Entomological Society of Ontario Proceedi v.50 ea Department of Asgriculture ts 3 “oid gfiltieth Annual Report OF THE Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1919 PRINTED BY ORDER OF Ga: 36 s _ THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO : 1920 Ontario Department of Agriculture Fiftieth Annual Report Entomological Society OF ONTARIO 1919 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO: Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1920 Yi (( war 18 1964: Qreporry nt ono’ S87397 . , : aoe by : THE he PRESS — 4) = To His Honour, Lionrt H. Crarxe, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. May Ir Piease Your Honovr: I have the honour to present herewith for your consideration, the Report of the Entomological Society for 1919. Respectfully submitted, Mannine W. Donerty, Minister of Agricutlure. Toronto, 1920. Digitized by the Internet Archive: in 2009 with funding from University of Toronto _http://www.archive.org/details/proceedings50ento CONTENTS PAGE LL EERE Gti THIS ed Cat een te ee nM ae cee Mie Reo Tape on A Os ey aed 6 OPE DIT SIAUMITIO: TO 0 a oe ace eee Ne ga FE ee 6 OUD TLL ACIDS) gt i ta is nee er a Sele ea eae Oe ae Th LA EDIE, GH Tie, (OCD 000 T | eta ornare Mt to) 0 ee Mee Rano n eee 7 MEFUIRR ERT AUN Speed Say ae dss clo sits MES ee Ne Oe RRs ae ae Wyse Sas ys 9 : (CHE 01 oS ae eth gee ae PRU Mek ety aie, Che aS iy Oy 9 - Marcnto Branch 2). 2/55. OC Ae oe tO ree Yh 9 I OC AMEE AN ICY 2 ey. cvs claa pape eee Steer De ins Sek EOE coe 10 ‘ Brash ecolumbia: Branchy, trccccct corte oan, 4 eens i rasaieniee 11 i OMe SCOvIaS NAN Ch |i ey lobtda oc ec eee atone See eae ck 12 Henoris Gn insects of the Year: Division No? 3: A. COSENS ..0.:...:....c:e.c+00- 13 s *y . F Aa eae MORBIB. ) Ae } : 271 Tek. 7 6 36 TM eSclo os Bone anne eee 12 1,054 Orcyarpd EXPERIMENTS. S. M. Curp’s OrcHarp. Our orchard experiments on the control of psylla were conducted at Beamsville in S. M. Culp’s thirteen-acre orchard of Bartlett, Duchess, Kieffer, Flemish Beauty, Bosc, Winter Nelis and Anjou pears. The mild winter of 1918-19 was very favorable for the hibernating adults and in the spring they emerged in large numbers and a large deposition of eggs was made. . First Apprication. The first application, ie. the application to destroy the eggs, was put on by means of a spray gun at the usual time,* and the following spray mixtures were used: (1) Lime-sulphur 1-7 ' Lime-sulphur 1-9 - (2) Starch 2 lbs. to 40 gallons (3) Lime-sulphur 1-10 Starch 2 lbs. to 40 gallons - (4) Soluble sulphur 12% lbs. Hydrated lime 10 lbs. Water 40 gals. No one spray mixture, so far as we could judge, proved superior to the others. Each destroyed practically all the eggs and exposed nymphs. The nymphs which had hatched out before the sprays were applied and had sought shelter in the leaf buds beneath the bud scales were uninjured. These averaged about 1.5 to a leaf- bud on all varieties other than Kieffer. On the Kieffer trees the infestation was about .18 to a leaf cluster. This difference no doubt was due to the fact that the Kieffer trees were out in leaf when the spray was applied and therefore did _ not afford the nymphs much protection. - + The Pear Psylla in Ontario—Report of the Ent. Soc. of Ont., 1918, pp. 81-90. 38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 All the spraying mixtures injured the buds and foliage to a slight but not appreciable extent. In comparing the Culp orchard with pear trees which had been sprayed with lime-sulphur 1-20, no difference in the amount of “ burning ” was noticed. Sprayina FoR THE Nympus. In order to destroy the nymphs which had escaped the first spray and those which had hatched from the eggs of belated females, a second application was made after the blossoms fell. Black Leaf 40, 3/8 pint to 40 gallons, was added to the regular codling moth spray (Lime-sulphur 1-40, arsenate of lead 21% lbs. to 40) and this was applied with great thoroughness. This application gave excellent results. When the orchard was examined a few days later only an old psylla was found. The insect increased very slowly in numbers throughout the season and right up to early September its numbers were very insignificant. The foliage was in beautiful condition all season and the trees bore an excellent crop of pears. W. F. W. Fisuer’s OrcHARD. Part of a large pear orchard at Burlington was sprayed at the usual time for the “egg spray,” with lime-sulphur wash 1-9 and starch 2 Ibs. to 40 gallons and the other and smaller part was sprayed with lime- sulphur 1-7. In addition to this all the trees received the post-blossom appli- . cation of Black Leaf 40. Resutts. Excellent results were secured—the psylla was reduced to very insignificant proportions, and for the first time in many years caused no damage. EVENING SESSION. The Evening Meeting was held at 8 p.m. in the Carnegie Library and was well attended by members and others interested. The chair was occupied by the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Mr. J. H. Grisdale. The Popular Address was given by Mr. C. L. Marlatt, Chairman of the Federal Horticultural Board, Washington, D.C., his subject being “The Federal Plant Quarantine Act” or “ How the United States is Preventing the Introduction of Foreign Insect Pests and Plant Diseases.” The address was highly appreciated and felt to be of special value to Canadian Entomologists, as was pointed out by the President of the Society, Prof. Lawson Caesar, while proposing a vote of thanks. . THE FEDERAL PLANT QUARANTINE ACT. C. L. Marnart, CHarrmMan, Feprrat Horticutturat Boarp, WAsHineton, D.C. [The following discussion covers the subject in a general way as it was pre- sented extemporaneously. | Most of you undoubtedly are familiar with the Federal Plant Quarantine Act and with the general features of its administration through a Federal Horti- cultural Board. This Act was the outcome of a long, hard fight which began twenty years ago as a result of a nation-wide conference called in Washington. This conference included state entomologists and inspectors and secretaries of agriculture and horticulture and other persons interested in plant protection. The need of a federal quarantine which should give protection to the whole United 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 States had long been felt. The San José Scale excitement of that period was, however, the leading element in bringing about the demand for a federal plant law. As a result of the conference in Washington a broad plant law was drafted which was intended to regulate both foreign importation of plants and also inter- state traffic. On account of its breadth of field this proposed law aroused a good deal of opposition and failed to get any real standing before Congress. It was re-introduced at different sessions of Congress for a number of years but never received effective support In 1908 and 1909 the plant import situation became very serious on account of the sudden increase of infestation of nursery stock received from Europe and Japan by gipsy and brown-tail moths. This was about eight years after the original attempt to get federal plant quarantine law. The failure up to that time to get Congress to act had rather dispelled the enthusiasm of most of us, and the passage of any satisfactory law through Congress was generally looked upon as being practically impossible. The securing of legislation, giving new federal powers, is always a difficult matter and especially so where such powers involve an entirely new subject of legislation encroaching in any degree on the police or other powers of the states. : In the face of the great danger which this country was under from the character of nursery stock importations of 1908-09 I secured permission from the Secretary of Agriculture to draft a new plant quarantine law and to have it in- troduced in Congress. That draft was the original of the present plant quarantine act. It was a very difficult matter to get this legislation through Congress. The bill was revised and re-introduced many times before it was finally passed in August, 1912, and the story of the long fight to get this legislation would be a very interest- ing one if I had time to relate it. The Federal Plant Quarantine Act of 1912 is limited to control of entry of foreign plants and plant products, and to the establishment of domestic quarantines within the United States controlling interstate movement of such quarantined or restricted plants or plant products. As to its foreign features, all plants or plant products of whatever kind are subject to restriction. As to the domestic and interstate features, not only plants and plant products may be restricted but any other article which may be the means of conveying insect or disease enemies of plants, a control broad enough to cover, for example, stone and other quarry products, earth, or even manufactured articles. The law does not provide for any general interstate control of plant traffic except in relation to specific quaran- tines to prevent the spread of dangerous insects or plant diseases, and in this respect is less broad than the law drafted by the original conference at Washington referred to at the outset of this discussion. This quarantine act has now been in force seven years. There are now in force under it some fifteen foreign quarantines and seven orders restricting or regulating the entry of plants and plant products and some twelve domestic quaran- tines. With most of this quarantine and control action you are doubtless fairly familiar. I will discuss rather briefly -a few of the more important activities of the Board in respect to these quarantines and restrictions on plant movement. Perhaps the most important activity of the Board at the moment is in relation to the pink bollworm of cotton. This insect is a very important new enemy of cotton which has recently obtained foothold in Mexico and also scant foothold in Texas. To prevent the further entry of this insect into the United States and to effect its control in the limited areas where it is now established we are now 40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36° receiving from Congress an annual appropriation’ of upwards of half a million dollars. The work involved covers a very wide range, including extensive clean-up operations in Texas, the enforcement of a quarantine service between Mexico and the United States, the control of all import cotton into the United States and of the cotton mills in this country which make use of such import cotton, and also the control of cottonseed cake and meal and any other product relating to cotton which may be a means of introducing the insect. Another important quarantine feature under the Board is the white pine blister rust quarantine, which has for its special object the protection of the great pine areas of the western half of the United States from infestation from the eastern half of the United States where this disease has gained wide and probably firm foothold. One of the later quarantines has relation to the European borer which has recently obtained foothold in the neighborhood of Boston and in a limited area near “Albany, N. Y. We are asking Came for an appropriation of $500,000 for quarantine and other control work in relation to this borer. Inasmuch as this insect is known to infest practically all succulent vegetation, even grasses, and is so concealed as to make its discovery difficult, its extermination is recognized as an impossibility, but if it cannot be exterminated, it certain'y can le controlled. I do not believe in being unnecessarily alarmed over the introduction of any new ° pest, and in the case of this new corn borer, the last year’s experience has demon- strated that there are at least four important controlling