= te aA A f LN a anialaalA _-ARARA AN 1 Ap Anann nah SAN , Aa al \\ : A AAA ; EC & @ CEL EE $ @ ARTA AAPAN RAINE ae AAR pera h AN nin RAR Aga Aenean | Any i NTs Pah AAI \ fh v\ ! ; aad ‘ Be ean nA AAA oe av aA A “ i: j hr anne 6 Aa 4 : AA A A 4 nt _ ~ fail Ce . rt fas ea. An As EY py aad “\A AA A au svi ay AEA anne AN ne ay ‘ ene ak v ‘ af ne pi Mean Ole OAR a Ane alin A Pe ar. naan PRaane” oe a. ae are RAgArs 2 a, ot 6 nara na NA’ haar AAR Ri gon. Pecan hele rks nnn RK Ao, AANA oe opoecetins nee ; le aad Aaa Piel aA fe TA f SEAS! 5 Ws A fies At A: ryt : ed AA Aha. Naw A WY As ae ae aA fies o A phan ae aval r AINA AR AAAAA: A Am a A A MVS. pts? ali. nary a Die! DRAa pA so ba Ba Ng in SN of alan - Baeory cain aah! Ne oi Rahat BRL AMR AAL ARAN « PBN Sg ABRs Solan DARN fe Ap Bae aaa 0. AAAS ARARE nA # AAAS tire rset © can an Ag As “4 o* aa, 1s a Frain rf ARR. BA Pe oN a fe 5” . A Be if H A. 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A <2 faa nnn ranannan Af mn AMMaganannnnnns eprege 2 aane HARRI wwe oo Ansa Antanas MAT anannrincentanae zee tA ; ia ‘saat i rannent AA ie ry P congue 7 f eS en RK. Pernt FARA ‘ OP as fl A RAARAAY OA A . [ fr ie, ce RT RRR Anarene A naan AA ARR” a ~ “atk ANA Pyed data = a AAA 74S, Bae: a= . A 7 at A arin rrr,, anrrrhan, F an AN an® ah Ka ay . aaah biawal A a le : ps. a , Tay f : e: 7 iz ig : a = yoy ae MURTY TTT alate te: Halas aiaiat HAY io ES RARAL ee. LARA TR Baha gl he Sasa m Be. A. nN ~ a re Aran nah A Ran Laan AP ¢ ee Onan rane tins BR A aRAAAes Anan AM RAR Ah ON bran " raw Rat aie Aleks NA. f | A A lal AAI n’- ARAL ie ? A ’ ph 2 F NAY REAP 4 NA AAA AANA A ary at MR Loe Ch an nontrut ‘a i pant AAS MN Aub Mua AWAna’ ANNNanannnn’ A > it rs an Pets 53 NEW SERIES, Vol. IX. 1898, -9, 1900. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BES. 1 Or NATURALISTS SOCIETY. EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARY. b [ ae Ne ft “ Rerum cognoscere causas.”’— VIRGIL. BRISTOL. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, MCMI. o Cio Tt - INDEX TO VOL. IX. PAGE Aust ferry ; : : : : é : : : 14 Avon Gorge, Views in ; : eee | Baker, B.A. : Celestine deposits sf the iBristol Deseret 161- 165 Banks, Sir Joseph, Bart.: Journal of an Excursion to East- bury and Bristol, etc., in May and June, 1767 [with Pre- face and Notes by S. G. Perceval] ; : : . 6-37 Barton, Mr. Stephen, Death of . : . ; : Sawn Tike) Birds of the Bristol District ? : 84-98 ie a », Former list pailened 25 years ago 84 ss > 56 - 197 Species within a radius of 15 miles. : é : : 85 Botanical Notes (in 1767) . ; : : : . 8-25 fs ei, 3 : : : : 76, 119, 123-147, 167 ** Bristol Field Botany in 1901 ” : ; : : 123-147 Bristol Well . ; : : 16 Carboniferous Rocks, Effects of Patera Drssine on : 148-151 Celestine Deposits of the Bristol District : : : 161-165 ee » Occur in Triassic Marls . : : ay 162 ee » Percentage of Sr SO, : A : 2 62 ie », Localities where worked commercially a) ayes e. », Mineral present in Bath Waters . . 164 s », Manufacturing processes F 164 ee » strontium Hydrate used in BeCerOOt: Suber making . : : : 5 .. 65 Cheddar Cliffs. 3 , Me : : : : : 18 Chepstow Castle : ; : ; : : : . 14 os Good harbour at . ; 3 ; : é : 15 Earthworks : : : , : : : . 11,23, 24 Eastbury (co. Dorset) : , : : ; : : 8 Echo, A remarkable : ‘ ; é 5 A : 22; Emborough, Triassic Deposits at : : 5 - 109-117 INDEX TO VOL... IX. PAGE Energy in Animals from Oxidation of Carbon é : EEG dee a », Nitrifying Bacteria from Oxidation of Nitrogen 74 Entomological Notes ‘ : : 5 ‘ Tih, JO LoS Fish, Impressions on Blue Clay . : : : : ; 12 Flood at Glastonbury in 1606, A Great : ; : : 19 Fossils, Mr. Cateott’s Collection . ; , p : : 24 Geological Notes : : : : : : : : 79 es (in 1767) : ; : F . 12,24, 25 Giant s Hole (Clifton) : : : : : ; 24 Glastonbury, Great Flood in 1606 : : : : : 19 :. Abbey . 4 ; : : Pe oH ; 19 ates Moor . 5 : : : ; ‘ 3 20 ss Thorn . ; : , : . P : 19 ““Grey Weathers” . : : ; : : 4 es Henbury . : ; t ; : : 16 Horton, rhineinl alee Bet ; : : : : ; : il Kensham (=Keynsham) . : : s ; } B 25 Lateral Pressure in the Bristol District : : ‘ 148-151 Leipner, Prof. F. Adolph, Obituary Notice and Portrait 81-83 Macpherson, Rev. A. C., M.A.: Nature in the Nature Poets 38-56 Microbes, ineenensable! or beneficent ; . 57-74 Morgan, Prof. C. Lloyd, F.G.S., F.R.S., Memoir aay Portrait. 1-5 ie The Effects of Lateral Pressure in the Bristol Dis- trict: an Estimate and a Suggestion . . 148-151 ee and 8. H. Reynolds, MA., F.G.S.: Triassic Deposits at Emborough (with Surface and Sectionai Plans) 109-117 ‘* Nature in the Nature Poets”’ . ‘ : ; 38-56 Nitrifying Bacteria, Two groups of . : : : OM Nitrogen in Nature, The Circulation of : : ; 57-T4 33 in Plants Stored mainly in Seeds . é E : 64 he ‘“ Concentrated ”’ by Animals é ; : ; 65 us ** Ammoniacal”’ and “‘ Organic”. : : «666 rs as Nitrates, Assimilated by Plants . ; ‘ -- 68 be 94 Reduced by Denitrifying Bacteria . ee nO “Okey Hole” . : : . : ; : : 4 KS Old Passage. ‘ : : : ; 16 Ornithological Notes Ga 1767) : ; ; ; ga? 16 Parsons, James, B.Sc., F.G.S.: Additional Observations on the Rhetic Beds at Redland . : ‘ , : 104-108 Pearcefield . ‘ : 14, 15 Perceval, 8. G., see Benilce: Sir oseph) aney ii INDEX TO VOL. IX. PAGE Redland, Mr. Innis’s Garden at . : : : : ; 25 5 Rhetiec Beds at. : ; : : F 99, 104 Reports of Meetings, General : : ‘ : 75, 118, 166 ie - Botanical . 5 76, 119, 167 us a; Chemical and Phewical : 80, 122, 169 Ae Entomological . : : Tio WAGs 167. “ a Geological . ; 5 : 78, 121, 169 Ornithological . 79, 122, 170 Ree aolds, S. H. , M.A., F.G.S., see Morgan, are C. Lloyd eae S. ED iEvayaclsts ae 2? see Wilson, Edward, and S. H. Reynolds. Rhetic Section at Redland, A . : ; ; = 103 a Ms a near eldharbout Farm ‘ - Oo | WA —= 4: == a Si. ae 4 gues peace -cauusas.”” —VIRGIL. Pos \ BRISTOL. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. et) SEDC OCORCIX.. | : ae NEW SERIES, Vol. IX., Part I. (1898). Price 2s. 6d. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Dhl Ss bOL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARY. rz : 8 1 Se ‘4 Gd We K yy ae) Gy MN W far, i ae et MSI ( (Cl NNN - a: Oe ) , a Rene eT = chat a ish et ‘¢ Rerum cognoscere causas.’’— VIRGIL. BRISTOL. eee PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. —— MDCCCXCIX. TABLE OF CONTENTS. NEW SERIES. VOL. IX. PART I. PAGE Prof. Lloyd Morgan, F.G.S., F.R.S. : ; ; : : alow b “ Journal of an Excursion to EKastbury and Bristol etc., in May and June, 1767,” by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. With Preface and Notes by 8.G. Perceval . ; : 5 a Nature in the Nature Poets. By the Rev. A. C. Macpherson, M.A, . : ; , Sik gees : ; ° . : » 38 The Circulation of Nitrogen in Nature. An Account of some Indispensable Microbes. By F. W. Stoddart by gh ih 5 ae Reports of Meetings 5 : : : : ‘ 78) See er Bo ih Dy Mel ANY iislT OF OFFICERS. President : Prof. Luoyp Morgan, F.G.S., F.R.S. Past Presidents: Joun Beppog, M.D., F.R.S. Prof. Sypney Youne, D.Sc., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents : S. H. Swayne, M.R.CS. F. W. Stroppart, F.LC. H. W. Pearson, F.G.S. Members of the Council: EK. H. Coox, D.Sc. A. E. Hupp, F.S.A. G. C. Grirritus, F.E.S. H. OC. Puayne, M.A. Rev. A. C. Macpuerson, M.A. S. H. Reywnotps, M.A. T, Moreans. C. H. Waker, M.B. Rev. C. Wurpzornz, M.A. Honorary Treasurer : ARTHUR B. Prowse, M.D. Honorary Secretary : THEODORE Fisuer, M.D. Reporting Secretary: Mary K. Moors. Honorary Librarian : C. K. Rupes. Honorary Sub-Librarian : H. J. CHaRBONNIER. OFFICERS OF SECTIONS. Botanical: President —CrpRic Bucknatu, Mus. Bac., 13, Whatley Road, Clifton. Secretary—Jamus W. Wutte, F.L.S., Warnham, Woodland Road, Clifton. Chemical and Physica! : President—F. W. Stoppart, F.1.C., F.C.S., Grafton Lodge, Sneyd Park. Secretary—L. N. Tyacxr, University College, Bristol. Entomological : President—G. C. Grirrirus, F.Z.8., F.E.S., 43, Caledonia Place, Clifton. Secretary—CuHaRLES Barrett, 58, Woodstock Road, Redland. Geological : President—A. C. Pass, The Holmes, Stoke Bishop. Secretary —H. Prentecost, B.A., 32, College Road, Clifton. Ornithological : President —Prof. C. Luoyp Moraay, F.G.S., F.R.S., 16, Canynge