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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FOURTH SERIES

VoL. VI

1916 7,

SAN FRANCISCO
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY
1916

. (
PAG My,

Cy AW, %

sy A -, \ : 4.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

GEORGE C. EDWARDS, Chairman
C. E. GrRuNsky BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Editor

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VI.

Prates 1-17.

PAGE
Tt Sah el Ca cxes eee emce nae was esses cseasscscesenectnsshccusenscuseisensecasnsoreccveessheonnsnsesesnntocce i
Gora Cera Se eee eae ae rests cco ant steceeemnnncesesonccedsstvacesedabaracesveseseSssonce iii
Eocene of the Lower Cowlitz River Valley, Washington.................-..-.-- 1
By Charles E. Weaver.
(Published May 6, 1916)
The Post-Eocene Formations of Western Washington...............20-.-00-- 19
By Charles E. Weaver.
(Published May 6, 1916)
The Oligocene of Kitsap County, Washington...........--.-scccsssscseecssssesnseneeeee 41
By Charles E. Weaver.
(Published May 6, 1916)
The Pacific Coast Races of the Bewick Wren..............--sss:ssssssssssscsssesneene 53

By Harry S. Swarth.
(Published May 8, 1916)

Monograph of the North American Species of Orthotylus (Hemip-
MET!) pcos dacesstasahawes esaas cad Sue se hes 8 coca acess aes besa cecnestevnsa code tvaastactcneactbtcanececennssnstsd 87
By Edward P. Van Duzee.
(Published May 8, 1916)

A, Catalogueand Host List:of the Amopl uta essence concoct asessccecnetcecnteeces 129
By G. F. Ferris.
(Published May 12, 1916)

Four Species of Salamanders new to the State of California, with a
Description of Plethodon elongatus, a New Species, and Notes
ontother: Sallammean ders izccesa 5 ssc ses ae saa ata cance tance eetcaseeantanee 215

By John Van Denburgh.
(Published May 12, 1916)

Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1916..............-...... 223
By C. E. Grunsky.
(Published June 23, 1917)

Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1916... 229
By Barton Warren Evermann.
(Published June 23, 1917)
EET cen aa as cages rao SSeS ca 295

July 6, 1918

—

7

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourTH SERIES

VoL. VIE Nos I pp, 1=17, pli al. May 6, 1916
I
EOCENE OF LOWER COWLITZ RIVER VALLEY,
WASHINGTON
BY

CHARLES E. WEAVER
Assistant Professor of Geology, University of Washington, Seattle

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this paper is to place upon record the re-
sults of geologic and faunal studies made by the writer during
the past three years in portions of the lower Cowlitz River Val-
ley. The area under investigation is of special interest because
of the large number of exposures of Eocene strata and the ex-
ceptidnally well preserved faunas contained within them.

Surface outcrops of Tertiary formations in western Wash-
ington are largely obscured because of the heavy overburden
of Pleistocene deposits. In King and Pierce counties much de-
tailed work has been done so that the lithology and structure
of the Eocene rocks is fairly well known.’ The strata in this
region are, however, almost entirely of estuarine origin, ren-
dering it impossible to make satisfactory correlations with the
Eocene of other parts of the Pacific Coast. Isolated outliers
of Eocene rocks occur in many localities such as Crescent Bay

1Willis, Bailey, and Smith, Geo. O., Tacoma Folio, U. S. Geol. Surv. 1899,
May 6, 1916

2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the low hills about Tenino
and Centralia in Chehalis County and the exposures on Coal
Creek north of Columbia River in Cowlitz County. At these
localities only fragmentary sections of the Eocene column of
Washington can be studied. The region under discussion in
this paper contains the most complete fossiliferous marine sec-
tion occurring within the western portion of the state.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

One of the earliest important scientific references to the
geologic conditions in this region is to be found in the report
by Dr. Ralph Arnold’ on “The Tertiary and Quaternary Pec-
tens of California.” He described Pecten landesi from this
area. The following quotation is well worth noting: “P.
landesi is found quite abundantly in a dark greenish sandstone
bed that outcrops about 100 yards west of the junction of Still-
water and Olequah creeks (U.S. Nat. Mus. locality 4019) one-
fourth mile southwest of Little Falls, Lewis County, Wash. It
is also found in a similar matrix in the bed of Olequah Creek
(U. S. Nat. Mus. locality 4024), one mile north of the first
locality. It is associated in this formation with a characteristic
Eocene fauna, among which are the following species: V eneri-
cardia planicosta Lamarck, Thracia dilleri Dall, Crassatellites
sp., Meretrix sp., Ostrea sp., Pteria (cf.) limula Conrad, Car-
dium 2 sp., Barbatia sp., Glycimeris sp., Corbula sp., Callista
sp., Turritella (cf.) uvasana Conrad, Fusus 4 sp., Ocinebra
sp., Ranella sp., Calyptrophorus sp., Lunatia sp., Turbinella
(?) sp., Murex 2 sp., Conus sp., Cassis sp., Tritonium sp.,
Dentalium (cf.) cooperi Gabb, and Nautilus sp. This horizon
is probably upper Eocene, possibly above the Tejon.”” Dr. Ar-
nold’s suggestion that this horizon is very high in the Eocene
seems to be well in accord with more recent studies.

The Geology and Paleontology of this area is discussed in
a paper by the writer® published in 1912. A large fauna was
noted as occurring along the banks of Cowlitz River about one

*Arnold, Ralph, The Tertiary and Quaternary Pectens of California. Professional
Paper 47, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 52, 1906.

3Weaver, C. E., “A Preliminary Report on the Tertiary Palaeontology of Western
Washington,”’ Bull. 15, Wash. Geol. Surv., pp. 12-15, 1912.

Vor. VI] WEAVER—EOCENE OF LOWER COWLITZ VALLEY 3

and one-half miles east of the town of Vader in Lewis County.
Many new species of mollusks were described and the fauna as a
whole was referred to the Cowlitz formation which was re-
garded as of Eocene age and possibly older than the Tejon. A
suggestion was, however, made that future studies might show
that it was identical with the Tejon.

A further discussion of this region is to be found in a report
by Arnold and Hannibal* on “The Marine Tertiary Strati-
graphy of the North Pacific Coast of America.” In
this paper the Tejon is divided into three formations: the Che-
halis, Olequah and Arago formations. They are referred to
as the Tejon Series. The Chehalis and Olequah formations
are present in the region involved in this report. The Arago
is absent. On the basis of fossil floras colder climatic condi-
tions obtained during the deposition of the Chehalis formation
than during that of the Olequah.

During the last year an important paper appeared by Dr.
Roy E. Dickerson’ entitled the “Fauna of the Type Tejon: Its
Relation to the Cowlitz Phase of the Tejon Group of Washing-
ton.” Collections were made and studied from certain locali-
ties along the Cowlitz River and a number of new species were
described. A total of 95 species are listed from Washington
and 55 of these are found within the Tejon of California. The
paper gives the results of studies at the type Tejon locality
in southern California and makes correlations with the Cowlitz
phase of the Tejon in Washington. He states ‘“The Cowlitz
phase of the Tejon of Washington appears to represent the
same faunal facies as the fauna of the type Tejon, i. e., the
Rimella simplex zone is present in both localities.”

GEOGRAPHY OF AREA UNDER INVESTIGATION

‘The region involved in this study is situated in southern
Lewis County and extends from the town of Winlock southerly
for a distance of fifteen miles to the town of Castle Rock. From
east to west the area averages five miles in width. Just east

*Arnold, Ralph, and Hannibal, Harold, The Marine Tertiary Stratigraphy of the
North Pacific Coast of America, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 52, pp. 566-571, 1913.
5Dickerson, R. E., ‘‘Fauna of the Type Tejon: Its Relation to the Cowlitz Phase
of ereh eeicn Group of Washington.” Cal. Acad. Sci. Proc., 4th series, vol. 5, pp.
51, 3

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

of the town of Vader (formerly known as Little Falls and So-
penah) the Cowlitz River swings from its east-west course
and assumes a due north-south direction. One mile south
of Vader, Stillwater Creek enters Cowlitz River and about one-
fourth mile south of the town, Olequah Creek joins Stillwater
Creek. From this point Olequah Creek extends almost due
north to Winlock. The Northern Pacific Railway between
Portland and Seattle follows the valley of this creek.

The drainage of the entire area is southerly to the Colum-
bia and the hills on either side rise gradually into a rolling tim-
bered country. Eocene strata away from the banks of the
creeks are not exposed but are covered with gravels and sands
formerly deposited by Cowlitz River.

STRATIGRAPHY

In the examination of this region a transit survey was made
of Stillwater and Olequah creeks and the position of all fossil
localities as well as observations taken upon strikes and dips
definitely located. These data have been plotted upon the map
accompanying this report.

Between the towns of Castle Rock and Olequah only four
exposures of Eocene strata are known to occur. They consist
of dark gray, sandy shales with intercallated basaltic flows.
Two miles north of Castle Rock and 2,000 feet south of the
Northern Pacific Railway bridge over Toutle River, there is
an exposure in the railway cut composed of bedded tuffaceous
materials together with sedimentary deposits of worked over
basalt. These beds have a strike of N. 75° E. and a dip of
5° N. W. They are overlaid with Pleistocene deposits com-
posed of sand and gravel intermixed with angular fragments
of basalt, which appear to have been derived by rapid erosion
from nearby bluffs of Eocene basalt.

From this point northerly for a distance of two miles the
only exposures along the railway consist of Pleistocene grav-
els and sands. One and two-thirds miles north of the Toutle
River bridge Eocene rock outcrops occur for a distance of 450
feet. The bluffs at this point are about 60 feet high and con-

Vor. VI] WEAVER—EOCENE OF LOWER COWLITZ VALLEY 5

sist of thinly bedded, fine-grained, dark brown shale contain-
ing a few narrow bands of sandstone. The total thickness of
the sediments at this point is about 75 feet. They are overlaid
with 35 feet of black basalt showing well defined columnar
jointing. Both the sedimentaries and lavas have a strike of
N. 80° E. and a dip of 10° to the N. W.

About one-half mile south of the railway bridge across Cow-
litz River there is a third exposure of Eocene basalt but no
sedimentary rocks. The lower portion of the bluff is made up
of agglomeratic materials consisting of a heterogeneous mass
of angular fragments of badly weathered, dense and vesicular
basalt having a thickness of 20 feet. Above this is a flow of
fine grained, dense, black basalt exhibiting a tendency to col-
umnar structure. The approximate strike of these flows is
nearly east and west with a low dip to the north. The eroded
surface of this outcrop is overlaid with Pleistocene sands and
gravels.

One-half mile north of the previously mentioned outcrop,
and along the south bank of Cowlitz River at the railway
bridge, basalts and sedimentary rocks again appear. At the
south end of the bridge and along the river there is a quarry
composed of basalt exhibiting pronounced columnar structure.
Lying conformably below the basalts are dark shales and brown
sandstones, which in places contain narrow carbonaceous
bands. They are about 60 feet in thickness with a strike of
N. 35° W. and a dip of 10° to the N. E. From this point
northward to the town of Olequah no recognizable exposures
of the Eocene occur.

At one of the above mentioned localities a single speci-
men of Turritella uvasana Conrad was collected, but aside from
this, the only fossils occurring are a few plant fragments
and wood. From observations taken upon strike and dip there
appears to be a continuous low dipping series of sedimentary
beds with intercallated basaltic flows extending from Castle
Rock to Olequah. However, it is possible that there may be
folding and faulting in the intervening covered areas. If the
strata are continuously dipping northward they possess a thick-
ness of at least 6000 feet. From Olequah northward to Win-
lock, where the strata are better exposed, a stratigraphic sec-

6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

tion can be made. The sediments in the area between Castle
Rock and Olequah are stratigraphically below those outcrop-
ping between Olequah and Winlock.

Section between Olequah and Winlock:—Strata of Eocene
age outcrop in the banks of Olequah and Stillwater creeks and
also along the railway track at many places between Olequah
and Winlock. They consist predominately of massive, sandy,
clay shales together with grayish brown sandstones contain-
ing carbonaceous seams. These materials are of marine, brack-
ish and fresh water origin. With the exception of the basal
portion of this section, basaltic flows are absent. The basal
part involves certain sandstones and basalts outcropping at the
town of Olequah. The upper portion of the section is two
miles south of the town of Winlock. The actual contact of the
upper limit of the Tejon and the overlying Oligocene has not
been definitely determined. Four hundred feet south of the
last Oligocene outcrop in the banks of Olequah Creek are
Eocene shales containing a marine Tejon fauna. It is impos-
sible to sav whether the two formations are conformable or
not. The strata have approximately the same strike, but the
dip of the Oligocene is only 2° to the northeast, while that of
the Tejon is 27° in the same direction. It is possible that the
two formations are conformable but that in the interval of 400
feet between them the dip flattens out.

The lower portion of this section as exposed along Still-
water Creek to the southwest of Vader and as far south as Ole-
quah is of marine origin. Stratigraphically above, these strata
grade into those of brackish water origin and finally into those
containing a freshwater fauna. Still higher up in the section
they pass back to a brackish water condition and finally to
marine. The entire upper portion of the section is a marine
deposit. The total thickness of the Eocene section, as meas-
ured from Olequah to Winlock, is approximately 4970 feet.

The following stratigraphic section shows approximately
the variations in the lithologic character of the sediments from
the base to the top, including a part of the overlying Oligocene.

Vor. VI] WEAVER—EOCENE OF LOWER COWLITZ VALLEY

Tor oF SECTION

Banded sandstone and shale as exposed at the town of Winlock
and in the banks of Olequah Creek to the west and northwest
of town. The fauna occurring at Locality No. 229 is charac-
fEOMISM EPO RREIS TZ ODE User cto citi siefeceite erafsielejats slaisievs.stelers/s sities sie

Massive clay shale grading in places into sandy shale as exposed
along the banks of Olequah Creek south of Winlock and also
in the bank of Cowlitz River in Section 5, Township 11 North,
Range 2 West, at fossil Locality No. 239 (locally known as the
Graeco Ranch). This is the base of the Oligocene in this
TES IOM MIA yer eee rice e eco stad ake oesee ter eealsragedotece lakes cot avereuskels

Top of Eocene section. Chiefly sandy shale grading into massive
clay shale of a dark brownish gray color. Exposures repre-
senting this phase are not very abundant but contain occa-
sional specimens of Venericardia planicosta Lamarck and Tur-
PLLC Ome ASEM ON COMTAGL os rersiaeedcieteresreTelevera cere poke al opatavel=sehsrtuckel els sie

SHally pr SamdStomeypees-tetcrrsvars ctevercisvsecycrer hele cteto atest shel stcfeysister sis, <ysfar ran ate

Slightiymbandedisandya shall @e-r-crreverelakeloleisve cts oh chaste ovtesstoietonaersis!s:»

Slightlycanbonaceouss sandy. shale wsemcrtacte te cei cierciers clereeielere)siols,-.e1«

Sardis haley ea sisnjs speci cicte ts cla atorckate lel atctatetereteya¥aratsieigsteyero rena ae ecole sel

Baminatedsandstonevand) sandy, shales ...iyse ceiscines se 2% ole cjersl's

Shale, slightly sandy. The upper part of this zone contains an
abundant’ marine, Vejon) fauna ssa) e es oe Alte cle siec 5 ole se.

Massive clay shale containing the fauna at Localities Nos. 1, la,
232 and 233, in the north bank of Cowlitz River, Section 25,
township de Norths Rangves2 Westin vac cc cisicticle osie00 22 erie ci

Sandy clay shale. This is the base of the upper marine division of
theb Sections Mian ee eee eaten tere ieee a ae carseat

Brackish water zone. Yellowish brown sandstone with interbedded
lignitic layers. These sandstones often grade into carbonace-
Ousv Sandy eShalecue cers ery pe syare eye verere tara crar cheval nator colrereceaett ve

Freshwater zone. Light gray massive clay shale, containing numer-
ous freshwater Eocene invertebrates. Fossil Localities Nos.
295 and sOsroccumannthesershalesiers catty sisyc syste sisi cve csereietstsels

Lower brackish water zone. Sandy shales and shaly sandstones
often grading into brownish yellow coarse grained sandstones.
All are more or less carbonaceous. Fossil Localities Nos.
231, 234 and! 300!occur within this! Zones). 3j0)5 - ais a\ele-s. es ese se

Lower marine zone. Sandy clay shales grading into shaly sand-
stones. Fossil Localities Nos. 240, 240b, 299, 241, 238, 301,
236, 298, 294 and 294a occur within this zone. The basal por-
tion of this belt contains a few very narrow layers of brackish
water sediments. Below this belt no detailed measurements of
the strata have been made. The underlying strata are those in-
volved in the area between Castle Rock and Olequah. Just
below the base of these marine beds, flows of basalt and de-
posits of basaltic tuff are intercallated with the sediments,
which appear to be predominatingly of brackish water origin. .

Total thickness of measured strata between Olequah and Win-
toe) ates Cs HAs PR APRN Cas tec yt od bue AGL Ie SEE Rae BERT ACae Ama

Possible thickness of unmeasured strata involved in area between
GastlepRock andy @Olequahwereccocerlecnaicrsincccinec ce cece

Possible total thickness of Eocene as exposed in the lower Cow-
Istza Walleye Sectloriuiarcrtticveatsratactctee ater ieioialctalarstdlstcherayetaicyerersra =

=

Feet

500

600

520

130

550

8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

STRUCTURE

The entire series of Oligocene and Eocene deposits involved
in this region exists in the form of a northeasterly low dipping
monocline. It is probably the southwestern limb of a broad
syncline, the northeastern limb of which occurs in the region
around Chehalis and Centralia. There are minor undulations
in the northeasterly pitch of the strata between Olequah and
Winlock. In the vicinity of Vader a low, shallow anticline has
been developed whose axis trends N. 30° W._ It crosses Ole-
quah Creek one-half mile north of Vader. The strata on the
north side of this minor fold dip to the northeast at an angle
of 40° and on the southwest side at an angle of 15°. One thou-
sand feet south of the axis of the minor anticline there is a
shallow syncline having approximately the same trend as the
anticline. At the point where the axis of the anticline crosses
Olequah Creek the same marine strata are brought to the sur-
face which occur to the southwest of Vader along Stillwater
Creek above its junction with Olequah Creek.

A glance at the map accompanying the report indicates
several apparent discordances in strike and dip in the vicinity
of Olequah. It might be inferred that the strata had been
greatly disturbed and faulted. However, such is not the case.
There are simply minor undulations in strike and dip along the
prevailing direction of strike. The variations as shown upon
the map were inserted for the purpose of emphasizing these
irregularities.

FAUNAL RELATIONS

In constructing the stratigraphic section accompanying this
paper an attempt was made to arrange the fossil localities in
their stratigraphic sequence. The following localities range
from the base near Olequah to the upper portion of the sec-
tion near Winlock: Localities Nos. 299, 5, 236, 298, 294,
294a, 241, 238, 301, 231, 234, 300) 295; 1, 1a; 232,233, 239;
292 and 229.

Localities 299 to 301 contain a marine fauna. Localities
231 to 300 contain a brackish water fauna. Localities 295
and 303 contain a freshwater fauna. Localities Nos. 1 to 233

Plate 1

[WEAVER]

SOS

"'N Ol dt

eo

[WEAVER] Plate 1

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VI.

aL ised TW

-

Vor. VI) WEAVER—EOCENE OF LOWER COWLITZ VALLEY 9

contain a marine fauna. Localities Nos. 239 to 229 have a
marine Oligocene fauna.

A description of the locations of the several fossil locali-
ties is here inserted.

Locality No. 299—From an embankment along the Northern Pacific
Railroad, 2850 feet south of milepost 76 and _ three-
fourths of a mile north of Olequah Station, in Sec-
tion 32, Township 11 North, Range 3 West.

Locality No. 5—From a fossil ledge at the junction of Olequah and
Stillwater creeks, in Section 32, Township 11 North,
Range 3 West.

Locality No. 236—On Stillwater Creek, Lewis County, 2200 feet above
its junction with Olequah Creek, in Section 30, Town-
ship 11 North, Range 2 West.

Locality No. 298—About 100 feet west of Locality No. 236.

Locality No. 294—In the bank of Stillwater Creek about one and one-
third miles below its junction with Olequah Creek in
Section 30, Township 11 North, Range 2 West.

Locality No. 294a—An earlier collection made at same Locality as No. 294.

Locality No. 241—In the bank of Stillwater Creek about one and two-
fifths miles below its junction with Olequah Creek,
in Section 30, Township 11 North, Range 2 West.

Locality No. 238—On Olequah Creek three-fourths of a mile north of
Vader Station in the east bank of the creek just north
of a point where a small creek enters Olequah Creek
from the east. In Section 29, Township 11 North,
Range 2 West.

Locality No. 301—From the banks of Olequah Creek one-half mile north
of Vader and south of the four-foot falls in the creek.
The strata vary from a shaly sandstone to a sandy
shale.

Locality No. 231—Fossil Locality No. 234 should also be considered with
No. 231, as they are both from the same locality,
but from two separate ledges only eight feet apart.
From Olequah Creek about three-fourths of a mile
north of Vader, just south of the big bend in the
creek. A small band of fossils. In Section 28, Town-
ship 11 North, Range 2 West.

Locality No. 234—A narrow band in Olequah Creek about three-fourths
of a mile north of Vader, just south of big bend in
creek. About eight feet stratigraphically above Lo-
cality No. 231.

Locality No. 300—On Olequah Creek one-fourth mile above Vader Sta-
tion, in east bank of creek just north of point where
small creek enters from east. In Section 29, Town-
ship 11 North, Range 2 West.

Locality No. 295—Located about one and one-half miles north of Vader,
in the bend in Olequah Creek at the point where the
creek lies close to the Northern Pacific Railway track
at milepost No. 73. The fauna is entirely of fresh-
water origin and is in a belt of gray shale.

Locality No. 1—Located about one and one-half miles east of Vader,
on the west bank of Cowlitz River, in massive sandy
shales of marine origin, situated in Section 27, Town-
ship 11 North, Range 2 West.

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Locality No. la—A zone at the base of the section as represented at
Locality No. 1.

Locality Nos. 232 and 233—A second collection made at Locality No. 1
and kept separate from No. 1.

Locality No. 239—Located in the N.E.%4 of Section 25, Township 11
North, Range 2 West, on the east side of Cowlitz
River three-fourths of a mile above the ferry on Mr.
Greece’s ranch. The fauna is Oligocene and is the
equivalent of the faunas occurring south of Winlock
in Olequah Creek at Localities Nos. 292 and 229.

Locality No. 292—Oligocene, one mile south of Winlock in bank of
OJequah Creek.

Locality Nio. 240—An Eocene locality south of Vader in the banks of
Stillwater Creek at a dam near the lumber mill. The
locality is just east of the Northern Pacific Railway
bridge over the creek. The strata are sandy shales
and sandstones dipping at low angles to the north-
east. Immediately above these strata brackish water
species appear.

11

Vor. VI)

WEAVER—EOCENE OF LOWER COWLITZ VALLEY

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Vou. VI] WEAVER—EOCENE OF LOWER COWLITZ VALLEY 15

The above listed faunas are typically Tejon. The Cowlitz
phase of the Tejon as represented at Locality No. 1 on the
Cowlitz River one and one-half miles east of Vader was in a
previous paper by the writer regarded as older than the Tejon,
and more closely related to it than to the Martinez of California.
Since the publication of that report more extensive collections
have been made, as well as more detailed stratigraphic studies.
The faunal evidence now points directly to its Tejon age. Dr.
Dickerson® believes it is to be correlated with the type Tejon
of Grapevine Canyon in southern California. He considers it
to represent the middle division of the Tejon or Rimella sim-
plex zone.

Arnold and Hannibal‘ in their report on “The Marine Ter-
tiary Stratigraphy of the North Pacific Coast of America”
consider two divisions of the Tejon to be present in the Ole-
quah Creek region. The lower division or Chehalis formation
is described as occurring at “the bluffs along Cowlitz River
below the mouth of Drew Creek, one and one-half miles east
of Olequah.” It is apparent that they must have meant Vader
rather than Olequah, as Cowlitz River is less than one-half mile
east of Olequah, and the only rock exposures in that region are
deposits of Pleistocene gravels and sands. Their faunal local-
ity, No. 113, is probably the same as Locality No. 1, la, 232
and 233 of this report and California Academy of Sciences
Localities Nos. 182 and 183, as referred to in Dr. Dickerson’s
report. Detailed stratigraphic measurements made with a
transit show that the strata occurring at the above mentioned
localities are stratigraphically higher than the strata exposed
along Olequah Creek from a point two miles north of Vader
southward to Olequah. The type locality of the Olequah for-
mation as described by Arnold and Hannibal “extends from the
Erwing ranch a little over two miles above Little Falls south-
ward down Olequah Creek to Olequah, a distance of about five
and one-half miles.”

In this area, where both the Chehalis and Olequah forma-
tions are described as occurring by Arnold and Hannibal, strat-
igraphic evidence shows their lower division or Chehalis for-

®Dickerson, Dr. R. E., ‘‘Fauna of the Type Tejon: Its Relation to the Cowlitz
Phase of the Tejon Group of Washington.’”’ Cal. Acad. Sci. Proc., 4th series, vol. 5,
pp. 39-51.

fOp:> Git:

16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

mation to rest upon their upper or Olequah formation. Their
evidence for two divisions here seems to have been based in
part upon the evidence of fossil floras. An examination of
the faunas obtained at various intervals from the base of sec-
tion at Olequah to near the top at Winlock shows very little
difference in their composition. It is true that near the middle
of the section brackish and fresh water beds appear, but the
marine faunas below and above are very similar. A compari-
son of the faunas occurring in the Eocene strata of the Cowlitz
River area with those which have been listed and described
from the type Tejon in southern California leads the writer to
the same conclusions as have been stated by Dr. Dickerson,
namely, that the Tejon of the Cowlitz River area is the equiva-
lent of the middle zone in California as represented in the
Mount Diablo region.

CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION

The Eocene of western Washington is widely distributed.
It extends well up into the western portions of the Cascade
Mountains and may even possibly connect beneath a thick cov-
ering of Miocene lavas with the Eocene deposits on the east-
ern slopes of the mountains. The Eocene deposits involved
within the western slopes of the Cascades are almost entirely
of brackish or fresh water origin. No marine strata are known
to be interbedded. In the Puget Sound Basin, brackish water
deposits predominate, but in southwestern Washington great
thicknesses of marine deposits are interbedded. During the
upper Eocene the larger part of southwestern Washington and
a portion of the Puget Sound Basin appear to have been an
embayment of the ocean. The present site of the western slopes
of the Cascade Mountains seems to have been in part occupied
by large estuaries. During Tejon time diastrophic movements
were differentially acting upon the entire western portion of
the state, causing fluctuations in the depth of water in the
embayments and estuaries and a shifting of the shorelines.
These oscillations are recorded in the interbedded character of
the marine and brackish water sediments. The eastern shore-
line of the southwestern Washington embayment appears to
have existed at times along the present site of the Northern

Vor. VI] WEAVER—EOCENE OF LOWER COWLITZ VALLEY 17

Pacific Railway line from Centralia ta Portland. An interpre-
tation of the stratigraphic section shows that this shore line
was alternately shifting east and west as the sea floor was be-
ing differentially elevated and depressed. The effect of those
diastrophic movements as recorded within the area involved in
this paper may be seen in the passage from marine to brackish
and fresh water and thence back again to marine. The marine
faunas as listed above indicate tropical climatic conditions and
an environment ranging from shallow water to moderately
deep water.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the area studied between Winlock and Olequah
there are about 4000 feet of shales and shaly sandstones of
upper Eocene age. Beneath these, between Olequah and Castle
Rock, there are possibly 6000 feet of unmeasured upper Eocene
sandstones and shales, together with numerous intercallated
layers of basaltic lavas. Overlying the Eocene in the vicinity
of Winlock and at the Graeco ranch on Cowlitz River are
marine deposits of Oligocene age. A section of the Eocene
measured between Olequah and Winlock consists of a lower
division of marine beds at least 400 feet in thickness. This is
overlaid by 550 feet of brackish water strata and that in turn
with 300 feet of freshwater beds. Above the freshwater beds
are 520 feet of brackish water strata. Above these are marine
beds having a thickness of 2410 feet. These strata are all fos-
siliferous and appear to be most closely related to the middle
Tejon as described in the Mount Diablo region of central
California.

The basement upon which the Tejon in this area rests, as
in the case of most of western Washington, is unknown. The
fauna of the upper portion of the Cowlitz section bears a close
relation to the overlying Molopophorus lincolnensis zone of
the lower Oligocene as represented to the north in the vicinity
of Lincoln Creek, in Thurston County.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourtTH SERIES

Vot. VI, No. 2, pp. 19-40. May 6, 1916

II

THE POST-EOCENE FORMATIONS OF WESTERN
WASHINGTON

BY
CuHartes E. WEAVER
Assistant Professor of Geology, University of Washington, Seattle

INTRODUCTION

Marine deposits of post-Tejon age form a considerable
part of the formations exposed at the surface in western Wash-
ington. They have been folded and eroded, and, in some areas,
are deeply buried beneath sand and gravel of glacial and flu-
viatile origin. As a result, outcrops are usually found in the
form of low cliffs along the banks of rivers and creeks or along
the sea cliffs of the Sound or ocean. Certain portions of these
Oligocene-Miocene formations yield fairly abundant marine
invertebrate faunas. Upon a faunal basis five separate divi-
sions of the post-Tejon portion of the Tertiary can be recog-
nized. Marine deposits of Pliocene age with the exception of
a very sinall area on the western side of the Olympic Peninsula
are unknown within the state. The uppermost division or
upper Miocene is separated from the lower four divisions by
a well-marked unconformity. The pre-Pleistocene formations
of the southwestern portion of the state are somewhat ob-

May 6, 1916

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

scured by clays, sands and gravels of fiuviatile origin. In many
areas the Tertiary rocks themselves have been so deeply weath-
ered that very little information can be obtained concerning
their lithologie character and structure. All parts of western
Washington are clothed with a dense growth of forest and
underbrush, which conceals many exposures of Tertiary rocks
which are not covered with Pleistocene sands and gravels.

LITERATURE

Numerous references to the occurrence of Tertiary strata
may be found in papers dealing with the geology of western
Washington. The majority of these papers invoive investiga-
tions of economic products such as coal and contribute little to
the purely scientific phases of Tertiary geology. Only the more
important literature is here reviewed.

James D. Dana referred to Tertiary strata in the report
on the geology of the United States Exploring Expedition
under Wilkes? as occurring to the north of Columbia River
and along the shores of Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan
de Fuca. Collections were made from the south side of
Columbia River at the town of Astoria. This fauna was iden-
tified by Conrad, who regarded it as Miocene.

Marine Neocene deposits are mentioned by Dr. Bailey
Willis as occurring near Seattle immediately north of the
northern limits of the Tacoma quadrangle.” ‘These deposits
are not described.

The first detailed description of the occurrence of Oligo-
cene-Miocene strata within the state is to be found in a report
by Dr. Ralph Arnold* on a “Geological Reconnaissance of the
Coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington.” Oligocene-
Miocene deposits are described as occurring along the north-
ern border of the Olympic Peninsula. Pliocene deposits are
mentioned as being present on the west coast of the peninsula
near the mouth of Queniult River. The Miocene deposits are
composed of conglomerates, sandstones and shales which at-

1Dana, J. D., in U. S. Exploring Expedition, under command of Charles Wilkes,
U. S. _N., Philadelphia, vol. 10, 1838-1842.

Willis, Bailey, Tacoma Folio, No. 54, U. S. Geological Survey, 1896.

3Arnold, Ralph, Bulletin Geological Society of America, vol. 17, pp. 451-468,
September, 1906.

Vor. VI] WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON 21

tain a thickness of 15,000 feet and have been folded into an-
ticlines and synclines. Upon the basis of faunal evidence he
states that the fossils of the formation indicate that the basal
portion of the series is Oligocene in age, while the upper part
is certainly Miocene. Since the separation of the two members
will necessarily have to be made on paleontological grounds
and will require a more detailed study of the material in hand
than time has yet permitted, the term “Oligocene-Miocene
series” will be used temporarily to designate the age of the
beds. Arnold applied the term to this formation and recog-
nized five faunal zones within it.

Further mention is made concerning the occurrence of Oli-
gocene and Miocene fossils at Restoration and Beans points,
just west of Seattle, by Dr. Ralph Arnold* and Dr. W. H.
Dall.®

A paper published in 1908 by A. B. Reagan® and entitled
“Some Notes on the Olympic Peninsula,” describes the Ter-
tiary rocks occurring in certain localities along the north and
west sides of the Olympic Peninsula. Several new species of
mollusks are described and figured.

In 1911, the writer, in a preliminary paper on the Ter-
tiary of western Washington, described in a general way the
distribution of the Miocene formations within the state. The
following subdivisions were made: Lincoln formation of Oli-
gocene age; Blakeley, Wahkiakum and Chehalis formations of
Lower Miocene age, and the Montesano of Upper Miocene.
Since the appearance of that paper, more detailed field work
has been done by the writer. As a result, a large portion of
the Chehalis formation is now included within the Wahkia-
kum and Montesano formations, and another division inter-
mediate between the Lincoln and Blakeley is introduced,
namely, the Porter.’ The area along the western border of the
Olympics represented upon the map accompanying the report
as undifferentiated Lower Miocene, is of probable Jurassic
age and is now referred to as the Hoh formation.

‘Arnold, Ralph, Professional Paper No. 47, U. S. G. S., “The Tertiary and Quat-
ernary Pectens of California,’ Washington, 1905,

‘Dall, W. H., Professional Paper No. 59, U. S. G. S., “The Miocene of Astoria
and Coos Bay, Oregon,’’ Washington, 1906.

"Reagan, A. B., “Some Notes on the Olympic Peninsula,” Kansas Acad. Sci.
Geological Papers, pp. 131-238, 1908.

"Weaver, C. E., ‘‘A Preliminary Report on the Tertiary Palaeontology of Western
Washington,” Bulletin No. 13, Washington Geological Survey, 1911.

22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

The most recent paper on the Tertiary of western Wash-
ington is by Arnold and Hannibal* on the Marine Stratigraphy
of the North Pacific Coast of America, published in 1913. A
four-fold division of the Oligocene is recognized. The oldest
is represented by the Sooke formation of southwestern Van-
couver Island. This is followed by the San Lorenzo, Seattle
and Twin River formations. Above this is the Monterey,
which is thought to be in part Oligocene and possibly in part
lower Miocene. The upper Miocene strata, which are de-
scribed as occurring on the south and west portions of the
Olympic Peninsula, are believed to be the equivalent of the
Empire formation of Coos Bay, Oregon.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

The Oligocene and Miocene deposits of western Wash-
ington exist in three separate areas. The largest and most
representative area occupies the northern half of the Puget
Sound basin and the north border of the Olympic Peninsula.
A second area embraces the western portion of the Chehalis
and Willapa river valleys in the southwestern part of the
state. A third area constitutes a belt ranging from five to
fifteen miles in width and trending east and west along the
north shore of Columbia River. Within the Puget Sound
basin and along the northern portion of the Olympic Penin-
sula, Miocene sediments are for the most part more or less
heavily covered with deposits of glacial drift. They appear
in the form of low sea cliffs along the shores of the entrance
to the Bremerton Navy Yard, in the streets in the southern
portions of the city of Seattle, and along the northern slopes
of the Newcastle Hills. Along the north border of the Olym-
pic Peninsula rock exposures appear almost continuously from
Cape Flattery eastward to Port Crescent. Similar deposits
occur within and along the shores of portions of the Quimper
Peninsula south of Port Townsend. The Puget Sound Basin
Oligocene and Miocene area is separated from that of south-
western Washington by basalts and sedimentary rocks of Eo-
‘cene age. From the southern margin of the Olympic Moun-

8Arnold, Ralph, and Hannibal, Harold, “Marine Stratigraphy of the North Pacific
Coast of America,” Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 53, No. 212, November-December,
1913,

Vor. VI] WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON 23

tains in Chehalis County, Oligocene and Miocene formations
extend southerly to the middle of Pacific County. Outlying
residuals occur in western Thurston and Lewis counties. Sim-
ilar deposits of post-Tejon age are present in Wahkiakum
County and in the southwestern part of Pacific County. They
have been cut by the Columbia River and their southern exten-
sion forms a part of the well-known series of outcrops occurring
at Astoria, Oregon. No marine deposits of Oligocene or Mio-
cene age are known to occur within the Cascade Mountains
or within the great basin area of eastern Washington. In
these regions deposits of corresponding age are of igneous
or freshwater origin.

SEDIMENTATION

From the standpoint of stratigraphy the post-Tejon sedi-
ments occurring in the western part of the state are divided
into two broad groups, separated by a well-marked uncon-
formity. The older division includes deposits of Oligocene
and lower Miocene age, while the younger involves sediments
of upper Miocene and possibly lower Pliocene ages. During
the Oligocene, embayments of the ocean were widely ex-
tended over western Washington with the exception of the
central and western portions of the Olympic Peninsula. Dur-
ing the lower Miocene their extent became much smaller and
by the opening of the upper Miocene they were almost en-
tirely withdrawn. During the upper Miocene two small, shal-
low basins of deposition were formed. One of these existed in
the basin of Grays Harbor and the other near the junction of
Bogachiel and Solduc rivers in southwestern Clallam County.

During the Eocene epoch, southwestern Washington was
occupied by an embayment of the ocean which seems to have
extended as far north as the middle portion of the present
Puget Sound basin. ‘This fact is indicated by the occurrence
of narrow bands of marine strata interbedded with those of
purely brackish water origin. On the eastern shores of this
embayment were situated extensive estuaries in which over
10,000 feet of brackish water sediments were deposited and
which now form extensive outcrops in King, Pierce and Lewis
counties. Igneous activity was characteristic of the larger

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

portion of the Tejon epoch but had almost entirely ceased by
the opening of the Oligocene epoch. Near the close of the
Eocene or at the opening of the Oligocene minor crustal move-
ments brought about an encroachment of the marine waters
into the Puget Sound basin and also into the present site of the
Strait of Juan de Fuca.

In southwestern Washington the oldest deposits of post-
Eocene age occur west of the city of Centralia in the valley
of Chehalis River. They consist of indistinctly bedded, sandy,
gray shales containing a marine invertebrate fauna which will
be referred to in this report as the Molopophorus lincolnensis
zone. The strata containing the fauna may be referred to as
the Lincoln horizon. At the present time the strata at this
locality are approximately 1,000 feet in thickness. Away from
stream, railway or wagon road cuts, rock exposures are largely
obscured by a veneer of sands, clays and gravels, rendering it
difficult to determine the exact areal limits of these beds.
Fossiliferous strata outcropping in the banks of Olequah Creek
near the town of Winlock and in the banks of Cowlitz River,
six miles east of Vader, at the Graeco Ranch, may have been
contemporaneously deposited with those at Lincoln Creek.
The same may be true of the shales on Porter Creek north of
the town of Porter in Chehalis County. They are unknown
to the southwest in Pacific and Wahkiakum counties, as well
as along the Strait of Juan de [*uca.

Toward the close of deposition of the Lincoln sediments
the Oligocene seas expanded and occupied portions of the
Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Puget Sound basin, as well as
most of southwestern Washington. By the close of the Oli-
gocene epoch these deposits had attained a maximum aggre-
gate thickness of 15,000 feet. They consist predominately of
shales and sandy shales within which local beds of conglom-
erate and sandstone are occasionally interbedded. The thick-
est and most complete section of the Oligocene is to be found
in northern Clallam County along the northern border of the
Olympic Peninsula. The section nieasured between Cape Flat-
tery and Clallam Bay possesses a thickness of 13,300 feet. The
basal beds are situated at the west end of Wyatch Slough and
the upper about half way between Neah Bay and Clallam Bay.

Vor. VI] WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON 25

Care FLAtTTERY SECTION

Top

Feet

IMiaSSivieuSammaStOme ais tyre eee asia s ebsca tone tere ses aiaidl veel ojesde,ateie ae aoreyhare 700
@hieflyyshalesimiostlysiconcealed sci tac :<a1eseeteteressleveieiaie ccc csc.a Fisle ave-e.s 900
IMiaissivepesamm GS tome nian cle steve ssa «i vere exer jara suavesersis eh avoayelsichs/esstaievoretolee-s 175
Ghietlyyshalesimostlycoveredt = ass cctissmscees cele ie tae cs cee mie seldom 800
IMiassivelbro-wi isan Stome y.tecctecs) on sisteens anime sisisita sieceis tietein sietcsieve ouside ae 300
Conceal ee year peck sista oie kaiee Met eta ela Toerateraccrcta ote larcrer asi cvoverdislsieosse Ns 500
Massive, medium grained, brown sandstone.................... 300
Alternating bands of grayish brown shale and sandstone............ 1,200
IBrOWwESANOStOner mice cick avdecrore seve ek esa cnsla rites eer eieeisieis ee craters whole cme 200
Wonolomerateyhcrr rete csererctccaen levctstcterc cater teste Sivas cc perora mvccernteous voyeuaraiay aia 30
Brow MESAnGStOney rte cme y mec eete eee eee eaeee clei aleens 50
Gonplormenate rey cove carer aieielsy se ster «ov alere Cra alehorare vers ie eieitie kere siSiolebevesaiers 50
Conglomerate with interbedded layers of shale..................... 500
Goarseyiconglomenateinsc coset ects cette careless stclovats eyatonels «lmrelelelorsie 300
Grayishebrownyshale yrs erie merck cee iat elsietapensietn toes wiciesats 700
Interbedded sandstone, shale and conglomerate.................++.. 200
Massivespebblyg conglomerate, aemiecteiert iste ae iar¥cteiereiciaeeicieteericiercciee 175
landestlintysshale 2. cveyris stoes se cece cistetis cealeyeislaatel ceaseless seers acu 200
Sandstone with some interbedded shale ..............0.0c eee ceeees 400
Interbedded massive sandstone and conglomerate.................. 450
Massivenconplomenratea a acimctetts seer ctiiale re oiniciess heme eaten 30
Massive sandstone and intercallated conglomerate lense............. 300
Sandy conglomerate as exposed at Cape Flattery................... 1,400
itnterbeddedesandstonegand) shalemme meme cmente aecian suvcveidisier)sleleis/icis 150
Concealed probablysshale in wean etateereisicies aie sfelere) os ss nicetaeee 500
Eaminatedusandyzishal emer en io nolan hice conic 200
interbedded. conglomerate and’ ‘sandstone 3).5.224...chekbetseccs tesco 250
Siler So Gains piqimn tae Gobo eeoranin ono GORE nin Se ates eee mete 350.
Gritty sandstone with some interbedded shale...................... 250
LESCOL CIEE Ap Heenan POLARS e Ota OSE OC Ee ra ee oe eer 1,200
IBrownibandedysandstonesancmeetise oisaretiaicnac es action ocnich cna as 300
yoy 2) ieee Se ey rsrercts aE Aano 1 SG Ciets OIC CSIC RAPE EE RT SETA 13,300

Structurally the strata just described are involved in the
badly wrinkled southwestern limb of a syncline whose axis
trends from Port Crescent northwesterly diagonally across the
Strait of Juan de Fuca. The strata forming the northeasterly
limb occur fringing the south coast of Vancouver Island.

Deposits of Oligocene age are well developed in the low
cliffs along the entrance to the Bremerton Navy Yard. These
beds are a continuation of those occurring to the east at Alki
Point and South Seattle, as well as along the norti flanks of
the Newcastle Hills. They have been sharply folded and
deeply dissected by erosion, and later covered with deposits
of glacial drift. The following generalized stratigraphic sec-
tion has been constructed. The lowest beds exposed in the
section outcrop at Orchard Point on the south side of Brem-

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

erton Inlet and the highest beds along the north shore of the
entrance to Blakeley Harbor.

Top oF SECTION

Feet
Massive, coarse grained conglomeratic sandstones containing numer-
ous lenticular bands of conglomerates. Occasional, narrow bands
ofuclayashalerare, interbedded o/jeicc ssvreleterstat oietctae Toole sieve ele wife se 1,300
Sandy shales exposed beneath the waters of Blakeley Harbor....... 1,400

Brownish gray, massive to slightly bedded, sandy shales as exposed
along the south shore of Blakeley Harbor for a distance of one-
half mile northwesterly: <.1.).5c tee oc cic voice oe oe eociceteiie iis viene, 2,400
Shaly sandstone grading in places into a shale. Stratification well
defined. Upper portion of this belt is located at Restoration

120) ) (| a ee ae ai Oo Rr a oi Ho tr t Ore T 1,200
Shaly sandstones gradually becoming more sandy in depth. Bedding,

Very CISHNCEL na sesreetarra semis aa tei-1-pe te se tat hee oe elereteaate iets 450
Massive: sandy shales 2 Altilecwr stk «ciestemetr tye sees levees ae eieyn roe 350

Massive, brownish-gray, coarse grained conglomeratic sandstones and
interbedded bands of coarse conglomerate, the pebbles of which
attain a diameter of two feet. Many of the pebbles are composed
of basalt and others of light colored shale and sandstone........ 1,800

SEQUENCE OF FAUNAS

In the report by Arnold and Hannibal on the “Stratigraphy
of the North Pacific Coast,”’ deposits of Oligocene age are re-
ferred to as the Astoria Series. This series is divided into three
divisions, namely: the San Lorenzo, Seattle and Twin River
formations. The distinctions between these formations are
largely based upon differences of faunas rather than upon lith-
ologic grounds. In the opinion of the writer, it would be
preferable to refer to these divisions as faunal zones rather
than formations. The application of the term San Lorenzo
formation to the deposits described as such in Washington
seems hardly justifiable. The type locality for the San Lorenzo
is located in the Coast Ranges of California. Whether the
strata assigned to the San Lorenzo in western Washington
represent a part, all, or more than that, belonging to the for-
mation in California, has not been determined. Until such
information is available it would be misleading to make such
direct correlation. If future investigations should prove that
the deposits were formed contemporaneously, the term could
with justice be introduced. Studies made by the writer on

Vor. VI] WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON 27

faunas collected from the type localities of the Twin River
and Seattle formations do not indicate sufficient grounds for
making a separation. The Seattle formation is described as
occurring on the south shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca
east of Twin River and east of Gettysburg. Detailed mapping
in this region shows conclusively that the strata occurring
there are involved in the east and west limbs of a syncline,
and stratigraphical measurements prove the strata in
question on each limb of this syncline to be identical.
The arguments which have just been made concern-
ing the use of the term San Lorenzo in Washing-
ton, at present at least, may be applied to the introduction
of the term Monterey and Empire. The exact use of the term
Monterey has not been definitely agreed upon in California.
As more and more detailed information is obtained there is
divergence of opinion as to what is to be included within the
meaning of the term Monterey. The faunas of Washington
and Oregon are not at present suthciently known to permit
any direct correlations. Suggestions can be made, but it would
seem preferable to the writer to use local names provisionally
and to gather all the information possible concerning forma-
tions or faunal zones in Washington and later, when such in-
formation is at hand, both in California and Washington, to
make direct correlations. Misunderstandings as to what the
writers are intending to convey will be less common. The
gathering and recording of accurate information in the field
is much more desirable than the attempt to make broad cor-
relations with distant areas on insufficient and imperfect field
data. After detailed studies have been made, such correla-
tions can be made with confidence. In the meantime suggested
similarities can be placed on record.

live distinct faunal zones can be recognized in the post-
Tejon strata of western Washington. ‘The following table
will illustrate their sequence:

Montesano horizon—Yoldia strigata zone. ...Upper Miocene
—unconformity—

Wahkiakum horizon—Arca montereyana zone. Lower Miocene
—unconformity—

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Blakeley horizon—Acila gettysburgensis zone...... Oligocene
Porter horizon—Turritella porterensis zone....... Oligocene
Lincoln horizon—Molopophorus lincolnensis zone. .Oligocene

TL CJ ONFSKOUP aevstic sioclte ge cscs ener eae erate eae Eocene

MOLOPOPHORUS LINCOLNENSIS ZONE

The oldest post-Tejon fauna which has been recognized
within western Washington occurs in sandy shales outcrop-
ping along the south bank of Chehalis River five to 10 miles
west of the city of Centralia, in Thurston County. Fossils in
this locality are fairly abundant and in an excellent state of
preservation. An examination of the faunal lists from this
region indicates that several of the species are identical with
those occurring in the underlying Tejon Eocene. Among
these are Brachysphingus clarki Weaver, Leda uvasana Dick-
erson, Crassatellites washingtoniana Weaver, Evilia dicker-
sont Weaver, Hemifusus washingtonianus Weaver, and Strep-
sidura oregonensis Dall.

The following species have been recognized as occurring
in the rock bluffs along the south bank of Chehalis River west
of Lincoln Creek. The strata containing the fauna may be
referred to as the Lincoln horizon® and the fauna itself as the
Molopophorus lincolnensis zone.

PELECYPODA Nucula washingtonensis
Cardium lincolnensis Weaver Weaver es
Cardium lorenzanum (Arnold) Ostraea lincolnensis Weaver
Crassatellites washing toniana Solen curtus Conrad

Weaver Solen parallelus Gabb
Crassatellites cowlitzensis Pitaria dalli Weaver
Weaver
Crenella portcrensis Weaver pie eeu
Leda uvasana Dickerson Dentalium stramineum Gabb
Leda lincolnensis Weaver
Macrocallista pittsbur gensis BRACHIOPODA
Dall Terebratalia, sp.

°The use of the term Horizon is in the sense of a deposit formed at a particular
time and identified by distinctive fossils.

Vot. VI] WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON 29

GASTEROPODA Drillia hecoxi (Arnold)
Ampullixa, new species Lunatia cowlitzensis Dickerson
Brachysphingus clarki Weaver Scaphander oregonensis Dall
Bittium lincolnensis Weaver Surcula lincolnensis Weaver
Cancellaria, new species Strepsidura oregonensis Dall
Calyptrea washingtonensis Strepsidura lincolnensis

Weaver Weaver
Drillia stanfordensis (Arnold) Molopophorus lincolnensis
Exilia dickersont Weaver Weaver
Hemifusus washingtoniana Turritella newcombi Merriam

Weaver

The above listed fauna seems to have a closer affinity with
that occurring at Porter Bluffs, about 20 miles to the west in
Chehalis County, and designated in this report as the Turri-
tella porterensis zone, than to the underlying Eocene. The
most important species which occur in common are Cardiuii
lorenzanum Arnold, Crenella porterensis Weaver, Dentalium
conradi Dall, Drillia hecoxi (Arnold), Lunatia cowlitzensis
Dickerson, and Maliectia chehalisensis Arnold.

Marcia oregonensis Conrad, Thyasira bisecta (Conrad),
Thracia trapezoidea Conrad, and Phacoides acutilineatus
(Conrad) are entirely absent from the Molopophorus lincoln-
ensis zone. They are, however, among the most common spe-
cies to be found in the Turritella porterensis and Acila gettys-
burgensis zones.

The following species are most characteristic of the Molo-
pophorus lincolnensis zone: Cardium lorenzanum Arnold,
Crassateilites washingtoniana Weaver, Leda uvasana Dicker-
son, Macrocallista piitsburgensis Dall, Pitaria dalli Weaver,
Brachysphingus clarki Weaver, Exilia dickersoni Weaver,
Lunatia cowlitgensis Dickerson, Drilia hecoxi (Arnold) and
Strepsidura oregonensis Dall.

A study of the faunas above listed indicates clearly a
marked distinction between the Tejon fauna proper and the
Molopophorus lincolnensis zone. A closer relation exists be-
tween the latter and the Turritella porterensis zone, although
there are sufficient distinctions to warrant considering them
separate faunal zones.

30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.
TURRITELLA PORTERENSIS ZONE

The type locality at which this fauna may be found is
located in the cliffs along the north bank of Chehalis River
near the mouth of Porter Creek, in Chehalis County. Ex-
posures of the same strata also occur in the banks of the
small creeks entering Chehalis River from the north in the
vicinity of Porter Creek. The most common species appear-
ing in this zone are Cardium lorenzanwm Arnold, Crenella por-
terensis Weaver, Malletia chehalisensis Arnold, Marcia ore-
gonensis (Conrad), Thracia trapezoidea Conrad, Thyasira bi-
secta (Conrad), Phacoides acutilineatus (Conrad), Drillia he-
coxt (Arnold) and Turritella porterensis Weaver. Such spe-
cies as Acila gettysburgensis Reagan, Macrocallista vespertina
(Conrad), Modiolus directus Dall, Panope generosa (Gould),
Eudolium petroswm (Conrad), Turcicula washingtoniana
Dall and Turritella blakeleyensis Weaver are absent. These
species are, however, among the most characteristic occurring
in the Acila gettysburgensis zone. It is possible that the Tur-,
ritella porterensis zone may be represented beneath the lower-
most beds of the Acila gettysburgensis zone south of Orchard
Point at the Bremerton Inlet section. If so, it occurs be-
tween the lowest conglomerate belt of the Acila gettysburg-
ensis zone and the underlying Eocene basalts near Port Or-
chard. This region is covered with glacial drift. The lower
beds in the Clallam County area as exposed three miles west
of Port Crescent may also represent this horizon.

ACILA GETTYSBURGENSIS ZONE

The type locality where this fauna may be found is in the
sea cliffs about the entrance to the Bremerton Navy Yard.
The lowermost strata occur at Orchard Point. The highest
strata outcrop along the north shore of the entrance to Blakeley
Harbor. The total thickness of the beds here exposed is 8,900
feet. Detailed stratigraphic surveys show that the conglom-
erates at Orchard Point are below the sandstones and shales
at Bean Point. The beds at Bean Point are about 2,000 feet
below the fossiliferous beds at Restoration Point. The fauna

Vor. VI] WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON 31

in the lower portion of this section is almost identical with
that at the well-known locality just north of Restoration Point.
In other words, there appears to be but one faunal zone rep-
resented within the strata exposed between Orchard Point at
the base of the section and the north shore of Blakeley Har-
bor at the top of the section.

The most characteristic species of the Acila gettysburgensis
zone are Acila gettysburgensis Reagan, Macrocallista vesper-
tina (Conrad), Marcia oregonensis (Conrad), Modiolus rec-
tus Dall, Panope generosa (Gould), Phacoides acutilineatus
(Conrad), Spisula albaria (Conrad), Solemya ventricosta
Conrad, Tellina oregonensis Conrad, Thracia trapezoidea Con-
rad, Thyasira bisecta (Conrad), Crepidula praerupta Conrad,
Eudolium petrosum (Conrad), Miopleiona indurata (Conrad),
Turcicula washingtoniana Dall and Turritella blakeleyensis
Weaver. Such species as Acila gettysburgensis Reagan, Sole-
mya ventricosta Conrad, Eudolium petrosum (Conrad) and
Turcicula washingtoniana Dall appear for the first time in
this zone. They are always among the most common species
met with and are entirely absent from the Turritella porter-
ensis and Molopophorus lincolnensis zones.

ARCA MONTEREYANA ZONE

The recognition of a fauna characteristic of the Arca mon-
tereyana zone was first mentioned as occurring in Wahkia-
kum County on the Alockaman River about 12 miles north of
the town of Cathlamet. The strata are composed of sandstones
and shales involved in a shallow synclinal trough. Deposits
of sandstones and sandy shales outcropping along the Strait
of Juan de Fuca from Pysht westerly to Clallam Bay, also
contain a fauna belonging to this faunal zone. Similar faunas
representing both deep and shallow water phases occur in the
shales and sandstones in the Grays Harbor region. The sedi-
ments in which they occur were in part formerly referred to
by the writer as the Chehalis formation.’®

A complete list of the species occurring within this zone
may be referred to in the faunal table on page 35. Among

Bulletin No. 13, Washington Geological Survey, 1911.

32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser.

the more characteristic species occurring in this zone are Arca
montereyana Osmont, Chione securis (Shumard), Diplodonta
parilis Conrad, Acila conradi Meek, Arca trilineata Conrad,
Marcia oregonensis (Conrad), Pecten propatulus Conrad,
Panope generosa (Gould), Phacoides acutilineatus (Conrad),
Spisula albaria (Conrad), Crepidula praerupta Conrad, Fu-
sinus stanfordensis (Arnold), Polynices saxea Conrad, Sinum
scopulosum (Conrad), Dentalium conradi Dall, Aturia an-
gustata Conrad, Pecten fucanus Arnold, Tellina arctata Con-
rad, Venericardia quadrata Dall, Venus olympidea (Reagan),
Venus clallamensis (Reagan), Ficus clallamensis Weaver,
Tellina nevadensis Anderson, Cancellaria dalliana Anderson,
Cancellaria condoni Anderson, and Leda ochsneri Anderson.
This fauna presents a very strong similarity to that occurring
in the Monterey formation in California.

YOLDIA STRIGATA ZONE

The upper Miocene strata of western Washington every-
where rest with unconformity upon the older rocks. The fauna
occurring within these strata is very different from that of the
faunal zones just described. One of the most common and
readily recognizable species among this fauna is Yoldia stri-
gata Dall. It might be desirable to refer to this fauna as the
Yoldia strigata zone.

Among the more characteristic species belonging to this
zone are Arca trilineata Conrad, Cardium meckianum Gabb,
Macoma astori Dall, Miudinia densata Conrad, Pecten coosen-
sis Shumard, Solen sicarius Gould, Siliqua nuttalla Conrad,
Yoldia strigata Dall, Argobuccinium cammani Dall, Chryso-
domus wnperalis Dall, Phalium aequisulcatum Dall, Sinwm
scopulosum (Conrad) and Scutella gabbii Rémond. A com-
plete list of the species occurring in this zone may be found
in the faunal table.

Strata containing fauna of the Yoldia strigata zone out-
crop in the Chehalis valley in the vicinity of Grays Harbor,
at the mouth of the Queniult River and in the lower valley
of the Quillayute River. The faunas of the Quillayute and
Queniult valleys may represent a slightly higher position than

Vor. VI] WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON 33

those of the Chehalis Basin. Detailed studies at each of those
localities will be required to determine that point.

No marine deposits are known to occur within the state
younger than those near the mouth of the Queniult Basin ex-
cept late Pleistocene beach sands around the shores of Puget
Sound.

CORRELATION

Sufficient evidence is not as yet at hand to warrant a direct
correlation of the faunas or faunal zones of western Wash-
ington with those of California. The great unconformity ex-
isting between the upper and lower Miocene is general through-
out the Pacific coastal region. The faunas of both the upper
and lower Miocene are distinctly different in California and
Washington. The upper Miocene fauna of Washington ap-
pears to have its closest resemblance to the San Pablo of Cal-
ifornia, but more detailed evidence must be secured before
such a definite correlation can be made. The Arca montereyana
zone of Washington appears to be the equivalent of the same
zone in California. It is possible, however, that more or less
may be included within the faunal zone in the north than in
the south. The Molopophorus lincolnensis and the Turritella
porterensis zones of Washington may be the equivalent of the
Agasoma gravidum zone of California. It is possible that the
Acila gettysburgensis zone is in part higher than the Agasoma
gravidum zone in the south.

CONCLUSIONS

The post-Tejon formations of western Washington consist
of shales and sandstones of marine origin. These deposits con-
tain a well-developed fauna which at the present time is im-
perfectly known. The total maximum aggregate thickness
of the sediments is approximately 20,000 feet.

Five well-marked faunal zones are present, the uppermost
of which is separated from the lower four by a well-marked
unconformity and difference in character of species. This line

34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

of separation is the division line between the upper and lower
Miocene. The uppermost of the remaining four faunal zones
is separated from the other three by well-marked faunal dif-
ferences. It is lower Miocene in age while the three lower
zones are Oligocene. The faunas of the Oligocene in western
Washington show a gradual gradation from one zone into an-
other.

Insufficient evidence is as yet available to warrant making
direct correlations with the post-Tejon zones of California,
yet suggested similarities appear.

POST-TEJON FAUNAL TABLE FOR WESTERN
WASHINGTON

The following table contains a list of the species occurring
in the post-Tejon strata of western Washington. A large
number of new and undescribed species are present, which are
not included within this list.

35

WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON

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——————————

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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36

37

WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON

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39

WEAVER—POST-EOCENE OF WESTERN WASHINGTON

Vor. VI]

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[Proc. 4TH Ser.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

40

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourtTH SERIES

Vou. VI, No. 3, pp. 41-52. May 6, 1916
III
THE OLIGOCENE OF KITSAP COUNTY.
WASHINGTON
BY

Cuar_tes E, WEAVER
Assistant Professor of Geology, University of Washington, Seattle

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this paper is to place upon record the re-
sults obtained from geologic and paleontologic studies made
in Kitsap County, Washington, along the north and south
shores of the entrance to the Bremerton Navy Yard. Because
of the isolated occurrence of pre-glacial outcrops, it seems
desirable to select small areas of importance and to investi-
gate the geology of them in as much detail as possible. The
area involved in this study is located six miles west of Seattle
and is of special importance because of the occurrence there
of the most complete and representative section of the Oligo-
cene within the Puget Sound basin. With the exception of
the exposures along the south side of the Strait of Juan de
Fuca, it is the most complete within the state.

The surface rocks in the larger portion of the Puget Sound
basin are composed of deposits of glacial drift. In a number
of small and isolated areas the older pre-glacial bedrock for-
mations project up through the drift. Such exposures are
usually found in the form of low sea cliffs or in the canyons
of certain streams. The region under investigation is one of
such areas.

May 6, 1916

42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

At various times during the last 10 years reference has been
made in the literature on west coast Geology to the presence
of Oligocene and Miocene fossils at Restoration and Beans
points on the north shores of Richs Passage. In 1904 Dr.
Ralph Arnold, in his paper on the Tertiary and Quaternary
Pectens of California, refers to certain ‘‘shales near Beans
Point, King County’,” which contain a fauna of probable
Oligocene age. Note is made concerning the occurrence of
Pecten peckhami Gabb at U.S. G. S. localities 4112a and 4113,
between Beans and Restoration points, King County. Pecten
clallamensis Arnold is noted at Beans Point and “is associ-
ated with Terebratula, sp., Turritelia, sp., Marginella or Erato,
sp., Natica or Lunatia, sp., Glycimeris, sp., and Astyris, sp.”

In 1909, Dr. W. H. Dall’, in his paper on the Miocene of
Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon, mentions the occurrence of
Oligocene strata at Port Blakeley and Restoration Point, op-
posite Seattle. The following species are listed from these
localities: Ampullina mississippiensis Conrad, Miopleiona in-
durata Conrad, Turcicula washingtoniana Dall and Aturia an-
gustata Conrad.

In 1911, the writer® in a preliminary paper on the Tertiary
Palaeontology of Western Washington described the occur-
rence of lower Miocene strata and fossils in the Restoration
Point and Blakeley Harbor area and provisionally referred
to them as the Blakeley formation. These strata were recog-
nized as a part of an extensive lower Miocene series involved
in the north flank of a well-defined anticline trending from
east to west across the Puget Sound basin.

The most recent report involving a discussion of the Resto-
ration Point area is to be found in a paper by Arnold and Han-
nibal* on the Marine Stratigraphy of the North Pacific Coast
of America, published in 1913. <A three-fold division of the
Oligocene is recognized: The San Lorenzo or lower, the

1Arnold, Ralph, The Tertiary and Quaternary Pectens of California. Professional
Paper 47, Was! Geological Survey, 1906.

2Dall, Dr. W. H., The Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon. Professional
Paper s59), Wi9. Geological Survey, 1906,

SWeaver, C. E., A Preliminary Report on dp Tertiary Palaeontology of Western
Washington. Bull. 13, Wash. State Geol. Surv.,

4Arnold, Ralph, and Hannibal, Harold, The Meas Tertiary Stratigraphy of the
North Pacific Coast of America, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., vol. 52, pp. 573-579, 1913.

Vor. VI] WEAVER—OLIGOCENE OF KITSAP CO., WASH. 43

Seattle or middle, and the Twin River or upper. The lower
and middle divisions are stated to occur at Restoration Point.
The San Lorenzo formation is described as the “sandstones
overlying the lower Astoria basalts west of Port Orchard
Sound and forming the lower half of the Bainbridge Island
section of the Seattle monocline.”’ The Seattle formation is
said to consist “of the upper beds of the northward dipping
Seattle monocline extending from Restoration Point on Bain-
bridge Island across Admiralty Inlet.” The Twin River for-
mation is not believed to occur in the Puget Sound basin.

In none of the investigations so far undertaken has an at-
tempt been made to work out the details of the stratigraphy.

GENERAL STATEMENT CONCERNING THE MA-
RINE TERTIARY IN WESTERN WASHINGTON*

All of the pre-glacial areal outcrops in the western part
of the state with the exception of the central and western por-
tions of the Olympic Peninsula and the San Juan Islands are
of Tertiary age. Both sedimentary and igneous rocks are
present. They were formed during the Eocene, Oligocene and
Miocene epochs. With the exception of possible marine sedi-
ments in the extreme western portion of Chehalis County, no
rocks of definite Pliocene age are known to exist. The history
of the Pliocene in western Washington must be sought in terms
of diastrophism and erosion.

During the Eocene epoch there were formed deposits of
marine, brackish and freshwater origin. Intercalated with
these are lavas and tuff of andesitic character. These deposits
attain a total maximum aggregate thickness of at least 10,000
feet. The marine invertebrate faunas occurring within these
strata indicate that only the Tejon or upper Eocene is present
in western Washington.

Five distinct marine faunal zones can be recognized in the
post-Eocene formations of western Washington:

broldia strigatal ZONC=../: hic lacvts steyeisslcteises Upper Miocene
IATicammontenreyanaeZOMe sy. t--uay-niyetncraer st sss 2 Lower Miocene

*A detailed report on the “Tertiary Formations of Western Washington” by the
writer will be issued as a bulletin of the publications of the Washington State Geo-
logical Survey. Accompanying this report are detailed areal and structural geological
maps of the western portion of the state.

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Acilay gettysbursensis®, ZON@ a s.sc 1s cieice © erie Upper Oligocene
Dueritellayportenensiss ZONe 15.4 .)42 tse! wee Middle Oligocene
Molopophorus lincolnensis zone........... Lower Oligocene

The strata in which these zones are contained are referred
to in this paper as horizons, the term being used in the sense
of a deposit formed during a certain time and identified by
certain distinctive fossils.

The type locality for the Molopophorus lincolnensis zone
occurs along the south bank of Chehalis River near the mouth
of Lincoln Creek. This fauna possesses many characteristics
in common with the underlying Tejon Eocene, but more with
the Turritella porterensis zone above. The strata character-
ized by this fauna may be referred to as the Lincoln horizon.*

The Turritella porterensis zone is to be found well repre-
sented in the sandstone bluffs along the north bank of Che-
halis River near the junction of Porter Creek. The sediments
containing this fauna have been referred to as the Porter
horizon. Among the more characteristic fossils occurring in
this fauna are Phacoides acutilineatus (Conrad), Thyasira bi-
secta (Conrad), Thracia trapezoidea Conrad, Cardium loren-
zanum (Arnold), Turritella porterensis Weaver, Drillia stan-
fordensis (Arnold) and Malletia chehalisensis Arnold. It is
possible that the upper portion ot this zone may be represented
in the extreme lower portion of the section at Orchard Point.

The type section of the third or Acila gettysburgensis zone
occurs within the strata exposed near the entrance to the Brem-
erton Navy Yard. Most of the faunas from the post-Tejon
and pre-glacial strata in the Puget Sound basin belong to this
zone. The sandstones and shales containing the fauna form
the Blakeley horizon.

The fourth division, or Arca montereyana zone, is to be
found in the sandstones outcropping along Alockaman River
in Wahkiakum County, 12 miles north of Cathlamet. It also
occurs in the sandstone and shale exposures along the south

*There is considerable doubt in the writer’s mind as to the wisdom of using the
term, horizon. In geological literature it is often used in a very loose sense. Suf-
ficient geological field evidence is not available to warrant the term formation as yet.
Without the introduction of an entirely new word to express the idea of an assem-
blage of varying types of rocks all of which are characterized by the same distinctive
fauna, it becomes necessary to choose one which has been used most nearly in such a
sense.

Vor. VI) WEAVER—OLIGOCENE OF KITSAP CO., WASH. 45

shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca between Pysht and Clallam
Bay. The strata are referred to as the Wahkiakum horizon.

Resting unconformably upon the Oligocene and lower Mio-
cene sediments are shallow water deposits of upper Miocene
age containing a distinctive fauna which may be referred to
as the Yoldia strigata zone, or Montesano horizon.