factors which may later on show this pest to be a comparatively unimportant one, certainly indicating that Canada, for example, need have very little fear on account of it. These hopeful or controlling factors are: (1) for the northern areas of corn culture, single-broodedness with accompanying negligible damage indicated; (2) possi- bility of cultural control by the elimination of weeds; (3) the immunity now indicated for ordinary field corn, and (4) the possibility of effective egg parasitism. (The introduction of this insect through the agency of imported broom corn and its probable wide dissemination in the United States was discussed in some detail. ) : Another problem that has recently come up to the Board is the potato wart disease, one of the three plant enemies specifically mentioned in the Federal Quarantine Act to be immediately guarded against. This disease was evidently brought into this country in the winter and spring of 1911-12 before the Quaran- tine Act was passed. The Department of Agriculture through the Federal Horti- cultural Board is co-operating with the State of Pennsylvania in a thoroughgoing campaign to eradicate this pest. The work of the last season, now concluded, has presented a very much more hopeful outlook also with respect to this potato disease. In other words, the principal commercial varieties of potatoes grown in the United States have developed a substantial immunity to this disease and it looks very possible, therefore, that it can be controlled through the growth of these immune varieties and other varieties, the immunity of which has already been demonstrated in European countries. These are a few of the important subjects which the Board now has under way. Other subjects are the Oriental fruit or peach moth which came from Japan on ornamental cherry stock and has obtained rather wide feothold in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia and also in New York and a few other places. This pest might have come to this country on any shipment of Japanese ornamental cherry or peach stock, but apparently obtained its first foothold through a ship- 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~ 4] ment of cherry trees made as a gift of the City of Tokio of Japan to the City of Washington. The first lot was of large sized trees and so seriously infested with various insects that the trees were burned. A second sending was later made of young trees and these were apparently in a fairly healthy condition and at least had been so pruned back that any evidences of the work of this insect had been entirely removed. Incidentally, it may be said that it is a very difficult matter to detect an insect about which you know nothing and which you are not antici- pating. The inspector does not know where to look for it. In the case of this pest, even with full knowledge of its habits, it is a very difficult insect to detect by inspection, so carefully concealed is it in its hibernating situation. This in- festation was not discovered at the time and the trees were planted in Washington’s Riverside Park. The local infestation of the District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia Has undoubtedly originated from this importation of flowering Japanese cherries. The incident illustrates the futility of inspection, even when carefully conducted, as a means of detecting. unknown or unfamiliar pests and is one of the strong arguments for the more radical quarantine action which the Board has recently taken in respect to all such ornamental and nursery stock. Another pest recently imported is the so-called Japanese beetle. It was in- troduced apparently about eight years ago on iris stock imported by the Dreer nurseries. It now has a very strong foothold in a comparatively small area in New Jersey opposite Philadelphia. This insect lives nine months of the year in the ground out of sight, is a strong flier, feeds miscellaneously on all sorts of vegetation, and there is therefore very little likelihood that it can ever be exterminated. By federal and state appropriation, however, a strong effort is being made to control this insect and to demonstrate the possibilities of exterminating it if such possi- bilities exist. One of the last, and perhaps one of the worst, plant pests that has turned up in this country is the “take-all” disease of wheat which has recently been determined in a few fields in southern Illinois and in a similarly small area in Indiana. War conditions and food shortage led to a movement looking to the importation of wheat from Australia into the United States to replace American- grown wheat which was being exported to meet European needs. A knowledge of the risk from such Australian wheat led the Board to declare a federal quarantine and to place such restrictions as to disinfection and use of such wheat as to safe- guard its entry. While these steps were in progress this disease was discovered in a small area in southern Illinois and later in a small area in Indiana. The method of entry of this disease is unknown and nothing has been found to indicate that it came with any wheat imported from Australia for com- mercial purposes. It is probable that its entry was due to some experimental importation of Australian wheat. Very energetic action was undertaken in co- operation with the two states concerned to stamp out the disease in the infected areas, including the prohibition of the further growth of wheat in such areas and the disinfection of the grain and the burning of infected straw and stubble. These seven or eight quarantine subjects which I have mentioned, together with the nursery stock quarantine, are the big items of work which the Federal Horticultural Board has under way at the present time. I will close with a brief discussion of the nursery stock, seed and plant quaran- tine, a subject which has perhaps as great interest for you as any of these others _and is one of the oldest of our lines of work. This quarantine has been adminis- 4 ES, 42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 tered since the passage of the Act in 1912, but has been revised under what is known as Quarantine No. 37. For seven years the Board had been endeavoring to prevent the entry of pests with imported nursery stock and other plants and seeds by a system of foreign inspection and certification with re-inspection of imported goods at destination in this country. Under this system all foreign countries wishing to engage in plant traffic with the United States on a commercial scale have been required to establish an adequate imspection and certification service. Practically all of the important countries of the world have now estab- lished such service in response to the demands of the plant quarantine act of the United States. The benefit of this service, as evidenced in the character of the plant shipments to this country, has been tremendous. Whereas, before these in- spection and certification measures were compelled by our act, thousands of in- stances of browntail moth and gipsy moth infestations:occurred in a single year in our plant imports, there are now comparatively few instances of these pests heing found. Freedom from all kinds of insect pests and plant diseases has been very marked as compared with the old conditions, but, after all, it is only a marked improvement, not absolute freedom. These pests still come in. For example, sixty-three instances of browntail and gipsy moth infestations have been discovered by the inspection service in the seven years since the act went into effect, and it is unfortunately not at all certain that all infestations by these insects were dis- covered in re-inspection at destination in this country. Hundreds of other pests have also been discovered as a result of these inspections. This state of affairs was the important reason leading to the enactment of a new nursery stock, plant and seed quarantine, namely, Quarantine Order No. 3%. Before this quarantine was pro- mulgated the subject was given long and careful consideration. A thoroughgoing investigation was inaugurated by the Board, bringing into its scope all the depart- mental plant experts of its various bureaus. The matter had also been under consideration for several years by state men through their organizations. Finally the whole subject was discussed fully at a hearing at which the producing horti- culturists and the state experts of the whole country were brought together. This discussion indicated a practically unanimous support of a quarantine which had been outlined and which was substantially the same in scope as Quarantine No. 37. Following this hearing the matter was given further study by our experts and some of these experts visited producing horticultural establishments of this country to discuss the needs of this country as to plant importations. Some months later a final conference was called of all the interests concerned and to this con- ference was submitted a provisional draft of the quarantine. It was eight months after the quarantine had been first broached that.it was finally promulgated. The action of the department and the Board, therefore, can certainly not be charged with having been precipitant. The quarantine became effective June Ist, 1919. It has aroused a wide criticism and protest, much of this protest being based on misrepresentation. It has been represented, for example, that the quarantine will prevent the entry into the United States of new plant creations of Europe and other foreign countries and that America will be forever deprived of all such additions to its horticulture and floriculture. There is no foundation for this charge. The quarantine does not really prevent the importation of any plants into the United Satates for which a real need can be shown. Provision is made in the quarantine for the entry for introduction purposes of any new plant creations of Europe or other foreign countries. Furthermore, the quarantine provides for the entry of any reasonable amount of plant material not available in the United 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 States which is needed for the development of reproduction enterprises to supply home needs. All such special introductions, however, must be made through the Department of Agriculture and will be subject to all the safeguards which the highly developed inspection service of the Department in Washington can give, including, if necessary, detention in quarantine or even the destruction of the im- ported material if its condition of infestation is such that such destruction is determined as necessary to prevent entry of pests or plant diseases. It is not prob- able, however, that material offered for entry under this provision of the quarantine will be often so infested as to require such drastic action. As a result of the mis- representation referred to and other phases of misrepresentation Congress and the Department of Agriculture at Washington have been flooded with letters and petitions in opposition to the quarantine. This opposition has largely come from certain importing interests which will be necessarily restricted in business by the quarantine. The experts of the Department of Agriculture, and, I think, also the thought- ful horticultural interests of the country, are convinced of the need of such quaran- tine action. Undoubtedly this quarantine will lead to a development in this country of horticultural productions .to take the place of the articles which have hitherto been obtained from foreign sources. In this way it will indirectly be the means of developing American horticulture and floriculture. It is only fair to say to those who go into production enterprises to supply the material the importa- tion of which has been cut off that this quarantine in