Road, Clifton. — Secretary—D. T. Pricz, 2, Upper Byron Place, Clifton. i 4 ; \ 7 " x! j { “ F ‘ Nis . r, , ‘ : Es } ‘ / Prof, Lloyd Alorgan, ¥F.6.S., £3.3. LTHOUGH the Bristol Naturalists’ Society as a body \ =6may have little claim to be considered noteworthy for original research, it has had the good fortune to be able to honour itself by the election of several presidents highly distinguished in scientific investigation. During the past fifteen years no less than three of our presidents have been- Fellows of the Royal Society, and a, fourth obtained that distinction shortly after the expiration of his three years’ term of office. To these must now be added our present president, Prof. Lloyd Morgan, who has kindly consented to act in -that capacity for a short period a second time. In his recent election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society, and the recognition of his high standing in the scientific world which it indicates, we feel that we, as a Society, are in some measure recipients of honour. Prof, Lloyd Morgan was born in the West End of London in 1852. He was the son of J. A. Morgan, Esq., F.G:S., a solicitor, and great-grandson of John Nicholls, Esq., #.S.A., the historian of Leicestershire. Prof. Lloyd Morgan was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, under the Rev. H.-G. Merriman, a Wykehamist. Although at school he gave indications of ability and industry and : R 2 PROF. LLOYD MORGAN, £.G.S., F.R.S. obtained a good place in the sixth form, yet like so many Englishmen who have been successful in the various walks of life, as a boy Prof. Lloyd Morgan was better known for success in games and athletics than for love of work. In his last year he won all the senior events in the athletic sports, a remarkable achievement, as any one who has been a schoolboy knows. At this time an interest in Natural History had already been aroused, partly through the influence of his uncle Woodyer Buckton, Esq., a brother of George Buckton, F.R.S., but his school educa- tion had included no science, being almost entirely classical. When therefore the Royal School of Mines was entered, in October, 1869, the various branches of study that then required his attention must have been singularly new, but to a mind like that of Prof. Lloyd Morgan were probably none the less stimulating. However that may be, the Murchison prize for geology was obtained, as well as the De la Beche medal for mining, the Duke of Cornwall scholarship, and the Associateship in mining and metallurgy. On leaving the Royal School of Mines it was the inten- tion of Prof. Lloyd Morgan to practise as a mining engineer, and in order to acquire experience of the methods of dealing with ores underground and at the surface some months were spent in Cornwall. A life, however, more purely scientific than that of the mining engineer was to be his lot. About this time an opportunity arose of visiting the United States and South America in the capacity of a tutor. This had the effect of strengthening his desire to learn more of geology, and an interest in biology became at the same time deepened. In pursuit of the former study three or four visits were paid to the Alps, and in 1875 an ascent of the Matterhorn was made. But the interest of Prof. Lloyd Morgan was not limited to geology PROF. LLOYD MORGAN, F.G.S., F.R.S. 3 and biology. Even as a boy he had been drawn to the study of philosophical subjects. Apparently he was ac- customed to especially enjoy the perusal of speculative works in the neighbourhood of a quiet river stream, and would often abandon his fishing-rod in order to read Herschel’s “‘ Discourse,” or the works of Berkeley, Descartes, Hume and Whewell. He also read with eagerness the works of Darwin and Huxley. On his return from South America Prof. Lloyd Morgan took Prof. Huxley’s course at South Kensington, and definitely decided to devote himself to teaching and scien- tific investigation. A conversation with Huxley sowed the seeds of his work on comparative psychology, and to that end he read extensively in human psychology and allied subjects. With a view to a degree he matriculated at London University, after a few weeks’ preparation, while he was engaged in teaching at a school in Rams- gate. But his further studies for the science degree were prevented by his appointment to a post at the Diocesan College, Rondebosch, South Africa, where, in addition to teaching ‘science, he lectured on English literature and language. After five years at the Cape he returned to England in 1883, and was appointed to the post at Uni- versity College, Bristol, rendered vacant by the appointment of Prof. Sollas to the chair of geology in Trinity College, Dublin. In 1884 he was made Professor, and in 1887 was chosen for the position of Prineipal of the College, the position which he now so well occupies. As already mentioned, Prof. Lloyd Morgan has this year been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. The following expressed opinion of those men of science who recommended him for this honour is of interest in this connection : “As a geologist Prof. Lloyd Morgan has done a consider- A PROF. LLOYD MORGAN, F.G.S., F.R.S. able amount of original work in Pembrokeshire and the Bristol district. His chief claim to scientific distinction, however, rests upon his careful experiments and observa- tions on the habits, instincts, and intelligence of animals, and his critical study of the true biological significance of the facts and their bearing upon some of the most fundamental problems of organic evolution. The three volumes which he has published on these subjects are of very high merit, and in the opinion of the signers of this certificate place their author in the first rank as a philosophical biologist.” } In 1882 Prof. Lloyd Morgan published a little work entitled “‘Water and its Teachings,” now out of print. In 1885 appeared his “Springs of Conduct,” and in 1887 a text-book on Animal Biology, of which a third edition is now in preparation. His chief works, however, are ‘‘ Animal Life and Intelligence,” of which the third edition ig in preparation, ‘An Introduction to Comparative Psy- chology,” and “‘ Habit and Instinct,” a work based upon his Lowell Lectures in America. He is writing a series of philosophical papers for the Monist, which, when’ complete, will probably be republished in a collected form. Prof. Lloyd Morgan has also written several papers on geological subjects in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society and in the Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society. From 1890 to 1892 Prof. Lloyd Morgan filled the post of President of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, and has kindly allowed himself to be elected again for this year. In such a capacity Prof. Lloyd Morgan displays other qualities than those generally associated with the student of science. His business ability and the readiness with which 1 Nature, May 11, 1899. Cr PROF. LLOYD MORGAN, F.G.S., F.R.S. he is willing to devote his attention to matters that might be considered trivial, his lucidity of expression and power of giving interest to subjects that popular opinion may term dry, combined with patience and modesty, reveal his value as the head of a society which, like all societies of the kind, is composed mainly of members desiring to learn, with a small admixture of those who wish to discuss. “ Gournal of an Gxeursion to Gast- bury and Aristol, ete, wv Bay and June, 1767,” —— By SIR JOSEPH BANKS, BART. [With Preface and Notes by S. G. Perceval.] S a fitting tribute (!) to his memory, on April 14th, 1886, by order of his great-nephew, Lord Brabourne, the Correspondence and Letters of Sir Joseph Banks were put up to auction at Sotheby’s, with the result that they were scattered amongst the dealers. Apart from some lots put into the sale, the collection was divided into 198, which realised the sum of £180 5s., less than a pound per lot, 26 lots fetching but two shillings each, 14 only one shilling each. Greatly as it was indebted to Banks, not a single lot was rescued by the British Museum, though the Letters and Journals