STRATIGRAPHY

From the western spur of the Cascade Mountains in King
County, a prominent spur extends nearly due west into the
Puget Sound basin. This spur includes the Issaquah and
Newcastle hills. From Lake Washington it trends westerly
through Seattle as a pre-glacial and, in part, submarine topo-
graphic feature. It crosses the Sound a little to the south of
Bainbridge Island and reappears in the Bald Hills of central
Kitsap County. Structurally this ridge is of anticlinal origin.
Sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Eocene and Oligocene age
are involved within it. Extensive erosion has deeply cut into
it so that the Oligocene strata have been completely removed
from the axis. The core is largely composed of Eocene basalts
together with brackish water and marine sediments. The coal
measures at Issaquah and Newcastle, together with the sand-
stone and shales between Duwamish and Renton, belong to
this phase. The basalts which outcrop on the shores of Sinclair
Inlet, as well as those southwest of Bremerton in the Bald
Hills, belong to the basaltic phase of the Tejon-Eocene. Rest-
ing unconformably upon the Eocene rocks and forming a part
of the north flank of the anticline just mentioned, are sand-
stone and shales of Oligocene age. These strata are exposed
in the north slopes of the Newcastle Hills, in the street cuts
of Columbia City and Georgetown (both of which are within
the city limits of Seattle), along the shores of Bailey Peninsula
and at Alki Point. West from Seattle they outcrop at the
water’s edge at the south end of Bainbridge Island and along
the south shores of Richs Passage. They appear for a distance
of a mile along both shores of the narrow channel northwest
of Bremerton near Tracyton. To the north of these Oligocene
outcrops, the only formations within the county exposed at the

46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

surface are deposits of glacial drift. Presumably they are in-
volved in a broad synclinal basin beneath the glacial drift of
northern Kitsap County. The evidence for such a sugges-
tion is to be found to the northwest on the Quimper Peninsula
between Quilcene and Port Townsend. In that region the
same Oligocene strata resting unconformably upon the Eocene
basalts exist in a broad synclinal fold whose axis trends south-
easterly and passes beneath the glacial covering of northern
Kitsap County. It can be seen from the foregoing statements
that the Oligocene beds exposed at the entrance to the Bremer-
ton Navy Yard are a representative part of the Oligocene
formations of the Puget Sound basin and as such are worthy
of detailed study.

In the investigation of this particular region transit sur-
veys were made along the shore lines wherever pre-glacial
formations were exposed. All observations taken on the strike
and dip of the strata were tied in to these traverses. Strati-
graphic sections were also made with the aid of the transit.
The distribution of the Oligocene strata as exposed along the
shore lines, as well as the structural data, may be seen by re-
ferring to Fig. 1.

The Oligocene strata of this region are entirely of sedi-
mentary origin. The Eocene lavas upon which these sedi-
ments rest are exposed about two miles southwest of Bremer-
ton on the west shore of Sinclair Inlet. The position on the
surface of the contact between the Eocene andesites and the
Oligocene sediments in this region is concealed beneath de-
posits of glacial drift. Many of the pebbles forming the basal
conglomeratic phases of the Oligocene strata are composed
in part of the older andesite.

The lowermost strata exposed in this area outcrop at Or-
chard Point. The highest occur along the north shore of
the entrance to Blakeley Harbor. The total thickness of the
deposits as exposed between the lower and uppermost beds is
approximately 8900 feet. The following generalized strati-
graphic column is constructed from observations taken along
the section (B-B’) :

47

WASH.

WEAVER—OLIGOCENE OF KITSAP CO.,

Vor. VI]

“AaayR[G WOg JO APUIIA oy} Ul SUOTIPUOD [eInjoNIYs Burmoys dey yooyS +] ans y

&

/ é
/4d PaeyoIQ

4924 aBpuquiege

Braker) CHB
uoljesoygay Gl).

728

+----4j----

1

ee ee

WUeSse—a
Y20H6 Id
AEE ya

eee eee

ee a eee

48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Tor oF SECTION

Feet
Massive, coarse-grained conglomeratic sandstones containing
numerous lenticular bands of conglomerate. Occasional
narrow bands of clay shale are interbedded. The eastward
continuation of the conglomerates appears in the outcrops
at Blakeley Rocks. These strata persistently pitch to the
north at very steep angles and extend as outcrops from the
north shore of Blakeley Harbor northerly for 1500 feet.... va,
Sandy shales exposed beneath the waters of Blakeley Harbor.. ee
(B)
Brownish gray, massive to slightly bedded, sandy shales as ex-
posed along the south shore of Blakeley Harbor for a dis-
tance of one-half mile northwesterly. Five hundred feet
stratigraphically above the beds exposed at Restoration
Point is an excellent fossil locality, No. 13................. 2,400
(C)
Shaly sandstone grading in places into a sandy shale. Bedding
planes are commonly well defined. The top of this belt is
located ‘atkRestoration (POM ts c.cs acccsisctta oneal seem 1,200
(D)
Shaly sandstone gradually becoming more sandy in depth. Bed-
ding planes; very: distmet...22.22..cc/snnsec. 2 lems scioetoete 450
: (E)
Massive, sandy shales. Bedding planes, fairly distinct. Fossil
locality: INOS (S05%sc.. s.c)he2 sdareu-o 6.<3 arote hStolelel eo etapa melee oa avee Oe 350
: . : (F)
Massive, brownish gray, coarse-grained conglomeratic sand-
stones with interbedded bands of coarse conglomerate, the
pebbles of which attain a diameter of two feet. Many of the
pebbles are composed of andesite and others of light colored
Shalevand¥sandsStone ss. .c61c c.ccc% 2 canine net tiok ater cine 1,800
(G)
Motalitthickness) stdiecscase smcree nec oe reat oles spatelarereieys 8,900

The westerly continuation of the strata as exposed in the
above section reappears in cross-section A A’. The upper beds
as exposed at Point Glover appear to be the equivalent of those
in belt (C). The extreme upper portion of belt (G) as ex-
posed at Orchard Point is the westerly continuation of the nar-
row conglomeratic layers occurring just east of Beans Point
on the south end of Bainbridge Island. The conglomerates
outcropping at Quarry Point are the equivalent of those ex-
posed at Middle Point. From Middle Point they cross Richs
Passage and appear in the cliffs at ifort Ward on the south
shore of Bainbridge Island. At this point they become less
conglomeratic and more sandy. Near Restoration Point they
are the equivalent of the upper portion of belt (D). The
shales and sandstones exposed between Point Glover and Mid-
dle Point are to be correlated with the sandy shales in belt

Vor. VI) WEAVER—OLIGOCENE OF KITSAP CO., WASH. 49

(C). The conglomerates in belt (A) and the shales in belt
(B) do not appear on the south side of Richs Passage. It
is possible, however, that the conglomeratic sandstones and
interbedded shales near Tracyton and Phinney Point are the
equivalents of those in belts (A) and (B). The following
stratigraphic section has been measured between the basal beds
at Orchard Point and the higher beds exposed at Point Glover
along section (A A’):

Top of Section at Point Glover Feet
Massive, sandy shale with poorly defined bedding planes....... 150
Slralyaysamdstom ey esr pe atelerst ie wile overall elelsietalesern leleheieiels/n.0)-foietchels 70
Brownish gray, sandy, clay- ‘Shale... 2).c...<eeeie\ssciniciiewi-i- «= 500
Massive: brown! Sandstone. .1./0.arcscin selene ci eicielnfel es ole viene eieesvie 100
Gray sandy, Shale sacri sisiveio che stole rcisin ec elalsice sielpatclereicl wiets/el=je1- (o's 45
Brown, massive, coarse-grained sandstone.........-.....--++-- 60
Interbedded shale and sandstone, shale predominating.......... 140
Wassivem Sati Stones: ste cdstecavarehershoreltet tepevatonstousehereierstensteuel aisiads)|shsvelay sueyel' 80
Mhickly, heddediishale chic. cdysiisielewsieus leis qete eissiale shee elon ls o(e)elalae 200
Alternating beds of thinly bedded shales and sandstones...... 520
Banded sandstone and shale, shale predominating.............. 40
Banded shale and sandstone, shale predominating............. 20
Thinly bedded, gray shale ............. cee ese e eee eee eee eens 70
Massive, brownish gray sandstone .......--2.-2--sceeseeceecoes 40
MMhinlyabed deds shales 105.5) -yecae\eterelsisfover wisleusiscsiacesetslereieis le ie =~ /Joaieveie 30
MiasSive ibrOWwm SAndStOMe) 'ojaresnrpctecesieietecslejerersl eels alates lo: oe eJe\eieleioe 300
Mainly shale with a few narrow bands of sandstone............ 200
Mainly sandstone with a few narrow bands of shale interbedded. 30
Mainly thin bedded, clay shale without distinct bedding........ 900
Miassivenibrowil SandStOme ccictarteerelsicictelatales clever escte (erete rete oie%e) oielevevetoyecs 65

Alternating layers of thinly bedded sandstones and shale with
occasional bands of sandstones four to five feet in thick-

PACSAH amano boron He Beonu ota boadOn ead ois cod hale Am ORano os 90
Massive, brown sandstone, slightly banded..........-.-..----+ 75
1BeKvekal GOO) Scobie eanonoricdcnb ood antes CoosoDUCSsmocbdnmmEoouoTT 10
Thinly bedded shaly sandstone..............-e sees cece eee 40
Alternating bands of thinly bedded shale and sandstone....... 75
Massive, brown sandstone .... 202050 c0e cece see cee ewer eens 20
Massive, brown gritty sandstone............-eeeeeeee sence eee 35
Gray shale possessing well-defined bedding .............-.+--- 100
Massive, brown sandstone containing bands of shale............ 30
Mostly shale with a few bands of interbedded sandstone. Strata

inipartuconcealed sii. cii-ecictersepseisysiset cote ie, 2'ee'9 cis melainie cies 1,800

Thinly bedded shale somewhat massive in places and containing
occasional bands of sandstones averaging one foot in thick-

ATES Se ee SS ee ree Teter etoerelc rei ohare on wlaiievs oteimheleliexs 320
Massive, brownish gray sandstone containing pebbly and con-

mlomeratic: bands aii aacieitelsctslewtey tte levers beiateijsiers isin?) cle )aisynicrs 1,400
Massive conglomerates composed of pebbles ranging up to two

feet in diameter and composed in part of altered andesite.. 15
Massive, gritty sandstone ..(): ir jeemtae a sieieieicin= nies oi ee oleveicieciee 60
(Cosn=ontrhisn Gooanadcogn nobenJebog dood ouddon qaedepencoonoenac 15
Massive, gritty brown sandstone. These are the lowest strata

exposed in the Bremerton Inlet area..............-+++-+- 70

Motaleethickness) piaeecen eee aia eiats 2 fase scoteforcictatavajer= 8,715

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Ser.
FAUNAL RELATIONS

The invertebrate fauna occurring in the sedimentary rocks
just described is entirely of marine origin. Altogether 42 spe-
cies are present. In the lower beds outcropping at Orchard
Point and represented by belt (G), the only species found
are Cardium lorenzanum (Arnold), Nucula, sp., and Tellina
oregonensis Conrad. In the following table the fauna listed
from locality No. 13, comes from the sandy shales north of
Restoration Point in belt (C). Locality No. 304 is located
at the west end of Quarry Point and the fauna occurring there
belongs to belt (C). Locality No. 305 occurs at Beans Point
in the lower portion of belt (FP).

The most characteristic species occurring in this region are
Acila gettysburgensis Reagan, Macrocallista vespertina (Con-
rad), Marcia oregonensis (Conrad), Modiolus inflatus Dall,
Panope generosa (Gould), Phacoides acuiilineatus (Conrad),
Solemya ventricostata Conrad, Thracia trapezoidea Conrad,
Eudolium petrosum Conrad and Turcicula washingtoniana
Dall. The most fossiliferous portion of the formation is in
belt (C). The fauna occurring in belt (F) except in the num-
ber of species does not differ greatly from that in belt (C).
The conglomerates and coarse-grained sandstones composing
the lowermost beds of the section as exposed at Orchard Point
is almost entirely barren of fossils. This lower belt may cor-
respond to the upper part of the Porter horizon or Turritella
porterensis zone as exposed in the Chehalis Valley.

The fauna appearing in belt (C) at Restoration Point is
almost identical with that occurring to the east within the city
of Seattle, and in the sandy shales on the north slopes of the
Newcastle Hills. It may also be correlated with that at Fid-
dlers Bluff about two miles south of the town of Snohomish.
The shales and sandy shales outcropping between Pysht and
Gettysburg are also to be referred to this horizon or faunal
zone. The following table gives the distribution of the marine
fauna occurring in the Bremerton Inlet area:

Vor. VI) WEAVER—OLIGOCENE OF KITSAP CO., WASH. iy |

FAUNAL LIsT

w
w
oS
req
o

i=)
n

Actla gettysburgensis Reagan... 20. ec ced see cee eee
GSR Onis Gram oC oton ad Ooo bone On oe Opeooadomue mn matt
Cardium lorensanum (Arnold)...............000 00sec eee
Chaone’cathcartensts| Weaver. i .iircoe ected s oie slsces swore ol erent
GCrenellarporierenstsaW Gav Cl. re chu = iic\o oni tila sra va cne clea ns2ie
PedaxcnenalasensisiNVCAVED «(anys cue at siaaree cones ae
Macrocallista vespertina (Conrad).............02.002205-
Marctatoregonensts (Conrad) en .). cies ee ates is a sere eesles
Madsolusidirectus Dalle eine. eects ct efreterens eVajaie eieaee erates ore
iModtolusinplatus Walleye tacts s1)aietsrreyaeeteietoeuete yeti 2ier=
Mytilus sammammishensis Weaver... .........--.+00055:
INGLCUla CONT ads NL ce Kye istariay-ers niccaisteecbons rte estes sacystecaeal| 0k illekesee 6
ONT S tha naa steb eae POnO DUR aoo ro os ud oo bo Geto ted (ain ted||— ae all lapinon
ano pe cenerosan( Gold) iets ajar oes pevedet see alveheia stepnstolave,aaene
THAR INGA dh POAC C10) os Je aeRO BES HOO HOnoN baqem oe Oe aie al | wee Sl (eae
IFAT side onto SOAR MER aon AAA OAS Bo anos C4 bobe ge tora nal omc e ttes| es
Phacoides acutilineatus (Conrad)..............0.00s0ee
Solenkcurntusi@onradiens seins si hlarsonvotoeheterter ster eiveces ess
Solemya venitricostata Conrad... ....... 00.0 ce eect ese ees
Spesulanalbarta (Conrad) ewes tsheratertensinea tere els aictiats)eres
Hellananooruta Conradse sen coe eclectic yas ars asa
hellenavorezonensts| Conrady a hy.) be sPleltevs irae eis crave) fick 1:1 -
hractainapesovded) CONTAC ays).i2)-)- (cre) e eleteelslehe) «feneie sisieh=! 61
hy asunabisecta, Conrady. nawetiielsielei sitesi o
Woldsantmpressan@ omnia dm mamaria atsieysteretetentceharsgeretsrsts ss
Woldsaxore ond SHutiltene erscrarserl casts nies eetelersiie cae etree) ot i|isrers\ete|[eterer oss

GASTEROPODA

Ampulling orezonensis) Waller sacitedafshee cleveeverye riere. ays:
Crepidula:praerupta,Conradias +. ericnies -)sicieiet yates shes =
FEPALONAUMU SD ss tote cratssex ueehstene, sqcrennsiee tie atencke) = vache folele sheeista! el
Budolum petrosum) (Conrad) sy. yao tatters meters iorey = has crore
EUSINUS CSP secur oe sac eae eee Meleee etched peat cdetase er Ael
Miopletona andurata (Contad)).. 023-0... ee ee eens
Naticasorezonensis| Conrady awn ric) edee i eae fere ee
Scaphandersoregonensts: Dally ai ncisetyaetoelsreastelaie ie siete eee
iurcicula washingtontana Waly. sa eeceegee eee nes on eos
Turritella blakeleyensis Weaver........-.0.-.0 0000 e eee
Turritella newcombt Merriam............-.-.22+02e+0+5
Mitiwers fresmoensts\(ATNOlG) ane seat acerca eet | |['> es llon oane

SCAPHOPODA
Dentalvum Conrad Daley acer evict Gano cick eae ee ae ses

CEPHALOPODA
Alursavangustata Contadun: acinar race Ecr ee eo rk) lane

BRACHIOPODA
IHemiupynisiastorionas Dally sic. cee ectopic ice:

“ee Heueee HER HE H&
*
*

een RH HH KKH E

eS ERR REHR HH KER E

CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION

At the close of the Tejon epoch the Eocene deposits were
differentially uplifted. Early in the Oligocene new embay-
ments were formed. The seas of the northern part of the

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Puget Sound region were disconnected from those to the south
in the Grays Harbor area. The shore line of the present site
of the Puget Sound embayment appears to have existed some-
where between Seattle and Tacoma and to have extended in
an east to west direction from the present site of the Cascade
Mountains to the present location of the Olympics. The pres-
ent contact between the Eocene and Oligocene formations in
the Bremerton Inlet, or Kitsap County, area is much farther
north than the original southerly limits of the shore line. The
strata have been tilted from their original horizontal position
into a nearly vertical position and as a result those sediments
which formerly extended to the south have been entirely re-
moved by erosion. The lithologic character of the sediments
and the faunas occurring within them indicate that they were
deposited in shallow to moderately deep water. No products
of direct volcanic origin were poured out in this region during
the Oligocene epoch. This is in sharp contrast to the condi-
tions of volcanic activity during the Tejon.

CONCLUSIONS

The area involved in this investigation is of special impor-
tance because within it occurs one of the most complete sec-
tions of Oligocene strata to be found in the state. There are
approximately 8900 feet of conglomerates, shales and sand-
stones which are entirely of marine origin and rest unconform-
ably upon older Tejon basalts and sediments. The contact in
this area between the Tejon and Oligocene is obscured by de-
posits of glacial drift. The Oligocene strata form the north
flank of an extensive east to west trending anticline, the axis
of which has been deeply dissected by erosion. A marine fauna
of 44 invertebrates is now known. The horizon repre-
sented is upper Oligocene. The fauna is a unit from base to
top of section and is termed the Acila gettysburgensis zone.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourtTH SERIES

Vox. VI, No. 4, pp. 53-85, pl. 2. May 8, 1916
IV
THE PACIFIC COAST RACES OF THE BEWICK
WREN!
BY

Harry S. SWARTH

INTRODUCTION

The material upon which these observations are based is
mainly from the collection of the California Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology. Besides the Museum collection proper there
are on deposit in that institution the Grinnell, Morcom and
Swarth collections. The total aggregation of skins of Thry-
omanes bewicki in that Museum numbers 425 specimens.
There was also available material in the Los Angeles Museum
of History, Science and Art, including the collections of
Messrs. Daggett, Law, Lamb, Richardson, and Willett, in all
109 specimens. To Messrs. Joseph Mailliard and John W.
Mailliard the writer is under obligations for the loan of 52
skins, including splendid series of marinensis, and series of
drymoecus and charienturus from regions not otherwise rep-
resented. From Mr. A. B. Howell 11 skins were borrowed,
illustrating special points. Altogether, a total of 597 examples
of the Pacific coast forms of Thryomanes bewicki were ex-
amined in the preparation of this paper. To the institutions

1Contribution from the University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.

May 8, 1916

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

and individuals above mentioned the writer is under deep ob-
ligations for the use of this material.

Next to the data obtained directly from this splendid series
of specimens, the writer is inclined to give high place to the in-
formational value of the field work incidental to its collection,
in much of which he took an active part. The ideal material
upon which to base conclusions as regards relationships and
distribution consists of specimens in freshly acquired autumnal
plumage, taken at the exact localities where the birds were
born. As we have not usually any means of knowing the
exact birthplace of a bird, the results of our studies must often
depend upon assumptions based largely upon one’s knowledge
of the species in general and its usual mode of life. Just here
is where it would seem that experience and information
acquired through extensive field work would be invaluable
in aiding in an analysis of the facts presented by series of
skins—facts often in apparent conflict. The man who works
from the dried skin alone is handicapped more than he usually
realizes. In working out the relationships and distribution
of closely connected forms, a labor entailing the handling of
large series, anomalous specimens are frequently encountered,
calculated to lead one astray. Some knowledge of the country
and climate, the physical surroundings of the species in gen-
eral, will frequently give a clue to the explanation, while inti-
mate acquaintance with the bird in life will enable one, to a
certain extent, to imagine himself in the bird’s place and figure
out what, under given conditions, is most apt to occur. The
life history and habits of the species in general, the faunal
complexion of its usual habitat, the nature and extent of vari-
ation in the individual and in the race, are all factors of prime
importance, and are all to be learned in the course of field
work, some of them in no other way. It is not enough, be-
cause a specimen bears a superficial resemblance to a race geo-
graphically placed more or less remotely from where it was
taken, to place the said specimen with such race. In the
writer’s opinion, this has been done but too frequently in late
years, resulting in extraordinary extensions of ranges of cer-
tain subspecies without due justification. Familiarity with the
birds in life should serve as a most excellent check to such
hasty conclusions,

Vor. VI) SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 55

For many reasons the genus Tiryomanes as occurring in
California is an attractive one to the student of geographical
distribution. The birds exist in numbers where conditions
are favorabie. As the species is not sharply delimited associ-
ationally, conditions are more generally favorable than in many
other groups of birds, and Thryomanes is consequently abun-
dant and widely distributed throughout the state. The varia-
bility of the group is notable, birds from different regions ex-
hibiting to a marked degree the types of characteristics which
we have learned to look for in animals of the various areas.
Thus there are these several factors :—abundance, with conse-
quent accumulation of extensive series of specimens; dis-
regard of associational barriers effective in many other species,
with resulting general distribution, this condition permitting
careful scrutiny of conditions existing between many stations
but slightly separated geographically, though of different
faunal aspect; and variability, birds from different regions
exhibiting peculiarities of color, etc.-—all combining to make
this genus a profitable subject for careful examination.

MANNER OF OCCURRENCE

Wrens of the genus Thryomanes occur in fair abundance
practically throughout the state of California. The genus in
this state belongs pre-eminenily to the Upper Sonoran zone,
but it also occurs commonly in places in Transition, as in the
northern coast region, and sometimes in Lower Sonoran, as
in parts of the San Diegan region and the San Joaquin Valley.
It is not found, however, in the high Transition and Boreal of
the Sierra Nevada and the southern Sierras, and it is notably
absent from the arid Lower Sonoran of the Colorado and Mo-
have deserts. This last was unexpected, as the species occurs
commonly in regions of similar zonal character elsewhere. The
above statements all apply to the breeding range of the bird. In
seasons other than the nesting time there are exceptions, as
noted beyond.

In certain other variable groups, such as the Song Spar-
rows (Melospiza melodia), Horned Larks (Otocoris al-
pestris) and Bush-tits (Psaltriparus), associational requirements

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 47TH Ser.

are of such a nature as to bar the species from large areas, but
Thryomanes demands no such rigid conditions for its existence.
The essential environmental requisite is underbrush, afford-
ing shelter, and this is a condition so universally met with in
California that there are few regions that do not answer.

Just one of the California forms of this species has truly
migratory habits, Thryomanes b. eremophilus. The others are
practically resident wherever found. It is true that this fact
is not generally recognized, and that there are records of sev-
eral subspecies from points more or less remote from the breed-
ing ground, but I am convinced that for the most part these
records are not well founded. In the extensive series of skins
here assembled, and in the field work incidental to the accumu-
lation of the large proportion of them in which the writer took
part, there has been no evidence evolved indicating regular
migrations of these birds. As evidence to the contrary, the
following facts may be adduced: Thryomanes b. calophonus
is stated to remain in winter at the northern limit of its range
(Oberholser, 1898, p. 441), which is also the northern extreme
reached by the genus in North America. We do not find
marinensis or spilurus wandering south in winter along the
coast of southern California, any more than we do certain
other forms of comparable distribution and faunal restriction,
such as Pipilo maculatus falcifer, Zonotrichia leucophrys nut-
talli, Junco oreganus pinosus, etc. In the extensive series of
wrens assembled from southern California and from parts of
the Mohave and Colorado deserts, numbering some hundreds
of skins secured at all seasons of the year, there is none that
can be considered as typical of Thryomanes b. drymoccus, to
be taken as proof of a southward winter movement of this
form.

Thryomanes b. cremophilus appears to be truly migratory.
Data are lacking to show whether or not the breeding ground
is entirely deserted in winter, but the subspecies is known to
occupy parts of the Colorado desert during the winter months,
while it does not nest in that region. The birds found on the
Colorado Desert during winter are apparently migrants from
the desert mountains to the northward, and not from eastern
Arizona, where this wren is a common resident. Though the
Desert Wren has been found in winter to the eastern base

Vor. VI) SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 57

of the mountains separating the desert and coastal regions,
there is no known instance of an individual of this subspecies
having crossed the divide and invaded the Pacific slope.

While I am convinced of the truth of the statements made
above regarding the generally non-migratory habits of the Cal-
ifornia wrens of the genus Thryomanes, excepting ere-
mophilus, there do take place certain limited and irregular
movements which are not to be considered as migrations. The
late summer dispersal of birds in general, the ‘“‘scatter move-
ment,” as it has been called, is common to many parts of the
country, and may take individuals, mostly immatures, in any
direction. The northward wandering of herons at the close of
the breeding season is a well-known instance in point. In parts
of California this movement takes the form of an invasion of
high mountain regions by many low zone species from the ad-
jacent valleys and foothills (see Grinnell, 1908, p. 22), and
Thryomanes participates in this to a notable extent. In south-
ern California during July and August, 7. b. charienturus
is one of the most abundant birds in the higher mountains,
at altitudes where it never breeds, occurring in numbers to the
summits of the highest peaks. As early as the middle of Sep-
tember this invading army has again withdrawn. Several
specimens at hand from parts of the Sierra Nevada seem also,
from dates and altitudes, to have been wanderers from lower
elevations.

This general movement is apt to carry occasional indi-
viduals of any of the forms slightly beyond the usual faunal
confines of their respective races, and there are several in-
stances in the assemblage of skins examined where circum-
stances seem to indicate a happening of this nature.

The occurrence of T. b. charienturus in winter at stations
in the western parts of the Mohave and Colorado deserts
(as at Barstow, Victorville and Palm Springs), is easily ex-
plained as due to continuous favorable avenues of approach
from the normal breeding grounds in the foothills of the near-
by mountains. Other species properly belonging to the San
Diegan faunal region have been similarly found at the same
places.

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

VARIATION

There are but two distinguishable stages of plumage in
this species (besides the natal down)—the juvenal and those
of the first and subsequent winters. The juvenal differs from
the later stages mainly in being mottled or spotted over much
of the area that is subsequently uniformly colored. After loss
of the juvenal plumage, in the first August and September,
there are no further changes in appearance, immatures of the
first winter being indistinguishable from adults; after the first
vear there is but the one molt annually, at the end of the sum-
mer. There are thus no seasonal changes in appearance other
than those produced by the mechanical wear and tear upon the
plumage, amounting to fading of colors proportionate to the
nature and extent of exposure, and obliteration of finer mark-
ings as the feather tips are worn away. There are no appreci-
able sexual distinctions of color or markings, merely slight
average differences in measurements, males averaging a trifle
larger than females.

It is seen that the wrens of this genus have a wide zonal
range, and that where a change in life-zones acts as a check,
it is, in this group as in most others, usually an absolute barrier
to the species rather than an accompaniment of subspecific va-
riation. It is also evident that environmental requirements
are not rigid, the species being readily adaptive within rather
wide limits. While the species as a whole is wide ranging,
however, there is a strong tendency toward separation into
different forms or races distinguished by peculiarities of color
and proportions. Study of this variation demonstrates close ac-
cordance of appearance with locality. Inthis groupof birds each
faunal area represented tends to a remarkable degree to pro-
duce its own peculiar type. So that it is seen that Thryomanes,
wide ranging and with the faculty of thriving under varied
climate and surroundings, exhibits to an extraordinary extent
—perhaps as part of this same adaptability—variation of ap-
pearance in accordance with every change in environment.

It must be understood, of course, that the differences
alluded to are not always conspicuous. There are frequently
variations in proportions requiring careful measuring for de-
tection, or slight differences in color which in scattered speci-

Vor. VI) SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 59

mens might be thought of no especial significance. With a
series as extensive and representative as the one here assem-
bled, however, these variations can be recognized as parts of a
coordinated whole, and in the occasional instance where an in-
sufficient specimen or two from some obscure locality exhibits
an unexpected line of development, there is usually to be found
at least a possible explanation of the occurrence.

The extent and manner of variation illustrated in this series
of birds can not be too strongly emphasized. For one thing
there are enough specimens at hand to show a surprising range
in characteristics from any one locality. Many stations are
represented each by numerous specimens of freshly molted
fall birds, undoubtedly individuals of the resident form of each
respective place, as they appear prior to any wear and tear
of the plumage. In every case there are individuals exhibit-
ing wide variation in appearance, though extremes may be
shown by but one or two specimens. ‘These differences can
not be explained save as illustrating the amount of variation
to be encountered among individuals at any one point.

These variants are not of the same nature as the “inter-
mediates” encountered near the line of meeting of two dif-
ferent races. In the latter case, as is well illustrated from many
such localities in the series here assembled, we find whole pop-
ulations showing characters variously intermediate between
two extremes. The occasional variants found elsewhere may
crop up at any place, and in appearance do not necessarily
incline towards any other subspecific type. It would almost
seem as though the species as a whole was in a formative
stage, showing occasional response to stimuli which we can-
not at present understand.

In this connection it is well to consider conditions in the
juvenal plumage. In the several distinguishable Pacific coast
forms of Thryomanes bewicki the color differences shown in the
adults are accurately reflected in the juvenal plumage, young
birds of the different recognizable subspecies exhibiting vari-
ations of precisely the same nature as are seen in adults, usually
in about the same degree. This, according to the general
understanding of the significance of characters of the juvenal
plumage, would argue great age and consequent deep-seated-
ness of the color characters observed, which is hard to recon-

60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

cile with the generally variable nature of the several subspecies
as observed at this time.

The above statements must not be understood as weighing
against the validity of the several “subspecies” so far de-
scribed from California, for in nearly every case where a
name has been applied to a local race it covers an aggregation
of characters fairly easily defined and recognized. In fact,
the races of Thryomanes bewicki, as occurring on the
mainland of the Pacific coast, may be taken as an
ideal illustration of subspecific division as it is ap-
plied in systematic ornithology. There are six recog-
nized forms in this region—smarinensis, spilurus, drymoecus,
charienturus and eremophilus in California, and calophonus in
the coast region to the northward. In every case it is an easy
matter to distinguish typical examples of the races. Typical
specimens are not necessarily topotypes. The best manifesta-
tion of a race may be found at some distance from the type
locality; usually at about the center of the geographical area
occupied. As departure is made from the habitat of one race
toward that of another, in just such proportion is variation
encountered among individuals of the races. Geographical
continuity of range with corresponding intergradation of char-
acters is usually taken as the test of subspecific, rather than
specific, difference, but there are few instances among North
American birds where these conditions are as ideally met with
as among the Pacific coast forms of Thryomanes bewickt.

A brief resumé of the course of variation in some of the
most salient features of these races may be profitable. At the
extreme northern limit of the species, on the mainland of
southern British Columbia and Washington, is calophonus, of
relatively large size and extremely dark coloration. On the
adjacent Vancouver Island is a slightly paler colored, rather
more reddish, form (included under the name calophonus),
of practically the same size. Farther south, on the coast of
northern California, southward to the Golden Gate, is marin-
ensis, about like Vancouver Island calophonius in color but ap-
preciably smaller. South of the Golden Gate is spilurus, oc-
cupying the narrow coastal strip west of the Coast Ranges,
south to about the southern end of Monterey Bay. This form
is of a somewhat paler and brighter red than is marinensis,

Vor. VIJ SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 61

and of slightly greater size. South of spiluwrus is charienturus
of the coast of southern California, a large sized, pale colored,
and long tailed race. There are two inland races of Thryo-
manes in California, drymoecus and eremophilus. Typical
drymoecus of the Sacramento Valley is of distinctly reddish
coloration, most nearly like, though paler than, marinensis and
Spilurus, whose ranges it adjoins in places. Eremophilus is
a desert race, exhibiting an extreme of pale coloration, and
with relatively long tail. Of the insular forms, nesophilus of
Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands, and cataline of Santa
Catalina Island, are but slightly different from the geograph-
ically adjacent charienturus. They are a trifle darker in color-
ation, and show certain differences in proportions. Leuco-
phrys, of San Clemente Island, is a short tailed race of dis-
tinctly pale coloration.

As regards the coastal races, from calophonus through ma-
rinensis and spilurus to charienturus, the line of variation is
continuous, to be traced from one to another without a break.
In coloration, from the sooty calophonus to the pale charien-
turus, intergradation is perfect. The intermediate stages are
represented in marinensis and spilurus, the dividing lines be-
tween these several races being impossible of exact definition.
This gradual color change is nicely correlated with the cli-
matic variation of the region, from the extremely humid Puget
Sound district, with its somber hued calophonus, southward
through lessening degrees of humidity accompanied by corre-
sponding brightening of color in the birds. As regards size
and proportions, variation is also continuous. Calophonus is
of large size and with proportionately short tail. Southward,
as far as the Golden Gate, as shown by marinensis of Hum-
boldt and Marin counties, there is diminution in size. South
of this point spilwrus shows slightly greater dimensions, and,
as illustrated by specimens from many intermediate stations,
there is steady increase in this regard southward through the
range of charienturus. ‘Together with increased size south-
ward from the Golden Gate there is correlated a proportion-
ately greater length of tail. In calophonus, marinensis and
spilurus, the tail is shorter than the wing. Specimens collected
in the region of meeting of spilurus with charienturus have
tail and wing of about equal length, while in typical charien-

62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

turus the tail is usually decidedly the longer. Eremophilus, of
the southern deserts, shows still greater extremes of pallid
coloration and length of tail. Between eremophiius and cha-
rienturus, where there is a wide gap in distribution except in
one limited region, as noted beyond, there can not be traced
the nicely graded series of changes found between the other
California mainland forms; judging from the imperfectly rep-
resentative material here assembled from the southern Sierra
Nevada (where apparently the ranges of eremophilus and cha-
rienturus closely adjoin), such a condition may be existent in
this region. Further collecting here at the proper seasons is
necessary to demonstrate this.

Thus on the whole it is seen that the Pacific coast races
of Thryomanes bewicki may be divided into two general
groups, of pale colored, long tailed forms in the arid south-
western region, and dark colored, short tailed forms in the
humid northwestern coast region, with maximums of size at
the extreme north and south. In every type of variation, con-
necting chains of intermediates may be traced, corresponding as
exactly in geographical position as in extent of variation.
Drymoecus, as detailed beyond, occupies a central position,
almost surrounded by the other mainland forms, and the char-
acteristics of birds of this subspecies vary exactly as the con-
fines of the several contiguous races are approached.

The insular forms of Thryomanes bewicki do not exem-
plify continuous variation such as seen on the mainland. Van-
couver Island calophonus, in its comparatively paler browns,
shows a departure from the mode that does not accord with
the general manner of variation of the species in this region.
San Clemente Island leucophrys, in its gray coloration, might
be regarded as exhibiting results of the same nature as are
shown in the comparatively gray Pipilo maculaius clemente
of the same island. This theory is upset by the fact that
on the closely adjacent Santa Catalina Island (lying directly
between San Clemente and the mainland), where Pipilo m.
clement@ also occurs, the representative form of Thryomanes,
T. b. cataline, is distinguished from the mainland charienturus
by slightly darker brown coloration. T. b. nesophilus of Santa
Cruz and Santa Rosa islands is again differentiated from cha-
rienturus by slightly darker, more rufescent, coloration.

Vor. VI] SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 63

In fact, in the insular forms of Thryomanes bewicki (as
well as in other races of birds occurring upon the several isl-
ands of the Santa Barbara group) it is at present impossible
to detect generally uniform results of any factor or factors,
either as to the occurrence or non-occurrence of species upon
the different islands, or in the amount and nature of differen-
tiation that has taken place.

Possible criticism may be invited by the fact that in the
present paper certain local races (subspecies) are pointed out
and their characteristics described, but no names affixed. This
applies particularly to the Vancouver Island form of calo-
phonus, and to the wren of the southern boundary of the Great
Basin region as distinguished from typical eremophilus of the
Gila Basin. It is the writer’s opinion that the aggregations of
individuals occupying these several areas are geographically
separated from the typical forms whose names they bear. They
are also probably to be distinguished, though with some dif-
ficulty, by the average differences indicated; possibly they are
local races in early stages of differentiation. The objections
to formally affixing names in their cases are two in number:
first, in the slightly distinguished races in question it is impos-
sible to indicate more than obscure average distinctions; and
second, the extreme variability shown in individuals of even the
most strongly marked of the several described forms militates
against the recognition of these apparent geographic variants
even though they appear to be isolated. The peculiar char-
acters of the Vancouver Island wren are perhaps to be ex-
plained as solely a result of isolation. The Desert Wren of
southeastern California, in its departure from typical ere-
mophilus, shows a distinct approach to charienturus, and it
may be that in its affinities, as it is geographically, it is inter-
mediate between the two.

64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

DIAGRAM SHOWING INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF PACIFIC
COAST RACES OF THRYOMANES BEWICKI.

Island forms; Mainland forms; continuous varia-

discontinuous variation. tion. Dark to light coloration, short
tail to long tail.

VANCOUVER ISLAND
" CALOPHONUS" ———__
(Pale color) CALOPHONUS

MARINENSIS

DRYMOECUS

SPILURUS

NESOPHILUS an I ee eve
CHARIENTURUS

‘ke A
GRark goles

CATALINAE :
(Dark color; large bill
and feet; long tail)

LEUCOPHRYS
(Pale color; short tail)

DETAILED DISCUSSION OF CALIFORNIA RACES
Thryomanes bewicki marinensis Grinnell.

Type locality—Nicasio, Marin County, California.

Range—The humid coast belt north of the Golden Gate, at
least to Humboldt Bay; probably to the Oregon line.

Specimens examined from the following localities: Hum-
boldt County: Capetown, 1; Ferndale, 1. Mendocino
County: Covelo, 7; Sherwood, 3; Willits, 1; Gualala, 3.
Sonoma County: Guerneville, 5; Freestone, 2; Fulton, 1.
Marin County: San Geronimo, 14; Nicasio, 3; Inverness, 8.
Total, 49.

Distinguishing characters—Similar to T. b. spilurus, of the
coast region immediately south of San Francisco Bay, but
dorsal coloration appreciably darker. Compared with calo-
phonus as represented on Vancouver Island, marinensis is

Plate 2

[SWARTH]

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VI.

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ADOTOOZ ALVUGALYAA AO W

Vor. VI) SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 65

closely similar in coloration; compared with calophonus as
represented on the coast of Washington and Oregon, it is
brighter and less sooty. In size and proportions, intermediate
between calophonus and spilurus, though nearer the latter.

Remarks—The wrens of the northern coast region of Cali-
fornia present certain peculiarities of appearance which were
commented upon, first by Oberholser (1898, p. 440), and later
by Ridgway (1904, p. 565, footnote). The race marinensis was
formally described by Grinnell (1910, p. 307) upon the basis
of these same peculiarities.

There have been available for comparison in the present
connection, besides the series of the several California sub-
species, 18 skins of calophonus from Vancouver Island, and 10
from the mainland of the Puget Sound region of Washington
and Oregon. Inspection of these series develops several in-
teresting points in regard to the wrens of the northwestern
coast region in general. Judging from the material at hand
it seems evident that calophonus does not occur in California,
unless it is to be found on the coast of the extreme northwest-
ern corner of the state, from which point there are at this
time no specimens available. Furthermore, in the range of
country at present ascribed to calophonus, there appear to be
two distinct types existent, lumped under the one name, races
which eventually may have to be separated in nomenclature.
Specimens from the mainland of Washington and Oregon,
which may be considered as typical of calophonus, present the
extreme of dark coloration in this species. Vancouver Island
birds are distinctly paler and more reddish, though of practi-
cally the same size. Thus there is the dark colored mainland
calophonus situated between the Vancouver Island (unnamed )
form to the northward, and wiarinensis to the southward, these
latter two being paler colored and more reddish, and practi-
cally alike in coloration.

To put it a little differently: Beginning at the northern
limit of the range of Thryomanes bewicki on the Pacific Coast,
there is first, on Vancouver Island, a dark, reddish-colored
bird of relatively large size. Immediately to the southward,
on the mainland of the Puget Sound region, there is an ap-
preciably darker, more sooty form (typical calophonus), of

66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

approximately the same size. South of this, along the north-
ern coast of California southward to the Golden Gate, is marin-
ensis, paler colored again, practically the same color as the
Vancouver Island bird, but smaller. Spilurus, from south of
San Francisco Bay, is still paler but a trifle larger, gradually
merging, both in color and size, into the larger and more pallid
charienturus of southern California.

The two birds at hand from the vicinity of Humboldt Bay
are typical of marinensis. They are like the average of Marin
County birds, and are correspondingly unlike calophonus of
the mainland farther north. In the series from Marin and
southern Mendocino counties there are several notably pale
colored specimens. A female from San Geronimo (no. 2158,
Mailliard coll.) is quite grayish above, and there are several
juvenals from southern Mendocino County also aberrantly
colored. Such a bird is mentioned by Ridgway (1904, p. 565,
footnote), from Nicasio; so altogether, it evidently is not un-
common to encounter such pale colored individuals at this
point. This is at once suggestive of exactly similar condi-
tions found prevailing among the bush-tits (Psaltriparus) of
the region (see Swarth, 1914, pp. 513-515), and it would
seem that in both instances the phenomena are to be explained
in the same way.

The conditions described as probably explanatory in the
case of the bush-tit are as follows: “Marked restriction of
territory appropriate to the humid coast races, ineffective bar-
riers interposed against complementary forms of much greater
numbers occupying adjacent territory, and continual encroach-
ment of individuals (the radiating overflow) of the latter sub-
species” (Swarth, Joc. cit.). The genus Thryomanes appears
to offer a parallel instance, though to not so marked an ex-
tent as in Psaltriparus. Aberrant individuals occur as men-
tioned above, in a manner similar to that observed in the latter
genus, but not so numerously.

A series of juvenals from Marin County is appreciably
less bright reddish above than is the case in young birds of
spilurus from Palo Alto. <A series of juvenals from Mendo-
cino County contains several pale colored individuals, more
nearly approaching the coloration of drynioccus.

Vor. VI] SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 67

Thryomanes bewicki spilurus (Vigors
D>

Type locality—Near San Francisco or Monterey, Cali-
fornia.

Range—Coast region of central California (Santa Cruz
faunal district) ; southern and eastern sides of San Francisco
Bay, south to southern end of Monterey Bay. Restricted to
the region west of the Coast Range.

Specimens examined from the following localities: Contra
Costa County: Martinez, 1. Alameda County: Berkeley,
3; Oakland, 7; Piedmont, 2; Alameda, 1; San Lorenzo, 1;
Haywards, 2. San Mateo County: La Honda, 1; Woodside,
2; Pescadero, 2. Santa Clara County: Palo Alto, 24; Mil-
pitas, 1. Monterey County: Pacific Grove, 3; Monterey, 1.
Morales

Distinguishing characters—Most nearly like T. b. marinen-
sis, Whose range adjoins that of spilurus at the north, but of
lighter brown coloration dorsally, and of slightly greater size.
Compared with drymoecus it is brighter reddish above. From
charienturus it differs in deeper red coloration, and in differ-
ent proportions. In spilurus the tail is slightly shorter
than the wing ; in charienturus the tail is longer than the wing.

Remarks—Thryomanes bewicki spilurus, as here restricted,
ranges over a limited area in the central coast region of Cali-
fornia between San Francisco and Monterey bays. Geograph-
ically it occupies a position between marinensis and charien-
turus, and analysis of the characters of spilurus demonstrates
that in this latter respect also it is a transitional step between
the races to the northward and to the southward. Palo Alto
specimens present the best manifestation of the characters of
Spilurus of any of the series at hand. These birds are quite
uniformly bright reddish above, the only exceptions being two
or three individuals, rather duller colored, and apparently
verging toward drymoecus.

Birds from the east shore of San Francisco Bay (Berkeley,
Oakland, etc.) present a certain peculiarity of coloration, for
with hardly an exception they are extremely dark and sooty
in appearance, as remarked by Oberholser (1898, p. 439).
This is undoubtedly partly, but not altogether, due to smoke
stain, the darkening effect of which has been noted in certain

68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

other species at these points. I am inclined to class the birds
of this region as representing an intergradient stage between
typical spiluyus of the coast region and drymoecus of the inte-
rior. The plumage, normally of a less bright rufescence than
in the former, is still further modified by the action of the
smoke, producing the extremely dark effects seen in the speci-
mens at hand. Of the available skins from the east side of
San Francisco Bay, practically all were secured at suburban
points in the various towns, where they would be subject to the
effects of the smoke of the communities. There is one speci-
men in the series that forms a striking exception to the above
remarks. This is no. 4284, coll. Mus. Vert. Zool., collected
by Dr. J. G. Cooper, at Martinez, Contra Costa County, De-
cember 15, 1863. This bird is bright, clear reddish above,
closely similar to certain of the Palo Alto specimens, and even
brighter colored than many from that point. It shows no sign
of smoke stain. This latter fact may possibly be due to the
fact of there being less smoke in the atmosphere in this general
region at that early date.

There are in the series four specimens from the vicinity of
Monterey Bay, three from Pacific Grove and one from Monte-
rey. This is too small a series to draw conclusions from, but
one of these birds (coll. J. & J. W. Mailliard, no. 4691) dis-
plays what appears to be a distinct trend toward the colora-
tion of charienturus.

Thryomanes bewicki dyymoecus Oberholser

Type locality—Baird, Shasta County, California.

Range—tThe central portion of California; the Sacramento
Valley, and northward at least to the Oregon boundary ; north-
east to the Warner Mountains, on the Nevada boundary; the
west slope of the central Sierra Nevada, everywhere below
Transition ; southward over about the northern half of the San
Joaquin Valley. Specimens from the east slope of the Sierra
Nevada at Carroll Creek, taken in September, may have been
wanderers from the west side of the mountains, and not neces-
sarily within the normal breeding range.

Specimens examined from the following localities: Modoc
County: Cedarville, 2; Sugar Hill, 1. Trinity County: Hel-

Vor. VI] SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 69

ena, 1. Siskiyou County: Callahan, 2. Shasta County:
Baird, 1. Tehama County: Tehama, 5; Tuscan Springs, 1.
Glenn County: Winslow, 1. Colusa County: Stony Ford,
2. Butte County: Chico, 3; Oroville, 2. Sutter County:
West Butte, 2; Sutter, 5. Yolo County: Grand Island, 1;
Rumsey, 3. Solano County: Vacaville, 11. Amador County:
Carbondale, 2. Nevada County: Cherokee, 4; Montezuma
Hill, 2. Placer County: Blue Canyon, 1. Inyo County:
Carroll Creek (east slope of the Sierras), 4. Fresno County:
Lane Bridge, 1. Madera County: Raymond, 2. Stanislaus
County: Modesto, 7. Mendocino County: Mount Sanhe-
drin, 1. Contra Costa County: Walnut Creek, 8; Mount Dia-
blo, 6. Santa Clara County: Palo Alto, 1. Total number of
specimens, 82.

Distinguishing characters—Compared with charienturus,
drymoecus has the upper surface darker and more rufescent.
The tail is somewhat shorter, and in different proportion to the
wing. In charienturus the tail is slightly longer than the wing,
in drymoecus slightly shorter. Compared with spilurus, the
upper surface of drymoecus is a duller and less rich brown.
In the juvenal plumage the character of intensity of rufescence
of the upper surface is also apparent, young of drymoecus be-
ing less deeply colored than young of spilurus and marinensis
on the one hand, and somewhat darker (though slightly so)
than the young of charientwrus on the other. It is noteworthy
in this regard that whereas in typical drymoecus (Sacramento
Valley birds) the adults approach spilurus more nearly than
they do charienturus, the juvenal plumage is but slightly dif-
ferent from the same stage in charienturus.

Remarks—Of the available material of this form, the
greater part consists of summer adults in rather worn plumage,
with a good proportion of juvenals. There is a lack of birds
in fresh fall plumage.

Thryomanes bewicki drymoecus is a composite race, and
one probably not subject to exact definition. It differs from
all the other California forms of Thryomanes in the nature of
its geographical position, being centrally placed and apparently
intergrading with each of the surrounding races at the va-
rious points of contact. Consequently birds from different re-

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

gions exhibit a diversity of appearance that renders it difficult
in the extreme to frame a satisfactory characterization of the
race, and in places the dividing lines must be somewhat arbi-
trarily drawn.

Birds from the Sacramento Valley exhibit the best mani-
festation of the characters of the subspecies. These characters
consist of decidedly reddish dorsal surface (though not so
rich a red as in marinensis and spilurus) and short tail, bear-
ing a different relation to length of wing than is seen in
charienturus and eremophilus. Thus in the last analysis the
form drymoecus is seen to be an intergradient between the
long-tailed, pale colored, southern and desert races, charientu-
rus and eremophilus, and the short-tailed, richly colored, coastal
subspecies, marinensis and spilurus. This is so markedly the
case that while in the Sacramento Valley drymoecus may be
considered a fairly well marked form, just as this center is
departed from so is there encountered a variation of charac-
ters tending toward whichever of the other subspecies is ap-
proached.

There is at hand one adult from Baird, Shasta County,
California, the type locality of T. b. drymoecus. There are
also available one from Trinity County and two from Siski-
you County, all in the same general region in north central
California. As indicated by this small series the birds from
this part of the state seem to belong to the subspecies dry-
moecus.

Warner Mountain District. There are one adult and two
in juvenal plumage from the Warner Mountains, in the ex-
treme northeastern corner of California. The old bird is de-
cidedly gray, as compared with Sacramento Valley specimens,
but the two young ones are even more rufescent than are com-
parable examples from the latter locality. The dull color of
the adult is so noticeable as to suggest the possibility of the
existence of a definable local race in this little known portion
of the country, but in view of the manner of variation shown
by drymoecus in others of the outlying parts of its range, I
prefer at present to regard this specimen as another example
of the variability of the form. In this connection it may be
well to call attention to the possibility that the wren recorded
from Camp Harney, southeastern Oregon, by Bendire (1877,

Vor. VI) SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 71

p. 113), and tentatively referred to eremophilus by Oberholser
(1898, p. 429), may well be of the same race as the Warner
Mountain bird.

Sacramento Valley. Thirty-eight specimens from the fol-
lowing counties: Tehama, Glenn, Butte, Colusa, Sutter, Yolo,
Solano, and Amador. Of this series 25 are adults, the re-
mainder in juvenal plumage. They were coilected during
spring and summer, from early March until the mid-
dle of July, hence the adults are all in rather worn
plumage. Despite this wear, however, these specimens uni-
formly exhibit to a marked extent the characteristic reddish
dorsal surface of the subspecies. As indicated above Sacra-
mento Valley birds may be regarded as typically representa-
tive of the interior form, drymoecus.

San Joaquin Valley. Birds from this valley are not so
easily or satisfactorily disposed of. Both Oberholser (1898,
p- 437) and Ridgway (1904, p. 563) have included this re-
gion in the habitat of drymoecus, but the former author at
least had no examples-from this valley, as shown by his list
of the localities from which specimens were examined. The
region is not satisfactorily represented in the series now avail-
able, but there is at hand a series of seven skins from Modesto,
Stanislaus County (Mailliard coll., nos. 6987, 6993, 7125,
7333, 7385, 7386, 7400), two specimens from Raymond, Ma-
dera County (Mus. Vert. Zool., nos. 19,688, 19,689), and one
from Lane Bridge, near Fresno (Mus. Vert. Zool., no. 19,687).
All of these points are in the east central portion
of the San Joaquin Valley. Of these the Modesto
birds were collected in January, February, March, and
May, the Lane Bridge and Raymond examples in April.
Some of them are breeding birds, and the probabil-
ities are that the January and February specimens are
also examples of a resident form. At any rate peculiarities
of appearance can hardly be explained on the ground that the
birds are wandering examples of charienturus, for this more
southern form would hardly be found represented by in-
dividuals wintering so far north of their summer home. On
the other hand, these San Joaquin Valley birds are too unlike
Sacramento Valley drymoecus to be regarded as southward
traveling visitants from that region.

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

So, on the whole, the series may safely be considered as
representing the form breeding in this same general region.
In coloration the whole series is quite uniform and but slightly
distinguished from charienturus, being more nearly like this
race than like Sacramento Valley drymoecus. In measure-
ments the birds stand about midway between the two forms,
though rather nearer the latter (see table). All things consid-
ered, I have regarded these birds as illustrating intergradation
between typical drymoecus and charienturus, and as represent-
ing about the extreme southern valley locality which the name
drymoecus may be used to cover.

Sierra Nevada. There are six spring birds from Nevada
County. Two are from Montezuma Hill, taken March 30,
and four from Cherokee, April 5 and 7. From these dates
they may fairly be assumed to be representative of the breed-
ing bird of the region. In coloration they closely approach
Sacramento Valley drymoecus, though they are not quite so
reddish; in measurements and proportions there is no dif-
ference.

There are at hand four immatures in fresh winter plum-
age: a male, Blue Canyon, Placer County, October 21; two
males and a female, Carroll Creek, east slope of Sierra Ne-
vada in Inyo County, September 11 and 12; all collected at
altitudes from 5000 to 7500 feet. A difficulty arises in the
proper weighing of the characters of these birds, in that they
were evidently late summer wanderers from lower altitudes,
from just where, it is impossible to say.

The Blue Canyon specimen (Mus. Vert. Zool., no. 23,295)
is dark reddish above, widely different from autumnal charien-
turus, but not so readily distinguished from fall specimens of
marinensis. It is presumably typical of the fall plumage of
drymoecus as occurring in the central Sierra Nevada. The
three birds from Carroll Creek (Mus. Vert. Zool., nos. 20,858,
20,859, 20,866) are quite different in appearance. They are
but slightly reddish above, and with a grayish cast not seen
either in charienturus or in typical drymoecus. As to the pre-
cise region occupied by these latter birds during the breeding
season, that, of course, is problematical, for they might have
wandered even from over the crest of the Sierras; but their
appearance leads to the assumption that they represent an ex-

Vor. VI] SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 73

treme southern outpost of Sierran drymoecus, where that race
abuts on eremophilus. The grayish cast of the dorsal surface
may well be explained as evidence of intergradation between
the two.

From Walnut Creek and Mount Diablo, Contra Costa
County, there is a series of two adults and 12 juvenals. The
adults, June birds in excessively worn plumage, bear no re-
semblance to the ruddy colored spilurus of the nearby coast
region. The young birds, too, lack the clear reddish tone of
Palo Alto juvenals, and are very similar to young birds from
the Sacramento Valley. The series is unsatisfactory in the
lack of fresh plumaged adults, but is apparently to be referred
to drymoecus, though tending toward the coast form spilurus.
Birds from the east shore of San Francisco Bay (Berkeley,
Oakland, etc.), the nearest point in the range of spilurus,
are themselves for the ‘most part not typical of that race, so
that specimens from this whole general region may be regarded
as illustrating intergradation between the coastal spilurus and
drymoecus of the interior. The reference of the Walnut Creek
and Mount Diablo birds to drymoecus is necessarily based al-
most wholly upon the appearance of the juvenals. Fortunately
there are certain characteristics at this stage, as shown by the
large series from the Sacramento Valley, apparently justify-
ing such procedure.

There is one specimen at hand from a point outside of the
general breeding range of drymoecus, which I feel obliged to
refer to this form. This is an immature female (no. 5268,
Grinnell coll.) taken at Palo Alto, California, September 27,
1902, and in complete first winter plumage. In color and pro-
portions this bird appears to be unequivocally drymoecus.
Without conceding any regular migratory habits to the form,
it is quite possible for occasional individuals to stray during
late summer and fall for as short a distance as is indicated
by this capture. I believe this specimen to be such a wanderer
from the breeding ground.

The subspecies Thryomanes bewicki drymoecus has been
denied recognition by the American Ornithologists’ Union
Committee, and declared to be “not separable from Thryo-
manes b. spilurus’ (1901, p. 314). Ata later date, in the third
edition of the Check-List (1910, p. 339), the ascribed range

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

of drymoecus is included in that of T. b. charienturus. Con-
ceding that drymoecus is not as sharply defined a race as cer-
tain other forms of the species, still the disposition accorded
it under this latter ruling is certainly unsatisfactory, and not
tending to assist to an understanding of existing conditions.
The wren of the Sacramento Valley is as widely different from
charienturus of southern California as is the northern coast
bird, to which it is more nearly related. If it is not deemed de-
sirable to recognize these slightly differentiated forms in the
Check-List, a better compromise would be effected by extend-
ing the range of spilurus to include the Sacramento Valley
and central Sierra Nevada, that of charienturus to extend
through the San Joaquin Valley. Such treatment would be
nearer the truth than is the present accepted arrangement ; but
even so, there would be encountered the difficulties and dis-
crepancies bound to arise in the attempt to define by rigid
lines the many fluctuations encountered in the birds of these
wide and varied regions.

Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberholser

Type locality—Nashoguero Valley, Lower California
(near Mexican and United States boundary line).

Range—Coast region of southern California, south from
San Benito County and into northwestern Lower California.
Breeds mainly on the coastal slope, but in winter is found
eastward to the western edges of the Colorado and Mohave
deserts, as at Palm Springs, Victorville and Barstow.

Specimens examined from the following localities: San
Benito County: Paicines, 13; Mulberry, 4. San Luis Obispo
County: Paso Robles, 1. Santa Barbara County: Santa
Barbara, 2; Lompoc, 4; Point Conception, 1; Santa Inez
River, 1. Ventura County: Mount Pinos, 1; head of Piru
Creek, 1. Tulare County: Cannell Meadow, 1; Monache
Meadow, 1; Trout Creek, 7. Kern County: Weldon, 3;
Onyx, 3; Isabella, 2; Bodfish, 2; Walker Pass, 3; Piute Moun-
tains, 4. Los Angeles County: Pasadena, 91; San Fernando
Valley, 19; Santa Monica Mountains, 3; Sierra Madre, 3;
Monrovia, 1; San Gabriel Mountains, 6; San Francisquito

Vor. VI] SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 75

Canyon, 2; Los Angeles, 7; El Monte, 2. San Bernardino
County: San Bernardino Mountains, 5; Cajon Wash, 1;
Victorville, 5; Barstow, 1; Reche Canyon, 3. Riverside
County: Riverside, 5; San Jacinto Mountains, 28; Vallevista,
4; Palm Springs, 6; San Gorgonio Pass, 1. Orange County:
Santa Ana Canyon, 1. San Diego County: San Diego, 1;
Witch Creek, 1; Cuyamaca Mountains, 2. Total, 252.

Distinguishing characters—Coloration paler, less rufescent
dorsally than in any other form of Thryomanes from the main-
land of California, save eremophilus. In fresh fall plumage
adults of charienturus average close to Saccardo’s umber, a
color about intermediate between the richer, more rufous,
raw umber of spilurus, and the grayer hair brown of eremo-
philus. In measurements charienturus differs from eremo-
philus in smaller size ; from spilurus, marinensis and drymoecus
in different proportions, usually having tail longer than wing,
whereas in the latter three forms the reverse is the case.

Remarks—lIt is in the relative geographical positions ac-
corded to charienturus and drymoecus that the results of my
observations are most at variance with those of the writers
who have previously studied the group. Both Oberholser
(1898, p. 437) and Ridgway (1904, p. 563) define the habitat
of drymoecus as inclusive of the entire San Joaquin Valley,
and as extending westward to the coast in San Luis Obispo
County. As already stated under drymoecus, birds from the
central San Joaquin Valley are not typical of that form, being
rather of the nature of intergrades toward charienturus. Still
less are birds from the coast region of San Luis Obispo and
Santa Barbara counties to be regarded as representative of
drymoecus. Such divergence from the mode of charienturus
as they exhibit appears to be an approach toward spilurus,
whose territory they border. This, to my mind, is a satisfac-
tory explanation of the slightly more reddish coloration of
certain individuals, as well as of the variation in measure-
ments.

Seventeen skins from San Benito County, 13 from Paicines
and four from Mulberry, most of them in fresh, unworn plum-
age, afford excellent comparative material from an interme-
diate locality, about at the meeting place of the ranges of

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

charienturus, spilurus and drymoecus. These birds in colora-
tion are practically like southern California charienturus, being
no more rufescent than are most specimens from that region,
and less reddish than birds from the coast of Santa Barbara
County. In measurements the San Benito County birds are
shorter tailed than is typical charienturus, and thus approach
Spilurus or else San Joaquin Valley drymoecus. There is very
little difference in measurements between these latter two.

There is at hand one skin from San Luis Obispo County
and eight from the coast of Santa Barbara County. Some, but
not all, of these birds are slightly darker and more rufescent
above than charienturus from points farther south, but I be-
lieve that all are to be referred to that form. It is probably the
type of specimen such as [ have at hand from San Benito and
Santa Barbara counties that formed the basis for the exten-
sion of the range of drymoccus to these points, but I prefer
to regard such birds as illustrating intergradation between
charienturus and spilurus, over the intermediate territory which
they occupy. They are with difficulty distinguished from typi-
cal charienturus, and are certainly quite different in appearance
from typical drymoecus of the Sacramento Valley.

The excellent series of skins at hand from the coastal re-
gion of Los Angeles, San Bernardino and Riverside counties,
includes specimens in all stages and from all seasons, and,
judging from these, it would seem that the race charienturus,
as confined to southern California, is as well defined as any of
the forms of the genus Thryomanes. Here, too, however,
there is a certain amount of variation, usually in shade of ru-
fescence dorsally, even in specimens in fresh fall plumage taken
at practically the same points; differences that can hardly be
explained on any grounds save that they represent the varia-
bility existing among individuals of the one race. Segregation
according to age or sex yields no uniform or satisfactory di-
visions.

In the series at hand there are six winter birds from points
at the western edge of the Mohave Desert, five from Victor-
ville and one from Barstow. These specimens have been re-
corded as drymoecus (Mailliard and Grinnell, 1905, p. 101;
Grinnell, 1901, p. 70), but I am unable to distinguish them

Vor. VI) SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 7f7/

from Pacific Slope charienturus, and believe that they are
probably wanderers from the nearby San Bernardino Moun-
tains. Midwinter specimens from Palm Springs, at the west-
ern edge of the Colorado Desert, belong in a similar class,
of winter visitants from the adjacent San Jacinto Mountains.

There is available a series of 23 skins from the southern
Sierra Nevada, in Tulare and Kern counties. Of these, 14
are juvenals, while the nine adults are in midsummer plumage,
so frayed and faded as to be of little value for color compari-
sons. It is evident, however, that this series is not to be re-
ferred to drymoecus, and at present it seems best to include it
under charienturus. Vhe young birds are decidedly less red-
dish than juvenals of drymoecus, averaging closely similar to
young charienturus. The variability shown among them tends
toward grayish extremes, certain individuals being even paler
colored than the average of eremophilus. The adults closely
approach charienturus in similarly worn plumage, and in meas-
urements and proportions also approximate this form.

There are at hand, fortunately, three adults in fresh, unworn
plumage, taken in December in the Piute Mountains, at the
southern extremity of the Sierra Nevada. These birds are
unequivocally charienturus, and I believe it is fair to assume
that they represent the resident form of this region. Alto-
gether the available material is sufficient to justify the state-
ment that the wren of the extreme southern Sierra Nevada is
not drymoecus. At first it seemed questionable as to whether
or not the birds were representative of eremophilus, which
breeds on the east slope of the Sierras a short distance to the
northward. The juvenals, as noted above, tend toward an ex-
treme of grayish coloration, while the faded adults have some-
thing of the appearance of the Desert Wren. Also the pres-
ence in the series of an undoubted example of eremophilus
from the Piute Mountains in September tended to obscure the
facts, but this bird in all probability was a migrant from the
desert regions to the eastward.

Fresh plumaged Thryomanes from the Sierra Nevada of
Kern and southern Tulare counties are desirable, and it may
be that such will exhibit characteristics intermediate between
typical charienturus and cremophilus.

78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Thryomanes bewicki nesophilus Oberholser

Type locality—Santa Cruz Island, California.

Range—Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands, California.

Specimens examined from the following locality: Santa
Cruz Island, 19 (14 adults, 5 juvenals).

Distinguishing characters—Most nearly like T. b. charien-
turus of the adjacent mainland, from which it is but slightly
differentiated. In coloration the dorsal surface and flanks are
of a somewhat darker brown than is the mode in the mainland
form. ‘Tail usually shorter than wing; in just one of the adults
at hand is it the reverse. In charienturus the tail is generally
longer than the wing.

Remarks—The Santa Cruz Wren is apparently one of the
most illy defined of any of the described forms of Thryomanes
bewicki. The available series affords satisfactory material for
comparison, containing four September specimens in newly
acquired winter plumage, others taken in early spring, before
becoming excessively worn, and some juvenals. Judging from
these specimens this island form has become but slightly dif-
ferentiated from the mainland race. I am able to appreciate
the average slightly darker coloration of upper surface and
flanks, but it is covered in the range of variation shown by
mainland charienturus, occasional individuals of the latter be-
ing quite as dark.

The difference in proportions is perhaps the most tangible
character, for the proportionately shorter tail of nesophilus is
evident upon measurement. It is perhaps noteworthy that the
slight differences serving to distinguish nesophilus from chari-
enturus are steps in the direction of spilurus, the slightly more
reddish dorsal coloration, darker flanks, and shorter tail, be-
ing just the characteristics encountered in birds occupying the
intermediate coastal region between the ranges of charienturus
and spilurus. The mainland nearest to Santa Cruz Island
forms part of this intermediate region.

Thryomanes bewicki cataline Grinnell

Type locality—Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California.
Range—Santa Catalina Island, California.

Vor. VIJ SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 79

Specimens examined from the following locality: Santa
Catalina Island, 14.

Distinguishing characters—Closely similar to the mainland
form charienturus, but averaging slightly darker dorsally, and
with somewhat heavier bill and feet.

Remarks—tThe peculiarities of the Santa Catalina Island
Wren had been already commented upon (Oberholser, 1898,
p. 436) before Grinnell (1910, p. 308) affixed a name to the
race. The differences distinguishing this form from charien-
turus of the neighboring mainland, however, are but slight,
barely sufficient to indicate average distinctions in series from
the two regions. Of the skins at hand, 13 are adults, mostly
in winter plumage, fresh and unworn. These show the color
difference claimed for the race, as well as differences of pro-
portions, and, admitting that these differential characters are
not trenchant, still they exist, and their existence justifies the
use of a separate name, especially in an insular form.

Thryomanes bewicki leucophrys (Anthony )

Type locality—San Clemente Island, California.

Range—San Clemente Island, California.

Specimens examined from the following locality: San
Clemente Island, 23.

Distinguishing characters—In coloration leucophrys is not-
iceably grayish as compared with the darker colored neighbor-
ing races, cataline, nesophilus and charienturus. In its pale
color leucophrys thus approaches eremophilus, but is easily dis-
tinguishable by size and proportions; leucophrys has shorter
wings and tail, and longer bill. It also has tail shorter than
wing, while in eremophilus the reverse is true. The broader
superciliary stripe of leucophrys is diagnostic.

Remarks—The San Clemente Wren is a strongly marked
form presenting various points of difference easily appreciated
by the most casual observer. The generally pale coloration is
apparent in the juvenal as in the adult plumage, and the
broader and more conspicuous superciliary stripe is also a
feature in the juvenal plumage.

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

The series available contains 10 adults and 13 juvenals.
The adults are all spring and summer birds, more or less worn
and faded, there being no fresh autumnal specimens in the lot.
Fall birds are probably more rufescent.

Thryomanes bewicki cremophilus Oberholser

Type locality—Big Hatchet Mountains, Grant County,
New Mexico.

Range in California—The part of California known to be
occupied by this form during the breeding season is limited to
the higher mountains of the desert regions of the eastern part
of the state in Inyo and Mono counties, and on the east slope
of the Sierra Nevada from Lone Pine Creek an undetermined
distance northward. In winter it occurs over the breadth of
the Mohave and Colorado deserts, westward to the Piute
Mountains and to Palm Springs.

Specimens examined from the following localities: Cali-
fornia. Inyo County: Inyo Mountains, 2; Kearsarge Pass,
1; Lone Pine Creek, 1; Little Cottonwood Creek, 1. Kern
County: Piute Mountains, 1. Riverside County: Palm
Springs, 1. Colorado River between Needles and Riverside
Mountain, 9. Arizona: Fort Mohave, 3; Huachuca Moun-
tains, 33; Chiricahua Mountains, 6; Fort Lowell, 13; Santa
Cruz River near Tucson, 1. Total, 72.

Distinguishing characters—Largest of the California forms
of Thryomanes (see table). Tail longer than wing. Colora-
tion pallid, the palest colored of the California subspecies of
the genus.

Remarks—The series here accumulated from different
points in southeastern California presents certain peculiarities
of appearance that suggest the possibility of these birds repre-
senting a form recognizably distinct from typical eremophilus.
In general the California birds appear to be slightly darker
dorsally and on the flanks, and slightly smaller, with propor-
tionately shorter tail. Also in the California birds the ground
color of the black-barred central rectrices is usually brownish,
where in specimens from Arizona it is more decidedly gray;
in the California birds there is a tendency toward a dusky, un-

WREN 81

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82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

barred area at the tip, as shown in a considerable proportion
of specimens.