all probability in its main lines will stand and that such enterprises will therefore fill a permanent place in our horticulture. This does not mean that Quarantine No. 37 is not subject to modification or change, but it does mean that the department and the experts of the country are convinced that it is sound in principle and that its enforcement practically along its present lines will afford a needed protection for the forest, fruit and farm interests of this country. Wherever an error can be shown it will be corrected but changes will not be made for personal, selfish, or commercial interests, however powerful their backing, to the loss of the principle of protection which underlies and is the basis for this quarantine. HOPKINS’ BIOCLIMATIC LAW. Wm. LocHHEAD, MAcDONALD COLLEGE, QUE. Economic Entomology is ever drawing on other sciences for aid in the solution of its problems. It is indebted to chemistry for help in solving the problem of insecticides, to bacteriology and botany in the effort to work out means of con- trolling certain insects by bacteria and fungi, to agriculture for the introduction of farm practices that tend to contro] certain insects, to zoology for a knowledge of the habits of birds and other animals that feed upon insects; to physics for suggestions and explanations regarding the construction of many useful devices, and to Meteorology for the help it has given toward a better understanding of the distribution of organic life and of the factors that influence its seasonal activi- ties. Without a knowledge of these sciences an economic entomologist may make but little headway when brought face to face with a new practical problem. One of the most recent and most far-reaching contributions to Economic Entomology is the Bioclimatic Law of Dr. Hopkins of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. i THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 Tur Science or PHENOLOGY. From time immemorial agricultural practice has been guided by meteorological factors. Primitive man, no doubt, soon dis- covered that his food plants required a limited period to reach maturity and that every growing season had its earliest and latest dates for planting. He soon learned, too, that these dates varied with different regions, with different seasons, and with local weather conditions. In the course of time a mass of observations accumulated, which constituted the basis of farm practice. Naturally much error crept into the observations and false deductions were drawn from certain co- incidences, but on the whole the early growers of plants were guided by experience. Their contact with nature was very intimate, perhaps more intimate than that of the farmers of to-day. They knew the times of opening of the buds of the various shrubs and trees, and of the arrival and departure of the birds, and learned to associate certain farm practices with these events as natural guides. For example, the time of the appearance of the blossoms on the maple was considered by many people a suitable time to begin gardening; the blossoming of blackberries the best time for bean planting; the blooming of the locust trees for the planting of cotton; the mouse-ear size of white oak or maple leaves for the planting of corn; the opening of the elder flowers for the sowing of turnip seed; the ripening of the elder berries for the harvesting of the early onions; and the ripening of the burs of the small cockle-bur for the harvesting of the late crops. In other words, the early farmers associated their farming operations with periodic phenomena connected with some tree, shrub or plant. In the eighteenth century when plants began to be studied scientifically attention was given to the recording of observations on such periodic phenomena as the opening of the buds, the time of flowering, the ripening of the seeds, etc., which give rise to the science of phenology. At the same time studies were made to determine the geographical distribution of plants and animals. In the course of these investigations the rates of variation in the dates were partially determined for different latitude, longitude and altitude, but the number of data was not sufficient to permit a definite law of variation to be formulated. It was early observed that while temperature was the main controlling factor in bringing about variations in periodic phenomena other factors also p!ayed an important part. Dr. Merriam’s maps of the zonal distribution of plants and animals into Life Zones were largely based on the temperature factor and are very suggestive and helpful in matters of life distribution. These maps, however, do not furnish information regarding the dates of periodic phenomena in different regions and districts so much desired by the economic biologist in the matter of application of methods of control in the different regions. As an example, the old spraying calendars, based on regional distribution rather than phenological phenomena, have been discarded as unsatisfactory, and instead “some periodic event in the plant to which the spray is to be applied is given as the index to the time to do the work.” Dr. A. D. Hopkins was the first person in America, I believe, who attempted fo apply this science of phenology to the solution of entomological problems, especially those relating to certain forest insects in West Virginia. Later it was applied in connection with the control of the Hessian Fly, and as an outcome of the investigations a definite Bioclimatic Law was formulated, which forms a work- ing guide for farm practice and biological research over the entire continent. In connection with this law Dr. Hopkins has prepared a system of maps and com- 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 fey : ne i aS {} | | ~/ > ea 0/5 nae Lis Ei SF ¢ See, eI ae "4 oy YES = Ei seen ee Alsi Arias Si ise as once OS Fig. 1. Isophanal Map of the United States in 1 degree isophanes and 1 x 5 degree quadrangles to illustrate method of expressing the geographical constants of the Law. M4 Berg y h, Suh, i La SCOT [ro) pe RY naeva LIS Te , Ris es) = Ooh Ware tad see te was Fa sees =a Hives = = A Fig. 2. Isophanal Map of the United States in 5 degree isophanes and 5 x 5 degree quadrangles to illustrate method of designating phenological areas for the study of influences which contribute to time, altitude or latitude departures from the geographical constants. The estimated minus (earlier) and plus (later) departures in days from the computed time constant for spring and autumn events, as given for each quadrangle, are based on a study of more than 40,000 reports on the date wheat harvest begins and on other statistics of planting and harvest dates for wheat, potatoes, etc., and represent averages for the entire quadrangle. 46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 puting calendars and tables which aid very much in the computation of phenologi- cal dates. Dr. Hopkins informs us that the rates of variation in the dates of periodic events were determined earlier by Schubler in 1830 for the distance between Parma, Italy, and Greifswald, Prussia, as 4 days for a difference of about 325 feet of altitude and 1 degree of latitude. Although Quetelet, in 1846, was aware of the influence of longitude, it remained for Fritsch, in 1865, to state that each degree of longitude westward made a variation of 4/10 of a day. In 1893 Ihne found the variation to be about 9/10 of a day. Dr. Hopkins, in 1900, concluded from his investigations in West Virginia that the rate of variation was 4 days to 1 degree of latitude and 400 feet of altitude, and later in 1915 concluded that there was a variation of 4 days to 5 degrees of longitude. THe Broctimatico Law. The Bioclimatic Law may be stated as follows: The variation in the time in which periodical events occur in the seasonal develop- ment and habits of plants and animals at different geographical positions within the range of their distribution is, other things being equal, at the rate of four days for each degree of latitude, five degrees of longitude, or 400 feet of altitude. According to this law, lines running from the east toward the north-west at the rate of one degree of latitude to five degrees of longitude represent the same constant or average date of periodical phenomenon for any given level throughcut their length. Such lines are called isophanal lines, and in accordance with this law Dr. Hopkins has constructed isophanal maps of the United States (Fig. 1). Meridian lines drawn at right angles to the isophanal lines are called phenological meridians. The influence of certain local factors that modify the average dates of the periodic phenomena for each quadrangle, such as topography, lakes, large rivers, rainfall, sunshine, etc., according to their intensity, is marked on each quadrangle as plus (later) or minus (earlier) departures for both spring and autumn (Fig. 2). Dr. Hopkins believes that the amount of departure of the actual from the computed date for any locality represents the intensity of the action of local factors. For example, in Florida the departures are ten days earlier than computed time for autumn and ten days later for spring events; for Western Ontario only nine days later for autumn. Such departures were based on a study of more than 40,000 reports on the date wheat harvest begins. The departure constants were obtained by establishing phenological bases or “localities where a sufficient number of observations have been made to establish corrections for local and regional influences, so that the date of any seasonal event recorded there may serve as a reliable basis for the computation of corresponding dates for the same event at any other geographical position within the same or different regions of a country or continent.” Wooster, Ohio, was taken as the base for fall wheat seeding on account of the thorough work done there by Webster in connection with the determination of Hessian fly-free dates, while Minnesota was taken as the base for spring wheat seeding. . In accordance with the law and with the amount of departures for different localities Dr. Hopkins, in 191%, proposed to the U. 8. Department of Agricul- ture to make wheat seeding map-calendars for all the States for the purpose of increasing the wheat yields for 1918 by the control of the Hes‘ian Fly. On account of the limited time, however, posters with maps and instructions were prepared for only New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Nebraska, New 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 Jersey, West Virginia, Oklahoma, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. (Fig. 3.) Fig. 3 is a calendar of winter wheat seeding date constants for map (Fig. 1) computed for latitude, longitude and altitude. “To illustrate its use let us select the Guelph region. This lies in the quadrangle bounded by the phenological meridians 45 and 50 and the isophanes 47 and 48 and at an altitude of 1,000. feet. By referring to Fig. 3 it will be seen that the date for winter wheat peding is September 10th for an altitude of 1,000 feet. Next, by referring to Fig. 2 we maa se sla atatals Na 28] 24 pe ene ce Pepin CECE || PeJeajes|2i|iilisa BEC ce ce aa aoe ——— on a falsely TT ttt Titty tl | Pee |z2] 13 | rT sehxelez| [fio fea lzales|en liste ts SJeslel TT PL csieebe is tghetete ate ttetelekeeeke EO Hfebalatelalelal ote pestalrfstals i esBa [LL alee tolafs sted | ‘Az 30|26j22| 19|14|10 || | te}iz| By UL 30]2e/22| 18 [14] | [aaliel re fal ST solbe[z2[re[ [rope Fo 2 SE GIT zat | [29|zo| 6] 12] Bl Sy s0|2elzalie |r fiof el alza|asizili7|13[4 | 5 N28] 24 ad [28 |ea|zolie| iz] al l30[2el zai | r+fio| S [2242521 [17] 3 [a [5 Pes] so1 1 Nesleulzo|iel iz [alt ls0 [Relea] is [fio fal 2lza]zs|2i [17] 319 | 5 Py 2s edies 25} [2] oo ielzal alata} | BL