. Not by saying it
once, but by ringing in various changes, and when the world knows
the full food value of fruits and nuts, you will have no over-
production to worry about.

I am heartily in favor with this, and I hope this committee's sug-
gestion may be v/orked out, and that we may succeed in forming
this great federation. (Applause.)

Professor Hutt (North Carolina) : This question now being dis-
cussed is a very vital question to this Society, and there seems to be
an opinion that it would be a valuable thing for this Society 's work,
if it could voice its views on this subject.

I believe the American Pomological Society is not living up to
the best of its opportunity. I believe it is a critical time in the
history of this organization.

We must have a publication. Comparisons have been made with
the American Geographical Society. I believe a publication by this
Society would soon get into the same condition in which that publi-
cation is.

Be. Wickson (California) : I believe that the purpose and fune-
tioB of the American Pomological Society in this federation will be
as a guarantee that the statements in the publication have the back-
ing and support of the American Pomological Society, I believe that
will have more to do with the success of fruit growing than any
other single thing. I believe our views concerning the production
of fruit and the cost of fruit for the consumer, would be an excellent
thing. They want our views, and we want facts. We all know
that a mighty small percentage of the boys and girls in this country
have what they need of our two great fruits. I believe not only
the American Pomological Society, but every county organization
of the kind in the country needs but a stiff prod to make them live
up to their idea of service. Then the watchword should be the
two words we should think of in connection with this federation, in
connection with this publication, and those two words are "service'^
and ' ' efficiency. ' '

We want efficiency in the distribution of our fruits, and any
magazine that will come out with the facts, and say that it costs so

COMMITTEE REPORTS, 239

much to produce a box of lemons or so much to produce a barrel of
apples, will certainly be eagerly sought for in this country.

We do not want our Californio lemons on the counters for less
than it costs us to grow them. It is not good business, it is not good
politics, nor is it humanity to wish to get another man 's product for
less than it costs him to produce it. A box of lemons selling in
Kansas City for $] .85 that cost us thirty cents a dozen is one thing.
But we want now to know what it costs to produce a pound of figs,
and we want you to know when we send you a barrel of apples that
we should have forty or fifty cents left in profit for ourselves. It
is in giving these facts to the public today that we will find our
interests advanced. We would have a better condition all over
California if the world knew what it costs to grow fruit. Peaches
are going to waste in California which should be used throughout
the nation. Facts are needed, and ought to be the purpose of this
Society, and its function, to guarantee to the state organizations,
and through this publication which is suggested, to guarantee the
truth as to production, distribution and consumption.

Professor Hutt : When you speak of a federation it means al-
ways bringing in a lot of other societies, and we do not know
whether we control them or not. I move that we have a committee
appointed to consider the whole matter of federation of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, which w^ould include the publication of
the magazine, and the widening of the scope of the Society, and
that that committee is to report to the Executive Committee.
Seconded by Dumas.

Mr. Roeding : To extend the scope of the Society — in other words
you want to bring in other societies and widen the scope of the
Society.

The President : You have heard the motion. All in favor say
aye ; opposed, no. It is carried.

The Committee on Credentials reported the following Vice-
Presidents and delegates present and qualified to act :

Vice-Presidents :

A. V. Stubenrauch, California;

E. R. Lake, District of Columbia;
T. J. Burrill, Illinois ;

Albert Dickens, Kansas;

C. P. Close, Maryland ;

L. R. Taft, Michigan ;

Geo. T. Tippin, Missouri ;

J. Van Lindley, North Carolina;

W. R. Lazenby, Ohio ;

F. S. Reeves, Ontario;
C. I. Lewis, Oregon;

J. P. Stewart, Pennsylvania;

240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

W. T. Macoun, Quebec ;
Eltweed Pomeroy, Texas ;
W. A. Macomb, Virginia ;
J. L. Dumas, Washington.

Delegates :

T. J. Burrill, Delegate Illinois Horticultural Society ;
C. H. Dutcher, Delegate Missouri Horticultural Society ;
E. R. Lake, Delegate Northern Nut Growers' Association;
Eltweed Pomeroy, Delegate Texas Horticultural Society.

ON WILDEB MEDAL.

C. p. Close, Chairman.

A silver medal was awarded to the T. S. Hubbard Company,
Fredonia, N. Y., for a display of the Hubbard grape, a promising
new variety, a cross between Brighton and Campbell.

Honorable mention was given to Joseph Bachman, Altus, Ark.,
for an exhibit of his seedling grape No. 109, a cross between
America and Star.

C. P. Close,
L. R. Taft,
W. T. Macoun.

ON NOMINATIONS.
A. V. Stubenrauch, Chairman.

California, A. V. Stubenrauch; District of Columbia, E. R. Lake;
Illinois, T. J. Burrill; Kansas, Albert Dickens; Maryland, C. P.
Close; Michigan, L. R. Taft; Missouri, George T. Tippen; North
Carolina, J. Van Lindley; Ontario, F. S. Reeves; Oregon, C. I.
Lewis ; Ohio, W. R. Lazenby ; Pennsylvania, J. P. Stewart ; Quebec,
W. T. Macoun ; Texas, Eltweed Pomeroy ; Virginia, W. A. Maoomb ;
Washington, J. L. Dumas.

The following report was made by this committee :

For President, W. N. Hutt.

For Vice-President, W. T. Macoun.

For Secretary, E. R. Lake.

For Treasurer, L. R. Taft.

For Executive Committeemen, W. R. Lazenby, E. W. Kirk-
patrick, F. C. Sears, L. A. Goodman, J. L. Dumas.

On motion of Mr. Pomeroy, seconded by Professor Lazenby, the
Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the Society to adopt
the report.

The President : The motion is that the rules of the Society be
suspended and that the Secretary be authorized to cast one ballot
for these names as suggested by the Nominating Committee. Are
you, ready for the question 1 All in favor say aye. Opposing, no.
It is carried.

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 241

RESOLUTIONS.

Eltweed Pomeroy, Chairman.

Mr. Pomeroy, reporting, said :

Mr. Chairman, we have six or seven resolutions. May I ask that
action be taken on each one as I read it. The first is :

"Kesolved, That the American Pomologieal Society wishes to re-
turn most hearty thanks for the uniform and cordial welcome and
tlie courtesies extended to the Society and its members from their
entrance into California at the South, to this meeting at Berkeley
imder the courtesies of the University, and the promise of further
welcome and courtesies on the return of its members through Ore-
gon and Washington.

' ' These courtesies have been so numerous that it would be difficult
and invidious to enumerate — so thoughtful and minute that we have
been surrounded by an atmosphere of warm hospitality adding very
much to the success of the Society's meeting, and we will return
home with the warmest feelings towards our hosts of the Pacific
Coast for the meeting of 1915."

(Moved, seconded, stated and carried that the Society adopt the
resolution. )

' ' Resolved, That the thanks of the American Pomologieal Society
be given to the Santa Fe Railroad and its representative, Mr. Hagen-
bush, for the care and courtesy which made our journey to San
Francisco a pleasure."

(Moved, seconded, stated and carried that the Society adopt the
resolution. )

' ' Resolved, That the American Pomologieal Society in regular ses-
sion assembled sends greetings to the Australian Fruit Growers'
Conference and the Australian Pomologieal Conference, and re-
quests co-operation in standardization of nomenclature and other
international affairs, an exchange of publications and information,
and invites them to send friendly delegates to our meetings ; and we
request our Secretary to send copies of this resolution to the Secre-
taries of these Societies : The Royal Horticultural Society of West-
minister, England ; the National Society for Horticulture in France,
and other national societies. ' '

(Moved, seconded, stated and carried that the Society adopt the
resolution. )

' ' Resolved, That the American Pomologieal Society in regular ses-
sion assembled in 1915 sends greetings to the National Association
of Nurserymen, the National Florists' Association, the National
Association of Nut Growers, and requests that they hold their
national meetings in 1917 at such common time and place as these
allied societies may fix, and that there be then at least one union
meeting, there to consider topics and questions common to ail
branches of horticulture, and take a union action on these subjects,
to co-operate and co-ordinate allied and parallel activities, and for

242 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

better acquaintanceship, among oui'selves, and a later meeting and
more public education on horticultural lines.

"Further, we request our Secretary to send copies of this resolu-
tion to the Secretaries of these Societies, and with the aid of the
Executive Committee to arrange such union meeting."

(Moved, seconded, stated and carried that the resolution be
adopted.)

''Resolved, That the American Pomological Society take up witli
foreign, state and local horticultural societies, with the National
Nurserymen's Association, individual nurserymen, and the United
States Government, and any others who may be of aid: the stand-
ardization of nomenclature of fruits, and in order to make a be-
ginning, to take some small branch of the subject, and if possible
secure the preparation of a monograph on this branch before our
next meeting, and its publication as a government bulletin."

(Moved, seconded, stated and carried that the resolution be
adopted. )

' ' Resolved, That we urge all state and local horticultural societies
to officially join our American Pomological Society, and to send
delegates to our National meetings and request a representative
from our National Society at their meetings.

"Further, we request our Secretary to send copies of this resolu-
tion to the secretaries of all such societies which he can find out. ' '

(Moved, seconded, stated and carried that the resolution be
adopted. )

"Resolved, That our Secretary be requested to send invitations
to the Agricultural or Horticultural Departments of the Govern-
ments of Mexico, Central and South America, to send delegates to
our next meeting. ' '

(Moved, seconded, stated and carried that the resolution be
adopted. )

Mr. Pomeroy : There is one other subject recommended to us by
the Committee on Nominations that concerns a resolution regarding
the payment of dues. Instead of two dollars, running from one
meeting to the next meeting, that it be made from the 1st of Janu-
ary to the succeeding January 1st. We took it under consideration,
consulted our Treasurer, and he preferred the present arrangement
— from one meeting to another, as he could then collect it at the
meeting instead of having a large correspondence to attend to.

Further, we asked him about the rate of the annual dues. We
tried to consider it from the standpoint of what was giving the
largest revenue to the Society. Belonging to thia Society may be
worth fifty cents to one man and fifty dollars to another. A few
years ago the dues were four dollars, then they were reduced to two
dollars with the idea that the revenue would remain the saxne. We
decided to do nothing on that point.

Be it Hereby Resolved, That in the deaths of Colonel Brackett
and Professor Van Deman this Society recognizes its great loss, not
alone in that two active workers, faithful members, loyal advisers
and counsellors have departed from its ranks, but in that two of the

COMMITTEE REPORTS. 243

foremost worker's in American pomology have taken their last fare-
well of us. It is with the deepest feeling of appreciation of their
great services that we offer this humble tribute as an expression of
our sympathy for their bereaved families, and as an evidence of our
heartfelt sorrow.