In southeastern Arizona eremophilus is a common resi-
dent of both the Upper and Lower Sonoran zones, being
abundant in the Lower Sonoran river valleys. In eastern Cal-
ifornia this wren appears to breed only in Upper Sonoran, mi-
grating down into Lower Sonoran in the winter months. It
is, I believe, the only California wren of this genus that has
truly migratory habits.

That individuals of the species should be found in the
valley of the Colorado River, at the western boundary of
Arizona, in winter only (Grinnell, 1914, p. 209), while the
species is resident the year through in valleys of similar zonal
character in the eastern part of the state, argues, it seems to
me, that these sets of individuals represent two entirely sepa-
rate aggregations, two distinct subspecies, if we wish to call
them so. Furthermore, observations so far made as regards
other species show that the valley of the Colorado does not serve
as a winter home for birds from the colder country to the
eastward. The transient winter population of this valley seems
to come almost entirely from the Great Basin region to the
northward, with its surrounding mountains, and it is fair to
assume that these winter visiting wrens are also from that re-
gion. The slight differential characters apparent, as enumer-
ated above, appear to bear out this assumption.

Personally I believe that there are at least two separate
forms included under the term eremophilus as now used, one
occurring in the Great Basin region of southern Nevada and
eastern California, migrating over the Colorado and Mohave
deserts in winter, the other represented by the resident bird
of southeastern Arizona. Additional material is needed from
California, in the nature of fresh autumnal and early spring
specimens from breeding stations, more clearly to demonstrate
the presence of differentiating characters. In the absence of
such material, and bearing in mind the variability shown by the
wrens of this genus where different subspecies meet, it seems
advisable to refrain from formally affixing a name to the pos-
sibly recognizable California race. It is significant in this con-
nection to note that in proportion as California specimens of

Vor. VI] SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN 8&3

eremophilus differ from the mode of that subspecies, so do they
approach charienturus or drymoecus.

There is a specimen of the Desert Wren at hand collected
in the Piute Mountains, Kern County, September 6, 1903. As
noted previously in this paper, under charienturus, examples
of the latter race were taken in winter in the same mountain
range; and circumstances make it appear that charienturus is
the resident form. With little doubt eremophilus is but a
migrant or winter visitant at this point. There is at hand an-
other example of this subspecies from Palm Springs, Riverside
County, taken December 30, 1903. The Desert Wren thus
ranges in winter over the breadth of the Colorado Desert, and
probably over the Mohave Desert as well, but it evidently is
rare at the western borders of these tracts. Considerable win-
ter collecting at points on the Mohave River, as at Victorville
and Yermo, has failed to disclose its presence there, and the
one specimen from Palm Springs is the only example recorded
from the latter station. Apparently the bottom lands of the
Colorado River form the main winter home of the species
in this region.

The series of skins from southeastern Arizona contains an
excellent representation of both adults and juvenals, taken at
all seasons of the year. The individuals of this series, al-
though true in the main to the characteristics of the race, ex-
hibit a certain amount of variation, apparently to be explained
only as due to individual peculiarities. This is true of both
adults and juvenals. As having bearing upon the extremes
of variation encountered, mention might be made of the re-
corded occurrence of drymoecus at Calabasas, southern Ari-
zona (Oberholser, 1898, p. 438). In the series before me
there is a single individual taken in the Chiricahua Mountains,
Arizona, October 27, 1914 (no. 2538, coll. of J. E. Law),
that might be considered as belonging in the same category.
This last mentioned bird is short tailed and rather dark col-
ored, being not unlike certain examples of drymoecus in ap-
pearance, while it is even darker colored than selected speci-
mens of chartenturus. While this specimen in certain respects
thus bears a casual resemblance to some California birds rather
than to typical eremophilus, I cannot believe that it belongs
to the race drymoecus, in the sense that this is an individual

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser.

that has actually traveled from central California to southeast-
ern Arizona. Such action would be so remarkably at variance
with all known conditions prevailing among the subspecies of
Thryomanes of the central valley and coast regions of Cali-
fornia that I do not for a moment consider that it is to be
taken into account in explaining this circumstance.

As affording additional evidence to the contrary, there is in
my series a molting bird taken in the Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona, August 17, 1902 (no. 3082, Swarth coll.). This
specimen, covered with pin feathers, and with rectrices and
remiges but partly grown, is assuming a dorsal coloration
far more rufescent than the average of eremophilus, freshly
molted birds being used in comparison, and it is closely simi-
lar to the Chiricahua Mountain bird just described. Yet there
can be but little doubt that this individual was in its summer
home when captured, and that it is representative of an extreme
of color variation occasionally reached in the subspecies
eremophilus.

LITERATURE CITED

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CoMMITTEE, J. A. Allen,
Chairman and Editor.
1901. Tenth supplement to the American Ornithologists’
Union Check-list of North American birds.
Auk, 18, pp. 295-320.
1910. Check-list of North American birds. Ed. 3, re-
vised (New York, American Ornithologists’
Union), 430 pp., 2 maps.

BENDIRE, C.
1877. Notes on some of the birds found in southeastern
Oregon, particularly in the vicinity of Camp
Harney, from November, 1874, to January,
1877. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 19, pp.
109-149,

GRINNELL, J.
1901. Midwinter birds at Barstow. Condor, 3, pp. 70-71.
1908. The biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, pp. 1-170, pls. 1-24.

Vor. VI) SWARTH—RACES OF BEWICK WREN &5

1910. Two heretofore unnamed wrens of the genus
Thryomanes. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, pp.
307-309.

1914. Anaccount of the mammals and birds of the lower
Colorado Valley with especial reference to the
distributional problems presented. Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., 12, pp. 51-294, pls. 3-13, 9 text figs.

MAILLIARD, J., with GRINNELL, J.
1905. Midwinter birds on the Mojave Desert. Condor,
7, pp. 71-77, 101-102.

OBERHOLSER, H. C.
1898. A revision of the wrens of the genus Thryomanes
Sclater. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 21, pp. 421-450.

Ripeway, R.
1904. The birds of North and Middle America. U.
Sa Nat. Muss) Bull SO; <part, 3, pp. xx-80l;
19 pls.

SwartH, H. S.
1914. The California forms of the genus Psaltriparus.
Auk, 31, pp. 499-526, pl. XL.

_
ar

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FourtTH SERIES

Vor. VI, No. 5, pp. 87-128. May 8, 1916

Vv

MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
OF ORTHOTYLUS (HEMIPTERA)

BY
Epwarp P. VAN DUZEE
Curator, Department of Entomology

Genus Orthotylus Fieb.

In common with other genera of its trihe, the genus Ortho-
tylus has the apical margin of the pronotum without a collar;
the prosternal xyphus (the triangular plate between the an-
terior coxz) with a more or less distinctly carinate margin, its
base being flat or convex, and the arolia (the pulvillaee between
the tarsal claws) free and converging toward their apex. The
following are the more essential characters of this genus:

Head almost vertical; when viewed from above, short,
transverse, with the eyes distinctly wider than the anterior
margin of the pronotum; when viewed from before, five-
angled, but little longer than wide across the eyes. Vertex
with a basal carina and before it a depressed line or area. Front
convex; clypeus prominent, its base usually on a line with the
base of the antennz. Facial angle (angle between the line of
the clypeus and that of the bucculz) a right angle. Eyes prom-
inent, viewed from the side ovate, placed a little oblique or

May 8, 1916

88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

nearly vertical; when viewed from above nearly round or more
or less flattened within. Antennz pubescent, inserted near or
somewhat below the lower angle of the eyes; linear; basal joint
thickest, the apical becoming setaceous; the basal joint with
two or three longer stiff bristles or setae within toward its apex.
Pronotum trapezoidal, rather flat, usually transverse, but some-
times nearly or quite as long as broad, its converging sides
nearly rectilinear and its base feebly arcuated or straight
across the scutellum; callosities prominent, usually distant but
often connected by an elevated area anteriorly that does not
reach their hind margin. Scutellum nearly flat or moderately
elevated, its basal lobe often more or less exposed. Elytra
normally rather long, considerably surpassing the abdomen.
Membrane biareolate. Legs rather long, the hind femora mod-.
erately incrassate; tibia armed with a few weak spines. Ros-
trum normally attaining the apex of the intermediate coxe,
becoming black at apex. Oviduct of female short, beginning
behind the middle of the venter. Upper surface usually clothed
with a fine pubescence or with longer and stiffer hairs, or
with both.

Our species of this large and difficult genus may conveni-
ently be grouped in three series:

Group I (flavosparsus group). Small, moderately elongated
green species with the base of the vertex sharply carinate,
the pronotum short, transverse, and the legs compara-
tively short. Some of the species are clothed with coarse,
often flattened, deciduous black hairs. Here belong:
insignis, n. sp.; tibialis, n. sp.; ferox, n. sp.; viridicatus
Uhl.; coagulatus Uhl.; flavosparsus Sahlbg.; chlorionis
Say; fraternus, n. sp.; uniformis, n. sp.; translucens
Tuck. ; viridis, n. sp.; senectus, n. sp.; nigrinasi, n. sp.

Group II (ovatus group). Medium sized, oval, pale colored
species having much the form of a Lygus with the aspect
of an Oncotylus. These have the base of the vertex ob-
tusely carinate, the pronotum transverse and the legs com-
paratively short. Here belong ovatus, n. sp., and catulus,
n. Sp.

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 89

Group III (dorsalis group). More elongated or slender spe-

cies having the base of the vertex sharply carinate pre-
ceded by a distinct bidentate transverse depression; the
pronotum nearly or quite as long as broad and the legs
long and slender. The species of this group are usually
pale, marked more or less with fuscous or black, the elytra
typically having the clavus and an area on the disk of the
corium fuscous or black. Here belong: formosus, n. sp. ;
modestus, n. sp.; dorsalis Prov.; marginatus Uhl. ; molli-
culus, n. sp.; affinis, n. sp.; angulatus Uhl.; brunneus, n.
subsp. ; cuneatus, n. sp.; pullatus, n. sp.; languidus, n. sp.;
lateralis, n. sp.; cruciatus, n. sp.; submarginatus Say ;
necopinus, n. sp.; fumidus, n. sp.; ornatus, n. sp.; can-
didatus, n. sp.

I have been unable to locate inconspicuus Uhl. Reuter’s

description of his biguttatus answers almost perfectly to coagu-
latus Uhl. of which it probably is a synonym. Tucker records
diaphanus Kirschb. from Kansas, but the determination is very
doubtful. The present paper includes all other species recorded
from America north of Mexico. The following key will locate
our species:

Ground color green, sometimes almost white, dark markings if present not

clouding thewely tram nivratercdttateciecrerstererctats cteicte oyslsistenciers elsceyel\evolnlerciers/oi6 if

Ground color pale testaceous to black, sometimes greenish when imma-

ture; the elytra in that case marked with fuscous or black areas....14

J Antenne, tibiz and tarsi black; ground color a bluish-green; small
species (3mm. to tip of abdomen),.................. 2. tibialis, n. sp.
==» Aritennze) palewOr mostlyccSOvaccirae cleltisiciersieiciele's elvis e alsiels eis e(e'elelesessieiate 2:
2, Basal joint of the antenne marked with black,...............-..005- 3
—, Basal joint of the antenne uniformly pale, ee rns aie ote elere, Shepraierseteiens 4.
3, Antenne slightly infuscated, the basal joint green or greenish with its
immediate) base deep’ blacks lic ycnjeiscinclerieieistcice eves <r 1. insignis, n. sp.
—, Antenne pale; basal joint biannulate with black; base and apex of
second joint fuscous; apex of the head deep black. .13. migrinaszi, n. sp.
4, Form broader or ovate, somewhat like a small Lygus,............-- 5:
= Horm: more) Slenderpanduparalleleinctslseisrereis|sieies.ci2/ 2.2) ncefeje\cis © sisisleierel® 6.
S, Color a yellowish-green, with the membrane infuscated; the surface
clothed with deciduous matted fuscous hairs........ 14. ovatus, n. sp.
—, Color nearly white; above sparsely dotted with bluish-green in ma-
ftuinewexatmip lessy acter ciseertcletokaceiekaecisicleleic.ec.s ll. senectus, n. sp.

Membrane black or blackish with the nervures calloused and white at
apex; surface clothed with coarse deciduous black hairs,..........+....
SE RIO SOROS CHINE DAB OO GAO OCC C I Era 4. viridicatus Uhl.
Membrane sometimes infuscated, the nervures then pale or cence
DUG. ghemoee Coon b ooo D done bobo ate avag DUN ae ODA A SMe DEaeDooMoonoune :

18,

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Membrane infuscated at apex, marked with a distinct white spot at tip
of the cuneus followed by a blackish cloud and beyond that a pale

Vitta;;SOMetIMeES! ObSOLELEs 2 ciataierecereie ayovaie(ein levels fale(aiars icles 5. coagulatus Uhl.
Membrane without alternating black and white markings at tip of
tHE CUMELIST ERS: Slates eke els elem iain heres annie ee lareie yels «oie Deane eee 8.
Upper surface with minute pale pubescence; apical antennal joints in-
Puascated ayers tract isk isis eiswatace oictete a leceia teas: Graists aie ttayerora ara eee 9.
Upper surface with dark fuscous or black pubescence,.............. 11.

Smaller (44%mm.); first antennal joint thicker, obviously shorter
than the head viewed from above; sinistral hook of the male genitalia

short, scarcely longer than the dextral,......... 10. translucens Tuck,
Larger (5-5%4mm.); first antennal joint obviously as long as the
Heady Peete xaos arsrete,siesccsscicioae eee Ie eT teil Oat Stra sre 10.

Basal joint of the antenne fulvo-testaceous like the second joint; dex-
tral hook of the male genitalia small, ligulate; sinistral long, curved
ang acuminate @westerily, cccci (qe ele iesiceeiaeiee si 9. uniformis, n. sp.
Basal joint of the antennz brown, the second fulvo-testaceous; dextral
hook of the male genitalia large and broad-triangular; sinistral linear
and: Straight, rather long’; eastern)... s os<.ce0e es 12. viridis, n. sp.

, Elytra surpassing the abdomen by nearly one-half its length; abdomen

in the male reaching to just beyond the base of the cuneus; antenne

and membrane slightly infuscated,................ 8. fraternus, n. sp.
Elytra shorter, the abdomen of the male reaching well toward the apex
OF tHE KCUNEUIS) Sites "so sis 'er,aiois gine avelwjoteyals ee eaialesieiste aide Gre ieee Dene ners 12.

Upper surface clothed with deciduous black hairs which are in part
flattened and conspicuous; color pale bluish-green; vertex broadly
CLEDTESSEULW slafervioe eisis ashe nd vinis siaiv Siorslelaler elstacettoue coe 3. ferox, n. sp.
Upper surface clothed with a less conspicuous vestiture, the hairs not
large and flattened; color a yellowish-green; transverse basal depres-
SION OF THE AVELLEK TlarLOW,, s+ cuss cele setstemaciesimieerenniciecia metas 13:
Areoles of the membrane pale green; elytra with clusters of white
hairs intermixed with dark ones,............. 6. flavosparsus Sahlbg.
Areoles of the membrane concolorous; elytra without pale hairs in-
termixediywithetherdatk: ONES} s:0i<ccrctereraceiete oetserisie ne 7. chlorionis Say.
Form ovate as in Lygus campestris nearly; color a uniform whitish
of fusco-testaceous, head and callosities tinged with yellowish,........
eae BEIT A cole bia talate a crake pelea eee nee 15. catulus, n. sp.
More elongated species; elytra with fuscous areas more or less marked,
Oriat wtiMESheNLel Vs DiaCK: ww sis/clea's eicteis eieise acelera ciple ieee ecicettee 15.
Color whitish-testaceous, fuscous markings of the elytra very faint or
neatlywobsoleteyiny the: female,..4/5. Shes eicisis.cisterelo cetcisteciec ene 16.
Ground color sometimes pale greenish or yellowish, the dark elytral
markings always distinct, or the whole insect may become next
IVa yreceesreteiote, aot aiaysy sis ora, cave mela aera ter Rep ae Oisl cerita ciehenic neater 1

‘Without black markings, the disk of the head and the pronotum behind
the callosities sometimes with a faint fuscous cloud in the male; mem-
brane with a faint ray beyond the areole; antenne pale,............
See ranupehayaferets etoile sleek ols ele cle a1 Teh aie ejay ctayevelons (ele aiehale se 16. languidus, n. sp.
Median line of the front, vertex and scutellum, lateral margins of the
pronotum and the sides of the body beneath black; membrane slightly
infuscated with the nervure brown; antennz blackish,................
ofohailalennyetaereieseeee teteveletaioueis sonar scarelicievereraiaterorerate sinters erates 32. candidatus, n. p.
Body uniformly fuscous, the sides of the venter darker; length
MATA aA ores egeyel cre renee (ase ls 'oseyoislevels' io) elslelei sisi stersisrae mieret 34. fumidus, n. sp.
Body never uniformly fuscous, the elytra with at least the costal nerv-
ure or a vitta interior to it pale, Sanoonanancruncoucncsoouredecnons 18.
Elytra with the costal and commissural nervures and base of the cuneus
slenderly pale, otherwise fuscous-brown above; length 7mm.,.........
Seog rch Se TR COT MOTE ale hig Coote RE Toto URS aN 33. necopinus, n. sp.

Vox. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 91

19,

y

20,

, Elytra with more than the costal and commissural nervures pale; length
ati der Orme Pa cto rreaictata sleveievctolevecersisletsiels eiaiciereisioleisieigia + sieveleisie note 19.

Costal nervure black with a pale vitta between it and the dark dorsal
vitta, or it may be dark on the dark areas without a pale vitta in-
FDOT LOY 2hE ko) Ot HO OBB OST OO ROCCO EELS DEG IC IC OS HE ie eee SOSA 31
Costal nervure pale and forming part of a pale costal vitta,........ 20.
Disk of the pronotum pale with the lateral margins covered by a linear
black vitta, the pale disk narrowing anteriorly,..................... 29,
Disk of the pronotum sometimes with a broad pale median vitta, but
then with the humeral angles and usually the sides pale,.......... ZN:
Pronotum with the anterior lobe infuscated, the posterior lobe more
or less distinctly pale, usually divided by a dark median Wiliraecean 30.
Pronotum with the anterior lobe usually pale, never infuscated with
thendiskceoL ther posterior, lobe apales sacrsestsetste fase /sfejsyeiers or e)-r0 lo ye = 6 22:
Membrane vittate, more or less hyaline with a darker ray beyond the
ALCO Le save atarcheretatel os cesvecrevslchersrats tay atevoletetcvalaronetneney sialon sistevcic ot ole ouelebavere, elosels 235
Membrane uniformly infuscated, without a darker ray beyond the con
MA) SoonnssogcdeanaGenGoonadoavoddoued noe Gon doo orecnemoc a oonod .
Areole of the membrane hyaline, the vitta beyond the areole evident;

color of body clear pale green with a line on the hind margin of the
pronotum and a spot behind the callosities black; a vitta on the clavus
and spot near the inner angle of the corium fuscous, HOGS OD ae

SOO OE HGe OE Un ACHE n Ecos onpoorodoadoduoocteae 17. formosus, n. Sp.
Areole of the membrane more deeply infuscated than the adjoining
surface, body more or less infuscated, the base of the corium, the
cuneus and usually the median line of the pronotum pale,............
Bes iaickavelavovs eisroreieistelereh slateterauciera sielisvatereYerevelsi ele cbetetsveveie sores 30. ornatus, n. sp.

Nearly the whole surface including the legs black or blackish, the
costal margin, ventral vitta, coxe and trochanters only pale,..........
ac caraeran thet aterecictots oer rokereletslolctokelete rotons tethers cyatetes sore 26. pullatus, n. sp.
The legs, at least, pale or but little infuscated,.................... 25.

Callosities pale or they are the last portion of the pronotum to become
invaded with black; vertex often black, when pale without a trans-
verse) blacksmarksomreitherasidestteaytaciercterre ne setare si erelesieclers 26
Callosities black or they are the first part of the pronotum to become
invaded with black; vertex pale with a transverse black mark on
Cither a stdesn es tener etele rei teuere lomo iere micteiaioiac Se cialelsislateiearchaysiciee 28.
Antenne black in both sexes; genital hooks of the male pale; the male
generally with a pale dorsal vitta on the pronotum, 20. marginatus Uhl.
Antenne pale in the female, fuscous or black in the male; genital
hooks: of tthe maleyiblackeperotitic keteconiettiarciarcinie sistaisieraraitietencyava 27.
Pronotal markings transverse; when the pronotum is all black the
second antennal joint of the male is rufo-testaceous, 18. modestus, n. sp.
Pronotal markings longitudinal; when the pronotum is all black the

second antennal joint of the male is black,.......... 19. dorsalis Prov.
Smaller (5mm.); body beneath mostly black; front black or mostly
SON a/c crateileyeve syevers orcseteiae kee tekevolerl eto Tele atvereray stones! 21. molliculus, n. sp.
Larger (6mm.); body beneath mostly pale; front nel with a black
ane e1ther Sides 2 jee cisictotelacrevcier cue relsvetocerinie erieis.cisis wef 225 22. affinis, n. sp.
Smaller (4mm.) ; second antennal joint short, not longer than the third
anid TOUTbM) COPE Era: muerayeerccotereetotetel sreteterstatelereletsra rales 28. lateralis, n. sp.
Larger (5mm.); second antennal joint long, distinctly longer than the
thitdeand«tourthtogethenmaacsietierdstcrccters craves r= 27. cruciatus, n. sp.

Sutural margin of the corium with a wedge-shaped pale mark,........
BDO COO TOD OOO TOD OO GOO DOO AD OD ODO noo brid DBE aaa 23. angulatus Uhl.
Sutural margin of the corium with a linear pale mark,................
BPR r etches tea /wialenst staretctayeraraiclansictetetehetaretans 24. angulatus brunneus, n. subsp.

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

31, Costal nervure concolorous, dark against the dark areas; elytra black-
ish, the base of the cuneus and a wedge-shaped mark along the claval

SUPUTe DALE srercre oyerererereloleye ateravarcitieser inicio oreieieiem sire 25. cuneatus, n. sp.
—, Costal nervure black with a pale vitta between it and the black dorsal
VI ELA SATS Saree ietensts oie sxcictevone wisi crevelses oie sora isleicioletns 4 olsossistactenminetien 32.

32, Ground color above fulvous or salmon, elytra black, the fulvous bor-
der of the corium not attaining the costa, the extreme edge being
laches eeaicis wisveess cca oats ioe oa clgiblowsis Sauer ete siens 31. submarginatus Say.

—, Elytra black with a subcostal whitish vitta covering most of the
cuneus; posterior disk of the pronotum and the legs fulvous,..........
Bats BOOTS ECO ER OIE rie toa So ak enor 29. knighti, n. sp.

Group I (Subgenus Orthotylus Fieb.)
1. Orthotylus insignis, new species.

Larger and more slender than any allied species; elongated
or elliptical; bright grass-green becoming yellowish about the
head and base of the femora; first joint of the antennz yellow-
ish with its immediate base conspicuously black, length 5-6mm.,
width 144mm.

Vertex much depressed posteriorly, leaving the basal carina
strongly elevated; front but moderately convex. Eyes promi-
nent, viewed from the side shorter than in the allied forms.
Antenne unusually long, about reaching to the apex of the
membrane; basal joint longer than the head in the female,
much longer in the male; second joint two and a half times the
length of the first; third about two-thirds the length of the sec-
ond; fourth shorter than the first. Rostrum short, not attain-
ing the apex of the intermediate coxz. Pronotum short, flat,
showing a median carina and lateral carinate margins; deeply
impressed around the prominent callosities, thus making the
anterior margin appear thickened; sides strongly oblique, the
anterior angles broadly rounded. Elytra long, elliptical in the
female, the tip of the cuneus scarcely surpassing the tip of the
abdomen; in the male nearly parallel, the costal margin very
gently arcuated, the corium a little surpassing the tip of the
abdomen. Legs unusually long and slender, the tibiz with a
few weak bristles.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia very large, recurved
from near its base, where there is an acute projection from the
inner angle, the upper member greatly produced in a long
curved brown spine-like process almost attaining the opposite

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 93

wall of the pygofers; sinistral hook long, white and terete,
curved around horizontally concentric with the sinistral wall
of the genital segment.

Color a clear bluish-green, becoming yellowish on the head,
pronotum and beneath; clothed above with short, black, decid-
uous hairs; antennz pale, the base of the first joint narrowly
deep black, the apical joints infuscated. Elytra immaculate,
the membrane with pale nervures. Tibiz pale clothed with
minute black hairs, the tarsi black.

Described from one male and two female examples taken
by me at the upper end of Fallen Leaf Lake, Calif., July 24,
1915. This pretty species is unusually large and slender and in
some points is not typical of this genus.

Type, male, in the collection of the University of Califor-
nia. Allotype (No. 301) in the Museum of the California
Academy of Sciences. Paratype in collection of the Univer-
sity of California.

2. Orthotylus tibialis, new species.

Form of Labopidea nigripes nearly, but much smaller ; blu-
ish-green, conspicuously clothed with black deciduous hairs;
antennz, tibia, and tergum black. Length 4-4!4mm. to tip
of membrane.

Head large, vertical; eyes small, bead-like; viewed from
the side, short, scarcely surpassing the insertion of the an-
tenn, narrowed below, little longer than broad. Vertex with
a large triangular impressed area; basal carina prominent.
Front strongly convex; clypeus small, prominent. Pronotum
short, transverse, its length distinctly less than one-half its
basal breadth; callosities prominent, elongated. Basal joint of
the antenne longer than the head, much thickened almost to
the base; second about three times the length of the first. Ely-
tra of the male long, the costa moderately arcuated, the apex of
the abdomen reaching to the tip of the corium. Elytra of the
female hardly attaining the apex of the abdomen, the costa well
arcuated, giving the insect an ovate form, broadest beyond the
tip of the clavus, the membrane but little surpassing the tip of
the cuneus.

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia broad at base, upcurved
and attenuated at apex; sinistral hook short and strap-shaped,
lying along the edge of the pygofer.

Color dull bluish-green, conspicuously clothed with coarse
black deciduous hairs. Head and lower surface paler. An-
tennz, apex of the rostrum and the tibiz and tarsi deep black ;
tergum black, becoming green toward the margin.

Described from numerous examples taken about the lower
end of Fallen Leaf Lake, near Lake Tahoe, Calif., July, 1915.
The conspicuously black tibiae and antennz will readily locate
this distinct species.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of the University of
California. Paratypes in collections of the Museum of Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences (nos. 302-304), University of
California and in author’s collection.

3. Orthotylus ferox, new species.

Form and size of flavosparsus, nearly; color a pale faded
green, clothed with stout black hairs when fresh. Length
314mm. to tip of membrane.

Head short, vertical. Eyes small; viewed from the side,
vertical, but little longer than wide, narrowed to an angle be-
low, not reaching much beyond the middle of the side of the
head. Vertex broad, basal impression broad and shallow, the
basal carina prominent, obtuse, sinuated. Front prominent,
convex, its sutures deep; facial angle rounded. Antenne short;
first joint shorter than the dorsal aspect of the head. Pro-
notum short, transverse, its length about one-half its basal
width; sides straight, the angles well rounded; anterior mar-
gin concavely sinuated ; callosities prominent. Scutellum small,
the basal lobe covered. Elytra moderately broad, the costa
feebly arcuated. Abdomen passing the middle of the cuneus in
the male, nearly attaining the apex in the female. Tibiz with
the longer bristles black. Whole upper surface clothed with
coarse appressed black hairs, which are easily rubbed off.

Male genital characters much like those of tibialis, but the
pieces are less curved and less interlocked; the dextral hook
narrower and more acute; the sinistral lying close to the edge
of the segment.

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 95

Color pale bluish-green with a whitish aspect when de-
nuded. Scutellum, head, lower surface and legs, and some-
times the callosities, yellowish. Membrane faintly fuliginous,
the nervures paler. Antennz infuscated nearly to the base of
the second joint, the basal pale. ‘Tibial bristles and apex of the
tarsi black.

Described from numerous specimens taken in San Diego
County, Calif., as follows: Alpine, March to April; Balboa
Park, San Diego, April; El Cajon Valley, May first. This in-
sect has much the aspect of tibialis and quite similar genital
characters, but the females are less oval and the antennz are
pale instead of black. This and the three following species
have the vertex broader with much smaller and less prominent
eyes.

Type, male, and allotype in author’s collection. Paratypes
in Museum of California Academy of Sciences (305, 306), col-
lection of the University of California and in author’s collec-
tion.

4. Orthotylus viridicatus Uhler.

Form of coagulatus; clothed above with coarse black decid-
uous hairs; membrane blackish with the nervures at the apex
of the areoles conspicuously white. Length 414mm.

Head smaller than in the allied species with the eyes large
and prominent, especially in the males. Vertex flat, distinctly,
angularly impressed before the prominent basal carina; front
but slightly convex. Clypeus very prominent, its base dis-
tinctly below the line of the antenne. Eyes, viewed from the
side, much longer than broad, angled below, reaching over half-
way to the gula. Antenne short, the second joint scarcely
longer than the basal width of the pronotum. Pronotum short,
transverse; sides scarcely arcuated, the anterior angles well
rounded; callosities prominent, convex. Elytra rather short,
the abdomen reaching to about the middle of the cuneus in the
male, to beyond its tip in the female.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia long protruding, terete,
its end rounded and not at all narrowed; sinistral hook broad,
curved, parallel with the lower margin of the pygofers, its acute
apex curved inward.

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Color, a bluish-green in mature examples, becoming yel-
lowish on the callosities and head, and paler beneath; above
clothed with deciduous pale hairs intermixed with thick black
ones. Vertex and pronotum with a pale median line more or
less apparent. Basal joint of the antennz green, second darker,
the third and fourth infuscated. Tibiz a little darker, the apical
half of the tarsi black. Membrane deeply infuscated, the nerv-
ures thickened and white below the base of the smaller areole.

The types of this species were from Colorado and New
Mexico. I have seen specimens from Idaho and took it in
abundance in San Diego County, Calif., during March, April
and May, and it was not uncommon about Fallen Leaf Lake,
Calif., at lower levels (between 6,000 and 7,000 feet). So far
as I can now tell, my material was all taken on the sage brush,
Artemesia, spp. The blackish membrane marked with con-
spicuous white nervures will distinguish this pretty species from
its nearest relatives.

5. Orthotylus coagulatus Uhler.

Size and aspect of flavosparsus nearly, but with the head
narrower and the eyes larger and more prominent; pale green,
clothed with minute whitish pubescence and longer black hairs ;
membrane with a fuscous spot beyond the areoles. Length
414mm. to tip of the membrane.

Head rather small, viewed from above, acutely angled at
apex. Vertex in the female about three times as wide as the
eyes; flattened toward the base, leaving the basal carina sharp
and prominent across its whole width; in the male narrower,
hardly twice as wide as the large eyes, with the base scarcely
impressed and the carina less prominent. Clypeus large and
very prominent. Antenne long and slender, the basal joint
scarcely as long as the head, surpassing the tylus by one-half
its length; third but little shorter than the second. Pronotum
short; sides straight or feebly concave in the male; callosities
prominent. Elytra moderately long, the tip of the abdomen
reaching to the middle of the cuneus in the male, sometimes
surpassing its apex in the female.

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 97

Dextral hook of the male genital segment short, knob-like ;
the sinistral large, convex, filling the excavation at the apex of
the genital segment; its apex broadly rounded.

Color pale green, becoming yellowish, especially on the head
and beneath; the color on the elytra apparently coagulated so
as to leave irregular pale spots and marks. Vertex and pro-
notum sometimes with a continuous pale median line. An-
tennz and legs soiled yellowish; the tibial bristles, tips of the
tibize and apical one-half of the tarsi black. Membrane slightly
enfumed at apex; apical inner edge of the larger areole broadly
green or fuscous; at the tip of the cuneus is a white area, fol-
lowed by a distinct fuscous cloud. Upper surface clothed with
minute pale pubescence and longer black hairs, all of which
are easily rubbed off.

The types were from Colorado. I found it quite common in
that state and have taken a few in San Diego County, Calif.,
at Lakeside and Alpine, and Mr. H. G. Barber has kindly sent
me a specimen from the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, taken
July 20. The mottled aspect of the elytra and the variegated
membrane will distinguish this species.

6. Orthotylus flavosparsus Sahlberg.

Small, oblong-ovate; clear green, becoming yellowish on
the callosities, head and lower surface; membrane slightly en-
fumed, with the surface of the areoles pale green. Length 4mm.
to tip of membrane.

Head about as in viridicatus, small with the eyes prominent
in the male, less so in the female. Vertex flat with a median
areolate depression before the prominent basal carina, less con-
spicuous in the female. Front but moderately convex, the
clypeus small with its base rather above the line of the an-
tennz. Antenne short, the basal joint unusually short. Pro-
notum as in the allied species, short and flat with prominent cal-
losities. Elytra short, the apex of the abdomen in the male
reaching to the middle of the cuneus, nearly to the apex of the
membrane in the female.

Dextral hook of the male genital segment minute, rounded ;
sinistral rather large, broad at base, much extended outwardly

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

and acute at apex, the apical margin of the hook truncated
across its whole width.

Color, clear green, becoming yellowish on the callosities,
head, and lower surface, and the legs and antennz pale, the
latter somewhat infuscated beyond the basal joint; tip of the
tibiz and the tarsi brown or black. Upper surface clothed with
black hairs, interspersed with pale buff ones, the latter segre-
gated into roundish spots, giving the insect a mottled aspect
when fresh. Membrane slightly evenly infuscated, the nerv-
ures and surface of the areoles clear green.

This European species seems to be widely distributed in the
east. I have examples from Montreal, Ottawa, Lake Tema-
gami, P. Q., and Ridgeway, Ont., also from New York, New
Jersey, District of Columbia, Virginia, Ohio, and Kansas. It
may at once be distinguished from its allies by the green sur-
face of its areoles and the peculiar yellowish mottled aspect of
the fresh examples.

7. Orthotylus chlorionis Say.

Closely allied to the preceding; clear green, clothed above
with minute fuscous hairs, but without an intermixture of pale
ones, at least in any of the numerous specimens I have seen;
membranal areoles concolorous. Length 34%4-4mm. to tip of
the membrane.

Head as in the preceding, but with the vertex and front
somewhat fuller; the basal depression of the vertex narrow, ill-
defined before, the basal carina prominent. Antennz short,
the first joint shorter than the head. Pronotum short, the sides
straight, with the anterior angles well rounded. Callosities
bounded by a sharp depressed line behind, not as prominent
as in the allied species. Elytra rather short, the abdomen
reaching to about the tip of the cuneus in both sexes. Tibial
bristles short and weak, not longer than the thickness of the
joint.

Male genital pieces very small, the dextral hook hardly
more than twice longer than broad, ligulate; sinistral curved,
narrow, parallel, lying along the ventral edge of the genital
segment.

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 99

Color a uniform clear green, becoming yellowish on the
callosities, head and beneath. Antennz and legs dull testa-
ceous, the apex of the antennz somewhat infuscated. Mem-
brane moderately infuscated, iridescent, the nervures green,
vestiture of the upper surface minute and sparse, fuscous.

Say’s material was from Indiana. I possess examples from
Quebec, District of Columbia and California. This pale green
little species may be distinguished from flavosparsus by the
concolorous areoles and the want of intermixed pale hairs;
from fraternus and uniformis, by the shorter elytra, and from
translucens, by the dark vestiture and the genital characters of
the male.

8. Orthotylus fraternus, new species.

Very close to translucens, but with longer elytra clothed
with fuscous instead of pale hairs. Length 4mm. to tip of
the elytra.

Head substantially as in translucens, but with a transverse
linear impression before the basal carina. Antenne obviously
more slender. Pronotum shorter than in the allied species, the
sides feebly concavely arcuated with the angles more rounded.
Elytra longer, the apex of the abdomen not surpassing the tip
of the corium, the cuneus noticeably longer. The male genital
characters are very close to those of translucens, but there are
some differences. The dextral hook is more clavate at apex,
the sinistral more curved and less inflated and the ventral as-
pect of the genital segment is shorter and less acutely pro-
duced.

The color of the present species is distinctly darker and
more Olive green, becoming yellowish toward the costa; the an-
tenn are darker throughout, the hairs on the upper surface are
distinctly fuscous instead of pale, and the longer bristles of
the tibiz are blackish.

Described from five male examples taken at La Jolla, Calif.,
April 29, 1914; Alpine, San Diego County, Calif., June 5,
1913, and Pasadena, Calif., in May. This species I place next
to chlorionis on account of its fuscous vestiture, but it is very
close to translucens, although I believe it quite distinct. The
genital characters are of little value here, but the darker color,
longer elytra, fuscous vestiture, slender cuneus, more slender

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

and dusky antennz and the linear impression on the base of
the vertex will certainly distinguish it. I have one female
taken at San Diego in April, 1913, that I believe belongs here.
It has the elytra shorter, with the cuneus proportionately short-
ened and the sides of the pronotum almost rectilinear, but it
has the same rounded pronotal angles, linear impression on the
base of the vertex, dusky antennz and fuscous vestiture.

_ Type, male, from Alpine, in author’s collection. Para-
types in Museum of California Academy of Sciences (No. 307)
and in author’s collection.

9. Orthotylus uniformis, new species.

Aspect of the preceding, the head and beneath becoming more
or less yellowish. Length 514-6mm. to the tip of the mem-
brane.

Head more oblique than in the allied forms, leaving the
apex more pointed when viewed from above. Eyes prominent,
rounded, viewed from the side elongated and somewhat ob-
lique. Vertex slightly flattened, the basal carina but feebly
distinguished. Front but slightly convex; clypeus prominent ;
facial angle rather less than a right angle. Pronotum strongly
narrowed before, rather flat, the callosities but little promi-
nent, sides unusually oblique, slightly concavely arcuated ; hum-
eri prominent. Elytra long, the apex of the abdomen scarcely
surpassing the base of the cuneus in the male, almost reach-
ing to its tip in the female. Rostrum long, reaching on to
the hind coxe.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia short, straight, ligulate,
its extreme apex incurved and subacute; sinistral hook long,
curved in almost a semicircle, the apex slender and acuminate.
Both hooks white in the dried specimens.

Color a uniform pale yellowish-green, becoming paler on
the callosities, head, legs and lower surface; tip of the tarsi
and of the rostrum black. Apical two joints of the antennz
infuscated. Upper surface sparingly clothed with short pale
hairs. Membrane very faintly enfumed and highly iridescent,
the nervures green.

Described from 15 examples representing both sexes, taken
about Fallen Leaf Lake near Lake Tahoe, Calif., at an alti-

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 101

tude of 6,000 to 7,000 feet, during July, 1915. This is a ten-
der pale green insect that must depend upon the characters
of the male genitalia for final identification. [I have also in
my collection one pair from Salamanca, N. Y., and an exam-
ple from Phoenix, Ariz., that have the same male genitalia
and are otherwise inseparable from my Tahoe material.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of the University of
California. Paratypes in Museum of California Academy of
Sciences (Nos. 308, 309), collections of the University of Cal-
ifornia, and of the author.

10. Orthotylus translucens Tucker.

Aspect of uniformis, but smaller with the head obviously
shorter and more vertical and the first antennal joint shorter
and thicker. Length 4mm. to the tip of the membrane.

Head small, short. Eyes unusually large and prominent;
viewed from the side, ovate, reaching almost to the gula. Ver-
tex flat with a large depressed area, the basal carina prominent
but obtuse; front scarcely convex; clypeus small, the facial
angle obtuse. Antenne, first joint obviously shorter than the
head when viewed from above; the second thick, scarcely thin-
ner than the first and about four times longer. Pronotum
short, one-half as long as its basal width, the anterior angles
well rounded; callosities not prominent; basal lobe of the scu-
tellum rather broadly exposed. Elytra long, the abdomen
reaching to about the middle of the cuneus.

Male genitalia small, dextral hook short, a little widened
toward its apex; sinistral also short and spatulate, but little
longer than the dextral, its rounded apex fringed with short
hairs. The large ventral aspect of the genital segment with
a narrow subacute apex which rather surpasses the hooks.

Color clear green, becoming yellowish on the base of the
scutellum, callosities, head and beneath. Apical two joints of
the antennz and tip of the second infuscated. Knees darker
green in my examples; apex of the tarsi black. Elytral ner-
vures darker green, most pronounced on the costal edge of the
cuneus. Membrane very faintly infuscated, iridescent, the ner-
vures pale green. Upper surface sparsely clothed with short
pale hairs.

102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Redescribed from one pair taken on burdock growing on
the bank on Niagara River at Buffalo, N. Y., June 28, 1908,
and two males taken at Elma, N. Y., August 25, 1912.

I believe I have rightly identified Mr. Tucker’s species as
this, although certainty is impossible without reference to the
type. I know, however, of no other species that answers so
well to his description. The insects of this genus are without
a pronotal collum and Mr. Tucker must have referred to the
space anterior to the callosities as the collum.

11. Orthotylus senectus, new species.

Form of coagulatus but larger; whitish, irregularly dotted
with green above. Length 4mm. to tip of membrane.

Head a little oblique, with the eyes two-thirds the width
of the base of the pronotum. Vertex flat, twice as wide as the
eyes; basal carina straight, prominent. Front strongly con-
vex, almost overhanging the base of the clypeus. Clypeus very
prominent, strongly arcuated before. Eyes prominent, viewed
from the side reaching two-thirds the way to the gula. An-
tennz rather short, the basal joint nearly as long as the head;
third nearly or quite as long as the second. Rostrum almost
attaining the apex of the hind coxe, the first joint a little sur-
passing the base of the head. Pronotum formed as in coagu-
latus, the callosities prominent and the hind margin straight.
Basal lobe of the scutellum but moderately exposed. Elytra
as in the allied species, the costal margin gently bowing, widest
opposite the tip of the clavus. Bristles of the hind tibiz pale,
shorter than the thickness of the joint.

Color whitish tinged with green on the pronotum and elytra
and with fulvous on the head and legs; either side of the ver-
tex with a faint fulvous cloud leaving the median line white.
Posterior lobe of the pronotum and the elytra irregularly dot-
ted with bluish green points. Membrane almost white, the
nervures green. Upper surface sparsely clothed with short
pale hairs.

Described from two female examples taken by me at Pueblo
and Manitou, Colo., in July, 1900. This species is quite dis-
tinct by its whitish color dotted with green above. It doubt-
less lives on the whitish vegetation of the semi-arid districts

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 103

of Colorado. It is not impossible that the green elytral points
may bear stiff dark hairs in fresh individuals.

Type, female, in collection of the author. Paratype, fe-
male, in Museum of California Academy of Sciences (No.
310).

12. Orthotylus viridis, new species.

Form of dorsalis but with tne head and pronotum of for-
mosus; pale green, with the head, anterior lobe of the prono-
tum and legs yellowish. Length 5mm.

Head as in formosus, a little oblique. Vertex slightly flat-
tened, the basal carina straight and acute, not tumid and gently
arcuated as in formosus. Front moderately convex. Clypeus
small, prominent. Rostrum attaining the apex of the inter-
mediate cox. Pronotum shaped as in formosus, with its sides
feebly concavely arcuated and the humeri rounded; callosities
large, but little prominent. Elytra nearly parallel, a little wider
than in uniformis. Upper surface clothed with a minute pale
pubescence.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia broad at base, tapering
along its upper edge to an incurved subacute point, which
nearly attains the opposite wall of the segment; sinistral slen-
der, acute, surpassing the sinistral notch.

Color a nearly uniform green, usually quite strongly tinged
with fulvous-yellow on the head, anterior lobe of the pronotum
and scutellum, legs and venter, the costa often paler or whitish.
Antenne quite strongly infuscated, especially on the basal and
apical joints. Apex of the tarsi blackish. Membrane whitish-
hyaline, very slightly enfumed, the nervures pale green.

Described from two males and six females taken by Mr.
H. H. Knight at Batavia, N. Y., July 5 and August 2, 1914,
and one female taken by Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson at Lake
Toxaway, N. C. This insect is most closely related to for-
mosus and serves to connect that species with dorsalis and its
allies on the one hand and uniforms and related forms on the
other.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of H. H. Knight.
Paratypes in collections of H. H. Knight, Mrs. A. T. Slosson,
Museum of California Academy of Sciences (No. 311), and
collection of the author.

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4H Ser.

13. Orthotylus nigrinasi, new species.

Size and form, about, of viridicatus, the head a little larger
and the eyes larger and more prominent; color pale green, the
green on the elytra segregated, leaving clear places; first an-
tennal joint biannulate with black, the apex of the head conspic-
uously black. Length 4mm. to tip of the membrane.

Head large, two-thirds as wide as the hind margin of the
pronotum. Eyes unusually prominent; viewed from the side,
but little longer than broad. Vertex flattened, leaving the hind
margin distinctly carinate almost to the eyes. Front promi-
nent, strongly convex; clypeal sutures deep. Basal antennal
joint about as long as the head, the second scarcely three times
longer. Pronotum almost flat, the callosities scarcely promi-
nent; anterior margin straight, sides feebly concave, the an-
terior angles but little rounded; humeri prominent. Elytra
flat, the tip of the cuneus scarcely surpassing the apex of the
abdomen.

Color above green, the pronotum before, head and all be-
neath, pale or yellowish, more or less tinged with green; the
green of the upper surface being gathered into irregular
patches, especially on the elytra, leaving pale areas more nu-
merous toward the costa. Base of the vertex with a short
brown longitudinal median line; neck with a square black spot
behind each eye, which is scarcely noticed unless the head is
exserted. Apex of the head deep black, polished, the bounding
line passing across the apex of the front just above the base of
the clypeus and obliquely down each side a little below the lower
angle of the eyes. Antennz pale (apical joints wanting) ; the
first joint black at base with a broad black annulus just before
the apex; second narrowly black at base and dusky toward the
apex. Membrane but slightly enfumed, with a darker cloud
beyond the tip of the areoles; nervures green. Vestiture want-
ing from the type, but apparently pale. Legs pale, apical half
of the tarsi, extreme tip of the tibiz and apex of the rostrum
black.

Described from one female taken by Mr. F. Payne at El
Paso, Texas, August 31, 1911. The annulated first antennal
joint and the remarkably black “nose’’ will at once distinguish
this very distinct species.

Type, female, in author’s collection.

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 105
Group II (Subgenus Orthotylus ?)

14. Orthotylus ovatus, new species.

Form nearly of Lygus apicalis. Ovate, broader than the
typical forms of this genus; green, nearly uniform, clothed with
sparse black deciduous hairs and minute white pubescence ;
membrane infuscated. Length 414mm. to tip of membrane.

Head broad, convex; vertex flattened, transversely de-
pressed before the prominent basal carina. Front unusually
convex, polished ; clypeus small and but little prominent. Eyes
large, about one-half the width of the vertex; viewed from the
side ovate, a little oblique, reaching below the middle of the
sides of the head. Antennz normal, the first joint shorter
than the head. Pronotum transverse, more convex than usual
in this genus; anterior angles well rounded; callosities large,
moderately elevated. Elytra short and broad, the costa regu-
larly but not greatly arcuated, the apex of the abdomen pass-
ing the middle of the cuneus in the male, attaining its apex in
the female. Rostrum long, reaching about to the base of the
venter.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia long, widened to the
truncated apex, long triangular, with a very sharp spur at the
superior apical angle, this spur but little shorter than the width
of the piece at that place; sinistral hook broad, ligulate, its
rounded apex attaining the sinistral margin.

Color pale green, becoming more or less yellowish. Upper
surface clothed with short black hairs and a minute white
pubescence, easily denuded. Antenne a little infuscated. Mem-
brane quite strongly infuscated, usually pale at base, the nerv-
ures pale. Tibial bristles pale. Tip of the last tarsal joint
black. In faded specimens the thickened costal nervure is the
last to lose its green color.

Described from numerous individuals beaten from juniper
trees along Glen Alpine Creek near Fallen Leaf Lake, Calif.,
during July.

This species is very close to Oncotylus puberus Uhler, but
after a careful examination of the types I am unable to con-
sider them the same.

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of University of
California. Paratypes in Museum of California Academy of
Sciences (No. 312), collection of the University of California
and author’s collection.

15. Orthotylus catulus, new species.

Form of ovatus, but a little broader; aspect somewhat of
Oncotylus punctipes Reut.; uniformly pale testaceous-gray or a
little brownish. Length 4%mm. to tip of membrane.

Head more triangular before and less convex than in
ovatus. Vertex flattened, forming a large depressed area,
rounded before; basal carina very obtuse; front but moderately
convex. Clypeus large and prominent, its basal suture some-
what above the line of the antenne. Antenne rather short;
basal joint obviously shorter than the head when viewed from
above, exceeding the clypeus by less than one-third its length;
second little thinner than the first. Pronotum less convex than
in ovatus, but more so than in the flavosparsus and dorsalis
groups; sides straight; anterior angles scarcely rounded; an-
terior margin distinctly concavely arcuated; callosities large,
not prominent. Elytra broad, the costa rather strongly arcu-
ated; apex of the abdomen reaching the base of the cuneus in
the male, rather surpassing its apex in the female. Rostrum
long, about attaining the base of the abdomen.

Male genital pieces very small; dextral hook short, ovate,
scarcely longer than broad; sinistral broad, irregularly triangu-
Jar, filling the sinistral notch, its broad apex oblique with the
angle rounded.

Color a nearly uniform pale testaceous, having a whitish
aspect in life; the elytra more or less infuscated, the membrane
sometimes a little more deeply infuscated with the nervures
pale. Pectoral pieces tinged with fulvous. Tips of the tarsi
and rostrum black. Upper surface clothed with short fuscous
hairs, which are but little darker than the surface of the insect.
Antenne scarcely darker at apex.

Described from numerous examples taken on Gnaphalium
uliginosum at Hamburg, N. Y., June 6, 1909, and at Niagara
Falls, June 13. The pale testaceous color of this insect gives
it the appearance of being immature.

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 107

Type, male, and allotype in author’s collection. Paratypes
in Museum of California Academy of Sciences (Nos. 313-
315), collection of the University of California and author’s
collection.

Group III (Subgenus Diommatus Uhler).
16. Orthotylus languidus, new species.

Larger than dorsalis, elongated, with somewhat the aspect
of a Plagiognathus; a pale immature looking insect with faint
fuscous markings in the male. Length 5%mm. to tip of
membrane.

Vertex flattened, the basal carina prominent, the impres-
sion before it forming two fove as in most of the dorsalis
group. Front convex, especially in the female. Eyes large;
in the male two-thirds the width of the vertex, in the female
about one-half. Antenne rather short. Pronotum long, its
length two-thirds its basal width; sides very feebly concave,
the anterior angles well rounded; callosities large, prominent.
Elytra nearly parallel, the costa a little arcuated; almost sub-
hyaline in texture; apex of the abdomen in the male reaching
the middle of the cuneus, in the female attaining its apex.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia large, very broad and
convex at base, the apex rather abruptly narrowed and in-
curved with its apex rounded; sinistral small, linear, lying along
the lower margin of the very deep sinistral notch.

Color pale whitish-testaceous, with the elytra almost diaph-
anous and the typical markings much reduced. Upper surface
clothed with rather long and dense pale hair. In the female
the colors are almost uniform over the whole surface, with
only the extreme tips of the tarsi infuscated. The male is
quite distinctly clouded with brown or fuscous on the disk of
the vertex and on the pronotum behind the callosities, and
there is a faint cloud at the apex of the clavus and two elon-
gated ones before the apex of the corium; the membrane also
has an elongated fuscous mark beyond the apex of the areoles.
Sides of the basal lobe of the scutellum black. Abdomen and
sternum more or less infuscated with the connexivum paler.

Described from numerous examples taken on willows at
Mussey’s and at Grossmont in San Diego County, Calif., in

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

April and May. This species has a peculiar washed-out imma-
ture look, which, with its slightly larger size, will distinguish
it from our other willow species.

Type, male, and allotype in author’s collection. Paratypes
in Museum of California Academy of Sciences (No. 316), col-
lection of the University of California and in author’s col-
lection.

17. Orthotylus formosus, new species.

Elongate-ovate, pale green or yellowish, polished, the typ-
ical markings reduced; hind margin of the pronotum slenderly
black and there is a black mark behind the callosities. Length
7mm. to tip of the membrane.

Head somewhat oblique, not so nearly vertical as in our
other species. Vertex scarcely flattened, the basal carina prom-
inent; front broad, convex, polished; clypeus narrow, promi-
nent and strongly arcuated. Eyes not very prominent; viewed
from the side, oval, oblique, reaching below the middle of
the side of the head. Antenne long, the basal joint longer than
the head, surpassing the clypeus by at least three-fourths its
length; second about three and a half times the length of the
first. Pronotum long, much narrowed anteriorly, its length
two-thirds its basal width. Callosities large, oval, the disk be-
hind them rather strongly convex and polished. Scutellum
large, its basal lobe well exposed. Elytra long with the costal
margin gently arched; apex of the abdomen reaching to about
the tip of the cuneus. Rostrum attaining the apex of the in-
termediate cox. Oviduct of the female long, beginning be-
fore the middle of the venter.

Color a clear pale greenish, becoming yellowish on the scu-
tellum, pronotum, legs and lower surface; basal lobe of the
scutellum and head fulvous. Antenne and tarsi black, the
basal joint of the former dusky green. Hind edge of the pro-
notum and an arc behind the callosities which may be ex-
tended in a sinuate transverse line, black. Vertex with two
subbasal dashes and two minute approximate points before
them brown; the base of the clypeus with a small fuscous spot.
Elytra marked with a slender black line next the scutellum and
a shorter one on the apical margin at base of the membrane;
middle line of the clavus with a long fuscous ray and near the

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 109

inner angle of the corium is an oblong fuscous spot. Mem-
brane more or less infuscated, with a pale median vitta, the
nervures green. Abdomen more or less greenish with the
stomata darker and the tip of the oviduct black. Upper sur-
face sparsely clothed with pale hairs.

Described from two female examples taken from alder
bushes on the south slope of Mt. Tallac above Glen Alpine
Springs, near Lake Tahoe, Calif., July 30, 1915. I tried in
vain to find this species on the alders growing along Glen
Alpine Creek two or three hundred feet lower. It is probable
that the species was not then fully in season.

Type, female, in collection of ‘University of California.
Paratype, female, in Museum of California Academy of Sci-
ences (No. 317).

18. Orthotylus modestus, new species.

A little broader than dorsalis; pale gray, the dark markings
much reduced, those on the pronotum forming two transverse
vittee. Length 5mm. to tip of membrane.

Head about as in dorsalis. Vertex narrowly flattened be-
fore the basal carina. Front a little more convex and less pol-
ished than in dorsalis. Pronotum more convex and a little
broader anteriorly, the sides nearly rectilinear; anterior angles
well rounded; surface transversely rugose; callosities scarcely
prominent, ill-defined. Basal lobe of the scutellum a little ex-
posed. Elytra rather short, the abdomen surpassing the tip
of the cuneus; costal margin regularly slightly arcuated, rather
more so than in dorsalis. Tibial spines longer and stouter than
in the allied species, distinctly longer than the thickness of the
segment.

Color, female, pale greenish shading to yellowish in places.
deeper green along the claval suture. Upper surface distinctly
gray-pubescent. Head pale tinged with fulvous, with a brown
dot on the base of the clypeus. Antenne pale, a little infus-
cated. Pronotum pale with a fuscous arc behind each callosity.
These arcs may unite and form a transverse vitta, not attain-
ing the margin. Hind margin with a broader fuscous vitta,
which omits the humeral angles. Basal area of the scutellum
more or less fulvous. Elytra pale or somewhat greenish; the

110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47m Ser.

clavus, except at base and apex, fuscous; corium with a large
fuscous cloud on the inner angle, which, at the middle, has an
extension toward the costa; cuneus pale. Membrane well in-
fuscated, the nervures pale except at their base. Beneath and
legs pale, more or less tinged with green, the apex of the tarsi
black.

Male much darker ; head above, basal joint of the antenne,
pronotum, clavus, membrane and most of the lower surface
black; the black color on the corium more extended and occu-
pying fully one-half the surface; first antennal joint black;
second, brown, yellowish at base; third and fourth, fuscous.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia black, broad and strap-
like, transverse, a little widened at base, its blunt apex incurved,
almost reaching the sinistral wall; sinistral hook straight, ap-
parently terete, not thicker than the second antennal joint, sur-
passing the apex of the ventral surface of the genital segment.

Described from five males and eight females. Of these I
took two females at Salamanca, N. Y., July 20, 1911, and one
at Buffalo, N. Y., August 4, 1901. Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slos-
son has sent me three females taken at Delaware Water Gap,
Pa., and from Mr. H. H. Knight I have received three males
and two females taken at Honeoye Falls, N. Y., July 1, 1915,
and two males taken at Batavia, N. Y., July 10, 1914.

Type, female, in collection of author. Allotype, male, in
collection of H. H. Knight. Paratypes in collections of H. H.
Knight, Mrs. A. T. Slosson, Museum of California Academy
of Sciences (No. 318) and in author’s collection.

19. Orthotylus dorsalis Provancher.

Elongated with the elytra nearly parallel; black; head, at
least the occiput, sides and median vitta, usually, of the pro-
notum, broad costal margin, lower surface excepting a broad
lateral vitta, legs and the antenne of the female, pale or green-
ish. Length 5-5!4mm. to tip of membrane.

Head almost vertical. Eyes prominent, especially in the
male; viewed from the side oval, little longer than broad;
reaching below the middle of the head. Vertex narrowly: flat-
tened and a little excavated before the basal carina; in the male
but little broader than the eye, about twice as broad in the fe-

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 111

male. Front moderately convex, polished; clypeus small, but
little prominent. Antenne rather short, the basal joint as long
as the head; second about three and one-half times as long as
the first. Pronotum rather long and much narrowed before,
its length two-thirds its basal width, the sides distinctly con-
cavely arcuated with the anterior angles well rounded; sur-
face rather flat, obscurely transversely rugose; callosities large,
oval, moderately prominent, distinctly separated by a depressed
area. Basal lobe of the scutellum well exposed. Elytra nearly
parallel, the costa feebly arcuated; tip of the abdomen nearly
attaining the apex of the cuneus in the male, quite so in the
female. ;

Male genital hooks black; the dextral large, slender at base
and expanded to an oblique triangular apex which passes the
middle of the anal opening; sinistral hook finger-like, consid-
erably surpassing the apex of the segment, clothed with minute
hairs.

Color above black; beneath pale with a blackish vitta along
each side, which in the male may be so extended as to cover
nearly the entire lower surface. Pronotum pale with two ap-
proximate black dorsal vittee which in the male are so extended
as to cover nearly or quite the entire surface. Head in the
male black, polished, with the occipital margins, antennal sock-
ets, lower cheeks and tip of the clypeus pale; in the female pale
with a large brown annulus on the front and sometimes with
two small points above it and a large black spot between the
antennz covering the disk of the clypeus, apex of the front and
inner cheeks. Antenne black in the male, pale and somewhat
infuscated in the female. Scutellum black, with a pale median
vitta in the female and sometimes in the male. Pale costal bor-
der of the elytra encroaching upon the black disk along the
claval suture and principal nervure, especially in the female;
cuneus pale with the apex a little infuscated at times. Mem-
brane infuscated, the nervures pale and with a pale spot at their
apex in the female. Legs pale, the weak tibial bristles also pale,
the apex of the tarsi black. Upper surface sparsely clothed
with minute pale hairs.

Redescribed from a good series taken at Quinze Lake,
P. Q., and about Buffalo, N. Y. It occurs on willows. I would
not be surprised to learn that the females of this species are

112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

dimorphic, some of them being like the males in color. I have
carefully studied the types of both Provancher’s and Uhler’s
species (congrex) and they seem to be absolutely identical.

20. Orthotylus marginatus Uhler.

Closely allied to dorsalis, but with the females colored dark
like the males and with different male genital characters.
Length 5%4mm. to tip of membrane.

Vertex but little flattened, with a slight depression before
the feeble basal carina; front but slightly convex, polished;
clypeus small and less prominent than in most of our species.
Eyes unusually large; viewed from the side broadly ovate,
reaching nearly to the gula, very little smaller in the female
than in the male. Pronotum almost smooth, the sides dis-
tinctly concave, the anterior angles well rounded; callosities
prominent, usually connected anteriorly by a slight ridge.
Basal lobe of the scutellum well exposed. Elytra long, nearly
parallel, the costal margin but feebly arcuated; apex of the
abdomen reaching the middle of the cuneus in the male and
nearly to its tip in the female. Upper surface rather sparsely
clothed with pale appressed hairs. Rostrum long, reaching
well on to the hind coxe.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia large, pale, reaching
nearly across the anal opening, its apex obliquely rounded and
armed with a few comb-teeth, near the base produced dorsally
and backward in a sinuated acute projection which is about
one-half as long as the lower member; sinistral hook long, flat-
tened and expanded at the rounded apex, produced for one
half its length beyond the ventral apex of the genital segment.

Color as in the male of dorsalis, black; occiput, lower
cheeks, gula, base of the vertex, median vitta of the pronotum,
at times continued over the scutellum, and the sternum, pale
or tinged with fulvous; costal margin of the elytra, middle of
the venter and the legs pale greenish-yellow. Pale color of
the costa sometimes encroaching upon the base of the clavus
along its suture and on the principal nervure of the corium in
the female, rarely in the male; inner angle of the cuneus usually
infuscated. Membrane blackish with the nervures pale at apex.

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 113

Redescribed from a good series taken, with dorsalis, on wil-
lows and thorn bushes, there probably accidental. The males
of this species and of dorsalis are nearly indistinguishable ex-
cept in their genital characters, but in dorsalis they more often
have the pronotum and scutellum entirely black.

21. Orthotylus molliculus, new species.

Allied to dorsalis with the dark markings much reduced,
the face with a black X-shaped mark. Length 5mm. to tip
of membrane. ad

Head broader than in the ‘allied species. Vertex flattened,
with a distinctly foveate impression before the prominent basal
carina. Front but slightly convex; clypeus small. Eyes large,
nearly two-thirds the width of the vertex; viewed from the
side short, ovate, reaching nearly to the gula. Antenne short;
third and fourth joints together not three-fourths the length
of the second, the fourth about equal to the first and two-
thirds the length of the third, a little dilated and flattened at
apex. Pronotum shorter than in dorsalis, more convex, the
sides feebly concave, the anterior angles rounded; callosities
large, closely approximated, moderately elevated. Basal lobe
of the scutellum but little exposed. Elytra rather short, about
as in female dorsalis, the apex of the abdomen hardly reaching
to the middle of the cuneus.

Male genitalia whitish; dextral hook rather large, a little
curved inward and upward, the apex truncate and drawn out
dorsally into about four sharp teeth, near the base with an ob-
long plate projecting dorsally, the inner angle of which is pro-
duced in an acute tooth; sinistral hook long and spatulate,
much exceeding the ventral aspect of the segment.

Color whitish-testaceous, perhaps tinged with green in life,
with a slight tint of yellow on the head and scutellum; the
basal lobe of the scutellum marked with black and fulvous.
Face marked with a large black X from the antennz to the
basal fove, the pale angle above the clypeus sometimes filled
in with black; clypeus and outer cheeks in part black. An-
tennz black. Callosities black, connecting with a large fuscous
spot on either side of the disk of the pronotum. Sides and
suture of the scutellum black. Elytra pale with a fuscous cloud

114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER.

covering the disk of the clavus, another on the corium within,
exterior to which is a short fuscous ray; cuneus entirely pale.
Membrane blackish-fuscous, the nervures pale at apex. Ex-
treme base of the elytra touched with fuscous. Pleural pieces
mostly black. Abdomen black with the disk and margins pale. —
Legs very pale green, the tarsi infuscated and black at apex.
Upper surface clothed with short pale pubescence.

Described from two male examples taken on willows at
Mussey’s and near Grossmont, San Diego County, Calif., in
April and May, 1913.

Type, male, in author’s collection. Paratype, male, in Mu-
seum of California Academy of Sciences (No. 319).

22. Orthotylus affinis, new species.

Very near molliculus, a little larger and darker with the
basal joint of the antenne pale, the pronotum narrower be-
fore, the pale costal border broader and not marked with a fus-
cous ray, the sides of the body beneath scarcely marked with
black, and a different male genitalia. Length 6mm. to tip of
membrane.

Head as in molliculus, the vertex strongly impressed before
the prominent basal carina, the clypeus but moderately promi-
nent. Eyes oval, viewed from the side proportionately nar-
rower than in the allied species. Pronotum apparently longer,
the pale space before the callosities broader and the anterior
angles much rounded, making the anterior margin look
shorter. Legs longer, the hind femora distinctly surpassing
the tip of the abdomen.

Male genitalia larger, pale; the dextral hook produced into
a long sickle-shaped piece, acute at apex and serrated for a
space along the external edge, the base angled but without a
square projection, the curve forming a little more than a half
circle; sinistral hook longer, a little curved and distinctly ex-
panded toward the apex.

Color a very pale testaceous or greenish. Vertex with a
pair of subtriangular black marks in the foveate basal impres-
sions. Front with a blackish arc on either side, united above
where they nearly or quite connect with the basal marks; on
the base of the clypeus is a black polished spot which encroaches

Vor. VI) VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 115

upon the outer cheeks. Antenne dark greenish-piceous, the
basal joint more green. Sides of the pectus and abdomen with
a narrow blackish vitta which is wanting in the female. Pro-
notum marked with a broad black vitta on either side, usually
connected with the black callosities. Scutellum black, the an-
terior lobe sometimes marked with fuscous, the posterior with
a linear median pale vitta. Elytra blackish-fuscous, the broad
costa and a slender line along the commissure and suture of the
clavus pale, the cuneus entirely pale. Membrane deeply infus-
cated, the nervure pale except at base. Legs greenish, the
tibiz more dusky, the apex of the tarsi black.

Described from numerous examples taken from willows
about Fallen Leaf Lake, near Lake Tahoe, Calif., in July, 1915.
Best distinguished from molliculus by the narrower and more
rounded anterior margin of the pronotum, the linear pale vitta
on the scutellum, the narrower blackish lateral vitta beneath,
the want of a fuscous ray in the pale costal area, and the dark
olive-green antennz which become blackish at times. Male
genital hooks much more developed and very characteristic.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of University of Cali-
fornia. Paratypes in Museum of California Academy of Sci-
ences (Nos. 320, 321), collection of the University of Califor-
nia and in author’s collection.

23. Orthotylus angulatus Uhler.

Smaller and more slender than dorsalis; dark fuscous-
brown, base of the pronotum sometimes paler, the base of the
corium and the cuneus whitish. Length 4mm. to tip of mem-
brane.

Head short. Vertex short, with an impressed line before
the obtuse basal carina; in the female this line connects with
two fovz which are nearly obsolete in the male. Clypeus large,
prominent. Eyes large, about two-thirds as wide as the vertex;
viewed from the side oval, nearly reaching the line of the gula.
Antenne stout and rather long, the basal joint longer than the
head viewed from above; third and fourth slender, together
about as long as the second. Pronotum rather short, the sides
nearly rectilinear, the anterior angles rounded ; callosities large,
approximate, little elevated. Anterior lobe of the scutellum

116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

covered or nearly so. Elytra parallel, narrow, apex of the ab-
domen but little surpassing the base of the cuneus in the male,
hardly attaining its apex in the female. Rostrum and hind
tibiz unusually long, the former attaining the base of the hind
COXe.

Redescribed from two females, one taken by me at Denver,
Colo., July 12, 1900, the other, also from Colorado, was sent
to me by Prof. Carl F. Baker with the label Diommatus angu-
latus Uhler; they, however, differ from Uhler’s description in
several points. The clypeus is paler in one of my specimens
and not darker in the other, the hind lobe of the pronotum is
distinctly paler and the clavus is deep fuscous and not pale yel-
lowish as described by Uhler. There is, however, just such a
pale area on the base of the corium adjoining the claval suture.
The apex of the cuneus is also but little darkened. These dis-
crepancies can all be accounted for by the ordinary variations
found in this genus except the pale clavus, a character found
in no species of this genus known to me. It is not unlikely that
Dr. Uhler thoughtlessly mistook the cuneate pale mark on the
base of the corium for a pale clavus. Unfortunately I have no
males of this form.

An examination of one of Uhler’s types, kindly sent to me
for study by Prof. Gillette, confirms in every respect my deter-
mination as given above.

24. Orthotylus angulatus brunneus, new subspecies.

This form is very close to that described above as angulatus
except that the pale mark on the base of the corium is reduced
to a line along the claval suture, and the costal margin is nar-
rowly pale.