aalzstan|rijia]a]s ila [so [lesl24[zo]refiz. [alta [30] 24 22) 139114] © |e) zJealzs|2r|ia [rs] | | 5 Pee eee ore ool ea fof [2 eles| 2 fis q15 Bs reefoel fies agsod actos tise 5 nee —— fees Fig. 3. Calendar of wheat seeding date constants for Isophanal Map, Fig. 1. a Isophanes. The dates in this calendar are the computed constants for the given altitudes to be corrected for the 5 x 5 quadrangles of Fig. 2, by adding the + and subtracting the —autumn date which will give the general average date for the average altitude and average season. the departure constants are 0 for fall events. For this locality, therefore, the best date for winter wheat seeding is September 10th. It is impossible in the short time allotted me for the presentation of this paper to give in detai] the many interesting studies made by Dr. Hopkins in the formulation of his Bioclimatic Law. Such details will be found in Supp’ement No. 9 of the Monthly Weather Review, issued May 1st, 1918, and in an article in the June, 1919, number of the Scientific Monthly. e >= 18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 It seems to me that Dr. Hopkins’ Bioclimatic Law is an important contri- bution to service inasmuch as it is based on phenological phenomena which are the best means of determining the influence of all the complex factors that play upon plant and animal life. I have already referred to the use of the Law in the control of the Hessian Fly. Dr. Hopkins has used. it in connection with certain forest insects, viz., the Southern Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), the Western Pine Beetle (D. brevicomis), the Mountain Pine Beetle (D. monticolae), and the Pine Bark Louse or Spruce Gall Louse (Pineus strobt). By means of a map-calendar the dates for the beginning and ending of control measures between the autumn and spring flights can be recommended, in the case of the Pine Beetles, and in the case of the Pine Bark Louse the date of ee and time of moving about. Dr. Hopkins believes that the Law can be applied with great advantage in farm practice as a means of determining the dates of best seadins and harvesting for the production of maximum crops. While he has shown the application of the Law to winter and spring wheat he is of the opinion that it can be applied equally well to all kinds of crops. Moreover, it can be used for the making of reliable spray calendars in orchard practice for the control of insect and fungus diseases. This Law, moreover, is of value in determining the northern limit in the geographical distribution of species of plants and animals. It is, therefore, a valuable supplement to Merriam’s work on Life Zones. Regarding the value of phenology Dr. Hopkins says: “ Properly recorded and correctly interpreted there is nothing perhaps to equal the records of the dates of periodical events in plants and animals as indices to the bioclimatic character of a place or local area, because such events are in direct response, not to one or a few, but to all the complex elements and factors of the environment which no artificial instrument or set of instruments yet available will record. In other words, while species and varieties and even individuals of the same species and variety respond in a more or less different degree to the same complex influences, there are certain constant elements in the response of individuals and groups of varieties and species which, if properly interpreted, will serve as a key to the bioclimatie character and conditions which distinguish a particular region, locality, or place from that of other nearby or distant ones. THE BrocLimatTic LAW IN CANADA. Most of the data from which Dr. Hopkins prepared his maps were obtained from the United States, and it will be observed that the departures from the Law constants are practically absent from the Canadian section of his maps. No doubt the reason for this absence was the lack of sufficient data from Canada. The writer believes, however, that Canada has the data if they can only be compiled. This country has not only a large number of experiment stations scattered from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but also a large number of reports prepared by Federal and Provincial agencies, that could supply the necessary data relating to phenological phenomena. A compilation of such data would be most valuable in extending the practical application of the Bioclimatie Law to the different sections of Canada. The writer expresses the hope that some competent - 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 government official may be detailed to gather such data, so that Canada may reap the advantages which may flow from the application of the Law to agricultural practice and to the solution of many entomological and other problems. FRIDAY MORNING, 9 O'CLOCK. LOCUSTS IN MANITOBA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OUTBREAK OF 1919. Norman Crippiz, Dominion Enromotoercat LaBoratory, TREESBANK, MAN. We have had locust plagues in the Prairie Provinces as far back as history will take us; that they occurred long before that time is extremely probable. There were, however, no crops in those days and very few observers, consequently the locust outbreaks were imperfectly recorded and our knowledge of the species involved is extremely dubious. There were at least seven distirfct locust outbreaks in the Nineteenth Century most of which extended over two or more years. The first was recorded from Lord Selkirk Red River colony in 1818, another probably occurred about 1830; then we have records for: 1855-57, 1864-66, 1868-70, 1872- 75, 1897-98, and 1900 to 1904 of the new century. In other words there were fully 22 locust years in the last hundred. Another significant point is that in almost every instance the infestation lasted two or more years. Reading from Riley, and from Lugger of Minnesota, one notes that by far the most important injury in all their records was attributed to the Migratory locust, Melanoplus spretis, a species which was supposed to have its permanent abode in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and from that breeding ground to spread far over the surrounding country. In his later reports Lugger also attributes much to the Lesser Migratory locust, M. atlanis, and in a smaller extent to the Pellucid locust, Camnula pellucida. Judging from more recent occurrences I think it would be safe in concluding that these latter species were present in most of the former outbreaks, especially the Lesser Migratory locust which is, after all, very like spretis. It is evident from this brief summary of the past, that we can expect locusts to become troublesome at intervals of about 15 years though these periodic visits are not, of course, by any means regular. The insect’s appearance depends largely upon meteorological conditions among the most important of which are abnormally dry seasons, especially during May and June. There is one other point to bear in mind and that is while we talk of a locust outbreak every 15 years we should remember that such an invasion does not necessarily cover the whole country because, as a rule, it is far from doing so. Indeed most of our outbreaks have been confined to the southern portion of the province. , My personal experience with locusts dates back to 1900, when we had an outbreak in our neighbourhood involving our own farm among the rest. The species concerned was chiefly atlanis though there were a fair number of spretis _ among them for the first two years, after which that species. disappeared and has not, so far as I am aware, been heard of since. Much crop was destroyed the first season owing to lack of knowledge and proper equipment. The second year, how- ever, we learned the merits of poisoned baits and from that time forward the ecm- paratively small losses were due almost entirely to neglect. 50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 It is fourteen years since the events I have just recorded took place and during the interval we have been free from locusts in the province. .The present year, however, has once more brought the insects into prominence. The new outbreak is a serious one and promises to become still more so. Fully half a million acres are already involved in the southern portion of Manitoba, while there are several areas of lesser extent isolated from the rest. Strange as it may seem this severe outbreak came to us as a complete surprise, not a report came in of injury the previous year though we know that the insects must have been present in large numbers. This shows how little one can rely upon farmers for such information and indicates how necessary it is to have reliable scouts to be on the watch for just such a plague. The savings from such observers, on this year alone, would have been sufficient to pay the salaries of half a dozen scouts for the next ten years. When information did reach us the young hoppers were already beyond immediate control, and when I arrived at the infested area whole fields had been swept bare; added to this was the fact that we were totally unprepared and in consequence all the necessary supplies were lacking. It was a week before poison could be shipped into the affected territory, and even then it could not be secured in anything lke sufficient quantity to cope with the out- break. The Winnipeg labor strike was partly to blame for this and it also greatly hampered transportation when the supplies were shipped from the east. These are a few of the first difficulties we had to contend against. Next we had to educate the farmers as to the means of control and this in itself was no simple task. Most of the farmers involved had never witnessed a locust outbreak before and when they saw the millions upon millions of tiny hoppers turning the green fields black, many lost heart. Scoffers, too, were numerous, but some enterprising men remained and by their aid examples were provided which added much to our own demonstrations. Dead hoppers, small and hard to find among the grass, were pointed out and as their numbers increased, and the dark areas grew no larger, farmers took heart again; but only temporarily, soon fresh hordes were making their way over the bodies of their dead companions and commenced to eat new inroads into the crop. It was at this time that the human barometer fell very low indeed and but for the former experience of a few men we might have had difficulty in keeping the work going. Some farmers did indeed lose all hope and, later, their crops also. Others of more persistent character continued in their efforts and ultimately had the satisfaction of at least saving part of their crops. As for the dead locusts it is hard to realize the vast numbers that covered the ground. In one instance we found an average of 244 dead to the foot over a large field, that is to say approximately 260 bushels per acre. On one square foot at another place I counted 641 dead locusts, two-thirds of which were adults. I give these instances from many similar ones. Had these locusts been permitted to breed they would have produced at least 6,000 eggs to every square foot of land on the field and these in their turn would have provided locusts enough to destroy fully two thousand acres of crop next year. Much of the success obtained was due to the Provincial departments supply- ing the poison free, while the municipalities, as a rule, provided the bran and attractants. There was some delay, however, before these measures were adopted ; many farmers in the meantime, procuring their own materials. Our measures of control did not differ to any marked extent from those in use elsewhere: we relied chiefly upon the Kansas bait partly because it was more easily mixed and also because it seemed more attractive to the grasshoppers