Mr. : I did not know Colonel Brackett, but I did

esteem the friendship of Professor Van Deman most highly. I feel
we have lost a friend and brother. I feel one of the great men in
horticulture has gone out, and that many men, by having known
him, are better horticulturists.

I move the adoption of the resolution by a rising vote, and that
the Secretary be instructed to send copies of these resolutions to
the bereaved families.

Professor Lazenby : I second the motion, and I wish to say that
I feel we have suffered a very great loss in the death of these men.
Of Colonel Brackett, may I speak ; what a fine life it was ! It was a
most happy blending of what we might call the strenuous life and
the natural life. He was a strenuous, and an indefatigable worker.
He lived close to nature, and that is perhaps one reason why he
attained such a great age. But most of all, his life was abundant.
It was abundant in love, health, opportunity, accomplishment,
honor, and abundant in friendship. And I think we honor ourselves
in honoring his memorj'.

The President : We will taJke a rising vote on this motion. (All
rise.) Carried.

The President : Now, we have the question of invitations for the
next meeting. You can act on these invitations now if you choose.
What is your pleasure. We have invitations from Nashville, Balti-
more, Buffalo, New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, Knoxville, St. Louis,
Columbus, Boston, New Orleans.

Mr. Taft: I move that they be referred to the Executive
('ommittee. Seconded.

The President : This has been the usual way for the last twenty
t-o thirty years, as I know, as we do not know all the conditions, but
the Executive Committee can make arrangements to examine into
these different invitations and accept one of the invitations and
make the necessary arrangements. The motion before you is to
refer them to the Executive Committee. The motion has been
seconded. All in favor say aye ; opposed, no. It is carried.

Saturday night is the banquet night, and the Secretary must
have the names of all of those who are to attend. We meet inside
of the grounds at 2 o 'clock in the center of the Horticultural Build-
ing. The officials of the Exposition will conduct us through a series
of horticultural exhibits between that time and the time set for the
banquet. The officials will there be present to give to this Society a
bronze plaque. It will be necessary for you to give your name and
two dollars and a half to the Secretary, in order that he may ar-
range for the proper number of plates on that occasion. The dinner
is to be held at the Old Faithful Inn.

244

PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

OFFICERS' REPORTS.

OF THE TREASTTBEB.

The report of the Treasurer covers the period from November 5,
1913, to August 7, 1915.
L. R. Taft, Treasurer,

In account with American Pomological Society,

Dr. to receipts as follows :

1913.
Nov. 5

1915.
Aug. 7

Cash on hand $996.20

Interest on bonds, 2 years at 5% . .
Contributions to Judging Trophy. .
Receipts from Washington Meeting
Sales of Proceedings and Reprints.
Receipts from Life Memberships. . .
Receipts from Biennial Memberships
Interest on Life Memberships to

July 1

Cr. by payments as per list, and

vouchers

Cash on hand

400.00
45.00
293.33
8.75
365.00
531.50

20.00

$1,898.02
781.66

$2,259.68 $2,659.68

Of the above balance it should be noted that the sum of $365.00
is in the permament life membership fund and the sum of $355.14
is in the Wilder medal fund, leaving in the general fund and avail-
able for paying the current expenses of the Society the sum of
$41.52.

Respectfully submitted,

L. R. TAFT,

Treasurer.

1913.
Nov. 17

Dec. 20

Statement of Bills Paid.

Whitehead, Hoag Co., badges $49.30

R. P. Andrews, paper and plates 9.30

Palais Royal, burlap and cheesecloth 18.12

Dulin & Martin, drinking cups 2.00

Telegram to Maine .50

Berry & Whitmore Co., trophy for judging

team 51.00

R. H. Darby Printing Co., programs and

posters 80.25

Mar.

7

1 1

21

n

< 1

Apr.

28

May

16

June

2

Aug.

31

Sept.

18

< (

< I

1915.

Feb.

28

July

31

officers' reports. 245

Jan. 12 National Museum, extra labor 77.64

" " S. A. Beach, postage and labor 2.43

" R. H. Darby Printing Co., bulletin, etc 39.25

Feb. 4 Maurice Joyce Engraving Co., halftones 25.66

" " E. R. Lake, expense account 51.06

" 12 W. W. Greene, reporting Washington Meeting,

(part) 100.10

Simons Bros. Co., Wilder medals 89.52

R. H. Darby Printing Co., printing 6.75

Maurice Joyce Engraving Co., halftones 14.20

R. H. Joyce Printing Co., wrappers 4.65

E. R. Lake, expense of Washington Meeting. . . 184.34

R. H. Darby Printing Co., printing report. . . . 673.11

E. R. Lake, expense account 37.31

R. H. Darby Printing Co., printing 37.85

E. R. Lake, salary to Sept. 15 100.00

R. H. Darby Printing Co., printing 21.00

L. A. Goodman, expense account 10.36

" " E. R. Lake, salary and expense 158.83

" R. H. Darby Printing Co., printing 40.05

" L. R. Taft, office expenses 23.44

$1,898.02

The President : The report will go to the Committee on Audit,
of which Mr. Hutt is chairman.

Mr. Hutt: We have been over the Treasurer's books, and
checked off the different items, and found them to be correct.

Treasurer Taft : We have only $42 to pay for the printing of
the report. So far as the current funds available are concerned,
that is. Three hundred and sixty-five dollars is tied up in the Medal
funds, and the Secretary tied up the life membership fees of three
hundred and odd dollars last year. The Society voted to place the
life memberships in a permanent fund, and if we carry out those in-
structions the money is not available.

Mr. Hutt : I move that the funds collected on life memberships,
which were set apart at the last meeting be put into the current
expense fund.

(Motion stated, seconded and carried.)

OF THE SECEETABY.

The work of the Secretary's office continues to grow. The cor-
respondence has increased to such an extent that it has been impossi-
ble to carry it forward with the home force, thus necessitating the
use of office time and labor to complete the work. Fortunately
"Uncle Sam" saw a way by which he could co-operate in part of it
such as that which involves questions of varietal culture, history,
nomenclature, discription, synonomy and behavior ; however, if this

246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

phase of the Society 's duties increase it will be necessary to employ,
on partial, but regular time, a qualified typist in order to give
prompt and efficient attention to the requests of correspondents,
outside of that part which may be construed to be co-operative with
the government.

The campaign for new members from the Secretary's office has
waned during the past biennium, for the very pertinent reason that
there has been less available personal time to give to the matter and
for the further reason that the usual advertising methods have not
brought out the results of former years. A new course of pro-
ceedure must be evolved to meet the changed conditions. Either the
policy of the Society must be strengthened in the direction of a more
pronounced amateur tone, or it must become more professional or
possibly both. There seems to be no satisfactory "middle way."
In any event my own opinion is firm in the belief that we must
finally have a permanent home and annual meetings if we expect
to accomplish the best part of that object for which the organization
has been so long pre-eminent.

Again permit me to call attention to the fact that there should
be some closer tie between the state societies and the Vice-Presi-
dents. At present this wheel of the organization is nearly useless,
as many of these men forget their responsibility, if they have any,
to the Society between the meetings. Possibly the consideration of
the question of federation may uncover some means of remedying
this trouble.

To the question of complimentary memberships we wish to revert
again this year. It seems to us that the election of certain men, such
as the editors or managers of the horticultural press to be compli-
mentary members in recognition of their services (publicity, if you
please) to the Society would be both creditable and serviceable to
the great industry which we represent.

Revision and Catalog.

A revision of the catalog has been completed together with a re-
alignment of district boundaries in conformity with the results of
recent observations made by active members, notably in districts
No. 7 and 10. The plan of revision has been based upon that
adopted by Ragan in Farmers' Bulletin No. 208, U. S. Department
of Agriculture. This form of publication is much less expensive
than the regular department bulletins Nos. 6, 8 and 151, in which
there is much tabulation. In this later form the varieties are ar-
ranged in groups for commercial and home uses and, in the opinion
of Col. Braekett, affords quite as much information, so far as the
value of varieties for districts is concerned, as the tabulated form,
but it does not supply the ready reference information as to the
behavior of a specific variety as was done before, but this appears
to be a minor matter compared with the cost of publication.

This material could have been ofP the press months ago, except
that the department has decided, through its publication committee,

officers' reports. 247

that it does not desire to publish matter of this character jointly
with outside bodies. The question then naturally arose (in view
of the protest made at the Washington meeting) as to the advis-
ability of issuing the material as an A, P. S. separate. Because of
financial conditions this was debatable and the problem is still un-
settled and we shall hope that this meeting will endeavor to make
a decision on this point.

If it is not deemed desirable to continue the work of issuing a
catalog of varieties based upon district boundaries we ought to be
prepared to take definite axition in the case and thus enable the
Secretary to fully advise inquiring persons with reference to the
subject. There is frequent demand for copies of the catalog,
whether by mere curiosity seekers or real cultivators, we cannot say,
but in any event we should be able to give a definite answer as to
whether or not we are to continue work along this line.

Moved, stated and carried that the report be adopted.

Mr. Duma«: Four years ago 1 was a member of this committee,
and 1 think I may say I really did some work on the lines suggested.
Two years ago I was unable to be present and that work was coldly
turned down, and this time I have been unable to get the committee
together.

The President -. It is a good thing to be knocked down once in
awhile.

Mr. Dumas : Yes, if one can get any where as a result. This or-
ganization must reject the three hundred and ninety varieties now
being planted in the United States and Canada, and select a small
list of really commercial apples, and that list should be pushed so
that people may know the real varieties of apples. At the present
time it is absolutely impossible to make head or tail of the catalogue
of the American Pomological Society for apples.

M}^ report was in the hands of Professor Lake two years ago.
I would report that again and ask this Society to make a small and
selected list of commercial fruits, to be placed at least at the head of
the list if they are to retain the trash in the catalogue. We should
kill off two hundred and fifty varieties of the trash we now have.

Nomenclature.

In the absence of Colonel Brackett, who has been for a long time
chairman of this committee, and by virtue of the fact that I have
been actively and intimately associated with him, it appears proper
that I should at this time report progress for this committee and
ask for further instructions.

During the past year notable progress has been made in this sub-
ject through the official action taken first by the California Associa-
tion of Nurserymen and later by the National Nurserymen's Asso-
ciation, in adopting the code of this Society as a basis of action for
their organizations. This brings the subject, backed by very strong
endorsement, directly to the attention of a class of men that have
been for years charged with gross violation of the principles of the

248 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

code and with utter disregard of its teachings. Now, it appears to
me it is our duty to cordially co-operate with these and other or-
ganizations which may later take similar action in bringing about
the actual use of our approved list of names for all current varie-
ties of fruits.