Male genitalia small; dextral hook ovate at apex; the sin-
istral lying along the margin of the sinistral notch, its apex
curved upward and acute.

Founded on numerous examples taken on willows at many
localities in San Diego County, Calif., from April to June. It
is possible that an examination of the male genitalia of angu-
latus will show this to be a distinct species, but that is not likely
to be the case.

,

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS LZ,

Type, male, and allotype in author’s collection. Paratypes
in Museum of California Academy of Sciences (Nos. 322,
323), collection of the University of California and in author’s
collection.

25. Orthotylus cuneatus, new species,

Very near angulatus brunneus, but larger with longer
elytra and darker colors; marked as in angulatus with a pale
wedge-shaped area along the claval margin of the corium.
Length 5mm. .

Head as in brunneus, the vertex with a deep foveate im-
pression before the prominent basal carina. Front feebly con-
vex. Clypeus small, prominent. Antenne long; basal joint
rather longer than the head; second longer than the third and
fourth together. Pronotum short, the sides very oblique, sin-
uated; humeri subacute, prominent; the anterior angles
rounded ; callosities large, prominent. Elytra long, parallel.

Male genitalia small; dextral hook small, longer than
broad; sinistral a little longer, lying in the sinistral notch, its
hind edge rounded.

Color sooty-black, a little piceous in immature examples,
the antenne piceous. Legs dark chestnut, the anterior paler
or brownish-testaceous in some individuals; coxe and base of
the femora pale testaceous. Elytra with a large wedge-shaped
whitish mark lying against the claval suture; apex of the cor-
ium and base of the cuneus covered by a rather large whitish
spot. Membrane nearly black, a little clearer toward the apex,
the nervures black.

Described from two males and five females taken by me
about the lower end of Fallen Leaf Lake, Calif., in July, 1915.
Structurally this species is very near brunneus, but its larger
size and stronger coloring, together with the cuneate mark on
the base of the corium, will readily distinguish it.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of University of Cali-
fornia. Paratypes in Museum of California Academy of Sci-
ences (No. 324), collection of University of California and in
author’s collection.

118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.

26. Orthotylus pullatus, new species.

Closely allied to brunneus; blackish, the costal margin
narrowly pale; male genital segment long and unusually slen-
der. Length 414 mm. to tip of membrane.

Basal impression of the vertex large, including two con-
spicuous pits, the basal carina prominent; front but moderately
convex. Eyes, viewed from the side, ovate, reaching nearly to
the gula. Pronotum proportionately shorter than in brunneus,
the sides distinctly arcuated with the humeral angles subacute
and upturned; callosities large and prominent. Elytra a little
more widened toward the apex of the corium than in the allied
species. Antenne a little thinner than in brunneus, the third
and fourth joints together scarcely as long as the second.

Genital segment of the male in brunneus triangular, hardly
longer than broad at base; in pullatus nearly cylindrical, about
twice as long as wide at base, the apex elliptically rounded.
Genital hooks small and black; the dextral elongate ovate,
curved inward and backward at apex; the sinistral elongated,
lying along the sinistral notch, its apex rounded.

Color blackish-fuscous. Head black, apex of the clypeus
sometimes touched with castaneous. Antenne black. Pro-
notum at times showing a mere tinge of castaneous behind the
callosities. Cox at base and the middle of the sternum and
venter pale. Elytra a shade paler than the body, the costal
margin narrowly pale and extended nearly to the apex of the
cuneus. Membrane nearly black, the nervures concolorous or
barely touched with pale at apex. Legs dark castaneous. Up-
per surface clothed with pale pubescence.

Described from one male and eight female examples taken
by me May 13, 1915, on willows growing among the sand
dunes at San Francisco, Calif. This species is best distin-
guished from the closely allied brwnneus by the darker color,
the prominent, subacute, humeral angles, and the long, nar-
row male genital segment.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of University of Cali-
fornia. Paratypes in Museum of California Academy of Sci-
ences (No. 325), collection of University of California and in
author’s collection.

Vor. VI) VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 119

27. Orthotylus cruciatus, new species.

Allied to lateralis but much larger with a black scutellum.
Aspect somewhat of Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl., but larger
and more clearly marked. Length 51%-6mm. to tip of mem-
brane.

Head small, polished. Vertex slightly depressed, the basal
carina slender and inconspicuous; front convex, highly pol-
ished ; clypeus small, prominent. Eyes very large, much wider
than the vertex; viewed from the side ovate, reaching about
to the gula; the apex of the head projecting more than in
lateralis. Antennze long, the first joint longer than the head;
second scarcely thinner, fully four times the length of the first ;
apical two together about equal to the second. Pronotum long,
nearly flat, the sides feebly concave, the anterior angles sub-
acute; callosities large, little elevated, extending much far-
ther back than in Jateralis; basal margin feebly concave, leav-
ing the base of the scutellum less exposed. Elytra long, par-
allel, the apex of the abdomen just passing the base of the cu-
neus in the male, reaching nearly to its middle in the female;
cuneus narrow and acute, its length fully twice its basal width.

Male genitalia pale testaceous; dextral hook long-triangu-
lar, its lower angle subacute, the upper rounded; sinistral ligu-
late and incurved.

Color black and nearly white. Head black, polished; a
dot against the inner angle of each eye and sometimes a basal
spot pale testaceous or fulvous. Antennz black. Pronotum
with the callosities and broad lateral margins black, the disk
pale. Scutellum black, the basal lobe marked with fulvous.
Elytra whitish, the clavus and a broad transverse band across
the apex of the corium black ; cuneus with a fuscous spot before
its apex. Upper surface spatsely clothed with short, pale
hairs. Beneath pale with a broad black vitta along either
side and covering the genital segment. Legs pale yellowish-
brown, becoming lighter at base, the tips of the tarsi black.

Described from seven examples, two males and one fe-
male, taken by me at Portland, Maine, July 9, 1910; a female
taken by Mr. Metcalfe at St. Hilaire, P. Q., July 4, 1907; one
male taken by Mr. C. A. Frost at Sherborn, Mass., June 24,
1914, a female taken at Marshfield, Mass., in August, from the

120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, the last
two kindly sent me for study by Mr. H. C. Parshley, and a
male taken at Stowe, Vt., July 4, by G. P. Engelhardt. This
is a large, clearly marked species and may be known by the
black lateral margins of the pronotum and conspicuous cru-
ciate black markings on the elytra.

Type, male, and allotype in author’s collection. Para-
types in Museum of California Academy of Sciences (No.
326), collections of the Boston Society of Natural History of
Mr. H. C. Parshley, and in the collection of the author.

28. Orthotylus lateralis, new species.

A little larger and broader than brunneus; pronotum pale
with the lateral margins broadly black. Length 4%4mm. to
the tip of the membrane.

Head more oblique than in dorsalis and its allies. Vertex
flat, the foveate depression rather obscure and the basal carina
feeble. Front convex, polished, the clypeus small and promi-
nent. Eyes very large, in the female as wide as the vertex,
wider in the male; when viewed from the side, ovate, reach-
ing to the gula and but little surpassed by the apex of the
head. Pronotum long and much narrowed anteriorly, the sides
very slightly arcuated, the anterior angles subacute; callosities
very small and placed close to the anterior margin, leaving the
impressed bounding line behind them at about the anterior one-
third of the pronotum; hind margin a little concave, leaving
the basal lobe of the scutellum broadly exposed. Elytra broader
than in brunneus, about as in modestus, nearly parallel, the
apex of the abdomen reaching the middle of the cuneus in the
male and its apex in the female.

Male genitalia prominent; dextral hook long, pennate, the
ventral edge smooth, the dorsal “‘feathered”’ or flattened and
serrated on the apical half, tapering to an acute point; sinistral
long, nearly straight, toward its apex triangularly widened
and armed within with a stout tooth.

Color fuscous-brown; head at base and below becoming
pale yellowish. Antenne black. Pronotum pale yellowish, the
sides broadly black both above and below. Basal lobe of the
scutellum fulvous, apical pale yellowish. Clavus blackish-

Vor. VI) VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 121

fuscous, the commissure and apex whitish; corium fuscous, the
claval suture, slender costal nervure and a ray along the prin-
cipal nervure, whitish; cuneus fuscous with the basal half
almost white. Membrane lightly infuscated, with a darker
ray beyond the angle, the nervures fuscous. Sides of the
pleural pieces and venter fuscous, the middle line broadly whit-
ish. Legs tinged with yellow, deeper toward the apex of the
hind femora; tip of the tarsi black. Upper surface sparsely
clothed with pale hairs. In the female the pale colors are
much extended.

Described from two males and two females taken by me
at Effingham, Kansas, Pueblo and Denver, Colo., all in July,
1900. This species is readily recognized by the yellowish
tinge to the vertex and pronotum with conspicuous black lat-
eral margins to the latter and the fulvous base of the scutellum.

Type, male, and allotype in author’s collection. Paratypes
in collection of the author and in Museum of California Acad-
emy of Sciences (No. 327).

29. Orthotylus knighti, new species.

Allied to lateralis, but longer winged and darker colored,
the elytra black with a subcostal pale vitta, which in the female
reaches and largely covers the cuneus. Length 5mm. to tip
of membrane.

Head short as in lateralis. Vertex much depressed and
sunken below the level of the eyes; basal impression triangular
with the fove discernable, the basal carina slender but dis-
tinct. Front but little convex, polished ; clypeus small, strongly
arched before. Eyes very large and prominent; in the male as
wide as the vertex, about one-half narrower in the female;
viewed from the side, broad ovate, reaching nearly to the gula.
Pronotum much narrowed anteriorly; sides distinctly arcu-
ated, the humeri prominent and the anterior angles subacute;
callosities prominent, oblique. Elytra long, parallel, the costa
straight; cuneus slender. Basal lobe of the scutellum well ex-
posed. Antenne as in Jateralis, the basal joint perhaps a little
longer.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia black, subtriangular,
transverse, its lower edge straight, the upper oblique with the

122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

obtuse apex incurved; sinistral finger-like or a little thickened
toward its apex, a little shorter than the dextral.

Color black, polished on the front and clypeus; vertex, oc-
cipital margins and antennal sockets obscurely fulvous. Disk
of the posterior lobe of the pronotum in the female broadly dull
fulvous, the callosities tinged with the same color. In the male
this fulvous disk is much reduced. Coxz and legs pale ful-
vous, the apex of the femora and tibize becoming infuscated, in
the male almost black, the tip of the tarsi black. Disk of the
corium in the female with a whitish vitta, broadest near the
base and expanded on the cuneus so as to cover all but the inner
angle and apical margin. In the male this pale ray is much re-
duced and confined to the base of the corium. Membrane black
with a pale line along the apical margin of the cuneus, which
sometimes encroaches upon the apex of the nervures.

Described from one male and three female examples taken
on willow at Batavia, N. Y., July 5, 1914, by Mr. H. H.
Knight, who has kindly sent them to me for study and to whom
it gives me pleasure to dedicate this interesting species.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of H. H. Knight.
Paratype in author’s collection.

30. Orthotylus ornatus, new species.

Size of formosus, but proportionately broader. Pale green-
ish varied with fuscous and sometimes tinged with sanguinous ;
median line of the pronotum and apical field of the scutellum
in the female pale. Length 6mm. to tip of the membrane.

Head vertical. Vertex flat, but little depressed; the fove
obscure, basal carina distinct. Front scarcely convex; clypeus
narrow, moderately prominent. Eyes large, about two-thirds
the width of the vertex; viewed from the side broad ovate, but
little narrowed below, reaching nearly to the gula. Pronotum
broad, rather flat; sides a little concavely arcuated, the humeri
prominent; anterior angles but little rounded; surface opaque
and distinctly shagreened ; callosities little elevated. Antennz
short; first joint as long as the head; second nearly as long as
the head and pronotum together; third and fourth conjointly
about two-thirds the length of the second. Basal lobe of the
scutellum somewhat exposed. Elytra broad, the costa a little

Vor. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 123

bowing; cuneus long and narrow, scarcely attaining the tip of
the abdomen in the female, surpassing it in the male. Rostrum
short, reaching on to the intermediate coxe.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia broad on its basal half,
the ventral margin abruptly produced and incurved at the apex
which nearly attains the sinistral margin of the segment ; sinis-
tral hook slender and incurved.

Color pale green; sides of the venter and pectus more or
less infuscated or black, almost entirely fuscous in the male.
Head greenish or reddish-brown; the basal fovee and two ap-
proximate spots on the base of the front fuscous, the latter
sometimes forming vitta; clypeus pale anteriorly. Pronotum
dark reddish fuscous, becoming black laterally and behind the
callosities or entirely black in the male; median line some-
times enlarged so as to cover the disk posteriorly ; lateral edges
and the surface anterior to the callosities pale or whitish in
the female. Scutellum black, the basal lobe sometimes with a
red spot on either side, the disk of the apical lobe pale. Elytra
pale or tinged with reddish, the clavus infuscated, at least
apically ; apical half of the corium irregularly fuscous, omitting
the slender costal and apical margins; cuneus whitish, fuscous
at apex in the male. Membrane infuscated, the disk of the are-
oles nearly black, with a darker ray beyond them. Antenne
rufo-testaceous, infuscated at apex, the basal joint brown or
black. Legs pale; hind femora infuscated on the apical two-
thirds; tips of the tarsi black.

Described from three females and one male taken at Hone-
oye Falls, New York, in June and July, 1915, by Mr. M. D.
Leonard and kindly sent to me for study by Mr. H. H. Knight.
The large size and maculated membrane will distinguish this
species. It has somewhat the aspect of Lopidea cuneata
Van D. or of a Plagiognathus, but the free connivent arolia
and other characters show it to be a true Orthotylus.

Type, male, and allotype in collection of H. H. Knight.
Paratypes in collections of H. H. Knight and the author.

31. Orthotylus submarginatus Say.

Allied to lateralis, but rather more slender. Color above,
pale salmon yellow, median vitta and slender costal line on the

124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER

elytra and the pronotal margins black. Length 4mm. to tip
of the membrane.

Head vertical; base of the vertex depressed, the basal
carina prominent. Pronotum a little narrower than in later-
alis, the humeral angles more prominent; surface sloping,
scarcely convex, nearly smooth. Basal lobe of the scutellum
well exposed. Elytra nearly parallel; the apex of the abdo-
men nearly attaining the tip of the cuneus.

Color light salmon-yellow. Tip of the head with a polished
black spot covering the apex of the front, inner cheeks and
base of the clypeus. Margins of the pronotum rather broadly
black both above and below, the black being continued around
the humeral angles for a little way. Apical lobe of the scu-
tellum infuscated. Elytra salmon-yellow; a straight commis-
sural vitta covering about one-third of their width and a sub-
costal line reaching nearly to the apex, black; cuneus pale,
its extreme tip touched with fuscous. Beneath pale with a
broad black vitta along each side, meeting on the genital seg-
ment. Legs pale, the hind tibie infuscated or black; tarsi
black at apex.

Redescribed from two female examples, one from Kings-
ton, R. I., taken in August, the other taken by me at Hamburg,
N. Y., July 10, 1898. The salmon color with the black me-
dian vitta and pronotal margins and the submarginal black
line on the costa will readily distinguish this pretty species.

32. Orthotylus candidatus, new species.

Aspect of formosus, but smaller, more nearly allied to sub-
marginatus. Almost white, a little tinged with yellow or ful-
vous; median line of the head and scutellum and the sides of
the pronotum narrowly black. Length 5mm.

Head as in formosus, more oblique than in most of our
species. Vertex considerably depressed, the basal carina prom-
inent and conspicuous. Front polished, but little convex. Cly-
peus almost tumidly prominent, highly polished. Eyes large,
viewed from the side oval and reaching nearly to the gula.
Rostrum scarcely attaining the base of the intermediate coxe.
Pronotum as in submarginatus, the callosities large, little ele-
vated, their inner margins parallel and closely approximated,

Vou. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 125

behind distinguished by a feebly arcuated conspicuous trans-
verse impressed line. Basal lobe of the scutellum moderately
exposed. Elytra subhyaline.

Color very pale testaceous, almost white, tinged with yel-
low on the pronotum, scutellum and legs, and with fulvous on
the head, the basal carina of the vertex being of a deeper ful-
vous. Middle line of the vertex and front, a transverse line
between the antennz, narrow lateral margins of the pronotum,
a median vitta on the scutellum, expanded on the basal lobe,
and the slender scutellar and commissural edges of the clavus,
black. Beneath with,a broad percurrent black vitta on either
side. Basal joint of the antenne black; the second ferrugin-
ous, fuscous on apical third; third fuscous. Tips of the tibize
and the tarsi darker. Elytra whitish-testaceous, subhyaline,
with an obscure fuscous line inside the principal nervure; the
apex of the costal area touched with fulvous. Membrane
faintly infuscated, the nervure brownish, the surface of the
areole milky-hyaline. Surface very minutely pale pubescent.

Described from a single female example taken by Mrs.
Annie Trumbull Slosson on Mt. Washington, N. H. This in-
teresting addition to our Capsid fauna may be distinguished
by its whitish color marked with a black line on the vertex,
scutellum, sides of the body beneath, and narrow lateral mar-
gins of the pronotum. The male is likely to be more broadly
marked with black.

Type, female, in collection of Mrs. A. T. Slosson.

33. Orthotylus necopinus, new species.

Allied to dorsalis, but much larger and a little more
widened posteriorly ; dark fuscous brown with an obscure dor-
sal vitta and a pale arc at the base of the cuneus. Length
6%mm. to tip of membrane.

Head as in dorsalis, the vertex much flattened, almost ex-
cavated before the very prominent basal carina. Front rather
prominent, polished; clypeus less prominent than in the allied
species, its incised base a little below the line of the antenne.
Eyes large, viewed from the side ovate and reaching nearly to
the gula. Pronotum as in dorsalis, well narrowed anteriorly ;
callosities small, prominent ; posterior lobe transversely rugose ;

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

hind margin a little concave, leaving the basal lobe of the scu-
tellum moderately exposed. Elytra gradually widened almost
to the apex of the corium, the abdomen nearly attaining the
tip of the cuneus. Tibial bristles short and weak, concolorous
with the tibiz. Rostrum short, hardly attaining the base of
the intermediate coxz.

Dextral hook of the male genitalia large, mushroom-
shaped, with its distal margin oblique and parallel with the
edge of the segment, its apicies rounded; sinistral hook linear
and strongly incurved ; both hooks pale.

Color brownish-fuscous, becoming black on the front of
the head and along either side of the body beneath. Base of
the vertex, an elongated spot against the inner margin of each
eye and the median line pale or greenish. Anterior margin of
the pronotum before the callosities and the middle of the pos-
terior disk pale or greenish, the anterior margin sometimes
tinged with ferruginous. Median vitta of the scutellum pale
or somewhat ferruginous. Commissural and costal nervures
slenderly pale; a pale ray on the base of the corium within
the costa extending a little beyond the tip of the scutellum,
and a less conspicuous commissural mark from the tip of the
clavus to the base of the membrane; incisure at base of the
cuneus pale. Membrane deeply infuscated with its nervures
pale and with a whitish mark against the apex of the cuneus.
Antenne black. Rostrum and legs brownish-testaceous, the
tarsi becoming black. Beneath black and polished with a
broad indefinite whitish median vitta extending as far as the
genital segment.

Described from one male taken on Mt. Washington, N. H.,
by Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson; a female taken on Mt.
Washington, July 5, 1914, and sent to me by Mr. H. H.
Knight; a female taken by me at Bretton Woods at the foot
of Mt. Washington, June 30, 1909; and another taken at
Spring Brook, near Buffalo, N. Y., June 25, 1911. The large
size and dark brown color of this species will readily distin-
guish it. In the male the basal pale ray on the corium is con-
siderably extended.

Type, male, in collection of Mrs. A. T. Slosson. Allotype,
female, in collection of the author. Paratypes in Museum of

Vou. VI] VAN DUZEE—SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS 127

California Academy of Sciences (No. 328), collection of H. H,
Knight, and author’s collection.

34, Orthotylus fumidus, new species.

A large fuscous form clothed with gray pubescence. Length
6mm. to tip of membrane.

Head distinctly oblique; vertex scarcely flattened, the basal
carina apparently wanting; front hardly convex, transversely
striate; clypeus large, but little prominent; apex of the cheeks
tumid. Eyes large, prominent; viewed from the side a little
oblique, almost attaining the line of the gula. Pronotum mod-
erately sloping, nearly flat, the sides almost rectilinear; cal-
losities large, flat. Basal lobe of the scutellum narrowly ex-
posed. Abdomen reaching to the tip of the cuneus. Legs long
for this genus. Rostrum short, not attaining the base of the
intermediate coxe.

Color a uniform fuscous-brown, probably nearly black
when fully mature; tinged with rufous on the head, apex of
the pronotum, and base of the legs; sides of the venter with a
black vitta. Membrane blackish, the nervures of the smaller
areole pale. Whole surface clothed with short white decid-
uous hairs.

Described from one female example taken by me at Ft.
Collins, Colo., July 28, 1898. This individual may be some-
what immature, but, while not typical of this genus, the species
evidently belongs here and is included to complete the enumer-
ation of our species, so far as they are known to me.

Type, female, in author’s collection.

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

a

> ee,

Fig. 1. Male genital hooks of the species of Orthotylus, as
viewed from a point vertical to the plane of the hook.

1, Orthotylus insignis; 2, tibialis; 3, ferox; 4, viridicatus; 5, coagulatus ;
6, flavosparsus; 7, chlorionis; 8, fraternus; 9, uniformis; 10, translucens;
11, ovatus; 12, catulus; 13, languidus; 14, modestus; 15, dorsalis; 16, mar-
ginatus; 17, molliculus; 18, affinis; 19, brunneus; 20, pullatus; 21, crucia-
tus; 22, lateralis; 23, cuneatus.

‘PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
’

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vor. VI; sNoni6, pp: 129-213. May 12, 1916

; VI .
A CATALOGUE AND HOST LIST OF THE ANOPLURA

BY
G. F. Ferris
Of Stanford University

»

INTRODUCTION

The Anoplura (sucking lice) have long been much neg-
lected and much misunderstood, for as late as 1904 no critical,
comparative study of the group had ever been made; and this
in spite of the fact that the group had had a place in two monu-
mental works upon parasitic insects, Insecta Epizoa of Giebel
and Les Pediculines of Piaget. With the exception of a few
forms of such peculiar nature that they were almost of neces-
sity given generic rank, the species were for the most part
lumped under the genus Hematopinus and all were regarded
as forming a single family, the Pediculide. In 1904, Ender-
lein, in a series of “Lausestudien” published in the Zoolog-
ischer Anzeiger, broke up the all-inclusive genus Hematopinus
into several genera and elevated this group, as well as certain
other groups, to family rank.

There has been some objection to this procedure, but on
the whole it has been amply justified by time. The old classi-
fication was based upon lack of knowledge and served only
successfully to conceal a wealth of remarkably interesting bio-

May 12, 1916

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

logical facts that the newer classificatiom has revealed and em-
phasized. The remarkable degree to which these parasites are
broken up into natural groups that are strictly confined to
closely related groups of hosts, is now clearly evident, while
previously it was barely hinted at. The problem of their dis-
tribution is shown to be almost exclusively the problem of the
genetic relationships of their hosts.

In 1908 there appeared, as a part of Wytsman’s Genera
Insectorum, a catalogue, compiled by Dalla Torre, based upon
the work of Enderlein. This catalogue has proved of immense
value, but the knowledge of the Anoplura has increased so
rapidly since its publication that the additions and corrections
have now attained a bulk almost rivaling the original cata-
logue, and it therefore seems well that a new catalogue should
be issued.

These changes and additions may briefly be summarized.
Since 1909 nine valid genera have been added to the list and
approximately 60 species have been described (the previous
catalogue listed 65, the present one lists 120). The position
of numerous species then in doubt has since been cleared up
and many of the question marks have been removed, this being
the case especially with the North American species described
by Osborn, almost all of which were then in doubt but have
since been cleared up. More significant, perhaps, than the de-
scription of new genera and species is the improved standard
of work that has been established. The magnificent “Mono-
graphie der Robbenlaiise” of Enderlein, in the report of the
“Deutsche Siidpolar Expedition,” and the careful and critical
work of Fahrenholz, Cummings, and Neumann, form a splen-
did contrast to the superficial and often inaccurate work that
formerly prevailed.

The synonymy of many of the hosts and some of the para-
site species is still badly tangled. The hosts have frequently
been referred to only by their vernacular names and when the
scientific names have been used they have sometimes been in-
accurate, added to which the instability of mammal nomen-
clature has not been conducive to clearness. The synonymy
of the North American mammals has in part been worked out
from the “List of North American Land Mammals in the
United States National Museum’ (Miller, 1911), and, in ad-

Vor. VI) FERRIS—ANOPLURA 131

dition, the authorities of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
of the University of California have been extremely kind in
helping to clear up numerous matters. The synonymy of the
European mammals has been worked out from the “Catalogue
of the Mammals of Europe” (Miller, 1912). The synonymy
of the Primates has been taken from Elliot's “A Review of the
Primates” (1912), but it is very probably still far from cor-
rect. The synonymy of other species, when not obtainable
elsewhere, has been reduced to the basis of Trouessart’s “‘Cata-
logus Mammalium” (1899), although it has been necessary to
do this only in the case of some of the older species. The host
names given in the list of Anoplura are as nearly as can be
determined the correct ones. In the host list the names in
parentheses are regarded as synonyms, the others are correct
as far as available information permits. An attempt has been
made to list all the host names that have at any time been used.

SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE ANOPLURA

Anoplura Leach, Edinburgh Encyclopedia (1817) ; Ender-
lein, Zool. Anz., vol. 28, pp. 121-147 (1904) ; Mjoberg, Ark.
f. Zool., vol. 6, pt. 13 (1910); Cummings, An. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 8, vol. 15, pp. 256-259 (1915).

Pediculine Burmeister, Handbuch d. Ent., vol. 2, p. 52
(1835).

Siphunculata Meinert, Videnskabelige Meddelelser (1896) ;
Cholodkovsky, Zool. Anz., vol. 27, p. 527 (1904).

Pseudorhyncota Cholodkovsky, Zool. Anz., vol. 27, p. 125
(1903).

Lipognatha Borner, Zool. Anz., vol. 27, p. 527 (1904).

Ellipoptera Shipley, ibid., vol. 27, p. 261 (1904).

The systematic position of the Anoplura has always been
a matter of doubt and dispute. Because of their parasitic
habits they were for a long time classed with the Mallophaga,
but later under the influence of the “biting- or sucking-mouth-
parts” fetish, the two groups were separated and the Anoplura
were placed with the Hemiptera, of which they have for some
time been regarded as a suborder most frequently known as
Parasita. Their position here has quite generally been re-

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

garded as rather definitely fixed, but within the last few years
evidence has been found which indicates that a readjustment
is again desirable.

Handlirsch and Cholodkovsky have favored an arrange-
ment which restores the Anoplura and Mallophaga to a posi-
tion very similar to that which they originally held in relation
to each other, and other authors have brought forward evi-
dence in support of this view. As a result of a comparative
study of the two groups Mjéberg has concluded that they are
really quite closely related, the Anoplura being merely a further
adaptation to a parasitic life, and with this view Kellogg and
Cummings are inclined to agree. Enderlein alone, of recent
authors, has contended for retaining the Anoplura as a sub-
order of Hemiptera. The evidence is too voluminous to be
reviewed here, but it indicates very strongly that the Ano-
plura really have nothing to do with the Hemiptera and are
related to the Mallophaga. It seems best to regard the Ano-
plura as a distinct order and in the latest classification of the
Insecta, that of Brues and Melander, this is done. However,
the problem of their relationships is still an open question
which can only be settled by much more careful comparative
morphological studies.

The classification within the order itself is extremely sim-
ple; too little is known about the group for the classification
to be otherwise. Four families, all of which apparently form
quite natural groups, are recognized. Of these, one, Hzma-
tomyzidz, contains a single remarkable species (with a possi-
ble variety) which occurs upon elephants. Another small fam-
ily, Echinophthiriidz, is limited in its occurrence to marine
mammals, its peculiarities being ascribable to adaptation to
the aquatic life of the hosts. The Pediculidz include the spe-
cies found upon man, apes and monkeys, and the remainder
of the species are contained in the family Heematopinide.

Nearly as many species have been described since 1908 as
had been described previous to that time, but in spite of this
activity the study of the group has hardly begun. The host
list, when compared with a list of the mammals of the world,
is pitifully small, as is instanced by the fact that there are but
four records of Anoplura from mammals of the South Ameri-

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 133

can region. It is certainly not unsafe to estimate that the
number of known species is not more than one-fifth of those
that actually exist.

KEY

To FAMILIES, SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF ANOPLURA.

1—Body thickly beset with more or less short, stout spines,

or with spines and scales. Occurring exclusively on
marine mammals. Family ECHINOPHTHIRIIDE...... Z

Body with spines or hairs always in definite rows,

never with scales. Occurring exclusively on land mam-
mI. Song Seb acon poced oe FOC goo acon UU one Omer 4

2—Thorax and abdomen bearing delicate scales. Antenne

four- or five-segmented. Subfamily ANTARCTOPHTHI-

RUINED). G66 Ho. bid Bik © olbictos Od o.P O.0e aio PE OIDOIomir.c 3
Thorax and abdomen without scales. Antenne four-
segmented.
Subfamily EcHinopHTHIRIN#®..Genus Echinophthirius
3—Antenne four-segmented......... Genus Lepidophthirus
Antenne five-segmented........ Genus Antarctophthirus

4—Head tubularly produced anteriorly; tibize without a
thumb-like process opposing the claw. Family Ha#Ma-
ToMYzID&. One genus, Hematomyzus, occuring on

elephants.
Head not so produced; tibize with thumb-like proc-
ess opposine ithe Claws..2 ace eile +02 oe 2 oc eles 5
5—Eyes lacking. Family H@MATOPINIDE..........+-- 9
Eyes present, well pigmented. Occurring on man, apes
and monkeys. Family PEDICULIDE............+++- 6
6—Antennz distinctly five-segmented, abdomen without
pleural plates. Subfamily PEDICULINE............. 8

Antennz three-segmented or obscurely five-seg-
mented, abdomen with pleural plates. Subfamily PEpt-

CiNTEND.OD Pano boo Gaon s 010 00 oC eeu eo cetaro 7
7—Legs all with slender, pointed claws, abdomen with
three pairs of pleural plates............ Genus Pedicinus

Anterior legs with slenderer claw than the others,
abdomen with two pairs of pleural plates............
SiS MOA amano onlin or oo Oo ......Genus Phthirpedicinus

134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

8—legs alliiofsame sizes. 2 .s aac eo. Genus Pediculus
Anterior legs much smaller than others. ..Genus Phthirus

O= Antenne) fivie-seommente di <\cte)ci).ar 0 = iaehetetssienmiceraiol= 11
Antenne three-segmented. Subfamily EuHa:MATOPI-
NUN: Deg oh See lnc aaa aC Cea ae Met aati, lomtion ihc 10

10—Posterior legs with stalked, disk-shaped appendages on
femurnsand' tibia? s.5,. 0.22.0 «25: Genus Euhematopinus

Posterior legs without such appendages...........-.
BSE air eR ES eee Genus Hematopinoides
11—Legs and claws all practically of equal size..........
Subfamily HA:MATOPININZE....... Genus Hematopinus
Anterior legs smaller and with slenderer claw than
the posterior pair, at least. Subfamily LivoGNaTHIN &..12

12—Anterior tarsi with two joints...... Genus Hybophthirus
Anterior tarsi with but.one joint .2< 222 .r cise oe eee 13}
13—Anterior tarsi with a short, claw-like process in addi-
tion tor theyclawies.. . .< sae 2 sacateeeree ee Genus Scipio
Anteriontarsiimot SOs. 2:2 )/25 ue sereieare caer 14
14— Abdomen with well developed pleural plates.......... 18
Abdomen entirely without pleural plates............. 15
15—Abdomen with more than one row of hairs or spines
OnveacheSeements 2 ..c/s sci pees: Genus Linognathus

Abdomen with but one row of hairs on each segment. .16
16—Gonapods moderately long, behind each gonapod a

stout, flat, spine-like process...... Genus Cervophthirius
Gonapods very short, no flat, spine-like process behind

GIGLI s Cetesches sttastis oc 0: >a tes ar Genus Hemodipsus (in part)
18—Anterior pair of legs equal to middle pair, both pairs
very small, posterior pair large and stout............

PROTOS ape PT oho 15S. sis. 5's) agelOy shees uavorene ave Genus Enderleinellus
Anterior legs smaller than either middle and poste-

rior legs and with much smaller and more slender claw. 19
19—Second or third abdominal sternite with a chitinized

plate or area near each lateral margin. Genus Fahrenholzia
Second or third abdominal sternite without such

PlBteS is cgi tes «© sinha Gloasia.e nto CR EE eons 20
20—Abdominal segments with but a single transverse row
OF SPIMES Aa Aaae «4 < wuandie Solder sar eeeys oeeeweuemstete et ayeKs 21

Abdominal segments, at least in part, with two or
more transversestows Of SPINES. ome einen 22

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 135

21—Occiput deeply sunk into the thorax, rostrum sur-

rounded by denticles, pleural plates quite large........
BINERSTENG CROTON OI cM CHIE RCE Genus Eulinognathus

Occiput not deeply sunk into the thorax, rostrum

not surrounded by denticles, pleural plates minute... .
rat seh eves Genus Hemodipsus (in part)

22—Abdominal tergites and sternites with not more than

EWOsTOWS! Ob hairsHOm SpImeSs crm says k-tcisti-s « «ose «6 5. 23
Abdominal tergites and sternites in part with three
LOWS Otshaits Ol SPineSa oi) <--)noiie > Genus Hoplopleura

23—First antennal segment with a short, stout spine at the
distal post axial angle or on the posterior margin.....
Brahe ere eee ne Eee Genus Neohematopinus (in part)
HirstrantennalseomentsnotisOmms ayes ace ose als ol 24

24—Posterior margin of second abdominal tergite of male
distinctly emarginate with a group of spines at each end
of this emargination...Genus Neohematopinus (in part)
Posterior margin of second abdominal tergite of male

MOtthussemarcinat@arcr serie acres asses see se 25
25—Abdomen with distinct, chitinized tergal and sternal
plates imsbothysexesiicesrrshs secre per sie. elois Genus Polyplax

Abdomen without distinct, chitinized tergal and
sternal plates in the female and with these absent or ex-
tremely reduced in size in the male. .Genus Linognathoides

Family Pediculide
Leach, Zool. Misc., Vol. 3, p. 64 (1817) ; Giebel, Insecta Epi-
zoa, p. 21 (1874) ; Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 615-618 (1880) ;

Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, p. 136 (1904) ; Dalla Torre,

Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 8 (1908).

Antenne five- or three- (obscurely five-) segmented. Eyes
present, distinctly pigmented. Legs fitted for climbing, the
tibiz with a thumb-like process opposing the claw. No pre-
tarsal sclerite between tibia and tarsus. Parasitic upon man,
apes, and monkeys.

Subfamily Pediculine

Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136, 138 (1904); Dalla
Torre, Gen. Jns., Anopl., p. 8 (1908).
Antenne distinctly five-segmented. No pleural plates.

136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser:

Genus Pediculus Linnzus

Linnzus, Systema Nature, ed. 10, p. 610 (1758); Denny,
Mon. Anopl., pp. 12-13 (1842); Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp.
27-30 (1874) ; Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 619-623 (1880) ; En-
derlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136, 138 (1904).

Head short. Legs all of approximately the same size. Ab-
domen elongated. Spiracles small. Abdominal segments
without lateral projections, and with numerous small spines.

Type of the genus P. capitis De Geer.

1—Pediculus mjébergi, new name. From Afteleus sp.?
(traveling menagerie, Europe).
1910. Pediculus affinis (not of Burmeister), Mjéberg,
Ark. f. Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, pp. 169-171, f. 85.
2—Pediculus capitis De Geer. From man. Also recorded
from Ateleus ater (locality unknown) and from Cebus fa-
tuellus and Cebus sp. (Rio de Janeiro, S. America).
1758. Pediculus humanus Linnzus, Syst. Nature,
10th ed., p. 610.
1778. Pediculus humanus var. I, Linnzus, ibid., 12th
ed., Vol. 2, p. 1016.
1778. Pediculus humanus var. capitis De Geer, Mem.
Hist. Ins., Vol. 7, p. 67; pl. 1, f. 6.
1817. Pediculus cervicalis Leach, Zool. Misc., Vol. 3,
p. 66.
1818. Pedicuius capitis Nitzsch, Germar’s Mag., Vol.
3, p. 305.
1842. Pediculus capitis Denny, Mon. Anopl., pp. 13-
LG pli 26, f. 2.
1874. Pediculus capitis Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp. 30-32;
pl. 1, f. 1-2.
1880. Pediculus capitis Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 619-623;
pi 50} f. 2:
1912. Pediculus capitis Fahrenholz, Jahresb. d. Nie-
dersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 2-12:t. f. 1, 3, 7, pl. 3,
f. 3-4.
3—Pediculus consobrinus Piaget. From Ateleus paniscus
(Museum Leyden).
1880. Pediculus consobrinus Piaget, Les. Ped., pp.
626-628; pl. 51, f. 4.

Vou. VI FERRIS—ANOPLURA 137

1908. Pediculus consobrinus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.
Anopl., p. 8.
1911. Pediculus consobrinus Neumann, Arch. de Par.,
Vol. 14, pp. 412-413.
Note: This species is very doubtfully distinct from
Pediculus capitis.

4—Pediculus corporis De Geer. From man.

1758. Pediculus humanus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 10th
ed p: 610:

1766. Pediculus Valine var. 2 Linneus, ibid., 12th
ed.;, Vol. 2, p: 10L6:

1778. Pediculus Younus var. corporis De Geer, Mem.
Hist, Ins... Vol. 7,,;p.1673pleit, £.. 7.

1818. Pediculus vestimenti Nitzsch, Germar’s Mag.,
Vol.3}=ps, 305:

1842. Pediculus vestimenti Denny, Mon. Anopl., pp.
16183: pl 26; fy 0.

1874. Pediculus vestimenti Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp.
27-30; ple Ito.

1880. Pediculus vestimenti Piaget, Les. Ped., pp. 623-
625; plantas:

1908. Pediculus corporis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 8.

1911. Pediculus capitis var. vestimenti Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 14, pp. 411-412.

1912. Pediculus corporis Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th Jahresb.
d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 2-12; f. 2; pl. 3,
f. 1-2.

5—Pediculus lobatus Fahrenholz. From Ateleus pan (Berlin
Museum).
1913. Pediculus lobatus Fahrenholz (without descrip-
tion), Zool. Anz., Vol. 41, p. 373.

6—Pediculus oblongus Fahrenholz. From Hylobates concolor
and Hylobates syndactylus. ,
1913. Pediculus oblongus Fahrenholz (without de-
scription), Zool. Anz., Vol. 41, p. 373.
7—Pediculus schaffi Fahrenholz. From Pan sp.?

1910. Pediculus schaffi Fahrenholz, Zool. Anz., Vol.
SONps TAR

138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Genus Phthirus Leach

Phthirus Leach, Edinburgh Encycl., Vol. 9, p. 77 (1815) ;
Zool. Misc., Vol. 3, p. 64 (1817) ; Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, pp. 136, 138 (1904) ; Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 9
(1908).

Phithirius Burmeister, Handbuch der Entomologie, Vol. 2,
p. 1 (1835); Denny, Mon. Anopl., pp. 8-9 (1842) ; Giebel,
Ins. Epizoa, pp. 23-27; pl. 1, f. 8 (1874); Piaget, Les Ped.,
pp. 628-630; pl. 51, f. 5 (1880).

Anterior legs much smaller and with much slenderer claws
than the others. Abdomen short and broad, the fifth to eighth
segments with conical lateral processes. Spiracles large, those
of the first three abdominal segments crowded close together.

1—Phthirus pubis Linneus. From man.

1758. Pediculus pubis Linnzus, Syst. Nature, ed. 10,
p. 611.

1817. Phthirus inguinalis Leach, Edinburgh Encycl.,
Vol 9, p..77.

1818. Pediculus tabescentium Alt. De Phthiriasi.

1842. Phthirius inguinalis Denny, Mon. Anopl., pp.
9-11; pl. 26, £. 3.

1874. Phthirius inguinalis Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp. 23-
Zola. fe Os

1880. Phthirius inguinalis Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 628-
630% pl. 51, £. 5d:

1904. Phthirus pubis Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28,
p. 130.

1908. Phthirus pubis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl.,
p. 9.

Subfamily Pedicinine

Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136, 138 (1904) ; Dalla
Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 9 (1908); Fahrenholz, Jahresb.
d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 28-29 (1912).

Antenne three-segmented or obscurely five-segmented.
Head more or less elongated. Abdomen with a single row of
many very small spines on each segment. Pleural plates pres-
ent on certain abdominal segments.

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 139

Note: The synonymy of the species in this subfamily has
been dealt with by Fahrenholz and, although it is still far from
clear, his conclusions have been adopted here.

Genus Pedicinus Gervais

Gervais, Aptéres, Vol. 3, p. 301; pl. 48, f. 1 (1844) ; Giebel,
Ins. Epizoa, pp. 32-33 (1874) ; Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 630-632
(1880) ; Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 9 (1908) ; Fahren-
holz, 2-3-4th Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 12-16
(19142).

All legs with slender, pointed claws of nearly the same
size. Abdomen with three pairs of pleural plates.

Type of the genus Pedicinus eurygaster Piaget.

1—Pedicinus breviceps Piaget. From Lasiopyga mona. Also
from Cercopithecus, sp., and Pithecus albibarbatus.
1880. Pedicinus breviceps Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 632-
GSSmiple 2 ital
1910. Pedicinus breviceps Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol.
6, pt 135ip. 172:
1912. Pedicinus breviceps Fahrenholz, 2-3 - 4th
Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., p. 16, 28.
2—Pedicinus eurygaster (Burmeister). From Pithecus nemes-
trinus and Pithecus fascicularis?
1838. Pediculus eurygaster Burmeister, Gen. Insecto-

rum.
1880. Pedicinus eurygaster Piaget, Les Ped., p. 630;
plysily te 6:
1908. Pedicinus eurygaster Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 9.

1912. Pedicinus eurygaster Fahrenholz, 2-3 - 4th
Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 12-15,
28.
3—Pedicinus hamadryas Mjoberg. Type from Papio sp.?
(Zool. Mus. Hamburg).
1910. Pedicinus hamadryas Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13, pp. 172-174, f. 86-87.
4—Pedicinus longiceps Piaget. Type from Pygathrix cristata?
Also from Pithecus fascicularis?

140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

1880. Pedicinus longiceps Piaget, Les Ped., p. 632;

ple, oljeh 7.

1908. Pedicinus longiceps Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 9.

1912. Pedicinus longiceps Fahrenholz, 2-3 - 4th

Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 15, 28.
_Padicouns paralleliceps Mjoberg. From Pithecus albibar-
batus (Zool. Mus. Hamburg).
1910. Pedicinus paralleliceps Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13, pp. 174-176, f. 88.
6—Pedicinus rhesi Fahrenholz. From Pithecus rhesus.
1912. Pedicinus rhesi Fahrenholz, Zool. Anz., Vol. 39,
p. 54.
1912. Pedicinus rhesi Vahrenholz, 2-3-4th Jahresb. d.
Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 15-22; pl. 1, f. 4,
Siaipl.3, 1:0

Genus Phthirpedicinus Fahrenholz

Fahrenholz, Zool. Anz., Vol. 39, pp. 54-55 (1912), 2-3-4th
Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 22-23.

Anterior legs with slender, pointed claw, others with short,
blunt claws. Abdomen with two pairs of pleural plates.

Type of the genus Phthirpedicinus micropilosus Fahren-
holz.

1—Phthirpedicinus micropilosus Fahrenholz. From Pithecus
rhesus.
1912. Phthirpedicinus micropilosus Fahrenholz, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 39) <p, 55:
1912. Phthirpedicinus micropilosus Fahrenholz, 2-3-
4th Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 22-
Z23isepl. ll, £, 1-3:
2—Phthirpedicinus microps (Nitzsch). From Pithecus sinicus.
1838. Pediculus eurygaster Burmeister, Gen. Ins.
1864. Pediculus microps Nitzsch, Giebel, Zeit. f. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 23, p. 32.
1874. Pedicinus eurygaster Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp.
32-33.
1912. Phthirpedicinus microps Fahrenholz, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 39,\p: 55.

Vor. VII FERRIS—ANOPLURA 141

1912. Phthirpedicinus microps Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th
Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 13, 26,
28.

3—Phthirpedicinus piageti (Stroebelt). From Pithecus brevi-
caudatus or P. rhesus.

1881. Pedicinus piageti Stroebelt, Jahresb. d. westf.
Ver. f. Wissensch. u. Kunst, Vol. 9, pHoZe pled,
1s Bk

1908. Pedicinus piageti Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl.,
p: 9.

1912. Phthirpedicinus piageti Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th
Jahresb. d. Niedersich. Zool. Ver., p. 28.

Pediculidee of uncertain position

Pedicinus graciliceps Piaget. From unknown host.
1885. Pedicinus graciliceps Piaget, Les Ped., Suppl.,
pe 4 ply 5.) fa
1912. Pedicinus? graciliceps Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th
Jahresb. d. Niedersaich. Zool. Ver., pp. 20, 29.
Note: Fahrenholz regards this species as probably be-
longing to an undescribed genus, characterized chiefly by
the presence of five pairs of pleural plates.
Hematopinus albidus Rudow. From Simia sylvanus.
1869. Hematopinus albidus Rudow, Zeit. f. d. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 34, p. 169.
1912. Hematopinus? albidus Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th
Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., p. 29.
Note: Judging from the host, this probably belongs
to the subfamily Pedicinine. The genus cannot be deter-
mined.
Hematopinus obtusus Rudow. From Pygathrix aurata?
1869. Hematopinus obtusus Rudow, Zeit. f. d. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 34, p. 169.
1908. Hematopinus? obtusus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 11.
Note: This probably belongs to the Pediculide.

142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Family Hematopinide

Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136, 137 (1904) ; Dalla
Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 10 (1908).

Eyes lacking. Antenne three- or five-segmented. Tibiz
with a thumb-like process opposing the claw.

Subfamily Hematopinine

Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136, 138 (1904) ; Dalla
Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 10 (1908).

Antenne five-segmented. Anterior legs of practically the
size of the others. A triangular skeletal piece (pre-tarsal
sclerite) present between tibia and tarsus.

Genus Hematopinus Leach

Leach, Zool. Misc., Vol. 3, pp. 64-65, f. 146 (1817) ; Den-
ny, Mon. Anopl., pp. 24-25 (1842) ; Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp.
33-35 (1874) ; Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 633-635 (1880) ; Ender-
lein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, p. 138 (1904) ; Neumann, Arch. de
Par., Vol. 13, pp. 529-532 (1909); Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 10 (1908); Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl. and Mall.,
p. 10<(1915):

Head with very sharp, forward pointing temporal angles.
Thorax broad. Legs all of practically the same size, with a
strongly chitinized skeletal piece between tibia and tarsus. Ab-
domen with a swollen, pad-like, chitinized area on the lateral
margins of the third to eighth segments. Tergites and stern-
ites with a varying number of small chitinized plates. Each
tergite and sternite with one transverse row of very small
hairs.

Recorded from Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla.

Type of the genus, Hematopinus suis (Linnzus).

1—Hematopinus asini (Linneus). From the domestic horse
and the ass (cosmopolitan). Also from Equus burchelli
(Zool. Mus. Hamburg).

1758. Pediculus asini Linnzus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed.,
prolZ:

Vor. VI)

1829.

1838.

1842.

1865.

1874.

1880.

1891.

1896.

1904.

1908.

1910.

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 143

Hematopinus asini Stephens, Catalogue, Vol.

Zp. 329!
Pediculus macrocephalus Burmeister, Gen.
Rhyn. No. 18.

Hematopinus asini Denny, Mon. Anopl., pp.
S2-39cepl Zoe £116

Hematopinus equi Simmonds, Journ. Ag. Soc.
Lond. (2), Vol. 1, pp. 60-62.

Hematopinus macrocephalus Giebel, Ins. Epi-
zoa, pp. 44-45; pl. 2, f. 5.

Hematopinus macrocephalus Piaget, Les Ped.,
pp. 652-653; pl. 53, f. 3.
Hematopinus asini Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s., U.S.
Dept. Agr, Div. Ent} pp; 21-22, £. 9:
Hematopinus asini Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s., pp.
180-181, f. 103.

Hematopinus asini Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 141.

Hematopinus asini Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 10.

Hematopinus asini Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol.
Oppts 13yipe loz

la—Hematopinus asini var. colorata Piaget. From Equus

asinus.

1880.

(Europe).
Hematopinus macrocephalus var. colorata Pia-
get, les Peds px i6o4:

2—Hematopinus bufali (De Geer). From Buffelus caffer.
(Congo Free State and Nyasaland, Africa).

1778.

1844.

Pediculus bufali De Geer, Histoire des Ins.,
Voli7, p.683 pls Wt. vik 2:

Pediculus phthiriopsis Gervais, Apteres, Vol. 3,
p. 306.

Hematopinus phthiriopsis Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 47.

Hematopinus phthiriopsis Piaget, Les Ped., p.
652.

Hematopinus phthiriopsis Enderlein, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 28, p. 141.

Hematopinus phthiriopsis Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 11.

144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

1909. Hematopinus bufali Neumann, Arch. de Par.,
Vol. 13, pp. 500-505, f. 2-5.
1910. Hematopinus phthiriopsis Mjoberg, Ark. f.
Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 166.
3—Hematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch). From Bos taurus.
1818. Pediculus eurysternus Nitzsch, Germar’s Mag.,
Vol... 3; (1p: 305:
1842. Hematopinus eurysternus Denny, Mon. Anopl.,
pp. 29-30; pl. 25, f. 5.
1864. Pediculus eurysternus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges.
; Naturw., Vol. 23, p. 27.
1874. Hematopinus ewrysternus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
pp. 41-42; pl. 2, f. 8.
1880. Hematopinus eurysternus Piaget, Les Ped., pp.
648-650; pl. 53, f. 1.
1885. Hematopinus tuberculatus var. penicillatus
Piaget, Les Ped., Suppl., p. 146.
1891. -Hematopinus eurysternus Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s.,
U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 13-16, f. 6.
1896. Hematopinus curysternus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 172-175, f. 100.
1908. Hematopinius eurysternus Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 11.
1909. Hematopinus eurysternus Neumann, Arch. de
Par., Vol. 13, 1.c., pp. 498-500.
4—Hematopimus longus Neumann. From Cervus unicolor.
(Nepaul, India).
1912. Hematopinus longus Neumann, Bul. Soc. Zool.
France, Vol. 37, pp. 141-142, f. 1-4.
5—Hematopinus ? oviformis Rudow. From Hircus mag-
nificus.
(This. name does not appear in available catalogues of
mammals ).
1869. Hematopinus oviformis Rudow, Zeit. f. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 34, p. 170.
1874. Heimatopinus oviformis Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 47.
1880. Hematopinus oviformis Piaget, Les Ped., p.
648.

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 145

1908. Heimatopinus ? oviformis Dalla Torre, Gen.

Ins., Anopl., p. 11.
6—Hematopinus phachachoeri Enderlein. Type from Pha-
chochoerus oeliant massaicus. (ilimandjaro). Also
from Phachochocrus, sp., Potamochoerus choeropotamus

and P. africanus, P. atinis nyase. (German E. Africa and
S.Africa):

1908. Hematopinus phachochoeri Enderlein, Swed.
Exp. Kilimandjaro-Meru, Vol. 2, pt. 11, pp.
7-9, fig.

1909. Hematopinus latus Neumann, Arch. de Par.,
Vol. 13, pp. 505-508, f. 6-9.

1911. Hematopinus peristictus Kellogg & Paine, Bul.
Ent. Res., Vol. 2, pp. 145-146; pl. 4, f. 3-6.

1912. Hematopinus phachochoeri Paine, Ent. News,
Vol. 23, p. 468.

1912. Hematopinus phachochoeri Harms, Zool. Anz.,
Voll 40; p.293; £173:

1912. Hematopinus incisus Harms, Ibid., pp. 290-
ZOD TZ:

1916. Hematopinus phachochoeri Ferris, Ann. Dur-

ban Mus., Vol. 2 (in press).

Norte: This possibly contains two species; if so, they
should stand as Hematopinus phachochoeri Enderlein and
Hematopinus peristictus Kellogg & Paine.

7—Hematopinus punctatus (Rudow). From Bos grunniens.

1869. Pediculus punctatus Rudow, Zeit. f. ges. Na-

turw., Vol. 34, p. 167.
1874. Hematopinus punctatus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 47.
1880. Hematopinus tuberculatus var. punctatus Pia-
get, Ikes Ped.; ‘p:/652:
1908. Pediculus ? punctatus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 9.
1910. Hematopinus punctatus Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 166-167.
8—Hematopinus suis (Linneus). From domestic swine.
(Cosmopolitan).
1634. Pediculus urius Moufet, Theatrum Ins., p. 266.

146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

1758. Pediculus swis Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (10th ed.),

p. 6lt.

1817. Hematopinus suis Leach, Zool. Misc., Vol. 3,
p. 65; pl. 146.

1818. Pediculus urius Nitzsch, Germar’s Mag., Vol. 3,
p. 305.

1842. Hematopinus suis Denny, Mon. Anopl., pp. 34-
Sos pl 2a, t: 2:

1847. Hematopinus suis Burmeister, Linnea. Ento-
mol; Voll 2; ip.co7/asepla de

1874. Hematopinus urius Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp. 45-
46; pl. 2, f. 6.

1880. Hematopinus urius Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 654-
656; pl. 48, f. 4.

1891. Hematopinus urius Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s., U: S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 18-21, f. 8.

1896. Hematopinus urius Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s., U. S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 178-180, f. 102.

1904. Hematopinus swis Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 124.

1908. Hematopinus sis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 11.

1911. Hematopinus suis Neumann, Arch. de Par.,
Vol. 14, pp. 406-490, f. 8a.

8a—H ematopinus swis var. adventicius Neumann. From Sus
vittatus (East Indies).
1911. Hematopinus suis var. adventicius Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 14, pp. 406-410, f. 8b.
9—Hematopinus taurotragi Cummings. From Taurotragus
oryx. (Menagerie, Eng.)
1914. Hematopinus taurotragi Cummings, Bul. Ent.
Res., Vol. 5, pp. 155-159, f. 1-2.
10—Hematopinus tuberculatus (Burmeister). Type from
“Common buffalo or buffalo of India” (Vienna), also from
“Buffalo of India, Tonkin, Summatra and Rumania,” Bison
bison (North America), Camelus dromedarius (India)
and African camels.
1668. Piddochio del cammello Redi, Esperienze intor-
no alla generatione deg!’ insetti, pl. 20.

Vor. VI]

1758.

1839,

1844.

1852.

1864.

1867.

1874.
1874.

1880.
1880.

1904.

1908.

1908.

1909.

1910.

1911.

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 147

Pediculus cameli Linneus, Systema Nature; ed.
10, p. 611.

Pediculus tuberculatus Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn.,
No. 20.

Pediculus cameli Gervais, Apteres, Vol. 3, p.
306.

Hematopinus tuberculatus Lucas, Ann. Ent.
Soc. France, Vol. 10, ser. 2, pp. 529-533; pl.
WiENos 2:

Pediculus tuberculatus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Na-
turw., Voli123;"p: 32.

Hematopinus tuberculatus Nitzsch, bid Vol.
28, p. 397.

Hematopinus cameli Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, p. 47.
Hematopinus tuberculatus Giebel, Ibid., pp.
46-47,

Hematopinus cameli Piaget, Les Ped., p. 644.
Hematopinus tuberculatus Piaget, Ibid., pp.
650-652; pl. 53, f. 2.

Hematopinus tuberculatus Enderlein, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 28, p. 140.

Hematopinus ? cameli Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 11.

Hematopinus tuberculatus Dalla Torre, Ibid.,
pe Li.

Hematopinus tuberculatus Neumann, Arch. de
Par., Vol. 13, pp. 497-500, f. 1.

Hematopinus tuberculatus Mjoberg, Ark. f.
Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 167.

Hematopinus tuberculatus Neumann, Arch. de
Par., Vol. 14, pp. 413-414.

Subfamily Linognathine.

Trichauline Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, p. 138 (1904).

Linognathine Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 29, p. 194
(1905).; Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 11 (1908).

Antenne five-segmented. Anterior legs always distinctly
smaller and with much slenderer claw than the posterior. No
skeletal piece (pre-tarsal sclerite) between tibia and tarsus.

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Genus Enderleinellus Fahrenholz

Fahrenholz, Zool. Anz., Vol. 39, p. 56 (1912); 2-3-4th
Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 52-58 (1912) ; Kellogg
and Ferris, Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 40 (1915).

Anterior and middle pairs of legs of equal size, small and
with slender claws. Posterior legs very large and stout, with
stout claw. Head entirely without temporal angles. Abdomen
with or without chitinized tergal and sternal plates. Abdom-
inal segments for the most part with but one row of hairs
or spines in both male and female. Third sternite usually with
a widely separated pair of chitinized plates or areas, one near
each lateral margin. Pleurites present on second to fifth or
sixth segments.

Recorded only from Sciurid@ and Petauristide (Rodentia).

Type of the genus Enderlcinellus spherocephalus
(Nitzsch).

1—Enderleinellus kelloggi Ferris. Type from Sciurus griseus
nigripes (California, U. S. A.). Also from S. griseus
griseus (California).
1916. Enderleinellus kelloggi Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23
(in press).
2—Enderleinellus longiceps Kellogg & Ferris. Type from Sci-
urus niger rufiventer or S. carolinensis (Lincoln, Nebraska,
U.S. A.) Also from Sciurus niger rufiventer (Indiana, U.
S. A.) and S. arizonensis huachuca (Arizona, U.S. A.).
1915. Enderleinellus longiceps Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 44-46; pl.
2, tos ipl. 4, £8 125 pl Gt. 2.
1916. Enderleinellus longiceps Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23
(in press).
3—Enderleinellus osborni Kellogg & Ferris. Type from Citel-
lus beecheyi (California, U. S. A.). Also from Citellus
douglasi (California).
1915. Enderleinellus osborni Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl.
& Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 43-44; t..f. 15;
piiait. 11sipl: 6; £216:
4—Enderleinellus spherocephalus (Nitzsch). Type from Sci-
urus vulgaris (Europe). Also from Sciurus hudsonicus

Vor, VI]

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 149

petulans and S. hudsonicus vancouverensis (Alaska) and
S. douglasi albolimbatus (California, U.S. A.).

1818.

1842.

1864.

1874.

1880.

1904.

1908.

1910.

LOW:

LOW:

LLG:

Pediculus spherocephalus Nitzsch, Germar’s
Mag., Vol. 3, p. 305.

Hematopinus spherocephalus Denny, Mon.
Anopl., p. 36.

Pediculus spherocephalus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 23, p. 27.

Hematopinus spherocephalus Giebel, Ins. Epi-
zoa, pp. 35-36; pl. 1, f. 4.

Hematopinus spherocephalus Piaget, Les Ped.,
p. 640-641.
Polyplax ? spherocephala Enderlein, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 28, p. 143.

Polyplax ? spherocephala Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 14.

Polyplax ? spherocephala Mjoberg, Ark. f.
Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, pp. 159-160.
Enderleinellus spherocephalus Fahrenholz,
Zool. Anz., Vol. 39, p. 56.

Enderleinellus spherocephalus Fahrenholz,
2-3-4th Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp.
52-93) fen 22=2 0}, ply 2,1 1..05,0;' 7.

Enderleinellus spherocephalus Ferris, Psyche,
Vol. 23 (in press).

5—Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn). Type from Citellus
franklini or C. tridecemlineatus (Iowa). Also from C.
oregonus and C. mollis (Nevada, U. S. A.), C. townsendi
(Washington, U. S. A.), Citellus beldingi, Xerospermophi-
lus tereticaudus and Ammospermophilus nelsoni (Califor-
nia, U. S. A.), Cynomys guiunisoni and C. leucurus (Colo-
TACO TW Sse):

1891.

1896.

1904.

1908.

Hematopinus suturalis Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s., U.
S' Dept; Agr, WivEnt, |p: 27; f. 15.
Hematopinus suturalis Osborn, Bul. 5, n.s., U.
Si) Dept) Agr Dive Ent. p:, 185, £109:
Polyplax ? suturalis Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 143.

Polyplax ? suturalis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 14.

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER,

1915. Enderleinellus suturalis Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 40-42;
pl. 4, f. 9.

1916. Enderleinellus suturalis Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23
(in press).

Sa—Enderleinellus suturalis var. occidentalis Kellogg & Fer-
ris. From Callospermophilus chrysodeirus trinitatus (Cal-
ifornia, U.S: A.)).

1915. Enderleinellus suturalis var. occidentalis Kel-
logg & Ferris, Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am.
Mam., p. 42; pl 2uty 3ipla4, 2. 1Os'pl St. 17:
6—Enderleinellus uncinatus Ferris. From Glaucomys sabrinus
lascivus (California, U. S. A.).
1916. Enderleinellus wuncinatus Ferris, Psyche, Vol.
23 (in press).

Genus Fahrenholzia Kellogg & Ferris

Kellogg and Ferris, Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam.,
poz:

Antenne similar in sexes. Head and thorax very small.
Anterior legs small with slender claw. Middle and posterior
legs much larger, sub-equal, with stout claws. Abdomen
without chitinized tergal and sternal plates. Each abdominal
segment with but one row of spines in both male and female.
Pleural plates present on a variable number of segments.
Sternite of second segment with a large chitinized plate near
each lateral margin. Spiracles small.

Recorded only from Heteromyide (Rodentia).

Type of the genus Fahrenholzia pinata Kellogg & Ferris.

1—Fahrenholzia pinnata Kellogg & Ferris. Type from Dipo-
domys californicus (California, U. S: A.). Also from
Dipodomys deserti, D. merrianui, Perodipus sp. and Micro-
dipodops polionotus (California) and Perognathus parvus
olivaceous (Nevada, U. S. A.).
1915. Fahrenholzia pinnata Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl.
and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 32-35; t. f. 13;
plisyt:. 2° pl. 5,f.9-O7 pl. 6; 2510:
1916. Fahrenholzia pinnata Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23
(in press).

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 151

2—Fahrenholzia tribulosa Ferris. Type from Perognathus
californicus (California, U.S. A.). Also from Perognath-
us formosus (California).
1916. Fahrenholzia tribulosa Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23
(in press).

Genus Hemodipsus Enderlein

Hemodipsus Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 139, 143
(1904) ; Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 15 (1908) ; Mjo-
berg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 165 (1910); Kellogg &
Ferris, Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 27-28 (1915).

Hematopinus (Polyplax) Neumann, Arch. de Par., Vol.
135 psooo) (L909):

Anterior legs small with slender claw, middle and posterior
legs larger, sub-equal, with heavier claws. Head broad, thorax
very small. Abdomen entirely without chitinized tergites and
sternites, each segment with a single transverse row of spines
or hairs. Pleural plates very small or wanting. Gonapods
very short.

Recorded only from Leporide (Rodentia).

Type of the genus Hemodipsus lyriocephalus, (Burm.).

1—Hemodipsus lyriocephalus (Burm.). Type from Lepus
timidus (Europe). Also from L. europeus occidentalis
(Europe).
1839. Pediculus lyriocephalus Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn.
Nonlin 7.
1842. Hematopinus lyriocephalus Denny, Mon.
Anopl., pp. 27-28; pl. 24, f. 4.
1864. Pediculus lyriceps Nitzsch, Zeits. f. ges. Na-
turw., Vol. 23, p. 24.
1874. Hematopinus lyriocephalus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
pp. 39-40; pl. 2, f. 2.
1880. Hematopinus lyriocephalus Piaget, Les Ped.,
pp. 641-642; pl. 52, f. 5.
1904. Hemodipsus lyriocephalus Enderlein, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 28, p. 143.
1908. Hemodipsus lyriocephalus Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 15.

1909.

1910.

LOTS.

1915:

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Hematopinus (Polyplax) lyriocephalus Neu-
mann, Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, p. 528.
Hemodipsus lyriocephalus Mjoberg, Ark. f.
Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 165.

Hemodipsus lyriocephalus Evans, Proc. Royal
Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. 19, p. 94.
Hemodipsus lyriocephalus Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 28.

2—Hemodipsus ventricosus (Denny). From Oryctolagus
cuniculus (Europe). Also from “domestic rabbit” (Eu-
rope and North America), Lepus campestris (Iowa, U. S.
A.), Lepus californicus (California, U. S. A.), and L. cal-
ifornicus deserticola (Arizona, U.S. A.).

1842.

Hematopinus ventricosus Denny, Mon. Anopl.,
pp. 30-31; pl. 25, f. 6.

Hematopinus ventricosus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 47.

Hematopinus ventricosus Piaget, Les Ped., p.
642.

Hematopinus ventricosus Piaget, Les Ped.,
Suppl.; pp. 141-147; pl. 16, f. 9.
Hematopinus ventricosus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 182.
Hemodipsus ventricosus Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 143.

Hemodipsus ventricosus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 15.

Hematopinus (Polyplax) ventricosus Neu-
mann, Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 527-528, f. 27.
Hemodipsus ventricosus Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Violl6, pt: 13;-p. 165.

Polyplax ventricosa Evans, Proc. Royal Phys.
Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. 19, p. 94.

Hemodipsus ventricosus Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 28-30;
tetelieple 2, ta2sply 4 fois pls eosetenlt2.
Hemodipsus ventricosus Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23
(in press).

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 153

Genus Hoplopleura Enderlein

Hoplopleura Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 221-223
(1904) ; Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 14 (1908) ; Fahren-
holz, 2-3-4th Jahresb. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 44-46
(1912) ; Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam.,
pp. 15-16 (1915).

Hematopinus (Polyplax) Neumann, Arch. de Par., Vol.
13, p. 531 (1909).

Antenne similar in the sexes. Anterior legs small with
slender claw; middle legs larger with stouter claw; posterior
legs very stout with stout, heavy claw and usually with a small,
pointed protuberance on the anterior margin of the tibia. Fe-
male with most of the abdominal tergites divided into three
transverse plates, each bearing a row of spines. Males with
most of the abdominal tergites and sternites divided into two
plates or undivided, but with some divided into three. Ante-
rior division of the third sternite in both sexes with two pairs,
or with two groups of three very stout and conspicuous spines.
Pleural plates present.

From Muride and Sciuride (Rodentia).

Type of the genus Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burm.).

1—Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burm.). Type from Microtus
arvalis (Europe). Also from Microtus agrestis, Mus mus-
culus and (?) Sorex araneus (Europe) and Dicrostonyx
torquatus (Pitlekaj).
1839. Pediculus acanthopus Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn.,
Now Spl Uits2:
1842. Hematopinus acanthopus Denny, Mon. Anopl.,
paZonple 24, ahei3y
1864. Pediculus acanthopus Nitzsch, Zeits. f. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 23, p. 27.
1874. Hematopinus acanthopus Giebel, Ins. Ep., pp.
36-37; pli2e tS,
1880. Hematopinus acanthopus Piaget, Les Ped., pp.
638-640; pl. 52, f. 4.
1904. Polyplax acanthopus Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.
1904. Hoplopleura acanthopus Enderlein, Ibid., Vol.
28, pp. 220-223, £ 1-2)

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

1908. Hoplopleura acanthopus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 14.

1910. Hoplopleura acanthopus Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 164.

1912. Hoplopleura acanthopus Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th
Jahresb. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 46-52, f.
18-20; pl. 2, f. 14-15.

la—Hoplopleura acanthopus var. americanus Kellogg & Fer-
ris. Type from Microtus californicus (California, U. S.
A.). Also from M. (Lagurus) intermedius and other
species of Microtus (California, Iowa) and “white lem-
ming” (Point Barrow, Alaska).
1891. Hoplopleura acanthopus Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s.,
UES: Dept. Aor, Dive Ente sp: 23,h. We
1896. Hoplopleura acanthopus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 181-182, f. 104.
1915. Hoplopleura acanthopus var. americanus Kel-
logg and Ferris, Anopl. and Mall of N. Am.
Mami, p. 16; t. £3; pl 4,.2::2 ph, tf. 3.

2—Hoplopleura arboricola Kellogg & Ferris. Type from
Eutamias sonome (California, U. S. A.). Also from
Sciurus griseus griseus, S. douglasi mollipilosus, S. doug-
lasi albolimbatus, Eutamias alpinus, E. hindsi, E. sonome,
E. merriami pricei, E. townsendi ochrogenys, E. speciosus
frater (California), and Tamuas striatus (Iowa, U.S. A.).
1915. Hoplopleura arboricola Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 19-21;
tant. O-7 + pl. 4)... Aply Oy tone:
1916. Hoplopleura arboricola Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23
(in press).
3—Hoplopleura bidentata (Neumann). From Epimys rattus
(Lake Torrens, Australia).
1909. Hematopinus (Polyplax) bidentatus Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 515-517, f. 18.
1915. Hoplopleura ? bidentata Kellogg & Ferris,
Ann. Durban Mus., Vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 155.

4—Hoplopleura enormis Kellogg & Ferris. From Arvican-
this dorsalis (S. Africa).

Vor. VJ FERRIS—ANOPLURA 155

1915. Hoplopleura enormis Kellogg & Ferris, Ann.
Durban. Mus., Vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 155-157; pl. 16,
f. 4-4e. ;

5—Hoplopleura erratica (Osborn). Type from Larus bona-
partu (straggler). Also from Glaucomys volans, Micro-
tus pennsylvanicus and Tamias striatus (North America).
1896. Hematopinus erraticus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
Wi Si Dept, Agr Diva Ent. 186,
1904. Polyplax ? erraticus Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 143.
1908. Polyplax ? erratica Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopleipe) 13:
1915. Hoplopleura ? erratica Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 18-19.
Note: One of the three species, Hoplopleura arbori-
cola Kellogg & Ferris, H. trispinosa Kellogg & Ferris.
or H. acanthopus var. americanus Kellogg & Ferris, is
probably a synonym of this species.
6—Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn). Type from Pero-
myscus leucopus (Iowa, U.S. A.). Also from Peromys-
cus maniculatus rubidus, P. maniculatus gambeli, P. boylei
and Mus musculus (California, U. S. A.).
1891. Hematopinus hesperomydis Osborn, Bul. 7,
o. s., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 26, f. 14.
1896. Hematopinus hesperomydis Osborn, Bul. 5, n.
s., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 184-185, f.
108.
1904. Polyplax ? hesperomydis Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 143.
1908. Polyplax ? hesperomydis Dalla Torre, Gen.,
Anopl., p. 13.
1915. Hoplopleura hesperomydis Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 17; t. f.
4-5; pl. 4,-£. 1; pl. 5, £14.
7—Hoplopleura hirsuta Ferris. Type from Sigmodon hispi-
dus (North Carolina, U. S. A.). Also from Sigmodon
hispidus texianus (Texas, U.S. A.) and S. hispidus eremi-
cus (California, U. S. A.).
1916. Hoplopleura hirsuta Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23 (in
press).

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

8—Hoplopleura hispida (Grube). From Lemmus obensis
(Siberia).
1851. Pediculus hispidus Grube, Midd. Reise, Zool.,
p. 497; pl. 32, f. 2 (figure labeled P. gracilis).
1874. Hematopinus hispidus Giebel, Ins. Ep., p. 38.
1880. Hemaiopinus hispidus Piaget, Les Ped., p. 640.
1904. Polyplax hispida Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28,

p. 142.

1908. Polyplax hispida Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl.,
pe 13:

Note: This is probably a synonym of H. acanthopus

(Burm.).
9—Hoplopleura intermedia Kellogg & Ferris. Type from
Mus coucha (Zululand, South Africa).
1915. Hoplopleura intermedia Kellogg & Ferris,
Ann. Durban Mus., Vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 153-154;
pl. 16, f. 5-5d.
1916. Hoplopleura intermedia Ferris, ibid., Vol. 23
(in press).
10—Hoplopleura longula (Neumann). From Micromys mi-
nutus (Europe).
1909. Hematopinus (Polyplax) longulus Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 513-515, f£. 15-17.
1910. Hoplopleura lineata Fahrenholz, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 35, p: 715, fig:
1915. Hoplopleura ? longula Kellogg & Ferris, Ann.
Durban Mus., Vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 155.
11—Hoplopleura maniculata (Neumann). From Sciurus pal-
marum (Asia).
1909. Hematopinus (Polyplax) maniculatus Neu-
mann, Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 521-523, f.
21-22.
1915. Hoplopleura ? maniculata Kellogg & Ferris,
Ann. Durban Mus., Vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 155.
12—Hoplopleura quadridentata (Neumann). Type from Holo-
chilus squamipes (probably Nectomys squamipes or Necto-
mys apicalis) (Peru, South America). Also from Nesory-
zomys indefessus and N. narboroughi (Galapagos Islands,
South America).

Vor. VI FERRIS—ANOPLURA 157

1909. Hematopinus (Polyplax) quadridentatus Neu-
mann, Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 513-515.
1915. Hoplopleura ? quadridentata Kellogg & Fer-
ris, Ann. Durban Mus., Vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 155.
1916. Hoplopleura quadridentata Ferris, Psyche, Vol.
23 (in press).
13—Hoplopleura trispinosa Kellogg & Ferris. Type from
Glaucomys sabrinus ssp. ? (Oregon, U.S. A.). Also from
Glaucomys sabrinus lascivus (California, U. S. A.) and
G. volans (Maryland, U. S. A.).
1915. Hoplopleura trispinosa Kellogg & . Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 22-23,
tf 85 pl. 4; £5, 3:
1916. Hoplopleura trispinosa Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23
(in press).

Genus Hybophthirus Enderlein

Enderlein, Denksch. d. Med.-Naturw. Gesell. zu Jena, Vol.
14, p. 79 (1909) ; Cummings, Bul. Ent. Res., Vol. 4, p. 44
(ors)

Tarsus of anterior legs two-segmented, of the remainder
one-segmented. Anterior legs small and slender, middle and
posterior legs large and stout. Abdomen without strongly
chitinized tergites and sternites. Pleural plates present. Tho-
rax with a flattened triangular process on the dorsum near each
lateral margin.

Recorded only from Orycteropodide (Tubulidentata).

Type of the genus Hybophthirus notophallus (Neumann).

1—H ybophthirus notophallus (Neumann). From Orcytero-
pus afer (South Africa, German East Africa).

1909. Hematopinus notophallus Neumann, Jahrb. des
Nassausichen Ver. f. Naturkunde, in Wies-
baden, p. 2.

1909. Hybophthirus orycteropodi Enderlein, Denksch.
des Med.-Naturw. Gesell. zu Jena, Vol. 14, pp.
79-80; pl. 8, £. 1-3.

1913. Hybophthirus notophallus Cummings, Bul. Ent.
Res., Vol. 4, pp. 44-45.

1914. Hybophthirus notophallus Waterston, Ann. S.
Af. Mus., Vol. 10, pt. 9, p. 278.

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Genus Linognathoides Cummings

Cummings, Bul. Ent. Res., Vol. 5, pp. 159-160 (1914) ;
Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 23-
24 (1915) -

In general similar to Polyplax. Abdomen without chitin-
ized tergal and sternal plates or with these very much reduced.
Pleural plates present. Spiracles small.

Recorded from Muridz and Sciuridz (Rodentia).

Type of the genus Linognathoides citelli Cummings.

1—Linognathoides citelli Cummings. From Citellus lepto-
dactylus and ? Cricetulus pheus (Transcaspia).
1914. Linognathoides spermophil Cummings, Bul.
Ent. Res., Vol. 5, pp. 160-163, t. f. 3.
1916. Linognathoides citelli Cummings, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 8, Vol. 17, p. 107.
2—Linognathoides inornatus Kellogg & Ferris. Type from
Neotoma cinerea occidentalis (California, U. S. A.). Also
from N. cinerea cinerea and ? N. fuscipes streatori (Cali-
fornia).
1915. Liognathoides inornatus Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. & Mall. of Am. Mam., pp. 25-27, t. f.
VOR pl. 2, ft. 1; pl 4, ft 7 plas, los plvOrtes:
1916. Linognathoides inornatus Ferris, Psyche, Vol.
23 (in press).
3—Linognathoides leviusculus (Grube). Type from Citel-
lus eversmanni (Jakutsk, Siberia).
1851. Pediculus leviusculus Grube, Middendorfft’s
Reise, Vol. 2, p. 498; pl. 32, £. 5 (figure labeled
P. spermophilt).
1874. Hematopinus leviusculus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 38.
1880. Hematopinus leviuscuius Piaget, Les Ped., p.
641.
1904. Polyplax leviusculus Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 142.
1908. Polyplax leviusculus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 13.
1910. Polyplax leviuscula Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6. pt. 13, p. 160.

Vor. VI]

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 159

4—Linognathoides montanus (Osborn). Type from ‘West-
ern Gray Squirrel” (probably Citellus sp.) (Ft. Collins,
Colorado, U. S. A.). Also from Citellus barrowensis ?
(Pt. Barrow, Alaska), Citellus beecheyi, C. douglasi (Cal-
ifornia, U.S. A., C. columbianus (Washington, U.S. A.),
C. grammurus (Arizona, U. S. A.), C. mexicanus ?
(Guanajuato, Mexico), Marmoata flaviventris sierre (Cal-
ifornia, U. S. A.) and “Rock Squirrel” (Boulder, Colo-
TAdOr Wit Sa 0 ANo)).

1896.
1900.
1904.
1904.
1908.
1914.

1915.

1916.

Hematopinus montanus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 184, f. 107.
Hematopinus columbianus Osborn, Can. Ent.,
Vol. 32, pp. 215-216.

Polyplax ? montana Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 143.

Polyplax ? columbiana Enderlein, Ibid., p. 143.
1908. Polyplax ? columbiana Dalla Torre,
Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 13.

Polyplax ? montana Dalla Torre, Ibid., p. 13.
Linognathoides ? columbianus Cummings, Bul.
Ent: Res.; Vol, p: 160:

Linognathoides montanus Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 24-25; t.
£0 pk Sele plenty.

Linognathoides montanus Ferris, Psyche, Vol.
23 (in press). ;

5—Linognathoides pectinifer (Neumann). From Xerus ge-
tulus (Northern Africa).

1885.

1908.

1909.

1914.

Hematopinus setosus (not of Burmeister) Pia-
get, Les Ped., Suppl‘, p. 143; pl. 15, £..6.
Hematopinus setosus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 11.

Hematopinus (Polyplax) pectinifer Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 528-529, £. 28-29.
Linognathoides setosus Cummings, Bul. Ent.

Res., Vol. 5, p. 160.

Genus Linognathus Enderlein

Trichaulus Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 139, 141

(1904).

160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Linognathus Enderlein, Ibid., Vol. 29, p. 194 (1905) ;
Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 12 (1908) ; Mjoberg, Ark.
f. Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 156 (1910); Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 10 (1915).

Solenopotes Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, p. 143 (1904) ;
Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 15 (1908).

Hematopinus (Linognathus) Neumann, Arch. de Par.,
Vol. 13, pp. 529-530 (1909).

Head usually rather slender and elongated. Temporal
angles not prominent. Middle and posterior legs nearly equal
in size, larger and stouter than the anterior. Abdomen en-
tirely without chitinized tergal, sternal and pleural plates.
Each abdominal segment with two or three transverse rows
of hairs. Spiracles large. Gonapods usually long.

From Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea, and from
the domestic dog.

Type of the genus Linognathus piliferus (Burm.).

1—Linognathus angulatus (Piaget). Type from Cephalo-
phus nigrifrons (Africa). Also from Cephalophus na-
talensis and Cephalophus sp. (Africa).
1885. Hematopinus wungulatus Piaget, Les Ped.,
Suppl., p. 144; pl. 15, f. 7.
Note: ungulatus is evidently a misprint for angulatus,
the latter appearing in the description of the plates.
1908. Hematopinus ungulatus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 11.
1910. Linognathus angulatus Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
pai lio7.
1916. Linognathus angulatus Ferris, Ann. Durban
Mus., Vol. 2 (in press).
2—Linognathus breviceps (Piaget). Type from Cephalo-
phus maxwelli (Africa). Also from ? “Cearrus-Hirsch’’
(Guatemala).
1885: Hematopinus breviceps Piaget, Les Ped.,
Suppl, p. 1425 pl. V5, f. 5.
1908. Hematopinus breviceps Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 11.
Note: ‘This species is probably the young of Lino-
gnathus angulatus (Piaget).

Vor. VI) FERRIS—ANOPLURA 161

3—Linognathus brevicornis (Giebel). From Giraffa cam-
elopardalis (Africa),
1874. Hematopinus brevicornis Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
pp. 43-44.
1880. Hematopinus brevicornis Piaget, Les Ped., pp.
644-646; pl. 52, f. 7.
1904. Trichaulus brevicornis Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 142.
1905. Linognathus brevicornis Enderlein, Ibid., Vol.
29, p. 194.
1908. Linognathus brevicornis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 12.
4—Linognathus cavie-capensis (Pallas). From Procavia
capensis (South Airica).
1767. Pediculus cavie-capensis Pallas, Spicilegia Zo-
ologica, WVolwI2 tps 32nd. t. 12-13,
1874. Hematopinus leptocephalus Giebel, Ins. Epi-
zoa, p. 47.
1880. Hematopinus leptocephalus Piaget, Les Ped.,
p. 656.
1904. Hematopinus leptocephalus Enderlein, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 28, p. 141.
1908. Hematopinus leptocephalus Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 11.
1913. Linognathus cavie-capensis Cummings, Bul.
Ent. Res., Vol. 4, pp. 37-39, f. 2-3.
S—Linognathus fahrenholzi Paine. Type from Cervicapra
arundinum (Nyasaland, Africa). Also from Cervicapra
fulvorufula (Zululand, Africa).
1911. Linognathus forficulus (not of Rudow) Kel-
logg & Paine, Bul. Ent. Res., Vol. 2, p. 147;
pl. 4, £. 2-4.
1914. Linognathus fahrvenholzi Paine, Psyche, Vol.
Zl paelilZ:
1916. Linognathus fahrenholzi Ferris, Ann. Durban
Mus., Vol. 2 (in press).
6—Linognathus forficulus (Rudow). From Capra ibex (Eu-
rope).
1869. Hematopinus forficulus Rudow, Zeit. f. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 34, p. 169.

162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

1874. Hematopinus forficulus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 47.
1908. Hematopinus ? forficulus Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 11.
1914. Linognathus forficulus Paine, Psyche, Vol. 21,
polly.
7—Linognathus gazella Midberg. From “gazelle.” (Zool.
Mus. Hamburg).
1910. Linognathus gazella Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13; spp: 157-1597: 78.

8—Linognathus leptocephalus (Ehrenberg). From Procavia
syriacus (Syria).
1829. Pediculus leptocephalus Ehrenberg, Symbole

Physice.

1874. Hematopinus leptocephalus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 47.

1880. Hematopinus leptocephalus Piaget, Les Ped.,
p- 656.

1904. Hematopinus leptocephalus Enderlein, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 28, p. 141.

1908. Hematopinus leptocephalus Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 11.

1913. Linognathus leptocephalus Cummings, Bul. Ent.
Res., Vol. 4, p. 37.

9—Linognathus limnotragi Cummings. From Limnotragus
gratus (Congo, Africa).
1913. Linognathus limnotragi Cummings, Bul. Ent.
Res., Vol. 4, pp. 36-37, f. 1.
10—Linognathus ovillus (Neumann). From domestic sheep
(Scotland and New Zealand).
1907. Hematopinus ovillus Neumann, Revue veterin-
aire, pp. 520-524.
1913. Linegnathus ovillus Evans, Proc. Royal Phys.
Soc. Edinburgh, Vol. i9, p. 94.
11—Linognathus pedalis (Osborn). From domestic sheep
(Minnesota, Iowa and Nevada, U. S. A.).
1896. Hematopinus pedalis Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s., U.
S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 170-172, £. 99.

Vor. VI]

1896.

1904.

1905.

1908.

1915.

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 163

Hematopinus ovis Lugger, Rept. Ent., State
Exper. Station, Minnesota, pp. 105-106, f.
75-76.

Trichaulus pedalis Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.

Linegnathus pedalis Enderlein, Zool. <Anz.,
Vol. 29, p. 194.

Linognathus pedalis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 12.

Linognathus pedalis Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl.
& Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 11.

12—Linognathus piliferus (Burmeister). From domestic dog
(Cosmopolitan). Also once recorded from a_ ferret
(England).

1776.

?Pediculus canis familiaris Miller, Prodr.
Faune Danie, p. 184.

?Pediculus canis familiaris Fabricius, Fauna
Groenland, p. 215.

Pediculus piliferus Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn., No.
1).

Hematopinus piliferus Denny, Mon. Anopl.,
pp. 28-29; pl. 25, f. 4.

Hematopinus bicolor Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent.
France, Vol. 5, ser. 2, pp. 538-539; pl. 8, f. 2a.
Pediculus isopus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Naturw.,
Vol. 18, p. 290.

Pediculus favidus Nitzsch, Ibid., Vol. 23, p. 27.
Hematopinus piliferus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp.
40-41.

Hematopinus piliferus Piaget, Les Ped., pp.
643-644; pl. 52, f. 6.

Hematopinus piliferus Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s.,
USS: Dept. Agr Div Ent., pp. 11-12, £5.
Hematopinus piliferus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
USS: Dept Acre Div Ent., p. 169) 4. 98.
Trichaulus piliferus Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.

Linognathus piliferus Fenderlein, Ibid., Vol. 29,
p. 194.

164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

1908. Linognathus piliferus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 12.
1910. Linognathus piliferus Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Wiol.AO;npt. US/p. 157. tote
1915. Linognathus piliferus Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl.
& Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 11.
13—Linognathus prelongiceps (Neumann). From Auchenia
huanaca (Bolivia, S. America).
1909. Hematopinus (Linognathus) prelongiceps
Neumann, Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 508-511,
f. 10-12.
14—Linognathus stenopsis (Burmeister). Type from domes-
tic goat (Europe). Also from domestic goat (Califor-
nia, U. S. A.), sheep (Africa), Antilope rupicapra and
Capra egyptica.
1838. Pediculus stenopsis Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn.,

No. 3.

1842. Hematopinus stenopsis Denny, Mon. Anopl.,
p. 36.

1847. Pediculus saccatus Gervais, Apteres, Vol. 3,
p. 307.

1864. Pediculus stenopsis Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Na-
turw., Vol. 23, p. 30.
1864. Pediculus schistopygus Nitzsch, Ibid., Vol. 23,

p: ol.

1874. Hematopinus saccatus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 47.

1874. Hematopinus stenopsis Giebel, Ibid., p. 44; pl.
Z.; t. 4.

1880. Hematopinus saccatus Piaget, Les Ped., p. 648.

1880. Hematopinus stenopsis Piaget, Ibid., p. 648.

1891. Hematopinus stenopsis Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s.,
U.S. Dept. Agr., Div: Ent., p. 12.

1896. Hematopinus stenopsis Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U.S. Dept..Agr., Div. Ent., p. 170.

1904. Trichaulus saccatus Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.

1904. Trichaulus stenopsis Enderlein, Ibid., Vol. 28,
p. 142.

Vor. VI) FERRIS—ANOPLURA 165

1905. Linognathus saccatus Enderlein, tbid., Vol. 29,
p. 194.
1905. Linognathus stenopsis Ibid., Vol. 29, p. 194.
1908. Linognathus saccatus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 12.
1908. Linognathus stenopsis Dalla Torre, Ibid., p. 12.
1910. Linognathus stenopsis Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Voli Gy spt) L3saps 59!
1911. Linognathus africanus Keliogg & Paine, Bul.
PntiRes/) Viola2sip. l46.pl. 4, £. 1,05:
1915. Linegnathus stenopsis Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl.
& Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 11. x
Note: Linognathus saccatus is an unrecognizable spe-
cies, recorded from Capra egyptica (equals Capra ega-
grus ?), but it is very probably the same as Linognathus
steno psis.
15—Linognathus rupicapre (Rudow). From Rupicapra ru-
picapra (Europe).
1869. Hematopinus rupicapre Rudow, Zeit. f. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 34, p. 170.
1874. Hematopinus rupicapre Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
p. 47.
1880. Hematopinus rupicapre Piaget, Les Ped., p.
648.
1908. Hematopinus rupicapre Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 11.
16—Linognathus tibialis (Piaget). From Antilope maori
(Zool. Garden, Rotterdam).
1880. Hematopinus tibialis Piaget, Les Ped., pp. 646-
6473 ple a2, iS:
1904. Trichaulus tibialis Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.
1905. Linognathus tibialis Enderlein, Ibid., Vol. 29,
p. 194.
1908. Linognathus tibialis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 12.
l6a—Linognathus tibialis var. antennatus (Piaget). From
Antilope sp. (Zool. Garden, Rotterdam).
1880. Hematopinus tibialis var. antennatus Piaget,
Les Ped:, p. 647; pl. 52, f. 8e.

166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

1908. Linognathus tibialis var. antennatus Dalla Tor-
re, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 12.
16b—Linognathus tibialis var. appendiculatus (Piaget). From
Antilope subgutturosa (—=Gazella subgutturosa?) (Zool.
Garden, Rotterdam).
1880. Hematopinus tibialis var. appendiculatus Pia-
get, Les. Ped., p. 647 3 pl. a2; f..8e:

1908. Linognathus tibialis var. appendiculatus Dalla
Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 12.
16c—Linognathus tibialis var. cervicapre (Lucas). From An-

tilope cervicapra (India).
1847. Hematopinus cervicapre Lucas, Ann. Ent. Soc.
France, Vol. 5, ser. 2, p. 534; pl. 7, f. 1.
1880. Hematopinus tibialis var. cervicapre Piaget,
Les Ped., p. 647.
1908. Linognathus tibialis var. cervicapre Dalla Tor-
re, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 13.
16d—Linognathus tibialis var. euchore Waterston. From An-
tilope euchore (Africa).
1914. Linognathus tibialis var. euchore Waterston,
Ann. S. African Mus., Vol. 10, pt. 9, pp. 275-

278, £. 1.
17—Linognathus vituli (Linneus). From domestic cattle.
(Cosmopolitan).
1758. Pediculus vituli Linneus, Systema Nature, ed.
10, p. 611.
1766. Pediculus vituli Linneus, Systema Nature, ed.
12, p. 1018.
1829. Hematopinus vituli Stephens, Catalogue, Vol.
2, p. 329.
1838. Pediculus tenuirostris Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn.,
No. 17.

1842. Hematopinus vituli Denny, Mon. Anopl., pp.
SIESZ2 D125 tS.

1864. Pediculus oxyrrynchus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Na-
turw., Vol. 23, p. 21.

1874. Hematopinus tenwirostris Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
pe 43 pl. 25 £79.

1880. Hematopinus tenuirostris Piaget, Les Ped., p.
650.

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 167

1883. Hematopinus tenuirostris Stroebelt, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, ser. 5, pp. 73-108; pl. 3.

1885. Hematopinus tenuirostris Piaget, Les Ped.,
Suppl., pp. 145-146; pl. 15, f. 8.

1891. Hematopinus vituli Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s., U. S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 16-18, f. 7.

1896. Hemaiopinus vituli Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s., U. S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 176-177, f. 101.

1904. Trichaulus vituli Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Voll.
28, p. 142.

1904. Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 144, f. 14,15.

1908. Linognathus vituli Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 12.

1908. Solenopotes capillatus Dalla Torre, Ibid., p. 15.

1915. Linognathus vituli Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl. &
Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 10.

1916. Linognathus vituli Ferris, Ent. News, Vol. 27
(in press).

Genus Cervophthirius Mjoberg

Cervophthirius Mjoberg, Ent. Tidskrift, Vol. 36, p. 282
(1915) ; Ferris, Ent. News, Vol. 27 (in press), 1916.

Differing from Linognathus only in the sharp posterior
lateral angles of the head and the presence of but a single row
of hairs upon each abdominal segment.

Recorded only from Cervide (Artiodactyla).

Type of the genus Cervophthirius tarandi Mjoberg.

1—Cervophthirius crassicornis (Nitzsch). Type from Cer-
wus elaphus (Europe). Also from Odocoileus columbi-
anus (California, U. S. A.).
1818. Pediculus crassicornis Nitzsch, Germar’s Mag.,
Voli3, p= 305:
1842. Hematopinus crassicornis Denny, Mon. Anopl.,
p. 36. :
1864. Pediculus crassicornis Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Na-
turw., Vol. 23, p. 26.
1874. Hematopinus crassicornis Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
pry 4h: ple 2 tee

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

1880. Hematopinus crassicornis Piaget, Les Ped., p.
644.
1908. Hematopinus crassicornis Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins, Anopljips iil:
1916. Cervophthirius crassicornis Ferris, Ent. News,
Vol. 27 (in press).
2—Cervophthirius tarandi Mjoberg. From Rangifer taran-
dus (Karesuando, Sweden).
1915. Cervophthirius tarandi Mjoberg, Ent. Tidskrift,
Vol. 36, pp. 283-285, f. 1-4.
Nore: It is extremely doubtful if this is at all dis-
tinct from Cervophthirius crassicornis (N.).

Genus Eulinognathus Cummings

Eulinognathus Cummings, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8,
Vol. 17, p. 90 (1916).

Head longer than broad, antennz arising just in front of
half way, broader behind the antennze than in front. Behind,
the head is sunk deep into the thorax. Around the mouth, in
front, a circlet of triangular denticles. Abdomen without ter-
gites or sternites. Five pairs of pleurites, the anterior pair well
developed. First pair of legs small, second and third larger,
sub-equal. Hairs on the abdomen modified, long, flattened,
parallel-sided, truncate at tip, one row on each segment.

Type of the genus Eulinognathus denticulatus Cummings.

Recorded from Pedetid@ and Dipodide (Rodentia).

1—Eulinognathus denticulatus Cummings. From Pedetes
caffer.
1916. Eulinognathus denticulatus Cummings, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, Vol. 17, pp. 90-94, f. 1.
2—Eulinognathus aculeatus (Neumann). From Dipus sp.
(Djerba, Tunis).
1912. Hematopinus (Polyplax) aculeatus Neumann,
Bul. Soc. Zool., France, Vol. 37, pp. 143-145,
f. 5-6.

Genus Neohematopinus Mjoberg

Neohematopinus Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13,
p. 160 (1910); Cummings, Bul. Ent. Res., Vol. 3, p. 393

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 169

(1912) ; Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam.,
pp. 35-36.

Acanthopinus Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, pp.
160-161 (1910).

Antenne dissimilar in the sexes, the male with a preaxial
process or a pair of spines at the apex of the third antennal
segment. First antennal segment in both sexes usually with
the distal post axial angle more or less produced and bearing
a stout spine or with a stout spine on the posterior margin.
Anterior legs smally with slender claw, middle and posterior
legs larger. Abdomen with or without chitinized tergal and
sternal plates. Abdominal tergites and sternites of the female,
for the most part, with two transverse rows of spines, male
with lesser number, bearing two rows of spines. Posterior
margin of second tergite of male always distinctly emarginate
with a closely set group of spines of various lengths at the
end of this emargination. Pleural plates present. Spiracles
small. Gonapods very short.

Recorded from Sciurid@ and Petauristide (Rodentia).

Type of the genus Neohematopinus sciuropteri (Osborn).

1—Neohematopinus antennatus (Osborn). Type from Sci-
urus cinereus var. ludovicianus (probably S. niger rufi-
venter), (lowa, U. S. A.). Also from Sciurus griseus
griseus (California, U. S. A.).
1891. Hematopinus antennatus Osborn, Bul. 7, 0. s.,
WS] Dep Aor Divwibnt p25, t. 13)
1896. Hematopinus antennatus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 183-184, f. 106.
1904. Polyplax ? antennata Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 143.
1908. Polyplax ? antennata Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 13.
1910. <Acanthopinus antennatus Mjoberg, Ark. f.
Zool Viol Osptmlsips Ol:
1915. Neohematopinus antennatus Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 36-37;
t. f. 14a-14b; pl. 5, f. 10; pl. 6, f. 5.
Neohematopmus antennatus var. semifasciatus Ferris.
Type from Scirus douglasi albolimbatus (California, U.
S. A.). Also from S. dowglasi mollipilosus (California).

la

170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

1915. Neohematopinus antennatus (in part) Kellogg
& Ferris, Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp.
36-37.

1916. Neohematopinus antennatus var. semifasciatus
Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23 (in press).

Note: This is perhaps identical with Neohematopinus

sciurinus (Mjob.).

2—Neohematopinus echinatus (Neumann). From Sciurus
palmarum (Asia). Also as straggler or mistaken record
from a bat, Scotophilus wroughtoni (Asia).

1909. Hematopinus (Polyplax) echinatus Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 517-521, f. 19-20.

1912. Neohematopinus echinatus Cummings, Bul.
Ent. Res., Vol. 3, p. 393.

3—Neohematopinus heliosciuri Cummings. From Heliosci-
urus palliatus (British East Africa).

1912. Neohematopinus helioscuri Cummings, Bul.
Ent. Res., Vol. 3, pp. 393-395, f. 1.

4—Neohematopinus pacificus Kellogg & Ferris. Type from
Eutamias sonome (California, U. S. A.). Also from
Eutamias hindsi, E. alpinus and other species of Euta-
mias. (California).

1915. Neohematopinus pacificus Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 38-40;
tof, L4c-14d; pl. 17a. 23 plis54.. 35 Za-7b:

1916. Neohematopinus pacificus Ferris, Psyche, Vol.
23 (in press).

5—Neohematopinus sciurinus (Mjoberg). From Sciurus
vulpinus (Zool. Mus. Hamburg). (This is perhaps Sci-
urus niger of North America).

1910. Acanthopinus sciurinus Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13, pp. 161-164, f. 80-83.

1912. Neohematopinus sciurinus Cummings, Bul.
Ent. Res., Vol: 3; p.3937

6—Neohematopinus sciuropteri (Osborn). Type from
Glaucomys volans (Iowa, U. S. A.). Also from Glau-
comys sabrinus lascivus and G. sabrinus ssp. (California,
LOSE ete) )

1891. Hematopinus sciuropteri Osborn, Bul. 7, o. s.,
U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 23-24, £. 12.

Vou. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 171

1896. Hematopinus sciuropteri Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 182-183, f. 105.

1904. Polyplax ? sciuropteri Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 143.

1908. Polyplax ? sciuropteri Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 14.

1910. Neohematopinus sciuroptert Mjoberg, Ark. f.
Zool Vols (6, pt rlssap: 160! tf. 79:

1912. Neohematopinus sciuropteri Cummings, Bul.
Ent. Res., Vol. 3, p. 393.

1915. Neohematopinus sciuropteri Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 36; pl. 1,
fy ice plo see eZ ule)

1916. Neohematopinus sciuroptert Ferris, Psyche,
Vol. 23 (in press).

Genus Polyplax Enderlein

Polyplax Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 139, 142, 223
(1904) ; Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 13 (1908) ; Mjo-
berg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 159 (1910) ; Fahrenhoiz,
2-3-4th Jahresb. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 29-30 (1912);
Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 11
(1905):

Hematopinus (Polyplax) Neumann, Arch. de Par., Vol.
13, pp. 529-532 (1909).

Eremophthirius Glinkiewicsz, Sitz. d. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss.
Wien, Natur. Klasse, Vol. 116, pp. 381-383 (1907).

Antenne sometimes differing in the sexes, the male fre-
quently having the third segment with a distal, preaxial
process. Anterior legs small with slender claw, middle legs
larger with stouter claw, posterior legs somewhat larger and
with heavier claw than the middle. Female with most of the
abdominal tergites and sternites divided into two transverse
plates, each bearing a row of spines or hairs. Male with a
smaller number of tergites and sternites thus divided. Pleural
plates present. Spiracles small.

One species recorded from Soricide (Insectivora), one
from Myoxide (Rodentia), the remainder from Muride (Ro-
dentia ).

Type of the genus Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.)

172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Serr.

1—Polyplax afinis (Burmeister). From Apodemus sylvati-
cus (Europe). “Also from ?Apodemus agrarius (Eu-
rope).
1839. Pediculus affinis Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn., No.
10.
1842. Hematopinus affinis Denny, Mon. Anopl., p. 36.
1864. Pediculus aftinis Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Naturw.,
Vol. 23;-ps 22:
1874. Hematopinus affinis Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, p. 39;
0) Gs se
1880. Hematopinus acanthopus var. affinis Piaget,
Ides; Ped. p:059:
1904. Polyplax affinis Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28,
p. 142.
1908. Polyplax aftiinis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl.,
ps ls:
1912. Polyplax affinis Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th Jahresb.
Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 39-42, f. 13-15.
2—Polyplax auricularis Kellogg & Ferris. Type from Pero-
myscus maniculatus rubidus (California, U.S. A.). Also
from Peromyscus sitchensis prevostensis (Forrester Is.,
Alaska), P. maniculatus gambeli and Onychomys torridus
pulcher (California) and O. leucogaster arcticeps (Colo-
Tadow Wiss tA).
1915. Polyplax auricularis Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl.
& Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 13-15, t. f. 2; pl.
letter pl. 45 fs:
1916. Polyplax auricularis Ferris, Psyche, Vol. 23 (in
press).
3—Polyplax brachyrrhynchus Cummings. From Acomys ca-
harinus (Egypt).
1914. Polyplax brachyrrhynchus Cummings, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, pp. 246-251, t. f. 1-3, 13-14.
4—Polyplax clavicornis (Nitzsch). From Meriones sp.
(Northern Africa).
1864. Pediculus clavicornis Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Na-
turw., Vol. 23, p. 32.
1869. Hematopinus clavicornis Nitzsch & Giebel,
Ibid., Vol. 28, p. 397.

Vor. VII FERRIS—ANOPLURA 173

1874. Hematopinus clavicornis Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,

pp. 37-38.

1880. Hematopinus clavicornis Piaget, Les Ped., p.
640.

1904. Polyplax clavicornis Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.

1908. Polyplax clavicornis Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 13.
4—Polyplax cummingsi Ferris. From Dasymys incomtus
(Zululand, S. Africa).
1916. Polyplax cummingsi Ferris, Ann. Durban Mus.,
Vol. 2 (in press). ;
5—Polyplax gracilis Fahrenholz. Type from Micromys mui-
nutus (Europe). Also from Mus chrysophilus (Zululand,
South Africa).
1910. Polyplax gracilis Fahrenholz, Zool. Anz., Vol.
Ops Aloe
1912. Polyplax gracilis Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th Jahresb.
d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 42-44, f. 16-17;
pl Lyf 10-11
1916. Polyplax gracilis Ferris, Ann. Durban Mus.,
Vol. 2 (in press).
6—Polyplax jonesi Kellogg & Ferris. From Saccostomus
campestris (Zululand, South Africa).
1915. Polyplax jonesi Kellogg & Ferris, Ann. Durban
Mus:, Volo dy ptyZ, pp. lod-152': pl. 15, £. 3+3e.
1916. Polyplax jonesi Ferris, Ibid., Vol. 2 (in press).
7—Polyplax ? miacantha Speiser. From “einer kleinen Ratte
mit sehr dicken, stachelartigen Haaren.” (Salomona,
Abyssinia).
1905. Polyplax miacantha Speiser, Centralbl. f. Bak-
ter., Vol. 38, pt. 1 (Originale), pp. 318-319.
(Figure does not belong to it.)
1908. - Polyplax miacantha Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 13.
8—Polyplax otomydis Cummings. Type from Otomys irro-
ratus tropicalis (British East Africa). Also from Otomys
irroratus and O. brantsi luteolus (South Africa).
1912. Polyplax otomydis Cummings, Bul. Ent. Res.,
Vol. 3, pp. 395-397, f. 2.

174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

1914. Polyplax otomydis Waterston, Ann. S. Af.
Mus., Vol. 10, p. 275.
1915. Polyplax otomydis Kellogg & Ferris, Ann. Dur-
ban Mus., Vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 150.
1916. Polyplax otomydis Ferris, Ibid. Vol. 2 (in
press).
9—Polyplax oxyrrhynchus Cummings. From Acomys ca-
harinus (Egypt).
1915. Polyplax oxyrrhynchus Cummings, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., pp. 251-260, 262-265 ; t. f. 4-6, 8-9,
11-13.
10—Polyplax pectinata Cummings. From Epimys aurifer
(Malay Peninsula).
1913. Polyplax pectinata Cummings, Bul. Ent. Res.,
Vol. 4, pp. 35-36.
11—Polyplax ? pleurophea (Burmeister). From Dryomys ni-
tedula (Europe).
1839. Pediculus pleuropheus Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn.,
No. 7.
1864. Pediculus pleuropheus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Na-
turw., Vol. 23, p27.
1874. Hematopinus leucopheus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
Dp: 37.
1880. Hematopinus leucopheus Piaget, Les Ped., p.
640.
1904. Polyplax pleurophea Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 142.
1908. Polyplax pleurophea Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 13.
12—Polyplax reclinata (Nitzsch). From Sorex araneus (Eu-
rope).
1864. Pediculus reclinatus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Na-
turw., Vol. 23, p. 23.
1874. Hematopinus reclinatus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, p.
37.
1880. Hematopinus reclinatus Piaget, Les Ped., p.
639.
1904. Polyplax reclinata Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.

Vor. VI]

1904.

1908.

1910.

LOZ:

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 175

Hoplopleura reclinata Enderlein, Ibid., Vol. 28,
p. 222.

Hoplopleura reclinata Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 14.
Hematopinus (Polyplax) spiniger reclinatus
Neumann,Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 524-525,
f. 24.

Polyplax reclinata Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th Jahresb.
d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 37-39, f. 11-12;
phlt, U2-13)iple Zt 2-4 pl. 3, f..7.

13—Polyplax serrata (Burmeister). From Mus musculus

(Europe).

1839.

1842.

18064.

1874.

1880.
1904.

1908.

19133

Pediculus serratus Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn.,
No. 6.

Hematopinus serratus Denny, Mon. Anopl.,
p. 36.

Pediculus serratus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Naturw.,
VoleZ3ipe27s

Hematopinus serratus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, p.
SOs play tO:

Hematopinus serratus Piaget, Les Ped., p. 639.
Polyplax serrata Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28,
p. 142.

Polyplax serrata Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl.,
p. 14. !

Polyplax serrata Evans, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc.
Edinburgh, Vol. 19, p. 94.

14—Polyplax ? spiculifera (Gervais). From Mus barbarus
(Algiers).

1844.

Pediculus spiculifer Gervais, Aptéres, Vol. 3, p.
302.

Hematopinus spiculifer Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
Daroze

Hematopinus spiculifer Piaget, Les Ped., p.
639.

Polyplax spiculifera Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.

Polyplax spiculifera Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 14.

176

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

15—Polyplax spiniger (Burmeister ). ‘From Arvicola amphib-
ius (Europe).

1839.
1842.
1864.
1874.
1880.
1904.
1908.
1909.

16—Polyplax

Pediculus spiniger Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn., No.
Ot os

Hematopinus spiniger Denny, Mon. Anopl., p.
27 3\pl. 24, £. 6.

Pediculus spiniger Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges. Naturw.,
Viol 23, 1p. 29:

Hematopimus spiniger Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, p.
S95 pl 2,

Hematopinus spiniger Piaget, Les Ped., pp.
637-638; pl. 52; £ 3.

Polyplax spinigera Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.

Polyplax spinigera Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 14.

Hematopinus (Polyplax) spiniger Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, p. 524, f. 24.

spinulosa (Burmeister). Type from Epimys

norvegicus (Europe). Also from Epimys rattus and EL.
rattus alexandrinus (Cosmopolitan) and Microtus califor-
nicus and Phenacomys longicaudus (California, U. S. A.).

1839.

1842.

Pediculus spinulosus Burmeister, Gen. Rhyn.,
No. 8.

Hematopinus spinulosus Denny, Mon. Anopl.,
p. 263 pl. 24, f) 5:

Pediculus denticulatus Nitzsch, Zeit. f. ges.
Naturw., Vol. 23, p. 24.

Hematopinus spinulosus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa,
pp. 98-395. pl. 1, i. 7.

Hematopinus spinulosus Piaget, Les Ped.,
pp. 636-637; pl. 52, f. 2.

Hematopinus spinulosus Osborn, Bul. 7, o. s.,
U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p22.
Hematopinus spinulosus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 18.

Polyplax spinulosa Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, p. 142.

Polyplax spinulosa Enderlein, Ibid., Vol. 29,
pp. 192-194.

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 9/4)

1908. Polyplax spinulosa Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 14.
1909. Hematopinus (Polyplax) spinulosus Neumann,
Arch. de Par.,. Vol. 13, p. 526, £. 26.
1910. Polyplax spinulosa Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol.
6, No. 13, p. 160.
1912. Polyplax spinulosa Fahrenholz, 2-3-4th Jahresb.
de Niedersach. Zool. Ver., pp. 30-37, f. 8-10;
IDL ay ions Ss
1915. Polyplax spinulosa Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl. and
Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 12-13; t. f. 1; pl.
opt: Maalibe ipl 6. £3 7:
17—Polyplax stephensi (Christophers & Newstead). From
Gerbillus indicus (India).
1906. Hematopinus stephensi Christophers & New-
stead, Rept. Thompson Yates Lab., Liverpool,
WO’ 76 or we ie
1909. Hematopinus (Polyplax) stephensi Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 525-526, £. 25.
1913. Hematopinus (Polyplar) stephensi Patton &
Cragg, Med. Ent., pp. 550-551; pl. 68, f. 4-6.
18—Polyplax villosa Galli-Valerio. From Microtus nivalis
(Europe).
1905. Polyplax villosa Galli-Valerio, Zool. Anz., Vol.
28, pp. 521-522.
1908. Polyplax villosa Dalla Torre, Gen Ins., Anopl.,
p. 14.
Note: Probably not a valid species.
19—Polyplax werneri (Glinkiewicz). From Pachyuromys
duprasi (Egypt).
1907. Eremophthirius werneri Glinkiewicz, Sitzb. d.
Kaiserl. Ak. d. Wissen. Wien. Math. Natur.
Klasse, Vol. 116, pp. 381-383.
1910. Hoplopleura ? werneri Mjéberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 164.

Genus Scipio Cummings

Cummings, Bul. Ent. Res., Vol. 3, p. 393 (1913) ; Ferris
Ann. Durban Mus., Vol. 2 (in press).

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH ‘Ser.

Antenne not differing in the sexes. Middle and posterior
legs subequal in size, large and with pointed claws. Anterior
legs small and slender with slender claw and, arising close be-
side it, a curved, claw-like process. Abdomen large and soft,
entirely without chitinized tergal and sternal plates except in
the male, where these plates may be present as very narrow,
transverse areas. Each segment witha single transverse row of
spines. Pleurites present. Gonapods very short. Spiracles
small. Male resembling female except for smaller size.

Recorded only from Octodontidz (Rodentia).

Type of the genus, Scipio aulacodi (Neumann).

1—Scipio aulacodi (Neumann). Type from Thryonomys
swinderianus (Africa). Also from Thryonomys sp. (Zulu-
land, South Africa).
1911. Hematopinus aulacodi Neumann, Arch. de
Par., Vol. 14, pp. 403-406, f. 5-7.
1913. Scipio aulacodi Cummings, Bul. Ent. Res., Vol.
3; p./393:
1916. Scipio aulacodi Ferris, Ann. Durban Mus., Vol.
2 (in press).
2—Scipio breviceps Ferris. From Thryonomys sp. (Zulu-
land, South Africa).
1916. Scipio breviceps Ferris, Ann. Durban Mus.,
Vol. 2 (in press).

Linognathine of Uncertain Position

1—Hematopinus (Polyplax) precisus Neumann. From

“eros Rats” (Abyssinia).
1901. Hematopinus precitus (typographical error for
precisus) Neumann, Arch. de Par., Vol. 5, pp.

600-601.

1902. Hematopinus precisus Neumann, Ibid., Vol. 6,
p. 144, fig.

1908. Polyplax ? precisus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 13.

1909. Hematopinus (Polyplax) precisus Neumann,
Arch. de Par., Vol. 13, pp. 523-524, f. 23.
Note: This seems to include the male of one species and
the female of another; it is probable that they belong to differ-
ent genera.

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 179

2—Hematopinus (Linognathus) squamulatus Neumann.
From unknown host (Dire-Daoua, Abyssinia).
1911. Hematopinus (Linognathus) squamulatus Neu-
mann, Arch. de Par, Vol. 14, pp. 401-403; f.
1-4.

Note: This is neither Hematopinus nor Linognathus; it
approaches Scipio in certain respects, but possibly represents an
undescribed genus.

3—Hemodipsus parvus Kellogg & Ferris. From Lagidium
peruanum (Peru, South America).
1915. Hemodipsus parvus Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl.
and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 30-32, t. f. 12;
pl. 2, f. 4; pl..4, f. 6.

Note: This may possibly belong to Eulinognathus. ‘The

species was described from immature specimens.

Subfamily Euhematopinine.

Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136, 138 (1904) ; Dalla
Torre, Gen. Ins. Anopl., p. 15 (1908).

Separated from the other subfamilies of the Hzematopin-
idee only because of the three-segmented antennz.

Genus Euhematopinus Osborn

Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 186
(1896) ; Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136, 140 (1904) ;
Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 16 (1908) ; Kellogg & Fer-
ris, Anopl. & Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 46-47 (1915).

Anterior and middle legs of nearly same size ; posterior legs
much larger and heavier, with broad, heavy claw, and with a
stalked, disk-shaped appendage on femur and tibia. No tergal
and sternal plates. Pleural plates present.

Type of the genus, Euhematopinus abnormis Osborn.

1—Euhematopinus abnormis Osborn. From Scalopus
aquaticus (Iowa, U. S. A.).
1896. Euhematopinus abnormis Osborn, Bul. 5, n. S.,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 187.
1908. Euhematopinus abnormis Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 16,

180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser,

1915. Euhematopinus abnormis Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 47-48;
tot 16; pl. 3,435 pl. o,f 459.

Genus Hematopinoides Osborn.

Osborn; (Bul.7, 0. s., U. S: Dept. Agr Div. Bat, p:)28
(1891); Bul. 5, n. s., p. 187 (1896) ; Enderlein, Zool, Anz.,
Vol. 28, pp. 136, 140 (1904) ; Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p.
15 (1908); Kellogg & Ferris, Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am.
Mam., p. 46 (1915).

Anterior and middle legs small, posterior legs much larger,
without stalked, disk-shaped appendages on femur and tibia.
Abdomen without chitinized tergal and sternal plates. Pleural
plates present.

Type of the genus, He@ematopinoides squamosus Osborn.

1—Hematopinoides squamosus Osborn, From Geomys bur-
sarius. (Iowa, U. S. A.).

1891. Hematopinoides squamosus Osborn, Bul. 7,
o. s., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 28, £. 16.

1896. Hematopinoides squamosus Osborn, Bul. 5,
n. s., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 187-188,
fa:

1908. Hematopinoides squamosus Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 15. ;

1915. Hematopinoides squamosus Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., pp. 46-47.

Family Echinophthirude

Echinophthirtide Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136,
137 (1904) ; Ibid., Vol. 29, p. 661 (1906); Deut. Siidpoiar
Exp., Vol. 10, pp. 505-506 (1909); Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 17 (1908).

Lepidophthiriide (in part) Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol. 6,
pt. 13; ps 17771910).

Antenne four- or five-segmented. Legs with a thumb-like
process opposing the claw, the anterior pair small with slen-
der claw, the other pairs extremely large with blunt, heavy
claws. Abdomen without pleural, tergal or sternal plates.

Vor. VI) FERRIS—ANOPLURA 181

Thorax and abdomen thickly beset with spines or with spines
and delicate scales. Occurring only on marine mammals.

Subfamily Echinophthiriine

Enderlein, Deut. Stidpolar Exp., Vol. 10, p. 506 (1909).
Antenne four-segmented. Abdomen thickly beset with
spines but without scales.

Genus Echinophthirius Giebel

Giebel, Zeitschrift f. ges. Naturw., Vol. 37, p. 177 (1871) ;
Piaget, Les Ped., p. 656 (1880); Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 17 (1908) ; Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, p. 137
(1904) ; Ibid., Vol. 29, p. 661 (1906) ; Deut. Siidpolar Exp.,
Vol. 10, p. 507 (1909).

Antennz four-segmented. Body without scales but thickly
beset with stout spines.

From Pinnipedia. Type of the genus Echinophthirius
phoce (Lucas).

1—Echinophthirius groenlandicus (Becker). From Phoca
groenlandica (Jan Mayen Island).
1886. Echinophthirius groenlandicus Becker, Oster-
reichische Polarforschung, Vol. 3, Ins. von Jan
Mayen, p. 60; pl. 5, f. 1-la.
1908. Echinophthirius groenlandicus Dalla Torre,
Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 17.
1909. Echinophthirius groenlandicus Enderlein, Deut.
Sudpolar Exp., Vol. 10, p. 507.
2—Echinophthirius phoce (Lucas). Type from (?) Phoca
vitulina (Europe). Also from P. groenlandica, P. varie-
gata (Atlantic Ocean), “harbor seals’’ (Aquarium, New
York City), and “see hunde”’ (Helgoland).
1834. Pediculus phoce Lucas, Mag. Zool. Ins., p. 121;
pl 2a ts lk
1842. Hematopinus setosus Denny, Mon. Anopl., p.
36.
1857. Hematopinus annulatus Schilling, Arch. f.
Naturgesc., Vol. 23, p. 281.

182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER

1874. Hematopinus setosus Giebel, Ins. Epizoa, pp.
42-43.

1880. Echinophthirius setosus Piaget, Les Ped., pp.
656-658; pl. 54—, f. 1.

1896. Echinophthirius setosus Osborn, Bul. 5, n. s.,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 188.

1904. Echinophthirius phoce Enderlein, Zool. Anz.,
Vol. 28, p. 136.

1908. Echinophthirius phoce Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 17.

1909, Echinophthirius phoce Enderlein, Deut. Sid-
polar Exp., Vol. 10, p. 507.

1910. Echinophthirius phoce Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13, p. 176.

1913. Echinophihirius phoce Evans, Proc. Roy. Phys.
Soc., Edinburgh, Vol. 19, p. 95, fig.

3—Echinophthirius sericeus Meinert. From Phoca sp.
(Greenland).

1896. Echinophthirius sericeus Meinert, Vedenska-
belige Meddelelser, p. 177.

1908. Echinophthirius sericeus Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 18.

Subfamily Antarctophthirine

Enderlein, Deut. Siidpolar Exp., Vol. 10, p. 506 (1909).
Antenne four- or five-segmented. Thorax and abdomen
beset with many stout spines and with delicate scales.

Genus Antarctophthirus Enderlein

Antarctophthirus Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 29, p. 661
(1906) ; Deut. Siidpolar Exp., Vol. 10, p. 506 (1909) ; Dalla
Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 17 (1908); Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 48.(1915).

Arctophthirus (in part) Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool., Vol. 6, pt.
13, p. 178-179 (1910).

Antenne five-segmented. Anterior legs and claws much
smaller than the others, which are extraordinarily large and
stout. No sternal plate. No pleural plates. Abdomen and

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 183

thorax beset with a great number of short stout spines and with
extremely delicate scales. Spiracles small.

From various marine Mammals.

Type of the genus, Antarctophthirus ogmorhini Enderlein.

1—Antarctophtlirus lobodontis Enderlein. From Lobodon
carcinophagus. (Booth Wandel Is).

1909. Antarctophthirus lobodontis Enderlein, Deut.
Stidpolar Exp., Vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 476.
Antarctophthirus michrochir (Trouessart & Neumann).
From Phocarctos hookeri (Auckland Island). Also from
Zalophus californianus (California), (unpublished rec-

ord). .
1888. Echinophthirius michrochir Trouessart & Neu-
mann, Le Naturaliste, Vol. 10, p. 80.

1908. Echinophthirius michrochir Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 17.

1909. Antarctophthirus michrochir Enderlein, Deut.
Stidpolar Exp., Vol. 10, pp. 511-512; f. 176,
177, 183, 184.

3—Antarctophthirus monachus Kellogg & Ferris. From
“seal.” Locality unknown.

1915. Antarctophthirus monachus Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am, Mam., pp. 49-51;
te fel Zales plersa tas

4—Antarctophthirus ogmorhini Enderlein. From Ogmo-
rhinus leptonyx. (Victoria Land).

1902. Echinopththirius setosus Rothschild, Rept. Sou.
Cross Exp., p. 224.

1906. Antarctophthirus ogmorhini Enderlein, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 29, p. 662, f. 1-2.

1907. Antarctophthirus ogmorhini (in part) Neu-
mann, Exp. Antare. Franc. Arth., p. 13.

1908. Antarctophthirus ogmorhini Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl.. p. 17.

1909. Antarctophthirus ogmorhini Enderlein, Deut.
Sudpolar Exp., Vol. 10, pp. 509-510, f. 174,
17S Sie Se:

5—Antarctophthirus trichechi (Boheman). Type from Odo-
benus rosmarus (Europe). Also from Odobenus obesus
(Pacific Ocean).

2

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

1866. Hematopinus trichechi Boheman, Oefversigt af
Kk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Foérhandlingar, Vol. 22, p.
D775 plaso, ae.

1880. Hematopinus trichechi Piaget, Les Ped., p. 656.

1908. Hematopinus trichechi Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins.,
Anopl., p. 11.

1909. Antarctophthirus trichechi Neumann, Arch. de
Par., Vol. 13, pp. 532-537, £.30-31.

1909. Antarctophthirus trichechi Enderlein, Deut.
Siidpolar Exp., Vol. 10, pp. 502, 512-513; pl.
55-56.

1910. Arctophthirus trichechi Mjoberg, Ark. f. Zool.,
Vol. 6, pt. 13, pp. 178-180, f. 89-92.

1915. Antarctophthirus trichechi Kellogg & Ferris,
Anopl. and Mall. of N. Am. Mam., p. 49, t. f.
L7bsspl. Sous

Genus Lepidophtiirus Enderlein

Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 43, 137 (1904) ; Ibid.,
Vol. 29, p. 661 (1905); Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 18
(1908) ; Enderlein, Deut. Siidpolar Exp., Vol. 10, pp. 513-
514 (1909).

Antenne four-segmented. Spiracles present on both meso-
and metathorax and on second to eighth abdominal segments.
Anterior legs small, others very large. Thorax and abdomen
beset with delicate scales and with many spines.

Type of the genus Lepidophthirus macrorhini Enderlein.

1—Lepidophthirus macrorhini Enderlein. From Macrorhin-
us leoninus (Kerguelen Island).
1904. Lepidophthirus macrorhini Enderlein, Zool.
Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 46-47, f. 1-5.
1908. Lepidophthirus macrorhini Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 18.
1909. Lepidophthirus macrorhini Enderlein, Deut.
Siidpolar Exp., Vol. 10, pp. 515-516, f. 178-
180; it. i. OOF OO;

Family Hematomyzide

Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, pp. 136, 137 (1904) ; Dalla
Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 19 (1908).

Vor. VII FERRIS—ANOPLURA 185

Head much produced anteriorly with the mouth opening
at the apex. Antennz five-segmented. Legs long and slen-
_der, of nearly equal size, without a thumb-like process opposing
the claw.

Genus Hematoniyzus Piaget

Hematomyzus Piaget, Tijds. v. Ent., Vol. 12, p. 254
(1869) ; Giinther, Science Gossip, p. 278 (1871); Piaget, Les
Ped., p. 658 (1880); Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, p. 137
(1904) ; Dalla Torre, Gen. Ins., Anopl., p. 19 (1908).

Idolocoris Walker & Richter, Science Gossip, pp. 131,
FALLS AnevAly)s

Phantasmocoris White, Science Gossip, pp. 234, 278
(1871).

Head tubularly produced anteriorly, with the mouth open-
ing at the apex. Antennz five-segmented. Legs long and
slender, without a thumb-like process opposing the claw.

Type of the genus, Hematoniwzus elephantis Piaget.

1—Hematomyzus elephantis Piaget. From African elephant.
1869. Hematomyzus clephantis Piaget, Tijds. v. Ent.,
Vol. 4, ser. 2, p. 254; pl. 2, f. 1-14.
1871. Idolocoris elephantis Richter, Science Gossip,
prlsZei 7.
1871. Hematomyzus elephantis Newman, The Ento-
mologist, Vol. 6, pp. 465-470, fig.
1880. Hematomysus proboscideus Piaget, Les Ped.,
pp. 658-660; pl. 54, f. 2.
1908. Hematomyzus elephantis Dalla Torre, Gen.
Ins., Anopl., p. 19.
1910. Hematomyzus proboscideus Mjoberg, Ark. f.
Zool., Vol. 6, pt. 13, pp. 181-183, f. 93.
Hematomyszus elephantis var. sumatranus Fahrenholz.
From Elephas indicus (Sumatra).
1910. Hematomyzus elephantis var. sumatranus Fah-
renholz, Zool. Anz., Vol. 35, p. 714.
1910. Hematomyzus elephantis var. sumatranus Fah-
renholz, Jahresb. d. Niedersach. Zool. Ver., Vol.

58-59, Abt. D, p. 67.

la

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER

HOST LIST OF THE ANOPLURA

The arrangement of the orders is that adopted by Osborn
in “The Age of Mammals’? (1914). In each case the first-
name given is the correct name, as nearly as it has been pos-
sible to establish it. The names in parentheses are synonyms
that have been used in connection with discussions of the Ano-
plura.

Order INSECTIVORA
Family TALPIDz&

Scalopus aquaticus machrinus? (Scalops argentatus).
Euhzmatopinus abnormis Osborn (Ames, Iowa, U. S. A.).

Family Soricipz

Sorex araneus (Sorex vulgaris).
Polyplax reclinatus (Burm.) (Europe).
?Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burm.) (Europe).

Order CARNIVORA
Suborder FISSIPEDIA
Family CANID#

Canis familiaris (Domestic dog).
Linognathus piliferus (Burm.) (Cosmopolitan).

Family MuSTELIDz
“Perret...
Linognathus piliferus (Burm.) (England).

Suborder PINNIPEDIA
Family OpoB#NIDA

Odobzenus rosmarus (Trichechus rosmarus, Walrus).
Antarctophthirus trichechi (Boh.) (North Atlantic).
Odobzenus obesus (Pacific Walrus).
Antarctophthirus trichechi (Boh.) (North Pacific).

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 187

Family PHocipz

Phoca groenlandica.

Echinophthirius groenlandica (Becker) (Jan Mayen Isl-

and).

Phoca variegata.

Echinophthirius phoce (Lucas) (Europe).
Phoca vitulina.

Echinophthirius phocee (Lucas) (Europe).
Phoca sp.

Echinophthirius sericeus Meinert (Greenland).
Macrorhinus leoninus.

Lepidophthirus macrorhini End. (Victorialand).
Lobodon carcinophaga.

Antarctophthirus lobodontis End. (Booth Wandel Is.).
Ogmorhinus leptonyx.

Antarctophthirus ogmorhini End. (Kerguelen Is.).

Family OTartDz
Phocarctos hookeri.
Antarctophthirus microchir (Troues. & Newm.) (Auckland
Is.).
Zalophus californianus.
Antarctophthirus microchir (Troues. & Neum.) (Califor-
nia).
Of Uncertain Position
“Harbor Seal.”
Echinophthirius phoce (Lucas) (Aquarium, New York
City).
Hoedlae
Antarctophthirus monachus Kellogg & Ferris (Locality
unknown).
“Seehunde.”’
Echinophthirius phocee (Lucas) (Helgoland).

Order RODENTIA

Suborder DupLicipENTATA

Family Leporipa
Lepus californicus.
Hemodipsus ventricosus (Denny) (California, U. S. A.).

188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Lepus californicus deserticola.
Hemodipsus ventricosus (Denny) (Ehrenberg, Arizona,
Us SHAS):
Lepus campestris (Prairie Hare).
Hzemodipsus ventricosus (Denny) (Ames, Iowa, U. S.
ENG))c
Lepus europaeus occidentalis (Lepus europaeus ).
Heemodipsus lyriocephalus (Burm.) (Tyninghame, Scot-
land). :
Lepus timidus.
Hemodipsus ventricosus (Denny) (Europe).
Hemodipsus lyriocephalus (Burm.) (Europe).
Oryctolagus cuniculus (Kaninchen, Lepus cuniculus).
Hzmodipsus ventricosus (Denny) (Europe).
“Domestic rabbit.”
Hemodipsus ventricosus (Denny) (Europe, North Amer-
ica).

Suborder SIMPLICIDENTATA
Family ScruriDa
Subfamily ARCTOMYIN

Ammospermophilus nelsoni.

Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Bakersfield, Califor-

nia; UL Se7A.)-
Callospermophilus chrysodeirus.

Enderleinellus suturalis var. occidentalis K. & F. (South
Yolla Bolly Mt. and Yosemite Valley, California,
USA):

Citellus barrowensis ? (Spermophilus sp.).

Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Pt. Barrow, Alas-
ka).

Citellus beecheyi beecheyi (Citellus beecheyi douglasi).

Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Palo Alto, Califor-
nia, Ua S3Ag):

Enderleinellus osborni K. & F. (Palo Alto, California, U.
SUAS): x

Citellus beldingi.

Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Yosemite Nat. Park,
California; US. A.).

Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (California, U.S. A.).

Vor. VI) FERRIS—ANOPLURA 189

Citellus columbianus (Spermophilus columbianus).
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Pullman, Washing-
Oa, USGSe Va) ec
Citellus douglasi (Citellus beecheyi douglasi).
Enderleinellus osborni K. & F. (Cazadero, California, U.
SiAw)e
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Cazadero, California,
(WarSAw)s
Citellus eversmanni (Spermophilus eversmanni).
Linognathoides leeviusculus (Grube) (Jakutsk, Siberia;
Pitlekaj ).
Citellus franklini (Spermophilus franklini).
Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Ames, Iowa, U.S. A.).
Citellus grammurus.
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Santa Catalina Mts.,
Arizona, U.S. A.)
Citellus leptodactylus.
Linognathoides citelli Cum. (Transcaspia).
Citellus mexicanus ?
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Guanajuato, Mex-
ico).
Citellus mollis.
Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Virginia Valley, Ne-
vada Un SAAR)
Citellus oregonus.
Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Pine Forest Mts., Ne-
vada, U. S. A.).
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn).
Citellus plesius ablusus.
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Prince William
Sound, Alaska).
Citellus townsendi.
Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Wallula, Washington,
Wi Sau):
Citellus tridecemlineatus (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus ).
Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Ames, Iowa, U. S. A.).
Citellus sp. ? (“Rock Squirrel”).
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Boulder, Colorado,
Wie Saat)

190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Citellus sp. ? (“Western Gray Squirrel’).
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Ft. Collins, Colo-
rado, U. S. A.).
Cynomys gunnisoni.
Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Florissant, Colorado,
USWA:
Cynomys leucurus.
Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Routt County, Colora-
doUHS.A3).
Marmota flaviventer sierre.
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (California, U. S.
Xe)
Marmota flaviventer ssp. ?
Linognathoides montanus (Osborn) (Burns, Oregon, U.
SAD
Marmota pruinosa.
Linognathoides sp. (North America).
Xerospermophilus tereticaudus.
Enderleinellus suturalis (Osborn) (Imperial County, Cal-
fornia, Ul S. A.).

Subfamily Scrurinz

Sciurus arizonensis huachuca.
Enderleinellus longiceps K. & F. (Huachuca Mts., Ari-
ZOtiae Uae Ne).
Sciurus douglasi albolimbatus.
Enderleinellus sphzrocephalus (Nitzsch) (Yosemite Nat.
Park, California, U. S. A.).
Hoplopleura arboricola K. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park, Cal-
ifornia, Us S2,A.).
Neohzmatopinus antennatus var. semifasciatus Ferris (Yo-
semite Nat. Park, California, U. S. A.).
Sciurus douglasi mollipilosus.
Hoplopleura arboricola K. & F. (Cazadero, California, U.
Seaaye
Neohzmatopinus antennatus var. semifasciatus Ferris

(Cazadero, California, U. S. A.).

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 191

Sciurus griseus griseus.
Enderleinellus kelloggi Ferris (Mariposa County, Califor-
mia Wks Sen) |.
Hoplopleura arboricola K. & I’. (Mariposa County, Cali-
fornia USA).
Neohzematopinus antennatus (Osborn) (Mariposa County,
California, U. S. A.).
Sciurus griseus nigripes.
Enderleinellus kelloggi Ferris (Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, U.S. A.).
Hoplopleura arboricola K. & F. (Stanford University, Cal-
ifornia, U.S. A.).
Sciurus hudsonicus petulans.
Enderleinellus sphzrocephalus (Burm.) (Glacier Bay,
Alaska).
Sciurus hudsonicus vancouverensis.
Enderleinellus sphzrocephaius (Burm.) (Kuiu Island,
Alaska).
Sciurus niger rufiventer (Sciurus cinereus ludovicianus).
Enderleinellus longiceps K. & F. (De Kalb County, Indi-
ana, U. S. A.).
Neohzematopinus antennatus (Osborn) (Ames, Iowa, U.
SAE
Sciurus palmarum.
Hoplopleura maniculata (Neum.) (Rajkote, India).
Neohzmatopinus echinatus (Neum.) (Rajkote, India).
Sciurus vulgaris.
Enderleinellus sphzerocephalus (Burm.) (Europe).
Sciurus niger ? (Sciurus vulpinus).
Neohematopinus sciurinus (Mjéberg) (Zool. Mus. Ham-
burg).
Sciurus niger rufiventer or S. carolinensis carolinensis (‘“West-
ern Gray Squirrel”).
Enderleinellus longiceps K. & F. (Lincoln, Nebraska, U.
SiAM)e
Tamias striatus.
Hoplopleura arboricola K. & F. (Ames, Iowa, U. S. A.).
Hoplopleura erratica (Osborn) (—H. arboricola K. &
Boe) dowa, WS: As).

192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY-OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Eutamias alpinus.

Neohematopinus pacificus K. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park,
California, U. S. A.).

Hoplopleura arboricola Kk. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park, Cal-
ifornia, U. S. A.).

Eutamias hindsi.

Neohematopinus pacificus K. & F. (Marin County, Cali-

fornia, WS: A.)
Eutamias merriami pricei

Hoplopleura arboricola K. & FT (Stanford University, Cal-

iformia, UW. S.A..).
Eutamias speciosus frater.

Hoplopleura arboricola Kk. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park, Cal-
Wonnia. Wes: A.)

Neohzematopinus pacificus Kk. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park,
California, U. S. A.).

Eutamias sonome.

Neohzematopinus pacificus K. & F. (Cazadero, Sonoma
County, and Sanhedrin Mt., Mendocino County, Cali-
forniagiUas. A...

Hoplopleura arboricola K. & F. (Cazadero, Sonoma Coun-
ty, and Sanhedrin Mt., Mendocino County, California,
WESTIN):

Eutamias townsendi ochrogenys.

Hoplopleura arboricola K. & F. (Freestone and Cazadero,
Sonoma County, California, U. S. A.).

Neohzmatopinus pacificus K. & F. (Freestone and Caza-
dero, Sonoma County, California, U. S. A.).

Heliosciurus palliatus.

Neohzmatopinus heliosciuri Cumm. (Uchweni Forest,

Witu, British East Africa).

Subfamily NERIN 2
Xerus getulus.
Linognathoides pectinifer (Neum.) (Northern Africa).

Family PETAURISTID&

Glaucomys sabrinus ssp. (Sciuropterus sp.)
Hoplopleura trispinosa Kk. & F. (Eureka, California, and
Brownsville, Oregon, U. S. A.).

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 193

Glaucomys sabrinus lascivus.
Enderleinellus uncinatus Ferris (Yosemite Nat. Park, Cal-
TOs Wess es.)
Hoplopleura trispinosa K. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park, Cal-
fornia, Uy St A.)
Neohzmatopinus sciuropteri (Osborn) (Yosemite Nat.
Park, (Calitornia, Uy S: As).
Glaucomys volans (Sciuropterus volucella, Pteromys volucella)
Hoplopleura trispinosa K. & F. (Kensington, Maryland,
WetSs A)
Hoplopleura erratica (Osborn) (= H. trispinosa k. & F.?)
(lowa, U. S. A.).
Neohzematopinus sciuropter1 (Osborn) (Iowa, U. S. A.).

Family HetTERoMyIDA&

Dipodomys deserti.
Fahrenholzia pinnata Kk. & F. (Mecca, Riverside County,
California, U. S. A.).
Dipodomys californicus. 5;
Fahrenholzia pinnata K. & F. (Covelo, California, U. S.
PNG)
Dipodomys merriami.
Fahrenholzia pinnata K. & F. (Inyo County, California,
Wi SANE
Microdipodops polionotus.
Fahrenholzia pinnata Kk. & F. (Benton, Mono County, Cal-
ifornia, U. S. A.).
Perognathus californicus.
Fahrenholzia tribulosa Ferris (Mariposa County, Califor-
Miah See)
Perognathus formosus.
Fahrenholzia tribulosa Ferris @uarorville, California, U.
SHAG)»
Perognathus parvus olivaceus.
Fahrenholzia pinnata K. & F. (Pine Forest Mts., Nevada,
WEE See):
Perodipus sp.
Fahrenholzia pinnata K. & F. (Coulterville, Mariposa
County, California, U. S. A.)

\

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Family GEoMYIDz
Geomys bursarius.

Hzmatopinoides squamosus Osborn (Ames, Iowa, U. S.
AS)

Family MuUSCARDINID

Dryomys nitedula (Myoxus nitella).
Polyplax pleurophea (Burm.) (Europe).

Family Murip2

Subfamily Murinz
Cricetulus phzeus.
Linognathoides citelli Cumm. (Transcaspia).
Nore: Cricetulus is probably not the normal host of
this species.
Mus musculus.
Polyplax serrata (Burm.) (Europe).
Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burm.) (Europe).
. Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn) (California, U. S.
A.)
Mus chrysophilus.
Polyplax gracilis Fahr. (Mfongosi, Zululand, South Af-
rica).
Mus coucha.
Hoplopleura intermedia K. & F. (Mfongosi, Zululand,
South Africa).
Mus barbarus.
Polyplax ? spiculifera (Gerv.) (Algiers).
Apodemus agrarius (Mus agrarius).
Polyplax affinis (Burm.) (Europe).
Apodenius sylvaticus (Mus sylvaticus).
Polyplax affinis (Burm.) (Iurope).
Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.) (Europe).
Micromys minutus (Mus minutus).
Hoplopleura longula (Neum.).
Polyplax gracilis Fahr. (Europe).
Epimys norvegicus (Mus norvegicus, Mus decumanus, Wan-
derratte).
Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.) (Cosmopolitan).

Vor. VII FERRIS—ANOPLURA 195

Epimys rattus (Mus rattus).
Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.) (Cosmopolitan).
Hoplopleura bidentata (Neum.) (Lake Torrens, Austra-
lia).
Epimys rattus alexandrinus (Mus alexandrinus).
Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.).
Epimys surifer.
Polyplax pectinata Cumm. (Biserat, Jalor, Malay Penin-
sula).
Acomys caharinus.
Polyplax brachyrrhynchus Cumm. (Assiut, Egypt).
Polyplax oxyrrhynchus Cumm. (Assiut, Egypt).
Arvicanthis dorsalis.
Hoplopleura enormis Kk. & F. (Mfongosi, Zadeland South
Africa).
Dasymys incomtus Ferris.
Polyplax cummingsi Ferris (Mfongosi, Zululand, South
Africa).
Saccostomus campestris.
Polyplax jonesi K. & F. (Mfongosi, Zululand, South Af-
rica).

Subfamily GERBILLIN
Gerbillus indicus.
Polyplax stephensi (Christ. & News.) (India).
Meriones sp.
Polyplax ? clavicornis (Nitzsch) (Abyssinia).
Pachyuromys duprasi.
Polyplax werneri (Glink.) (Natrontal, Egypt).

Subfamily OromyIn &

Otomys brantsi luteolus.
Polyplax otomydis Cumm. (South African Museum, Cape
Town).
Otomys irroratus.
Polyplax otomydis Cumm. (Mfongosi, Zululand, South
Africa).
Otomys irroratus tropicalis.
Polyplax otomydis Cumm. (Mt. Kenya, British East Af-
rica).

196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Subfamily Microrin&

Arvicola amphibius (Paludicola amphibius).
Polyplax spiniger (Burm.) (Europe).
Dicrostonyx torquatus (Lemmus torquatus).
Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burm.) (Pitlekaj).
Lemmus obensis.
Hoplopleura hispida (Grube) (Jakutsk, Siberia).
Microtus agrestis.
Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burtn.) (Europe).
Microtus arvalis.
Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burm.) (Europe).
Microtus californicus.
Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.).
Hoplopleura acanthopus var. americanus K. & F.
Microtus mordax.
Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.) (Tuolumne Meadows, Cali-
fornia, (U.S: A. )).
Microtus nivalis.
Polyplax villosa Galli-Valerio (Switzerland).
Microtus (Lagurus) intermedius.
Hoplopleura acanthopus var. americanus K. & F.
Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.) (Pine Forest Mts., Nevada,
WES AS)
Microtus pennsylvanicus (Arvicola pennsylvanica).
Hoplopleura erratica (Osborn).
Microtus sp. (Arvicola sp.).
Hoplopleura acanthopus var. americanus K. & F. (Ames,
Iowa, U. S. A.).
Phenacomys longicaudus (Phenacomys sp. ).
Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.) (Mendocino City, California,
US SAS):

Subfaniuly CricETINz

Holochilus squamipes. (This is possibly Nectomys apicalis).
Hoplopleura quadridentata (Neum.) (Peru, South Amer-
ica).
Neotoma cinerea cinerea.
Linognathoides inornatus kK. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park,
California, U. S. A.).

Vor. VI) FERRIS—ANOPLURA 197

Neotoma cinerea occidentalis.
Linognathoides inornatus K. & F. (South Yolla Bolly Mt.,
Tehama County, California, U. S. A.).
Neotoma fuscipes streatori.
?Linognathoides inornatus K. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park,
Calitormay UALS. Ae):
Nesoryzomys indefessus.
Hoplopleura quadridentata (Neum.) (Galapagos Is.).
Nesoryzomys narboroughi.
Hoplopleura quadridentata (Neum.) (Galapagos Is.).
Peromyscus boylei.
Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn) (Lakeport, Lake
County, California, U. S. A.).
Peromyscus maniculatus rubidus. -
Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn).
Polyplax auricularis K. & F. (Marin County, California,
WESs-AN:
Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli.
Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn).
Polyplax auricularis K. & F. (Yosemite Nat. Park, Cali-
fornia Ue SaeAs le
Peromyscus sitchensis prevostensis.
Polyplax auricularis K. & F. (Forrester Is., Alaska).
Onychomys leucogaster arcticeps.
Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn) (Colorado Springs,
Colorado; Ui; S;-A.).
Polyplax auricularis K. & F. (Colorado Springs, Colorado,
WSe ASE
Onychomys torridus pulcher.
Hoplopleura hesperomydis (Osborn) (Victorville, Califor-
Nias We SAM)
Polyplax auricularis K. & F. (Victorville, California, U.
Shave) e
Sigmodon hispidus.
Hoplopleura hirsuta Ferris (Raleigh, North Carolina, U.
S@A)E
Sigmodon hispidus texianus.
Hoplopleura hirsuta Ferris (Lakeport, Texas, U.S. A.).
Sigmodon hispidus eremicus.
Hoplopleura hispidus Ferris (Sacaton, Arizona, U.S. A.).

198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Muridz of Uncertain Position

“Finer kleinen ratte mit sehr dicken, stachelartigen Haaren.”
Polyplax miacantha Speiser (Salomona, Abyssinia).
“Gros Rats.”
Polyplax ? precisa Neumann (Abyssinia). |

Family Dieop1p
Dipus sp.
Eulinognathus aculeatus (Neum.) (Tunis).

Family PEDETID
Pedetes caffer.
Eulinognathus denticulatus Cumm. (South Africa).

Family OcroDoNTIDz

Thryonomys swinderianus (Aulacodus swinderianus ).
Scipio aulacodi (Neum.) (Dahomey; Luangwa Valley,
Northeastern Rhodesia, Africa).
Thryonomys sp.
Scipio aulacodi (Neum.) (Mfongosi, Zululand, South Af-
rica).
Scipio breviceps Ferris (Mfongosi, Zululand, South Af-
rica).

Family CHINCHILLIDA

Lagidium peruanum.
Hemodipsus ? parvus Kellogg & Ferris (Peru, South
America).

Order TUBULIDENTATA

Family ORyCTEROPODID

Orycteropus afer.
Hobophthirus notophallus (Neum.) (South Africa). /

Vor. VI) FERRIS—ANOPLURA 199

Order PRIMATES
Family LastopyGip 2

Lasiopyga mona (Cercopithecus mona).
Pedicinus breviceps Piaget.
Pithecus albibarbatus (Macacus silenus).
Pedicinus breviceps Piaget (Zool. Mus. Hamburg).
Pedicinus paralleliceps Mjoberg (Zool. Mus. Hamburg).
Pithecus brevicaudus or P. rhesus (Macacus erythrzeus).
Phthirpedicinus piageti (Stroebelt).
‘Pithecus nemestrinus (Inuus nemestrinus).
Pedicinus eurygaster Gerv.
Pithecus rhesus (Macacus rhesus).
Pedicinus rhesi Fahr.
Phthirpedicinus micropilosus Fahr.
Pithecus sinicus (Inuus sinicus).
Phthirpedicinus microps (Nitzsch).
Pithecus irus (Cercopithecus cynomolgus).
Pedicinus longiceps Piaget.
Pithecus fascicularis (Macacus cynomolgus).
Pedicinus eurygaster Burm.
Pygathrix cristata (Semnopithecus prunosus).
Pedicinus longiceps Piaget.
Pygathrix aurata (Trachypithecus maurus).
Heematopinus (Pedicinus or Phthirpedicinus) ? obtusus
Rudow.
Simia sylvanus (Inuus sylvanus).
Hematopinus (Pedicinus or Phthirpedicinus) ? albidus
Rudow.

Family CeBip

Ateleus ater (Ateles ater).
Pediculus capitis De Geer.
Ateleus paniscus (Ateles pentadactylus).
Pediculus consobrinus Piaget.
Cebus fatuellus.
Pediculus capitis (De Geer) (Rio de Janeiro, South Amer-
ica).
Cebus sp.
Pediculus capitis (De Geer).

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser,

Ateleus pan (Ateles rellerosus).
Pediculus lobatus Fahr. (Berlin Mus.).

Family HyLopatip&

Hylobates concolor (Hylobates muller1).
Pediculus oblongus Fahr.

Symphalangus syndactylus (Hylobates syndactylus).
Pediculus oblongus Fahr.

Family PoNnGcipz

Pan sp. (Simia troglodytes).
Pediculus schaffi Fahr.

Family Hominiwz
Homo sapiens.
Pediculus capitis De Geer.
Pediculus corporis De Geer.
Phthirus pubis Linnzeus.

Primates of Uncertain Position

Cercopithecus sp.
Pedicinus breviceps Piaget (Zool. Mus. Hamburg).
Ateles ape?
Pediculus mjobergi K. & F. (Traveling menagerie, Eu-
rope).
Hamadryas sp. (perhaps a Papio).
Pedicinus hamadryas.
Host entirely unknown but undoubtedly a Primate.
Pedicinus ? graciliceps Piaget.

Order ARTIODACTYLA
Family Suipz

Phachochoerus zethiopicus.

Heematopinus phachochoeri End. (Nyasa Land, Africa).
Phachochoerus oeliani massaicus.

Hematopinus phachochoeri End. (Africa).

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 201

Phachochoerus sp.

Heematopinus phachochoeri End. (Africa).
Potomochoerus affinis nyasz.

Heematopinus phachochoeri I:nd. (Gerinan East Africa).
Potomachoerus africanus.

Hematopinus phachochoeri End. (Africa).
Potomachoerus choerapotamus.

Hematopinus phachochoeri End. (Zululand, South Af-

rica).

Sus scrofa domestica.

Heematopinus suis L. (Cosmopolitan).
Sus vittatus.

Heematopinus suis adventicius Neum. (East Indies).

Family CAMELIDA
Auchenia huanaca (Llama).
Linognathus prelongiceps (Neum.) (South America).
Camelus dromedarius.
Heematopinus tuberculatus (Burm.) (Australia, imported
from India).
Camelus bactrianus.
Heematopinus tuberculatus ( Burm.)
African camels.
Heematopinus tuberculatus (Burm.) (Cairo, Egypt).

Family GrraAFFID2&
Camelopardalis giraffa.
Linognathus brevicornis (Giebel) (Africa).

Family CERvIpz

Cervus elaphus.

Cervophthirius crassicornis (Nitzsch) (Europe).
Cervus unicolor.

Hematopinus longus Neum. (Nepaul, India).
Odocoileus columbianus.

Cervophthirius crassicornis (Nitzsch) (Laytonville, Cali-

fornia, U. S. A.).

Rangifer tarandus.

Cervophthirius tarandi Mjob. (Sweden).
Cearrus-Hirsch.

? Linognathus breviceps (Piaget) (Guatemala).

202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Family Bovina
Subfamily CEPHALOPHIN &

Cephalophus maxwelli.
Linognathus breviceps (Piaget).
Cephalophus natalensis.
Linognathus angulatus (Piaget) (Mfongosi, Zululand, S.
Africa).
Cephalophus nigrifrons.
Linognathus angulatus (Piaget).
Cephalophus sp.
Linognathus angulatus (Piaget) (Zool. Mus. Hamburg).

Subfamily CERVICAPRIN

Cervicapra arundinum.
Linognathus fahrenholzi Paine (Nyassa Land, Africa).
Cervicapra fulvorufula.
Linognathus fahrenholzi Paine (Mfongosi, Zululand,
South Africa).

Subfamily ANTILOPIN&

Antilope cervicapra.
Linognathus tibialis var. cervicaprae (Lucas).
Antilope euchore.
Linognathus tibialis var. euchore Wat. (South African Mu-
seum, Cape Town).
Antilope maori.
Linognathus tibialis (Piaget) (Zoological Garden, Rotter-
dam).
Antilope rupicapre.
Linognathus stenopsis (Burm.).
Antilope sp.
Linognathus tibialis var. antennatus (Piaget).
Gazella subgutturosa (Antilope subgutturosa).
Linognathus tibialis var. appendiculatus (Piaget) (Zoologi-
cal Garden, Rotterdam).
Gazelle.
Linognathus gazella Mjoberg (Zool. Mus. Hamburg).

Vor. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 203

Subfamily TRAGELAPHIN ©

Taurotragus oryx.
Heematopinus taurotragi Cumm. (Menagerie in England).
Limnotragus gratus.
Linognathus limnotragi Cumm. (Zool. Garden, London,
from Congo).

Subfamily RUPICAPRIN®

Rupicapra rupicapra (Gemse).
Linognathus rupicapre (Rudow) (Europe).

Subfamily CAPRIN za
Capra ibex.
Linognathus forficulus (Rudow) (Europe).
Capra egyptica (Name does not appear in any lists, is possibly
C. egagrus).
Linognathus stenopsis (Burm.).
Capra hircus.
Linognathus stenopsis (Burm.).
“Mexican Goat.”
Linognathus stenopsis (Burm.) (San Diego, California,
We Sean):
Ovis aries.
Linognathus ovillus (Neum.) (Scotland and New Zea-
land).
Linognathus pedalis (Osborn) (Minnesota, Iowa, Nevada,
WASeA5):.
Sheep.
Linognathus stenopsis (Burm.) (Abeokuta, Southern Ni-
geria, Africa).

Subfamily Bovin
Bos taurus.
Heematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch) (Cosmopolitan).
Linognathus vituli (L.) (Cosmopolitan).
Bos grunniens.
Heematopinus punctatus Rudow.

204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser.

Bos caffer (Buffelus caffer).
Heematopinus bufali (De Geer) (Africa).
Bison bison.
Heematopinus tuberculatus (Burm.) (North America).
“Common Buffalo.”
Heematopinus tuberculatus (Burm.) (Vienna).
“Buffalo of India, Tonkin, Sumatra and Rumania.”
Hematopinus tuberculatus (Burm.).

Order PERISSODACTYLA

Equus caballus (Domestic horse).
Heematopinus asini (L.) (Cosmopoiitan).
Equus asinus (Ass).
Heematopinus asini (L.).
Equus burchelli.
Hematopinus asini (L.) (South Africa).

Order PROBOSCIDEA

Family ELEPHANTID
Elephas indicus.
Hematomyzus elephantis var. sumatranus Fahr. (Su-
matra).
Loxodonta africana (Elephas africanus).
Hzmatomyzus elephantis Piaget.

Order HYRACOIDEA
Family ProcavuD£

Procavia capensis (Hyrax capensis).

Linognathus cavie-capensis (Pallas), (South Africa).
Procavia syriaca (Hyrax syriacus).

Linognathus leptocephalus (Ehrenb.) (Syria).

Host Unknown

Hematopinus (Linognathus) ? squamulatus Neum. (Diri-
Daoua, Abyssinia).

Vox. VI] FERRIS—ANOPLURA 205

APPENDIX

Since the preceding pages were sent to press the author has
received from Mr. Bruce Cummings, of the British Museum,
and Mr. James Waterston, of the Imperial Bureau of Ento-
mology, certain notes which are here appended. To both these
gentlemen thanks are due.

The addition of these notes makes the Catalogue complete
to April 1, 1916.

Linognathus microcephalus (Garnett). From domestic
sheep (New Zealand).
Note: “This is in my opinion the same as Linognathus
pedalis (Osb.)” (Waterston).
1915. Hematopinus microcephalus Garnett, Jour.
Comp. Pathology and Therapeutics, pp. 2-3, 3
figs.
Linognathus pithodes Cummings. From Antilope cervicapra
(Zool. Garden, London).
1916. Linognathus pithodes Cummings, Proc. Zool.
Soc., London (March, 1916).
Hoplopleura pectinata (Cummings).
Note: “Polyplax pectinata Cum., is a Hoplopleura”
(Cummings).
Echinophthirius horridus (Olfers).
1816. Pediculus horridus Olfers, De Vegatativis et
Animalis.
Note: “Echinophthirius phoce Lucas, equals E. hor-
ridus (Olfers)”” (Cummings).
Hoplopleura bidentata (Neum.). From Hydromys chryso-
gaster; not from Epimys rattus (Harrison).
Linognathus setosus (Olfers).
1816. Pediculus setosus Olfers, De Vegetativis et An-
imalis.
Note: “Linognathus piliferus (Burm.) equals Pedic-
ulus setosus Olfers” (Harrison),

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

INDEX TO ANOPLURA

abnormis, Euhematopinus ..
1

SA AACE io Hee AOOn 79, 186
ACOMThO PINUS Boreosia x shalt acavelens 169
GHLENNATUS ES fo sleet jer ist) 169
SCUMTINUSAD crore cies she sie =. eislels 170
acanthopus, Hematopinus.... 153
Hoplopleura ......... 196, 153
PC AtCUlUS) Boiiciciars.¢ cre ois'si23 153
Polyplar fase ccensscass 153
aculeatus, Eulinognathus .168, 198
Hematopinus ........... 168
POL PlaG Was wise sie os oe 168
adventicius, Hematopinus. 146, 201
affinis, Hematopinus......... 172,
Pediculus (te sscs. ons 172, 136
Poly plame wages ceeaee 172, 194
africanus, Linognathus....... 165
albidus, Hematopinus....141, 199
americanus, Hoplopleura..154, 196
angulatus, Linognathus...160, 202
annulatus, He@matopinus...... 181
Antarctophthiriine .......... 182
Antarctophthirus ............ 182
Antarctophthirus lobodontis..
epee aie arate ® 182, 187
microchir .........6. 183, 187
TRONGCHAUS) barsivie then:2 36 183, 187
ogmorhimt ........... 183, 187
PACH E CHU eee ca 183, 186
antennata, Polyplax.......... 169
antennatus, Acanthopinus.... 169
Hematopinus ........ 165, 169
Linognathus ......... 165, 202
Neohematopinus .....169, 191
appendiculatus, EeMaRO PHS
eae a TRS Ole beter ts ssi 165
Linognathus. pee +2. 165; 202
arboricola, Hoplopleura......
Drees sateen: 154, 190, 191, 192
AV CEO PRINS perl tise<}e) «6% =) 182
EVACHECHB atoiie State'n 0 ole) aysieie * 184
asint, Hematopinus...... 142, 204
PEdiCulus’ sieve spars sieia'e s.0 142
aulacodi, Hematopinus......- 178
Scipiowmtesmeee ot. 178, 198
auricularis, Polyplax..... 172, 197
bicolor, Hematopinus........ 163
bidentata, Hoplopleura...154, 195
Poly plaw eet citiaciicicice + 154
bidentatus, Hematopinus..... 154
brachyrrhynchus, Polyplax... 172
breviceps, H@ematopinus......
a aisha lanstetem ior , 201, 202
Linognathas Beicteoncteisisic nye 160

breviceps, Pedicinus...... 139, 199
SCIPIO! ualotmacneaeeine 178, 198
brevicornis, Hematopinus.... 161
Linognathus ..... +s ee lOdyeZOL
TPs Chaulus, eincriwtcnt-iereiedels 161
bufali, Hematopinus...... 143, 204
Pediculus: snceceees sna 143
cameli, H@ematopinus........ 147
Pediculus: . crimes sere conomlad
canis familiaris, Pediculus.... 163
capillatus, Solenopotes....... 167
capitis, Pediculus..... ....136, 200
cavie-capensis, Linognathus..

Ra nisleleiae eisleeis ebieres , 204

Pedicttluis, cisryetocicterstetscteie 161
cervicalis, Pediculus......... 136
cervicapre, Hematopinus.... 166
Linognathus ........- 165, 202
Cervophthirius .......00c000% 167
CYASSICOTMIS 1.025000 167, 201
LOOM I s sele cise si ciete ousters 168, 201
citelli, Linognathoides....158, 189
clavicornis, Hematopinus.... 172
Pedtculus: dacoce snes see 172
Poly plat a0... ase cece 172, 195
colorata, Hematopinus....... 143
columbiana, Polyplax......... 159
columbianus, Hematopinus... 159
Linognathoides ......... 159
consobrinus, Pediculus....136, 199
corporis, Pediculus....... 137, 200
crassicornis, Cervophthirius...

Bie ae cians etrsiel operators 167, 201
Hematopinus ..-........ 167
Pediculusracaee wnicbleceoes 167

cummingsi, Polyplax..... 172, 195
denticulatus, Eulinognathus...

Eee eStats ee eT , 198
Rediculusmoadcncdasclerc 176

echinata, Polyplax.....+..... 170
echinatus, He@matopinus.....-+ 170
Neohematopinus 170, 191
Echinophthirud@ .........+++ 180
Echinophthiriin@ .........+++ 181
Echinophthirius ......-.-+++- 181
groenlandicus ......+ 181, 187
horridus cocker eee. 205
MACTO CHIT = vie cteretaioeto sisrels\ 183
PROCB ir clare crore stele 181, 187
Seviceus ..... Bao keyA 187, 205
KOOL do smaconanagoddaE 183
elephantis, Hematomyzus .185, 204
Tidolocovis’ snake ose 185

VoL. VI]

Einderlesmellusuy s.tpcisctces cls
Lah Godbadoadosts 148,
longiceps ....... 148, 190,
Occidentalis... sate 150,
OSDOTMIS canons 148, 188,

spherocephalus ..148, 190,

suturalis ....149, 188, 189,
UNCINGLUS cence ess 150,
enormis, Hoplopleura.....154,
equi, Hematopinus...........
Eremophthir1ws i selis.u ce ceds
WENWET Ia cnr eleynsiasehe(scine =
erratica, Hoplopleura.........
ayanunaie tins 155, 191, 193,

Roly blame eeisccascicik
erraticus, Hematopinus......
Euhematopinine ............
Euhematopinus .............
QDNOLINS eine ce 179,
Eulinognatnus) Jono. oo 2ccsen
GGuleagiusw cic snienice 168,
denticulatus ......0.. 168,
eurygaster, Pedicinus.........
Weista/eisierstese) Ssteis 139, 140,
ECICULUS! nearerrnioe 139,
eurysternus, He@ematopinus...
DEA OCCROSORUO CONE 144,
RediculuSy~sxava cent ae

fahrenholzi, Linognathus. .161,

IR GHKeNnOIsIG) saab sao:
PINMALO cree aceee 150,
ELD UlLOSAt ater 151,

flavidus, Pediculus...........

forficulus, Hematopinus..161,
Linognathus ......... 161,

gazella, Linognathus...... 162,

graciliceps, Pedicinus..... 141,

gracilis, Polyplax......... 172,

groenlandicus, Echinophthirius

Hematomyzid@e .............

FT@matomyZus, ..0..c0es05-s-
elephants een ee: 185,
PYODOSCID EUSA eee
SUMALTONUS 2000-0000. 185,

TIE MAtOpinid@ s,s. soe

Hematopinine ..............

Hematopinoides ............
SQUAIMOSUSA Sa eit nine 180,

TL @ MALO PINUS See aacseeecceen
QCONTNOPUS) Wve e ee nee
DCULCAtUS hy sic eee
adventicius ...+...... 146,
CLINI ante Sees eee
GIDIdUS eon eee 141,

FERRIS—ANOPLURA

Hematopinus annulatus......
antennatus
appendiculatus
asini
aulacodi
Bicolortenccn nner
bidentatus
breviceps
brevicornis
bufali
cameli ...
cervicapre
clavicornis
COLOLOLU MO een tec aches
columbianus
crassicornis
CCIANOIUS ae ae oe
CYKATICUSBA sere ett e
equi
eurysternus
forficulus
hesperomydis
hispidus
incisus
leviusculus
latus
leptocephalus
leucopheus
longus
longulus
lyriocephalus
macrocephalus
maniculatus
montanus
notophallus
obtusus
oviformis
ovillus
ovis
pedalis
peristictus
piliferus
phachochoeri ....
precisus
phthiriopsis
prelongiceps
punctatus
quadridentatus
reclinatus
rupicapre
saccatus
sciuropteri
serratus
setosus
spherocephalus
spiculifer
Spiniger
spinulosus

208

Hematopinus squamulatus 179,
stenopsis
stephensi
suis
suturalis
taurotragi
tenuirostris
tibialis
trichechi
tuberculatus.145, 146, 201,
urius
ventricosus
vituli

Hemodipsus
lyriocephalus
parvus
ventricosus

hamadryas, Pedicinus..... 139,

heliosciuri, Neohematopinus..

hesperomydis, Hematopinus. .
Hoplopleura ......... 155,

IPGly Plax Were ee este. as
hirsuta, Hoplopleura...... 155,
hispida, Hoplopleura..... 156,
hispidus, Hematopinus.......

Pedsculwsy Somcieatecs.cros 3.25
Hoplopieura Foe acme sia. = oi:

QCONENOPUS! fos siis.c-s: 01s 6 153,

QMEICONUS, Ldeaic cae 154,

arboricola. ..154, 190, 191,

bidentata: i. s.ei2 154, 195,

CNONMUS Catee ire teteearics 154,

erratica..... 155, 191, 193,

hesperomydis ........ 155,

WAU SULDe alee saci eto as 155,

hiSpid@ectaeae oe oe 156,

intermedia .......... 156,

Lin cOta eee rae cetera nes cen

LOnGUIGK Shen seat es a: 156,

maniculata .........- 156,

PECHWGED Weer ote hevers fas) ige.csi

quadridentata ...157, 196

TFECUNAIR ARRAS he sie oe

trispinosa ....... 157, 192,

LOETMETUD selrabe reo eee ss
humanus, Pediculus...... 136,
Elybophiliruse occ ie «<a:

notophallus .......... 157;

orycterOpodi ............
WAGIOCOTAS), screeleentec rene asieciss

elephantis Vocmae cristo sx
incisus, Hematopinus........
inguinalis, Phthirius.........

Phthirus. Megane 2/0 5

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

204

204

[Proc. 41TH

intermedia, Hoplopleura..156, 194
isopus, Pediculus.........+..: 163
jonest, Polyplax.......... 173, 195
kelloggi, Enderleinellus...148, 191
leviusculus, Hematopinus.... 158
Linognathotdes ...... 158, 189
Pediculus’ hace ccenricn 158
Polyplax 0. jsoee sees 158
latus, Hematopinus.........- 145
Lepidophthirid@ ............ 180
LepidophiMrus, «ive. cos ater 184
macrorhint .........- 184, 187
leptocephalus, H@ematopinus..

Rah eoh mesa tee eee 161, 162
Linognathus ......... 162, 204
Pediculus. 6.055 y22 00s 162

leucopheus, Hematopinus.... 174
limnotragi, Linognathus. .162, 203
lineata, Hoplopleura......... 156
Linognathoides: ..5...2%.0. 006 158
Cltellttne cease. 158, 189, 194
columbianus ..c¢.5.cccs- 159
INOTNAIUS 2 i,secese ee 158, 196
leviusculus ......20..- 158, 189
montanus...159, 188, 189, 190
pectinifer «isos oesiens 159, 192
spermophilt .....-.02.0 158
SCLOSUS: Aissifaeialsoeiseicle eee 159
TARO GRAINE, Fieeoctseeseeiectee 147
FANORMOthUS (ooeieresreye mci eneee 159
GPFICGNUS ey. sJsrie eh Oars 165
QNEUIGIUS: chic case sie 160, 202
Gnfennatus ~....20 6; 165, 202
appendiculatus ....... 165, 202
breviceps) 2. ccis..- 160, 201, 202
BKEUICOTIS: hc ea ties 161, 202
cavi@-capensis ....... 161, 204
CEFVICGPTE ...2..50%- 165, 202
CuCKOT eres 165, 202
fahrenholst, 50.200 161, 202
FOTRGULUS, (ences 161, 203
OSENG weenie 162, 202
leptocephalus ........ 162, 204
lwmnotragi .....:-... 162, 203
Out WS cent tecnni 162, 203
PEGS: va steraenee see 162, 203
piliferus ..cccectces. 163, 186
prelongiceps ............ 164
TUPICOPTE 2. 5.5525-0% 165, 203
SILGCOUNS Eon Slee eee eee 165
SCEOSUS 1. nie sian fetes eee 159
squamulatus ........+ 179, 204
SECNOPSIS. Sess 164, 202, 203
PIOSGHS: eee sree cece 165, 202
MUA GUTDIUS Aico seiresiee 160
hl Ren seer ryote 166, 203
lobatus, Pediculus....-... 137, 200

Vor. VII

lobodontis, Antarctophthirus..

Lene Pawan nae 183, 187
longiceps, Enderleinellus Raval

sae sever cls tases 148, 190, 191

Pedi cinus maces 139, 199
longula, Hoplopleura..... 156, 194
oly plaxpeeoriericten steers 156
longulus, Hematopinus....... 156
longus, Hematopinus..... 144, 202
lyriocephalus, Hematopinus.. 151
Hemodipsus ........ 151, 188
Pediculus ...... arsed eters 151
IEW ay ere an ay poly 152
~macrocephalus, Hematopinus. 143
Pediculusiaane aise scenes 143
macrorhini, Lepidophthirus...

FG oo ACE eee 184, 187
maniculata, Hoplopleura. .156, 191

Roly planned tote 156
maniculatus, Hematopinus... 156
miacantha, Polyplax...... 172, 198
microchir, Antarctophthirus. .

Diutsiasrarctala eta aroehes , 187

Echinophthtrius ......... 183
nuicropilosus, Phthirpedicinus

Asters ncaa ceisler 199
muicrops, Phihirpedicinus.. 140, 199
mjobergi, Pediculus....... 136, 200
monachus, Antarctophthirus..

DOCU DRO BORE eae be 183, 187
montana, Polyplax........... 159
montanus, HHematopinus..... 159

Linognathoides .........

aaa Ges 159, 188, 189, 190

Neohematopinus ............ 168
GHLEHNATUS trate aoe 169, 191
CCHINGTUSI ri onereeies 170, 191
helioscturt .......... 170, 192
DOCHICUS accieee o ats 170, 192
SCIUTINUS 2.00000 cee es 170, 191
Sciuroptert ......5.6. 170, 193
semifasciatus ........ 169, 190

notophallus, Hematopinus.... 157
Hybophthirus ....... 157, 198

oblongus, Pediculus....... 137, 200

obtusus, Hematopinus....141, 199

occidentalis, Enderlemellusi

hoere eee eee } , 188
ogmorhini, Antarstaphiiene!

ropa Asteretesysicterh stearate 183, 187
orycteropodi, Hybophthirus... 157
osborni, Enderleinellus.......

Beep On ot ae 148, 188, 189
otomydis, Polyplax....... 173, 195
oviformis, Hematopinus...... 144

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 209

ovillus, Hematopinus........ 162
Linognathus ......... 162, 203
ovis, Hematopinus........... 163
oxyrrhynchus, Pediculus..... 166
Boly placate teacrvac\lecte 174, 195
pacificus, Neohematopinus...

Pe ataNeraisiatiaece tio , 192
paralleliceps, Pedicinus...140, 199
parvus, Hemodipsus...... 179, 198
pectinata, Hoplopleura....... 205.

IZA) GecnMonueeae 174, 195
pectinifer, Hematopinus...... 159
Linognathoides ......159, 192
Oy Biloiarsactayots cieveciavaneiaeile 159
pedalis, Hematopinus........ 162
Linognathus ........ 162, 203
TWA CH OUT YIS. seis, aicriacratere 61) 163
ZC OUCUMIN EE rn rcrae erecta ae cits 138
IAEC HALTS «ee ane OO AED 139
BLEWIGEPS els cet icste. 139, 199
eurygaster....... 139, 140, 199
ROCIUGE DS wa te Molva eo 141, 200
hamadryas ...... a2 all39) 200
longtcepsitoscaicciean 139, 199
paralleliceps ......... 140, 199
DUS OLU sacviststs!tereiorets Valsts 141
AYA Bee eee wee AS 140, 199
POdIGWId eh eee he aon cles ances 135
PRC AICUUN Goats eclectic oeeielen 135
Pediculus: osn:s. +s aitfetersta nasete 136
GQCOWIMODUS) coe j-th tenes 153
CURIS tees cleMoare oe 136, 172
BGR Lai ssae's (sloelstate & otacare 143
COMEIUG erates eke ciel evens 147
canis MepniTignis s isrelavnauakehavs 163
COD UTS rms als, versed ope 136, 200
CaVI@-capensis .......... 161
CORDICANS ay aos Cees 136
GIGUICOTNIS) 222 es 6 Bonne 1
Consobrinus. 2.220). 4. 136, 199
GOBPORUSE cysts, < Tee stirs 137, 200
CLOSSICOVIMIS) a < stals aie stistor ne 167
deniveulatus 40nd 176
CULV OOSLOP.) vest catatvishets 139, 140
CU NSTETNUS) oo waist eel 144
rile carte CR ara Mae Mena tev aL 163
WAS PIA USI rer sttlsaata nals 156
TAMMON WS hs eran eyeravner se 136, 137
USOPUS Nays sale Llolaabver eats 163
L@auscilus, |) sstelsleeees 158
leptocephalus .........00. 162
ligitimaindeheomcnog eer 137, 200
UNTACEP Sica asaya tatereteer vas 151
lyriocephalus ..........+. 151
macrocephalus .......... 143
ROT ASO BAO bUOOGO OE 136, 200
ODLON GUS! acto ceesi sere 137, 200

210

Pediculus oxyrrhynchus......
phoce
piliferus
pleuropheus
phthiriopsis
PURCIALUS Fe eciactreais ates
reclinatus
saccatus
Schafft ...... oI cae eee
schistopygus
SEUUALUS) meatettotelscatets fore sieves
spherocephalus
spiculifer
Spiniger
spinulosus
steno psis
suis
tabescentium
tenutrostris
tuberculatus
urius
VESHIMENW Ae soccer cok
Dibeelts raed Bere he eele secre

penicillatus, Hematopinus....

peristictus, Hematopinus.....
phachochoeri, Hematopinus..
rae ciate erase 145, 200,

PHANtASIMOCOTIS viciele ects eos oss

phoce, Echinophthirius. ..161,
Pediculush es suctite siemss se

phthiriopsis, Hematopinus....
Pediculus fasccntsence co:

Phthirius
AM QUINDISS Sere esate eicia, ess «
pubis

Phthirpedicinus
micropilosus ......... 140,
microps
piageti

PRIUS Crash osname coc Sete
inguinalis
pubis

piagett, Pedicintiss........+.-
Phthirpedicinus

piliferus, Hematopinus.......
Linognathus «........ 163,
Pediculus
Trichaulus

pinnata, Fahrenholzia.....150,

pithodes, Linognathus..... ae

pleuroph@a, Polyplax..... 174,

pleuropheus, Pediculus.......

Polyplax
acanthopus
aculeatus
affinis
antennata
auricularis

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

(Proc. 4rH Ser.

Polyplazx bidentata....... See iloF
brachyrrhynchus .....172, 195
clavicornis .....0..:- 172, 195
columbiana «..:.6.....5. 159
cummingsi ..-....... 172, 195
eChinata) 154k eerer eee 170
EFVOHEE: so Sergadec een 155
PFGOUES: esis coisa 173, 194
hesperomydis .......... 155
WASPAG snot stelteeeterteiotes 156
JONESY <0 < iierr.o oc Pete 173, 195
l@ovuscula: 252250020820 158
longula ...... seseieateee 156
lyriocephala ........+... 152
maniculata .......-...02+. 156
miacantha ........... 173, 198
MONLANG, (s4, Fee sacs 159
ObOMMY GIS: 6 ctnaccieiisieeie 173, 195
oxyrrhynchus ........ 174, 195
pectinata ........ 174, 195, 205
pleurophea .......... 174, 194

quadridentata, Hoplopleura...

PR i aoe ae 156, 196, 197
Polyplax (jo. ssecemenec 157

quadridentatus, Haematopinus 157

reclinata, Hoplopleura........ 175
Polyplazeoctoncc nies 174, 186

reclinatus, Hematopinus..... 174
Pedtoulus ....0.022 cc 20: 174

rhesi, Pedicinus.........-+ 140, 199

rupicapre, Hematopinus..... 165
Linognathus ........ 165, 203

SCUPtOy. ee saarnes ce eee 177
GUIGLOGIR = semen ee 178, 198
BLEUSCEDS (22 0022s oes 178, 198

sciurinus, Acanthopinus...... 170
Neohematopinus ....170, 191

sciuroptert, Haematopinus.... 170
Neohematopinus . 170, 193
Polyplax ..... a Svet esioe 171

semifasciatus, Neohematopinus

SHesesbedadne ee ere LO97 190

sericeus, Echinophthirius.182, 187

serrata, Polyplax......... 175, 194

serratus, Hematopinus....... 175
Pediculus concen. caste 175

setosus, Echinophthirius..181, 183
Hematopinus ........ 159, 181
Linognathoides ...:..... 159

Solenopotes. fasts se eerrieee 160
capillatus] et ese 167

spermophili, Linognathoides.. 158
Pediculus\ 2.0 pcaceee eee 158

spherocephala, Polyplax..... 149

spherocephalus, Enderleinel-

ase ae ee 148, 190, 191

Vor. VI)
spherocephalus,
Hematopinus) 025...
Pediculus, Av.scene oNetels
spiculifera, Polyplax...... 175,
spiculifer, Haematopinus......
Pe dtculiismctdeen acta secs
spiniger, Hematopinus.......
IAQ ESM ou an doaricoteoe
Polyplag is. 175, 176,
spinulosa, Polyplax..........
Perleetttes 176, 194, 195,
spinulosus, Hematopinus.....
Pedi caluswen woe nerae ale
squamosus, Hematopinoides. .
Weil aviscraytisc sisi astis Miele 180.
squamulatus, Hematopinus...
Stra vampoREA Cree 179,
Einognathus 03). 03.453 179,
stephensi, Hematopinus......
Poly plaw ca as- sisi 177,
stenopsis, Hematopinus......
Linognathus ....164, 202,
Pedi Culusm coe. renee
Miri chaulasiy eras nara Sait
suis, Hematopinus....... 145,
POG Culms sci keke
sumatranus, Hematomyzus. ..
ai etal sevadanakar este Rak store 185,

suturalis, Enderleinellus......
Biases 149, 186, 189,
Hematopinus
Polyplax

tabescentium, Pediculus......
tarandi, Cervophthirius.. .168,
taurotragi, Hematopinus.146,
tenuirostris, Hematopinus....

(Rediculusienns enero aif

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 211

tibialis, H@matopinus........ 165
Linognathus ......... 165, 202
Tinichaulusomsssesoseek 165

tribulosa, Fahrenholzia...151, 193

riChaUlusrrccreiie cise: 159
ALO Ga nemabenanencege 163
PU Crus iy. jaan 163
SICCOLUSED a. ocmaciesecle 164
StCNO PSUS TA ees een ere 164
HbialisMey ec eee 165
UT GeO ene CARE RE an 167

trichechi, Antarctophthirus. ..

TORU WINS ii go 183, 186
Arctophthirus ........ -. 184
Hematopinus ........... 184
trispinosa, Hoplopleura.......
SA ene ae ae 157, 192, 193
tuberculatus, Hematopinus...
Waibostarerstine aie 145, 146, 201, 204

uncinatus, Enderleinellus..150, 193

ungulatus, Hematopinus..... 160
Linognathus ....0......- 160

urius, Hematopinus.......... 146
IPEGUCULES Wek cies aoa 145

ventricosa, Polyplax......... 152

ventricosus, Hematopinus.... 152
Hemodipsus ....152, 187, 188

vestimenti, Pediculus..... inlA

villosa, Polyplax......... 177, 196

vituli, Hematopinus.......... 166
Linognathus ......... 166, 203
Reaientusy dante eee 166
LeTA CHANTS) sero rayaeiers 167

werneri, Eremophthirius..... 177
Hoplopleura .....0..05.. 177

Polyplax

212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

INDEX

(Proc. 47TH Ser.

TO ORDERS, FAMILIES AND GENERA OF MAMMALS IN

(ACOMYVS ese cee eee ae
Ammospermophilus .........
Antilopingieasacsc nse dacecees
Antilopeie.ciscscsmnec.-tecec
Apodemus cessasc see nvieee cs
Arctomyinge= ah2 seis ce aceon
(AST VICATIENIS! aaj ic cleieheleteleitaa. Fe 6
AEVICOlas ans aierslad sate cleats aureus
Arvicola=Microtus
Ateles=Ateleus

Ateleuss te acsiia te cheeses
ATO act ylaisccieyy=atetsreceisvns 2%
ASIGh emia © ciissanisre cetera ars
Aulacodus = Thryonomys

BOS. sata aoe Airtel: 203,

Bovidse: masa eteete teas eincisers
IBOvatie ip ciete site epberehethye caer
Buttalod,s. toe acetic see te

Callospermophilus ..........
Camelideere haces sos sonaiecis
Gamelopardalis\ Soy. a... <1
Gamielus® sain occ tr tesaete stn avers
GanisWa Pee ospeteite>an:5 sare
Capra | Auc bee ei eecc. oar
Gapringe: A con metscn raced ores
Gatnivora: .Girm.ccse nik. soon tie

Gephalophinzy gerienas scsi on
Cephalophusa ie. cet. een sss
Cercopithecus = Pithecus

Gérvocaprinze 2 acne cesses
Gervicapralys-ee-ereees ss nek
enya dae te sete se isters ceeys ss tessa s
Genvusi ane seen eos a
Chinchillidws eee ee oe
Citellus eee meer acces
Gricetinse ee wclslcloeaen co ststivie sic
Gricetulus) Gece ereaeeicscaes
Gynomys we sect cree cciessceie

Dasyimiys: acetate ate srk
DicnOStomysypes seein ie siete
PDipodidee a wecite eres els ere
Dipodomys!, caeeeseeccss cc
Dipus 3: kcisaueeeeeae eae
Domestic Tabbiteae- ccc. oc
DryomyS: Saceoormocscer cee
Duplictdentatasteersniceela-i.ee

HOST LIST
195 Blephantidey nase see eee 204
188 Pilephas) ystyoscsce ators ee ate oe 204
202 ESP UIMIVIS: |, eve) ateresateveeetteeteehars 194, 195
202 EQUUS So: yoicre cic oeieroieerenyeate 204
194 Buitamiasa.ccce ete cca eeee 192
188
195 Ferrets is aviycracaeuninie aires 186
196 ENSSIDedia), Manners sateen 186
Gazellat Wairrgec asco Sees 202
199 Gazelle. ou Giodean see ceee ere 202
200 Geomyidze:) 2 oe 2 sryer we cuere siete 194
201 Geomys, soeeestansneee a coe 194
Gerbillinze) 4h aeeaicnioee 195
Gerbillus "sa: sche seek cee 195
204 Girafitdae. .. sadecutaaoatsberceterste 201
204 Glaucomys!.w)coshaeee see 192, 193
202 Goat SCI OC OS CIENT CAO Cac ee OOS 203
203
Hamadryasy fiz20n cieestamerene 200
a FVEHOSCIIEUS: caeies cose eee eer 192
eteromiyt dae. (..-cicieisrcheleyetetere are 193
188 Eiolochilusy sc acctenrceeenos 196
201 Hominid ic .).2nn6' mecca 200
201 ROMO’ Scat eee 200
201 Flylobatesy 1. c/ys-cmepctemret crates 200
186 Hylobatide ...........00000 200
203 | Hyracoidea .......-..02.000+ 204
203 Hyrax = Procavia
186
149 Inuus = Simia
199 InSectivora® ii.1./sieisrstyettele ere 186
202
202 Lagidiumimpesssodoe ce eee 198
Lagurus = Microtus
202 Wasiopy Sal sacasece enema. see 199
202 Dasiopyeidcen saci aisles cass see 199
201 Lemmus = Dicrostonyx
201 Wepus) ga. saivc cece seen 187
198 TeimnOtragisS) tee cies oie vielelereisls 203
188 Roxodontal (1-22 enaaceestee ee 204
196
194 Macacus = Pithecus
190 Marmotagyc eta: ccetoecnteentrs 190
Merionesis-$228 emcee oes 195
195 Microdipodops .............. 193
196 Micromiys! ot oe saceeses ent 194
198 Microtine: oermse oeeemeeerer 196
193 Microtus 2.i\claseceiewscieeicenrs 196
198 Mins ASS aec se seers 194
188 Mus = Epimys
194 Mauscardinidae sie creeps eticisiecs 194
187 IMustelidcemn-hcee ee aaeeeroee 186

Vor. VI)

Myoxidz = Muscardinide
Myoxus = Dryomys
Nectomys = Holochilus

Neotomay shu esse neese. 196, 197
INGSONYZOMIYS ewan eelas one: 197
@ctodontidepeaqay. vases: 198
Odobzenidawey. went amen 186
OWdoheniusway eee 186
@docoileus eens cents, 201
@nyvchomyst series eee on 197
@rycteropodidzey ce Noa. 198
Orycteropus! S-eeesceca ce nicn. 198
Onyctolactsi Syaqnes anise: 187
@taritdzeh rans aeetoe iste ents 187
@tomyliney Ayee eee sees 195
Otomysp esse ase vcsier eens 195
(OS Ghisinnrd ab Bone Moana ao en 203
Rachyuromiyss Wises seve 195
Paludicola = Arvicola

ara eereaysraei kere ce neete oa a ota ee 200
Pedetes ails tient cenes kerio 198
iRedetidzemmmta isa edn ents 198
Rerssodactylayanaceec cn ene 204
IB EKOGIP US: sehen accent 193
Rerognathus! yl swenec ciate 193
IRGromySGuSerscuaee eee 197
Retaunistidcy ser cco canes 192
Bhachochoerus “i... s.a0ce-s6 200
FeNeNaACOmMysy nc neytectnsisctersietie 196
Bhocatenirascc eee 187
BhocanctosMene she sactee: 187
Bhocideriera cits reas 187
Rinnipedianaaccdacee aocse ee 186
Pithecitsem, camoronser petra is 199
onside nena snvytan et le 200
Potamochoerus) assess ces. 201

FERRIS—ANOPLURA 213

Brimatesiprercsicrs va cerhers 199
Rraboscidéaw ia scene 204
ES OCAV IAN eer a cteaarcicrcraarers 204
Brocavitdewesshiteee een 204
Pteromys = Glaucomys

By a thtixce c)- erctaicte clad orclote els 199
VAM OEE Tees idle arc PN eee 201
Ra Di Eee daterahetetelcatarnaslar stators 188
Gal Om blaiinscesscccs snarsters sig tere 187
ARUP IGap Tayi eys)s c/s; s0ereal esas 203
RGD ICA FUME esta) ei -\jcheteley eects iets 203
SaccoOstomlusm sete sceect cee 195
Se alltiecn eee cat cares tvstiletarat tye 187
Seehunde ....... Win cevvarcarae 187
Suldeepeineac is ccdarascc te dsuenayse 200
SUSpe ara vase sce iis cyetatesvecetanions eve 201
Symphalaneus: Sachse seeeces es: 200
Mal prdze grees as wet seth eee 186
GD eunTAT ASH ertetanoenatcres tayaloneitetacrorehe 191
PRAUTOLEAGUS ceca. spals's mrarsiatcrene 203
MD TY ONOMYS! «cs cedcaea vines 198
Trachypithecus = Pygathrix
Mragelaphinze! 537.85 tisccece 203
siubilidentatay <5 ).-.csscijyncetee 198
Wnknownhost . os... eos eces 204
Uncertain Muride .......... 198
Wncertain) Primates ......... 200
PGTAMCE Was leone aearetelore sta staraye 192
Xerospermophilus .......... 190
DCSE BIG, sey Nie EO ERS 192

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vor. VIF _Noii7, pp: 2l5=221 May 12, 1916

Vil

FOUR SPECIES OF SALAMANDERS NEW TO THE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION
OF PLETHODON ELONGATUS, A NEW
SPECIES, AND NOTES ON OTHER
SALAMANDERS

BY
Joun Van DENBURGH
Curator, Department of Herpetology

In recent years the Academy has received specimens of four
species of salamanders which seem never to have been collected
previously in California. Three of these have been known from
examples secured in Oregon or Washington; the fourth species
appears never to have been described. In recording these facts
opportunity is taken to publish certain other notes regarding
California salamanders.

1. Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird.

Three specimens (Nos. 39656, 39657, 39658) collected by
Dr. E. C. Van Dyke in July, 1915, near Fallen Leaf Lake, El
Dorado County, California, add a species to the known fauna
of the State. They seem to differ in no respect from others
collected in Washington.

May 12, 1916

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

2. Chondrotus paroticus Baird.

I have not been able to find any previous record of the oc-
currence of this salamander in California. It is represented in
our collection by a typical specimen (No. 29108) found by
Mr. J. R. Slevin in wet earth under a stump near Requa, Del
Norte County, California, May 22-26, 1911.

3. Autodax ferreus Cope.

This salamander has been known only from the type speci-
men (U. S. N. M. No. 6794) collected by Dr. Vollen at Fort
Umpqua, Oregon. We have specimens from Elmira and
Marshfield, Oregon, and from Bayne Island, British Columbia,
as well as from Requa, Del Norte County; Alton, Trinidad,
and Carlotta, Humboldt County; and Comptche, Mendocino
County, California. Our two Requa examples (Nos. 29099
and 29102) were found by Mr. Slevin, May 22-26, 1911.
They were taken from the rotten wood of a dead tree in which
they were living some 20 feet above the ground. This species
is related to Autodax lugubris, but is quite distinct.

4. Plethodon elongatus, new species.

Diagnosis—Similar in general appearance to Plethodon
vandykei and Plethodon intermedius, but somewhat stouter ;
costal grooves 16; toes and fingers not webbed ; adpressed limbs
separated by 6 or 7 costal interspaces; tail cylindro-conic, con-
siderably compressed in distal third; paratoid not developed;
a dorsal band as in P. intermedius, but obscured by the general
duskiness of coloration; lower surfaces blackish brown, relieved
with whitish dots.

Type—Cal. Acad. Sci. No. 29096, Requa, Del Norte
County, California, J. R. Slevin, May 22-26, 1911.

Material—Four specimens (Nos. 29094, 29095, 29096 and
29101) from Requa, all collected at the same time.

Description of the type—General form similar to P. inter-
medius, but with body, iimbs and tail somewhat stouter; tail
cylindro-conic, compressed laterally in posterior half, nearly
equal to length of head and body, with strong vertical grooves

Vor. VI) VAN DENBURGH—CALIFORNIA SALAMANDERS 217

nearly to tip; head somewhat depressed, about width of widest
part of body; snout rounded from above and in profile; eyes
moderate, separated anteriorly by about one and one-half times
the length of the orbital slit; nostrils small, separated by about
their distance from pupil; subnasal groove descending nearly
to margin of lip; line of lip curved downward from below eye
to end of snout; palatine teeth in two slightly curved series
beginning just behind the internal nares, converging obliquely
backward, and separated on the median line by a space greater
than the diameter of the internal nares; parasphenoid teeth
in one patch throughout, separated from the palatine teeth by
an interval equal to distance from nostril to edge of lip; inter-
nal nares small; tongue large, ovate, not emarginate, attached
along median line but free laterally and, for a short distance,
behind; neck a little narrower than body, no paratoid gland,
gular fold continued up and then forward as a groove to eye;
a groove along vertebral line from head to tail; costal grooves
between limbs 16, not continued to midline either above or be-
low; limbs a little stouter than in P. intermedius, and with
shorter digits, anterior with four and posterior with five digits;
digits rather short, with rounded ends, each with a small ter-
minal pad, inner shortest, third longest, second finger longer
than fourth, second toe shorter than fifth, third and fourth
toes nearly equal, broadly palmate, but no web; adpressed limbs
separated by about six costal folds.

The coloration is similar to that of P. intermedius, but heav-
ily clouded with black. The general color is blackish brown
above and below; a broad, lighter brown, black-edged, dorsal
band extending from snout to base of tail; lower surfaces
sprinkled with small whitish dots, which become larger on the
sides, gular region and chin.

Measurements MM.
SnoutstOramusy sy aasatac sia oie ae eRe tee cueladess Blala. @ austere 59
Bront/otianus, tovendiortailiectasc site nis. orc ace one ale tee 58
Wit thio fiheadiavs peeps aes ep sete beten ose caersse oh orerapeeloiaus 7.5
INOSERIRCOKOT Iter mete ceereroterearker eter Raweuncewolis ig, seve elcome tacene 125
SnOUtetOmOnbit wae: BS Genet cusanessretetsteneeha ec ists 6 aus.overeesats 3
Snouttorular foldl. se cto sche inalrede Pees oe! « Wels shale wie 11

Snoutrto toreslinibspcrcsd certs Parsee cna a gaiae ae at

218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Gular fold to anus it. Sa%0s 0 he's wis win a awioie Sane eles 38
Axilla MORO eine miisce 6 chet s eidveic.s ste'> mpue ania sueumyeras 30
Adpressed ‘limbs*separated ‘by... 2.1.5 she wes wom creiniers ot 11
Fore dlinib 4 Sctorek woe dara deka b wile alone eee eee 9
Edn) Witrtb W neater. eave sic dacs oe ae nb ne Cems tine 10.5
Heelto endioitongest toe... fists cu nies acleamomadte 5
BreadtinwOrstootsi sn Ghai. co a's, cnc etwisterdtenaustcielen oinliedsen eatetes 3.5

Variation—The three adult specimens are identical in struc-
tural characters and coloration. No. 29101 is a young sala-
mander measuring 28mm. from snout to anal opening, with a
tail 14mm. long. It is like the three adults in the number of
its costal folds and general coloration, except that the dorsal
band is bright pink clouded on the head and along the mid-
dorsal line with dark brown. This brightly colored band ex-
tends from the snout, along the back, nearly half way down the
tail. This specimen looks very much like P. intermedius, but
the lower surfaces are darker.

Remarks—While this new species is manifestly closely re-
lated to Plethodon intermedius and P. vandykei, it can easily
be distinguished from both by the greater number of its costal
grooves and the greater space between its adpressed limbs.
The number of costal grooves is 16 in all four specimens of
the new species, while in Plethodon vandykei these grooves are
12 and 13, and in P. intermedius they are 13 or 14.
Plethodon intermedius is of more slender build, with longer
toes, more truncate snout, and less dusky coloration. The
paratoid gland and webbed feet of P. vandyket are characters
which should render its recognition easy.

5. Plethodon intermedius Baird.

This salamander was originally described from one speci-
men said to have been secured by John Xantus while stationed
at Fort Tejon, California. So far as I know, with the ex-
ception of the type of Plethodon crassulus, this species has
never since been found in California, although it is common in
western Oregon and Washington. I have felt that the type
could not have been collected by Xantus near Fort Tejon, but
must have been so recorded through some error. With this

VoL. VI] VAN DENBURGH—CALIFORNIA SALAMANDERS 219

in mind I wrote to Dr. Stejneger to inquire whether the rec-
ords of the National Museum would throw any light on the
matter. He has very kindly investigated these records and
writes that “there seems originally to have been some trouble
with the series of entries to which these belong, as apparently
by some mistake two collections were given the same numbers.
The locality Ft. Tejon looks to me exceedingly dubious,
though, of course, it does not mean only the immediate neigh-
borhood of the old fort.” A copy of the old record is printed
here under that of Plethodon croceater; see remarks under
head of that species.

Seventy specimens of Plethodon intermedius from Oregon
and Washington show costal grooves as follows:

Specimens Costal grooves
Oe ar oie eh version aby sgh enaranes saey nash dor wise 69s 13-13
Sen Ne SIR: ERE WGA Re Oe ten ee 13-14
Festi Nae a An SY 14-14
70

6. Plethodon crassulus Cope.

The question of the identity of this salamander was raised
by the comparison of Plethodon intermedius and Plethodon
elongatus. Plethodon crassulus was described in 1886 by Cope
from one specimen in the U. S. National Museum, and was
said to have been collected in California by Dr. J. G. Cooper.
Cope says that “this species has a superficial resemblance to
the P. oregonensis, but its manifold differences are easily per-
ceived.” He also states that the form is quite robust, but his
cuts show a salamander similar in size and proportions to
P. intermedius, and his description fits that species in every
detail, for some specimens of P. intermedius show the dorsal
band very indistinctly. The type of P. crassulus is No. 9447
of the National Museum collection. In response to my request
for information regarding it Dr. Stejneger has very kindly
written me as follows:

“The record of 9447 is dated November 20, 1877, is in
an unknown hand, and is blank as far as name is concerned.
Locality is given as California, collector as Dr. Cooper. You

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES . (Proc. 47H Ser.

ask what I think of P. crassulus. I have given the question
some thovght and I am of the opinion that it is a uniform color
phase holding the same relation to P. intermedius (with which
the type agrees structurally and not with P. oregonensis) as P.
cinereus does to P. erythronoius.”

P. crassulus may, therefore, be regarded as a synonym of
P. intermedius. I think one is justified in doubting that the
original specimen really was collected in California.

7. Plethodon croceater Cope.

This salamander also was described from a single specimen
said to have been sent to the National Museum by John Xantus
from Fort Tejon, California. This specimen was No. 4701
of the National collection. It seems to have been lost, for Dr.
Stejneger writes me that it has not been on the shelves in
his time. As in the case of P. intermedius, “there seems orig-
inally to have been some trouble with the series of entries to
which these belong, as apparently by some mistake two collec-
tions were given the same numbers. First there is an entry
in an unknown hand in black ink and under there is an entry
in Prof. Baird’s handwriting thus:

“4701 Rana Chiloweyush Dr. C. B. Kennerly
Heredea Fort Tejon —1— Xantus
“4732 Scotophis gutatus | Micanopy, Fila. Dr. Bean
- occidentalis Ft. Tejon Xantus

“The ditto mark [under Scotophis] refers to the line above,
which is Plethodon, and this Plethodon, No. 4731, is a Pletho-
don cinereus from Detroit, Dr. Sager.”

It is evident that the locality Ft. Tejon is “exceedingly du-
bious.” Plethodon occidentalis is evidently a manuscript name
for P. intermedius.

Cope has recorded Plethodon croceater from Cape San
Lucas, Lower California, and San Diego, California, both of
which localities need confirmation. The former locality may
have resulted from the association of the original specimen
with John Xantus, who collected both at Cape San Lucas and

Vor. VI] VAN DENBURGH—CALIFORNIA SALAMANDERS 221

Fort Tejon. The latter, probably refers to a specimen recorded
by Mr. Lockington (Am. Nat. XIV, 1880, p. 295) as having
been taken in Lower California 75 miles southeast of San
Diego.

I have seen a number of specimens from the Sierra Ne-
vada. The ground color varies from light brown to nearly
black, and the yellow spots vary greatly in size and arrange-
ment.

8. Plethodon flavipunctatus Strauch.

I have no doubt that this is the same species as Cope’s Pleth-
odon croceater, with which the description agrees.

9. Triton ensatus Eschscholtz.

Eschscholtz evidently had the species which Baird and
Girard later described as Amblystoma tcnebrosum, and which
Cope referred to his genus Chondrotus. Dicamptodon Strauch
is an older term than Chondrotus. Those who prefer to re-
move the species from the genus Ambystoma may use the name
Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz).

4

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourtH SERIES

Vor. VI, Nos. 8 and 9, pp. 223-294, pls. 3-17. June 23, 1917

VIII

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY
FOR THE YEAR 1916

BY

C. E. Grunsky
President of the Academy

In view of the fact that the work of the California Academy
of Sciences, its purposes and aims, were rather fully set forth
in the various addresses delivered at the dedication of its Mu-
seum Building in Golden Gate Park last September, this annual
report will be brief and devoted in the main to a summarization
ot such facts and events as seem worthy of special mention.

No special effort has been put forth during the last year to
swell the Academy’s membership list. The accession of new
members has nevertheless a little more than offset the losses
by death and resignation. The present membership in the
Academy is 483, made up of:

PAGO Sere tetera eee VAR Tce 2 sna cba 5
Honorary Membersics scree ool neo iedisineie walalahae ate 26
eifevMembersieer con eerie rem COE ee te tes cokes 83
Members) h receyotocic cc yals eee ee italaceizciaveige eaibeiee 369

During the year 1916 there was an accession of 33 new
members, and the Academy lost by death 5, by resignation 11,
and by being dropped for arrearages in dues 6; leaving a net
gain in membership of 11.

June 23, 1917

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Srr.

The losses by death were:

Davise Mir TWoracesen-aseee ae Wife Member’. cc seees terests che July 12, 1916
Gutzkow, Mr. Frederick....... Life Member ................. May 7, 1916
Leszynsky, Mr. S.L............ Members: seuccca:atave ce boaeree March 8, 1916
Sclater, Dr. Philip Lutley..... Honorary Member ............ , 1916
Trask, Mrs. Blanche ......... Life Member ...:.......05-50- Nov. 11, 1916

The Academy carries on its list of patrons the following
names :

Alvord, William Bourn, William B.
Crocker, Charles Crocker, William H.
Hendrie, John W. Dunne, Peter F.

Lick, James Grant, Joseph D.
Hosmer, Mrs. Charlotte Morrison, Alexander F.

Of these the last six are the surviving members. Two other
public spirited citizens, Mr. Herbert Fleishhacker and Mr. A
King Macomber, have recently very generously offered to in-
stal large habitat groups in the Museum, whereby they will be-
come patrons.

LECTURES

During the year 1916, 11 free lectures have been delivered at
the stated meetings of the Academy, as follows:

January 19. “Bird and Animal Life of the Yosemite Region.”
Tracy I. Storer, Assistant Curator of Birds, Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California.

Marcu 15. “The Gulls in and about San Francisco.”
Joseph Mailliard.
ApriL 19. “Bird Life as seen through a Camera.”

Dr. J. Rollin Slonaker, Professor of Physiology,
Stanford University.
May 17. “The Relation of our Salmon and Trout to Forest Con-
servation.”
N. B. Scofield, Expert in charge of the Department
of Commercial Fisheries, California State Fish and
Game Commission.

June 21. “Game Conditions in Great Britain vs. Conditions in Cali-
fornia.”
Carl Westerfeld, California Fish and Game Commis-
sioner.
Jury 19. “Horticultural Quarantine.”

Frederick Maskew, Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer
of the California State Horticultural Commission.
Avucust 16. “A Naturalist in the Bahama Islands.”
Dr. Charles Lincoln Edwards, Director of the Los An-
geles Zoological Park and Aquarium.
SEPTEMBER 20. “The Fur Seals and other animals of the Pribilof Islands.”
George A. Clark, Academic Secretary of Stanford
University.
Ocroser 18. “The Physiographic History of the Southern Sierra and
Mojave Desert Regions.”
Dr. John P. Buwalda, Instructor in Geography, Uni-
versity of California.

Vor. VI] GRUNSKY—PRESIDENT’S REPORT FOR 1916 225

NoveMBer 15. “Japanese Pearl Fisheries.” '
Prof. 'C. A. Kofoid, Department of Zoology, University

of California.

DeceMBeER 20. “The California Pocket Gopher as a Useful Animal.”
Dr. Joseph Grinnell, Director of the Museum of Ver-
tebrate Zoology, University of California.

In addition, Sunday afternoon lectures are being delivered in
the Museum building, since October. The list for 1916 em-
braces the following :

Ocrtoser 22. “Picturesque India.” ;
Dr. Walter K. Fisher, Stanford University.

Octoser 29. “To the Tip-top of the United States in Quest of the Golden

Trout.” :
Dr. Barton W. Evermann, Director of the Museum.
November 5. “A Trip to the Southern Sierra Nevada and the Cafion of

the Kern.”

Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Assistant Curator of Paleon-
tology.

Novemser 12. “The Argentine Ant; a Pest from South America.”
Prof. C. A. Woodworth, Department of Agriculture,
University of California.

NovemBer 19. “Ups and Downs of the Pacific Coast.”
Prof. R. S. Holway, Department of Geography, Uni-
versity of California.

NoveMBer 26. “Some Common California Mammals.”
Dr. Joseph Grinnell, Director of the Museum of Ver-
tebrate Zoology, University of ‘California.

DeceMBER 3. “Injurious Insects.”
Prof. E. A. Essig, Department of Agriculture, Uni-
versity of California.

Decemper 10. “Turtles of the Galapagos Islands.”
Dr. John Van Denburgh, Curator of the Department
of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences.

ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY

Among the notable donations with which the Academy’s col-
lections of material and of books have been enriched during
1916, the following may be noted :

Argentine Government, through Hon. Enrique M. Nelson, Commissioner-
General, Panama-Pacific International Exposition: Thirty-nine speci-
mens of mounted Argentine birds; eight mounted specimens of native
mammals; 10 boxes of exhibits of native insects; 10 framed colored
drawings of Argentine plants; one stereoscope and 37 slides; exhibit
illustrating water filtration; specimens of Argentine plants.

Branner, Dr. John C., Stanford University: 55 bound volumes.

California Botanical Club, through Miss Alice Eastwood: A collection of
397 specimens of Mexican plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in
1910, purchased for $39.80 by the Club.

Crocker, Mr. William H.: Three large folios, “Japanese Temples and their
Treasures.”

226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

Evermann, Dr. Barton W.: Ten manganese nodules dredged by the U. S.
Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in the South Pacific during the
Agassiz-Albatross South Pacific Expedition of 1899-1900, and a col-
lection of garnets from St. George Island, Pribilof Group.

Grant, Mr. J. D.: One buffalo skull from the Klamath River.

Heyer, Mrs. H. C., San Francisco: Sixty-one specimens of Alaska birds,
chiefly water birds.

Kelly, Mr. James H., Tiburon, Cal.: Twenty-one numbers of the earlier
publications of the Academy.

Logan, Mr. Hugh B. Baker, Ore., through Mr. John W. Mailliard: One
skin of the Mountain Coyote (Canis latrans lestes), male, from North
Powder, Baker Co., Oregon, and one skin of the Pallid Barred Wildcat
(Lynx fasciatus pallescens), male, from Salisbury, Baker Co., Oregon,
both collected by the donor.

Martin, Mr. Bruce: 627 insects collected in Colombia, South America, in-
cluding some very interesting forms.

Mailliard, Mr. John W.: Two specimens of the California Condor (Gym-
nogyps californianus), collected in San Diego Co., California, by E. B.
Towne.

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Washington, D. C.: A collection of 486 specimens
of Atlantic coast mosses, comprising 65 genera and 181 species, all
new to the herbarium.

Smith, Mr. L. E., Sisson, Cal.: One hundred and forty-nine bound volumes.

Snodgrass, Mr. R. E.: Seventeen volumes and 13 pamphlets, concerning
the Galapagos Islands.

Tobin, Mr. J. S.: Cash donation, $250.

U. S. Fisheries Steamer “Albatross”: Twenty-one bird skins; 181 jars,
vials and bottles of specimens of fishes, sponges, molluscs, crustaceans,
etc.

PUBLICATIONS

The Academy has published during 1916 the following
papers in continuation of the Fourth Series of the Proceedings :

Vol. V, No. 7, pp. 195-201
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY FOR THE YEAR 1915
by C. E. Grunsky, President of the Academy.

Vol. V, No. 8, pp. 202-223
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1915
by Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the Museum.

Vol. VI, No. 1, pp. 1-17
Eocene oF Lower Cow itz River VALLEY, WASHINGTON
by Charles E. Weaver.

Vol. VI, No. 2, pp. 19-40
Tue Post-EocENE ForRMATIONS OF WESTERN WASHINGTON
by Charles E. Weaver.

Vol. VI, No. 3, pp. 41-52
Tue OLIGocENE oF Kitsap County, WASHINGTON
by Charles E. Weaver.

Vol. VI, No. 4, pp. 53-85
Tue Paciric Coast Races oF THE BEWICK WREN
by Harry S. Swarth.

Vol. VI, No. 5, pp. 87-128
MonocrapPH OF THE NorTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOTYLUS (HEMIP-

)
by Edward P. Van Duzee.

Vor. VI) GRUNSK Y—PRESIDENT’S REPORT FOR 1916 227

Vol. VI, No. 6, pp. 129-213
A CATALOGUE AND Host List or THE ANOPLURA
by G. F. Ferris.

Vol. VI, No. 7, pp. 215-221
Four SPEcIES OF SALAMANDERS NEW TO THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, WITH
A DESCRIPTION OF PLETHODON ELONGATUS, A NEW SPECIES, AND NOTES
ON OTHER SALAMANDERS.
by John Van Denburgh.

Title pages and Indices for Fourth Series, Proceedings, Vol-
umes IV and V, have also been printed but have not yet been
distributed.

The notable event in the affairs of the Academy which marks
the beginning of a new epoch in its history, was the dedication
on September 22, 1916, of the new Museum building in Golden
Gate Park, with a first view by members and their friends of
the habitat groups of which, at that time, 11 principal groups
and a number of lesser groups had been completed. The ex-
ercises on that occasion have been made a matter of record and
I desire at this time only to renew the assurance to those who
have made so much accomplishment possible of the sincere ap-
preciation by all members of the Academy of the generosity and
good will which has found such happy expression in this build-
ing and its contents.

Of the 11 principal groups the three bird groups were made
possible by special donations as follows:

The Farallon Bird Group, by Mr. Wm. H. Crocker.

The San Joaquin Valley Bird Group, by Mr. Jos. D. Grant.

The Desert Bird Group, by Mr. Wm. B. Bourn.

I may note in connection with the installation of habitat
groups that the Academy no longer commands the services of
Mr. John Rowley, under whose supervision the habitat groups
have been installed. Mr. Rowley has gone to the Municipal
Museum of Oakland.

I cannot refrain from commending again the results of Mr.
Rowley’s work. The groups which have been installed portray
nature, and especially the various animals therein presented,
with remarkable fidelity. The general arrangement and effect
of each group is pleasing and all will bear the closest inspection.

The fact that Mr. Rowley will be active in such close prox-
imity to San Francisco as Oakland, prompts the hope that for
special work as occasion arises his services will still be available.

228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

The Academy has been fortunate in securing the services of
Mr. E. P. Van Duzee as Curator in the Department of Ento-
mology and as active Librarian. The proper housing of the
Library and the attention which it is now receiving have added
greatly to its usefulness.

In the other departments of the Academy’s work there has
been no material change.

What has been done in these various departments will be set
forth by the several curators and it would be but repetition to
dwell upon their activities in this general statement of affairs.

The Director of the Museum, Dr. Evermann, will report in
some detail upon the Museum and research work which has
been accomplished and of the cordial appreciation which the
public is manifesting in the Academy’s work.

In order to make possible what has thus far been done on and
in the museum building, the Academy has had to live beyond its
income for several years. It has been necessary to add to our
indebtedness about $35,000. This is not a serious matter but is
cited as an evidence of the efforts of your Trustees and Officers
to make the collected scientific material available for examina-
tion and study at the earliest possible date.

The estimated assets of the Academy are about $1,400,000,
mainly represented by the Market Street property, against
which there are liabilities of about $336,000. The net annual
income may be stated in round numbers at about $50,000. It
is expected that of this amount about $10,000 per annum can
during the next few years be held available for reducing our
financial obligations.

There is not yet any prospect for the enlargement of the
museum building, which would only be possible by outside aid.
The space which has thus far been made available is, of course,
inadequate to meet prospective requirements. All friends of
the Academy should, therefore, as opportunity offers, call the
attention of those who are financially able, to the good work
which an ample additional endowment would make possible.

In closing, I desire to express on behalf of the officers of the
Academy their appreciation of the interest manifested by the
members, and desire also to extend my personal thanks to the
officers and members for their cordial support and also to the
employees who have so willingly made sacrifices in the interest
of the Academy whenever called upon to do so.

IX

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM FOR
THE YEAR 1916

BY

Barton WARREN EvERMANN
Director of the Museum

At the time of the last annual report of the Director of the
Museum (February 16, 1916), the actual installation of the
habitat groups of California mammals and birds was well under
way.

Besides the regular employees of the Division of Exhibits,
who devoted all their time to the habitat groups, three extra
temporary men were employed on that work for nearly a year.
By the twenty-first of September the following groups had
been completed :

California Valley Elk, Black-tail Deer (summer group),
Northern Mule Deer (winter group), Antelope, Desert Moun-
tain Sheep, Mountain Lion, Black Bear, Leopard Seal, Cali-
fornia Sea Lion, Steller’s Sea Lion, Raccoon and Striped
Skunk, Coyote, Farallon Islands Bird Rookery, San Joaquin
Valley Spring Bird Group, and Desert Bird Group. Oppor-
tunity has been taken to reproduce in this report excellent
photographic illustrations of a number of these habitat groups.

In addition to these 15 groups the California Condor Group
was complete with the exception of the birds, which will be se-
cured later. Small groups of the California Valley Quail and
the Western Meadowlark were also completed.

It was felt that the time had arrived for the dedication of the
Museum building and the opening of the Museum to the public.
The formal dedicatory exercises were held on Friday afternoon,
September 22, in the California mammal room of the Museum.

Mr. C. E. Grunsky, the President of the Academy, pre-
sided. The invocation was by the Right Reverend William
Ford Nichols, bishop of California. Brief addresses were

1A report of the opening exercises was published in Science for October 27,
1916, pp. 598-603.

230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

made by the following: Mr. William H. Crocker, President of
the Board of Trustees; Mr. C. E. Grunsky, President of the
Academy; Mr. Edward Rainey, for the Mayor; Mr. George
Haviland Barron, Curator of the Memorial Museum, San
Francisco, for the Board of Park Commissioners; Dr. David
Starr Jordan, Chancellor Emeritus, Stanford University; Dr.
Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the Museum.

Mr. Crocker spoke feelingly of his long connection with the
Academy, as President of the Board of Trustees continuously
since 1898, or 18 years. Before him his brother, Charles F.
Crocker, had occupied the same position for a number of years
and his father, Charles Crocker, was deeply interested in the
Academy.

As president of the Board of Trustees, Mr. Crocker formally
dedicated the new Museum building to the advancement of the
biological and physical sciences and the educational interests of
the city of San Francisco and the state of California. He then
turned the building over to the Academy.

Speaking of the history and the aims and ambitions of the
Academy, President Grunsky said, in part:

Organized in 1853, the California Academy of Sciences has now for 63
years been conducted along broad lines for public service. Membership in
the Academy at a nominal annual fee is open to all who are interested in
the study or advancement of science. Its activities are directed mainly
along educational lines in providing the material and opportunity for secur-
ing information on matters pertaining to the natural sciences; and second,
along lines of research and study in the various subdivisions of the natural
sciences.

There are those present today who will recall, and some who were active
in, the activities of the Academy while it was quartered in a building at
the southwest corner of California and Dupont streets, and there are many
here who have enjoyed and who have profited by the natural history
museum and its accessories maintained for many years prior to the great
disaster of 1906 on Market between Fourth and Fifth streets.

It would be needless to present at this time a review of the history of
the Academy and of the work done by it. Those who desire will find much
of interest and of value in the published records of the Academy’s Pro-
ceedings.

It would be futile to give a due meed of credit to those heretofore con-
nected with the work of the Academy whose contributions have borne fruit,
and whose achievement is expressed in some measure in the Museum
plant now to be brought closer to the general public. It must suffice to say
that at all times in the history of the Academy there was a group of

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 231

enthusiastic scientific workers—with changing personnel—who stood ever
ready to make, and did make, the sacrifices and put forth the personal
effort which made the work of the Academy worth while.

In the matter of publications, as in the case of its other activities, the
Academy has had to accept the limitation upon its output made necessary
by the lack of adequate funds. Much has been left undone which ought to
be done. Time will not, however, permit me to take up this matter for
full presentation. Let me call attention merely to one fact which will be
patent to all who look carefully into the affairs of the Academy. The field
in which the Academy is active is but imperfectly covered; nor can it be
covered as it should be without adequate support from those of means
who, in furthering the aims of the Academy, will not alone be benefiting
our city and commonwealth, but will be contributing to the sum of human
knowledge. .

The building which has here been erected and is today being dedicated
is located upon public ground. The Academy has invested in it $183,000.
Yet this building, while it is an earnest of what the Academy is willing
to do for the public, represents, in area occupied, only about one-third of
that of the museum building which we hope some day in the near future
will be completed on this site.

To accomplish the incomplete work with which we desire you to become
better acquainted, the Academy has taxed its resources as far as seemed
wise and has made it possible to open to the public, housed in the first
unit of its museum building, certain exhibits which will forecast what it is
hoped may ultimately be adequately accomplished. There should be here
assembled material from the Pacific Ocean and its shores representative
of all the natural sciences, more complete than can be found elsewhere.
It can be done and will be done, but not without outside aid. The resources
of the Academy, chiefly the result of bequests and endowments that will
be referred to later, are limited and our installations and facilities for
housing material always obtainable in abundance must progress slowly
unless the Academy can count on the generous assistance of those who
have the means.

We can not at this time announce when our building will be extended.
More material for research and exhibition has already been collected than
we can properly display. Some of the most striking habitat groups that
should be at once installed must wait until more funds are provided and
in some cases until the time has come when we can add to the building.

It has been suggested that the Academy should extend its activities by
assuming the management of an aquarium. I think I speak for every mem-
ber when I say that the Academy is ready to do this. But even though
there are those of our citizens who may be willing to erect and equip the
necessary buildings the Academy is not so circumstanced that it can
provide the funds for maintenance and operation. But its staff and its or-
ganization including the services of its Director of the Museum, Dr. Ever-
mann, an expert in matters relating to fishes and the fisheries, are ready
to help and will help. San Francisco should have an aquarium filled with

252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

the life of the Pacific Ocean and of the streams discharging into the
ocean, second to no other aquarium in the world.

The Academy has asked you to be present today at this dedication of
the first unit of its museum building in order that you may become better
acquainted with the Academy’s aims and purposes and as a reminder to the
public that the Academy is here to benefit and serve the whole community.

It is appropriate that at this time attention be called to the generous aid
which the Academy has received in the past and to that which it is now
receiving in its plans for an enlarged field of usefulness.

It should be remembered that the Academy is in Golden Gate Park with
the consent of the people of San Francisco, who have seen fit to increase
the Academy’s opportunity for service by permitting the erection here of
the necessary museum buildings. This consent was given in 1910 and ever
since that time the plans have been under consideration and in execution
which are today beginning to see fulfillment.

By bequest of James Lick forty-one years ago, the Academy became the
owner of the Market Street property between Fourth and Fifth streets on
which for many years a museum of natural history was maintained. This
property, now in use for business purposes, is the Academy’s present main
source of income. The Lick bequest is now carried on the books as an
asset of $802,000.

In 1881 the Academy received from Mr. Charles Crocker an endowment
of $20,000, the income from which is to be used in aid of scientific research.

Mr. John W. Hendrie in 1899 bequeathed to the Academy the sum of
$10,000, the income from which has been set apart for the publication of
scientific papers.

The late William Alvord bequeathed to the Academy the sum of $5,000,
to be used in improving and adding to its herbarium.

During the last decade, while husbanding its resources, and collecting
the material which is now assembled in the building being dedicated today,
the Academy affairs have necessarily received but little publicity and there
has been but little opportunity for the public to become acquainted with its
activities ; nevertheless, the Academy has been selected by many who have
collected material of scientific value as the proper institution to preserve
the same and make it available for the public. Attention will be called
to only a few recent donations the announcement of which is appropriate
on this occasion.

Our generous public-spirited fellow citizen, William M. Fitzhugh, has,
by purchase and additions thereto, preserved in its entirety the collection
of Indian baskets, ornaments, implements and related material made in
their lifetime by the late Professor and Mrs. T. S. C. Lowe, of Pasadena.
This collection of exceptional interest and magnitude, which would other-
wise have been scattered and would have lost value by piecemeal sale, is on
display in the Academy Museum as a loan and merits your careful atten-
tion.

The most important gift which the Academy has recently received is that
of the Henry Hemphill collection of marine, freshwater and land shells.
This magnificent collection, the making of which engaged the attention of

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 233

Mr. Hemphill during practically all the years of his long and useful life,
and which contains between 60,000 and 70,000 specimens representing more
than 12,000 species, has been donated to the Academy by Mrs. Charlotte
Hosmer, daughter of Mr. Hemphill. The Academy feels grateful to Mrs.
Hosmer for this most generous gift.

The installation of the bird-habitat groups which are today being opened
to your inspection and which will contribute much to the education and
enjoyment of the public has been made possible by the liberality of three
other San Franciscans as follows:

Mr. Wm. H. Crocker has presented to the Academy the Farallon Islands
bird group.

Mr. J. D. Grant has presented to the Academy the San Joaquin Valley
bird group.

Mr. W. B. Bourn has presented to the Academy the Desert bird group.

It is their wish, as it is the wish of every one in any way connected with
Academy activities, that these exhibits, and the others, now to be opened
to public view, may prove instructive and inspiring and a source of lasting
enjoyment to all of those who care to avail themselves of the privilege,
open to all, of visiting the museum.

To these donors and to all who have contributed to the service value of
the Academy, the Academy, through its President, expresses its sincere
appreciation and gratitude.

The Academy welcomes such aid in the accomplishment of its aims and
will ever be ready to accept and manage any trust having in view the ad-
vancement of science.

Mr. Rainey, representing the Mayor, and Mr. Barron on be-
half of the Board of Park Commissioners, spoke of the great
benefit which the Museum of the California Academy of
Sciences will be to the people of San Francisco. The location
of the Museum in Golden Gate Park, the most beautiful “peo-
ple’s playground” in the world, is a guarantee that it will be
visited not only by our own people, but by all who come to San
Francisco.

Dr. Jordan spoke of the value to general education and to
science of natural-history museums. He called attention to the
eminent position already attained in the field of scientific re-
search by the California Academy of Sciences, and the prom-
inent place the Academy is destined to fill as a scientific educa-
tional institution.

In a reminiscent way, he told of his many years’ connection
with the Academy, as President in 1896 and 1897, and again in
1900 to 1902, of his first visit to the Academy in 1879, and his
pleasant meeting at that time with W. G. W. Harford and Dr.

234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Srp.

Albert Kellogg the botanist and one of the founders of the
Academy.
Dr. Evermann spoke in part as follows:

In the few minutes allotted to me I shall be able to speak briefly of only
one or two of the museum’s activities and aims.

The California Academy of Sciences is a scientific, educational institu-
tion. As a scientific, educational institution, the Academy, through its
museum, has two important functions. The first of these is that of scientific
research, The museum must furnish men and materials and facilities for
scientific investigation. Through its research collections and its field in-
vestigations, it must study and solve its share of the multitude of scientific
and economic problems which the physical and biological sciences present
to us, particularly those presented by the zoology, botany and geology of
western America and the broad Pacific. We must do our share in study-
ing and investigating and making known the natural resources of our
country. The Academy must contribute its share to the world’s contribu-
tions to human knowledge.

The second important function of the Academy is educational. The
Academy must do what it can within its means to be of real service in an
educational way, not only to the general public, but also to the public and
private schools.

One of the ways in which it is endeavoring to render educational service
is by installing in this museum habitat groups of California mammals and
birds and other exhibits that possess real educational value and which show
the natural resources of the state.

Scientific research requires money and men. Habitat groups such as we
are able to show you today also cost money.

The income of the Academy is limited; it is not sufficient to enable the
museum to carry on the scientific work which it should do and also build
up popular educational exhibits.

We have been able to prepare the splendid exhibits which we have to
show you today because of the generosity of a number of public-spirited
citizens of San Francisco and by curtailing somewhat for the time being
the scientific activities of the Academy. Without the help of these friends
of the Academy the valuable and attractive exhibits we have now installed
would have been fewer in number. Nor would there have been so many if
we had not drawn upon the Academy’s funds for scientific research.

We have planned for several additional large habitat groups. We even
have the animals on hand for a number of them. I may mention the very
interesting elephant seal, a remarkable species of large marine mammal
now nearly extinct. We have the animals for the group, but need funds
for installing them. We have also the animals for two or three deer
groups, a gigantic tortoise group, and a large iguana group. We have
planned also for 22 groups of small California mammals, a dozen small bird
groups similar to the very beautiful California quail group which you will
see in the bird hall, and an indefinite number of small portable habitat
groups such as that of the western meadowlark, which may be seen in the

Vor. VI) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR i916 235

office upstairs. These we propose to loan to the public schools should they
desire them.

It is hoped that the necessary funds for these exhibits may be supplied
by private donations, so that the net regular income of the Academy may
be reserved chiefly for scientific research. The large groups cost from
$3,000 to $4,000; the small groups about $500 each; and the portable educa-
tional groups about $100 to $250 each.

It is hoped that this opportunity to do something worth while may appeal
to those who are interested in education and who have the means to help
along in such excellent work. What a splendid thing it would be for San
Francisco and the state if, among those present here today, there might be
some so impressed with the opportunity to help in this good work that they
would provide the means to enable the Academy to add a dozen or more
groups to the excellent series so well begun. We have the expert taxider-
mists and preparators to do the work; we need only the funds to meet the
expense.

In conclusion, may I be permitted to mention one other need of the
museum, to which I have called attention on another occasion.

It is my ambition that there shall be in this museum a Children’s Room
—a room in which will be displayed natural history objects such as are
particularly attractive to little children. There would be in this room
brightly and curiously colored birds and butterflies, moths and beetles and
other insects; curious animals of other groups; attractive minerals, grow-
ing plants, and aquariums with interesting and instructive animal and plant
life; colored transparencies of beautiful native flowers, all selected and
arranged with reference to the telling of an interesting story, of teaching
a definite lesson.

And there will be in this children’s room a children’s reading room in
which will be found a library of all the interesting and reliable nature
books and helps to nature study.

And there will be in charge of this children’s room a well-educated,
kindly, sympathetic man or woman who knows animals and plants; who
knows the specimens in the museum and the live things in the park about
it; and who, above all, knows and loves children; a man or woman who
can wisely direct the observation and the reading of the children so that
they may correlate their reading with what they have seen in the museum
or in the open, and thus increase rather than stifle their interest in, and
love for, animate things, as our public schools almost invariably do. It will
be arranged so that children of the different grades will come to this room
at different hours, and receive the instruction and help and encouragement
adapted to their respective needs.

And all this will be done and done soon, I confidently believe. It will
be done because it so evidently appeals to us all as being the right thing
to do, the right sort of education and training to give our children. It will
be done, because the beauty and worth of it all, for the little children’s
sake, will appeal to some one who has prospered in this world; some one
with a kindly heart, who loves children, and who wants to help them to
become the men and women they should become; and some day that man

236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

or woman will come forward—I wish it might be today—and, out of his
abundance, endow a Children’s Room in this museum, and thus make it
possible for the California Academy of Sciences to do this splendid work
for the children of California, not only of today but for those of the years
to come.

At the close of the formal dedicatory exercises a private view
of the exhibits thus far installed was afforded the museum’s
guests, of whom nearly one thousand were present in response
to the special invitation.

MUSEUM HOURS

The Museum has been open to the public every day since the
formal opening, September 22, 1916. The hours for the public
are from 10 A. M. to 4 P. M. on week days and from 10 A. M.
to 5 P. M. on holidays, including Sundays.

VISITORS AT THE MUSEUM

Attendance at the Museum has been very satisfactory. The
number of daily visitors has varied on week days from fewer
than one hundred on rainy, stormy days to more than 2,200,
and on Sundays from 1,600 to 10,000.

Totals by months are as follows:

September(Odays)) i... 2... sissies 16,448
©ctOben: «Se heee. oo ncetiew soe eee 36,933
INO Ven bei 56 <.t eee. ois dete ce este eee tee 27,718
December senses ooneke eee eee 15,002
Jandary caged «4 4cs-eseane mage eeee 23,170

Totalito Bebruary 1, 191722222 fee. 3. 119,271

THE MUSEUM AND THE SCHOOLS

One very gratifying feature is the interest which the public
and private schools are taking in the Museum. A large number
of teachers have brought their entire schools to the Museum.
Whenever possible the Director has accompanied the school
about the halls, explaining briefly to the children the various
exhibits. When the time of the school would permit the chil-

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 237

dren were taken into the auditorium where an illustrated talk
or lesson on some one of the habitat groups or other exhibits
was given them.

These efforts to help the children to understand the exhibits,
to show to the teachers and pupils that the exhibits in the
Museum are available as illustrative materials for their regular
school work, and to make the Museum of real educational value
to them, are appreciated not only by the teachers but by the
children as well.

The Academy is glad to be of service to the schools in this
and all other ways in its power. It is hoped that even closer
affiliation may be brought about and that a definite system for
school visits may be arranged in the near future.

LECTURES

The regular course of free popular lectures on scientific sub-
jects has been maintained throughout the year. These have
been given at 8 o’clock on the third Wednesday evening of
each month.

Soon after the formal opening of the Museum arrangements
were made for a Sunday afternoon course of lectures. These
have been given in the Auditorium of the Museum and have
proved very popular, the attendance at each reaching in nearly
every case the full capacity of the hall. Indeed, on a number
of occasions, many people were turned away.

The lectures and the subjects are fully set forth in President
Grunsky’s report.

Through the liberality of Messrs. Wm. H. Crocker, R. fs
Taussig, and John W. Mailliard the Academy has recently se-
cured a complete moving picture equipment, including an ex-
cellent camera. It is the intention to secure a number of reels
illustrative of wild animal life, particularly of the species
shown in the Museum’s habitat groups.

The success of the Sunday afternoon lecture course is due in
large measure to the industry and resourcefulness of Messrs.
Roy E. Dickerson, W. W. Sargeant, and Edward P. Van
Duzee, to whom, as a committee, all lecture matters were as-
signed by the Director.

238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

EMPLOYEES

The regular employees of the Museum during the year 1916
have been as follows:

Director and Executive Curator, Dr. Barton Warren Ever-
mann; Curator, Department of Botany, Miss Alice Eastwood ;
Curator, Department of Entomology, E. P. Van Duzee; Cura-
tor, Department of Herpetology, Dr. John Van Denburgh;
Assistant Curator, Joseph R. Slevin; Acting Curator, Depart-
ment of Mammals, John Rowley; Curator, Department of In-
vertebrate Zoology, Dr. Walter K. Fisher; Chief, Department
of Exhibits, John Rowley; Assistants, Arthur L. Bolton, Paul
J. Fair, Joseph P. Herring, and Mrs. M. L. Pariser; Assistant
Curator, Department of Invertebrate Paleontology, Dr. Roy E.
Dickerson; Librarian, Dr. Joseph Grinnell; Assistant Librar-
ian, E. P. Van Duzee; Secretary, W. W. Sargeant; Stenog-
rapher and Typewriter, Miss Susie Peers; General Office As-
sistant, Ignatius W. McGuire; General Museum Assistant,
John I. Carlson; Janitor, James H. Chastain; Assistant, Wm.
C. Lewis; Janitress, Mrs. Johanna E. Wilkens; Night Watch-
man, Frank W. Yale; Day Watch, Patrick J. O’Brien.

DEPARTMENT ACTIVITIES

The installation of the research collections of the respective
departments having been practically completed before the be-
ginning of the calendar year 1916, the curators and their as-
sistants have been able to devote most of their time to field
work for the securing of new material and to the care and
study of the collections. The condition,and activities of the
various departments are set forth in detail in the reports of the
respective curators and need be referred to here only briefly.

Department of Botany.—The customary enthusiasm and de-
voted industry have characterized the department of botany
during the year. The mounting and labeling of specimens has
engaged much of the time of the curator. In this work she has
been materially assisted by the members of the Botanical Club,
with whose help the herbarium has been put in excellent condi-
tion. Among the members of the Club who have rendered
especially valuable service should be mentioned Mrs. Marian L.

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 239

Campbell, Mrs. G. Earle Kelly, Mrs. C. L. Pitcher, Mrs. Ernest
Meiere, Miss Kate L. Stoney and Miss Lena Gibbs.

Many additions to the herbarium have been made within the
year, the most important being a collection of 486 specimens of
mosses donated by Dr. C. Hart Merriam; 81 specimens received
in exchange from the U. S. National Museum; 100 plants from
the Alps presented by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall; and two collections
presented by the Botanical Club.

The Curator reports that the needed data for the proper
labeling of the plants collected by the Academy’s Galapagos ex-
pedition have at last been supplied by the collector and it is
now possible to correlate the field numbers with those used in
the published report.

The Botanical Club, under the supervision of the curator
continues to hold weekly meetings and to be active in promot-
ing interest in botanical matters.

The curator has maintained throughout the year in the vesti-
bule of the Museum an exhibit of the flowers of the Park and
country. This exhibit receives much attention from Museum
visitors and is proving of great educational value.

Department of Entomology—Mr. Edward P. Van Duzee,
who entered upon his duties as Curator of Entomology on June
first, has been indefatigable in enlarging the collections in his
department, classifying, arranging, and labeling the specimens,
and, in general, in making the rich material under his care
available for study. During the year he made a number of
short collecting trips which resulted in the addition of many
valuable specimens. The total number of accessions to the
department within the year is 4859.

Certain collections of the department have been sent to
specialists for identification and study. The most important
of these are the Orthoptera of the Galapagos expedition, sent
to Messrs. Hebard and Rehm of Chestnut Hill, Pa., and the
Plusiini sent to Dr. F. Ottolengui of New York.

Considerable time has been given by the curator to the deter-
mination of specimens submitted by correspondents and others
who understand that the Academy is only too glad to be of
service in this way.

The curator is putting through the press a synoptic catalogue
of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, which will prove

240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

one of the most voluminous and important contributions of the
year to entomological literature.

Department of Exhibits—The employees of this department
were engaged during the entire year on the installation of
habitat groups. As stated elsewhere in this report, 17 groups
were completed by September 21. Since that date two other
small groups have been partially completed. Certain other ex-
hibits have been temporarily placed in the mammal hall. The
principal of these are eight cases of commercial mollusks and
crustaceans and a giant clam shell, received from the United
States Bureau of Fisheries; eight cases of shells from the
Hemphill collection, selected for their educational value and
general interest; one case of the edible clams of the west coast
of America, presented by Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd; one case
of minerals, one of fossil fishes, and one of California butter-
flies.

A very instructive exhibit contributed by the Standard Oil
Company has been temporarily installed in the Bird hall. This
exhibit, installed without expense to the Academy, is illus-
trative of the oil industry and attracts much attention.

All these exhibits which do not logically belong in the Mam-
mal and Bird halls will be removed to appropriate exhibition
rooms as soon as an additional wing is provided.

Department of Herpetology.—The activities of this depart-
ment have continued throughout the year with their usual
efficiency. Commendable progress has been made in classify-
ing and arranging the collections on the shelves in the stack
rooms. This work involves the separation, identification, re-
bottling, labeling, and card-cataloguing of the entire collection,
a task now more than one-third done.

During the year the collection was enlarged by the addition
of 1536 specimens.

Considerable field work was done by the assistant curator in
Nevada, Utah and Idaho, resulting in valuable collections and
a much more complete knowledge of the herpetological fauna
of those states.

The collections of this department now number 33,816 speci-
mens, and are among the most extensive in America. The
hope of the curator to make the department second to none in

Vor. VII EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 24

America in completeness and value of material is an ambition
which should receive the hearty support of the Academy.

Within the year the department has contributed four papers
setting forth results of studies by the curator and assistant
curator of the collections of the Academy, two of which have
been published. The other two will be printed soon. Other
scientific papers are in course of preparation.

Department of Invertebrate Paleontology.—Mr. F. M. An-
derson, the curator of this department, was on leave during the
entire year, engaged on special work for certain oil companies
and the Southern Pacific Railroad. The assistant curator, -Dr.
Roy E. Dickerson, has shown his accustomed energy and in-
dustry in looking after the interests of his department. A large
amount was accomplished in preparing, sorting, identifying,
and classifying the material in various collections, and putting
the general collections of the department in order.

Although the budget allotment to the department was small
several field expeditions were successfully conducted,—one to
the Simi hills in Ventura and Los Angeles counties, one to the
Marysville Buttes, one to the vicinity of Petaluma and Free-
stone, and one in the area on the southern border of the Mohave
Desert, where certain studies in historical geology were made
in co-operation with Dr. L. F. Noble of the U. S. Geological
Survey.

The assistant curator has been active and productive in
original research, and has within the year contributed a number
of papers to paleontological literature.

Department of Invertebrate Zoology.—In this department,
which is as yet only in the formative stage, the work of the
year has consisted almost exclusively in the making of collec-
tions for the department. The curator spent a portion of the
month of June at Monterey Bay and vicinity collecting desir-
able material. In the same month some collecting was done
in the vicinity of Point Conception.

In co-operation with the Department of Biology of the Uni-
versity of Southern California, two weeks were devoted to
dredging about Santa Catalina Island.

The collections of the department have also been enriched
by a valuable series of west coast Gephyrean worms and a mis-

242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER.

cellaneous lot of invertebrates from British Columbia and the
coast of California secured from Mr. W. F. Thompson, a small
collection of California echinoderms donated by the University
of Southern California, a representative series of invertebrates
collected in the vicinity of Hilo, Hawaii, by Miss Leslie Tul-
loch, and a small lot of echinoderms from Boundary Bay, B. C.,
contributed by Prof. Frank W. Weymouth.

Department of Mammalogy.—As in the previous year the
acting curator and his assistants devoted their time to the in-
stallation of habitat groups. Little or no time was given to
enlarging the collections.

As no catalogue of the specimens in this department had
ever been prepared, a proper record book was ordered made,
and the collection was catalogued by Mr. Rowley, assisted by
Mr. Bolton and Mr. Fair.

The total number of entries is 2300. Very few of the speci-
mens in this department have been accurately identified. There
is urgent need of a mammalogist competent to make the identi-
fications and who can add to the collection so that it may be-
come a fair representation of the California mammalian fauna.

Department of Ornithology.—This department being tem-
porarily without a curator, has done no field collecting in the
past year. The only additions to the collections are a few
specimens received from miscellaneous sources. Mr. L. M.
Loomis has continued to make use of the Tubinares of the col-
lection in connection with the preparation of a monograph upon
that group of birds upon which he is engaged.

Library.—Mr. Edward P. Van Duzee, who entered upon his
duties as assistant librarian June first, came to us with long ex-
perience in library work. He had been connected with the
Grosvenor Library of Buffalo, N. Y., for 28 years, 10 years as
assistant librarian and 18 years as librarian. Although Mr.
Van Duzee’s primary duties are those of curator of Ento-
mology, he nevertheless devotes a portion of his time to the
library. With the assistance of Mr. Ignatius W. McGuire and
Mr. John I. Carlson commendable progress has been made in
classifying and arranging the books on the shelves. After ma-
ture consideration it was the opinion of the assistant librarian
that the Decimal classification would best meet our needs, and

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 243

that system has been adopted. The miscellaneous books in the
main library, numbering some 2650 volumes, have been prop-
erly arranged and author and subject cards written by Mr.
McGuire and call numbers engrossed by Mr. Carlson on the
back of each book and on each card.

The sets of periodicals and publications of learned societies
have also been similarly arranged.

San Diego meeting of the Western Society of Naturalists.—
As one of the societies affiliated with the Pacific Division of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, which
met at San Diego August 9 to 12, 1916, the Western Society
of Naturalists held its annual meeting at the same time and
place. The Academy was well represented at these meetings,
as many as twenty of its members appearing on the various
programs for the presentation of papers. Two of the three
presidential addresses were given by members of the Academy,
the first by Dr. W. W. Campbell, President of the Pacific Di-
vision of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, whose subject was ‘“‘What we know about Comets,”
the second by Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, President of the
Western Society of Naturalists, his subject being “Modern
Natural History Museums and their relation to Public Educz-
tion.”

The following members of the Museum staff were present
and presented papers: Miss Alice Eastwood and Messrs.
Dickerson, Evermann, Grinnell and Van Duzee.

ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM

The accessions to the Museum during the year have been
numerous, as set forth in the detailed list in the appendix to
this report. Several important donations were received from
exhibitors at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, and
many others from various and miscellaneous sources.

The Academy feels very grateful to all those who have in
this way contributed to its collections.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Addition to the Museum Building.—Attention is again called
to the necessity for additional room for the proper housing of

244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER.

the Academy’s collections and the proper display of exhibition
materials already on hand or expected in the near future.

At the request of the President of the Board of Trustees the
architect has submitted tentative plans and estimates for certain
additions to the Museum building, as follows:

a. Closing in the Court in such a manner as to provide one
floor for exhibits; estimated cost, $35,000; or

b. Closing in the Court in such a manner as to provide two
floors for exhibits ; estimated cost, $50,000; or

c. A main hall for the contemplated East wing; estimated

cost, $90,000.

Any one of these plans would meet the present needs of the
Museum fairly well.

Taxidermists’ Laboratory.—The work of the Museum has
been and is seriously handicapped because there is no suitable
shop or laboratory in which the taxidermists and preparators
can carry on their work. An item of $1500 was provided in
the budget for 1916 for such a building, but it was found that
this amount would not construct a building that would meet
the approval of the Park Commissioners. The matter was
therefore abandoned for the time being.

By using one of the habitat group cases not yet needed for
exhibits and by constructing a small shed or room on the roof,
we were able to get along for the time being. This arrange-
ment is necessarily merely temporary. <A suitable, commodious
shop must be provided soon if the work is not to be seriously
hampered.

Exlubits.—There remain five spaces for large habitat groups,
—three in the Mammal hall and two in the Bird hall. Pro-
visional plans have been made for installing in the three cases
in the Mammal hall a Humboldt Elk group, a Southern Mule
Deer group, and a Fur Seal group. Some of the animals re-
quired for the fur seal group have been secured through the
kind co-operation of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, and
it is expected the others will be obtained next fall. Efforts to
secure animals for the Humboldt elk and the Southern Mule
deer groups have as yet been unsuccessful, but it is hoped they
may be secured next fall.

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 245

It is proposed to install in the two remaining large cases in
the Bird hall a White Pelican group and a Game Bird group
showing all the species of ducks, geese and other game birds
that winter in the San Joaquin Valley. Mr. Paul J. Fair with
an assistant is now at the Los Banos Gun Club in Merced
County collecting the birds for this group. The birds for the
White Pelican group will be gotten in the spring.

In the Mammal hall provision has been made for 22 small
mammal groups to be placed at either end of the large groups.
The Bird hall has spaces for 12 similar small bird groups, two
of which have already been installed, leaving 10 to be supplied.

It is hoped that provision may be made for securing as
rapidly as possible the mammals and birds required for these
small groups, and that a number of such groups be completed
within the year.

Research Collections.—Attention is again called to the neces-
sity of giving greater encouragement to research work than has
been possible during the last few years. The reputation and
standing of the California Academy of Sciences as a scientific
institution will always be determined by the scientific workers
connected with it and the contributions they make to the litera-
ture of the physical and biological sciences. Field investiga-
tions and explorations and the building up of the Museum’s
collections must be encouraged and provided for; and special-
ists and facilities must be provided for the study of the rich
collections which the Museum already possesses and those
which it may secure.

246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser.

APPENDIX TO THE DIRECTOR’S REPORT
LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY, 1916

Anderson, F. M., Berkeley, Cal.: Two turtle shells from Bolivar, Colom-
bia, S. A.; and collections of Miocene, Eocene and Cretaceous fossils
from near Coalinga, Cal. Gift.

Argentine Government, through Hon. Enrique M. Nelson, Vice-Commis-
sioner General, Panama-Pacific International Exposition: Thirty-nine
specimens of mounted Argentine birds; eight mounted specimens of
native mammals; 10 boxes of exhibits of native insects; 10 framed
colored drawings of Argentine plants; a stereoscope and 37 slides; an
exhibit illustrating water filtration; specimens of ores; 300 books and
pamphlets; and 145 specimens of Argentine plants. Gift.

Babcock, John P., Victoria, B. C.: Twenty-four sheets of botanical speci-
mens from the West ‘Coast of Vancouver Island, B. C. Gift.

Bacon, Gaston E., San Francisco: Specimen of sand dollar from the ocean
beach. Gift.

Beardsley, Miss D. C., Pacific Grove, Cal.: One specimen of the whistling
swan from Monterey, Cal.

Berry, S. Stillman, Redlands, ‘Cal.: Seven pamphlets. Gift.

Blatchley, Hon. W. S., Indianapolis, Ind.:| One copy of “Rhyncophora or
Weevils of North Eastern America.” Gift.

Brandt, W. M., Gualala, Cal.: Two obsidian arrowheads. Gift.

Branner, Dr. John C., Stanford University: Fifty-five bound volumes. Gift.

Brasil, Prof. L., University of Caen, Caen, France: One pamphlet. Gift.

California Botanical Club, through Miss Alice Eastwood: A collection of
397 specimens of Mexican plants collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in
1910, purchased for $39.80 by the Club. Gift.

California, University of, College of Agriculture, Berkeley, Cal: Fifty-five
numbers of the Bulletin of the College of Agriculture, nearly com-
pleting the Academy’s set. Gift.

Carlson, John I., California Academy of Sciences: One botanical specimen,
exotic. Gift.

Chastain, James, California Academy of Sciences: Specimens of obsidian
and pumice from Siskiyou County, Cal. Gift.

China, Government of, through the Commissioner-General, Panama-Pacific
International Exposition: Two exhibit cases. Gift.

Clemens, Chaplain Joseph C., Fort Sill, Oklahoma: A collection of about
300 specimens of frogs, lizards, toads, and snakes from China and the
Philippine Islands. Gift.

Clemens, Mrs. Joseph ‘C., Fort Sill, Oklahoma: Five botanical specimens
from Oklahoma. Gift.

Coleman, Mr. R. A., San Francisco: ‘Collections of minerals and fossils
from Alaska. Gift.

Cook, Melville T., New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New
Brunswick, N. J.: One pamphlet. Gift.

Coombs, Mrs. A. L., San Francisco: Ten specimens of plants from the
Yosemite Valley. Gift.

Vor. VI EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 247

Crocker, Hon. Wm. H., San Francisco: Three large folios—“Japanese
Temples and Their Treasures.” Gift.

Dickerson, Dr. Roy E., California Academy of Sciences: Ten collections
of Martinez fossils from the Simi Hills; eight collections of fossils
from the Marysville Buttes; seven collections from the vicinity of
Petaluma; and specimens of foraminiferal shales from Casmalia and
Lompoc, Cal. Exploration.

Dorne, Mrs. Nelly Waterhouse, San Francisco: One pamphlet. Gift.
Drake, C. J., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio: Representatives of
five recently described Tingids (Hemiptera) from the east. Gift.
Durden, H. S., San Francisco: A map of California in which each county
is represented by a piece of wood from some tree native and character-
istic of the county, and a collection of fossils, mesozoic ammonoids,
petrified wood from the auriferous gravels of California, and several

fine specimens of California minerals. Gift.

Eastwood, Miss Alice, California Academy of Sciences: Collections of
botanical specimens from Colorado as follows: Two hundred thirty-
four specimens from Grand Junction, 63 from Telluride, 155 from
Durango, 85 from Trinidad, and 191 from the vicinity of Denver; a
collection of about 500 specimens from the Grand Canyon, Arizona; 85
specimens from Gallup, New Mexico; 20 specimens from Williams,
and 12 from Seligman, Arizona; a collection including 60 species,
chiefly exotics, from Santa Barbara; 160 specimens, representing 140
native species, and specimens of 45 exotics, from Ventura Co., Cal.
Exploration. A folio of postcards, made by Henry Hemphill; and
two salamanders from San Francisco. Gift.

English, W. A., U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.'C.: A collection
of Miocene and Pliocene fossils from west side San Joaquin Valley.
Gift.

Evermann, Dr. Barton W., Director of the Museum, California Academy of
Sciences: Two sheets of specimens of Spraguea umbellata and Spirea
Splendens from Crater Lake, Cal.; nine specimens of plants collected in
the mountains back of Nordhoff, Ventura County, Cal.; 14 specimens of
Colorado plants ; 27 botanical specimens from Cottonwood Springs, seven
from Mecca, Cal., 24 from Newhall, Cal., and 25 from Saugus, Cal.;
specimens of the Walking Fern (Camptosorus rhizophyllus), from
Knoxville, Tenn., collected in 1893; 10 manganese nodules dredged by
the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross” in the South Pacific
during the Agassiz~Albatross South Pacific Expedition of 1899-1900;
a collection of garnets from St. George Island, Pribilof Group; fossil
leaves, Chignik Bay, Alaska; and one snake from Firebaugh, Cal. Gift.

Field, C. F., San Diego, Cal.: Miocene or Pliocene fossils from Tia
Juana Valley Oil Well. Gift.

Giffard, W. M., Honolulu, T. H.: Eleven paratypes of Hymenopters (5
species) ; and 126 California insects. Gift.

Gordon, W. A., Los Angeles, Cal.: Miocene fossils from vicinity of Quail
Lake on Osos Creek, Cal. Gift.

248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Grant, Hon. J. D., San Francisco: One buffalo skull from Klamath River.
Gift.

Grinnell, Fordyce, Pasadena, Cal.: Twenty sheets and five duplicates of
botanical specimens from Pasadena; 20 botanical specimens from Mt.
Wilson; and 316 insects from vicinage of Los Angeles. Gift.

Grove, Mrs. Jas., Camptonville, Cal.: One lizard from Yuba Co., Cal. Gift.

Hawaii, Government of, through Commissioner-General, Panama-Pacific
International Exposition: Three fishes and five eels from Diamond
Head, Oahu; and one turtle from Makapu, Oahu. Gift.

Henry, J. K., Vancouver, B. ‘C.: Nine sheets of botanical specimens from
Vancouver Island. Gift.

Heyer, Mrs. H. C., San Francisco: Sixty-one specimens of Alaskan birds,
chiefly water birds. Gift.

Holm, Adolph, San Francisco: Three botanical specimens. Gift.

Hubbard, Samuel, Oakland, Cal.: Fourteen specimens of a species of fish
(Cyprinodon macularius) from Saratoga Springs, Death Valley, San
Bernardino Co., ‘Cal. Gift.

Hunt, H. H.: One salamander from La Honda, Cal. Gift.

Kelly, James H., Tiburon, Cal.: Twenty-one numbers of the earlier pub-
lications of the Academy. Gift.

Klapp, Jesse R., San Francisco: A fine adult male specimen of the West-
ern Goshawk (Astur atricappilus striatulus), from Golden Gate Park.
Gift.

Kusche, August, Eldridge, Cal.: One hundred and twenty-seven sheets of
Arctic plants from Alaska and the Yukon; 19 specimens of birds from
Alaska; six mineralogical specimens from Ketchikan; and 52 speci-
mens of Neuroptera from Alaska. Gift.

Logan, Hugh B., Baker, Ore., through Mr. John W. Mailliard, Sr., San
Francisco: One skin of the Mountain Coyote (Canis latrans lestes),
male, from North Powder, Baker Co., Ore., Feb. 10, 1916; and one skin
of the Pallid Barred Wildcat (Lynx fasciatus pallescens), male, from
Salisbury, Baker Co., Ore., Jan. 25, 1916, both collected by Mr. Logan.
Gift.

Loomis, L. M., San Francisco: One bound copy, Ridgway, Birds North
and Middle America, vol. 7. Gift.

Mailliard, Hon. John W., Sr., San Francisco: Two specimens of the
California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus), collected in San Diego
‘County, Cal., Jan. 1 and 3, 1894, by E. B. Towne; and one bound
volume, “Egyptian Birds” by Charles Whymper. Gift.

Martin, Bruce, Berkeley, Cal.: A collection of 627 insects collected in
Colombia, South America, 126 of these being butterflies in papers, and
the balance mostly beetles. Gift.

McAllister, Otis and Miss Ethel, San Francisco: One wasp’s nest. Gift.

McGuire, Ignatius, California Academy of Sciences: Three snakes from
Golden Gate Park. Gift.

Meinecke, E. P., Washington, D. C.: Five pamphlets. Gift.

Menzies, R. M., San Francisco: One beetle (Buprestis aurulenta) from
Marin Co., Cal. Gift.

Vor. VI) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 249

Merriam, Dr. ‘C. Hart, Washington, D. C.: A collection of 486 specimens
of Atlantic coast mosses, comprising 65 genera and 181 species, all new
to the herbarium; and a cross section of the largest tree of the Cali-
fornia lilac, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, measuring 14 inches in diameter,
and two cross sections of other trees of the same species and one of
Rhamnus californica. Gift.

Miller, Mr. Charles E.: Thirty-five sheets of botanical specimens from
Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands. Gift.

Miller, Thomas L., San Francisco: One snake skin. Gift.

Mitchell, Henry S., San Francisco: Twelve bound volumes; two nautical
charts ; 36 packages of shells; four fossils from the Santa Cruz Moun-
tains; and a sextant. Gift.

Moxley, George L.: Forty-one sheets of botanical specimens from Los
Angeles, Cal. Gift. :

Nelson, Mr., San Francisco: Pleistocene fossils from Nome, Alaska,
one mile north of present beach, four miles east of Nome. Gift.
Oldroyd, T. C., Long Beach, Cal.: A collection of edible clams of Cali-

fornia. Gift.

Pack, Herbert J., Salt Lake City, Utah: One vial of shrimps (Artemia)
from Great Salt Lake. Gift.

Parker, Sir Gilbert, London: A collection of about 100 pamphlets, on the
European War. Gift.

Reynolds, L..C., San Francisco: A collection of insects in alcohol, and 336
insects, mostly Hemiptera. Gift.

Rixford, Dr. Emmet, San Francisco: Specimens of Trifolium Bolanderi
collected at type locality. Gift.

Rixford, G. P., San Francisco: Seventeen sheets of botanical specimens
from Riverside. Gift.

Rosenbaum, L. S., San Francisco: A collection of 232 California insects.
Gift.

Ryfkogel, S. D., San Francisco: Alaskan bow, arrows, and spear, and
three wooden bowls. Gift.

Sargent, Prof. L. E., Cambridge, Mass.: A collection of 120 specimens of
woody plants. Exchange.

Shirk, Joseph, Berkeley, Cal.: One horned toad (Phrynosoma) from
Berkeley; and specimens of salamander eggs. Gift.

Slevin, Joseph R., California Academy of Sciences: Three snakes, 371
lizards and 47 toads from Pyramid Lake; one snake, nine lizards, and
one frog from Carlin, and 10 snakes, two toads, and 12 frogs from
Elko, Nevada; 13 snakes, 23 lizards, 137 frogs, and 15 toads from
Boise; four snakes, 31 frogs, five toads, and two salamanders from
Payette Lake; two snakes and 56 frogs from Gyer Hot Springs; four
snakes, 42 lizards, and 46 frogs from Ft. Hall, Idaho; one snake from
Portland, Oregon; two snakes, 165 lizards, from Thompson, and five
salamanders and 127 frogs from Salt Lake City, Utah; one snake from
Carmel, one from San Jose, one from Los Banos, five lizards from
Stanford University, 17 snakes, four lizards and one toad from Golden
Gate Park, and two mussel shells from the Humboldt River at Elko,
Nevada. Exploration.

250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [{Proc. 4TH Ser.

Smith, L. E., Sisson, Cal.: Skull of a small mammal, collected at Hilts,
Siskiyou Co., Cal.; specimens of two rare species of plants from north-
ern California, and 149 bound volumes. Gift.

Snodgrass, R. E., Washington, D. ‘C.: Seventeen volumes and 38 pam-
phlets. Gift.

South Dakota, through Mr. Chas. McCaffree, Commissioner of Immigra-
tion: Specimen of iron ore. Gift.

Stonehouse, Miss Mabel E., Sisson, Cal.: Seven botanical specimens from
Hilts, Siskiyou ‘Co., Cal. Gift.

Stoner, R. G., San Francisco: A collection of Upper Miocene fossils from
Topo Canyon, Cal. Gift.

Tough, F. B., Los Angeles, Cal.: Oil sands and buff-colored clay. Gift.

Troyer, Carlos, San Francisco: Pamphlet, “Indian Music,” by himself.
Gift.

United States Fisheries Steamer “Albatross”: Twenty-one bird skins;
specimens of fishes, sponges, molluscs, crustaceans, ccelenterates, am-
phibians, annelids, bryozoa, echinoderms, worm tubes, worms, hydroids,
alge, shells, coral, plants, brachipods, 15 insects, eight tree frogs from
Cerros Island, two tree frogs and two toads, from Sweet Water Valley,
San Diego Co., ‘Cal., and one rattlesnake from Turtle Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia. Gift.

United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.: Eighty-one specimens
of cryptogams. Exchange.

Van Denburgh, Dr. John, California Academy of Sciences: One Rough-
winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripinnis) from Edenvale, Santa
‘Clara Co., one snake and seven salamanders from Stanford University,
one snake, Sausalito, three snakes from San Jose, one snake, one toad
and 12 lizards from Imperial Co., two lizards and two snakes from
Merced, Cal. Exploration.

Van Duzee, Edward P., California Academy of Sciences: Sixty-five speci-
mens of insects from Los Bafios; 338 specimens from Crystal Lakes,
San Mateo Co.; 113 specimens from Mt. Diablo, Contra Costa Co.;
243 specimens from Niles; 87 specimens from San Francisco, 595 speci-
mens from Lake Co., 490 specimens from San Diego, 36 specimens from
Los Angeles, 124 insects from Leona Heights, Cal. Exploration. Six-
teen pamphlets. Gift.

Van Dyke, Dr. E. C., Berkeley, Cal.: Eight hundred and thirty-four in-
sects. Gift.

Varney, Mrs. F. N., San Francisco: One Short-eared owl. Gift.

Von Geldern, Otto, San Francisco: Seventy-six insects from Louisiana.
Gift.

Waring, C. A., Berkeley, Cal.: Martinez fossils from the Simi Hills, Cal.
Gift.

Witham, Henry, San Francisco: Four bound volumes. Gift.

Wickes, Miss E. M.: One botanical specimen from Santa Cruz, Cal. Gift.

Wooster, John, San Francisco: One hummingbird nest. Gift.

Wrasse, E., San Francisco: Specimen of oyster-shell. Gift.

Young, Carlos, San Francisco: Copper ores and mineral cabinet. Gift.

Vor. VI) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 10916 251

DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS
DEPARTMENT OF BoTANy
By Alice Eastwood, Curator

The new Herbarium now contains 32,281 mounted sheets, representing
10,241 species and 3223 genera of Phanerogams and the higher Cryptogams.
Besides these there are also the types saved from the fire and the bundles
of lupines and gilias which were loaned at the time and have since been
returned, but which are not yet incorporated in the herbarium on account
of lack of room. There are also the collections of mosses given by Dr. C.
Hart Merriam numbering 486 specimens, and 81 specimens sent in exchange
from the National Museum. A collection of Hawaiian ferns and a collec-
tion of 100 plants from the Alps donated by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall after the fire
have been this year mounted and put in place and almost all have added
species to the collection that were very desirable. The California Botanical
Club has purchased two collections at a total expense of sixty dollars.

Duplicates have been sent to the following herbariums :

Stanford MUO miversitysesctae sn sitetyotcvereictey sieves !suoicss (obs) auaSc0.oy2/ie Ayer asics 230
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.............-.--+---- 353
sNherArnoldvAtrbone tum cits sctecteta store rete tars iavaiaie = va vase) lesche aialoy sl due 411
(PhiexWusS;, National Herbariumes sacrcrssstsccis.cs.<19.9-212)5:0.6 100900167 765

Other sets of duplicates are ready for distribution but have not yet been
sent and there remains still a large collection of duplicates made chiefly by
the curator to be distributed into sets when time can be taken from more
pressing duties.

After ten years’ delay, the collection of plants from the Galapagos Islands
can now be labelled. The collector has at last sent the data necessary to
enable the field numbers to be correlated with the published numbers. It
is an immense job which would be impossible without the classifying into
families, genera and species already done by the curator. Thousands of
labels will have to be written, as there are many duplicates. Help will be
absolutely necessary for that labor and it should be paid for by the
Academy, for it is too laborious and uninteresting for members of the
Botanical Club. It is hoped that the coming year will see this collection
incorporated into the herbarium and the duplicates distributed to other
herbariums so that exchanges can be secured.

Without the help of some members of the Botanical Club, the herbarium
could not be in its present fine condition. Mrs. Marian L. Campbell has
mounted 6,854 specimens, Mrs. G. Earle Kelly 300, while Mrs. C. L. Pitcher,
Mrs. Ernest Meiere, Miss Kate L. Stoney and Miss Lena Gibbs have helped
in other ways. With an allowance of one hundred dollars for help, the
mounting alone would have exceeded the appropriation by more than fifty
dollars if the lowest price for such work should have been paid. I have
had the paid help of two school girls who could come on Saturdays and
after school and they have helped me in writing labels and making an in-
ventory of the herbarium.

252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.

The Botanical Club holds weekly meetings. These are conducted by the
curator and take the form of popular talks and excursions in the park and
the country. The Club is growing constantly without advertisement of any
kind and has done much to make the California Academy of Sciences a
popular institution. Besides this Club, the curator also conducts once a
week an evening class of the young gardeners in the park who desire a
scientific knowledge of the plants they cultivate. I have had to correctly
name a great many species in the park, and sometimes it is very difficult
as we have not the books most needed.

The exhibition of flowers from the park and the country kept up in the
vestibule of the Museum has taken some time each week, but it fills a
popular want. Each species is labelled with scientific name, common name,
if one exists, and the native country.

It is hoped in the coming year to have the principal genera of shrubs
in the park arranged in scientific sequence around the court of the Museum
with labels giving not only the names and native countries, but also the
families under which they are classified. If there is room I plan also a bed
of the plants mentioned in the Bible and another of the plants mentioned
in Shakespeare’s writings. It may not be possible to obtain all, but what-
ever can be secured will be of interest and may lead to the final complete-
ness.

During a six weeks’ leave of absense on a trip to Colorado, the curator
made large collections which will be classified elsewhere in the report. A
trip was also made to Ventura and Santa Barbara in the spring and in
August a trip to Southern ‘California to attend the Pacific Coast Branch of
the American Association meeting resulted in the collection of a great
many exotics in Southern California.

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Washington, D. C.: A collection of 486 specimens
of Atlantic Coast mosses, comprising 65 genera, 181 species. Gift.”
Also a cross sectionof a large tree of Ceanothus thyrsiflorus measur-
ing 14 inches in diameter, and two cross sections of other trees of same
species, also one of Rhamnus californica.

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.: Eighty-one specimens of
Cryptogams in exchange.

The California Botanical Club has purchased a collection of 385 specimens
collected in California and Oregon by A. A. Heller in 1916, also a col-
lection of 397 specimens collected in Mexico by the late Dr. Edward
Palmer.

George L. Moxley has sent on 50 from the vicinity of Los Angeles for de-
termination.

Fordyce Grinnell, Sr., has given 52 from the Sierra Madre mountains, to
be named.

Miss Anna Junkans has sent 82 from Trinity County as a gift and for
determination.

G. P. Rixford has contributed 37, chiefly exotics.

Mr. Charles E. Miller: Thirty-five sheets of specimens from Santa Rosa
and Santa Cruz Island, also six from near Cisco.

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 253

Mrs. Ernest Meiere: Seven California species.

Dr. Barton W. Evermann: Ninety, chiefly from California.

Mrs. G, Earle Kelly: Thirty-four, chiefly from Monterey County.

Ida M. Blochman: One from Mariposa County.

Mrs. Arch.M. Gilbert: Four from California.

Colin Eastwood Clegg: Sixteen from Scenic, Washington.

Mrs. Marian L. Campbell: One hundred sixty-five from high Sierras.

Mrs, Thos. Palache: One Torreya from Sierras.

Fred Koch: One rare anemone from California.

Arthur L. Bolton: Forty-five from parts of California and Arizona.

J. P. Babcock: Twenty-four from West Coast of Vancouver.

T. D. A. Cockerell: One hundred seventy-two, chiefly New Mexico.

J. K. Henry: Nine, Vancouver.

Dr. A. Lyle: One fern from Massachusetts.

J. Aug. Kusche: One hundred thirty from Yukon and Alaska.

Miss Julia McDonald: One hundred eighty-six from Fresno County.

William H. Suksdorf; Six duplicate types.

Argentine: One hundred forty-five.

Mrs. A. L. Coombs: One hundred thirty-six California and Oregon.

C. S. Sargent: One hundred twenty exchange from Arnold Arboretum.

Adolph Holm: Four exotics.

Miss E. M. Wikes: One.

Miss Mabel E. Stonehouse: Seven.

L. E. Smith: Two.

John Carlson: One.

The Curator: Two hundred seventy-five Grand Canyon, 587 exotics, 354
miscellaneous, 158 Ventura County, 162 Grand Junction, 117 Durango,
166 near Denver, 50 Trinidad, 50 Telluride, 33 Needles, 15 Seligman,
20 Williams, 64 Gallup. :

DEPARTMENT OF HERPETOLOGY
By John Van Denburgh, Curator

Report of the Curator of the Department of Herpetology for the year
1916.

At the beginning of the year 1916 our collection of reptiles and am-
phibians numbered 32,280. There have been added during the year 1536
specimens, so that we now have 33,816.

The principal sources of the specimens received during the year have
been as follows:

From California: Thirty-six snakes, 25 lizards, 10 salamanders, 4 toads,
2 frogs.

From Nevada: Fourteen snakes, 378 lizards, 48 toads, 13 frogs.

From Utah: Two snakes, 176 lizards, 5 salamanders, 127 frogs.

From Idaho: Twenty-three snakes, 64 lizards, 282 frogs, 5 toads, 2 sala-
manders.

From Oregon: One snake.

254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

From Texas: Three salamanders.

From Mexico: One snake, 8 frogs.

From Colombia, S. A.: Two turtle shells.

From the Hawaiian Islands: One turtle.

From the Philippine Islands: Eight lizards, 9 frogs.

From China: Fifty-three turtles, 9 snakes, 52 lizards, 114 frogs, 59 toads.

During the year much progress has been made in classification and ar-
rangement of the collection on the shelves. This work involves the separa-
tion, identification, rebottling, labeling and card-cataloguing of the entire
collection of nearly 34,000 specimens. This huge task is now more than
one-third completed.

Considerable scientific work also has been done during the year. Two
short papers have been published, and two others presented for publication,
while several others are in process of preparation. Among these are one
on the reptiles of Nevada and one on those of Idaho.

During the coming year, it is hoped that the permanent installation of
the collection may be still further advanced and the collection much in-
creased in size. It long has been my desire to make the Academy’s collec-
tion of reptiles and amphibians the-largest and most valuable in America.
The field is open to the Academy and there is no good reason why it
should not avail itself of the opportunity to exceed all other museums in
this line of research. The collection now is very large and ranks probably
third in America, being exceeded by the collections of the United States
National Museum and of Harvard University, each of which is perhaps
fifty years older than our own. The growth of our collection during the
years since the great fire has been phenomenal, but in the last five years,
owing to lessened appropriations for field work, the rate of growth has
been much reduced. The number of specimens added during each of the
past six years has been, in round numbers, as follows :—

1c) een cite reneterer crane 10 6100 specimens
DOT 2 esos aie rare co cle ais Saree generate lea Nes 3500 oe
OUS) Ss ceaus nme tae Aas nh. oc) oo en ees aoe eee s cesT = 2700 a
DOTA Dy: Seapets sste arel a tsare1 Seka ele kee sores ederereraretetele 800 ye
LOIS) Ae cae seas ee sss cwiata aster sae eteeaeeeNs 800
A ONG) oa. cia erctareuelscehersems aie ceva yecantye Srepatava, ore Sse ein usleNes aist> 1500 af

This is an average for the last four years of only 1450 specimens as
against an average growth of over 4000 for each of the preceding seven
years. The number received during the year 1911 was over 6100 specimens,
but in 1914 and 1915 this was reduced to nearly 800. This reduction in the
rate of growth is due to the reduction in the amount of money available
for field work. The present rate of growth is quite inadequate to secure
pre-eminence for our collection. If we are to do this the rate of growth
must at least be restored to its former standard, and such restoration in
the rate of growth means that there must again be made available larger
sums of money to be devoted to this purpose. Now that the building in
the Park has been completed, I hope that this may be done.

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 255

DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
By Walter K. Fisher, Curator

Since the Department of Invertebrate Zoology is in a formative stage
the work for the year has emphasized the accumulation of a collection.

Systematic collecting was conducted at three points along the California
coast:

1. By the curator, at Monterey Bay and vicinity, during June.

2. By Mr. ‘Carl Hubbs, in the region of Point Conception, during June.

3. By several members of the Department of Biology, University of
Southern California, during a two-weeks’ cruise of their dredging boat
about Santa Catalina Island.

These have resulted in the accumulation of a considerable amount of
material, which is being sorted.

In addition, the curator secured from Mr. W. F. Thompson of Stanford
University a very valuable collection of west coast Gephyrean worms, as
well as a miscellaneous collection of invertebrates taken in British Colum-
bia and along the coast of California.

A small collection of Southern California echinoderms was donated by
the University of Southern California.

A representative series of invertebrates was collected in the vicinity of
Hilo, Hawaii, by Miss Leslie Tulloch, and after her untimely death was
sent to the Academy by Miss Martha Tulloch.

Prof. Frank W. Weymouth, of Stanford University, has contributed a
small lot of echinoderms and crustacea from Boundary Bay, B. C.

DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY
By Roy E. Dickerson, Assistant Curator

In accordance with your request of January, the assistant curator is
pleased to report concerning the activities of the Department of Inverte-
brate Paleontology for the current year. With a small appropriation for
field work this year, the department has been able to accomplish much
very desirable exploration and investigations in three different portions of
California. Laboratory studies on the Oligocene of Washington and Cali-
fornia, the Miocene of the Mexican Gulf ‘Coast, the Caribbean, Panama and
Lower California, the Pleistocene and Pliocene of Sonoma County, the
Martinez-Eocene of the Rock Creek Quadrangle in Southern California,
the Eocene of Mexico have been completed or are in progress. Some ex-
hibit material has been arranged and more is in course of preparation for
exhibition in the Museum.

CARE OF COLLECTIONS

The paleontological collections are practically all numbered with locality
number, and the types, cotypes and figured forms given catalogue numbers
as well. The conchological collections are only partially numbered, but

256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

the Hemphill conchological catalogue is almost completed. Approximately
one-half of the Henry Hemphill conchological collection is unpacked, num-
bered and placed in drawer cases or exhibition cases. But little work has
been attempted on the excellent collections of rocks and minerals obtained
from the Exposition.

RESEARCH

During the first three weeks of June, the assistant curator investigated
the Eocene and Cretaceous in the Simi Hills, which are 30 miles north-
west of Los Angeles. Lower Eocene fossils of the Los Angeles basin ex-
hibit the same peculiar facies as the Martinez fauna of the San Francisco
basin. The abundance and variety of Turritellas, the Volutide, the Cyp-
reid, and other tropical and semi-tropical forms, in comparison with the
fauna of the San Francisco basin, are evidences yielded by these collections
that apparently well-marked climatic zones existed during lower Eocene
time, in marked contrast with the vague and indefinite climatic conditions
of the Upper Eocene, Tejon, during which semi-tropical conditions existed
far north of the Equator. Palms and other tropical or semi-tropical forms
of the land flora occur in Washington while semi-tropical invertebrate
shells are numerous in the Cowlitz phase of Washington.

Both the Rimella simplex zone or middle Tejon, and the Siphonalia
sutterensis zone of the uppermost Tejon, were recognized in the vicinity
of the Simi Hills. About five miles north of Chatsworth Pass, Mr. R. G.
Stoner discovered an interesting locality which yielded numerous species
characteristic of the uppermost Eocene of California, the Siphonalia sutter-
ensis zone. This zone typically occurs in the Marysville Buttes, Sacramento
Valley, and also extends along the western border of the Sierra Nevada,
the marine equivalent of the land-laid auriferous gravels. This is the first
recognition in California of the Siphonalia sutterensis zone in the outer
Coast Ranges. Presumably, in most places in the coast ranges, the upper-
most Eocene was removed during the interval of emergence between the
Eocene and Oligocene on the Pacific Coast. About 15 new species from the
Martinez-Eocene and about 12 forms new to science were found in the
Tejon Eocene in this area.

The Marysville Buttes were visited in April by the assistant curator.
Eight different collections were obtained from the uppermost Eocene of
this region. Ten beautiful new species were found. Knoxville cretaceous
fossils were discovered for the first time in this ancient volcano of the
Sacramento Valley. The uppermost Cretaceous, Chico group, was dis-
covered in four different localities and fair collections were obtained. No
Horsetown or middle Cretaceous was found in this area; presumably an
interval of erosion in this region represents Horsetown time, as these de-
posits occur in great thicknesses 30 miles west of the site of the Marys-
ville Buttes, or faulting has uplifted the lower Cretaceous—the Knoxville—
and lowered the upper Cretaceous, the Chico, and concealed the middle or
Horsetown member of this Mesozoic period.

During three weeks in July, the assistant curator, aided by Mr. John B.
Kerr, collected from seven different localities in the Merced formation,

Vor. VI] EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 257

between the ocean and Petaluma and northwest in the vicinity of Freestone.
The type locality of the Merced, a Pliocene formation, is located in a cliff
section 314 miles north of Mussel rock, where about 5000 feet of sands and
shales are exposed. These collections demonstrate the presence of Merced
strata resting unconformably upon an old erosion surface cut in ancient
Franciscan rock of probable Jurassic age. Sonoma tuff, a volcanic ash
and pumice deposit, was found interbedded with Merced strata in the
vicinity of Freestone and environs. This tuff occurs in very extensive de-
posits east of Napa, and occurs at the base of the Orindan formation near
Pinole. The Orindan formation which consists of lake deposits, landlaid
deposits, and interbedded volcanics is an extensive formation of the
Berkeley Hills. Probably it is the equivalent of the marine Merced. This
correlation is further reinforced by the discovery that the Lawlor ranch
beds of Sonoma Mountain, which consist of sands, gravels and clays of an
intervolcanic period rest upon andesite and Sonoma tuff. These beds have
yielded Neohipparion gidleyi Merriam. Neo-Hipparion also occurs in the
Orindan strata, and the Etchegoin of the western border of the lower San
Joaquin Valley.

Three collections from an ancient lake deposit east of Petaluma were
obtained. Apparently a portion of the Petaluma lake beds represents a
period of time somewhat younger than any of the marine Miocene of San
Pablo age, as brackish water fossils were found in two localities. These
fossils are identical with forms which occur in a similar deposit in the
upper portion of the San Pablo formation of the Carquinez Straits vicinity,
a marine formation about 2000 feet thick. Here we have apparently a tran-
sition from marine to brackish water and finally to fresh water conditions in
this Miocene basin.

In summary then:

The region lying between Tomales Bay and the top of Sonoma Moun-
tain is a block which has been but little disturbed by folding or faulting
since the Pliocene. This wave-cut block has, however, been warped so
that it tilts from the sea towards Sonoma and Petaluma valleys, is up-
lifted near Freestone on the northwest to 1100 feet, but is only 500 feet in
elevation 20 miles south on the shore of Tomales Bay.

The formations involved are in order, the Franciscan group, Petaluma
lake beds of upper Miocene age, Marine Merced Pliocene, Basalts, Ande-
sites, interbedded tuffs and sandstones of inter-volcanic period of the
Sonoma Mountain region, stream terraces and marine terraces of Pleisto-
cene age.

Marine Miocene may exist beneath Sonoma Mountain, as is indicated by
oil sands and oil impregnated basalts at one locality east of Petaluma.

Sonoma tuff is interbedded with the Merced formation at Freestone.

The Merced formation is the correlative in a broad way of the Sonoma
tuff, the Pinole tuff, the Orindan, and probably the upper portion of the
Etchegoin-Jacalitos of the San Joaquin Valley.

The Hayward fault on the west side of Sonoma Mountain exhibits many
characters which are due to recent movements which produced earthquakes
during recent historic time.

258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

At the invitation of Dr. L. F. Noble of the U. S. Geological Survey, the
assistant curator spent two weeks last December in an area on the south-
ern border of the Mojave Desert, the north flanks of the San Gabriel
Mountains. This region is in a zone of great faults. Here we find blocks
of Tertiary sediments dropped in between great breaks in the earth’s crust.
In these sediments both marine and land forms were found imbedded.
From these fossils and stratigraphy as bases, the historical geology of this
region is being worked out. Some relations of the land laid deposits of the
Great Basin region with the marine of the Pacific Coast and Gulf of Cali-
fornia are being solved in this field. The nature of recent faulting and its
resultant topographic forms are wonderfully exemplified in this field. The
results of this work will be published in collaboration with Dr. Noble, as a
Professional Paper of the U. S. Geological Survey.

PUBLICATIONS

Dr. C. E. Weaver published three papers in the Academy Proceedings
during the current year:—Eocene of Lower Cowlitz River Valley, Wash-
ington; The Post-Eocene Formations of Western Washington; and The
Oligocene of Kitsap County, Washington. The Stratigraphy and Fauna
of the Tejon Eocene of California was published by the assistant curator
in the University of California Publications. A paper entitled The Strati-
graphic and Faunal Relations of the Martinez Formation to the Chico and
Tejon of Southern California, by Mr. C. A. Waring and The Fauna of the
San Fernando Formation of Northeastern Mexico by R. E. Dickerson and
W. S. W. Kew have been accepted for publication. Papers entitled:
Geology of a Portion of the McKittrick District, by Mr. G. ‘C. Gester,
Ancient Panama Canals, Climatic Zones of Martinez-Eocene Time, Climatic
Conditions During the Oligocene with Descriptions of New Species from
‘he Oligocene of Washington, by R. E. Dickerson, have been submitted to
the committee on publication. A paper on the Geologic History of the
Marysville Buttes is in course of preparation by the assistant curator.

EXHIBITS

The Standard Oil Company has installed an oil exhibit in the east wing
of the building and is now adding to, and improving it. Two cases of
fossils representative of the oil bearing rocks are installed in connection
with this valuable exhibit.

A portion of the Henry Hemphill conchological collection showing varia-
tion is on exhibition in the main Museum hall. Typical shells from this
collection are being arranged in the reference room.

Fossil freshwater fishes from an Eocene lake in Wyoming, a collection of
rocks and minerals from Washington, and a collection of the edible clams
of California are also displayed in the main hall.

DONATIONS

During the year many donations of valuable specimens have been re-
ceived by the Museum, which have been added to the research collections
of this department, as set forth in detail in the Director’s report.

Vor. VI) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 259

LrpraARIAN’sS REPORT
By Edward P. Van Duzee, Assistant Librarian

Please allow me as assistant librarian to submit the following report on
the work done in this department during the past fiscal year, together with
a few suggestions for the coming year.

My connection with the library began on June first, 1916. I then found
that after the removal of the library to the new Academy building the
books had been placed on the shelves. The periodicals, the publications of
societies and the administrative and scientific reports of the Federal and
of the state governments, had been segregated and arranged in proper
order, but only partially collated. Some of the more important individual
books had been sorted out and arranged on the shelves in the reading room
and a start had been made toward classifying them after the Library of
Congress system. After correspondence with neighboring libraries and
consultation with yourself and the members of the Academy staff it was
finally decided to follow the majority of similar institutions and adopt the
Decimal ‘Classification as the one best suited to our needs. The first work
done was the classification and arrangement of the miscellaneous books in
the main library. The books so treated numbered 2650 volumes. Author
and subject cards for these were written by Mr. Ignatius McGuire, and
Mr. John Carleson engrossed the call number upon the back of each book
and on each card. The sets of periodicals and publications of learned
societies have also been classified and the cards for them made and en-
grossed, and those in the English language and a considerable part of those
in foreign languages have been collated. The catalogue cards have been
alphabeted in two series, one including the author and title cards, the other
the subject cards, so there is now a fairly useful catalogue of the books in
the main library but including very few analyticals. Current accessions to
the library are entered and acknowledged as soon as possible after their
receipt. An accession register has been started but is not yet nearly com-
plete. Mr. McGuire has made the entries in this register, which now num-
ber 5401.

The most important work in this department for the coming year will be
the classification and cataloguing of the state and Federal government
publications in the main library and of the books in the laboratories of the
departments of Botany, Ornithology and Paleontology, the books pertain-
ing to the other departments having been mostly attended to in connection
with the work on the main library. The preparation of a card shelf-list
and the completion of the accessioning are other important matters to claim
attention during the coming year.

I would like to suggest the desirability of having a moderate appropria-
tion in this department, of perhaps $100, in the next fiscal year for the
purchase of Library of Congress and American Library Association an-
alytical catalogue cards for certain important sets of serial publications, a
smaller sum for the construction of a wall case in the reading room suit-
able for the shelving of current serials and new accessions, and not less
than $200 for the binding of a few important books and serial sets. The

260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Sern.

binding of serial publications in a scientific library is always an important
and considerable item in the fixed charges of the institution and it is rarely
advisable to postpone such expenditures too long or the binding of the ac-
cumulated volumes may become a serious problem.

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
By Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator

I beg to submit the following report on the condition and work in the
Department of Entomology for the current fiscal year, including a few
suggestions for the ensuing year.

My appointment as curator of this department took effect on June first,
1916, and on assuming the duties of the position I found the collections of
the department unorganized and unarranged, although well cared for and
in excellent condition. The first work done was the fumigation of the
laboratory with hydrocyanic acid gas to kill museum pests introduced into
the room with the Galapagos tortoises that had been temporarily stored
there. Suitable book shelving was then erected, the books pertaining to
the department were brought in from the main library, and the scientific
apparatus and property of the department was unpacked and made avail-
able for use.

The collection of insects was found to be in almost perfect condition
with practically no infestation by museum pests. There were about 200
trays well filled with mounted specimens and about 60 trays filled with
unmounted material in boxes and papers. A portion of the mounted ma-
terial had been properly labelled for locality and collector, but the larger
part was without such labels. It has been my first duty to get this
material labelled so it can be made available for study and exhibition.
Many thousands of these labels have been printed and attached to the speci-
mens and this work is now nearing completion, so the arrangement and
classification of the collection can soon be begun.

During the year 4859 specimens have been added to this department by
gift or through collections made by myself, and these have all been
mounted and properly labelled. Very little field work was done during the
year. I spent one day at Los Bafios, two at or near Mt. Diablo and three
in Lake County. On the last two trips I went as the guest of Mr. W. M.
Giffard, so the total expense to the department for all trips was but $6.75.
I also spent two days collecting about San Diego, a few hours at Man-
hattan Beach, Los Angeles, and took several Sunday trips about the Bay
district without expense to the department. The total accessions from
these collecting trips number 1976 specimens.

During the year two collections have been sent to specialists for study.
The Orthoptera of the Galapagos Expedition were sent to Messrs. Hebard
and Rehm and the Plusiini to Dr. Ottolengui.

A portion of my time during the past year was devoted to the study and
determination of insects for correspondents of the Academy and to the
publication of a bibliographical and synonymic Catalogue of the Hemiptera

VoL. V1J EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1016 261

of America north of Mexico. This catalogue will soon be issued as a
volume of the semicentennial publications of the University of California.

A collection of butterflies for temporary exhibition in the Mammal Hall
of the Academy was prepared soon after the formal opening of the
Academy building. This collection consists of 12 trays of showy exotic
species and six trays of carefully determined and labelled ‘California species
which it is hoped may be of interest to children taking nature work in the
public schools and to those beginning a collection of local insects and wish-
ing help in the determination of their captures.

Looking ahead to another year the most urgent duty of the curator of
this department will be the classification and arrangement of the North
American material now in the collection so it will be available for scien-
tific research. Of scarcely less importance is the accumulation of a more
complete collection of the insects of California as a basis for the ecological
and taxonomic study of our insect fauna. Another matter of importance
in outlining the work of the coming year is the inauguration of a system
of recording the material in the collection and for this purpose a card
system of species-records and a book record for current lots as received
and for type material seems the most practical and useful. The preparation
of a permanent exhibit, especially of the insects of our own State, should
not be neglected, and later when our material has been worked over and
made more available the preparation of life history groups can be under-
taken to good advantage. For the preparation of these exhibits and for the
mounting and labelling of the accumulated material now on hand, some pro-
vision should be made in the estimates for the coming year that will allow
the employment of an assistant to the curator occasionally as circum-
stances may require. I might add that much of this accumulated material
is of great scientific interest and is indispensable for study, but in its
present condition it is entirely unavailable for such purposes and practically
inaccessible, and it is important that it be mounted and suitable cases pro-
vided for its reception. Much of the work of this department in the past
has been the accumulation of material, but it now seems desirable that this
material be made available to our own students and to other specialists
who may wish to undertake its study so the Academy may profit by their
labors and acquire the types and paratypes of the new species.

262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF THE TREASURER
for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1917:

April. 1; 1916, ‘Cash Balance... :.2.cc cc teense ces

Receipts
Duesy Get sues etenasm coe hie adeiea aie eee $ 1,539.75
Chas. Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment In-

COME) . Haiti, SMviohietiontwm ess ais esonde aren ewan 1,065.74
James Lick Endowment Income................ 42,890.81
General Income Account...............2.0e00e0 20,165.03
John W. Hendrie Income....................-: 607.50
Billg 7 tPavab lessee rears boasts = aisletesafete cetera 631,300.00
W.. B; Bourn Donations... i.csss-. sen. easaoneas 1,014.02
Jos7.D: "Grant 2 Donations: .ecacdtensecic tex eeisceieles 832.78
Herbert Fleishhacker Donation................. 1,000.00
Jes. -Lobini Donation). oy. 9.2. eccesecececc cee ee 250.00
W.G. Wright Bundssaoscs cc vecace names eerscee cre 38.50
California Elle Expenses: :.<. cance. nee cee ean wer 125.00
Museum Appro. No. 32 Exhibits............... 1,077.86
Museum Appro. No. 6 Botany.................. AS
Muséum 22 .cctaciaseekieie. co sieit<sitoae aster ee 17.75
Publication) facssmease ee seecs ss ee cae eta eens 10.21
Appro. No. 10 Publication ..................... 66.20
Appro: No: 40 Library - esis 20s ce ccdengheece nes 10.00
Appro. No. 41 Desert Bird Group.............. 18.00
Post (Card. Sales. tawsctascien so cketwaans ee cate ee 66.74
Sundry, Accounts, 21 sacedian ncn suet asmieemtieainere 9.55
Carried: forward :mesms cscs see nen eee eee

[Proc. 4TH Sen.

$ = 129.38

702,105.89
$702,235.27

Vor. VI) EVERMANN—DIRECTOR’S REPORT FOR 1916 263

REPORT OF THE TREASURER—Continued
Receipts

Brought forward,—total receipts................ $702,235.27
Expenditures

EXPENSE ye ee ee eae whens lyyelsie a wiseis es $ 1,951.36
Expense, Attomey’s Fees.i.563..% cst esi ieetees.s 1,500.00
General! ‘Salary; Expenses jh. eines tle eens cna 11,710.00
Billspeayab lowe re: ttt et citckaccs camiatcietues isa sree iocee 634,100.00
IST Ani C OM No AA Se seus Ciena Breas eis vai 1,266.35
MGVEGRES ta A terere rere isis see testeeial oleae ietecaona te tohetel slotetstebete je: 21,671.97
INEISE LUT er erty eer ae ehicte ens $ 108.95
Museum, Department Appro....... 11,851.12
Museum, Depart. Appro., Salaries.. 10,715.76

a 22,675.83
Desents Bird (Groupecey cents hot eee eae eee 340.23
San Joaquin Valley Game Bird Group.......... 537.02
San Joaquin Valley Bird Group................ 473.08
Dra tiy7n crite tacc okie: wravale sto fo ntavotorenetote tuetec shaders ais 721.36
Publica tionip ye cat peta eercecotei sss recal stolen etree eras 1,592.69
MuseumisConstruction) si. sackaecate er etek oes 4,006.00
California BIKE xpenser iv ciccianciereastacicresiee «+ 72.60
Office Harm wre lee asset. vesave. «sno rereelasava ers, boss 93.45
Moolsy ands HMquipments: wane seiias caste Moen ss 341.45
ROste Candsm Purchased rc ciqcts scvcistenste ac enemies ce 79.30
Sundry, iGreditons Wiscausciyoae oneee nea neiecies 38.52
Sundry Advances (Museum) .............----- 780.00
Contingent pHUnd apace aeestaerrsere ra Nereis oie einreve 276.25

——.__ $704,227.46

March 31, 1917, Balance Due Crocker National
Bata hae eases yobs ctecrPta eae ee raha cata’ $ 1,992.19

RupotpH J. Taussic, Treasurer.
Examined and found correct.

McLaren, Goove & Co., Auditors.
San Francisco, Cal., April 18, 1917.

INCOME AND OPERATING EXPENSES
from April 1, 1916, to March 31, 1917:

Income
Chas. Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment In-
(Cohn Oh EERE ae CREO nn cori Gabon opGre $ 1,065.74
James Lick Endowment Income................ 42,890.81
General Income Account...........cccccceeeees 20,165.03
ID IVash Tree Ceannniee Go RcaaDe cats daWckc cata 1,639.75
Sse $65,761.33
Expense

IE (hp eae tr HR ie rae Rina Sth Nb 212 22,425.76

Expense, General: sopejactvecrrcs cect: $1,063.58

Biaell ees oe dacontteusteiseiehs 333.11

Blectricity/ cneimenvectac sees 176.75

Melephone! “slscsiesiiewate age 306.00

Postage, .)stiid iets jo1tcisievsetsions 159.58

Stationery and Printing... 244.99
— 2,284.01
WegallBaxcpensSemeascis cits storncereleiteveterctierevatctotsvss fe 1,370.00
Ikaeobrebelael Merits BecorE do DbolcuO Bp obor ous dcdneee 1,266.35
[pines Bh Opa D ob ad ROO TA abOOtIO ar no tbs Coen 21,671.97

—_——— 49,018.09

Surplus) for, year 1916-17... venice sie = loco EES 16,743.24

264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BALANCE SHEET
March 31, 1917.

Assets
Real Estate—
Market Street Toti2ccsssw sce sess cee
Jessie (StreeReILots iotcine ctoca ee ecite cron sees
Commercial, Building ........4.. sess seeaes

Stocks—
45 Shares, Savings Union Bank and Trust
HCO © Ramemiene Geers eerie tee ie eee
Museum: Gorstruction: 22... 6, sisi cieroe.sisre0s00 ce
Museum—
Generali ‘Gollections) s< c<csis..« scswwiseciews
Explorationyaemerem ances. ac ceeeme aoe
Wools: and “Equipment... ...5..000 cscs s0e~
Wm. H. Crocker Donation—
Farallon Islands Bird Group..........
W. B. Bourn Donation—
Desert Bird Group........--.seceeeees
J. D. Grant Donation—
San Joaquin Valley Bird Group.......
Herbert Fleishhacker Donation—
San Joaquin Valley Game Bird Group,

in process of installation.............. 885.55
Library—
Books and Equipment.................... 14,420.74
Publication men mecseeee ecient e eee emer 10,987.89
Office: Burnittine’ steers aces cie sce. cece cies
Sundry Advances: Sincccns ca. 4 acne reericies
Liabilities
Endowments—
James Lick Endowment.................. $804,902.31
Chas. Crocker Scientific Fund Endowment. 20,000.00
John W. Hendrie Endowment............. 10,000.00
John W. Hendrie Endowment Income Account
Alvord Bequest, Botanical ...............000-
Herbert Fleishhacker Donation...............
Wea (Gs Wright Bundisccaicas cid suing ee tese sie.
BillseBavableMecesn ee ceetencessiceocee aee ne
Sundry (Creditorse <a ncten essa watse te ose cases ee
Cash—
Overdraft with Crocker National Bank.... 1,992.19
JeessiGash, ini Sate sa .aisauee «a staeecee vere 63.63

Surplisenerytaere cele one mam eiaieich see aicrenee site

AUDITORS’ CERTIFICATE

52,583.61
12,906.50
11,314.44
2,318.73
2,659.31

2,610.42

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

$1,124,902.31

10,000.00
187,855.28

85,278.56

25,408.63
2,543.84
16.55

$1,436,005.17

1,928.56
252,786.82

$1,436.005.17

We have examined the foregoing Balance Sheet, together with the books and
accounts of the CaLrrornia ACADEMY OF ScIENCES, and in our opinion it is properly
drawn up so as to exhibit a true and correct view of the Academy’s affairs, as

shown by the books. McLaren, Goove & Co.,

San Francisco, Cal., April 17, 1917.

Certified Public Accountants.

266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 3

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY ELK

(Cervus nannodes)

This elk, which is restricted to California, formerly ranged in great
numbers over the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, and westward
through the Cuyama Valley into Santa Barbara County and through
Santa Clara County to the coast at Monterey.

As a result of persistent persecution the great herds became reduced
almost to extermination. A small band, the last of their race, took
refuge on the ranch of Messrs. Miller and Lux, cattlemen, in Kern
County. By the order of Mr. Henry Miller this band was rigidly pro-
oe and permitted to increase until now it numbers more than 400
head.

Recently the California Academy of Sciences, with the co-operation of
Messrs. Miller and Lux and the California Fish and Game Commission,
caught and distributed about 150 of these elk to various large public
reservations in California. The results are very encouraging and it is
believed a number of new herds will become established.

At certain seasons these elk resort to the great tule swamps; hence the
name “Tule Elk,” sometimes used to distinguish this species from the
larger elk which inhabits the more humid coast belt north of San
Francisco.

The animals in this group were obtained in Kern County, Cal.
Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.
Background painted by Charles Abel Corwin.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 4

COLUMBIAN BLACK-TAILED DEER

(Odocoileus columbarius)

This group represents a summer scene in Mendocino County, Califor-
nia, where the deer shown were taken. At this season the deer assume
what is known as the “red coat,” which is gradually shed, changing to
the bluish coat. The hair then becomes grayer in color as it lengthens
for the winter months. In the spring the long hairs of the winter coat
are shed and again replaced by the short red coat of summer.

The horns are shed annually, usually in February and March. The
entire antler drops off from the skull at the base of the horn or “burr.”
A new horn sprouts out from the skull and, normally, develops into the
antler characteristic of the species. During the process of development
the horn is covered with skin and hair, as shown on the males of this
group. This hairy covering is known as the “velvet.” When the horn
has reached its maximum growth it gradually hardens, then the animal
rubs the antlers against trees and bushes and wears away the velvet
covering, leaving the horns hard and polished.

The common belief that a deer develops a new point on the antlers
each year and that the number of points indicates the age of the animal
is erroneous.

Group prepared under the immediate direction of John Rowley.

Background by Charles Abel Corwin. :

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4tH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 5

ROCKY MOUNTAIN MULE DEER

(Odocoileus hemionus)

This splendid deer is of wide distribution. In California it is found
in the Sierras from Kern County northward, coming to the coast in the
northern counties. The animals here shown were taken in Siskiyou
County in October.

This is the largest of the North American deer, the adult males in
prime condition weighing nearly 400 pounds.

The name “Mule Deer” is sometimes applied to this species because
of its long ears and its mule-like tail.

Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.

Background painted by Charles Abel Corwin.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 6

ANTELOPE

(Antilocapra americana)

The Antelope or Pronghorn formerly ranged in immense numbers over
the plains and valleys of North America west of the Mississippi River
from Mexico to Canada. In California great herds were found through-
out the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and in other valleys to the
north, east and south. As a result of persistent persecution and slaugh-
ter for their hides and meat, these animals have, in most parts of their
range, been entirely exterminated. In southeastern Oregon and _ north-
western Nevada they are still common. In California small isolated
bands are still left. In all these States they are protected by law.

The Antelope is the only member of the hollow-horned animals which
annually sheds its horns. Only the outer shell or sheath, however, is
shed, and not the entire horn, as in the deer and elk.

The Antelope is also-unique in not possessing dew claws or accessory
hoofs on the backs of the feet, as in the deer.

Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.

The background was painted by Charles Abel Corwin.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

R24,

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274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4H Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 7

DESERT MOUNTAIN SHEEP

(Ovis nelsoni)

This species of mountain sheep or bighorn is found in the desert
mountains of southern California and adjacent parts of Nevada, Arizona
and Mexico. The animals in this group were taken in December, 1913,
in the San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, California.

The slender horns of the females have given rise to the mistaken
belief that the Tbex—an animal found only in Europe and Asia—is found
in America.

The story that mountain sheep sometimes jump from high precipices
and alight on their horns is entirely erroneous, and is on a par with the
hoopsnake, sea serpent and other similar stories.

In the desert mountains water is usually scarce, and the mountain
sheep frequently eat the barrel cactus, the pulpy interior of which con-
tains a large percentage of water; and this no doubt enables the sheep
to go for long periods without drinking.

This group was prepared under the immediate direction of John Rowley.

The background was painted by Charles Abel Corwin. |

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 8

MOUNTAIN LION

(Felis oregonensis)

The Mountain Lion, in its various forms, is found from Patagonia
to Canada, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In different parts of
its range it is known by different names, as Panther, “Painter,” Cougar,
etc.

Although not so common as formerly, it is still plentiful in certain
sections of California, especially in the northern part of the State. The
animals in this group were taken in Humboldt County. The Mountain
Lion is the largest of the North American cats. It is very destructive
to deer and certain domestic animals, particularly colts and sheep. It
has been estimated that each lion in California kills on an average one
deer a week throughout the year. So destructive is it that the State
pays a bounty of $20.00 each for its capture. Up to June 30, 1916, the
State had paid bounties on 2,534 lions.

Although the Mountain Lion is looked upon as a very fierce animal
and more or less of a menace to human beings, it is really a very wary
animal, and instances of its attacking man are rare indeed. It is gen-
erally easy to tree, even with a cur dog, and chasing it with dogs is the
method usually employed in its capture.

Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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273 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 9

NORTHWESTERN BLACK BEAR

(Ursus americanus altifrontalis)

The Black Bear in its various forms ranges generally from the Atlantic
to the Pacific and from northern Mexico to Alaska. The specimens in
this group were taken in Humboldt County, California.

In California, as elsewhere, the Black Bear may be either black or
brown. In some instances both black and brown cubs are found in the
same litter, and with either a black or a brown mother. Brown bears
are sometimes confused with the Grizzly, which is now believed to be
extinct in California.

Black bears occasionally kill sheep and pigs, but they live chiefly on
nuts, roots and berries. Grubs, worms and insects also enter largely
into their menu.

As a rule the Black Bear is a wary animal and will rarely or never
attack a man unless wounded or cornered.

From one to four cubs (usually one or two) are produced in a litter.
The cubs are usually born in January (in California) and are helpless
little creatures; their eyes, like those of puppies and kittens, are closed
and do not open for some time. They have no teeth and are almost
naked. Although the mother bear may weigh three or four hundred
pounds, the whole litter of cubs will weigh less than a pound. The cubs
shown in this group were about two months old when taken.

Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

|
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, 4th Series,

Vi

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CAL. ACAD. SC

PROC

280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 10

LEOPARD SEAL

(Phoca richardi geronimensis)

These interesting seals are fairly common in many places along the
California coast, particularly in the bays. Unlike the fur seals which
are highly polygamous, the harbor seals are monogamous. On the Cali-
fornia coast the young are born in April and May; one pup is the rule.
These seals are not migratory, nor are they as gregarious as other seals.
They are comparatively silent, not making a loud roaring or barking as
sea lions do. They are fond of basking in the sun, especially at low tide.
On the land they are clumsy creatures. They move by pulling themselves
forward by their foreflippers; in swimming the hind flippers do most of
the work. The rookery here shown is at Cypress Point, near Pacific
Grove, California, where the animals were obtained.

Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.

The background was painted by Charles Bradford Hudson.
Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

OT 2ld [NNVWH3Ag | IA “19M “S8H8S YF “IOS “GVOV “1VO ‘00Ud

282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 11

CALIFORNIA SEA LION

(Zalophus californianus)

This sea lion occurs on the sea coast and islands of California from
San Francisco southward, breeding in many places, particularly on the
Santa Barbara Islands. The rookery here shown is on Santa Cruz
Island.

Owing to their intelligence and small size this is the species of sea
lion that is commonly trained and shown in zoological gardens and
elsewhere. The males are darker in color than the females, and are
sometimes called black sea lions. Another characteristic of the male of
cert acnes is the great development of the bony crest on the top of the
skull.

In early days sea lions were killed by thousands on the California
coast for their hides and oil, but they have now become so reduced in
numbers that sealing is no longer profitable. Sea lions as well as leopard
seals are now protected on the California coast both by the State and
Federal Governments. Among sealers the males are called “bulls,” the
females “cows,” and the young “pups.” The breeding season is from
June to August, only during which time the males are found on the rook-
eries; at other times they go off in bands or singly living their lonely
life.

Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.

Background painted by Worth Ryder.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 12

STELLER’S SEA LION

(Eumetopias stelleri)

This magnificent animal ranges from the Santa Barbara Islands north-
ward into Bering Sea. Formerly very abundant, persistent killing for its
hides and oil has reduced its numbers greatly. Within the last few years
they have entirely ceased breeding on the famous Seal Rocks near the
Cliff House at the Golden Gate. A few individuals still resort to these
rocks, but they no longer breed there.

These animals reach a large size. The adult bull shown in the group
weighed 1,810 pounds. There is a great difference in size between the
sexes, the females being not more than half as large as the males.

Fishermen almost without exception claim that the sea lions are very
destructive to the commercial fisheries. This is probably true at certain
seasons and in some localities, but investigations have not fully sustained
the charge.

The breeding season of this species on the California coast is the latter
half of June. One young is produced at a birth.

The noise made by the Steller Sea Lion is a loud roar, resembling
that of a real lion; this, together with the long yellowish hair of the
necks of the bulls, doubtless suggested the name sea lion.

This group shows the breeding rookeries on Afio Nuevo Island just
south of San Francisco.

Group prepared under the immediate direction of John Rowley.

Background painted by Charles Abel Corwin.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 13

CALIFORNIA RACCOON AND STRIPED SKUNK

(Procyon psora and Mephitis occidentalis)

This Raccoon is found throughout most parts of California, it being
especially abundant in the heavily timbered country along the coast.

The Coon breeds in hollow trees, in holes in the rocks, in blind ditches,
and even on the ground in tule swamps.

Coons are omnivorous; they eat shellfish, frogs, fish, and corn; they
sometimes enter hen houses and kill and devour chickens.

In the South the negroes are very fond of the Raccoon, regarding its
flesh as a delicacy. The Raccoon ranks third in value among the fur
bearers of California.

The species of skunk shown in this group occurs throughout northern
California except in the warmer interior valleys from Monterey north-
ward.

The skunk brings forth its young in holes in the ground, beneath
buildings, in stone piles or in hollow logs. They feed largely on insects,
but will eat flesh of any kind, including chickens.

As a fur bearer the skunk is among the most valuable in the United
States. In some States skunk farming has become a profitable industry.

Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 14

COYOTE
(Canis ochropus)

The Coyote, in its various forms, ranges throughout the United States
west of the Mississippi and from Mexico to Canada. In California four
species or subspecies are recognized. The one shown here occurs west
of the high Sierras and south to the Mexican line. It is still only too
abundant in many places. The family shown in this group was obtained
in Moraga Valley near Mount Diablo, which is shown in the background.

The Coyote is very destructive to sheep, young pigs and poultry. Be-
cause of its great sagacity and nocturnal predatory habits, it has always
been a great nuisance to the stock and poultry raiser. Because of this
and its destructiveness to the smaller wild animals, especially birds, a
bounty is paid for its capture in many counties of California.

In the colder parts of its range the Coyote develops a good coat of
fur and the pelts have a fair commercial value.

Group prepared under the direction of John Rowley.

Background painted by Maurice G. Logan.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 15
FARALLON ISLANDS BIRD ROOKERY

In this group, presented to the California Academy of Sciences by
Hon. Wm. H. Crocker, are shown the ten species of sea birds and the
one land bird (the little rock wren) that breed on the Farallon Islands.
These rocky islands are about thirty miles off the Golden Gate, from
which they may be seen on any clear day. Thousands of sea birds resort
to these cliffs to lay their eggs and rear their young, one of the most
common species being the Western Gull, which, during the rest of the
year, is very abundant about San Francisco, following the ferry boats
across the bay.

Until a few years ago thousands of Murre’s eggs were brought each
year from these rookeries and sold in San Francisco to the bakeries
and pastry shops. The islands are now a Federal reservation and the
birds and their eggs are rigidly protected.

The species of birds shown in this group are the following: Tufted
Puffin, Brandt’s Cormorant, Baird’s Cormorant, Farallon Cormorant,
Pigeon Guillemot, Western Gull, California Murre, Ashy Petrel, Keding’s
Petrel, Cassin’s Auklet, and Rock Wren, the last being the only land bird
that breeds on these islands.

Group prepared under the direction of Paul J. Fair.

Background painted by Maurice G. Logan.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

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292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 16
SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY BIRD GROUP

In the spring and early summer it is the practice of the cattlemen of
the San Joaquin Valley to flood their land with water, to a depth of six
to eighteen inches, to induce a ranker growth of grass for pasture. Many
thousand acres are thus flooded and converted into marsh land, to which
vast numbers of ducks, waders and other swamp-loving birds are at-
tracted. During the breeding season great numbers of birds resort there
to build their nests, lay their eggs, and rear their young. These breed-
ing grounds are frequented by more than thirty species of birds. Among
those shown in this group, which shows a typical breeding ground near
Los Bafios, Merced County, California, are the Fulvous Tree Duck, Cin-
namon Teal, Shoveler, Redhead Duck, Coot, American Bittern, Least Bit-
tern, Glossy Ibis, Avocet, Black-necked Stilt, Killdeer, Red-winged Black-
bird, Yellow-headed Blackbird, Tule Wren, Little Black Tern, Forster’s
Tern, and the Virginia Rail. In order to show in a limited area a con-
siderable number of species it was necessary to bunch the birds a little
more closely than they actually occur in nature.

Presented to the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences by
Hon. Joseph D. Grant.

This group was prepared under the immediate direction of Paul J.
Fair.

The background was painted by Maurice G. Logan.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin. .

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294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

EXPLANATION, PLATE 17
DESERT BIRD GROUP

In this group, presented to the California Academy of Sciences by
Hon. Wm. B. Bourn, are shown, under natural surroundings, several
species of the birds that nest in the Colorado and Mohave deserts of
southern California. The particular locality represented is near Cotton-
wood Springs, 26 miles northeast of Mecca, Riverside County, California.

The spring rains transform the desert into a veritable flower garden,
and many and varied forms of vegetation send forth an astonishing
amount of beautiful bloom. Then is the nesting time of the birds, which
are there in surprising numbers, some of them, as the Hooded Oriole
and the Vermilion Flycatcher, rivaling the flowers in brilliancy of colora-
tion.

The total number of species of birds nesting in this part of the Colo-
rado desert is more than a score, and some species, as Gambel’s Quail,
are very abundant. The nests, however, are usually widely scattered
except in the vicinity of water.

The following species of birds are shown in this group: Phainopepla,
Costa’s Hummingbird, Mourning Dove, White-rumped Shrike, Plumbeous
Gnatcatcher, Lincoln Sparrow, Western Mockingbird, Texas Woodpecker,
Desert Sparrowhawk, Vermilion Flycatcher, Bullock’s Oriole, Arizona
Hooded Oriole, Roadrunner, Cactus Wren, House Finch, Texas Night-
hawk, Gambel’s Quail, Desert Sparrow, Leconte’s Thrasher, Arkansas
Kingbird, Verdin and Abert’s Towhee. The principal plants shown are:
The Palo Verde, Spanish Bayonet, Deerhorn Cactus, Prickly Pear Cactus,
Barrel Cactus, Ocatilla, and the Smoke Tree or Palo Blanco.

Group prepared under the immediate direction of Paul J. Fair.

Background painted by Charles Bradford Hudson.

Photo by Gabriel Moulin.

ZT 232ld [NNVWY3Aa | IA ‘IOA ‘S8128S Uy “IOS ‘GVOV “1IVO ‘00Ud

INDEX TO VOLUME VI, FOURTH SERIES,

New names in heavy-faced type.

Accessions to Museum and Library
1916, 246-250
Acila conradi, 32, 35
gettysburgensis, 30, 31, 35, 50,
51
washingtonensis, 11
Acila gettysburgensis zone, 28, 29, 30,
33, 44
acutilineatus, Phacoides, 29, 30, 31, 32,
36, 44, 50, 51
equisuleatum, Phalium, 32, 39
affinis, Orthotylus, 89, 114, 128
Agasoma gravidum, 33
albaria, Spisula, 31, 32, 51
alockamenensis, Pecten, 36
alpestris, Otocoris, 55
altifrontalis, Ursus americanus, 278
alveata, Amauropsis, 12
Alvord, William, 232
Amauropsis alveata, 12
Ambloxus olequahensis, 12
Amblystoma tenebrosum, 221
Ambystoma, 221
macrodactylum, 215
americana, Antilocapra, 272
American Ornithologists Union, 84
americanus altifrontalis, Ursus, 278
Amphissa eocenica, 12
packardi, 12
Ampullina mississippiensis, 42
oregonensis, 38, 51
new species, 29, 38
Ancillaria bretzi, 12
Anderson, F. M., 241, 246
andersoni, Macrocallista, 11
Nassa, 39
angulatus brunneus, Orthotylus, 116,
117
Diommatus, 116
Orthotylus, 89, 115, 116, 117
angustata, Aturia, 32, 40, 42, 51
annulatus, Phacoides, 36
Anomia subcostata, 35
Anoplura, A Catalogue and Host List
of the, 129-205
Index to, 206-213
Antelope Group, 272
Anthony, A. W., 79
Antilocapra americana, 272
apicalis, Lygus, 105
aragonia, Tellina, 37
Area montereyana, 32, 37
trilineata, 32, 35
species, 51
Arca montereyana zone, 27, 31, 33, 43
arctata, Tellina, 32, 37

Argentine Government, 246
Argobuccinum cammani, 32, 38
coosense, 38
Arnold, Dr. Ralph, 2, 3, 15, 20, 21, 22,
26, 42
arnoldi, Chlorostoma, 38
Nassa, 39
Artemesia, 96
astori, Macoma, 32, 36
astoriana, Hemithyris, 40, 51
Astyris, species, 42
Aturia angustata, 32, 40, 42, 51
mathewsonii, 14
new species, 14
Autodax ferreus, 216
lugubris, 216
Avicula pellucida, 11
bairdi, Chrysodomus, 38
Baker, Prof. Carl F., 116
Barbatia morsei, 11
species, 2
Barber, H. G., 97
Barron, George Haviland, 239
Bathytoma bogachieli, 38
gabbiana, 38
Bear Group, Northwestern Black, 278
Bendire, C., 70, 84
Bewick Wren, The Pacific Coast Races
of the, 53-85
bewicki, Thryomanes, 53-85
biguttatus, Orthotylus, 89
biplicata, Cuma, 38
Bird Group, Desert, 294
Farallon Islands, 290
San Joaquin Valley, 292
bisculpta, Chione, 35
bisecta, Thyasira, 29, 30, 31, 37, 44,
51
Bittium lincolnensis, 29, 38
Blakeley horizon, 28
blakeleyensis, Turritella, 30, 31, 40,
51
bogachieli, Bathytoma, 38
Buccinium, 38
Botany, Dept. of, 238, 251, 252, 253
Bourn, William B., 224, 227, 233, 237,
290
Brachiopoda, 11, 28, 40, 51
Brachysphingus clarki, 12, 28, 29, 38
Brachyuran remains, 40
bretzi, Ancillaria, 12
brevidens, Cyrene, 11
brewerii, Cardium, 11
brunneus, Orthotylus, 89, 116, DLT;
118, 120, 128
Orthotylus angulatus, 116, 117

296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Buccinium bogachieli, 38
Bursa cowlitzensis, 12
washingtoniana, 12
Bush-tits, 55, 66
Buwalda, Dr. John P., 224
buwaldana, Fasciolaria, 13
Cadulus pusillus, 12
calearea, Macoma, 36
California Botanical Club, 246
California Raccoon and Striped Skunk
Group, 286
California Sea Lion Group, 282
California, University of, 246
californianus, Zalophus, 282
Callista, species, 2
Calliostoma cammani, 38
delazinensis, 38
stantoni, 38
calophonus, Thryomanes bewicki, 56,
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 81
Calyptraea excentrica, 12, 38
filosa, 38
inornata, 38
washingtonensis, 29, 38
Calyptrophorus, species, 2
cammani, Argobuccinum, 32, 38
Calliostoma, 38
Turris, 40
Campbell, Mrs. Marian L., 251
Cancellaria condoni, 32, 38
dalliana, 32, 38
stantoni, 12
washingtonensis, 38
wynoochensis, 38
new species, 29
candidatus, Orthotylus, 89, 124
Canis ochropus, 288
Cantharus perrini, 12.
Cardium brewerii, 11
cooperii, 11
coosense, 35
lincolnensis, 28, 35
lorenzanum, 28, 29, 30, 35, 44,
50, 51
meekianum, 32, 35
olequahensis, 11
vaquerosensis, 35
species, 2
Carlson, John I., 246
Cassis, species, 2
catalinae, Thryomanes bewicki, 61, 62,
78, 79, 81
Catalogue (A) and Host List of the
Anoplura, 129-213
catheartensis, Chione, 35, 51
catilliformis, Spisula, 37
catulus, Orthotylus, 88, 106, 128
Cephalopoda, 14, 40, 51
Cervus nannodes, 266

(Proc. 4TH Ser.

charienturus, Thryomanes bewicki, 53,
56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,
79, 81, 83

Chastain, James, 246

chehalisensis, Drillia, 38

Ficus, 39
Leda, 35, 51
Malletia, 29, 30, 36, 44
Venericardia, 37
China, Govt. of, 246
Chione bisculpta, 35
catheartensis, 35, 51
chehalisensis, 35
clallamensis, 35
montesanoensis, 35
olympidea, 35
securis, 32, 35
vespertina, 35, 51

chlorionis, Orthotylus, 88, 98, 99, 128

Chlorostoma arnoldi, 38

Chondrotus, 221

paroticus, 216
Chrysodomus bairdi, 38
clallamensis, 38
giganticus, 38
imperalis, 32, 38
maxfieldi, 38
cinereus, Plethodon, 2
clallamensis, Chione, 3
Chrysodomus, 3
Ficus, 32, 39
Macoma, 36
Pecten, 42
Pisania, 39
Venus, 32

Clark, George A., 224

clarki, Brachysphingus, 12, 28, 29, 38

clausa, Polynices, 39

Clemens, Chaplain Joseph C., 246

Mrs. Joseph C., 246
clement, Pipilo maculatus, 62
coagulatus, Orthotylus, 88, 95, 96,
102, 128
Coleman, R. A., 246
coli, Turris, 40
columbarius, Odocoileus, 268
Columbella gausapata, 38
Columbian Black-Tailed Deer Group,
268
compacta, Crassatellites, 11
condoni, Cancellaria, 32, 38
Epitonium, 38
Mytilus, 36

eongesta, Tellina, 37

conradi, Acila, 32, 35
Dentalium, 20, 32, 37, 51
Nueula, 51
Solen, 37

Vor. VI.)

conradiana, Macrocallista, 11
Conus cowlitzensis, 13
hornii, 12
remondii, 13
weaveri, 13
species, 2
Cook, Melville T., 246
Coombs, Mrs. A. L., 246
Cooper, Dr. J. G., 68, 219, 220
cooperii, Cardium, 11
cooperii, Dentalium, 2
coosense, Argobueccinum, 38
Cardium, 35
coosensis, Pecten, 32, 36
Turris, 40
Corbicula cowlitzensis, 11
corbiculatum, Gyrineum mediocre, 39
Corbula hornii, 11
new species, 11
species, 2
Corwin, Charles Abel, 266, 268, 270,
272, 274, 284
costata, Cylichna, 12
eowlitzensis, Bursa, 12
Conus, 13
Corbicula, 11
Crassatellites, 11, 28, 35
Ficopsis, 13
Lunatia, 13, 2
Murex, 13
Nerita, 13
Pecten, 12
Sureula, 14
Coyote Group, 288
Crassatellites compacta, 11
cowlitzensis, 11, 28, 35
dalli, 11
grandis, 11
merriami, 11
washingtoniana, 11, 28, 29, 35
species, 2
erassulus, Plethodon, 218, 219, 220
Crenella porterensis, 28, 29, 30, 35,
51
Crepidula pileum, 12
praerupta, 31, 32, 38, 51
princeps, 38
new species, 12
croceater, Plethodon, 219, 220, 221
Crocker, Hon. William H., 224, 227,
230, 237, 246, 290
cruciatus, Orthotylus, 89, 119, 128
Crustacea, 40
Cryptomya oregonensis, 35
washingtoniana, 35
Cuma biplicata, 38
cuneata, Lopidea, 123
cuneatus, Orthotylus, 89, 117, 128
curtus, Solen, 28, 37, 51
Cylichna costata, 12

INDEX

297

Cylichnella petrosa, 38
Cymatium pacificum, 38
Cyrene brevidens, 11
Dall, Dr. W. H., 21, 42
dalli, Crassatellites, 11
Nucula, 36
Pitaria, 28, 29, 36
dalliana, Cancellaria, 32, 38
Dana, James D., 20
Deer Group, Columbian Black-Tailed,
266
Deer Group, Rocky Mountain Mule,
268
delazinensis, Calliostoma, 38
densata, Mulinia, 32
Dentalium conradi, 29, 32, 37, 51
cooperi, 2 ‘
stramineum, 12, 28, 37
Desert Bird Group, 294
Desert Mountain Sheep Group, 274
Desert Wren, 63, 83
diaboli, Semele, 12
diaphanus, Orthotylus, 89
Dicamptodon, 221
ensatus, 221
dichotomus, Septifer, 12
Dickerson, Dr. Roy E., 3, 15, 225, 241,
247, 255
dickersoni, Exilia, 13, 28, 29, 39
dilleri, Thracia, 2, 12
Diommatus, subgenus, 107
angulatus, 116
Diplodonta parilis, 32, 35
polita, 11
directus, Modiolus, 30, 51
Mytilus, 36
Dorne, Mrs. Nelly Waterhouse, 247
dorsalis, Orthotylus, 89, 103, 106, 107,
109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 120, 128
dorsalis group, 89
Drake, C. J., 247
drakei, Pachyhilus, 14
Drillia chehalisensis, 38
hecoxi, 29, 30
ornata, 13
stanfordensis, 29, 44
drymoecus, Thryomanes bewicki, 53,
56, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69,
70, 72, 75, 81
Dunne, Peter F., 224
Durden, H. S., 247
Eastwood, Miss Alice, 247, 251
Echinodermata, 40
Edwards, Dr. Charles Lincoln, 224
Elk Group, San Joaquin Valley, 266
elongata, Rimella, 14
elongatus, Plethodon, 216, 219
Englehardt, G. P., 120
English, W. A., 247

298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ensatus, Dicamptodon, 221
Triton, 221
Entomology, Dept. of, 239, 260, 261
Eocene of Lower Cowlitz River Valley,
Washington, 1
eocenica, Amphissa, 11
Glycimeris, 11
landesi, Glycimeris, 11
Epitonium condoni, 38
rugiferum, 39
washingtonensis, 39
species, 51
Erato, species, 42
eremophilus, Thryomanes bewicki, 56,
57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 70, 71, 73, 75,
77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84
erythronotus, Plethodon, 220
Essig, Prof. E. 0., 225
etchegoinensis, Thais, 40
Eudolium petrosum, 30, 31, 39, 50, 51
Eulima smithi, 39
washingtoniana, 39
Eumetopias stelleri, 284
Evermann, Dr. Barton W., 225
Report of the Director of the
Museum for the Year 1916,
229-263
excentrica, Calyptraea, 12, 38
Exhibits, Dept. of, 240
Exilia dickersoni, 13, 28, 29, 39
perkinsiana, 13
Fair, Paul J., 245, 290, 292, 294
falcifer, Pipilo maculatus, 56
Farallon Islands Bird Rookery, 290
Fasciolaria buwaldana, 13
washingtoniana, 13
Felis oregonensis, 276
ferox, Orthotylus, 88, 94, 128
ferreus, Autodax, 216
Ferris, G. F., 129
fettkei, Melania, 13
Ostraea, 11
Ficopsis cowlitzensis, 13
remondii, 13
Ficus chehalisensis, 39
clallamensis, 32, 39
mamillatus, 13
oregonensis, 39
wynoochensis, 39
new species, 13
Field, C. F., 247
filosa, Calyptraea, 38
Fisher, Dr. Walter K., 225, 294
Fitzhugh, William M., 232
flavipunctatus, Plethodon, 221
flavosparsus group, 88
flavosparsus, Orthotylus, 88, 94, 96,
97, 99, 106, 128
Foraminifera, 40
formosus, Orthotylus, 89, 103, 108,
122, 124

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

Four Species of Salamanders new to
the State of California, with a De-
scription of Plethodon elongatus, a
New Species, and Notes on other
Salamanders, 215-221
fraternus, Orthotylus, 88, 99, 128
fresnoensis, Turris, 40, 51
Frost, C. A., 119
fucanus, Pecten, 32, 36
fumidus, Orthotylus, 89, 127
Fusinus stanfordensis, 32
species, 51

Fusus lewisensis, 13
washingtoniana, 13
willisi, 13
species, 2

gabbi, Glycimeris, 35
Leda, 11
Molopophorus, 36, 39
Pseudocardium, 36

gabbiana, Bathytoma, 38

gabbii, Scutella, 32, 40

Galeodea washingtoniana, 13

tuberculata, 13

galianoi, Polynices, 39

Gasteropoda, 12, 29, 38, 51

gausapata, Columbella, 38

generosa, Panope, 30, 31, 32, 50, 51

geronimensis, Phocarichardi, 280

Gester, G. C., 258

gettysburgensis, Acila, 30, 31, 35, 50,
51

gettysburgensis zone, Acila, 28, 30, 44

Gibbs, Miss Lena, 259

Giffard, W. M., 247

giganticus, Chrysodomus, 38

Gillette, Prof., 116

Glycimeris eocenica, 11

eocenica landesi, 11
gabbi, 35

sagittata, 11
species, 2, 42

Gnaphalium uliginosum, 106

Gordon, W. A., 247

grandis, Crassatellites, 11

Grant, Hon. Joseph D., 224, 227, 233,
248, 292

gravidum, Agasoma, 33

Grinnell, Fordyce, 248

Grinnell, Dr. Joseph, 53, 64, 65, 76,
78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 225

Grove, Mrs. James, 248

Grunsky, Hon. C. E., 223-227

Report of the President of the

Academy for the Year 1916

Gyrineum mediocre corbiculatum, 39
sylviaensis, 39

Hannibal, Harold, 3, 15, 22, 26, 42

Hawaii, Govt. of, 248

hecoxi, Drillia, 29, 30

Vou. VI.)

Hemifusus lewisiana, 13
sopenahensis, 13
tejonensis, 13
washingtoniana, 13, 29, 39
washingtonianus, 28

hemionus, Odocoileus, 270

Hemiptera, 87-128 (see Orthotylus)

Hemithyris astoriana, 40, 51

Hemphill, Henry, 232, 256, 258

Hendrie, John W., 232

Henry, J. K., 248

Herpetology, Dept. of, 240, 294

Heyer, Mrs. H. C., 248

Holm, Adolph, 248

Holway, Prof. R. §., 225

Hosmer, Mrs. Charlotte, 224

Horned Larks, 55

hornii, Conus, 12
Corbula, 11
Meretrix, 11
Psammobia, 12
Tellina, 12
Venericardia planicosta, 12

Howell, A. B., 53

Hubbard, Samuel, 248

Hunt, H. H., 248

idriaensis, Ostrea, 12, 36

imperalis, Chrysodoma, 32, 38

impressa, Yoldia, 37, 51

inconspicuus, Orthotylus, 89

Index to Anoplura, 206-213

indurata, Miopleiona, 31, 39, 42, 51

inflatus, Modiolus, 36, 50, 51

inornata, Calyptraea, 38
Placunanomia, 12
Pseudoliva, 14

insignis, Orthotylus, 88, 92, 128

intermedius, Plethodon, 216-220

Invertebrate Paleontglogy, 241, 255,

256, 257, 258
Invertebrate Zoology, 241, 255, 258
Jordan, Dr. David Starr, 230
Junco oreganus pinosus, 56
Kelly, Mrs. G. Earle, 251, 253
Kelly, James H., 248
Kew, W. S. W., 258
kincaidi, Tellina, 37
Klapp, Jesse R., 248

Knight, H. H., 103, 110, 122, 123,

126, 127

knighti, Orthotylus, 121

Kofoid, Prof. ©. A., 225

Kusche, August, 248

Labopidia nigripes, 93

landesi eocenica, Glycimeris, 11
Pecten, 2, 11
Pseudocardium, 36

languidus, Orthotylus, 89, 107, 128

Lark, Horned, 55

INDEX

299

lateralis,
121, 123, 124
Lectures, 224, 225, 237
Leda chehalisensis, 35, 51
gabbii, 11
lincolnensis, 28, 35
ochsneri, 32, 35
penita, 35
uvasana, 28, 29, 35
vaderensis, 11
Leonard, M. D., 123
Leopard Seal Group, 280
leucophrys, Thryomanes bewicki,
62, 78, 79, 81
leucophrys nuttalli, Zonotrichia, 56
lewisensis, Fusus, 13
lewisiana, Hemifusus, 13
lewisii, Polynices, 39
Library, 242
Accessions to
225, 243-250
Report of, 259
Lick, James, 224, 232
limula, Pteria, 2
Lincoln horizon, 28
lincolnensis, Bittium, 29, 38
Cardium, 28, 35
Leda, 28, 35
Molopophorus, 29, 36
Ostreae, 28
Polynices, 39
Solen, 12
Strepsidura, 29, 40
Surcula, 29, 40
lincolnensis zone, Molopophorus,
33, 44
Liomesus sulcatus, 39
Lion Group, Mountain, 276
Logan, Maurice G., 288, 290, 292
longa, Meretrix, 11
Tellina, 12
Loomis, L. M., 248
Lopidea cuneata, 123
lorenzanum, Cardium, 28, 29, 30,
44, 50
Lowe, Prof. & Mrs. T. S282
lugubris, Autodax, 216
Lunatia cowlitzensis, 13, 29
nuciformis, 13
washingtonensis, 13
Species, 2, 42
Lygus, 88
apicalis, 105
Macoma astori, 32, 36
calearea, 36
clallamensis, 36
moliana, 36
montesanoensis, 36
nasuta, 35
secta, 35
wynootcheensis, 36

Orthotylus, 89, 119, 120,

61,

Museum and,

300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Macrocallista andersoni, 11
conradiana, 11
pittsburgensis, 28, 29, 35
vaderensis, 11
vespertina, 30, 31, 36, 50, 51
macrodactylus, Ambystoma, 215
maculatus clement#, Pipilo, 62
faleifer, Pipilo, 56
Mailliard, John W., 53, 237, 248
Mailliard, Joseph, 53, 76, 85, 224
Male genital hooks of the species of
Orthotylus, Fig. 1, 128
Malletia chehalisensis, 29, 30, 36, 44
mamillatus, Ficus, 13
Mammalogy, Dept. of, 242
Marcia oregonensis, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35,
50, 51
quadrata, 11
marginatus, Orthotylus, 89, 112, 128
Marginella, species, 42
marinensis, Thryomanes bewicki, 53,
56, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72,
75, 81
marshalli, Ranella, 39
Martin, Bruce, 248
martini, Neritina, 13
Maskew, Frederick, 224
mathewsonii, Aturia, 14
Mytilus, 36
Olivella, 14
Tellina, 12
maxfieldi, Chrysodomus, 38
MeAllister, Otis & Miss Ethel, 248
McGuire, Ignatius, 248
mediocre corbiculatum, Gyrineum, 39
meekianum, Cardium, 32, 35
Meiere, Mrs. Ernest, 251, 253
Meinecke, E. P., 248
Melania fettkei, 13
lewisiana, 13
packardi, 13
vaderensis, 13
melodia, Melospiza, 55
Melospiza melodia, 55
Menzies, R. M., 248
Mephitis occidentalis, 286
Meretrix hornii, 11
longa, 11
olequahensis, 11
ovalis, 11
uvasana, 11
species, 2
new species, 11
Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, 249
merriami, Crassatellites, 11
Tellina, 37
Metcalf, Mr., 119
Miller, Charles E., 249
Miller, Thomas L., 249
Miopleiona indurata, 31, 39, 42, 51

[Proc. 4TH SER.

mississippiensis, Ampullina, 42
Mitchell, Henry 8., 249
Mitra washingtoniana, 13
modestus, Orthotylus, 89, 109, 120,
128
Modiolus directus, 30, 36, 51
inflatus, 36, 50, 51
ornatus, 11
rectus, 31
moliana, Macoma, 36
molliculus, Orthotylus, 89, 113, 114,
115, 128
Molopophorus gabbi, 36, 39
lincolnensis, 29, 36
Molopophorus lincolnensis zone, 28,
33, 44
Monodonta wattkei, 13
Monograph of the North American
Species of Orthotylus (Hemiptera),
87-128
monolifera, Turris, 14
montereyana, Area, 32, 35
montereyana zone, Arca, 27, 31, 33,
43
Montesano horizon, 28
montesanoensis, Chione, 35
Macoma, 36
Semele, 36
Morrison, Alexander F., 224
morsei, Barbatia, 11
Mountain Bird, Warner, 71
Mountain Lion Group, 276
Moxley, George L., 249
Mulinia densata, 32
Murex cowlitzensis, 13
packardi, 13
sopenahensis, 13
species, 2
Museum, Accessions to Library and,
243-250
Mytilus condoni, 36
mathewsonii, 36
sammamishensis, 36, 51
snohomishensis, 36
new species, 36
nannodes, Cervus, 266
nasuta, Macoma, 35
Nassa andersoni, 39
arnoldi, 39
Natica oregonensis, 39, 51
species, 42
Naticina obliqua, 13
Nautilus, species, 2
necopinus, Orthotylus, 89, 125
Nelson, Mr., 249
nelsoni, Ovis, 274
Nerita cowlitzensis, 13
triangulata, 13
Neritina martini, 13

Vor. VI.J

nesophilus, Thryomanes bewicki, 61,
62, 78, 79, 81
nevadensis, Tellina, 32, 37
Neverita secta, 13
subglobosa, 14
weaveri, 13
newcombi, Turritella, 29, 40, 51
Nichols, Rev. William Ford, 229
nigrinasi, Orthotylus, 88, 104
nigripes, Labopidea, 93
Niso polito, 14
Northwestern Black Bear Group, 278
nuciformis, Lunatia, 13
Nucula conradi, 51
dalli, 36
washingtonensis, 28, 36
species, 50
nuculana, Tellina, 37
nuttallii, Siliqua, 32, 37
nuttalli, Zonotrichia leucophrys, 56
Nyctilochus washingtoniana, 14
oakvillensis, Terebratula, 40
Oberholser, R., 65, 67, 68, 71, 74, 75,
78, 79, 80, 83, 85
obliqua, Naticina, 13
obliquum, Sinum, 14
obruta, Tellina, 37, 51
obseurus, Plagiognathus, 119
Mephitis, 286
occidentalis, Plethodon, 220
Terebratalia, 40
ochropus, Canis, 288
ochsneri, Leda, 32, 35
Ocinebra, species, 2
Odocoileus columbarius, 268
hemionus, 270
Odostomia packi, 14
Oldroyd, T. C., 249
olequahensis, Ambloxus, 12
Cardium, 11
Meretrix, 11
Ostrea, 12
Oligocene (The) of Kitsap Co., Wash.,
41
Olivella mathewsonii, 14
pedroana, 39
new species, 14
olympidea, Chione, 35
Venus, 32
olypidii, Polynices, 39
Oncotylus, 88
puberus, 105
punctipes, 106
oreganus pinosus, Junco, 56
oregona, Yoldia, 37, 51
oregonensis, Ampullina, 38, 51
Felis, 276
Ficus, 39
Cryptomya, 35
Marcia, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 50,
51

INDEX

301

Natica, 39, 51
Plethodon, 219, 220
Scaphander, 29, 40, 51
Strepsidura, 28, 29, 40
Tellina, 31, 37, 50, 51
Turritella, 40
ornata, Drillia, 13
ornatus, Modiolus, 11
ornatus, Orthotylus, 89, 122
Ornithology, Dept. of, 242
Orthotylus, 87-128
affinis, 89, 114, 128
angulatus, 89, 115, 116, 117
angulatus brunneus, 89, 116,
117, 118, 120, 128
bigutattus, 89
candidatus, 89, 124
catulus, 88, 106, 128
chlorionis, 88, 98, 99, 128
coagulatus, 88, 95, 96, 102, 128
cruciatus, 89, 119, 128
cuneatus, 89, 117, 128
diaphanus, 89
dorsalis, 89, 103, 106, 107, 109,
110, 112, 113, 115, 120, 128
ferox, 88, 94, 96, 97, 99
flavosparsus, 88, 94, 96, 97, 99,
106, 128
formosus, 89, 103, 108, 122,
124
fraternus, 88, 99, 128
fumidus, 89, 127
inconspicuus, 89
insignis, 88, 92, 128
knighti, 121
languidus, 89, 107, 128
lateralis, 89, 119, 120, 121,
123, 124
marginatus, 89, 112, 128
modestus, 89, 109, 120, 128
molliculus, 89, 113, 114, 115,
128
necopinus, 88, 125
nigrinasi, 88, 104
ornatus, 89, 122
ovatus, 88, 105, 106, 128
pullatus, 89 118, 128
senectus, 88, 102
submarginatus, 89, 123, 124
tibialis, 88, 93, 94, 95, 128
translucens, 88, 99, 101, 128
uniformis, 88, 99, 100, 103,
128
viridicatus, 88, 95, 97, 128
viridis, 58, 103, 104
Ostrea fettkei, 11
idriaensis, 12, 36
lincolnensis, 28
olequahensis, 12
veatchii, 36
species, 2, 51

302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Otocoris alpestris, 55
ovalis, Meretrix, 11
ovatus group, 88
ovatus, Orthotylus, 88, 105, 106, 128
Ovis nelsoni, 274
Pachyhilus drakei, 14
Pacific (The) Coast Races of the
Bewick Wren, 53-85
pacificum, Cymatium, 38
Pack, Herbert J., 249
packardi, Amphissa, 12
Melania, 13
Murex, 13
packi, Odostoma, 14
Panope generosa, 30, 31, 32, 36, 50,
51
parallelus, Solen, 12, 28, 37
parilis, Diplodonta, 32, 35
Parker, Sir Gilbert, 249
paroticus, Chondrotus, 216
Paftshley, H. C., 120
Payne, F., 104
peckhami, Pecten, 36, 42, 51
Pecten alockamensis, 26
clallamensis, 42
coosensis, 32, 36
cowlitzensis, 12
fucanus, 32, 36
landesi, 2, 11
peckhami, 36, 42, 51
porterensis, 36
propatulus, 32, 36
species, 51
pedroana, Olivella, 39
Pelecypoda, 11, 28, 35
pellucida, Avicula, 11
penita, Leda, 35
perkinsiana, Exilia, 13
perrini, Cantharus, 12
perversa, Turris, 40
petrosa, Cylichnella, 38
petrosum, Eudolium, 30, 31, 89, 50,
51
Phacoides acutilineatus, 29, 30, 31, 32,
36, 44, 50, 51
annulatus, 36
Phalium aequisulcatum, 32, 39
Phoca richardi geronimensis, 280
pileum, Crepidula, 13
pinosus, Junco oreganus, 56
Pipilo maculatus clement», 62
falcifer, 56
Pisania clallamensis, 39
Pisces, 40
Pitaria dalli, 28, 29, 36
Pitcher, Mrs. C. L., 251
pittsburgensis, Macrocallista, 28, 29,
35
Placunanomia inornata, 12
Plagiognathus, 107, 123
obseurus, 119

[Proc 4TH Sez.

planicosta hornii, Venericardia, 12
Venericardia, 2
Plethodon cinereus, 220
crassulus, 218, 219, 220
croceater, 219, 220, 221
elongatus, 216, 219
erythronotus, 220
flavipunctatus, 221
intermedius, 216, 217, 218, 219,
220
occidentalis, 220
oregonensis, 219, 220
vandykei, 216, 218
polita, Diplodonta, 11
Niso, 14
Polynices clausa, 39
galianoi, 39
lewisii, 39
lincolnensis, 39
olypidii, 39
saxea, 32, 39
porterensis, Crenella, 28, 29, 30, 35,
51
Pecten, 36
Turritella, 30, 40, 44
porterensis zone, Turritella, 28, 33, 44
Porter horizon, 28
Post-Eocene (The) Formations of
Western Washington, 19-40
praecursor, Spisula, 37
praerupta, Crepidula, 38
princeps, Crepidula, 88
Procyon psora, 286
propatulus, Pecten, 32, 36
Protozoa, 40
Psaltriparus, 55, 56
Psammobia hornii, 12
Pseudocardium landesi, 36
Pseudoliva inornata, 14
volutaeformis, 14
psora, Procyon, 286
Pteria limula, 2
puberus, Oncotylus, 89, 118, 128
Publications of Academy during 1916,
226, 258
pulcher, Turris, 14
pullatus, Orthotylus, 89, 118, 128
punctipes, Oncotylus, 106
pusillus, Cadulus, 12
quadrata, Marcia, 11
Venericardia, 32
Raccoon Group, California, 286
Rainey, Edward, 230
Ranella, marshalli, 39
species, 2, 39
Reagan, A. B., 21
rectus, Modiolus, 31
remondii, Conus, 13
Ficopsis, 13

Vor. VI.J

Report of the Director of the Museum
for the Year 1916, by Dr. Barton
W. Evermann, 229 to 263

Report of the Librarian of the Acad-
emy for the Year 1916, 259

Report of the President of the Acad-
emy for the Year 1916, by O. E.
Grunsky, 223 to 227

Report of the Treasurer of the Acad-
emy for the Year 1916, 262, 263

Reynolds, L. C., 249

richardi geronimensis, Phoca, 280

Ridgway, R., 65, 66, 71, 85

Rimella elongata, 14

simplex, 14

Rixford, Dr. Emmet, 249

Rixford, G. P., 249

Rocky Mountain Mule Deer Group, 270

Rosenbaum, L. §., 249

Rowley, John, 227

rugiferum, Epitonium, 39

Ryder, Worth, 282

Ryfkogel, S. D., 249

sagittata, Glycimeris, 11

Salamanders, 215 to 221

Sammamishensis, Mytilus, 36, 51

Yoldia, 37

San Diego meeting of the Western
society of Naturalists, 243

San Joaquin Valley Bird Group, 292

Elk Group, 266

Scaphander oregonensis, 29, 40, 51

Scaphopoda, 12, 28, 37, 51

Scofield, N. B., 224

Scopulosum, Sinum, 32, 40

Scutella gabbii, 32, 40

secta, Macoma, 35

Neverita, 13

securis, Chione, 32, 35

Sea Lion Group, California, 282

Sea Lion Group, Steller’s, 284

Seal Group, Leopard, 280

Semele diaboli, 12

montesanoesis, 36
new species, 37

senecus, Orthotylus, 88, 102

Septifer dichotomus, 12

Sheep Group, Desert Mountain, 274

Shirk, Joseph, 249

Sicarius, Solen, 32, 37

Siliqua nuttallii, 32, 37

simplex, Rimella, 14

Sinum obliquum, 14

scopulosum, 32, 40

Siphonalia bicarinata, 14

Skunk Group, Striped, 286

Slevin, J. R., 216, 249

Slonaker, Dr. J. Rollin, 224

Slosson, Mrs. Annie Trumbull, 103,
110, 125, 126

INDEX

303

Smith, L. E., 250
smithi, Eulima, 39
Snodgrass, R. E., 250
snohomishensis, Mytilus, 36
Solemya ventricosta, 31, 37, 50, 51
Solen conradi, 37
eurtus, 28, 37, 51
lincolnensis, 12
parallelus, 12, 28, 37
sicarius, 32, 37
Sopenahensis, Hemifusus, 13
Murex, 13
South Dakota, 250
Sparrow (Song), 55
spilurus, Thryomanes bewicki, 56, 60,
61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73,
74, 75, 76, 78, 81
Spisula albaria, 31, 32, 37, 51
eatilliformis, 37
praecursor, 37
Staleyi, Tapes, 37
stanfordensis, Drillia, 29, 44
Fusinus, 32
stantoni, Cancellaria, 12
Calliostoma, 38
Stejneger, Dr., 219
stelleri, Pumetapias, 284
Steller’s Sea Lion Group, 284
Stonehouse, Miss Mabel, 250
Stoner, R. G., 250
Stoney, Miss Kate L., 239
Storer, Tracy I., 224
stramineum, Dentalium, 12, 28, 37
Strepsidura lincolnensis, 29
oregonensis, 28, 29
strigata, Yoldia, 32, 37
Strigata zone, Yoldia, 27, 32
subcostata, Anomia, 35
subglobosa, Neverita, 14
submarginatus, Orthotylus, 89, 123,
124
submontereyensis, Yoldia, 37
subtenta, Venericardia, 37
suleatus, Liomesus, 39
Surcula cowlitzensis, 29, 40
lincolnensis, 14
washingtoniana, 14
Sutterensis, Tellina, 12
Swarth, Harry S., 53, 66, 85
sylviaensis, Gyrineum, 39
Tapes staleyi, 37
Taussig, Hon. Rudolph J., 237
tejonensis, Hemifusus, 13
tenebrosum, Amblystoma, 221
Tellina aragonia, 37
arctata, 32, 37
congesta, 37
hornii, 12
kineaidi, 37
longa, 12

304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

mathewsonii, 12
merriami, 37
nevadensis, 32, 37
nucula, 37
obruta, 37, 51
oregonensis, 31, 37, 50, 51
Terebratalia occidentalis, 40
species, 28
Terebratula oakvillensis, 40
species, 42
Terebratulina washingtoniana, 11
Teredo, species, 12
Thais etchegoinensis, 40
Thompson, W. F., 225
Thracia dilleri, 2, 12
trapezoidea, 29, 30, 31, 37, 44,
50, 51
Yhryomanes bewicki, 53 to 85
calophonus, 56, 60 to 66, 81
eataline, 61, 62, 78, 79, 81
charienturus, 53, 56, 57, 60,
61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69,
70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76: 77,
78, 81, 83
drymoecus, 53, 56, 60, 61, 62,
66 to 77, 81, 83
eremophilus, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62,
63,70; 71, 73, 75, 77, T9,
80 to 84
leucophrys, 61, 62, 79, 81
marinensis, 53, 60, 61, 64, 65,
66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 81
nesophilus, 61, 62, 78, 79, 81
spilurus, 56, 60, 61, 64 to 70,
73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81
Thyasira bisecta, 29, 30, 31, 37, 44,
50, 51
tibialis, Orthotylus, 88, 93, 94, 95,
128
Tough, F. B., 250
translucens, Orthotylus, 88, 99, 101,
128
transpacifica, Unio, 12
trapezoidea, Thracia, 29, 30, 31, 37,
44, 50, 51
triangulata, Nerita, 13
Triforis washingtoniana, 14
trilineata, Arca, 32
Triton ensatus, 221
Tritonium, species, 2
‘Troyer, Carlos, 250
tubereulata, Galeodea, 13
Tulloch, Misses Martha & Leslie, 255
Turbinella, species, 2
Turcicula washingtoniana, 30, 31, 40,
42, 50, 51
Turris cammani, 40
coosensis, 40
fresnoensis, 40, 51
monolifera, 14
perversa, 40

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

puleher, 14
washingtoniana, 14
wynoochensis, 40
Turritella, species, 14, 42
blakeleyensis, 30, 31, 40, 51
newcombi, 29, 40, 51
oregonensis, 40
porterensis, 30, 40, 44
uvasana, 2, 57, 14
porterensis zone, 28, 30, 33, 44
Uhler, Dr., 116
uliginosum, Gnaphalium, 106
uniformia, Orthotylus, 88, 99, 100,
103, 128
Unio transpacifiea, 12
United States Fisheries Stmr. ‘‘Alba-
tross,’’ 250
United States National Museum, 250
Urosalpinx hannibali, 14
Ursus americanus altifrontalis, 278
uvasana, Leda, 28, 29, 35
Meretrix, 11
Turritella, 2, 5, 14
vaderensis, Leda, 11
Macrocallista, 11
Melania, 13
Van Denburgh, John, 215 to 221, 225,
250, 253
Van Duzee, Edward P., 87 to 128, 228,
239, 250, 259, 260
Van Dyke, Dr. E. C., 215, 250
vandykei Plethodon, 216, 218
vaquerosensis, Cardium, 35
Varney, Mrs. F. N., 250
veatchii, Ostrea, 36
Venericardia chehalisensis, 37
planicosta, 2, 7
planicosta hornii, 12
quadrata, 32
subtenta, 37
ventricosta, Solemya, 31, 37, 50, 51
Venus clallamensis, 32
vespertina, Chione, 35
Macrocallista, 11
viridicatus, Orthotylus, 88, 95, 87, 128
viridis, Orthotylus, 88, 103, 104
Viviparus washingtoniana, 14
Vollen, Dr., 216
volutaeformis, Pseudoliva, 14
Von Geldern, Otto, 250
Wahkiakum horizon, 27
Waring, C. A., 250, 258
Warner mountain bird, 71
washingtonensis, Acila, 11
Calyptrea, 29, 38
Cancellaria, 38
Epitonium, 39
Lunatia, 39
Nucula, 28, 36

Vor. VI.J INDEX

washingtoniana, Bursa, 12
Crassatellites, 11, 28, 29, 35
Cryptoma, 35
Eulima, 39
Fasciolaria, 13
Fusus, 13
Galeodea, 13
Hemifusus, 13, 29, 39
Mitra, 13
Nyctilochus, 14
Sureula, 14
Terebratulina, 11
Triforis, 14
Turcicula, 30, 31, 40, 42, 50,

‘ou
Turris, 14
Viviparus, 14

washingtonianus, Hemifusus, 28

wattsi, Monodonta, 13

Weaver, Dr. Chas. E., 1, 19, 41, 258

weaveri, Conus, 13
Neverita, 13

Westerfeld, Carl, 224

Weymouth, Prof. Frank W., 250

Wickes, Miss E. M., 250

Willis, Dr. Bailey, 20

willisi, Fusus, 13

Witham, Henry, 250

Woodworth, Prof. C. A., 225

Wooster, John, 250

Wrasse, E., 250

Wren, Bewick, 53-85

When, Desert, 63, 83

wynoochensis, Cancellaria, 38
Ficus, 39
Turris, 40

wynootcheensis, Macoma, 36

Xantus, John, 218, 220

Yoldia impressa, 37, 51
oregona, 37, 51
sammammishensis, 37
strigata, 32, 37
submontereyensis, 37

Yoldia strigata zone, 27, 32

Young, John, 218, 220

Zalophus californianus, 282

305

Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli, 56

Zoology, Dept. of, 255

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