than ° 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 the Criddle mixture. Another point in favor of the former was the difficulty in securing horse droppings in sufficient quantity. However, there were some farmers in nearly every district who spoke very highly of the droppings and used nothing else. Two instances came to my notice where the farmers had used manure spreaders and while this might seem a rather extravagant method of spreading poison, we must take into consideration the cheapness of the material which would permit a far greater quantity to be used in comparison with Kansas bait, at the same cost. The results of this method were, at least, all that could be desired and probably exceeded any other. Later in the season a large type of hopper catcher was used, this being an improved model of the old hopper-dozer. It was sixteen feet long and some three feet in height, made, apart from the frame, with galvanized iron. With this implement, drawn by two horses, some farmers claimed to have caught as many as fourteen bushels of locusts in one day. Certainly some excellent work was done with them while the enthusiasm lasted, but in spite of the apparent success I am of the opinion that the machines are a poor substitute for poison baits. There is one feature in the present locust outbréak that makes it different from any other we have experienced in western Canada and that is the fact that we have had to deal with an entirely different kind of locust. Our previous know- ledge referred entirely to the genus Melanoplus and chiefly to the Migratory and Lesser Migratory species, whereas the present insects involved are largely the Pellucid locust. It was, perhaps fortunate that we visited the infested districts before giving advice and more so that we were able to distinguish the species involved, because the habits of the two genera are different in many respects. For instance the species of Melanoplus we have been dealing with, oviposit in and around small openings amid sparse vegetation, or more frequently still, in the stubble fields. Camnula, on the other hand, avoids such places and instead, selects the roadsides and sodded areas, depositing its eggs in the clumps of grass. It thus happened that instead of swarming of the stubble fields, as might have been expected before knowing the species, the insects came from the roadsides. This was how conditions were in most districts, but in a few Melanoplus predominated, while in others, all kinds were found together. It is an interesting sight to see the small hoppers all moving in one direction, as if all were induced by a similar impulse. These movements may be towards the sun or away from it, with or against the wind so that it is difficult to arrive at a reason for the uniformity of movement. One thing is certain: having once located a field they seldom abandon it while food remains available. Moving inward they first steadily work their way towards the centre of the field while the _ rear guard clean up what is left, or that which re-sprouts. Large masses of these hoppers may also be seen in the morning while the dew is still on the herbage, sunning themselves before partaking of the morning meal. It is then that they sometimes gather along roadsides so thickly that the road looks black with them; on other occasions they have been known to collect on the railway irons in such numbers as to actually stop the trains. The greatest sight of all, however, is to see a migration after the insects have attained the winged stage. At such times they move in regular swarms and drift along with the wind like a thick snow storm. Such a swarm may last for hours or but a few minutes. All depends upon the weather, when the sun comes out bright and hot the insects are on the wing in a moment, should a cloud obscure that orb’s surface, the locusts as quickly drop to earth again. The flights, too, seem to be infectious because no sooner do the 52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 insects from a distance drift past than those in the vicinity fly up to joim them and so add to the moving swarm. To witness such a sight for the first time cannot but prove a joy to the naturalist, but it has a very different effect upon the farmer, who perhaps sees the hard work of months brought to nothing in a few hours. We had instances, at such times, when hundred acre fields of wheat where destroyed in two days by successive swarms of migrating locusts. Other fields, however, were actually freed through the insects moving elsewhere. It was owing to these habits that some farmers who had done little still harvested some crop while other men, working hard to prevent the locusts depredations, lost everything. The almost daily flights mentioned above, naturally scattered the insects far afield and over much new territory, but while they thus moved in vast numbers their movements were much closer to the ground than are those of the Lesser Migratory locust which often rises far above the area of ordinary vision. Melan- oplus also takes part in the low flights though less frequently. All species com- mence to migrate soon after they obtain wings, and continue, on and off, for fully au month and a half. In 1919 they commenced to fly about the middle of July and continued for a considerable time after the insects had begun to oviposit. Indeed there is strong evidence to show that the female frequently deposited one lot of eggs and then moved to other territory to complete her work. During the wingless stages, and for a time afterwards, the Pellucid locust spreads all through the fields and in this habit resembles the common species of Melanoplus, but as the breeding season draws near it returns to the sod land, while the latter remain on the stubble to deposit their eggs. This habit alone usually enables us to distinguish the species involved without seeing it. For instance, should a farmer report extensive cutting of twine we are reasonably safe in referring the injury to species of Melanoplus because Camnula will be on the sod at the time the grain is cut. The only other insect, therefore, that could be involved would be the larger crickets (@Gryllus assimilis). Another difference is in the kind of soil preferred, the Lesser’ Migratory locust inhabits sandy land, Camnula the richer soil; though both prefer the dry uplands for egg-laying. The conditions favoring the increase of any particular species are almost sure io be beneficial to the development of others, consequently there are always others present of lesser importance, and in 1919 we had Melanoplus minor, which is the earliest to develop; M. packardii, gladstoni, dawsoni, bivittatus, and femur-rubrum. The first three are upland species while the last two prefer slightly moister situa- tions. I found a remarkable little outbreak of M. gladstoni near Pilot Mound which is, I believe, the first occasion that this species has been recorded as notably injurious. As I have already mentioned, the eggs of Camnula are deposited along road- sides or in pasture fields. Contrary to the general idea the insects, with us, prefer the higher land rather than low spots. Any sodded soil is suitable provided it is comparatively dry. In preparing to oviposit the female selects a low clump of grass In which she forces her abdomen to that the egg mas;, that she deposits, is situated among the grasses roots. The eggs, however, are always close to the surface and when the grass clump is a dense one, may actually protrude above ground though, of course, hidden amid the base of the plant. Owing to the peculiarity in selecting egg sites the ege pods, too, are frequently massed together and often actually touching one another in their density. In this connection I have found as many as 84 egg sacks within a square foot, that is to say approxi- mately 2,000 eggs. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 It was unfortunate that the seriousness of the 1919 outbreak prevented the few of us engaged in control measures from conducting investigations as to the effectiveness of the various poisons or attractants. When it is considered, however, that the Dominion had but one man in each province and that there was work enough for a dozen, it will be readily understood why we were obliged to devote all our time to the immediate needs of the farmers. In other words, we became, for the time being, demonstrators and encouragers rather than research men. When we view the results, however, we cannot but feel gratified at the thousands of acres that were saved even though much was lost also. We have surely demon- strated what can be done with more effective preparation, and as a result organi- zation is well under way to combat the probable outbreak of next year. We know where the eggs are, having made a careful survey during the autumn months and this knowledge will help us much in locating the young hoppers as soon as they hatch out. We can then attack them immediately rather than wait until they invade the crop. Deep ploughing has undoubtedly accounted for many eggs, especially in those districts where Melanoplus predominated. Unfortunately the sod land is much more difficult to attend to and I fear that it will, in most instances, remain un- touched. Experiments conducted at the Treesbank Laboratory, have shown that _the eggs, even when incased in their usual covering, cannot withstand a temperature ef 90°F. for many hours when the sun is shining and, therefore, exposing them early in the season is an effective means of destroying the eggs. A lesser tempera- ture, however, is not as effective though exposing the eggs to the vicissitudes of autumn, winter and spring may help to prevent their hatching. Turning to the prospects for next year, we cannot, of course, predict with certainty that there will be an outbreak, as weather conditions may intervene, but judging from the past the chances for this are small, in which case we may expect a worse and more widespread outbreak than the one of 1919. As I said before, I think we shall be prepared. This, however, is a matter that the provinces are _ chiefly taking in hand. Naturally we have all been working together against the common enemy and for myself, I should like to take this opportunity of expressing my appreciation of the splendid co-operation that has taken place. We have been in the field together and worked together for the common benefit. LIFE-HISTORY NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF ACRIDIDAE (ORTHOPTERA) FOUND IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. - E. R. Bucket, B.A., Entomorocican Laporatory, VERNON, B.C. In presenting some notes on some species of Acrididae occurring in British Columbia I do so with some hesitation for the reason that I have not been able to complete the life-history of many of the species. My hope, however, is that such notes as I have prepared will prove of service to those undertaking any further ecological and life history studies on western species of Acrididae. My thanks are particularly due to Mr. R. C. Treherne for his encouragement and advice during the past two years in this work, and to Messrs. L. P. Rockwood of the U. S. Federal Entomological Station, Forest Grove, Oregon: and Norman Criddle of the Dominioa Entomological Branch, for their kindness in assisting me in the identification of species. 54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 The following species represent the majority of the various Acrididae I have collected in British Columbia during the past two years, and the localities where they were taken. Acrydiine (Tettiginez) Acrydium granulatum Kirby. Penticton. Acrydium ornatum Say. Fairview. Acridine (Tryxaline) Pseudopomala brachyptera (Scudder). Vaseaux Lake. Fairview. Akentetus unicolor (McNeill). Fairview. Westbank. Orphulella pelidna (Burm). Fairview. Chloealtis conspersa Harris. Salmon Arm. Chloealtis abdominalis Thomas. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Stirapleura decussata (Scudder). Naramata. Penticton. Fairview. Vaseaux Lake. O. K. Falls. Keremeos. Ageneotettiz scudderi (Burner). Westbank. Fairview. Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). Westbank. Fairview. Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris). Penticton. Vernon. Oedipodine } Arphia pseudonietana , (Thomas). Salmon Arm. Vernon. Penticton. Fairview. Camnula pellucida (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Bridesville. Hippiscus neglectus (Thomas). Westbank. Penticton. Keremeos. Fairview. Hippiscus obscurus (Scudder). Westbank. Penticton. Keremeos. Fairview. Hippiscus vitellinus (Saussure). Penticton. Fairview. Hippiscus latefasciatus Scudder. Fairview. Dissosteira carolina (Linneus). Salmon Arm. Vernon. Penticton. Fairview. Spharagemon equale (Say). Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Mestobregma sp. (probably kiowa). Okanagan Landing. Mestobregma sp. Westbank. Fairview. Conozoa wallula (Scudder).-Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Circotettix suffusus (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. Circotettix lobatus Saussure. Fairview. Trimerotropis ceruleipes (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Penticton. Fairview. a Trimerotropis vinculata (Scudder). Salmon Arm. Penticton. Fairview. Locustine (Acridiine) Melanoplus atlanis (Riley). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview. ; : Melanoplus femur-rubrum (DeGeer). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Pen- ticton. Fairview. Melanoplus packardii (Scudder). Fairview. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say). Salmon Arm. Vernon, Penticton. Fairview. Melanoplus cinereus (Scudder). Fairview. ACRYDIINAE. Two species of the sub-family Acrydiinae were taken during the summer of 1919. Both belong to the Genus Acrydium. Acrydium granulatum Kirby. Large numbers of adults of these insects were taken on April 12th in the meadows at Penticton. During April and May they were common everywhere in damp meadows around Penticton. A few were again taken during the latter part of August. No records of their breeding habits were obtained. The specimens varied greatly in coloration and markings, and all ex- amined were macropterous. 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Ae Triat Piots, 1919: For trial of treatments not previously tested in our experiments, we had at pur disposal a section of land 170 ft. wide by 60 ft. long. With the rows of cabbage 2 ft. apart, there was thus space for 85 rows of cabbage, and with the plants 18 inches apart in the rows, 40 plants for each row. With seventeen different treatments including checks, this gave us 200 plants: (Copenhagen Market) for each plot. Instead of having all the 200 plants for each plot together, however, we divided the piece into five sections, one row ie., 40 plants in each section being devoted to each of the different treatments. We thus had on this piece of eround five repeatings of each treatment, this method tending to equalize variations in intensity of maggot infestation and any in equalities of the soil that might affect the final weight of heads from each plot. Tt will be seen that there are four check plots, each receiving a different horti- cultural treatment, but none protected from the maggot. All the other. treatments with the exception of the salt solution were in the form of dry powder and were upplied at the rate of 700 lbs. per acre. In the case of the salt, a saturated solution yas first made and this then diluted with an equal quantity of water. Three of the sections were planted May 31st, the remaining two, June 2nd. An exception to this were the plants on Check Plot D. which were planted a week arlier than the others. It was intended to plant them all on the same date, but onditions arose which made this impossible. Normal applications of nitrate of soda, i.e., 250 Ibs. per acre, applied in two equal sowings on June 11th and June Sth were made. On Check B, an extra application was applied on July 12th, his plot receiving a total amount equal to an application of 500 lbs. per acre. Ml the treated plots receiyed two applications of the material used, the first at the second on June 13th. The first brood flies were actively ovipositing t the time of planting. Discussion or RESULTS. Had it been possible to set out these plots two weeks earlier, it would natura! ly lave been a more severe test of the different materials, since they would. haye een exposed for a longer period during the height of the oviposition period. At the same time the number lost in the check rows enables us to make sufficiently triking comparisons. A consideration of the results from the check plots shows that “A” and “ B ire equal as regards the number of plants killed, but the acceleration of the eae mg sprocess and the greater weight of head, owing to the extra application of trate, haye given us a much larger price per acre in the case of “ B.” Obviously, he results of this treatment would depend upon the chemical requirements of he soil. Plot “C€” shows a lower rate of infestation, due doubtless to the facet that it escaped the period of most active oviposition. It also missed the high rices obtained for the early crop. Check Plot “D” having been planted earlier han the others, cannot, unfortunately, be compared with them on an equal basis. Da meposed during a longer period of active oviposition, more plants succumbed than n the other check plot. Had conditions been different it is not likely that this rould have occurred. As it is, the greater average weight of the heads which urvived and the earlier heading up of the plants. gives us the largest financial eturns of any of the check plots. u J - >>] ‘ i ¥ . i 68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 It is obvious that some of the treatments are entirely inadequate to contro] the maggot. A few show a decided advantage over the check plots, but not sufficient to make them worthy of further trial, in view of the very much better results obtained by other materials. In this class may be mentioned nicotine sulphate and clay, nicotine and sulphur, para-dichlorobenzene alone, and sa:t solution in the strength tested. Others actually appear to have weakened the plants to such an extent that a greater number succumbed to the attacks of the maggot than on the check rows. These include dry hme sulphur, white arsenic, arsenate © of soda and combinations of these compounds. No further discussion is necessary — regarding these two classes, all the required facts being found in the table. | A consideration of the other treatments shows that Plot VII, (the tobacco dust, corrosive sublimate and clay mixture) gave the smallest number of plants actually destroyed, but Plot I (creosote) is a close second with only one more casualty and with the largest tonnage per acre of any plot, lower cost of treatment and greater profit per acre. Plot IV (anthracene oil) is only slightly behind the foregoing in number of marketable heads produced, but it also falls below Plot NXTII (para-dichlorobenzene and soot) in tonnage per acre. This is probably due to another reason than maggot control as will be seen later. The treatment given to No. V (tobacco dust, white arsenic and clay) is apparently next in efficiency, but this plot also falls below No. XIII in tonnage per acre, and even No. XII (para-dichlorobenzene and clay) which lost three times as many plants, has pro- duced a greater weight of head. No. XIII actually comes second in tonnage per acre produced, though behind the plots previously mentioned in the number of plants free from injury. The plants in this plot were noticeably benefited by the treatment, having a deeper green colour of leaf and a healthier general appear- ance than the other plots. The results from the foregoing treatments are con- sidered promising and will be tested further in the “ Continuation Plots” of 1920. ~ Tested out on earliest planted cabbage, the relative merits of these materials as compared with the test in the “ Continuation Plots” of 1919, should be clearly — indicated. ee THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT IN BRITISH : COLUMBIA. 3 R. C. TREHERNE, ENromMoLoGist IN CHARGE FoR British COLUMBIA, AND | M. H. RuHMANN, AsstsTANT PRrovincIAL ENTOMOLOGIST. 4 At the request of Mr. Arthur Gibson, Chief, Division of Field Crop and — Garden Insects of the Dominion Entomological Branch, the virtue of the corrosive — sublimate treatment for the control of the Cabbage Root Maggot, Phorbia ; brassice, was tested in British Columbia during 1919, in comparison with the | Tar-paper-dise method of control. At Mr. Gibson’s further request the following — ; report is submitted on the record of the experiments performed. THE PLAN OF EXPERIMENT. eee oe rem The work was conducted altogether in the large commercial vegetable-growing © district of Armstrong, B.C., where the Cabbage Root Maggot has for several years exacted a heavy toll. wee “block ” system of experimentation was adopted j in preference to the “row” system. Twelve blocks were employed, with from , 1920 Se ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 20 to 210 plants to a block. Three control untreated blocks were interspaced between the treated blocks ‘and they, with the tar-paper blocks, only received applications of ordinary water on the same occasions as the treatments of corrosive “sublimate were made. Six tar-paper-dise blocks, consisting in all of 611 plants “were employed in the experiment, interspaced between the other blocks, and three corrosive sublimate blocks on which various strengths were used, at 1 oz. to 6 gallons, 1 oz. to 8 gallons and 1 oz. to 10 gallons of water. The corrosive sub- limate blocks were in turn divided into three parts, which received respectively 1, 2 and 3 applications in the season. Observations were made on cabbages and _cauliflowers. The following notes deal with cauliflowers in particular and, inas- as the cauliflower is more susceptible to injury than the cabbage, it would necessarily follow that what was shown to be the case with the ee would also be so with the cabbage. Cauliflowers were transplanted on May 3rd and set an their permanent positions in the field, and tar-paper discs were placed around the plants at this time. Applicatiens of corrosive sublimate were made on May “ith, May 13th and May 23rd: the first application requiring the use of 1 gallon ‘of diluted mixture. the second application 1%4 gallons and the third nearly 2 ‘gallons per 100 plants. One cultivation was given the entire Plantabion after ‘ransplanting between May 3rd and May 23rd. In checking results a great deal of care was exercised to determine exactly hat caused the plants to die or suffer, and observations were made on the vege- tative growth and development of the root system. Every plant received a ‘separate number and each was checked weekly throughout the period of the experiment. + 2ESULTS OF EXPERIMENT. . The untreated blocks of cauliflowers showed considerable (76.5 per cent.) characteristic injury from maggots and stood out very clearly in the plantation. The tar-paper- -dise blocks showed pronounced injury but only 25.3 per cent. of = injury caused was due to maggot attack. Fully 36 per cent. was caused by a “wilt” produced by the presence of the disc. It would be well to mention clearly at this point, that the field chosen for the experiments was a low-lying “one with a large quantity of vegetable matter in the soil composition, with a “tendency to remain cold for a long time in the spring months. The sun is usually ery warm in the Okanagan Valley