At the request of the California Association, we, speaking for the
office of Pomology in the Department of Agriculture, have under-
taken to compile a list of acceptable names for all varieties of fruits
as published in the current catalogs of American nurserymen. We
find it no small task to bring system out of this almost chaotic mass
of varietal terms, and we feel that we cannot hope to complete the
work for the use of publications issued for distribution early in
the year 1916.

The preliminary list offered will contain only those names that
have been generally accepted ; later it is expected to get out a com-
plete list, including those troublesome ones such as "J. H. Hale"
and "B. F. Mason" peaches; "Mammoth Black Twig," "Spitzen-
burg" and "Oldenburg" apples; " Fellenberg, " "Robe de Sar-
gent" and "Silver" prunes; "Bahia," "Golden Nugget Naval"
and "Improved Navel" oranges; "Praeparturien" walnut; "Mrs.
Munson ' ' grape, and scores of similar ones. Just how some of these
shall be settled looms as a big question, especially since this Society
has set its seal favorably upon ' ' Lue Gim Gong. ' ' Another type of
name coming into quite frequent use is the hyphenated term such
as Stump-the-world, Stayman-Winesap, Pride-of-Michigan, Bart-
lett-Seckel, and the like. To the specialist in nomenclature these
terms are like a thorn in the flesh. Positive action should be taken
by this Society covering these points.

Though I have not consulted the whole committee in this matter
I feel assured that the members would heartily endorse such action
as the following, as emphasizing Rule Two of the Code :

No compound or hyphenated terms shall be deemed acceptable as
a name for a variety of fruit ; neither shall the name of a person
be used for such purpose when the initial or initials of such person '»
name are employed as a part of the term.

OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

The President : We will now receive the report of the Executive
Committee.

Mr. Lazenby: Mr. President, there is only this point: The
Executive Committee has had some conference as to how the mem-
bership could be increased, and it has been thought by a portion of
the Committee at least, that a circularization might be effective.
That is, select the names of men who are somewhat prominent and
interested in horticulture, and send them a brief statement of the
purposes of the Society, especially announcing that the old reports
will be given, and that life membership can be secured for $25. I
think we could secure quite an addition to our membership in
that way.

COL. G. Ij. BIIACKETT.

PROF. II. E. VAX DEMAX.

officers' reports. 249

I speak of this as I am interested in our State Historical and
Arelieological Societies. It was suggested there that this be done,
and the Board thought it was hardly worth while. But our Secre-
tary finally persuaded them that he be permitted to make the ex-
periment. He sent out two thousand circulars and received two
hundred life members at $25 each. It might not be as successful in
the case of the horticulturists, but it is worth trying.

Secretary Lake: Do you wish this circular prepared by the
Secretary, or by the Executive Committee, and have the Secretary
send it out 1

Mr. Lazenby : Either.

The President : Let us put this job on the Treasurer. He will
prepare a circular and make this appeal.

PRESIDENT GOODMAN TRANSFERS GAVEL TO PRESIDENT-ELECT

HUTT.

President Goodman: Mr, Hutt, will you please come forward?

I am very glad, sir, to turn over to you the office of President of
the American Pomological Society, and trust your meetings with
it will be as pleasant as mine for the past ten years. This gavel is
delivered to you to be retained and delivered to your successor.
(Applause.)

President-Elect Hutt: Mr. President and gentlemen of the
American Pomological Society, I usually find words to express my
thoughts, but on this occasion I am at a complete loss to express
what would be proper on the occasion. I was taken completely by
surprise, when Professor Close and Professor Stubenrauch came
and sat beside me and said the duties of this Society would fall
upon me, I appreciate the honor placed upon me, but I feel diffi-
dent about trying to live up to the history of this Society in the
past.

Some very great men have been in this position, and it seems that
the honor might have fallen on more worthy shoulders. But since
you have chosen me I will not impugn you choice, but I will do my
very best to make what I think this Society should represent in
American horticulture. I am going to look to every member of this
Association to stand by me and help me to make the American
Pomological Society what it should be in American Horticulture.
(Applause.)

Mr. Pomeroy : The Resolution Committee has one other resolu-
tion, and that is, that the American Pomological Society pass a vote
of thanks to the retiring President, and the other retiring officers
for the way in which they have performed their duties.

(Motion seconded.)

President-Elect Hutt: It gives me great pleasure to present
that vote. I know you will all agree with me in my appreciation of
the love and efficiency and the personal attention given to this
Society by Mr. Goodman. I hope you will all show it by a rising
vote. (All rise and applaud.)

250 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

It certainly gives me pleasure, Mr. President, to tender to you
this very hearty and cordial vote of appreciation by the members of
this American Pomological Society for the work which you have
done.

President Goodman : I have always found the members loyal
and true and willing to do their part whenever called for. I thank
you. I think that closes all the business before the Society.

Meeting adjourned.

RECEPTION.

Wednesday evening was devoted to an informal session and re-
ception in Agricultural Hall of the University. Professor J. W.
Gregg presented an interesting and intensely instructive illustrated
talk on the Gardens, Landscapes and Landscape Gardening of Cali-
fornia. George E. Stone, of Berkeley, exhibited a unique and de-
lightfully interesting collection of bis own moving pictures of in-
sects and microscopic forms of life, with remarks thereon. Follow-
ing these talks all adjourned to the quaintly decorated reception
room where a delightful collation of light refreshments was served,
including delicious Loganberry' juice, served by the Williamette
Valley Counties (Oregon) Association, and lucious red apples tend-
ered by the Missouri Exposition management.

Good cheer and wholesome fellowship prevailed until a late hour
and some one suggested "lights out" — a college trick, to which even
the Stubenrauchs, Roberts and Hutt and one or tv\'o other "jolly
good spirits" had to yield, and desist from "that reminds me" and
hasten "the parting sip" of the juice that sparkles and yet only de-
lights a discriminating palate — Loganberry.

THE BANQUET.

A delightful and memorable feature of the meeting was the
banquet at "Old Faithful" Inn on "The Trail" Saturday evening,
September the fourth. Over half a hundred covers were spread
and the occasion was one of pleasure to both the physical and in-
tellectual elements of the guests.

The special part of the program on this occasion was the presenta-
tion to the Society by the Exposition management of a beautiful
bronze medallion suitably engraved in commemoration of the
occasion and the place. In a few appropriate and felicitous re-
marks Mr. Charles A. Vogelsang, representing President Moore, of
the Panama-Pacific Exposition, tendered the souvenir to President
Goodman, who responded in his usual happy vein. After this
somewhat formal or scheduled function, informality reigned
supreme and Goodman, Roeding, Powell, Hutt, Macoun, Dennison,
Stubenrauch and the Chef kept up a feast of wit and a full plate
until, at a late hour, all voted it a jolly good time and adjourned
with the "round robin hand-shake" and later betook themselves to
the "grotto" with its display of the scenic Yellowstone Park with
its mud pots, geysers, hot springs and weird night phenomena.

NECROLOGY.

251

NECBOLOOY.

This page is dedicated in a spirit of sadness and affectionate
remembrance to those members who have departed for the life be-
yond during the pasti biennium. May the bonds of cordial good-
will and fellowship that have bound us one to another in the labors
and pleasures of membership and association in this Society be
again reunited in that larger field of the life to come.

Life Members.

Alexander Pullen, C. H. Rodgers, C. U. Shepard, Clarence M.
Stark, Prof. H. E. Van Deman, Col. C. L. Watrous.

Biennial Members.
Col. G. B. Brackett, J. C. Williams.

252 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

OBITUARY.

COL. GUSTAVUS BENSON BRACKETT.

It is with the deepest regret that we note the passing of Col. G. JbJ.
Brackett, who was for many years Chief Pomologist of the United
States Department of Agriculture, and for, perhaps, sixty years
one of the leading spirits of the American Pomological Society. He
was intimately associated with such great men as Dowing, Wilder,
Warder, Barry and others, and to many of the younger men was
the connecting link between the past and the present. On account
of his knowledge of the lives and works of the founders of American
pomology he was selected to write their biographies for the Encyclo-
pedia of American Horticulture. He was a recognized authority on
varieties and nomenclature. In Col. Brackett the Society has lost
one of its most ardent supporters and the gap caused by his death
will never be closed. His influence on the lives of the present gen-
eration of American Pomologists will be felt for many years to come.

C. P. Close.
Albert Dickens,
C. I. Lewis.
President Goodman : —

Just on the even of departure for this meeting I was distressed be-
yond measure to hear of the death of my old friend and co-worker,
the dear old pomologist of the United States for lo these many
years, Col. G. B. Brackett. At our meeting in Washington two
years ago the dear man seemed so delighted to think of the trip to
California once more.

Colonel Brackett we shall all of us remember as a genial soul, full
of sympathy for everyone above himself, unselfish to the highest
degree. He has been the guiding spirit to all the work in the De-
partment of Pomology of the United States and those who knew
him best, loved him best. Honor to his name, glory to the cause he
loved so well, respect and love to his memory. W^e are all thank-
ful to the good God Who gave him long life and honor and glory
and wisdom to guide the Department of Pomology through all its
trials unto a more and more perfect day of success. The Depart-
ment of Pomolog>' will be the crowning glory of our dear one, Col.
Brackett.

"Oh. mountains, woods and streams, help, help us to
mourn him, — for ye loved him too —

"He was so human — where'er he met a stranger, there
he left a friend.

* ' Thou are not idle in thy higher sphere — Thy spirit
binds itself to leving tasks. And strength, to perfect what
it dreamed of here, is all the crown and glory that it asks."

— Lowell.

OBITUARY. 253

Grand Rapids, Mich., August 15, 1915.
My Dear Goodman :

Permit me, even altho' I cannot be present at your meeting in
San Francisco, to write you a brief missive expressing my feeling
concerning the passing on of mv dear friend and long-time counsel-
lor, Col. G. B. Braekett.

Col. Wilder, Dr. Hexamer, Patrick Barry, W. H. Ragan, T. T.
Lyon, J. J. Harrison, Braekett and Watrous had a great deal to do
with the shaping of my career, through their counsel and the in-
spiration of their devotion to progress in American Pomology.

I am deeply grateful to them all. When I was chosen Secretary
of the American Society I was a mere boy in horticulture and Col.
Braekett was a sort of "Father Confessor" to me, and through his
gracious manner, assisted in guiding my youthful impetuousness
into safe channels and gave to me from his own rich experience a
love for the things which, as I approach life's decline, I can see will
be a sweet resource and a continuous blessing. His kindliness, mod-
esty, thoughtfulness for othei-s, together with his granary of broad
experience and rich observation, gave him an unusual influence
upon the younger men entering the field of horticulture.

I cannot express ray gratitude more effectively than by saying
that I acquired for him a deep and abiding affection, and mourn his
loss to us by continuing this affection through thoughtful remem-
brances until I shall join him in that realm where attributes always
are pictured in mj' mind by the possibilities in horticultural attain-
ment. I shall miss him but he has etched so much of his career into
the evolution of Anterican horticulture that he will never seem very
far away.

I regret my inability to be with you and desire to convey to you
and all my old friends on this excursion my best wishes and most
kindly regards.

Faithfully youre,

Chas. W. Garfield.

PEOr. HENRY E. VAN DEMAN.

In the death of Prof. H. E. Van Deman this Society and Ameri-
can Pomology have lost a most enthusiastic and active member.
He was the first United States Pomologist and organized the Divi-
sion of Pomology along lines which are still being followed. He
had a larger acquaintance among the fruit growers of America
than any other man and was regarded as a true friend and an au-
thority on pomological affairs. He was considered one of the best
judges of fruits and fruit products, and was chief judge at many of
the national fruit expositions, apple shows, state fairs, etc. His
honesty and fearlessness in making awards, and his systematizing
of exhibits and score cards, has exerted an influence on exhibitors
and judges which will long be felt. His writings in horticultural

254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

periodicals are authoritative and form part of the horticultural
literature of his time. His influence on American Pomology will
last for generations.

C. P. Close.

Albert Dickens,

C. I. Lewi«.

Professor Henry E. Van Deman, well known to readers of The
R. N. Y. as a frequent and valued contributor, died at his home,
Washington, D. C, April 28. He was born at Concord, Ohio, his
early life being spent upon his father's farm, where he gained his
first knowledge of fruit-growing, both his father and grandfather
being practical orchardists. While preparing for college, in 1863,
he enlisted in the First Ohio Heavy Artillery, remaining in the
army until the close of the Civil War, after which he was associ-
ated for a time with Dr. J. A. Warder, of Ohio, a famous old-time
pomologist. From here Mr. Van Deman went to Michigan, and
later settled in Kansas, where he took up a homestead, and became
an important factor in the development of fruit growing in that
State. From 1878 to 1880 he held the chair of botany and horti-
culture in the Kansas Agricultural College. In 1886 Prof. Van
Deman was appointed pomologist of the National Department of
Agriculture, Avith the work of organizing the new Division of
Pomology. He continued in charge of this important work until
1893, when he retired. Since then he was very active in literary^
work, as a contributor to many fann and garden publications, and
was also in frequent demand as a judge at fruit exhibitions all over
the United States, both local and international. He was much in-
terested in the development of pecan culture in the South, as well as
northern fruits. He is survived by a widow, a son and a daughter.

President Goodman : —

In the death of our old friend and horticulturist. Professor Van
Deman, we lose a valuable co-worker, an able assistant. The nation
loses an American pomologist who has for forty years been one of
the leading lights in the science and art of pomology on this
continent.

Personally I wish to attest my regard for him, for his labor and
ability of all these years. I knew him as a fruit grower in Kansas,
as an exhibitor of fruits at many of our Western displays, as a
judge for our various state fairs ; as the official U. S. Pomologist, the
first one appointed under the first Secretaiy of Agriculture, Norman
J. Colman, and later as judge for the wonderful fruit exhibitions of
our great Northwest. He was always an enthusiast for fruit grow-
ing, and a judge who was fair and just, able and honest in all his
decisions.

At our last meeting in Washington, he told me that he was look-
ing forward to a pleasant, happy year at the San Francisco Fair,
to be judging fruits all the season.

OBITIIART. r 255

We monrn his loss, and I personally mourn his going, because of
the old friendship, and the interesting times we expected to have
together, here at Berkeley and the Exposition. We were always
twitting each other as Missourians and Kansans are always doing
in good part in upholding the name each of his own state.

We honor him for what he has done and say of him as is said of
Johnny Appleseed:

' ' And as long as poor humanity stands naked in its need.
God send us souls as white as that of Johnny Appleseed."

ALEXANDER PUU^EN.

In the death of Mr. Pullen, which occurred at the Masonic Home,
near Wilmington, Del., December 10, 1915, this Society loses a long-
time life member. Mr. Pullen, who was an active and well-known
character in the nursery business of the "Eastern Shore" territory
between the later sixties and the end of the century, joined the
A. P. S. in 1897.

Active in public as well as business matters, Mr. Pullen held many
local offices of respoi\sibility and honor in his home town, Milford,
Del. For several years past ill health has prevented his participa-
tion in matters pomological, but a keen and lively interest in the
work and activities of pomology and horticulture has been manifest
throughout this period. His passing takes another worker from
the ranks of those old-time amateurs who delighted in the testing
and bringing out of new varieties, not alone because of the inherent
merits of the fruits, but for the love of watching a new form of
plant life unfold and come to fruitage. A mild and harmless form
of gambling, but doubtless quite as satisfying, and to certain char-
acters fully as exhilarating, as the more orthodox kind.

To those of our pioneer members who were most active in the
work twenty-five years ago, the news of Mr. Pullen 's death will
come with peculiar sadness. With such raembere in particular the
Society joins in extending to the bereaved family, a wife and two
sons, its sincere condolences.

COL. C. L. WATROUS.

In the death of Col. Watrous this Society has lost another member
of the old guard. For years he was one of the most vigorous of our
active members. Until the California meeting, at which time ho
was not in the best of health, he was a regular attendant at the
biennial sessions. The death of his close friend. Col. Brackett, no
doubt had something to do with his decision not to make the far
western trip. His death, which occurred February 9, 1916, at his
home in Des Moines, Iowa, followed a verv brief illness.

Col. Watrous became a member of the Society in 1889, and served
a^ President from 1897-1903. It is quite remarkable that three men,
Brackett, Van Deraan and Watrous, who had done so much to direct
the course of the Society, and who were likewise closely associated

256 PROCEEDINGS OP THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in their daily occupations, all members of the 6. A. R. and all in-
tensely interested in trees and fruits should pass within a year.
Van Deman, April, 1915; Brackett, August, 1915; Watrous,
February, 1916.

Those of us who mingled with these men in our daily tasks learned
to esteem them beyond the power of words to fully express. An ir-
reparable loss to pomology and this Society will be felt in the pass-
ing of these notable characters who did so much to stimulate, direct,
and uplift our continental pomology and this generation of Ameri-
can pomologists. — E. R. L.

(&vunh Cdan^nn nf Arizona.

NOT ONLY THE GREATEST OF ITS KIND BUT
THE GREATEST OF EARTH 's WONDERS. I
WAS NOT DISAPPOINTED AT FIRST, BUT IT
GREW UPON ME RAPIDLY AS I CONTINUED
TO LOOK AND THERE CAME, TO BE UPPER-
MOST IN MY THOUGHTS, THE MAJESTY AND
SUBLIMITY OF THE SPECTACLE QUITE APART
FROM THE MERE NOTION OF A NATURAL
PHENOMENON. — T. J. BurHll.

NOMENCLATURE. 257

THE CODE OF NOMENCItATITBE.
of the
AMERICAN POMOLOGICAI. SOCIETY.
Priority.

Rule 1. No two varieties of the same kind of fruit shall bear the
same name. The name first published for a variety shall be the ac-
cepted and recognized name, except in cases where it has been ap-
plied in violation of this code.

A : — The term ' ' kind ' ' as herein used shall be understood to
apply to those general classes of fruits which are
grouped together in common usage without regard to
their exact botanical relationship ; as, apple, cherry,
grape, peach, plum, raspberry, etc.

B: — The paramount right of the originator, discoverer, or
introducer of a new variety to name it, within the
limitations of this code, is recognized and emphasized.

C: — Where a variety name through long usage has become
thoroughly established in American pomological
literature for two or more varieties, it should not be
displaced nor radically modified for either sort, except
in cases where a well known synonym can be advanced
to the position of leading name. The several varieties
bearing identical names should be distinguished by
adding the name of the author who first described each
sort, or by adding some other suitable distinguishing
term that will insure'; their identity in catalogues or
discussions.

D: — Existing American names of varieties which conflict
Avith earlier published foreign names of the same, or
other varieties, but which have become thoroughly es-
tablished through long usage shall not be displaced.

Fonn of Karnes.

Rule 2. The name of a variety of fruit shall consist of a single
word, whenever possible, or compatible with the most efficient serv-
ice to pomology. Under no circumstances shall more than two words
be used. When the exigencies of a case make it appear expedient
such words as early, late, white, red, and similar ones may be used
as part of a name.

A : — No variety shall be named unless distinctly superior to
existing varieties in some important characteristic nor
until it has been determined to perpetuate it by bud
propagation.

B: — In selecting names for varieties the following points
should be emphasized: Distinctiveness, simplicity,
ease of pronunciation and spelling, indication of origin
or p£ itage.

258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AirERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

C : — The spelling and pronunciation of a varietal name de-
rived from a personal or geographical name should be
governed by the rules that control the spelling and
pronunciation of the name from which it was derived.

D : — A variety imported from a foreign country should re-
tain its foreign name subject only to such modification
as is necessary to conform it to this code or to render it
intelligible in English.

E : — The name of a person should not be applied to a variety
during his life without his expressed consent. The
name of a deceased horticulturist should not be so ap-
plied except through formal action by some competent
horticultural body, preferably that with which he was
most closely connected.

F : — The use of such general terms as seedling, hybrid, pip-
pin, pearmain, buerre, rare-ripe, damson, etc., is not
admissible.

Gr : — The use of a possessive noun as a name is not admissible.

H : — The use of a number either singly or attached to a word
should be considered only as a temporary expedient
while the variety is undergoing preliminary test.

I : — In applying the various provisions to this rule to an ex-
isting varietal name that has through long usage be-
come firmly imbedded in American pomological
literature no change shall be made which will involve
loss of identity.
Rule 3. In the full and formal citation of a variety name, the
name of the author who first published it shall also be given.

Publication.

Rule 4. Publication consists (1) in the distribution of a printed
'description of the variety named, giving the distinguishing charac-
ters of fruit, tree, etc., or (2) in the publieation of a new name for
a variety that is properly described elsewhere ; such publication to
be made in any book, bulletin, report, trade catalogue or periodical,
providing the issue bears the date of its publication and is generally
distributed among nurserjinen, fruit growers, and horticulturists;
or (3) in certain cases the general recognition of a name for a
propagated variety in a community for a number of years shall con-
stitute publication of that name.

A: — In determining the name of a variety to which two or
more names have been given in the same publication,
that which stands first shall have precedence.

Sevlsioii.

Rule 5. No properly published variety name shall be changed for
any reason except conflict with this code, nor shall another variety
be substituted for that originally described thereunder.

MEMBERSHIP. 259

LIFE MEMBERS.

Allan, Alex. McD 169 Mutual St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Alwood, Wm. B Charlottesville, Virginia

Ash, John Pomf ret Center, Connecticut

Atkins, Chas. G Bucksport, Maine

Austin, Mrs. Helen V 625 S, W. A. St., Richmond, Indiana

Austin, C. F Herradura, Cuba

Babcook, J. Lyman Norfolk, Virginia

Barry, Wm. C Rochester, New York

Berryhill, J. G 304 New Call Bldg., San Francisco, California

Black, Charles Hightstown, New Jersey

Blackmore, John C Christchurch, Canterbury, N. Z.

Blair, J, C Urbana, Illinois

Blanchard, N. W Santa Paula, California

Briggs, G. R Plymouth, Massachusetts

Bunyard, E. A Allington, Maidstone, England

Chase, Howard A Mount Pocono, Pennsylvania

Cone, Mrs. Moses H Blowing Rock, North Carolina

Cook, David C Elgin, Illinois

Crandall, C. S Urbana, Illinois

Darrow, Geo. M U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

Dean, M. L Missoula, Montana

Dearing, Chas U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

Devol, Wm. Stowe 420 Palasade Beach. Santa Monica, California

Dewey, Geo. W U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

Dreer, Wm. F 714 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

""Diunas, J. L Pomona Ranch, Dayton, Washington

Dnrell, E. H Woodbury, New .Jersey

Durfee, Geo. B 5.50 June St., Fall River, Massachusetts

Earle, Parker Pasadena, California

Egbert, Knott C Fremont, Ohio

Falconer, Wm Pittsburg, Pennsylvania

Fay, Jesse B. . . .1021 So. for Savings, Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio

Fletcher, W. F U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

Fraser, Sanmel Geneseo, New York

Fugazzi, Jno. F Cincinnati, Ohio

Gammon, C. W Metropolitan Bldg., New York City, New York

Gardiner, Robert H Gardiner, Maine

Garfield, Chas. W Grand Rapids, Michigan

Gay, Leslie F Station A., Los Angeles, California

Gerrish, O. K Lakeville, Massachusetts

Gillett, M. E Tampa, Florida

■Goodman, L. A 4000 Warwick Blvd., Kansas City. Missouri

Greening, Chas. E Monroe, Michigan

Green, E. C 923 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois

Guilford, W. S Orland, California

•Present at the Berkeley meeting.

260 MEMBERSHIP.

Hansen, N. E Brookings, South Dakota

Harrison, Orlando Berlin, Maryland

Harronn, W. S Santa Pe, New Mexico

Hart, W. S Hawks Park, Florida

Hartwelt, A Bijswijk, bi j den Haag, Holland

Helmer, J. W 531 Aldine Square, Chicago, Illinois

Herff, B. von 1901 McConnick Bldg., Chicago, Illinois

Hodge, C. F Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts

Hume, H. Harold Glen St. Mary, Florida

Hunnewell, Walter 87 Milk St., Boston, Massachusetts

Husmann, Fred. L. . . . 2nd & Seminary Sts., Napa, California

Husmann, Geo. C U. S, D. A,, Washington, D. C.

Idesealchi, Prince E. L Tuzser, Szaboles, Mezye, Hun-
gary

Ilgenf ritz, Chas. A Monroe, Michigan

Irish, H. C Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri

Kidder, N. T Milton, Massachusetts

Kirkpatrick, T. J 1603 E. High St., Springfield, Ohio

*Lake, E. R 2033 Park Road, N. W., Washington, D. C.

Lauman, G. N Ithaca, New York

Lehenbauer, Prof. P. A Uni. of Nevada, Reno, Nevado

I^ewis, K. B Red Hook, New York

VLindley, J. Van Pomona, North Carolina

Lovett, J. T Little Silver, New Jersey

Lysle, Addison Fillmore, California

Magid, Louis B Tallulah Park, Georgia

Mann, Chas. W U. S. D. A., Washington, D, C.

Marshall, Geo. A Arlington, Nebraska

Mayer, I. H., Dr Willowstreet, Pennsylvania

McAfee, H. B Ind. Ave. & 50th St., Chicago, Illinois

McLaughlin, Henry Bangor, Maine

Meneray, P. W 715 1st Ave.,CK)uncil Bluffs, Iowa

Miller, H. W Paw Paw, West Virginia

Minott, C W 9 Lincoln St., Hudson, Massachusetts

Monroe, C. J South Haven, Michigan

Morris, O. M Pullman, Washington

Munson, D. C Falls Church, Virginia

Myers, Wm. S 25 Madison Ave., New York City, New York

Neame, F. Ivo Macknade, Faversham, England

Perrine, W. S Centralia, Illinois

Phillips, J. L Linden, Virginia

Power, F. W Orenco, Oregon

Price, H. L Blacksburg, Virginia

Purington, E. F East Wilton, Maine

Quaintance, A. L U. S. I). A., Washington, D. C.

*Ream, J. A Fort. Bidwell, California

Richardson, Chas. E Brookline, Massachusetts

»Roeding, Geo. C Fresno, California

Rogers, A. J Beulah, Michigan

Rowe, Geo. E Grand Rapids, Michigan

I

MEMBERSHIP. 261

Kuniph, Samuel H Marsliallville, Georgia

Rust, David Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Sadler, Dr. O. W Mount Dora, Florida

Sampson, F. G Quincy, Florida

Schenck, A. A 1203 Famam St,, Omaha, Nebraska

Shaw, C. C Milford. New Hampshire

Smith, Wing R Syracuse, New York

Smith, Wm. Elliott Alton, Illinois

Smith, E. R 904 Kahn Bldg., Indianapolis, Indiana

Smith, Geo. W Hartford, Connecticut

Smith, Erwiu F 14J57 Staughton St., Washington, D. C.

Smith, Jr., John D Tipton, Indiana

Stark, Wm. Henry Neosho, Missouri

Starr, Robert W WolfvilJe, Nova Scotia

^Stewart, .1. P State College, Pennsylvania

Streator, Greo. J 854 Seaside Ave., Rosedale, Santa Cruz, California

Swineford, Howard 617 Mutual Bldg., Riclimonrl, Virginia

Swingle, W. T U. S. D. A.. Washington, D. C.

Taber, G. L Glen St. Mary, Florida

Taylor, F. W Manila, Philippine Islands

Taylor, Wm. A 55 Q St., N. E., Washington, D. C.

Temple, John T Davenj)ort, Iowa

Temple, W. C Winter Park, Florida

Templin, M. B Calla, Ohio

Thomas, Geo. B Maple Ave,. West Cliester, I'enusylvania

Trelease, Wm Urbana, Illinois

Trowbridge, Geo. W Glendale, Ohio

Underwood, J. M Lake City, Minnesota

Van Gelden, .lacob Saugerties, New York

Ward, C. W Box 48, Eureka, California

Warren, J. R. ."Marathon," 2.^ Seymore Gr., Camberwell, Victoria, Australia

Watson, B. M Plymouth, Massachusetts

Weber, Frank A Nursery, St. Louis, Missouri

Wester, P. J Honolulu, Hawaii

Whitworth, J. Arthur. .. .527 Crescent Ave., Grand Rapids, Michigan

Wickersham, Robert A Meehanicsburg, Pennsylvania

Wilder, Edward B Dorchester, Massachusetts

Wilder, H. J [J. S, D. A., Washington, D. C.

Williams, J. L Kansas City, Kansas

Wilson, Silas Nampa, Idaho

Wister, John C Germantown, Pennsylvania

262 MEMBERSHIP.

THIBTY YEAB INSTITUTIONAL BCBMBEBSHZPa

Alabama Polytechnie Institute, 1904-1934. ... Auburn, Alabama
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station

Library, 1889-1919 Fayetteville, Arkansas

Burbank Press, Luther, 1912-1942 Santa Eosa, California

Citrus Experiment Station, 1912-1942 Riverside, California

California State University Agricultural

Library, 1913-1943 Berkeley, California

Central Experiment Farms, 1899-1929 Ottawa, Canada

Colorado State AgTicultural College, 1902-1932 Fort Collins, Colorado

Cornell University Library, 1889-1919 Ithaca, New York

Crerar Library, The John, 1909-1939 CHiicago, Illinois

Detroit Public Library, 1890-1920 Detroit, Michigan

Georgia State University Library, 1911-1941. .Athens, Georgia
Georgia College of Agriculture Library,

1915-1945 Athens, Georgia

Illinois State University, Horticultural

Department, 1908-1938 Urbana, Illinois'

Iowa State College Library, 1892-1922 Ames, Iowa

Iowa State Horticultural Library, 1892-1922. . Des Moines, Iowa
Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1897-1927. Topeka, Kansas
Maine State Experiment Station Library,

1906-1936 Orono, Maine

Maine State University Library, 1909-1939. . .Orono, Maine
Maryland AgTicultural Experiment Station

Library, 1905-1935 .College Park, Maryland

Massachusetts Agricultural College Library,

1910-1940 Amherst, Massachusetts

Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association,

1914-1944 Marlboro, Massachusetts

Michigan Agricultural College Library,

1872 East Lansing, Michigan

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

Library, 1899-1929 St. Anthony Park, Minnesota

Mississippi State Agricultural College

Library, 1900-1930 Agricultural College, Mississippi

Missouri Fruit Experiment Station, 1901-1931. Mountain Grove, Missouri
Missouri State Horticultural Society, 1897-

] 927 Columbia, Missouri

Missouri State University Library, 1898-1928. Columbia, Missouri
Montana State Board of Horticulture,

1911-1941 Missoula, Montana

Montana Experiment Station Library,

1904-1934 Bozeman, Montana

Nebraska State University Library, 1914-1944. Lincoln, Nebraska
New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment

Station, 1910-1940 Durham, New Hampshire

New Hampshire State Library, 1901-1931. .. .Concord, New Hampaliire

MEMBERSHIP. 263

New Mexico A. & M. College Library,

1904-1934 Mesilla Park, New Mexico

New York State Experiment Station,

1900-1930 Geneva, New York

New York State Library, 1900-1930 Albany, New York

North Carolina Department of Agricul-
ture, 1907-1937 Raleigh, North Carolina

North Carolina College of Agriculture,

1908-1938 West Raleigh, North Carolina

Ohio State University Library, 1912-1942 Columbus, Ohio

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,

1899-1919 Wooster, Ohio

Ontario Agricultural College Library,

1902-1932 Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station,

1907-1937 Corvallis, Oregon

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station,

1912-1942 Talent, Oi-egon

Purdue University Experiment Station,

1912-1942 Lafayette, Indiana

Purdue University Library, 1912-1942 Lafayette, Indiana

Rhode Island Experiment Station Library,

1890-1920 Kingston, Rhode Island

Riverside Public Library, 1915-1945 Riverside, California

Sapporo Agricultural College, 1904-1934 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Y. Hoshino,

Japan
Texas Agricultui-al College Library, 1906-1936 College Station, Texas
Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station,

1906-1936 Burlington, A'^ermont

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1907-1937. .. .Blacksburg, Virginia
Washington Agricultural College Library,

1907-1937 Pullman, Washington

West Virginia University Library, 1913-1943 . Morganto>vn, West Virginia
West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, 1913-1943 Morgantown, West Virginia

Wild & Brothers, James B., 1904-1934 Sarcoxie, Missouri

Wisconsin State University Library, 1904-1934 Madison, Wisconsin
Worcester County Horticultural Society,

1911-1941 Worcester, Massachusetts

Wyoming State University Library, 1S98-

1928 Laramie, Wyoming

264 MEMBERSHIP.

BIENNIAI. M£MBER&

Allen, R. W Henniston, Oregon

Albright, P. B S:i n Luis, Colorado

Aldrich, II. A Neoga, Illinois

Aldermau, W. H Morgantown, West Virginia

Ames, W. B Sau Dimas, California

Anderson, E^roy II Loekport, New York

'Arnold, Mary D U. a D. A., Washington, D. C.

Ashbridge, W. T 195 Silver Birch Ave., roionto, Ontario, Canada

^At\vater, C. G 17 Battery Place, New York, New York

Auchter, E. G Morgantown, West Virginia

Auten, B. C Carthage, I^Iissouri

Bailey, L. 11 Ithaca, New York

Barclay, John H Cranbury, New Jersey

*Bamett, R. J Pullman, Washington

Bartholemew, Linn Gamochales, Porto Rico

Beach, John P. West Palm Beach, Florida

•■ Bechtel, Theodore Ocean Springs, Mississippi

Blair, W. S Kentville, Nova Scotia

BlaJie, Maurice A New Brunswick, New Jersey

Blessing, David S 4 North Court St., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

*Blunck, L. A Nampa, Idaho

"Bock, H. J Box 400, Fresno, Cajifornia

Boles, A. P 412 Frisco Bldg., Springfield, Missouri

Brierley, W. (I University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota

Buckman, Ben.i Farniingdale, Illinois

Bunting, T. G Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada

Burbank, Luther Santa Rosa, California

*Burrill, Dr. T. J LTrbana, Illinois

Burton, Joe A Mitchell, Indiana

Butler, H. E Peuryn, California

Butler, Chas. Henry 1535 Eye St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

Card, F. W Sylvania, Peansylvania

Cardwell, Horace Flood River, Oregon

Chandler, W. It Ithaca, New York

Chapman, Edith 619 West 38th St., Kansas Oity, Missouri

- Close, C. P College Park, Maryland

'■Close, Mrs. C. P College Park, Maryland

Connors, Chas. H New Brunswick, New Jersey

' Condit, I. J 908 Indian Rock Ave., Berkeley, California

Conklin, Roland R No. 1 Wall St., New York City, New York

Cox, H. R Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Cox, U. T Proetorville, Ohio

Crow, J. W Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Darby Fruit Farm Amoret, Missouri

Dargan, V. C Room 407 Ins. Bldg., Dallas, Texas

■ Davidson, Eusebia Huron, Michigftn

Davidson & Co., C. M Chesapeake, Ohio

Dayton, J, II Paiiiesvillo, Ohio

MEMBERSHIP. 265

De Cou, Howard F Merchantville, New Jersey

Demott, Henry V Metauchen, New Jersey

■ Dickens, Albert Manhattan, Kansas

Dixon, F. W Holton, Kansas

Doty, A. Duane Macelenny, Florida

Duncan, Bowman S Ore Hill, Pennsylvania

Dunlap, H. M Savoy, Illinois

Duteher, C. H Warrensburg, Missouri

Kberly, W. V Niles, Oalif ornia

Knierson, J. B., Dr 40 East 41st St., New York City, New Yoric

Pagan, F. N vState College, Pennsylvania

Fairchild, Da\'id U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

Fairchild, H. L Bridgeix)rt, Connecticut

Fairfield, W. H Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada

Feldman, J. J Kahoka, Missouri

Fletcher, S. W Fisherville, Virginia

Forkert, C Ocean Springs, Mississippi

Pulton, S. H Cherry Run, West Virginia

Funk, J. Kieffer Chewsville, Maryland

Gage, Jno. P Vineland, New Jersey

"Gardner, V. R Corvallis, Oregon

Gifford, John Cocoanut Grove, Florida

Gill>ert, Ralph D 43 Chatham St., Boston, Massachusetts

""Goodman, Mrs. L. A. . . .4000 Warwick Blvd., Kansas City, Missouri

*€}oodinan, Marie 4000 Warwick Blvd., Kansas City, Missouri

*Goodnoe, Mrs. D. H 3708 Main St., Kansas City, Missouri

*Gould, Elizabeth 2623 Conn. Ave., Washington, D. C.

Gould, II. P 114 W St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

Gourley, J^ H Durham, New Hampshire

Greene, Wesley Des Moines, Iowa

Greene, Laurenz Ames, Iowa

(iriesa, A. H I.iawrence, Kansas

Hale, .Tames O Byfield, Massachusetts

Haley, W. R 715 Quarry St., Honolulu, Hawaii

Halsted, Byron D New Brunswick, New .lersey

" Hand, N. H 307 Commerce Bldg., Kansas City, Missouri

"Haney, Vesta C East Lansing, Michigan

*Hendrickson, A. H Berkeley, California

Herman, H. A. van Aptdo 42, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba

Herrick, R. S Ames, Iowa

Herrick, Emma S Washington, D. C.

Higgins, J. Edgar Honolulu, Hawaii

Hotchkiss, W. S Troup, Texas

"Howard, W. L Davis, California

Hubbard Co., T. S Fredonia, New York

Hutt, W. N Raleigh, North Carolina

.Tack, N. E Chateauguay Basin, Quebec, Canada

•Tenks, Albert R 82 Hall St., Springfield, Massachusetts

.Tohnson, T. C Norfolk, Virginia

.Tones, J. P Lancaster, Pennsylvania

266 MBMBEBgHIP.

Jonee, Francis Beamsville, Ontario, Canada

Kerr, Jno. S Sherman, Texas

Earkman, Jr., Wm. T. . . . Tulare and O Sts., Fresno, California

Kirkpatrick, E. W McKinney, Texas

Koiner, G. W Richmond, Virginia

Kregel, Wm. A Garnavillo, Iowa

Larner, W. H Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Lawrence, W. H Columbia, Missouri

*Lazenby, Wm. R Columbus, Ohio

Lee, Lawrence R Leesburg, Virginia

Lippincott, J. L Riverton, New Jersey

Lloyd, J. W Urbana, Illinois

Locklin, H. D Wauwatosa, Wisconsin

Lyman, Chas. E Middlefield, Connecticut

McCaffree, Chas Pierre, South Dakota

*McComb, W. A Staunton, Virginia

Mackay, Wm. Andrew 345 E. 33rd St., New York City, New York

Mackie, W. W 1358 Scenic Ave., Berkeley, California

Maney, T. J Ames, Iowa

Mason, B. F Martinsville, Indiana

Mathews, C. W Lexington, Kentucky

Mechling, Ewd. A Moorestown, New .Jersey

Miller, E. Cjrus Haydenville, Massachusetts

Miller, E. S Bentonville, Arkansas

Morris, Chas. A 106 N. Summitt St., Ypsilanti, Michigan

Munson, Will. B Denison, Texas

Nelson, Aven Laramie, Wyoming

Okott, Ralph T Rochester, New York

Paddock, Wendell Columbus, Ohio

Parker, T. B Raleigh, North Carolina

Patten, Chas. G Charles City, Iowa

Patton, W. A Ashland, Kentucky

Pf aender, Jr., Wm New Ulm, Minnesota

Phillips, R. G 522 Mercantile Bldg., Rochester, New York

^Phillips, Cecelia Day. . . .1014 Vermont Ave., Washington, D. C.

Pillsbury, J. P West Raleigh, North Carolina

Piatt, Norman S 395 Whalley Ave., New Haven, Connecticut

^*Pomeroy, Eltweed Donna, Texas

Popenoe, F. W U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

^Powell, G. Harold I^os Angeles, California

Powell, Edwin C Springfield, Massachusetts

Pratt, B. B [.os Angeles, a-ilifomia

Pratt, B. G 50 Church St., New York City, New York

Ramsey, H. J 608 Milan Ave, South Pasadena, California

Iteed, W. C Vincennes, Indiana

Ridley, V. W U. S. D. A., Washington, D. C.

*Rixford, G. P 1813 Pierce St., San Francisco, CaliforHia

^Roberts, E. ( ; Lebanon, Oregon

Roberts, Horace Moorestown, New Jersey

Roesch, Lewis Fredonia, New York

MEMBERSHIP. 267

Rolfs, P. H Gainesville, Florida

*Ruedy, George ^. . Colfax, Washington

*Russell, Florence 3837 Walnut St., Kansas City, Missouri

Schieferstein, William Glen Moore, New Jersey

Seott, L. B Washington, D. C.

Sears, F. C Amherst, Massax^husetts

Shaw, J. K Amherst, Massachusetts

*Shoobridge, L. M Sunnyside, Newtown, Tasmania, Australia

Snyder, Walter 220 Light St., Baltimore, Maryland

*Stanton, Miss Ona E 124 Grand Ave., Ix»s Angeles, California

Stark, Lloyd C Louisiana, Missouri

Stedman, M. V Stuart, Virginia

Stevens, E. F Nampa, Idaho

Stevenson, A. P Morden, Manitoba, Canada

Stilson, E. S, 110 Winston St., Los Angeles, California

Storrs & Harrison Co Painesville, Ohio

*Stubenrauch, A. V Berkeley, California

Taber, Mrs. G, L Glen St. Mary, Florida

*Tait, L. R East Lansing, Michigan

Taft, C. P Orange, California

Tanaba, Tyazaburo Bureau of Soils, Washington, D, C.

*Taylor, R. H Berkeley, California

Thomas, Edwin W King of Prussia, Pennsylvania

*Tippin, Geo. T Nichols, Missouri

*Towar, J. D 1162 Colusa Ave., Berkeley, California

Troop, James Lafayette, Indiana

Turney, A. G Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada

Tufts, WaiTen P Davis, California

'IVeed, Henry E Wenatchee, Washington

Underwood, A. V Dufur, Oregon

A^andegrift, R. B 711 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Van Duzee, C. A Cairo, Georgia

■^ Vincent, C. C Moscow, Idaho

Walker, Ernest Auburn, Alabama

* Waymau, H. S Princeton, Missouri

Watt, Robert Pullman, Washington

Webb, Wesley Dover, Delaware

*Weldon, Geo. P Deputy Com. of Hort., Sacramento, California

Wheeler, Wilfrid 136 State House, Boston, Massachusetts

White, J. G 3835 Walnut St., Kansas City, Missouri

Whyte, R. B Ottawa, Can.'^da

Wiggins, F. A Toppenish, Washington

Winslow, R. M Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Woodbury, C. G Lafayette, Indiana

Wood, J. C Big Fork, Montana

Wundt, Mrs. Laura 2200 Madison Avv*., Burlington, Iowa

Zeek, C. F Pensacola, Florida

268

INDEX.

INDEX.

Addresses of Welcome 2-5

The President 's 15

Allen, E. W., Orchard Soils, a

paper by 143

Almond Industry, Pacific Coast 75

History of , &c 76

Extent of Crop 76

* ' Bitter and Sweet, ' ' use of 76
' ' Hard and Soft Shell "... 77
Acreage of orchards in Cali-
fornia 77

Yield 78

Importations of 78

Marketing, tariff, &C 79

Co-operation 79

The industry in California. 121

Acreage, yields and prices.. 122

Soil requirements for 122

Duty on 123

Cultivating, harvesting mar-
keting 323

Pests, diseases, treatments. 124-125

Varieties of 1 25

Drake, behavior 77

I X L, behavior 77

Ne Plus Ultra, behavior .... 77

Peerless, behavior 77

Texas, behavior 77

Nonpariel, behavior 77

Languedoe, behavior 77

Apple, the Diseases in Api>a-

lachian Region, Control of 49

Methods of Control 51-57

"Paradise," stock for 96

Doucin, " " 96

Broad-leaf, " " 96

Nonsuch " " 96

Apples, Varieties of:

Baldwin, quality 96

Bramley " 96

Ijane " 96

Newton " 96

Cox ' * 96

Newto^vu, reputation 101

Yellow Bellflower, ' ' 101

Alexander, ' ' 101

Gravenstein, " 101

Red Astrachan, " 101

White Astrachan, " 101

Plsopus, ' ' 101

Rome, disti*ibution 101

Wagener, " 101

White Pearmain, " 101

Yellow Transparent, ' ' 101

Delicious, ' ' 101

Jonathan, " 101

Black Ben, " 101

Gano, " 101

Apricot — Varieties of —

Royal, use 108

Hemskerke " 108

Moorpark, " 108

Blenheim, " 108

Montgamet, " 108

Avocados, California varieties,

characterized 164-186

Features of a good variety. 164

Varieties discussed 165-186

Blake 165-166

Chappelovv 165-166

Topa Topa 165-166

White 165-166

Fowler ...167-168

Northrop 167-168

Hathaway 167-168

Hai-man 167-168

Standard sizes 188

Method of describing 189

Des<'ribing the tree 190

Varieties, list of 196

The composition of 75, 87

Its promises 87

The ' ' Ganter, ' ' history,

character, description ... 97

The "Ganter," insured. ... 98

Plantings of, in California. 118

INDEX.

269

Behavior of tree 118

Reproduction practices .... 119
Avocados, Varieties of —

Azuza 169-170

Mattem 169-170

Carton 169-170

Ganter 169-170

Knowles 171-172

Cardinal 171-172

Pollock 171-172

Trapp 171-172

Dickinson 181-182

El Presidente 181-182

Rhoad 181-182

Rita 181-182

Senor 181-182

Beauty 183-184

Ultimate 183-184

Champion 183-184

Nutmeg 185-186

Brodia 185-186

Harmon, distribution, de-
scription 119

Northrup, behavior 119

Carton, character 119

Ganter, " 119

Cbappelow, " 119

Taft, use 119

White, character 119

Lyon, distribution 120

Blakeman, " 120

Challenge, " 120

Sharpless, " 120

Meserv-e, " 120

Miller, " 120

Miller 173-174

Meserve 173-174

Wagner 173-174

Lambert 173-174

Challenge 175-176

Royal 175-176

Sharpless 175-176

Solano 175-176

Taft 177-178

Walker 177-178

Spinks 177-178

Dickey 177-178

Blakeman 179-180

Murrieta 179-180

Colorado 179-180

Lyon 179-180

Australia, pomologically con-
sidered 162-163

Banquet 249

Barnett, R. T., Washington's
pomological interests,

paper 148

Barnett, R. T., in discussion. . 161

Batchelor, L. D., The Walnut,

a paper 126

Belling, Jno., investigations

with Mangos 22

Ben Davis, "The Home-
Maker" 14

Bioletti, Frederic T., The

Grape, a paper by 128

Blunck, L. A., in discussion.. 162

Brackett, Col. G. B., last mes-
sage 5

Tribute to 6

Obituary 250

Resolutions on death of ... . 242

Bunyard, E. A., Pomology in

Great Britain 94

Burrill, Dr. T. J., discussion,

pear blight 45

Response 13

Catalogue, revision of 245

Carissa, characterized 91

Cherimoya, Variety of —

Golden Russet 195

Cherry, the Surinam, interest-
ing 91

Close, C. P., Report General

Fruit Committee 197

Coates, Leonard, The Peaeh

Industry, a paper 82

Coit, J. E., California sym-
posium 110

Committee Reports —

Tropical Fruits 187

General Fruits 197

Alabama 198

Connecticut 199

Delaware 199

Georgia 200

Idaho 202

Illinois 204

Indiana 206

Iowa 207

270

INDEX.

Kansas 207

Kentucky 208

Maine 209

Massachusetts 210

Montana 211

Nebraska 212

New Jersey 213

New Mexico 214

Wyoming 215

New York 216

Oregon 218

Texas 219

Utah 220

Vermont 221

Virginia 222

Score Cards and Judging... 222

Inspection and Grading . . . 227

Federation 228

Credentials 238

Wilder Medals 239

On Nominations 239

On Resolutions 240

Executive 247

Committees, appointment of . . 14
Credentials, Nominations,

Resolutions 14

Finance, Obituary, Wilder

Medal 15

Condit, Ira J., California

symposium 113

Coolidge, D. W., sub-tropical

fruits, a paper 87

Custard-Apple, characterized . 90

Dates, on the Rio Grande. ... 10
Varieties of —
Deglet Nur, for stock, &c. . .116-117

Birket al Hajji, use 117

Makantishi, use 117

Mak tum, use 117

Deming, Dr. W. C, Nut-Grow-
ing, a paper 92

Diunas, J. L., ' ' Welcome "... 4

In Discussion 236

Federation, President's view.. 16
Suggested plan of organiza-
tion 17

Suggested name for organi-
zation 17

Suggested meetings 17

Of Horticultural Societies. . 228

Organizations considered . . 229

Proposed fees 229

Prospective membership . . . 230
Points to be considered in. . 230
Discussion of 231-238

Feijoa sellowiana 88

History 113

Andre 196

Kgs, Varieties of—

Mission, history 114

Smyrna, history 114

Adriatic, use 114

White Adriatic, product. . . . 114

White San Pedro, use 114

Brunswick, use 114

Brown Turkey, use 114

Calimyrna, use 114

Capri, use 114

Fitzgerald, Dr. W. W., Persian

Walnut, a paper 57

Fruits and Flowers, in Texas. 10

Fruit prospects, miscellaneous. 161-163

Fruits, Citrus, Varieties —

Orange, varieties 197

Lemon, varieties 197

Lime, varieties 197

Pomelo, varieties 197

Tropical and sub-tropical. . . 187

Tropical status in Florida .... 190

Sapodilla 191, 194

Cashew 191

Cherimoya 191, 194

Sugar Apple 191

Sour Sop 191

Jak 192

Bread fruit , . 192

BiHmbi 192

Papaya 192,195

Natal Plum 192, 195

White Sapote 192, 195

Loquat 192, 195

Akee 192

Sapote Negro 192

Granadilla 196

Passion Fruit 196

Pine apple, varieties, &e.

Cayenne 196

Queensland 196

Vanilla, notes 197

Banana, varieties, &c 196

INDEX.

271

Avocado, varieties, list 196

Cocoanut, varieties, list .... 197

Dates, notes 197

Coeoa, notes 197

Egg-fruit or ties 193

Ties 193

Mammee-apple 193

Spanish-lime 193

Guavas 193, 196

Strawberry gnava 193

Otaheita-apple 194

Spanish plums 194

Spondias 194

Kei-apple 192

Star-apple 192

Surinam cherry 193, 195

Feijoa 193, 195

Litchi 193, 196-197

Manimee Sapote 193

Queensland nut 193, 196

Barbados cherry 193

Status in California 194

Status in Hawaii 196

Gardner, V. R., Bulk Pruning,

a paper 135

Geographical center, U, S.,

and why 13

Gillett, E. C, in discussion . . . 161

' ' Go South Young Man " 12

Grape, the industry in Califor-
nia 128

Acreage and investment .... 128

Location of plantings 128-129

For raisins, where grown. . 129

For wines, where grown . . . 129

Methods of growing 129

Varieties for raisins 130

Varieties for wine 130

Xew introductions 131

Profits of growing 131

Grape-fruit on the Rio Grande 10

Grapes, Isabella in Hawaii .... 197

Gnava, hardy, from Hawaii. . . 10

Tender

The types, characters 89

Hendriekson, A. H., California

symposiimi 102

Howard, Dr. W. L., California

symposium 100

Hunt, Milo, Ganter Avocado,

notes 97

Hutt, W. N., in discussion . . 162, 237-8

Response Ill

Idaho, Pomologically consid-
ered 152

Location, topography 152

Fruit industry in 152

Fruit districts in 153-161

Northern district in detail. . 153
Northern district, varieties

for 154

Palouse district in detail . . . 154
Palouse district, varieties

for 155

Lewiston district in detail. . 155
Lewiston district, varieties

for 156

Payette district in detail . . . 156
Payette district, varieties

for 157

Boise Valley district in de-
tail 157

Boise VaUey district, varie-
ties for 158

Snake River district in de-
tail 158

Snake River district, varie-
ties for 159

Twin Falls district in detail 159
Twin Falls district, varieties

for 160

Blackfoot district in detail.. 160
Blackfoot district, varieties

for 161

Jujube for preserves 10

Kai Apple, the, characterized. 91

Kei apple 192

Kumquat, the, for preserves. . 99
Lazenby, W. R., Rpt. Com.

Federation 228

In discussion 231, 233

Lemon, Varieites of —

Eureka, position 112

Lisbon, position 112

Lewis, C. I., Orchard Econom-
ics, a paper by 132

Committee report 227

In discussion . . .' 234

Lime, the character, promiB«s. 90

272

INDEX.

The Persian, its quality. ... 10

Litchi 36

Varieties of 197

Uoyd, J. W., in discussion. . . 162

Loquat, Pineapple variety .... 88

Advance 89, 120, 192, 195

Champagne 120, 192, 195

Premier 192,195

Tanaka 195

Victor 120, 192, 195

Early Bed, behavior 120

Thales, behavior 120

Ma«oun, Dr. W. T., "Be-

sponse " 6

Report Oommittee Score

Cards 222

In discussion 231

Mango the, on trial 91

"No. 11 Group" 35

' ' Peach " 35

' * Turpentine " 35

"Apple" , 35

' ' Bombay group " 35

' ' Eleanor group " 35

' ' Cambodiana group " 35

' ' Gola group " 36

King of fniits 21

Seedlings true to type ( ! ) . . 22

Races of 22-25

Types of 22-25

Classes of 22

Groups 26

Polyembryony of 22

Monoembryony of 23

Distribution in Cuba 23

Classification of 24

Interesting problems of

classification 24

Key to classification 26

Races, details of 27, 28, 30, 31

Types, details of 29-33

Cuban types in Florida 35

Mango, types of —

Chino 24, 32

Mamey 24

Biseochuelo — ' ' Valuable

type" 24,31

Senora 24

Obispo 24

Oorazon 24

Toledo 24, 31

Cuban, origin of 24

Carabao 31

Pico 31

Pahutan 31

Mo-ulvicin 31

Mameyzon 35

Popelina 35

Rosita 35

Mango, Varieties —

Mulgoba 23, 36

Bennett 23

Sandersha 25, 36

Alfonzo or Alphonse 25

Cecil 31

' ' Bombay " 35

Mangos in Florida, an effort
to classify them, P. H.

Rolfs, Florida 25

Cambodiana race 31

Of Cuba, paper on 21

Standard sizes 188

Future of 191

Varieties, list of 197

Meek, B. B., Olive Industry, a

paper 68

Missouri's fruit donation.... 21

Munson, T. V., tribute to 9

Natal Plum, the, characterized 91

Nomenclature 246

Nursery catalogs, standardiza-
tion of 46

Standard description for. . . 47
U. S. D. A. in co-opera-
tion 47,48,49

Nut-Growing in the North-
eastern States 92

The Indiana pecan 92

The Northern Nut Growers'

Association, its objects. .. 92
Premiums for worthy new

nuts 92

The Persian Walnut in the

Eastern States 93

The Status of the Chestnut 93

Obituary, G. B. Brackett 250

H. E. Van Deman 251

Alexander PuUen 253

C. L. Watrous "253

Officers' reports. Treasurer. . . 243

INDEX.

273

Secretary 244

Olive, Industry of Pacific

Coast 68

Histoiy 68

Soil for 69

Climate for 69

Questions concerning 74

Acreage in orchards 70

Special features of industry 70

Care of orchard 71

Cost of planting and care. . 72

Probable yield 72

Harvesting the crop 73

By-products 73

Varieties of, Mission, be-
havior 68, 69, 70, 75

Manzanillo 70, 75

Sevillano 70

Asealano 70

Orange, Varieties of —

Bahia, position 112

Valencia, position 112

Orchard Economics —

Cost per acre at various

ages 132

Cost of production of apples 133
Diversification advised .... 133
Dairying and orcharding. . . 134
Handling low-grade apples. 134
Soils, maintenance and irri-
gation of 143

In the Pacific Northwest . . . 143

Factors in conditions of . . . . 143

Effects of fertilizers on ... . 144

Cost of nitrogen for 145

What system of croppage . . 145

Feed, cover or intercrops. . 146

Sheep in the orchard 146

Moisture conditions of 147

Methods of tillage 147

Cultural methods changing. 148

Paradise nut 36

Peach, the industry in Califor-
nia 82

Types of peaches 83

The home of 83

Quality sacrificed to quan-
tity So

Varieties of, Alexander, use 107

Crawford, use 107

Elberta, use 107

Foster, use 107

Muir, use 107

Phillips, use 107

Tuskena, use 107

Crawford, classification ... 83

Sahvay, classification 83

Salway, cliaracter 86

"Indian," classification .. 83

Cabler, classification 83

Columbia, classification .... 83

Lulu, classification 83

Elberta, classification 83

Chinese Cling, classification 83

Thurber, classification 83

Peeu-to, classification 83

Muir, character 86

Distribution 87

Lovell, character 86

Late Crawford, price of. ... 86

Golden, use 107

Orange, use 107

Lovell, use 107

Early Crawford, distribu-
tion 87

Pear blight and resistant va-
rieties and stocks 39

Pear blight, remedy for 40

Species used in resistant in-
vestigations 44

Stocks for root systems. ... 43

Birkett, as stock 41, 42

Angouleme, as parent 42

Sudduth, synonomy 42

Aujou, behavior 42

Bosc, behavior 42

Conrice, behavior 42

Winter Nelis, behavior 42

Kieffer, for stock 41

Chinese Sand, as parent. ... 41

Chinese Sand, behavior 43

Bartlett, as parents 41

Bartlett, behavior 42

Surprise, as stock 41

Orel 15, as stock 41, 42

Douglas, as stock 41, 42

Warner, as stock 41, 42

Warner, origin 42

Persimmon, the Japanese.... 121

Varieties of 89, 121

274

INDEX.

Hachija, behavior 89, 121

Hyakiune, bebavior 89, 121

Tanenashi, behavior 89, 121

Tamoan, behavior 121

Tsiiru, behavior 121

Yemon, behavior 121

Zengi, behavior 121

Pierce, Geo. W., Almond In-
dustry, a paper 75

Pili, the, a paper on 36

First trial shipment of 3(5

Composition of * 37

Piiun, Varieties of —

Agen, distribution, behavior 103

Climax, behavior 103

Wickson, behavior 103

Burbank, behavior 103

Kelsey, behavior 103

Traged}', behavior 103

Grand Duke, behavior 103

Diamond, behavior 103

Yellow Egg, use 103

Green. Gage, use 103

Imperial, distribution 103

Sugar, distribution 103

Pomegranates, on the Rio

Grande 10

Pomelo, Varieties of —

Marsh, position 112

I'onieroy, Eltweed, Com. Ept.,

Resolutions 240

' ' Response " 9

I'omology, California sympos-
ium 115

Section for date growing. . 116

The Avocado 118

The Loquat 120

The Persimmon 121

In Great Bi'itain 94

Well developed in Great

Britain 94

Of Great Britain in debt to

America 95

Apple, the staple fruit crop

in Great Britain 95

Culture under glass, old

conmiereial project 95

Nut culture restricted 95

Trial stations for investiga-
tions 96-97

Symposium, California .... 98

' ' Apples and Pears " 100

History of, in California. 100

' ' Plums and Pi'unes " 102

Value of the crop 104

Stocks for plums 104

Pests for plums 104

' ' Cherries, Peaches, and

Apricots 105

History, extent of culture 105

Production 106

Value of crops. .106, 107, 109, 112

''Citrus Fruits" .' 110

Extent of acreage 110

Value of crop Ill

Cultivation 110

Co-operation 112

' ' Semi-Tropical Fruits "... 113

Fig caprification 114

Fig values 115

"The Date" 115

History in California. . . . 115

Systematic needs of tropical 188
Popenoe, Wilson, Rpt. Ti-opi-

cal Fruits Committee. . . . 187

The Mango of Cuba 21

Power, F. W., "Nursery Cata-
logs, ' ' a paper 46

Pruning, a consideration of

"Bulk" 135

Much data needed 135

Affecting the tree as a

whole 135

Affecting parts of the tree. 136

Results of ' ' dehorning "... 137

Removing large limbs 138

"Spur" 139

Interpretation of data given 140

Api^lieation of principles to 141

Some questions of 142

Queensland Nut, the possibili-
ties of 90

Raisins, varieties of grapes for 130

Where grown 129

The crop of , in U. S 131

Ream, .T. A., in discussion. . . . 162

Reception 248

Recommendations, the Presi-
dent 's —

INDEX.

275

Ex. Com. to decide on

permanent badge 18

Honor Roll be instituted ... 18

Se<?ure endowment 18

Plan for securing new mem-
bers 18

Com. on Wilder Medals to

continue 18

Com. on Grading directed to

make a report 18

Com. on Re\'ision asked to

report 19

To name an A. P. S. memo-
rial tree 19

Reed, Dr. H. S., Apple Dis-
eases, a paper 49

Reimer, F. C, paper on Pear

Blight, &c 39

Responses to Welcome 6-14

Ridpath on "Land of

Promise" 20

Roberts, C. E., in discussion. . 161

"Welcome" 3

Roeding, Geo. C, in discussion 232
Rose Apple, the, interesting. . 91

Roselle, for jelly, on the Rio

Grande 10

Sapote, the White, character-
ized 90

Score Cards, forais adopted.. .223-225

Definitions of terms 225

Ideal sizes of apples 226-227

Shoobridge, L. M., in discus-
sion 162-163

Stewart, Dr. .J. T., "Re-
sponse " S

Stubenraueh, A. V., California

symposium 105

Sub-Tropical Fruits, for com-
mercial uses 87

Surinam Cherry, the, interest-
ing 91

Taft, L. R., in discussion 161

Taylor, R. H., The Almond in

California 121

Tippen, Geo. T., in discussion 234
"Vincent, C. C, Idaho pomo-

logically, a paper by. . . . 152
Walnut, Persian, Industry of

Pacific Coast 57

Climate for 58

Soil for 59

Stock for hybrids 59

Varieties of 62

Planting of, distances 66

Cultivation 67

Priming 66

Harvesting 67

Walnut, The Persian 126

History of, in California.. 126

Character of the industiy. . 126

Soil requirements for 126

Culture, cover-crops 126-127

Varieties now being planted 127
Harvesting, grading, mar-
keting 127

Walnut, Varieties —

Placentia, behavior 65

Neff, behavior 65

El Monte, behavior 65

Prolific, behavior 65

Chase, behavior 65

Payne, behavior 65

Eureka, behavior 59, 65

Franquette, behavior ...... 59, 65

Mayette, behavior 59, 65

Concord, behavior 59, 65

Paradox, behavior 59-61

Royal, behavior 59-61

Grenoble, character 63

Washington, pomological in-
terests of 148

New State 148

Fruit districts in 148

Pears in 149

Apples in 149

Small fruits in 149

Temperature of 150

Eastern section of 150

Cost of production 151

A problem in the culls 151

AVaynian, in discussion 162

Wester, P. J., on mango types 31

The Pili 36

Wickson, Dr. E. .T., in discus-
sion 237

Talks by 2, 98

Wine, varieties of grapes for 130

.And prohibition 131

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