were of surpassing interest and importance. In 1896 appeared the “ Journal of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S., during Capt. Cook’s First Voyage in H.M.S. Endeavour, 1768-71,” edited by Sir Joseph Hooker. From the review of this Journal in the Atheneewm of December 26th, 1896, it appears that “the late Mr. Knatchbull-Hugessen, created a peer by Mr. Gladstone in 1880, under the title of Lord Brabourne, claimed all the 6 JOURNAL OF AN EXCURSION TO EASTBURY, ETC. (i Banksian documents in the Botanical Department of the British Museum and carried them off and offered them for sale.” The original MS. of this Journal formed lot 176, and was bought by an autograph dealer for the paltry sum of £7 2s. 6d., who apparently sold it to J. Henniker Heaton, Esq., M.P., who disposed of it to a gentleman in Sydney, N.S.W. In consequence of its disappearance, Sir Joseph Hooker had to avail himself of a transcript which fortunately existed in the British Museum, or the contents might have been lost to science. | The following additional facts in connection with the sale may interest the readers of these Proceedings, showing how this invaluable Correspondence was literally thrown away, apart from the circumstance of the letters I am about to mention being of men connected with Gloucestershire. Lot 65, which contained “28 Letters of (the Rev.) John Lightfoot to Banks on interesting subjects, 1773 to 1784,” was bought by “‘ Cash ” for the absurd sum of two shillings! John Lightfoot, the author of the Flora Scotica, was born at Newent in Gloucestershire in 1735, went to Pembroke College, Oxford, and took orders. His taste for conchology and botany, and agreeable manners, recommended him to the Duchess of Portland, whose Librarian and Chaplain he became. After her death in 1785 he drew up the Sale Catalogue of her celebrated Museum in one volume, 4to, which was dispersed by auction in 1786. He died at Ux- bridge, of which place he was Curate, in 1788. Lot 98, consisting of 31 interesting letters to Banks,— including two of Walter Honywood Yate of Bromesberrow Place, near Gloucester, which I fortunately afterwards se- cured,—was bought by a dealer for the absurd sum again of two shillings. One of these letters had accompanied the copy of the Catalogue of his Museum at Bromesberrow 8 JOURNAL OF AN EXCURSION TO EASTBURY AND Place, which he presented to Sir Joseph Banks, and which may be seen in the Banks Library in the British Museum. This curious Catalogue, which is excessively scarce, was printed in 1801 by R. Raikes of Gloucester, and consists of a thin 8vo volume, dedicated to Banks. The following Journal, which consists of 22 pages, came out of lot 5, which sold for fifteen shillings, and which also included a “Copy of Some Account of Lisbon, and the adjacent country, &c.’”’ For this Journal I offered a high price to the collector into whose hands it passed, and fortunately secured it. It is in the handwriting of Banks, in size small quarto, and is stitched in a cover of coarse whitish paper, which is pasted with a square label, neatly in- scribed with its title by Sir Joseph, as given above. I have preserved the spelling throughout, and as stops are entirely omitted, and capitals not used to distinguish the commence- ment of sentences in the course of paragraphs, I have there- fore supplied both. The date of Sir Joseph’s birth has been incorrectly given by some,—even in the Dictionary of National Biography a date has been repeated the inaccuracy of which had been pointed out in the Penny Cyclopcedia,— but in the latter publication it will be found that the exact date is January 4th, 1748. He was therefore in his 25th year when he made this excursion. : Ollie May 29th, 1899. JOURNAL OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS. May 15.—Set out this day for Eastbury in Dorsetshire, on a visit to my Aunt M* Grenville. It is situate about 100 miles from London. As I traveld post and arrivd there the same night I made but few observations upon the Road. I saw however through the Windows of my Chaise, Myrica BRESTON,. HTC... IN MAY AND JUNE, 1767. 9 Gale growing in Plenty upon a Bog near the 21 mile Stone on Bagshot heath. | 16.—This morn hard rain. Amusd myself by looking over the house. Found it exceeding large and possibly one of the heaviest piles of stone S" J»? Vanbrugh ever erected. The inside is fitted up magnificently with a great deal of gilding and Ceilings painted after the antique. Upon the whole the inside is much more convenient as well as more elegant than the outside gives any hopes of. The Countrey about it is Pleasant, consisting cheifly of open Downs and sheep walks, except towards the west and N.W., where the town and enclosures of Tarent Gunvil and the Woods ot Cranbourn Chace give an agreable variety, contrasting with the open countrey on the other sides. At twelve Cleard up, went in Search of a Barrow which the Bishop of Carslisle had informd me was somewhere in this neighbourhood. Found it at the N. Corner of the Park, its construction very singular, being a Bank of about 60 paces in Lengh and 15 broad, N.E. b N. [N.E. by N.] and S.W. b W. ’ 4 eT zt L. AALAND Ak ale ‘ Weenuat ees ‘ ; z ; 5 eine , 4 ; : * : : BRISTO ‘ : : a . ISTS’ SOCIET’ > ; EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARY. — Ps i Lek 3 RPT ak Ee a Rerum cognescere caus ts.” —ViRGIL. - BRISTOL, ~ . _ PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, \ nd Edition, 1905. NEW SERIES, Vol. [X., Part III. (issued for 1900). PROCEEDINGS OF THE Db has) OL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARY. “ Rerum cognoscere causas.”—VIRGII« BRISTOL. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, 2nd Edition, 1905. iol OF OF PECERS (1900). President: Prof. C.-Luoyp Mora@an, F.R.S., F.G.S. Past Presidents: JoHN Brppor, M.D., F.R.S. S. H. Swayngz, M.R.C.S. Prof. SypNEY Youne, D.Sc., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents : H. W. Pearson, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., F.G.S. F. W. Stoppart, F.I.C., F.C.S. Members of the Council: G. BREBNER. A. E. Hupp, F.S.A. kk. H. Coox, D.Sc. Rev. A. C. Macpuerson, M.A, T. FisHer, M.D. T. MorGans. W. B. Gupsin, M.D. H. C. Piayns, M.A. Rev. G. F. WHIDBORNE, M.A. Honorary Treasurer : ARTHUR B. Prowsgz, M.D., F.R.C.S., Eng., 5, Lansdown Place, Clifton. Honorary Secretary : S. H. Reynoups, M.A., 3, Tottenham Place, Clifton. Honorary Reporting Secretary : Miss Mary K. Moors, 50, Alma Vale, Clifton. Honorary Librarian : C. K. Rupa@r, Ashgrove House, 145, White Ladies’ Road. Honorary Sub-Librarian : Henry J. CHARBONNIER, 15, Cranbrook Road, Redland. OFFICERS OF SECTIONS. Botanical : President—CrEpRIC BUCKNALL, Mus. Bac., 13, Whatley Road, Clifton. Secretary—J ames W. Wutrs, F.L.S., Warnham, Woodland Road, Clifton. Chemical and Physical : President—F. W. Stoppart, F.1.C., F.C.8., Grafton Lodge, Sneyd Park. Secretary—L. N. Tyack, University College, Bristol. Entomological : President—G. C. GRirritus, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 48, Caledonia Place, Clifton. Secretary—CHARLES BartTLeTt, 18,Henleaze Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym. Geological : President—A. C. Pass, J.P., Hawthornden, Clifton Down. Secretary—Rev. H. PrEntsecost, M.A., 32, College Road, Clifton. Ornithological : President—Prof. C. Luoyp Mora@an, F.R.S8. F.G.8., 16, Canynge Road, Clifton. Secretary—D. T. Pricz, 1, Woodhill, Portishead. es Gat ‘ TABLE OF CONTENTS. NEW SERIES. VOL. IX. PART IIT. PAGE Bristol Field-botany in 1901. By James W. White, F.L.S.. . 123 The Effects of Lateral Pressure in the Bristol District: an Estimate and a Suggestion. By Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, ldelagiss : : : : : : . 148 Uphill Bone-caves. By the late Edward Wilson, F.G.S., and Prof. 8. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.8S. —. lis Celestine Deposits of the Bristol District. By B. A. Baker . > 6 Reports of Meetings : : ; i . 166 Mristol Field-botany in 1901. By JAMES W. WHITE, F.LS. WENTY years have gone by since the local “ Flora of the Bristol Coal-fields ” began to appear in these Trans- actions. The publication was completed in annual instal- ments spread over a lengthened period; the later portions naturally containing more information than the earlier ones. However imperfect this work may have been, it was in the main accurate, and has probably proved serviceable to many botanical students. During these intervening years much field-work has been done in the district, a consideralbe number of additional species and varieties have been discovered, some obscurities in old records have been made clear, misconceptions in nomen- clature have been corrected, and great general progress made in tracing the distribution of flowering plants around our city. Although a good deal of this recently acquired knowledge has been made known in supplementary additions to the book, in the Reports of the Society’s Botanical Section, and in “Notes on Bristol Plants,’ Published in the Journal of Botany, it is thought advisable to give the members a more 123 L 124 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. detailed and connected account of what has been accom- plished, especially as the issue of a second edition of the Flora may unavoidably be deferred for a considerable time. RANUNCULACE. Thalictrum. There is scarcely any doubt that the several forms of 7. minus L. found in Cheddar Gorge abundantly, and very sparingly at Clifton, and to which at various times the names of montanum, flecuosum, Kochi and saxatilis have been given, are really one segregate, for which TZ. collinum Wallr. is the oldest and most fitting name. Individual speci- mens often differ much in appearance, but these variations probably depend on situation and the influence of surrounding conditions. Two plants only are known to exist at Clifton. I saw them in 1884, 1897, and again in May, 1901. They were not flowermg on the last two occasions. The common Meadow-Rue of the district is T. spherocarpum Le}j., but a second variety with narrow fruit (7. riparwwm Jord.) is now known to grow on the peat-moor at Burtle and Edington. Ranunculus. The study of our Water Crowfoots (Batrachia) —-so plentiful in ditches draining the lowlands adjacent to the Severn Sea—has been carried much farther, but it is still difficult to determine some plants of this group with certainty. To me the most troublesome problem is to find characters by which to separate floribundus from heterophyllus. At present I meet with plants that can be referred to either with equal hesitation. However, as a general rule, these aquatics, if in good condition, can readily be assigned to their respective places. &. tricophyllus is frequent and well marked, and the same may be said of R. Droueti, though it is not so common. Good examples of the latter can always be found in ditches between Shirehampton and Avonmouth. A form of hetero- phyllus with floating leaves coriaceous in texture, hairy be- neath, and divided deeply into straight-sided wedge-shaped seg - BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 125 ments that are often themselves stalked, and sometimes merge gradually into capillary divisions like those of submerged leaves, is my idea of R. radians Rev. derived from a French description. This form is frequent on Ken Moor, and below Nailsea. I have gathered triphyllus Hiern. and submersus Hiern. near the Channel, towards Portishead ; the latter grows also on Ken Moor and near Avonmouth. R. Baudotw is abundant in brackish water, and unmistakable. R. peltatus (the type with large sweet scented flowers on long peduncles) shows a curious preference for high ground. I have it from a pond on Mendip, near the “‘ Castle of Comfort,” and from two pools at the elevation of 600-650 feet south of Barrow Hill, S. k. corcinatus is locally plentiful. It is a most satisfactory species with no variations. Two interesting plants of this order (Ranunculus hirsutus and Myosurus minimus) have not been seen in the district of late years. It is very desirable that they be rediscovered. PAPAVERACEAL, Papaver Argemone has been gathered in several places in both counties since the publication of the Flora. No contfir- mation, however, of the occurrence of P. hybridum in our area can be obtained. It seems to grow only on the west of the Parrett in the vicinity of Bridgwater, Kilve, etc. It is a misfortune that Rev. J. C. Collins, who reported this plant (and P. somneferum also) from Burnham, left no specimens, and in their absence some records of this botanist that have never been confirmed must be regarded with great doubt. In July, 1899, P. somniferum appeared abundantly in a cul- tivated field above Wotton-under-Edge, G. P. Lecogit proves to be less rare than was at one time expected. It is always frequent on cultivated ground about Stockwood and Whit- church, and has been seen on Lansdown, at Uphill, etc, 126 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. FUMARIACEL. The little patch of Corydalis claviculata first recorded in 1835 from the edge of a thicket on St. Stephen’s Hill, has from some unknown cause gradually diminished until it seems to have disappeared. A new locality for the plant is much wanted. Two new species of Fumaria have been observed : F. pallidiflora near Axbridge, and F. densiflora at Wells ; both in small quantity. CRUCIFER. Cardamine impatiens L. The following additional localities are known: Border of a wood near Tortworth; on the pennant at Crew’s Hole, 1885; valley in Leigh Wood, 1899, 1900 ; debris at the base of rocks near Cheddar in two spots, 1884-98. : Lepidium Smithii Hook. A few plants were found at Uphill by Mr. Harold Thompson, in 1888, and two on a wall near Portishead Church, 1889, by Mr. J. F. Hopkins. Draba muralis grows abundantly in East Somerset at Mells, Chelwood, Stone Easton, and Horrington. Alien plants of this order that have been found in the district are Sisymbrium pannonicum, Jacq., Erysimum repandum 1.., FE. perfoliatum Crantz., and Bunias orientalis L. CISTACA, Helianthemum polifolium Mill. As recorded in the Journal of Botany, October, 1888, this extremely rare plant was found, erowing plentifully on Purn Hill, Bleadon, by Mr. David Fry. Its occurrence there, about two miles S.E. of Brean Down marks an important extension of the previously ascertained range of this species in N. Somerset, BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. P27. VIOLACE. That our knowledge of local violets has advanced so far during the last few years is mainly due to the initiative of Mrs. Gregory, who has very critically studied the plants of the neighbourhood of Weston-super-Mare. She was the first to recognize the odorata x hirta hybrids (V. permiata Jord.) in the Worlebury Wood, and to point to the presence of V. cal- carea Bab. on the limestone hills of N. Somerset. The latter fact is especially interesting because the plant can no longer be found at the original station near Cambridge. The char- acters of this variety are well marked and permanent in culti- vation, separating it distinctly from small states of V. harta. Mrs. Gregory also detected the rosea form of this species, and the form villosa of V. Riviniana. The latter, however, is a very slight variation, and becomes glabrous in cultivation. A very beautiful violet is the form lactiflora of V. hirta, which grows in plenty on high ground between Brockley and Goblin Combes and on Cadbury Camp. Its flowers are large and almost pure white. The permiata hybrid first mentioned 1s well distributed in the districts on limestone. In some of the plants the odorata element preponderates, while others are nearer horta. CARYOPHYLLACH AE. Dianthus Armeria occurs rarely and as a rule in very small quantity. A few plants have been found near Congres- bury, at Clevedon, Bourton and Brockley. Quite recently Mr. A. E. B. Gregory came upona large colony of this pink at Cadbury Camp. OD. prolifer grew sparingly at “ Holly Gess,” near Kingswood, 1883 to 1888, but then disappeared. D. deltowdes was discovered (1886) by Mr. D. Fry, in a pasture between Keynsham and Brislington, whence no doubt the specimen in Herb. Jenyns (1867) was obtained, and probably 128 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. also Dr. Thwaites’ record for N. Somerset in Topographical Botany. D.cesius is not quite confined to Cheddar Clifts. I have seen it on rocks two miles from the Gorge, and Mr. Read tells me that a small patch exists in Brockley Combe, where I hardly think it can be native. Sagina ciliata proves to be well distributed. I have seen it on the Downs between Pembroke Road and Sea Walls, on Brandon Hill, Rodway Hill, Siston Common, near Keynsham, on Mendip above Ebbor, andon Brean Down in plenty. S. maritima was abundant by the Avon at Lamplighters in 1894 and subsequently. Arenarva tenurfolia is undoubtedly a Bristol plant. Besides Penpole Point, where it grows in quantity, this plant has several localities on and about the local railways for which it shows a peculiar liking. A. leptocladus Guss. may not be a distinct species as is sometimes contended, but its slender habit and flexible capsules enable one to easily separate it from A. spherocarpa, than which it is often more abundant. Cerastuum arvense. New to the district. Discovered in 1894 by Mrs. Gregory on a hillside above Loxton, and near Portbury in 1900, by Miss Ida Roper. C. pumilum is now known to be frequent on limestone hills at Clevedon, Worle, Cheddar and elsewhere. C. quaternellum (Moenchia) has been found abundantly in Dr. Stephen’s old locality near Keynsham, but cannot be rediscovered at Brandon Hill. Lepigonum rubrum exists on Brandon Hill, Troopers’ Hill, and by the side of the high road at Bitton. Plants answering to L. salinum Fries, and to L. neglectum Kindb. have been gathered on the sea-banks and shore of the Channel at Avon- mouth, Clevedon and Burnham. Scleranthus annuus. Plentiful in a rough pasture on pen- nant, N.W. of Keynsham. In the Bristol district this is one of the rarest of the Caryophyllacee. Alien plants of this order that occur in the district are Saponaria Vaccaria L., Silene noctiflora L., and S. dichotoma Ehrh. BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 129 HYPERICACE. Hypericum elodes was unknown to us until reported by Mr. Withers in 1892 from a boggy spot near Mangotsfield. It is remarkable that this species had not been recorded pre- viously for any locality in the county of Gloucester. LINACE. Innum angustifolium grows on the coast between Portishead and Clevedon, and by the roadside near Publow. LEGUMINOS. Melilotus arvensis and M. indica are neither of them native British plants, but of late they have occurred about Bristol in fair quantity. The former has been seen at Clevedon, Saltford, Filton, and by the railways at Avonmouth, Portis- head, and St. Philip’s Marsh. The latter grew ina cultivated field at Newton St. Loe, 1893-1900, and also more recently on waste ground at Portishead and St. Philip’s Marsh. Trigonella purpurascens (Falcatula). The two old records for Lamplighters and St. Vincent’s Rocks have both been confirmed ; and, in addition the plant is found on Brandon Hill and Siston Common. Vicia gracilis Lois. At the time when our Leguminose were published, the only record which connected this vetch with the Bristol district was the mention by Babington (Suppl. Fl. Bathon. 1839, p. 74): Ervum gracile. On Barrow Hill,” and this did not seem sufficient ground for its being included. However, in 1886, Mr. David Fry rediscovercd this rare species at Barrow Hill, near Twerton; and not long afterwards it was found by him also at Ursleigh Hill, and by Mr. Burr, near Midford. V. bithynica is still to be found about Stock- wood, and on the hillsides near Pensford (Fl. p. 70). Some interest attaches to these localities on account of Lathyrus 130 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. hirsutus having been thence erroneously recorded in the third edition of Withering’s British Plants, published 1796, on the authority of Swayne, who mistook V. bithynica for L. hirsutus, a species which has only been found in Essex and Surrey. This error, repeated by Babington (Suppl. Fl. Bathon. 1839), on the authority of T. B. Flower, who is stated to have redis- covered L. hirsutus in 1838 at both the localities near Pensford referred to by Swayne, has been widely disseminated, not only in local Floras, but also in works of more general importance, as Bentham’s Handbook of the British Flora, where L. hir- sutus is cited as a Somerset plant. We have only one locality for V. bithynica in Gloucestershire, viz., by the roadside between Winterbourne and Patchway, where it was noticed by Mr. Bucknall. Lathyrus Aphaca is permanent on hedgebanks near Uphill, and L. palustris on the peat-moor near Edington, at the southern limit of the district. Aliens sometimes met with are Medzcago falcata, Coronilla varia, Vicra lutea, V. hybrida, and Lathyrus tuberosus. ROSACEA. Prunus domestica. This rather unsatisfactory species appears to be a little ‘“‘ wilder” than is sometimes judged. A large number of trees of various sizes grow along the Channel shore on a low cliff between Woodhill Bay and the Black Nore, and more of them form a loose hedge at the Nore. There are likewise plum-trees in the ancient hedges on lias above Corston. If these be all cultivated plums that have escaped, it is hardly credible that they should be always of the same variety, or that different varieties should have everywhere run down exactly to the P. domestica of the books. We may at any rate conclude that the trees of our district, growing in several places with as much semblance of being truly wild as the vegetation with which they are associated, may quite correctly BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 131 be named P. domestica, and I doubt if anything nearer than segregate is to be met with elsewhere. Rubus. A good deal of interest attaches to the Bristol brambles. The number of recognized forms has greatly increased. Some of them are widely distributed, others are locally plentiful, and a few occur very sparingly. One plant from the vicinity of Wotton-under-Edge has been described and named as a new species (R. Bucknallt), and this has since been found in Herefordshire. Perhaps no family of plants is more clearly influenced by the geological nature of soil. But it may be sufficient for the purpose of this paper to give merely a complete list of the local species arranged in natural order according to the latest view. R. ideus L., R. fissus Lindl., R. sulcatus Vest., R. plicatus W. & N., R. nitidus W. & N., R. opacus Focke, R. affinis W. & N., R. imbricatus Hort., R. carpinifolius W. & N., R. Lindleianus Lees, R. erythrinus Genev., R. rhamnifolius W. & N., R. dumnonensis Bab., R. pulcherrimus Neum., R. villicaulis Koehl., R. rhom- bifolius Weihe, R. thyrsoideus Wimm., R. argentatus P. J. M., R. rusticanus Merc., R. pubescens Weihe, Rk. macrophyllus W. &N., R. micans Gren. and Godr., R. pyramidalis Kalt., R. leucostachys Schl., R. mucronatus Blox., R. anglosaxonicus Gelert, R. raduloides Rogers, R. Borrert Bell Salt., R. Drejers G. Jensen, R. Leyanus Rogers, R. echinatus Lindl., Rk. rudis W. &N., R. Babingtoni Bell Salt., R. fuscus W. & N., PR. pallidus W. & N., R. scaber W. & N., R. hystria W. & N., BR. infecundus Rogers, R. adornatus P. J. M., R. Koehler W. & N., R. dasyphyllus Rogers, R. viridis Kalt., R. Kaltenbachu Metsch., R. diversifolius Lindl., R. tuberculatus Bab., R. coryli- folius Sm., R. Bucknalla J. W. White, R. cesius L., R. saxa- tilis L. We have also the following hybrids: rhamnifolius x Lindleianus, leucostachys x rusticanus, rudis x Lind- lecanus, corylifolius x rusticanus, cesius X rusticanus, ca@esius x corylifolius. Rosa. It appears that the sea has receded in Kewstoke 32 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. Bay, and that the old coastline of sand-hills has been enclosed for many years. In this way R. spinosissima became screened from observation, but a good deal of it is still there, along a line of—say—400 yards. Mrs. Gregory finds this rose near the Town Quarry, and in one or two other spots at that side of the wood at Weston-super-Mare, thus confirming Dr. Stephen’s old record. Respecting the var. Briggsii of R. micrantha, from St. Thomas’ Head, there is an interesting note by M. Francois Crépin in Journal of Botany, 1897, p. 216, from which it appears certain that, although Mr. Briggs himself repeatedly named the Somerset plant R. Briggsii, the rose is really R. sepiwm Thuill (inodora Fr.). The var. Briggs appears to be of extreme rarity. It is characterized by its pedicels, receptacles and backs of the sepals being completely eglandular. Plymouth remains the only British station for the true plant. Additional varieties of R. canina that have been noted in the district are frondosa, decipiens, cesia, andegavensis, dumetorum and vinacea. ONAGRACEA, Epilobium Lamyr F. Schultz was first recognized in the district by Mr. D. Fry, at Corston and Hanham, in 1890. It was afterwards found on colliery waste near Kingswood, and at Fox Wood Quarries. Specimens from all these locali- ties agree well with those gathered by Wirtgen. The area of E. lanceolatum, one of the rarest British species, has been lately extended into Somersetshire by its discovery at Bris- lington, Keynsham, Abbotsleigh, and Hallatrow; but the plant does not appear to be known anywhere else in the county. Nearly all the species of this genus hybridize very freely, with the result as regards Bristol that we have become acquainted with several crosses: hirsutum X montanum, obscurum xX montanum, Lamyt x montanum, Lamyi x lanceolatum, and tetragonum xX obscurum. It has been dogmatically asserted BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 33 that Epilobium hybrids do not and “ cannot” produce fertile seeds. The negation however has been plentifully disproved. As in Viola and Rumex, so in Epilobium, although onlya very small proportion of the seeds from hybrids is good, yet seedlings are often found, and have been raised in the second generation. UMBELLIFER. Eryngium campestre still exists at Weston-super-Mare, on a hillside above the town, but latterly has not flowered. This is certainly not the spot where the plant was discovered in 1843 by the late Mr. G. 8. Gibson (Phytol. 1. 757). That has no doubt been built over. Crcuta virosa. ‘The late Mr. T. B. Flower showed me several specimens of Cicuta gathered on Burtle Moor, July, 1859, and told me further that he had a memo. of having seen the plant in a canal near Highbridge at a later date, when he did not gather any. In July, 1888, Mr. Harold Thompson also found some in a peat-ditch near Shapwick Station. Oenanthe pimpinelloides L, has been observed in two or three adjoining meadows between Keynsham and Compton Dando. This is much nearer Bristol than the previously recorded stations. Oe. fluviatilis Coleman is an addition to the Flora. It is abundant in the canal between Midford and Combe Hay. I fear that Oe. sdlaifolia Bieb. must be struck out of the lst. The Yatton specimen proves to be only Sdaus, while some doubt attaches to the Gloucestershire records, which have not been confirmed. Leycesterva formosa, a Himalayan species, grows in the middle of a large wood at Shutshelve, near Axbridge, where it has been an olfject of interest to gamekeepers and others for many years. Its ongin is unknown; but when I record that a fair-sized cactus was,in June last, discovered flourishing in the cleft of a rock on Callow Hill, Mendip, one should cease to feel surprise at the occurrence in the district of alien plants 134 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. from far off lands. With regard to the cactus, the only pro- bable explanation of its presence is that it was intentionally planted. RUBIACEA, Galium erectum Huds. Good botanists, to whom I referred specimens, are agreed that a plant gathered on Breakheart Hill, near Dursley, is this species, new to the local list, and we agree also that there is much difficulty in separating it specifically from G. Mollugo. VALERIANACEH AS. Valeriana Mikanwi Syme, which in the Flora was not noted as a distinct form, has been identified at Bath, Portishead, Cheddar, Mells, Wotton-under-Edge, and Dursley. Valerianella Auricula DC. as I ventured to anticipate it would be, was rediscovered by Mr. David Fry, in arable fields ~ between Keynsham and Stockwood. V. carimata Lois, a rarity seldom met with in the western counties, is an important addition to the list. Discovered by Rev. W. O. Wait in 1887 (Fl. Somerset, p. 180), it is reported to grow plentifully on one part of Hampton Down, Bath: and to have the appearance of a native. COMPOSIT A. Filago minima Fr. The old records for Hanham, G., and Brean Down, 8., by Stephens and St. Brody respectively, have been confirmed, and I have gathered the plant on pen- nant between Keynsham and Brislington. Gnaphalium sylvaticum grows not only on Downhead Common, N. of Cranmore Tower, but also near Clevedon (S. 7. Dunn), in a wood near Weston-in-Gordano, and in Lord’s Wood, Houndstreet (Rev. W. S. Browne). BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 135 Antennaria dioica. St. Brody’s record of this plant is correct. It occurs in very small quantity, and is difficult to find, but Mrs. Gregory has seen it twice on Brean Down, and she discovered some also on Worle Hill, Weston-super-Mare, whence I had from her a specimen. Carduus arvensis Curt. var. B. setosus (Suppl. Notes, 1886). This distinct-looking variety which has been known many years on the right bank of the Avon, below Bath, is now determined to be Cirsium arvense Scop. var. obtusilobum, f. subincanum G. Beck, Fl. N.O. p. 1239, Koch, Syn. ed. in. p. 1553 (Journ. Bot. 1901, p. 91). We have gathered on dust-heaps on the other side of the river a form with leaves glabrous beneath, which is the f. subviride G. Beck. Crepis brennis, first observed in the district by Rev. R. P. Murray, appears to be spreading at his locality, where I now find it in three fields. Mrs. Gregory has it a'so at Weston- super-Mare and at Winscombe. C'. nicwensis was noted too near Axbridge by Mr. Murray. A specimen of C. jatida in the Jenyns herbarium is labelled “ Bathampton, July 9, 1867; C. BE. Broome.” Mieracium. The aspect of this genus has been entirely altered of late years by the critical industry of our leading botanists, who have differentiated and defined many new forms, and in doing so have necessarily subdivided and split up the old groups. For example, the Cheddar “‘ murorum ” certainly comprised three distinct plants, now known as H, Schmidt Tausch., H. stenolepis Lindeb., and H. Lima F. J. Hanbury. The hawkweed abundant on limestone about Clifton and Bristol, and formerly named vulgatum, is not that type, but is determined to be H. sccaphilum UVechtr. The “ H. gothicum”’ on Ebbor rocks gathered by Professor Babington in 1851 (Flora of Somerset, p. 209), is considered, on examination of fresh specimens, to belong to H. rigidum var. pullatum. Mr. Bucknall has found the same form on Churchill Batch, In Journ. Bot. 1899, p. 418, we referred 136 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. to the occurrence of H. murorum var. pellucidum on oolitic hills above Wotton-under-Edge and Dursley, where type vulgatum is also plentiful. And Mr. Hanbury, in his Mono- graph of the British Hieracia, notes the presence of H. am- plearcaule (not a native) on an old garden wall in Clifton, where it still exists. Alien Composite that have occurred on waste ground, rubbish, etc., are: Antennaria margaritacea, Xanthium spinosum, Cacalia hastata, Lactuca saligna, Artemisia pontica, Ambrosia artemisiefolia, Schuria abrotanoides, Eucelia mexv- cand. (Wahlenbergia hederacea grows on the peat moor near Shapwick Station, but scarcely within the area of Sanders’ Map.) ERICACE. Pyrola minor was discovered in N. Somerset by Mr. R. Baker in 1883. He and I then traced it about 100 yards in a wood near Abbotsleigh where the underwood had recently been cut. It was not until July 1898, that I saw this plant in Gloucestershire. After a steady hunt about Woodmancote at Dursley, Mr. D. Fry and I found plenty of it on the lower slopes of a wood, occurring here and there for about a mile. We did not find P. media. Vaccinium Oxycoccus L. (Oxycoccus palustris Pers., Schollera Oxycoccus Roth.). Formerly known on Burtle and Shapwick turf-moors, and stated to have been gathered on Blackdown, Mendip, in August 1860. The Cranberry appeared to be lost to us until June 1896, when Mr. W. F. Miller sent me a specimen gathered by him amongst Sphagnum on the side of Blackdown (Journ. Bot., 1896, p. 319). GENTIANACEA. Gentiana Amarella L. Mrs. Gregory has found on Brean Down specimens that have been referred by Mr, A. Bennett BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 17 to the var. uliginosa Willd., and to the sub-species axillaris Murbeck. Menyanthes trifoliata is abundant in a large pond “ Wurple Pool,” on high ground between Barrow Gourney and Brockley Combe, where it was shown to me by Mr. K. H. Read. CONVOLVULACE. Cuscuta europea occurs at intervals on both banks of the river Avon from Bathford nearly down to Bristol, growing upon a large number of herbaceous species. In 1893 it was reported by Mr. Withers in unusual abundance under Fox’s Woods, Brislington, even getting up into the willow trees and hanging in tresses from their branches. In August ~ 1888, I found a large patch of C. Epithymum on Galium verum, etc., near the lighthouses at Burnham, and at Steart. In 1893 this dodder was pointed out by Mr. Withers on the G.W.R. embankment at Newton St. Loe, abundant on several species of Umbellifere and Composite. C. Trifoliw also must take a place in our list. Besides its occurrence at Pill (Flora, p. 121, under C. europea), three or four patches were found by the Misses Cundall between Abbotsleigh and Failand, 1897-1898, and I met with it near Charfield, August 1900. BORAGINACE. Asperugo procumbens L. is rightly considered by Rev. R. P. Murray (flora, Somerset, p. 233) to be too persistent near Bath to be placed among the excluded species. It was noted in the cornfields there a century ago (Bot. Guide, 1805), and a very reliable observer, Mr. Withers, found it plentiful in arable ground near Twerton, in 1892. The same botanist has noticed the plant for several seasons at Fox’s Wood Sidings, G.W.R., where it was probably derived from waggon sweepings. Symphytum tuberosum, a northern species, has been intro- 138 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. duced since the publication of the Flora. It is well established, in great quantity, on a railway embankment near Montpellier Station, and there are several patches in the damp wood between Stoke Bishop and Sea Mills. S. asperrumum, at Brass Knocker Hill and St. Catherine’s, by Bath, is a settler of greater age, a specimen in the Jenyns Herbarium being labelled: ‘‘ June 10, 1853.” Other instances of undoubted aliens assuming the habit of native plants when circumstances are favourable are furnished by Omphalodes verna Moench, of which there is a large quantity in a steep stony wood by the Avon, near Hanham, where it has been known many years ; and by Pulmonaria officinalis L., which has escaped into Berwick Wood from an adjacent garden. SCROPHULARIACE. Euphrasia. By the aid of Mr. F. Townsend’s Monograph, and with some kind help from the author himself, the follow- ing plants of this genus have been identified in our district : E. brevipilla Burn. & Grml., #. borealis Towns., E. curta Fr. var. glabrescens Wettst., H. Kerneri Wettst., H. Kernert x Rostkoviana, E. Levieri Wettst., EH. nemorosa H. Mart., E. Rostkoviana Hayne., E. stricta Host. These forms are, of course, all included in the old aggregate E. officinalis L. LABIAT. Mentha. Recent field-work has shown that the Mints are at least as well represented in the vicinity of Bristol, as in other parts of Britain. I have seen M. sylvestris by the Avon near Hanham, and very abundantly in the Chew valley at intervals along the river’s course between Stanton Drew and Chewton Keynsham. M. Piperita grows by the Chew at Compton Dando, and has been observed also at Clevedon, Worle Hill, and Woollard. The Clevedon plant was vulgaris Sole, a rare and interesting variety, and its loss owing to alterations BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 139 in the ground connected with local improvements is to be regretted. M. viridis, wherever met with in the W. of Eng- land, must, I suppose, be always an escape from cultivation. It has been seen by the roadside between Warmley and Wyck, at Conham, and at South Stoke. M. rubra, on the contrary, I am more than ever inclined to regard as a native in our district. I have never seen it in gardens, nor heard of its being cultivated. This handsome mint we have in many places: Nibley, Wotton-under-Edge, Black Mill at Bitton, Conham, Crew’s Hole, by the Avon under Leigh Woods, Clevedon, Congresbury, Compton Dando, Litton, and in the green lane between Churchill Batch and Blackdown on Mendip. M. gentilis L. In a rough field near Corston, 1889, D. Fry. M. sativa L. var. paludosa Sole. Plentiful by the river Chew at Compton Dando, agreeing well with descriptions and figures by Sole and others. Prunella vulgaris L. A white-flowered plant more hairy than usual, with narrow pinnatifid leaves, probably Bruxella alba, Pall., has been noticed on the Mendips by Mrs. Gregory and myself. Nepeta Glechoma Benth. Mr. David Fry finds at Corston the well-marked variety B. parviflora Benth. It differs from the type by its much smaller flowers, the tube of which only equals, instead of greatly exceeding, the calyx, by its smaller and more acute calyx-teeth and its subglabrous foliage, with more deeply incised teeth. Lamium purpureum L. var. decipiens Sonder occurred in a lane at Hutton and at Tickenham. Stachys alpina L. was discovered on the wooded hills between North Nibley and Wotton-under-Edge, in June 1897, by Mr. Cedric Bucknall. New to Great Britain. For a detailed description, and figure, refer to Journ. of Bot. 1897, p. 380, and 1898, p. 209. Alien Labiatze of which I have notes are: Salvia verti- cillata, S. sylvestris and Stachys annua. M 140 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. LENTIBULARIACE. Pinguicula lusitanica and P. vulgaris have been long known on the southern peat-moors near Shapwick and Glastonbury, but probably not within our area. Utricularia intermedia Hayne has been added to our Flora and to that of the county of Somerset by the discovery of foliage specimens in a peaty ditch on Clapton Moor (Journ. of Bot, 1901, p.- 92). PLUMBAGINACE/L. Statice auriculefolia Vahl. On Birnbeck Island, Weston- super-Mare, four or five large plants in July 1896. (Amaranthus retroflecus and A. deflerus (Kastern food-grains) occur on waste ground and rubbish near the docks and rail- ways.) CHENOPODIACE. Chenopodium urbicum has been met with since 1890 at Bath, Corston, and Sneyd Park, and so establishes a claim to be numbered in the list. C. opulcfoliwm was first noticed in the district in 1884, and since then has proved constant and plentiful on waste ground and dust-heaps between Bath and Bristol. C. ficifolium and C’. murale too, are now known to be not quite so rare as they were formerly considered. POLYGONACE. Rumex palustris Sm. In a former notice (Journ. Bot., 1892, p. 13) Mr. Fry and I drew attention to the occurrence of this rare dock on the Somerset peat-moors, where it grows intermingled with R. maritemus, but flowers a month later. In former times it appears, from records of the late Mr. T. BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 141 Clark, to have been more abundant. R. acutus L. has been specially searched for, and proves to be well distributed in the district. In the experience of some botanists it ripens fruit very sparingly, but local observation with reference to this point bears out Prof. Babington’s assertion that the nuts are produced in abundance. Polygonum maritimum L. In addition to several other good finds for which we are indebted to him, Mr. Harold Thompson showed me, from Berrow sand-hills, a specimen of this very rare plant which has never before been observed in the county of Somerset. Braunton in North Devon is the nearest habitat for the species (Journ. of Bot., 1889, p. 183). KUPHORBIACE. Buaus sempervirens L. Abundant in woods about “ The Warren,” between Alderley and Wotton-under-Hdge, where it is known to Sir J. D. Hooker, and is stated in the Students’ Flora to be certainly indigenous. Further up the valley at Boxwell, outside the district, the box covers many acres and extends half a mile. The reasons for believing this shrub to be truly wild in the West Gloucestershire portion of the Bristol district have been fully stated by C. Bucknall in the Journal of Botany, 1901, p. 29. AMENTIFER. Saha. The arrangement of Willows in the Flora would be revised in a new edition to accord with the results of Jater study and investigation. ORCHIDACE. Orchis ustulata L. I am indebted to Mr. W. F. Miller for a specimen found by him on Wavering Down. The locality on Claverton Down has been visited by Mr. D. Fry, who saw 142 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. about twenty fine plants of this very beautiful species. Mr. Fry describes to me a plant from Pensford intermediate be- tween O. maculata and O. incarnata, possessing the leaves of the former and approaching the latter in its hollow stem and flower- characters. This he suspected to be a hybrid, but finding that similar specimens grew on a moor near Tintern where incarnata is certainly absent, he thinks the plant in question must be regarded as a variety. of maculata. Epipactis. Our records of EL. latifolia include plants which can well be assigned to EH. media Bab., and have been so named by various authorities. This especially applies to those growing in woods near Houndstreet, Hallatrow, Clutton and Cheddar. At the same time the characters relied upon for separation of these obscure forms seem to be more or less inconstant, and in Britain at least the best botanists are often unable to form a decided opinion on specimens submitted to them. AMARYLLIDACEAL. Galanthus. I have visited Edford several times, and have found the snowdrop to exist in far greater quantity than had been suspected. On April 2, 1888, the season being very backward, many plants were still in flower on the left bank of the stream, and they covered about an acre on the other bank within the wood. On March 8, 1900, these were all in perfection. I then traced the plant about a mile upstream, and was informed by a gamekeeper that it extended altogether about ten miles in that valley. In fact it does extend as far down as Mells and Great Elm. I have seen it also in profusion in the neighbouring Murdercombe. LILIACEA. Lilium Martagon. An alien. ‘“‘ During the last four years I have found one or more specimens in the wood at Bishops- BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 143 worth ; last year there were four in bloom.” J. F. Hopkins, June 1888. Wood on Henbury Hill, 1900; reported by residents in that vicinity. Fritdlarva Meleagris is happily not extinct, as was feared ; and we have at least two new localities for it. In May 1887, Messrs. D. Fry and R. V. Sherring found in the meadows at Compton Martin twenty-one flowering stems, fourteen white, and seven red. Since that date plants with white and mottled flowers have been discovered on the Tyntesfield estate, five or six miles from Bristol ; and in May 1901, Miss Neale came upon some in a meadow hear Chipping Sodbury. Scilla autumnalis. In a “ Note” published 1888 in these Proceedings, and in the Journal of Botany, January 1889, I was able to announce the rediscovery of this rare bulb on St. Vincent’s rocks at a spot to which it had been removed on the commencement of works for the Suspension Bridge that threatened its destruction. It 1s now very gratifying to state further that the plant still exists sparingly in “ the sward on the top of the rocks,” just as noted by Swete (Ll. p. 78). I saw seven in 1898, and a larger number in 1900. JUNCACE A. Juncus martimus Sm. It was not until September 15, 1897, that I found this rush in the district. Then, while botanizing among the sandhills between Brean and Burnham, I came upon a small clump in the outer marsh, and about half a mile further on was a patch of several square yards bearing very fine inflorescence. Its occurrence here is interesting because, although there are old records for several spots on the Somerset coast, none had been seen for many years, and the plant was thought to be probably extinct in the county. J. compressus Jacq. We now have this species from Bitton, D. Fry, 1886 ; from three meadows on the right bank of the Chew near Bye Mills ; and also from a meadow near the railway embankment in Keynsham Hams. 144 BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. NATADACE. Potamogeton Friesia Rupr. (P. compressus Sm., P. mucro- natus Schrad. Bab. Man. ed. vii.). In the canal at Midford near Bath, June 28, 1901; C. Bucknall. This pondweed is re- corded in Fl. Somerset, but was not published in our list. The gramineus of Fl. Bathon. was doubtless this species. CYPERACE. Cyperus longus is, I fear, hopelessly lost from its West of Kingland station in the Walton Valley near Clevedon. ‘Two centuries ago the place seems to have been a fishpond. Later, it became a marsh; and in 1882 drainage had advanced sufficiently for the ground to be dug over and planted with potatoes. Even then the sedge continued to throw up stems on the ditchbanks and among the crop. In 1887 the spot had become still less marshy, a portion had been planted, and the remainder was overrun by cows and pigs. Notwithstand- ing the adverse human and bestial conditions many plants of Cyperus were in existence, but none seemed likely to flower. In 1893 the conditions remained the same, and at later visits in 1897 and 1900 the ground had been reduced to a mass of black mud by the trampling of animals, “ main nasty,” indeed, as the tenant said. No sign of Cyperus then. As 1f in compensation for the loss of C’. longus, a surprising discovery of the other British member of this genus (C. Juscus) was made last year by Mr. 8. I. Coley, in the same valley about a mile from the place where C’. longus formerly flourished. The circumstances are described fully in Journ. Bot., 1900, p. 446, and 1901, p. 93. Nothing more unexpected could have happened in field-botany than this discovery of the second British Cyperus in North Somerset, a hundred miles or so from the nearest known station for the plant. Schenus nigricans had been regarded as a lost Somerset rarity, but was restored to the flora of the county by Mr. BRISTOL FIELD-BOTANY IN 1901. 145 W. F. Miller, who in July 1900, found a large tuft near Wins- combe, where I afterwards saw it. Rhynchospora fusca has been gathered on Burtle Moor as lately as July 1888, by Mr. Harold Thompson. Eleocharis acicularis Sm. was unknown in this district or in Somersetshire until found by Mr. D. Fry at the edge of the canal at Bath, when the water had been lowered. Seurpus pauciflorus Lightf. is an addition, now known in three localities : on Blackdown, Mendip ; the peat-moor ; and in damp sand at Berrow Marsh. 8S. flwitans L. also has three stations in the district: the peat-moor, ditches near Weston- in-Gordano, and a bog on Blackdown. 8S. cernuus Vahl. (S. Savi 8. & M.) was added to our list in September 1900, from the peaty valley near Walton-in-Gordano, where it grows on the banks of several ditches. S. Holoschanus L. The discovery of this great rarity in October 1896, on the shore of the Bristol Channel, by Mrs. Gregory, perhaps the most important addition to the flora of N. Somerset that has been made in our time, aroused much interest among botanists throughout the country. See Journ. of Bot., 1897, p. 124. S. Tabernemontani Gmel. has been seen so far in four moor- land ditches near Nyeland and on Kenn Moor. ‘These ditches are periodically cleaned out by the spade, and so this plant, with others, must then disappear for a while until it can re-establish itself from surviving portions of rootstock. S. Caricis Retz. was found in 1888 by Mrs. David Fry by a pond among the sandhills near Burnham, growing plentifully. It still occurs in abundance at the old Hampton Rocks station near Bath. These localities differ entirely in soil, aspect, and general climatic conditions, and the distribution of the plant in N. Somerset is certainly very remarkable. Carex muricata L. var. pseudo-dwulsa Syme = CU. Leersw F. Schultz (C. virens Koch) is frequent about the wooded hills near Dursley and Wotton-under-Edge, and grows also at the base of a railway embankment under Sneyd Park. 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