during May and this last year was no exception in this regard. Consequently with conditions such as these, on cauliflowers, the influence of heat acting on and in association with the subsoil moisture produced a condensation of moisture beneath the dise below the soil surface. This condi- tion was not observed in the case of the cabbages, for the reason that the growth ‘of a cabbage is sufficiently strong to outgrow many adverse conditions. Any check the growth of cauliflowers is serious in commercial growing. as a process known “buttoning ” takes place. This “wilt” condition was not observed in any case with the plants treated with corrosive sublimate. but some plants were injured ‘by the proximity of fresh manure to the roots. causing the loss “from other causes” shown in the table given below. In fact after three treatments with Re ccive sublimate at all three strengths the loss due to maggot attack was less than 2 per cent., and the growth of the plants in “top” and “root ” was double the growth on any other block. The results clearly showed that under “ bottom ” and conditions, with cauliflowers, tar-paper discs were unsatisfactory and that corrosive sublimate in three treatments at 1 oz. to 8 or 10 gallons gave eminently ~ 70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36_ satisfactory and safe results. With cabbages growing in the same field under same conditions as the cauliflowers the loss due to maggot attack varied in different parts of a two-acre field from 18 per cent. to 50 per cent. ‘Where cabbages had tar-paper dises applied as was the case in one acre, the loss averaged rather less than 5 per cent. from maggot attack. This loss from maggot attack, when tar- paper dises were used in previous years, is considered by growers in the locality a fair average annual loss. Where corrosive sublimate was used on cabbages the loss by maggot attack was less than 5 per cent. and the growth of the plant while somewhat better at the commencement of the year, was not appreciably different at the time of marketing the crop. The summarized results are given herewith: TABLE I.— CavLirLowERS—AVERAGES AND SUMMARY. | Percentage. Form of Treatment. Affected by Affeeted by maggots. other causes. Tad Paper GiSCS'< % 2 .-ajs-srecate. susje7he eisie: orofeitete rots ePereietete eee era 25.3 36.4 Corrosive sublimate— t L application: “1 iGseebe en ae eel oleic eel eee ave 68 .6 3.9 Ft cere aie Mee Sisk Ra eee ; seats 62.0 8.0 : DVO te Sok cae Rites wees eS ee 64.0 16.90 Panplications i— Olek cnc sas ae ae eee 4s shel as severe 6.0 4.0 = 8 ofc nde SE dese on ie On Ee 62.0 8.0 P10 Sn Oe ae ee eee 64.0 16.0 3. applications; 1="6i.s.<) ude Sesseieac eee eee 1.8 19,2 ae, Pen AE Soo ancos 2 23.4 fF) [| na RR Oe eS sour 1.8 19.0 No control's, a: sacs’. bavea toe hes a eee 76.5 21.9 | | | | | Lire-Hisrory Nores. Inasmuch as all previous study given the Cabbage Root Maggot ‘in British Columbia has taken place in the Lower Fraser Valley, this year’s work in the Armstrong district adds another locality where this insect has been under obser- vation, The transplanting of the cabbages and cauliflowers was completed by May 5rd in 1919. The first :adult flies were captured on May 7th in the field, and on examination of 100 plants on this day, only 3 eggs were taken. Oviposition was heavy previous to May 23rd and on this date small larve were found in the root systems of some plants that were showing signs of injury. Two large half- grown maggots were seen on this day also. Twenty-five plants were under more or less continuous observation during the early spring and on the dates May 12th and 13th and June 4th, these plants carried respectively 59, 847 and 1,091 eggs, the eggs on each examination being carefully removed by hand. It was exceed- ingly interesting to note that the largest plants received the greatest number of egos and in view of the fact that the corrosive sublimate blocks contained th largest plants the blocks were the greatest attraction areas. The same point i drawn on page 27 of Bulletin No. 12 of the Dominion Entomological Branch 1916, which details, so far as the bulletin relates to British Columbia, the life- history studies carried on in the Lower Fraser Valley. The sundry other point in the life-history of this maggot in the Armstrong district are so closely allie to the results detailed in Bulletin 12 on this insect that there is no need to take u further space in this paper for their discussion. 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ra FURTHER DATA ON THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT IN THE OTTAWA DISTRICT. ArrHuR Gipson, CHIEF, Division oF FIELD CROP AND GARDEN INSECTS; EntomoLocicaL BrancH, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA. Since the publication, in 1912, of our Builetin on the cabbage root maggot* we have conducted a number of further experiments on the contro! of this insect, particularly with corrosive sublimate and tobacco dust and lime. The fo:mer has received special study during the past four years. and we consider its value to be undoubted and that it has now passed the experimental stage having been used with remarkable success under field conditions. Early references in the literature point to the fact that corrosive sublimate has been known as a remedy for the cabbage root maggot for over 50 years, and it is remarkable that its value has only been appreciated during comparatively recent years. In the years 1916 and 1917 we conducted experiments with corrosive sublimate on a small] scale. In 1918, we used in one experiment 800 early cabbage plants. These plants were treated with corrosive sublimate in the strength of one ounce to four gallons of water on four oceasions, namely, on May 27th, June 6th, 14th and 23rd. The results from this experiment were very striking, 96 per cent. of the plants treated with the corrosive sublimate being saved. In the same field in which the experiment was conducted the main cabbage plantation was destroyed by the root maggot to the extent of fully 60 per cent. In 1919, over 8,000 cabbage plants were placed at our disposal by Mr. J. I. Farquharson, who resides on the Aylmer Road, near Ottawa. Of this number 2,731 plants of the varieties Jersey Wakefield and Copenhagen Market were used in one experiment. This block of 2.731 cabbage plants was divided into 38 smaller blocks, of which blocks 1 to 18 inclusive, except- ing blocks 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17, which were left as checks, were treated with commercial corrosive sublimate mixture in the strengths of 1 oz. in 4 gallons of water, 1 oz. to 6 gallons of water, 1 oz. to 8 gallons of water, and 1 oz. to 10 gallons of water, some blocks having four treatments others only three. The plants were put out.in the field on May 12th. The first application was made on the fourth day after planting, the second application six days later and one or two further applications ten days apart, about half a cupful of the mixture being poured around the base of the stem of each plant on each occasion. Each block consisted of 100 plants excepting the checks which varied from 20 to 36 plants each. Blocks 19 to 24 inclusive (100 plants each) excepting checks 20 and 22 (30 plants each) were used fer felt-tarred-paper discs of various shapes. Blocks 25 to 23 inclusive (100 plants each) excepting blocks 26, 29, 32, 35, and 38 (20 plants each) were treated with tobacco dust and lime in the proportion of 1 part tobacco dust to 2 parts of lime, 1 part of tobacco dust to 3 parts of lime, and 1 part of tobacco dust to 4 parts of lime, two, three and four applications being made. The results of this experiment are very striking. Briefly, they are as follows: CorrosivE Susiimare. There was practically no difference in the plots treated with the various strengths of corrosive sublimate. The weakest solution. namely, one ounce in ten gallons of water. gave as good results as did the strongest mixture of one ounce to four gallons of water. Three applications, too. are appar- ently equal to four applications. The percentage of plants destroyed by the maggot $$ *Bull, 12, Ent. Br., Dept. Agr., 1916. v2 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 in all of these plots ranged from 0 per cent. to 4 per cent., whereas the plants in the check plots were destroyed to the extent of 52 per cent., 57 per cent., 61 per cent., 66 per cent., 70 per cent., and 80 per cent. respectively. Discs Usrp. Hexagonal dise (block 19); small square dise (block 21) ; large square dise (block 24); and round dise (block 23). All gave excellent pro- tection. In blocks 19 and 24 (100 plants in each) 100 per cent. results were obtained; in block 21 of similar size 1 per cent. destruction occurred and in the fourth block (23) 2 per cent. destruction. In the two check blocks, Nos. 20 and 22 (30 plants in each) the loss from maggot was 10 per cent. and 17 per cent. res] vectively : Topacco AND Lime. One part tobacco dust and 2 of lime, also in propor- tions 1-3 and 1-4. Block 25, 1 to 2; Block 27, 1 to 3; Block 28, 1 to 4, (100 plants in each) had 4 applications about 1% to 1 inch of the mixture being placed around the stem of each plant. Block 30, 1-2; Block 31, 1-3; Block 33, 1-4 (100 plants in each) had three applications. Block 34, 1-2 (100 plants) ; Block 36, 1-3; Block 37, 1-4 (150 plants in each) had two applications. The percentage of plants in these blocks destroyed was also very small, varying from 1 per cent. to 4 per cent., the latter percentage being in Blocks 36 and 37 which received two applications only of the more diluted mixtures. Three applications of the mixture was prac- tically as effective as four applications, and the weakest mixture gave practically as good results as the strongest. Check blocks (20 plants in each) with these seTies, were destroyed as follows: Block 26, 25 per cent.; Block 29, 20 per cent.; Block 32, 30 per cent.: Block 35, 30 per cent.; Block 38, 30 per cent. A larger plantation of later cabbages, 3,360 in number, planted May 21at, was used for corrosive sublimate solutions solely. The plantation was divided into 11 blocks, 8 of equal size, each consisting of 378 plants, and the remaining three, which were used as check blocks, contained respectively, 105 plants each and one 21 plants. The corrosive sublimate was used in the same strengths as in previous experiment, namely, 1 oz. to 10 gallons water—1:1,280 (Block A, 4 applications; Block B,-3 applications) ; 1 oz. to 8 gallons water—1:1,024 (Block D, 4 applica- tions; Block E, 3 ape 1 oz. to 6 gallons water—1:768 (Block G, 4 applications; Block H, 3 applications) ; 1 oz. to 4 gallons water—1:512 (Block J, | applications; Block K, 3 applications). Blocks C, F, I and L were used as checks. Blocks A, D, G and J were treated on May 27th, June 4th, June 13th, and June 24th; Blocks B, EK, H and K, on the first three dates only. In this experiment the time required to treat 3,000 plants was 3% hours, using a watering can with spout closed slightly with wooden plug. In this experiment no attempt was made to keep a definite record of every plant. The blocks were examined at frequent intervals and from a practical standpoint no injury took place in those treated with corrosive sublimate. Conspicuous injury, however, was apparent in © the check plots and the plants in these latter were certainly not as thrifty as those treated. That the cabbage maggot was abundant in the immediate area of our work in 1919 was well evidenced by the losses which took place on the farms close by. Hundreds of plants of the early varieties were completely killed. The above experiment following those conducted by us previously, particularly in 1917 and 1918, certainly serene taene the belief that in corrosive sublimate we have a valuable control measure for the cabbage maggot. CS ae * ie aeqeveo* PE Ee OP a ee ES Em, FY ne ol es 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. © 73 Cost oF TREATMENTS. In connection with the cost of treating cabbages per acre of plants with corrosive sublimate in comparison with cost of applying discs, it is of interest to record the following: Corresive sublimate—Total cost per acre, including labor and material: > J PAR STU Roa aaincie tannin at o,oena sees Aer ea ri ots a $24.21 a SM Bs ayh 2s Sac Sac: 2 aa dae TIRED oS Sis SAS co aise ory Spee iecas anor eea 32.28 Tarred discs—Total cost per acre, including labor and material.............. 16.75 Errect oF CornrosivE SupLrMaTe on Soi Bacrerta. In order to deter- mine the numbers of bacteria in the soil in the field where our cabbage maggot control work was conducted, bacteriological soil tests were made by an assistant, Mr. J. A. Flock, working under Mr. H. T. Gussow, of (@) soil treated with cor- rosive sublimate and ()) untreated soil. These soil samples were taken on August 18th, when most of the crop had been harvested. Briefly, the data resulting from these experiments clearly indicated that the corrosive sublimate treatment showed no deleterious influence either upon the plants or on the relative number of soil organisms present in the treated versus the untreated soil. Under field conditions the applications of the corrosive sublimate mixtures certainly seemed to have a stimulating effect upon the growth of the plants. In the control measures conducted in 1919, Mr. J. A. Flock and Mr. W. P. Shorey, rendered valuable help. CABBAGE MAGGOT CONTROL. L. Carsar AND H. C. Hucxert. In neither the Guelph nor Burlington districts did cabbages or caulifiowers suffer any damage worth speaking of in 1919 from the Cabbage Maggot (Chorto- phila brassicae). Only 14 plants out of 7,000 in the plot were killed by the maggots and these 14 were not in any one row but widely distributed over the field. Fortunately we included in our experiments a plot of radishes, and as radishes were much worse attacked than cabbage some interesting and suggestive results were obtained. We also devoted considerable time to trying to discover how corrosive subli- mate controls the insect. The results of the work.along these two lines is given below: %s 74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 TABLE SHOWING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS Prior 1—ComMPposEp | . e| Date of | Date | : No. of a Oh eaaeee orl. “nants | Substance used. Dates and strength of application. | sound row. | sowing. | sipemed | Manis. 13 May 3 Mayeil2 a Cnecke ere ct cic re Cheek. 3232 5 veccmtete: ueyeeae een ee 4 17 6h 13)° (Check. 25% see Check sc. ee eee 44 1S) eek Sigs 18 |Tobacco dust 1) part|May. 14 and 96 ..... 0 eee 90) 19 $j and soot 2 parts.. 20 | , 6{ ., 18 |Corrosive sublimate.|May'7—1 to 640.7 ).2) 32a Dy | | May ‘261° tov 1,000i. aaa |} 128 21 | ,,.6) —,, 18 {Corrosive sublimate.|May 7—1 to 620°. 2)]) semen his | | May 26—1 to 1000 [loys e 29 | . 64) - 2913" ebacco dust 2h. May 24 4.2092 2 ee eee 5d Pel 16 13) iLobaceor dust a. aeen May 14. and26) 2.23.2 e eee 34 24 aC Pe See LODACCOMGUStmareer May 14 and 26, and June 10..... 45 25 --6 woh Uy JGMCEK: terre teat eters Cheek: 0.2.0. ada ee 42 26 5G) ih ASH SOOE tote oc Schecter hen May 14 and) 26... eee eee int 27a ee woe Aes ot SA IW) oe ete May 26...322.5 ¢ca@eeee ee ee 8 4 5 ee 13 [Salt (solution) .‘May 26... 02.0 fa 10 28 , 6 | .., 13 |Corrosive sublimate.|May 7—1 to 640 ................ ae | May 26— 1: to. OG0is eens } eg Prot 2—MEpDIUM | | No. of| Date of | vate : | No. of ON ee plants Substance used. Dates and strength of application. | sound LOW: | SOWIRE- | appeared. plants. 32 | May ay 261 May 30 |Sheck 71 gu. eee | Check:-2in he ieee ee 121 339 . 26; ,, 30 [Corrosive sublimate. | ‘May 311 tom240 eee eee 44 23) | 26 | . 30 Corrosive sublimate.. [May 31-1 tO 4803 ine tian se 49 38¢ 26 | 30 Corrosive sublimate. ‘May 31—L to TZ0 ee eee 60 33d | 26 | 30 Corrosive sublimate. ‘May 31—1. sto 1k0 00g eee eer 58 zy | 26 | 30. Soot” “27 pee |May 31-222. seas eee ene | 64 35 , 26} 30: SOot. 23. eae \May 31 and. June 7: ..a eee 100 25) 26 | 30: |AImmMmiGnia jsceeleee |May 31, 1 to 16 of water ........ Pee | | | Prot 3—LatTre aor Dateot Date ? No. of abs orci lata plants Substance used. Dates and strength of application. | sound COVER | SOE: | appeared. plants. | { | . 4 July 8 | ae 16 |Corrosive sublimate.|July 8—1 to 500 ........-...52..- 96 5 ar dOul 16 |Corrosive sublimate.| July 16—1 to 1,000 ............. 78 6 jou 16 |Corrosive sublimate.| July 8—l to 500) 522.2... eee } 88 July 26—1 to-000" 2. ose ae 7 Witch os SIGH ENC CK ary tes elena Check 6s 2. G2 Re eee eee 48 8 , 8] ,, 16 _|Corrosive sublimate:.| July. 8——) to, o00) see 96 gy Brett ,, 16 |Corrosive sublimate.| July. 16—! to 000s). 2. 2.5 62 10 8 | 16 (Corrosive sublimate.|July 8—1 to 500 ................ 115 | July 16—d1 to 00 Gr ee eee o 1] Si; ) 36 |Gheck eee Check 2.205.503 oe 28 2 Si ,,.16 |Tobacco -dust, “sulle | phur and arsenate OL Mead ee seer sat JULY 8. occ .2.c in, w lls eee) eles ee een 24 13 Pe iba pt cs July’ 8 and! 16: «212 So eee 37 4 Bild spar ealG ol Carcouse seam July 16, 23. and 80s, .seee ee 33 J ————— 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SUBSTANCES UPON RADISH MAGGOTS. or EARLY RADISHES. No. of P 4 3 er cent oe No. of WEED | ormy. Remarks. ae plants. 1 ee aot ee Ee = 38 | 90.4 |Roots not nearly so good as in corrosive sublimate rows. 13 4 68.1 “ce “ “ce “ee “ “e ae “se a 201 | 69.1 {Vigorous foliage, long, rough, slender, poor quality roots. - 17 11.7 {Moderate foliage, large, globular. smooth, good quality roots. A) 18 | 13.5 ae “ “< “e “ec “e “se “ce oA 50 | 47.6 {Vigorous foliage, long, slender, rough, poor quality roots. 2? 68 | 67.9 “ce “ee ce oe ae oss oe ae 23 70 | 60.8 [a3 “ce “e ee “oe “ee o oe 24 79 65.2 |Roots not nearly so good as on corrosive sublimate rows. 2a 50 81.9 |Roots like tobacco rows, much inferior to corrosive sublimate. 26 30 78.9 {Not a good test. Pia 25 71.4 a Pe ee 27b 37 33.0 {Mostly surface injury; good roots for table purposes. 28 EARLY RADISHES. No. of he : Per cent os 'No .f wormy wormy. Remarks. oe plants. 121 50.0 |Not so good roots as on corrosive sublimate rows. 32 0 0.0 {Good quality of roots, growth of young plants checked at first 33a 0 0.0 os “se ae “ce ae ce ce ae 33b 3 ar ae Pas oe ce oe ae 33¢ 1 0.9 ce “ ae oe ae oe ay ia 33d 82 56.2 |Foliage good, roots not so good as corrosive sublimate rows. 3 128 56.1 oe ins “ce “ec ae tas o a 35 , 0.0 |All plants killed; same result later where 1 part to 32 of water 37 was used. RADISHES. No. of Pp ee 5 et cent ae No. of wormy wormy. . Remarks. sarees 83 te ligniperday sho. syrah -seoe 83 < TWUNGOSUS! stiense eh asia caer 83 CottonewOLt:trtciosi) sore eee ee 103 Crambus caliginosellus ............ 103 Crioceris-aspavalie se. o2s2e. 77 HDITEX CU CUMENI CS mane ie ae oe 84, 102 Hriocampoides limacina ........... 97 BPIODNYESADYLE 2 siemens ere 96 BErythroneura comes! (3... ....<... 99 Hucosma, ocellanay ss. cess. 6. 2. 96 BOCHUM 2008 ose an IO cece, Sores 32 Mall’ webwOrmie.s on waste s,s, ee 32, 98 Field crops, insects attacking ....15, 102 Fire blight, insect distributors of.. if Flea-beetle, red-headed ............ 101 Be DOUALOm sete ccs hace 102 Hour ebeetlesinn.wgtece oni ce tcc oe ance U7 Flour insects, influence of chloro- DICrINTONM ys ee er ee ae 6 es ass 21 Flour moth, Mediterranean ....... 77 Freezing, in control of mill-infest- ANE INSCCLS Eee ato oot ceca e «6 ons 79 Fruits, insects attacking small .... 99 Fruit worms, in British Columbia .. 11g Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid for mill-infesting pests .......... 79 Gipsy. sot ok aos eS ee Oe 31 Grain insects, influence of chloro- DUCTINP GHGS tie ics see ke 21 GrASEROPDETS) ac os <2 lice rats TS. SET, 03 FIEMOUBIS) ODEOLELAcy.)5,« os atre Shere Ses 101 FIGSRIAN Ge TlVaet cts sits cike Ss. roe 15, 103 En ppiscusiaterasciatus: s..0. 0.5 te. - 58 2 POOPIE Sete eS Uins a win a 57 ie OQHECURGSN Ss. ote oe eee 57 WiteLRIIS! 2 ot Vea Rees 57 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PAGE Hopkins’ bioclimatic law .......... 3 Hydrated lime in control of pear DSY La os ves cceenctes, snerstens) oe ee anes kiers 36 Hylemyia santiqua. ./....e.. surest 100 By phantria Culleady cnt strate etter 98 Ey poderma DOVIS) sas sensi creer ena 1038 Se Lineadta iy GP tence 103 Insects; ancestry. Of 2. 4. eee 105 Insects for the year, reports on ...13, 83 Insect outbreaks and their causes .. 31 Iphiclides ajax cise ca taroiot 14 Itonida tecomiae ....... Shonen rs eteso Ts 104 Japaneses Deecrle tence tere resent 41 Fune: beetles 2 6s sce oe etegetenere, oceans 81, 83 Lachnosternia “dubiay.. - steers 82 a PUSCA chs Nocsntens een 82 ie TUPOSAY Sic) Poe ees 82 Leaf-beetle, three-lined .......5...; 102 Leat-bue mullet. eo ia era 96 lueaf-hopper, ‘erape: -i.)--smis sien ree 99 s POLCACO) Wises hae eens 84 - TOSG oo isissut oro ee ceo. 98 Leat-miner-Dlackienrye cesses te 100 rh unspotted tentiform .. 98 Leaf-mite silver Senin. «sec ci 98 Leaf-roller; strawberry <../-...... 100 hema trilineatay eye weeeieetee 102 Leptinotarsa decemlineata ........ 101 Lepyronia quadrangularis ......... 24 Life. zones) Merriam Seo. eee 44 Lime-sulphur, in control of pear DSU ine ters asaie suc euceeereyeaieten suemeeane. ost rates 44 Bocusts ins Manitoba —. rien 49 Locusts of British Columbia ...... 3 Ly2Us pratensis) 2 5'h5 cic. ope isie 102 Macrodactylus subspinosus ........ 97 Macrosiphum: pisiee pecorino 101 Malacosoma erosay... ace ae 18 < OVS Hh aeey Se ewe 5 OS eA c 18 Mayetiola destructor ............. 108 Meal insects, influence of chlor- OPICrinvons asses weapons 21 Mediterranean flour moth ......... hak Melanoplus atlattisre a. cele ceiy- 17, 49, 60 Divittatiws a-ceteie exe = 52, 61 ss GINCTEUS) Ge, neareressoelata nua 61 cs FEMMIT=T UTE UM pense A (eh) a PlAGStoOnU eect ier ee 52 oe MINOT? enki oe ree comme 52 oe DPACKAT Gliese ewe 52, 60 SDIetiS. i saa awe neon 49 Mestobregma kiowa ...........-.. 58 Metallus bethunei® . 2.34 - cman 100 MetCOrusi oa) eens ae ere seeneuche esata reus 32 Mill-infesting pests in Canada ..... 77 Myriopoda, relation to insects of .. 98 OnMION MASZOE sae a. 1. «is steieusl ered 17> 100 Onion thrips, oo. Ascender eee 102 Ormenis, pruiMosaly ! y.-.s\isiess were os 99 Ornix: -Seminatellas >. ice initeeuke ee 98 Orphulella- pelidna 324)... ea. lees 55 Otiorhynchus ovatus ............. 17, 84 Oyster Shell SCaler aie spore ctecere fae - © 31 1920 PAGE Parthenogenesis in Otiorhynchus .. 96 Peach ‘twig borericme ci aa. oc eee 16 Pear psylla;scontrolio£f <2.) 0c 33 Pear -sluggee eon See Sic. Ghee 97 Pear ‘thrips. tht iisoee ee coe eee ree 99 Pieris; protodicewmte.4o.- eee 13 3 TAPAS’ 420). n ene eae eee 13, 100 Phenology ° )..<:0.3-5 «3 hate verettene eee eee 44 Phlegethontius quinquemaculatus .. 101 Phorbia! brassicae’ 2s .sc + cars eee 61, 68 Phyllocoptes schlechtendali . ...... 98 Phymatodes dimidiatus ........... 14 Phytonomus punctatus ............ 102 Plant Quarantine Act... eee 38 Plum seas sien conte 17, 84, 88 Superheating in control of mill- infesting insects .......--.....-- 78 Systena frontalis ...............-.- 101 Taeniothrips incOnsequens ........ 99 Tarnished plant-bug .........-.--- 102 Tent, caterpillar, forest .........--- Sal Tent caterpillars. ......o--smeneraer 31 Thrips tabaci ........---++-sse-+e-- 102 Tobacco and lime in control of cab- bage root maggot .......--+..-+: 72 Tomato. or tobacco worm ......... 101 Tomato; Spa Ws. e (oe dt ae 15 Tribolium: SPD). eso se eee 17 Trimerotropis caeruleipes .....--- 60 vinculata 2siibemeee 60 Trumpet vine midge .......-.-.-.- 104 Tussock moth. ~...3-0-aesieieeeenere - 98 Typophorus canellus ........-+-+-+-++- 100 Vanessa’ atalanta.: