Sm re Or Pe ree erwin vio iepem Roe (vbntatietotefaceduboase sane neta catettn4 7 ee 2, er eee ant nk nee tae behereey Sheen ny a. meet pera! eee : i BINDING LIST DEC 15 i997 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries htto:/www.archive.org/details/proceedingscalifO8cali aie AS fe Aa t i ny a IAN iy 0h yt au evi re PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vor. VIII 1918 ee PRINTED FROM THE JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1918 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION GEORGE C. Epwarps, Chairman C. E. GRuNSKY BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Editor CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII. Priates 1-17. PAGE Mitlecpas emer nn rorrever ake crore ie hohe or siciekeasin clei cerdicralstveus heveversbenetstoele os als i (Gon ternts iach rt etec sore cs loce ale ees cia rare ress dasa) ar iets addy ood Toi ort hye acne tn oceuereh avers il invMemoriam):;) theodore: Henry, Fiittelll.:. W corn. eat Atcorma W cauda = A cauda. (—Z7 W hind t. (A hind ¢. Figure 19.—Aphis somei, new species Host PLANTS, LOCALITIES, ETC.—This species was taken as follows: 1. On Nurude, Rhus javanica Linn. (listed. as R. semialata Murr.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 7, 1913. Collection number 3. 2. On Yabudomari, Viburnum tomentosum Thunb., Somei, Tokyo, May 9, 1913. Collection number 11. 3. On apple, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 11, 1913. Collection number 20. 4. On orange, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 31, 1913. Collec- tion number 68. 5. On Japanese pear, Tokyo, June 2, 1913. Collection num- ber 70. Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA--SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 7/ Aphis spinosula, new species Figure 20 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—From four indi- viduals in rather poor condition. Length 1.1 mm., width 0.45 mm. Prevailing colors green and black. Head shiny black. Antenne black except the base of III which is slightly pale; lengths of articles: I, 0.04 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.34 mm. ; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.13 mm.; VI, 0.44 mm. (base 0.10 mm., filament 0.34 mm.) ; total 1.17 mm. Sensoria numerous; 25 on III (right), 6 on IV, 2 0n V. Paratypes have from 25-27 on III, 9-11 on IV and 1-3 on V. Rostrum extending to the 3rd coxe. Thorax shiny black. Legs pale green with the distal ends of the femora and tibiz and the entire tarsi black. A corn. F ; > = W cauda A cauda Sou, A hind t. nell Ce W hind t. tyPe EOE del. Figure 20.—Aphis spinosula, new species 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER, Front wings 2.7 mm. long. Abdomen pale-green with indis- tinct rough wart-like marginal tubercles. Cornicles dusky, straight, widest at the base, slightly flaring at the mouth, im- bricated with several spine-like hairs and 0.18 mm. long. Cauda pale green, short, bluntly pointed, 0.07 mm. long. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—A good ser- ies of specimens. Length 1.5 mm., width 1.1 mm. Prevailing colors pale and dark green. Antenne dark with the base of III pale, imbricated ; lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; IT, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.19 mm.; IV, 0.14 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.32 mm. (base 0.09 mm., filament 0.23 mm.) ; total 0.88 mm. Pro- thoracic tubercles in the form of large rough basal projections. Abdomen pale-green, with short, wart-like marginal tubercles. Cornicles black, imbricated, same shape as in the winged form, and with several spines as shown in the accompanying draw- ing; length 0.25 mm. Cauda dark, widest at base, pointed, 0.13 mm. long. Nympus—pale-green with dusky antenne and cornicles. Host pLrant—Cherry. Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—May 10, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—16. REMARKS—Named from the spines of the cornicles. Aphis thalictrii, new species Figure 21 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from two good specimens. Length 1.2 mm. Only side view shown so no measurement of width possible. Prevailing colors yellow and black. Head black. Antenne black throughout, imbri- cated, with article II] exceptionally long; lengths of articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.58 mm.; IV, 0.13 mm.; V, 0.13 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm. (base 0.10 mm., filament 0.15 mm.) ; total 1.2mm. Article III with many sensoria; 56 on left mem- ber and 64 on right; the paratype shows 44 and 52; remaining articles with the usual number. Rostrum reaching nearly to the 2nd cox. Prothorax dusky yellow, remaining thoracic Vou. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 79 WH ) " W corn. A corn. W cauda ee A cauda eee W hind ty Ahind t FQ) EOE del. type Figure 21—Aphis thalictrii, new species segments black. Legs pale with the tips of the femora, the tibize and the entire tarsi black. Front wings 2 mm. long. Abdomen lemon-yellow with dusky dorsal markings. Cor- nicles pale-yellow, finely imbricated, widest at base, 0.07 mm. long. Cauda pale-yellow, 0.12 mm. long. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Three or four good specimens. Length 1.1 mm., width 0.65 mm. Pre- vailing color pale lemon-yellow. Antenne pale throughout and finely imbricated ; lengths of articles: I, 0.03 mm. ; I, 0.04 mm. ; III, 0.41 mm.; IV, 0.10 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm. (base 0.10 mm., filament 0.15 mm.) ; total 0.95 mm. Article III very long as will be seen from the above. Rostrum reach- ing to the 2nd coxz. Cornicles pale, short, finely imbricated, widest at the base and gradually tapering towards the mouth, 0.08 mm. long. Cauda pale, noticeably long, being 0.21 mm. 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Nympus—Pale-yellow. Host pLlant—Aki-Karamatsu, Thalictrum minus Linn. Loca.tity—Nishigahara, Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—August 4, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—101. Aphis, species But two winged viviparous females with antennz missing were received. The color is given as bright yellow with dark head, antennz, thorax, cornicles and portions of the legs. Cor- nicles and cauda are short, the latter broad. This species was taken from pseudogalls made on the upper surface near the midribs of cherry leaves, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 19, 1913. Collection number 46. Aphis, species This species is represented by a few apterous viviparous females, described as green in color with pale green cornicles having black tips. It was collected on strawberry, probably at Nishigahara, Tokyo (? locality omitted), May 13, 1913. Col- lection number 31. Toxoptera aurantii Fonsc.* This species was collected on Skikimi, J/licitum anisatum Linn., at Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 17, 1913. Collection num- ber 45. Toxoptera piricola Mats. Figure 22 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—From two good specimens. Length 1.6 mm., width 0.65 mm. Prevailing colors black and dark green. Head black. Antenne black with articles I, H and the extreme base of III dusky or pale, imbricated, with few hairs and many sensoria; lengths of the articles: I, 0.05 mm. ; II, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.41 mm.; IV, 0.27 mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 3T. aurantie Koch is a synonym of this species. See W. P. Phillips and J. J. Davis, Tech. Ser. no. 25, pt. 1, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 8, May 4, 1912. Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ Sl wing type A corn. ( SESE) POTTAMTe.) W corn. ae W cauda A cauda a hind t. A hind . > pe EOE del. work on host Figure 22.—Toxoptera piricola Mats. 0.56 mm. (base 0.10 mm., filament 0.46 mm.) ; total 1.57 mm. Sensoria circular of various sizes and distributed as follows: III (left) 29, (right) 26; IV (left) 14, (right) 15; V (left) 5, (right) 6. One individual shows the following: III (left) 32, (right) 24; IV (left) 16, (right) 16; V (left) 4, (right) 5 (some of these are difficult to make out). Rostrum reaching 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. nearly to the 3rd cox. Thorax black. Primary wings 3 mm. long. Legs pale with the distal ends of the femora and tibize and all of the tarsi black. Abdomen green with dark lateral and dorsal spots and with four pairs of marginal tubercles visible. Cornicles black, faintly imbricated, slightly widest at the base but almost cylindrical, somewhat incurved, 0.3 mm. long. Cauda black, 0.15 mm. long. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES—Fifteen good specimens. Average length 1.35 mm., width 0.85 mm. Prevailing color green. Antenne dark except I, II and the base of III which are pale; lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; IT, 0.07 mm.; III, 0.32 mm.; IV, 0.23 mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0.5 mm. (base 0.1 mm., filament 0.4 mm.); total 1.38 mm. Rostrum reaching midway between the 2nd and 3rd coxee. Cornicles pale dusky with darker tips, faintly imbricated, 0.33 mm. long. Cauda color of body, 0.17 mm. long. Host pLAnt—Forms pseudogalls on the edges of the leaves of the Japanese pear. LocaLtity—Omori, Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—May 12, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—28. Chaitophorus japonica, new species Figure 23 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from three good specimens. Length 1.4 mm., width (of paratype) 0.6 mm. across the thorax. Prevailing color shiny black. Body covered with long hairs. Head black. Antennz dark with all of III and the bases of IV and V pale, with numerous conspicu- ous long hairs along the upper margin; lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.: II, 0.04 mm. ; IIT, 0.43 mm.; IV, 0.19 mm.; V, 0.19 mm.; VI, 0.33 mm. (base 0.10 mm., filament 0.23 mm.) ; total 1.23 mm. Sensoria large, circular and distributed along the full length of III, there being 10 on the left member (right missing). Paratypes show a variation of 8, 6, 14 on III; the other articles have the usual number. Rostrum extending slightly beyond the 2nd cox. Front wings 2.4 mm. long. Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& oo ww Figure 23.—Chaitophorus japonica, new species Tarsi and apices of the tibiae and femora black, the remainder of the legs pale. Abdomen dark with yellow patches around the cornicles. Cornicles dark, imbricated, widest at the base, 0.1 mm. long. Cauda dark, inconspicuous. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Two rather poor specimens. Length 1.3 mm., width 0.9 mm. Prevailing color shiny black. Body covered with long hairs. Antennz about the same color as in the winged form and as hairy; lengths of articles: I, 0.10 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.4 mm.; IV, 0.25 mm.; V, 0.24 mm.; VI, 0.33 mm. (base 0.12 mm., filament 0.21 mm.) ; total 1.37 mm. Cornicles dark, imbri- cated, somewhat constricted near the middle, 0.13 mm. long and 0.16 mm. diameter at base. Host pLANtT—Enko-Kaede, Acer pictum Thunb. Locatity—Nikko. DATE OF COLLECTION—June 9, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—86, 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Chaitophorus salijaponica, new species Figure 24 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—From three good specimens. Length 1.2 mm., width 0.5 mm. Prevailing color dark-green to blackish. Head shiny black. Antenne dusky, slightly darker at the tips of the articles, imbricated and with few long hairs on front margin; lengths of the articles: I, 0.05 mm. ; IT, 0.04 mm.; IIT, 0.25 mm.; IV, 0.13 mm.; V, 0.14 mm. ; VI, 0.32 mm. (base 0.11 mm., filament 0.21 mm.) ; total 0.91 mm. Sensoria circular and distributed as follows: III (left) 8, (right) 11; IV (left) 1, (right) 3; V (left) 2, (right) 1. Paratypes show the following: III, 8-10; IV, 2-4; V, 1-4. Rostrum reaching nearly to the 2nd coxee. Thorax shiny black. Front wings narrow, 2 mm. long. Legs dusky with black tarsi. Abdomen dark green with darker dorsal and lateral ‘W corn. @ W. cauda Se W hind tp ees type EOE del. Figure 24.—Chaitophorus salijaponicus, new species Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ& 85 markings. Cornicles imbricated or faintly reticulate, short, wide at the base, 0.05 mm. long and 0.07 mm. diameter at the base. Cauda distinctly knobbed, small, 0.05 mm. long. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Three or four good specimens. Length averages 1 mm., width 0.6 mm. Prevailing color dark. Body covered with long hairs. An- tennz pale with the apical half dusky to black, imbricated, with few long hairs; lengths of the articles: I, 0.04 mm. ; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.20 mm.; IV, 0.11 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.28 mm. (base 0.08 mm., filament 0.20 mm.) ; total 0.8 mm. Ros- trum extending slightly beyond the 2nd coxz. Cornicles short, finely imbricated or reticulate, 0.06 mm. long and 0.09 mm. diameter at the base. Cauda dark, knobbed, 0.06 mm. long. Nympus—Dark with pale thorax. Host pLtant—Koriyanagi, Salix multinervis F. & Sav. Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—May 14, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—36. Note—Close to C. salicicolus Mats., but differs in antennal structure, especially the relative lengths of base and spur of article VI. Calaphis magnoliz, new species Figure 25 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from seven- teen good specimens. Length 1.4 mm., width 0.5 mm. This beautiful species is pale straw-yellow with black markings on the body and wings. The hairs on the head and thorax are quite long, somewhat shorter on the abdomen. Antenne aris- ing from inconspicuous frontal tubercles, very long, pale or transparently white with conspicuous black areas near the mid- dle and apex of article II] and with the extreme bases and apices of IV and V black, and all of VI black or dusky except the base; lengths of the articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.05 mm. ; III, 0.81 mm.; IV, 0.58 mm.; V, 0.52 mm.; VI, 1.14 mm. (base 0.18 mm., filament 0.96 mm.) ; total 3.19 mm. Sen- soria on III circular or oval, arranged in a row and mostly 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser. W cauda W an. plate EOE del. Figure 25.—Calaphis magnolie, new species confined to the dark area near the middle with 3 or 4 in the pale basal region; there are 10 on each member. On the paratypes the number varies from 10 to 14 with a majority having 11 or 12. The usual number occurs on V and VI. Rostrum short, extending slightly be- yond the first coxe. Legs pale with the extreme apex of the femora dusky above; the bases of the tibiae conspic- uously black with the adjacent region pale yellow, and the apical half and the tarsi dusky. Front wings conspicuously marked with black as shown in the accompanying drawing; long and narrow, measuring in length 2.5 mm.; stigma very pale with black tip, the radial sector vein wanting. Hind wings pale throughout. Abdomen apparently with five pairs of in- conspicuous tubercles which are very difficult to distinguish as they are small and concolorous with the body. Cornicles pale, slightly constricted in the middle and widest at the base, 0.06 Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 87 mm. long (paratype 0.08 mm. long). Cauda pale and dis- tinctly knobbed. Anal plate pale with small median constric- tion or incision. Nympus—Pale-yellow and covered with numerous long capitate hairs or spines. Host pLant—On the leaves of Kobushi, Magnolia kobus Thunb. LocaLtity—Akabane, near Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—August 1, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—96. Euceraphis japonica, new species Figure 26 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—A single fine speci- men and several nearly mature nymphs. Length 2.1 mm., width 0.7 mm. Prevailing color dark reddish brown with black dorsal markings. Body thickly beset with rather long fine hairs. Antenne dark throughout with many long fine hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.11 mm.; IT, 0.12 mm. ; L110 mm.; IV, 0.6mm.; V, 0.46mm.; VI, 0.35mm. (base 0.20mm., filament 0.15 mm.) ; total 2.74 mm. All of article III except the extreme ends thickly covered with many transversely oval sensoria as shown in the accompanying drawing. There are the usual number on V and VI. Rostrum (of nymph) reach- ing nearly to the 2nd coxe. Front wings narrow, 4.2 mm. long. Tarsi, apices of the tibie and the femora black, the re- mainder of the legs pale brown. Abdomen dark reddish brown with black dorsal markings. Cornicles black, shorter than wide, those on the type indistinguishable because of the opaque body. Ona nearly mature nymph they are 0.03 mm. long and 0.04 mm. in diameter at the base. Cauda black and rounded. Anal plate black, with a very small middle constriction. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Paratype)—A single good specimen. Length 2.3 mm., width 1 mm. Color about the same as in the winged form. Body hairy. Antenne dark, hairy; lengths of the articles: I, 0.13 mm.; I, 0.09 mm.; IIT, 88& CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER, EOE del. Figure 26—Enuceraphis japonica, new species. Wing much reduced from scale. 0.75 mm.; IV, 0.34 mm.; V, 0.29 mm.; VI, 0.31 mm. (base 0.17 mm., filament 0.14 mm.) ; total 1.91 mm. Rostrum reach- ing to the 2nd cox. Cornicles black, short, 0.04 mm. long and 0.08 mm. diameter at the base. Cauda black, rounded or nearly truncate. Nympus—Only a little lighter in color than the adults. Host prant—Yama hannoki, Alnus indica glauca Ait. Locatity—Nikko. DATE OF COLLECTION—June 11, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—84. Vo. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 89 Myzocallis capitata, new species Figure 27 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Cotypes)—There are four- teen specimens of winged females but none perfect enough to be designated as type. Length 1.8 mm., width 0.5 mm. Prevail- ing color pale yellowish green. Body covered with large and small spines. Head whitish with a number of long stiff spines arising from short tubercles. Antenne pale green with the apices of III, IV and V and the middle and tip of VI black; articles I and II each with one, and III with 4 to 6 large, curved, knobbed, black spines which are very conspicuous; lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.05 mime, O50) mms DVe-/0!30" mms Ve O27 mma VIE 0.43 mm. (base 0.16 mm., filament 0.27 mm.) ; total 1.6 mm. Sensoria on ITI, large, circular, in a row, confined to the basal half and from two to six in number, the majority having four. cotypes W an. plate’ EOE del. Figure 27—Myzocallis capitata, new species 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Rostrum reaching to the 2nd coxze. Prothorax with two pairs of large dorsal finger-like tubercles and one pair of large lateral ones, all supporting a number of spines; mesothorax with many small tubercles supporting each a spine, those on the metathorax, if present, very obscure. Front wings 2.6 mm. long with venation and markings as shown in the accompany- ing drawing. Legs pale green with the tips of the tarsi dusky or black. Abdomen with three pairs of large finger-like tuber- cles on the dorsum near the base, two pairs of small ones just behind these and three or four pairs of large somewhat trun- cate ones along the sides. All of these tubercles are pale dusky and each has a number of spines. Cornicles pale, widest at base, somewhat constricted in the middle and 0.1 mm. long. Cauda green, distinctly knobbed, with quite a long stipe, 0.1 mm. in length. Anal plate pale and deeply constricted in the middle. Nympus—Pale-yellow and green with the bodies covered with long capitate hairs. Host prant—On the underside of the leaves of Kunugi, Quercus serrata Thunb. Locatity—Tokyo. DaTE OF COLLECTION—May 26, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—63. RemMArks—Named from the conspicuous knobbed or capi- tate hairs on the antenne. Myzocallis macrotuberculata, new species Figure 28 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from thir- teen good specimens. Length 1.5 mm., width 0.6 mm. Pre- vailing color green with dark abdominal tubercles. | Head with a number of long stout spines arising from small, somewhat dusky tubercles. Antenne pale-green with the apical portions of III-VI dusky or black, with many long hairs; lengths of the articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.42 mm.; IV, 0.30 mm. ; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm. (base 0.13 mm., filament 0.12 mm.) ; total 1.30 mm. Sensoria on III circular, in a row the full length of the article, 9 on left member and 8 on the right. Paratypes show a variation of from 7 to 11, the majority hav- Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 9 W hind t. W an. plate EOE del. Figure 28.—Myzocallis macrotuberculata, new species ing 8. Rostrum reaching to base of abdomen; prothorax with three pairs of large, dusky finger-like tubercles, two pairs on the dorsum and a lateral pair with several small smooth hemi- spherical projections at the top, which appear not unlike ocelli, the lateral pair of tubercles largest. On the mesothorax are two pairs of tubercles, the first pair small and the hind pair large, finger-like and located near the base of the wings. There appears to be a pair of small tubercles on the metathorax but they are not plain on the mounted specimens. From the large tubercles arise several spines and from the small ones but a single one. Coxe and trochanters green, the remainder of the legs dusky. Wings rather slender, the veins of both pairs with clouded borders. The front wings have venation as shown in the illustration and are 2.5 mm. long. Abdomen pale green with dark tubercles as follows: three pair of large black finger- like ones on the middle base of the dorsum, the first pair the 92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H SER. smallest and the last pair largest; five pairs of large truncate, mostly faintly bilobed yellow or pale dusky ones, on the sides, many of which are as large as the cornicles. From each of these tubercles arise a number of hairs or spines. Cornicles pale green, widest at the base, somewhat constricted near the middle; the length, 0.10 mm., greater than the width. Cauda knobbed with only a slight basal constriction, pale green, 0.10 mm. long. Anal plate distinctly bilobed. Nympus—Pale green, the bodies thickly beset with long hairs which are not knobbed at the tips. Host pLANT—On the underside of the leaves of Kashiwa, Quercus dentata Thunb. LocaLtiry—Tokyo? (not given). DATE OF COLLECTION—May 19, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—4/. REMARKsS—The species is named from the large tubercles on the dorsum. Myzocallis kuricola ( Mats.) (Nippocallis kuricola Mats. ) Figure 29 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—Thirty-two good specimens. Length 1.2 mm., width 0.55 mm. Prevailing color pale green, the body covered with a whitish powder. Head pale green to amber with several pairs of small tubercles from each of which arises a single long straight spine. Antennz pale, furnished with a few long hairs, with the articles [, I] and the extreme base of III and the apices of III-VI dusky or brownish; lengths of the articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.39 mm.; IV, 0.18 mm.; V, 0.17 mm.; VI, 0.18 mm. (base 0.09 mm., filament 0.09 mm.) ; total 1.03 mm. Sensoria large, circular and in a row. On III there are 6 on each member, the paratypes show- ing a variation of from 5 to 8; articles V and VI have the usual ones. Rostrum reaching to the second coxe. Tubercles on the thorax small, with single spines arising from each. Legs pale green with the distal ends of the tibiz and the tarsi faintly dusky. The veins of the wings are heavily clouded, the borders being specially wide in the front wings as shown in the Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 93 W ant. iii 11) W an. plate Figure 29.—Myzocallis kuricola (Mats.) drawing ; radial sector vein so very faint as to appear entirely absent ; length of the front wings 2mm. Abdomen pale green with three or four pairs of large black tubercles on the sides in front of the cornicles (the number is difficult to make out on the mounted specimens on hand); these tubercles bearing several spines. Cornicles dusky, widest at the base, somewhat constricted before the mouth which is slightly flared, 0.08 mm. long and 0.10 mm. in diameter at base. The paratypes also show that the diameter of the base is usually as great or slightly greater than the length. Cauda distinctly knobbed, dusky, 0.06 mm. long. Anal plate normal. Nympus—Pale green, the bodies covered with long hairs some of which have small knobs at the ends. Host PLANTS, LOCALITIES, ETC.—The material was collected in two lots as follows: 1. On Kuri, Castanea sativa Mill. (listed as C. vulgaris japonica A. DC.), and on Kunugi, Quercus serrata Thunb., Nishigahara, Tokyo, June 5, 1913. Collection number 76. 94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 2. On Kuri, Castanea sativa Mill., Nishigahara, Tokyo, Oct. 2, 1913. Collection number 106. In this lot were a large number of specimens which were apparently mature, but their wing pads, while almost perfect in structural details, were very small and rudimentary as if the development had been suddenly and permanently retarded. Myzocallis, species Of the five winged viviparous females of this very interesting species not a single one possessed a complete antenna necessary to complete determination. The species is pale green, small, about the size of Myzocallis quercus (Xalt.) which it resembles in wing venation. The four or five pairs of abdominal tubercles are concolorous with the abdomen; there are four very long spines on the front of the head and five or six shorter knobbed spines on the inside margins of antennal articles I-III ; basal half of III with three sensoria. A single apterous viviparous female shows the filament of the antennal article VI to be about twice as long as the base. The body is covered with long knobbed spines. Host prAnt—Taken on the undersides of the leaves of Kunugi, Quercus serrata Thunb. Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—May 15, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—41. Myzocallis, species* A single winged viviparous female with parts of both an- tennz missing. The color is pale green with the antenne pale, the legs green with the tips of the tibiz and the entire tarsi dusky. The antennz of a nearly matured winged nymph has the base of VI 0.10 mm. and the filament 0.4 mm. long; article III, though partly missing, has 11 sensoria on the full length. Wings pale with a noticeably short radial sector. 4The species on bamboo described as Takecallis bambuse Mats. appears to be ais species described as Myzocallis arundicolens (Clarke). It is common at Berkeley, al. Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID#& 95 Cornicles pale dusky, with wide mouth, 0.06 mm. long and about the same basal diameter. Taken on Honoki, Magnolia hypoleuca S. & Z., Nikko, June 9, 1913. Collection num- ber 83. Chromaphis celticolens, new species Figure 30 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from 7 good specimens. Length 1.6 mm., width (paratype) 0.65 mm. Prevailing color yellow; antennz pale with dusky area near the middle of III and black on the tips of III-VI. These black areas, when examined closely under high magnification, have pale irregular areas mosaic-like or not unlike conventional wings type W ant. typ ra aes W cauda W an. plate /, W an. plate Figure 30.—Myzocallis celticolens, new specie n 96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER. flowers; lengths of the articles: I, 0.10 mm.; II, 0.07 mm. ; III, 0.62 mm.; IV, 0.30 mm.; V, 0.29 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm. (base 0.21 mm., spur 0.04 mm.) ; total 1.63 mm. Sensoria on III transversely oval and occurring in a row near the middle or slightly toward the base from the middle, the number being 7 on the right and 8 on the left member. Paratypes have from 5 to 8, a majority having 6. Articles V and VI have the usual number. Rostrum extending to the 2nd coxe. Thorax dark- yellow or amber. Legs pale with the apices of the femora and the tarsi dusky. Wings having venation and markings as shown in the accompanying illustration, length of the primary wings 2.9 mm. Abdomen yellow or greenish with dusky dorsal spots. Cornicles pale dusky, little more than pores, about 0.025 mm. diameter at the mouth. Cauda pale, faintly knobbed, 0.09 mm. long. Anal plate deeply constricted at the middle. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Paratype )—A single speci- men which may not be fully mature. Length 1.85 mm., width 0.7 mm. Prevailing color yellow? (no color notes). Antenne with dusky markings on the tips of articles II-VI; lengths of the articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.06 mm.; III, 0.28 mm.; IV, 0.15 mm.; V, 0.15 mm.; VI, 0.14 mm. (base 0.13 mm., spur 0.04 mm.) ; total 0.83 mm. The body is clothed with a few simple hairs. NympuHs—Somewhat paler than the adults. Host pLANT—Enoki, Celtis sinensis Pers. (listed as Cetis). LocaLity—Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—Aug. 1, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—98. Phyllaphis, species ? What appears to be a species of this genus was represented by a few apterous females. The color is dark reddish purple, the body being covered with white powder. The cornicles are short, dark and wider than long. The cauda is conical with a constriction near the middle, giving the apical part a knobbed appearance, and with a conical base. The anal plate is bilobed. Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 97 Taken on Maki, Podocarpus macrophylla maki Sieb. (listed as P. chinensis Wall.), Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 24, 1913. Col- lection number 57. Trichosiphum kuwanai Pergande Only apterous viviparous females were taken on Kunugi, Quercus serrata Thunb., Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 15, 1913. Collection number 40. Eutrichosiphum, new genus Type: Trichosiphum pasanie Okajima This new genus has been erected to embrace the type named above, which differs from the other members of the genus Trichosiphum in having but 5-articled antennee. Eutrichosiphum pasanie (Okajima) Figure 31 A number of winged and apterous viviparous females were in this lot. All of the winged females have five articles as given by Okajima in his original description of the species’. Inasmuch as the apterous form has not been described, the following brief notes may be of interest: APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES—Length 1.3 mm., width 0.8 mm. Prevailing color shiny black. Body entirely cov- ered with rather long stiff hairs. Antenne pale dusky with tips darker and with few long hairs; lengths of the articles: f, 0:05)mm. -T O05 mn WE O:25) mms TV, 0.11 mm.:-V; 0.24 mm. (base 0.09 mm., filament 0.15 mm.) ; total 0.7 mm. As will be seen the antennz are 5-articled as in the winged form. Rostrum long, reaching beyond the base of the abdo- men. Legs short, dusky, hairy. Cornicles black, somewhat swollen in the middle with both ends small, recurved, 0.35 mm. long, their entire surface closely beset with very short, scale-like ~ Bul. Col. Agric., Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 23-26, pls. iv and v, Sept. 98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. EOE del. Figure 31.—Eutrichosiphum pasanie@ (Okajima) hairs and with many long hairs. Cauda and anal plate dark, hairy and broadly rounded. Host pPLANT—Shii, Castanopsis cuspidata Schot. (listed as Pasania cuspidata Oerst.). Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—Sept. 14, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—104. Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 99 Lachnus pinidensiflore, new species Figure 32 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from four individuals. Length 2 mm., width 0.7 mm. Prevailing color dark-brown to black. Body hairy; head black. Antenne dusky throughout with the apical portions of III-VI black, covered with long hairs; lengths of articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, wing EOE del, Figure 32—Lachnus pinidensiflore, new species. Wing reduced from scale. 100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 0.09 mm.; III, 0.46 mm.; IV, 0.21 mm.; V, 0.22 mm.; VI, 0.15 mm. (base 0.12 mm., spur 0.03 mm.) ; total 1.20 mm. Sensoria large and circular, distributed on the left member as follows: III, 7 in a row; IV, 2; V, 2; VI with the usual number. Paratypes have on III, 10-12; IV, 0-3; V, 0-3. Rostrum long, reaching to the middle of the abdomen. Tho- rax black. Coxee, trochanters and tarsi black, femora pale with black tips, tibia pale in middle with both ends black. Wings narrow, venation as shown in drawing; length of front wings 4.3 mm. The alcoholic specimens have the wings stained a deep-wine color. Abdomen dark reddish- brown with black markings. Cornicles black, hairy, wide at base and with slightly flaring mouth, 0.09 mm. long and 0.19 mm. diameter at the base. Cauda black. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes)—Four ma- ture and several immature specimens. Length 3.5 mm., width 2mm. Prevailing color dark reddish brown with silvery markings on the dorsum due to white wax. Body hairy. Antenne dusky with the apices of III-VI black; all articles hairy; lengths of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.10 mm.; III, 0.43 mm.; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.18 mm.; VI, 0.13 mm. (base 0.10 mm., spur 0.03 mm.); total 1.10 mm. Sensoria large and distributed as follows: III, none; IV, 0-1; VI, 1-2; VI normal. Abdomen with many small black spots, especially at the bases of the numerous hairs. Cornicles black, hairy, very wide at base and small at the mouth which is slightly flared; length 0.2 mm., diameter at the base 0.57 mm. Host prant—Ahu-matsu (Japanese red pine), Pinus densiflora S. & Z. LocaLity—Nikko. DaTE OF COLLECTION—June 10, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—80. Lachnus, species Only apterous forms of this species were taken. The length averages 3.8 mm., the width 2.3 mm. Prevailing color black with reddish-brown markings on the back. Antenne black and pale brown, about one-third as Jong as the body; the large circular sensoria distributed as follows: III, none; IV, Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA--SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ: 101 Q-1; V, 2-3; VI, 1-3 (not counting the usual ones in the process). Cornicles black. On Kara-matsu, Larix leptolepis Murr., Nikko, June 9, 1913. Collection number 78. (The color notes were given under number 82?). Lachnus, species Represented only by apterous specimens. Length 5 mm., width 3 mm. Prevailing color shiny black with white dorsal markings. Antenne pale-brown and black, hairy, half as long as the body, with the large circular sensoria distributed as follows: III, none; IV, 1-3; V, 2-3; VI with the usual ones. Cornicles black, hairy and very wide at base. On Tsuga, Tsuga sieboldi Carr., Nikko, June 12, 1913. Collec- tion number 79. Pterochlorus tropicalis Van der Goot (Pterochlorus japonicus Mats. ) Figures 33 and 34 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—Selected from nine good specimens. Length 2.8 mm., width 1 mm. Prevailing color shiny black throughout. Body very hairy. Antennz black, covered with short hairs; lengths of the articles: (another specimen) I, 0.13 mm.; II, 0.10 mm.; III, 0.78 mm.; IV, 0.34 mm.; V, 0.34 mm.; VI, 0.20 mm. (base 0.13 mm., spur 0.07 mm.); total 1.89 mm. The sensoria are circular and distributed in a row as follows: (selected speci- men) IIT (right) 11, (leit) 8; IV (right) 3, (left) 3; V (right) 1, (left) 2; VI with usual number; others have the following: III 13-20, IV 5-9, V 2-4. Rostrum long, reach- ing beyond the middle of the abdomen. Wings infuscate with light areas in the front pair as shown in the accom- panying drawing. Hind wings with a white line just below radius vein; a decided network of small lines on the front wings. Length of front wings 4.5 mm. Cornicles wide at base, hairy, black, length (one example) 0.25 mm., diam- eter at the base 0.58 mm. Cauda black, rounded and very hairy. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES—Five good specimens. Length 4.2 mm., width 2.5 mm. Prevailing color shiny (Proc. 4tH Sep. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 102 ‘PP TOF SLEW} SNOIEDIAIA PoBUl MA 1A— A ‘Jue M 'JOOX) ‘PULA SYVIIGOA] SNL01YIOAIZY— FE INI] 7 pury AY Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDIDZ 103 EOE del Figure 34.—Pterochlorus tropicalis Van d. Goot. Apterous viviparous female black. Body hairy. Antenne black, hairy; lengths of ar- ticles: I; 0.13: mm.: IT, 0115 mm; 10D, 1210) mm}; TV, 0:36 mm.; V, 0.32 mm.; VI, 0.24 mm. (base 0.15 mm., spur 0.09 mm.) ; total 2.30 mm. Sensoria large, circular and ar- ranged as follows: III, 1-15; IV, 2-5; V, 1-2; VI with usual number. Cornicles black, hairy, 0.36 mm. long and 0.74 mm. wide at the base. Cauda black, hairy and rounded. Host pLtants—On Kunugi, Quercus serrata Thunb., Kashiwa, Quercus dentata Thunb. and Shii, Castanopsis cus- pidata Schot. (listed as Pasania cuspidata Oerst. ). LocaLtity—Tokyo. DaTE OF COLLECTION—May 15, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—39. 104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Sea, REMARKS—This species is so close to Pterochlorus tropi- calis Van der Goot® that it is without hesitancy so determined here. The sensoria show a slight variation in number, there being in the Japanese species many more on article III of both the winged and apterous forms and more than the usual 1 on V of both forms. In Van der Goot’s description the cornicles are described as “nearly reduced pores,” while on the species from Japan they are not only distinct but might well be considered large. Prociphilus crategi Tullgren Figure 35 The winged viviparous females were collected on Sanzashi, Crategus cuneatus S. & Z. (listed as Mespilus cuneata S. & N OO W head ee, pip wax pl. W wax pl. Figure 35.—Prociphilus crategi Tullgren ® Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. 12, pt. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-4, fig. 2, Feb. 1916. (Orig. desc.). Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID2Z: 105 Z.), Tokyo ? (locality not given), June 10, 1913. Collection number 88. This material was checked up with specimens received from P. Van der Goot (through John J. Davis), taken in Holland, and from Prof. F. V. Theobald, England. Prociphilus osmanthe, new species Figure 36 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from nine good specimens. Length 3.3 mm., width 1.6 mm. Prevailing colors black and dark olive-green. Head dark. Antenne black with the bases of ITI-VI pale; lengths of articles: I, 0.07 type Cerro COU UTM OTH NYY W ant. W wax pl. ECE del. Figure 36.—Prociphilus osmanthe, new species. Wing greatly reduced from scale 106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. mm.; II, 0.10 mm.; III, 0.64 mm.; IV, 0.265 mm.; V, 0.265 mm.; VI, 0.30 mm. (base 0.25 mm., spur 0.05 mm.) ; total 1.64 mm. Sensoria transversely narrow and distributed as follows on the left member: III, 29; IV, 10; V, 9; VI with the usual number. Paratypes show the following variation: III, 27-31; IV, 9-12; V, 8-12. Rostrum reaching to the base of the abdomen. Wax plates of the mesothorax oval and lo- cated just back of the middle. Legs black with the bases of the femora pale. Wings infuscate along the costal margin and at base; veins narrowly border with darker; length of the front wings 6 mm. Abdomen dark, with the ventral sur- face olive-green. Mounted specimens appear pale. Nympus—Dark with abdomen transparently brownish, thorax pale-green, the wing pads dusky. In other respects much like the adults. Host pLANT—Hiiragi, Osmanthus aguifolium B. & H. LOCALITIES, DATES, ETC.—Taken as follows: 1. Yamaguchi-Ken, May 24, 1913. Collection number 58. 2. Tokyo, May 29, 1913. Collection number 67. REMARKS—This species is close to P. crategi Tull., but it has many more sensoria on the antennz and infuscated wings are characteristic. No apterous females were collected. Prociphilus pyri (Fitch) Figure 37 The winged and apterous females of this species were taken from pseudogalls formed on the edges of the leaves of the Japanese pear and opening beneath, Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 8, 1913. Collection number 7. Prociphilus populiconduplifolius (Cowen) ? The apterous females taken agree very well with deter- mined material from the United States. Collected on Hi Ki- no-Kasa, Ranunculus ternatus Thunb., Nishigahara, Tokyo, May 13, 1913. Collection number 54. 107 APHIDIDZ KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE & ESSIG Vor. VIIT] (447) wid Snp1y ido d—Le 24n81 108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser. Aneecia piri ( Mats.) (Nippolachnus piri Mats. ) Figure 38 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE—Selected from twelve good specimens. Length 2.8 mm., width 1.35 mm. Prevailing color dark yellowish brown with black and white (wax) markings on the dorsum. Head dark yellowish brown. An- tenne short, hairy, black with articles I, II and all but the tip of III pale-brown; lengths of the articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.08 mm. ; III, 0.35 mm.; IV, 0.13 mm.; V, 0.16 mm.; VI, 0.16 mm. (base 0.11 mm., spur 0.05 mm.) ; total 0.95 mm. Sensoria circular or nearly so, very large, a few only small; distributed as follows: III (left) 10, (right) 11; IV (left) 4, (right) 1; V (left) 2, (right) 2; VI with 1 very large and from 3 to 4 small secondary ones. Other specimens show the following variations: III, 7-9; IV, 1-4; V, 2. Rostrum reaching to, or nearly to, the 3rd coxe. Prothorax dark, other segments yellowish-brown. Wings long and narrow. Front wings 4.4 mm. long, with venation as shown in the drawing. Hind wings with two media. Legs black with the EOE del Figure 38.—Anecia piri (Mats.). Wing reduced from common scale Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 109 bases of the femora and tibie pale. Abdomen yellowish brown with black markings and two prominent white wax bands on the dorsum. Cornicles black, hairy, very wide at the base, length 0.20 mm., width or diameter at the base 0.35 mm., diameter at the mouth 0.12 mm. Cauda, yellow with black margin; rounded and faintly constricted at base, hairy. Anal plate pale at base with black margin; rounded and hairy. Host prant—Along the midribs on the undersides of the leaves of pear. Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—Oct. 2, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—105. Nipponaphis distylii Pergande Figure 39 This very interesting species was received in considerable numbers, among which were several apterous females; the latter oval in shape, 0.8 mm. long, with 5-articled (sometimes appearing as 4+) antenne. The winged forms were taken from the leaf galls of Isu, Distylium racemosum S. & Z., Tokyo, June 2, 1913. Collection number 71. The apterous females were taken from oval galls on the same plant at the same time and given the collection number 7la. The specific name given by Mr. Pergande’ was distychii, derived from Disty- chium, the supposed host plant. This is clearly an error in spelling, as the host plant is Distylium. The specific name has therefore been corrected to distylii. The genus Nipponaphis is, indeed, very close to Cerataphis, and except for the horns on the apterous forms of the latter could hardly be considered as separate. The absence of cor- nicles is usually given as a characteristic of Cerataphis, but all of the author’s specimens of a large series of the type species, C. latanié (Boisd.), have cornicles as large as those found in Nipponaphis. The peculiar aleyrodid-like form of the ap- terous female is lacking in N. distylii Perg. 7 Entomological News, vol. 17, p. 205, June, 1906. 110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser. W corn. detail W ant. Figure 39.—Nipponaphis distylii Pergande Nipponaphis cuspidate, new species Figure 40 WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Type)—Selected from thir- teen specimens. Length 1.35 mm., width 0.9mm. Prevailing colors from black to dark-purple. Head very dark. Antenne, short, 5-articled, as shown in the drawing; lengths of articles: T, 0.04 mm.; IT, 0.05 mm.; III, 0.46 mm.; IV, 0.19 mm.; V, 0.15 mm. (base 0.13 mm., spur 0.02 mm.) ; total 0.89 mm. Sensoria narrow ring-like, nearly equidistant from each other and numerous on all articles except the first two. Rostrum Vor. VIII] ESSIG & KUWANA—SOME JAPANESE APHIDID& 111 W hind t. EOE del. Figure 40.—Nipponaphis cuspidate, new species reaching just beyond the 3rd coxe. Thorax dark-purple and shiny black. Front wings as shown in the drawing, with the costal border and base infuscate and 3.1 mm. long. The hind wings are also somewhat infuscate, especially along the veins. There are 2 media veins. Legs dusky throughout, the tarsi with four large knobbed digitules. Abdomen very dark purple. Cornicles indistinct, little more than pores. Cauda hairy, blunt at tip, 0.11 mm. long and 0.15 mm. wide at base. Anal plate hairy and distinctly bilobed. 112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALES (Paratypes) — Several specimens. Length 1.7 mm., width 1.3 mm. Prevailing color dark-purple ; body slightly covered with white powder; nearly hemispherical in shape with the sides perpendicular and the surface somewhat depressed on the dorsum. In general appear- ance these females somewhat resemble the nymphs of certain aleyrodids, but are usually more robust. The epidermis, when cleared, shows a mosaic-like structure. All of the appendages are very small. Antennz minute, indistinctly 3-articled and held close to the body. Legs small and appear attached to the sides of the body. The cornicles, if present, are not visible on any of the specimens although many were thoroughly cleared (in clearing in KOH the bodies literally went to pieces so that only fragments could be studied). Cauda broadly rounded. Anal plate indistinctly bilobed. Nympus—Dark purple and covered with white powdery wax (color notes do not specify whether these are the nymphs of one form or of both winged and apterous forms). Host pLANT—Shii, Castanopsis cuspidata Schot. (listed as Pasania cuspidata Oerst.). The apterous females are clustered along the twigs in a more or less fixed position as specimens remained on the twigs after the long trip across the Pacific. Locatity—Nishigahara, Tokyo. DATE OF COLLECTION—May 12, 1913. COLLECTION NUMBER—27. REMARKS—This species is certainly close to Cerataphis, where it would have been placed except for the fact that it does not have the characteristic horns of that genus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vor. VIII, No. 4, pp. 113-156, pl. 3-6 Jury 19, 1918 IV GEOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN END OF THE TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA BY E. T, DUMBLE Consulting Geologist, Southern Pacific Company INTRODUCTION The attention of the writer was first directed to the eastern coast of Mexico as an oil field in 1890, during which year Mr. Josiah Owen, then of Eagle Pass, Texas, and later an asso- ciate for many years in coal and oil investigations for the Southern Pacific Company, made a reconnaissance trip through the region between Tampico and Tuxpam, and sent samples of heavy oil and asphalt for examination, together with a general statement as to the oil conditions, which he considered highly favorable. In 1899 the matter was brought to the attention of Mr. C. P. Huntington as well worth investigation by the Southern Pacific Company, but it was thought at that time to be too far removed from other interests of the Company. In 1908 the subject was again placed before the management, and an examination was ordered. Prof. W. F. Cummins, who was well acquainted with the geology of the coastal oil fields of July 19, 1918 114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Texas, and who had had a year’s experience in connection with artesian water investigations in northeastern Mexico, was placed in charge of the work, which began with an effort to connect the known geological section of the Texas side of the Rio Grande with the formations of the Mexican oil fields. The results of this work, as given in a paper entitled “Tertiary Deposits of Northeastern Mexico”? show that the Gulf Coast Tertiary deposits which carry the Texas oil are not represented in the Tampico-Tuxpam oil fields, but that the oil formations there are a continuation of the Cretaceous.” During the years which have followed, the geologists of the Southern Pacific Company have continued work in this area under the direction of the writer and much information has been accumulated regarding the stratigraphy and some good collections of fossils have been made, the most of which were placed in the hands of Dr. R. E. Dickerson, Curator, Depart- ment of Invertebrate Paleontology, California Academy of Sciences, for identification. It is proposed in this paper to give briefly the results of our work and, based on Dr. Dickerson’s and Dr. W. S. W. Kew’s determinations of the fossils, to show as nearly as possible the ages of the formations encountered. Descriptions of the col- lections have been made by Dickerson and Kew in a separate paper’. THE AREA The region under consideration is a narrow belt of country on the eastern coast of Mexico, beginning just north of the twentieth parallel and extending to the twenty-fourth. From Nautla to Tampico it comprises the entire coastal strip lying between the Cordilleras, or Sierra Madre Oriental, and the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. North of Tampico it is bounded on the west by the Cordilleras and on the east by the Tamauli- pas range, thus forming the valley through which runs the railway between Tampico and Monterey. This area is the northern portion of what has been called the Tampico Embayment.* It is economically important because 1 Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4th Series, Vol. V, No. 6. 2 Dumble, ‘‘The Occurrences of Petroleum in Eastern Mexico as Contrasted with those in Texas and Louisiana.”” Trans. A. I. M. E. August, 1915. vor vie Tereany Fauna from Northeastern Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1917, * Some Events in the Eogene History of the Present Coastal Plain of the Gulf of Mexico in Texas and Mexico. Journal of Geology, Vol. XXIII, No. 6, p. 481 et seq. Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 115 of the vast quantity of petroleum that has been developed in it during recent years. It is geologically important not only on account of the oil, but also because it furnishes the key to cer- tain heretofore unsolved problems regarding the relationship of adjacent land areas to continental growth. This area, some 300 miles in length, will not average 50 miles in width. Its greatest breadth, which is less than 100 miles, is found along the course of the Panuco River and its tributaries, whence it narrows both to the north and to the south. PHYSIOGRAPHY Topographically, the area as a whole is a plain sloping gently gulfward. Along its western border are low ranges and ridges, rarely exceeding 300 meters in height, caused by the strong folding and faulting of the Cretaceous rocks together with some of those of earlier Tertiary age which form its basement. To the east of these its undulating surface is broken by hills of erosion and by peaks of intrusive basaltic rocks. North of the Panuco River these interruptions are less numerous than they are to the southward. The most prominent remnantal elevations are found in a series of peaks, mesas and ranges be- ginning at Chicontepec and stretching northeastward to the Otontopec range which ends near Tantima. This forms the divide between the drainage of the Panuco and that of the Tuxpam River. Between these two rivers are two intermediate coastal basins which have been carved out and are drained by the Cucharas and the Tancochin and a like service is performed by the Cazones and Tecolutla for the area between Tuxpam and Nautla. The principal drainage system north of the Panuco is the Soto la Marina and between it and the Conchos River, along which we found exposures of typical Gulf Coast Tertiaries, lie the mountain masses of the Sierra de San Carlos and the Sierra Cruillas of the Tamaulipas range. These mountains extend westward to within 15 miles of the railroad south of Linares, greatly narrowing the valley at that point. Much of the surface is covered by the dense vegetable growth of the semi-tropics and for the most part the so-called 116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Sez. roads are only trails. Good exposures of the rock materials are, therefore, scarce except along drainage channels and cer- tain hillsides, making it difficult to trace the continuations of any of the formations over any considerable area. If we add to this the fact that fossiliferous horizons are comparatively few and frequently discontinuous, the difficulty of accurate correlation of the beds of separated areas will be readily appar- ent. It is for this reason, doubtless, that some confusion has arisen. PUBLICATIONS The publications bearing directly on the geology of this area are not very numerous. Among the earlier papers relating to the eastern coast of Mexico, those by Deshayes, Heilprin and Sapper give only the results of their observations on the Pliocene of Yucatan. The first definite statement regarding the geology of this particular district is that of Bése in his itinerary of the trip from San Luis Potosi to Tampico, published in the Guide Book for the excursions of the International Congress of Geologists in 1906. Bose regards that part of the massive limestones with rudis- tes near Tamasopa and Micos, and which is last seen between El Abra and Taninul, as Meso-Cretaceous and equivalent to the Cenomanian or Vraconian. These include the limestones now called Tamasopa. The shales and marls with limestone bands which overlie these and are well exposed between Valles and El Abra he classes as Neo-Cretaceous, although no fossils were found inthem. The yellow to gray argillaceous shales in the plain east of Taninul he says probably belong to the Ter- tiary, although he found no fossils, and states that they re- semble the Pliocene of Tuxpam and Papantla. This was followed and added to by Villarello in his Report on the Oil Regions of Mexico’, which gives clear and satisfac- tory descriptions of the various geological formations of the region, although later discoveries may necessitate a different reference as to the age of some of the deposits there described. Villarello refers the massive grayish limestones along the front of the Sierra Madre Oriental to the Meso-Cretaceous, 5 Bull. 26, Inst. Geol. Mex. 1908. Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 117 and the overlying shales and sandstones, which extend from near Victoria to the zone embraced between Valles and Taninul, to the Neo-Cretaceous. He describes these beds in the vicinity of Valles as shales, marls and occasional slates with intercalated limestones and sandstones with calcareous cement and says they are unconformable with the massive limestone. With these he also includes the interbedded limestones and sand- stones occurring south and southwest of Tantoyuca. The yellow nummulitic rocks of the San Jose de las Rusias range he refers to the Eogene, but considers all of the yellow argillaceous shales, marls, and calcareous beds south of the Tamaulipas range as Neogene and equivalent to the beds at Tuxpam and Papantla. He suggests the name Papantla for these beds. He includes in these Neogene beds the argillaceous shales east of Las Palmas and Tamuin which form the greater part of the Mendez of Jeffreys. The Neogene to the south of the Panuco River, as described by Villarello, comprises yellowish fossiliferous calcareous rocks, such as are found outcropping in the neighborhood of Papantla, Coazintla and elsewhere, overlain by sandstones, bluish gray shales and slaty marls and reddish clays. These Neogene deposits rest upon interbedded limestones and sand- stones similar to those near Tantoyuca and are overlain in places by Quaternary sediments. These Neogene beds are broken and in places overlain by basaltic rocks and tuffs. In 1910 Engerrand and Urbina of the Mexican Geological Commission made a preliminary survey of the Yucatan penin- sula. They record Miocene fossils from Tizimin*, but regard all others as Pliocene or Pleistocene. Bose, in Bulletin 20 of the Mexican Geological Commission, reports on the geology of Chiapas and Tabasco. No Cre- taceous was observed later than the rudistes limestone (Tama- sopa?). Extensive deposits of shales, clays, sandstones and limestones were found carrying a fauna composed almost alto- gether of nummulites and orbitoides. These he refers to the Eocene. Overlying them, he finds a series of dark shales, clays, and limestones which he describes under the name of the Semi- jovel division. He states that this division may embrace beds of both Oligocene and Miocene age, but that the greater part Sra niaMan Go Soo VoINVIn ROR ET hs i 118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser. of the fossils appear to belong to the Miocene. Near Macus- pana and elsewhere in Tabasco he found beds containing fossils which he referred to the Marine-Pliocene. Engerrand describes the fossils from Zuluzum near Palenque in Chiapas, which he regards as Miocene. The beds occurring on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (outside a small exposure of the rudistes limestone) carry an abundant fauna, but the specimens are not well preserved. The deter- minations of species by Dall, Toula, Bose and others and their conclusions as to age, while appearing to agree on the Pliocene or later age of these deposits, seem to indicate that a portion of them may be older than this reference. This is apparently sustained by Bose®, who found similar beds at Santa Maria Tatetla, northwest of Veracruz, from which he described a number of species as Pliocene but later states that since larger and more careful collections have been made he considers the age to be Miocene. It will, therefore, be seen that while Eogene fossils were recognized north of the Tamaulipas range in the district of San Jose de las Rusias, and both Eogene and Neogene sediments found south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, nowhere within the area of the Tampico Embayment were Tertiary deposits observed which were referred to horizons earlier than the Miocene. This was the condition when the oil geologists began opera- tions. In Science of February 10, 1911, Dumble, reporting on the results of two years’ work in Northeastern Mexico, reports the discovery of Oligocene deposits at San Fernando on the Conchos River and in the San Jose de las Rusias region and suggests the probable Cretaceous age of the blue shales under- lying the San Fernando beds of the Oligocene in the Panuco district, which in turn were succeeded by later beds as seen at Tuxpam. In 1910 Jeffreys made a report on the geology of eastern Mexico which, while it may not have been published, has been the basis of much that has been written by others. In this re- port he takes the same view of the age of the deposits in this area as that stated above. * Bull. 22, Mex. Geol. Comm. Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 119 He describes the lower members of his Cretaceous under the names of Tamasopa and San Felipe, corresponding closely to the Tamasopa and San Juan of our classification. To the Mendez he refers the entire series of blue shales succeeding the San Felipe and extending eastward to and beyond Mendez. He gives these a thickness of 3000 to 3500 feet. In his section, which is reproduced by various authors, he shows the Mendez shales involved in the folding of the other Cretaceous rocks be- tween Valles and San Felipe and states that the San Felipe beds grade upward into the Mendez and downward into the Tam- asopa. The base of the Mendez of Jeffreys is the equivalent of our Papagallos, but the top is probably Tertiary. To the Tertiary he refers the fossiliferous beds around Tan- lajas on the extreme western border of the area, the beds around Ozuluama, which he considers practically their time equivalent, and the overlying Temapache series. In Science for June 7, 1912, Dumble reported the discovery of Eocene fossils at Alazan, northwest of Tuxpam, and gave further details of the occurrence of the San Fernando and Tux- pam beds (Miocene?) in this region. Garfias, in his article on The Oil Regions of Northeastern Mexico’, reviews the descriptions of the various formations as given by different geologists, adds his own observations of the region, and gives in tabular form a tentative correlation which embodies the facts brought out after Jeffreys’s report by the finding of Eocene fossils at Alazan. This shows the Mendez shales as originally described, including shales of both Upper Cretaceous and Eocene age. De Golyer* uses the names Tamasopa, San Felipe and Mendez for the formations found in the Furbero field, but re- fers both his San Felipe and Mendez to the Eocene, because of the fossils found at Alazan. He also claims an uncon- formity between his San Felipe and the beds he considers Cre- taceous. Huntley’ also uses the same names for the same formations, but regards the entire Mendez of Jeffreys as Eocene. 7 Economic Geology, Vol. X, p. 195. ® Trans. A. I. M. E., LII, pp. 266 et seq ®* Trans. A. I. M. E., LII, pp. 275 et seq. 120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES __ (Proc. 47H Ser. I. C. White’ quotes the opinion of Dr. C. W. Hayes, sug- gesting a Laramie age for the San Felipe and Valles beds. A number of the geologists who have worked in this area and collected valuable data have been unable to publish it be- cause of the character of their engagements. The writer thankfully acknowledges the assistance through co-operation and criticism of a number of these gentlemen. GENERAL FEATURES At first appearance the geology of this area does not seem at all complicated, but some misunderstanding and confusion have arisen from the fact that through the entire area the predom- inating material entering into and forming the floor of this Tampico embayment is blue shale. At its northern end the shale was proved to be Cretaceous by its position and as it was unfossiliferous and little physical change was observed, this interpretation was applied to cover all similar shales found south of these. But, it transpires that in addition to these Cretaceous blue shales there are also blue shales of Eocene and Oligocene age and these predominate south of the Tamesi River. The eastern face of the great plateau is composed of lime- stones of Meso-Cretaceous age and the Rudistes limestones of Micos canyon are found as far south as Chiapas. The dis- turbed area at the foot and immediately in front of the main mass shows the Meso-Cretaceous limestones folded, faulted, and overlain by later beds which are also folded. From the San Juan Hills in Coahuila to Aquismon in San Luis Potosi these overlying beds appear to belong to the upper or Neo-Cre- taceous. The beds found overlying the Meso-Cretaceous of the hill country south of Aquismon have few of the characteristics of the Neo-Cretaceous of the region northward and represent such different conditions of sedimentation and fauna as to make such a reference of them impossible. Fossils are scarce in these beds but in the deposits overlying the Meso-Cretaceous in Chiapas Bose found orbitoides and nummulites that were clearly of Eocene age and similar forms occur south of Aquis- mon. It is, therefore, probable that in the hill country be- 2 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 24, p. 253. Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 121 tween Aquismon and Chiapas, the greater part of the San Juan and Papagallos which constitute the Neo-Cretaceous of the northern basin are either overlapped or replaced by these Eocene-Tertiary beds, outcrops of which extend eastward almost to the margin of the Gulf. The Coastal Slope lying east of this disturbed or foothill zone is largely occupied by deposits of Oligocene age as far north as the Tamaulipas Mountains and these Oligocene de- posits extend along the eastern face of this range as far as the Conchos River. The only other sedimentary deposits noted are deposits of the Quaternary and Recent which are not very ex- tensive. Basalts and other rocks of igneous origin occur as intrusive peaks, dikes, and flows. CRETACEOUS The Mexican geologists have divided the Cretaceous, of which they have a very complete section, into Eo-Cretaceous, Meso-Cretaceous and Neo-Cretaceous in place of the two di- visions, Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous, recognized in the United States. The Meso-Cretaceous of the Mexican authors includes the upper portion of our Lower Cretaceous and the lower portion of our Upper Cretaceous. It will appear from a comparison of the fossils that the line between our Lower and Upper Cretaceous—that is, between the Vola or Buda limestone and the Woodbine or Dakota sands —would be represented in the Meso-Cretaceous by a line drawn below the Tamasopa limestone. While, therefore, the heavy limestones below the Tamasopa may be properly correlated with our Comanche, it would not seem allowable to include the Tamasopa in such reference. MESO-CRETACEOUS The Meso-Cretaceous limestones of the Tamasopa gorge, as described by Bése**, are considered by him to represent the Cenomanian, Turonian, and possibly the Vraconian, but the Tamasopa limestone of the various reports on this region, as 1 Guide Book Geological Congress. XXX, p. 10. 122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4ru Sez. generally used, is restricted to the beds of the portion of the section which are characterized by the presence of rudistes. These are typically seen in Micos canyon and at the Choy grotto which also illustrates the cavernous condition so preva- lent in this limestone. The Tamasopa limestone is rather fine-grained, compact, creamy to gray in color, and most usually massive. It is often crystalline in structure and in places it is dolomitic. Between the Tamesi and the Tuxpam rivers the Tamasopa limestone appears to be the principal oil producing formation, while south of the Tuxpam valley it has not been found in any of the producing wells drilled up to this time. Villarello, describing the beds of the Meso-Cretaceous lying north of the railroad line between Tampico and San Luis Potosi, says: “The Meso-Cretaceous is made up of limestones of a gray- ish color in heavy beds with a strike about 18 deg. northeast and dip of 31 deg. to the northwest. These limestones are strongly folded and faulted and constitute a great portion of the Sierra Madre Oriental which extends from the Tula dis- trict passing through the western portion of the southern and central districts of the State of Tamaulipas and afterwards enters the State of Neuvo Leon. “The Tanchipa range rises to the west of Ebano and..... is made up of limestones and shales of Meso-Cretaceous and Neo-Cretaceous age. These beds extend toward the south and are exposed in nearly the whole of the petroliferous region of Aquismon.” Of the continuation of these deposits south of the railroad he says: “The older sedimentary rocks (of the Aquismon region) are heavy beds of a grayish colored limestone, fossiliferous in some portions, especially in the neighborhood of Choy grotto “These limestones constitute the Meso-Cretaceous of the region, and only the limestones in the vicinity of Xilitla prob- ably belong to the Eo-Cretaceous. “The Meso-Cretaceous outcrops at the following places, from the northwest of Xilitla through Tampachal and Pubuche in the Temapache Mountains, to the west of Tocomon, Aquis- Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 123 mon, and Micos and in the Colmena or Abra de Cabelleros mountains. To the east of these outcroppings and to the east of Valles the Meso-Cretaceous outcrops from the Rancho Nuevo and fraction of the Pujal on the Tampaon River to Abra and Las Palmas stations on the Mexican Central Railroad and from there extends to Tanchipa Mountains. In this range the Meso-Cretaceous limestones are covered in various places by shales and marls of Neo-Cretaceous age which come in between Valles and Abra..... “The Meso-Cretaceous ..... is highly folded forming anti- clines and synclines sometimes very close and in general un- symmetrical.” Jeffreys describes a section in the San Dieguito Range in this region as showing at the base four feet of a dolomitized lime- stone with minute particles of petroleum, overlain by three feet of gray crystalline limestone which had a distinct petroliferous odor, while the overlying bed of about one foot thickness is a dark gray to almost black limestone well saturated with oil. The limestone is more or less fossiliferous throughout, hippu- rites and various lamellibranchs seeming to predominate. Similar impregnations are found in heavily bedded and folded Tamasopa limestone on the eastern slopes of the Tema- pache mountains. The Tamasopa limestone has been subjected to heavy fold- ing which has formed anticlines and synclines sometimes very close and, in general, unsymmetrical, and strikes vary from 30 to 60 deg. N. of E. in the region along the railway. Except the statement that the Meso-Cretaceous limestone forms the main body of the Sierra Madre toward the south, there is almost nothing said about it in the region between Aquismon and Orizaba. Cummins, in his work between the Panuco and Tuxpam rivers, did not get far enough west to reach the Tamasopa lime- stone and saw no exposures of limestones similar to the San Juan. The most westerly exposures he observed were of ma- terials which he believed to be Tertiary. De Golyer, in writing of the Tamasopa south of Tuxpam, says that the main mass of the outcrop is in the Sierra Madres, the front range of which passes 28 miles west and 16 miles south of the Furbero field. The Tamasopa limestone has not been reached in any well yet drilled in this field. 124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. He says that it “consists of hard gray, pure, compact porce- lain-like limestone bedded in layers less than a foot thick and is characterized in its upper part by the occurrence of an abun- dance of black to dark gray and green chert nodules interbedded with the limestone..... The uppermost member of the lime- stones which are massively bedded in the northern Veracruz and Valles region are somewhat porous and contain great solu- tion caverns.” From this I understand that he considers the uppermost member, or Rudistes limestone of the Tamasopa, missing in this region, in which case these beds may be related to the Maltrata limestone of Bése’s Orizaba section. The Orizaba limestone (Meso-Cretaceous) of Bose consists of two divisions: The Maltrata or lower member and Es- camela or upper. He describes them as follows: “The Maltrata limestones constitute an important division, which is often of great thickness. The greater part is com- posed of limestones in thin beds, is without fossils, and of a clear dark gray or black color. The limestones contain numer- ous segregations of flint in the form of lenses. In the upper portion the flint occurs in the form of nodules and irregular bodies. In the lower part of the limestones there occur in many places intercalated argillaceous slates which are yellowish and lustrous like silk, but these never form heavy beds. In the upper part toward the boundary with the Escamela limestones, there occur gray limestones and dolomites in heavy beds in which the stratification is scarcely recognizable: Above these follow dark compact limestones which represent the passage to the Escamela limestones and which may better be considered a part of the latter. In some places there occur above the dolomites flinty limestones, and in that case the line between them and the Escamela limestone is sufficiently well marked. “The Escamela limestones are composed of a clear gray to a dark gray limestone, in some places but slightly stratified and elsewhere in clearly distinct beds. Cherts occur only in the lower portion. There are no intercalations of slates or marls. The limestones resemble in their characters very often the Cretaceous limestones of southern Italy. They are petrograph- ically very uniform and may be recognized with ease.” Still farther south in Chiapas he describes the Meso-Cre- taceous beds thus: Vor. VIII] DUMBLE—GEOLOGY TAMPICO EMBAYMENT AREA 125 “This division is much the most important in Chiapas... . . It consists of limestones and dolomites which generally occur in . quite thick beds and only occasionally as intercalated lenses. Occasionally beds of limestone of brecciated structure are found. In the lower part there sometimes occur beds of lime- stone with chert concretions, but the upper part consists gen- erally only of gray limestone with interbedded dolomite. It may be said that these strata everywhere contain rudistes, especially radiolites.”’ He adds that he himself has never observed beds in this vicinity which might with certainty be assigned to the Neo- Cretaceous. NEO-CRETACEOUS The upper members of the Cretaceous section (Neo-Cre- taceous series of Mexican authors) as determined by Cum- mins from their occurrence in Northeastern Mexico’® com- prise a series of thin to medium-bedded limestones, with ino- cerami and ammonites, called by him the San Juan lime- stones, overlain conformably by a great thickness of dark shales, without fossils, called the Papagallos. The San Juan Hills are made up of a series of thin to heavy-bedded limestones interstratified with thin beds of yel- lowish clay. Toward the base the limestones are shaly, dark gray in color and weather gray to whitish. Toward the sum- mit the limestones are of bluish shade, weathering white. The uppermost beds are sandy and weather to a reddish or rusty brown color. They carry numerous impressions of ammon- ites, oysters and inocerami which are of forms referable to the Taylor or Austin Chalk. The Papagallos cousists of a series of very fine-grained blue or black limy clay shales, leaching brown, yellow or white. At their northern end, the type locality, and for some distance south, they carry both selenite and barite and break up into slaty particles. When broken down and fully weath- ered, they form a black clay which when wet makes a very stiff mud like the black waxy soils of central Texas. The Cretaceous age of the San Juan was fully proved by its fossils and that the Papagallos shales, at the type locality, were also of Cretaceous age was evidenced by the fact that 12 Tertiary Deposits of Northeastern Mexico, pp. 170 to 174. 126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES _ [Proc. 4tu Ser. while they were conformable with the San Juan they had been folded and eroded prior to the deposition of the suc- ceeding sands and limestones of the basal Eocene. This is shown on the Salinas River at Ramones where there is a bed of sandstone lying in discordant stratification directly upon the crumpled and folded Papagallos shales. In this sand- stone were found: Venericardia alticostata V. planicosta Ostrea pulaskensis Cucullza macrodonta These fossils are characteristic of the Midway, the lowest stage of the Gulf Tertiaries. There can, therefore, be no question as to the Cretaceous age of the Papagallos shales at the type locality. Similar limestones and shales were found at San Felipe and Valles, west of Tampico, but here they were without fossils. Jeffreys called the former the San Felipe beds and applied the term Mendez to the overlying shale and its upward con- tinuation east of the Sierra del Abra. With the idea that these were the continuations of the San Juan and Papagal- los, Cummins traced the beds from the Papagallos Hills to Mendez and Valles. It is about 10 miles from the Papagallos Hills where both San Juan and Papagallos formations occur, to San Juan on the railroad between Tampico and Monterey. Over that dis- tance the shales are exposed in all the ravines and are the surface rocks except where covered by superficial drift. On the south side of the San Juan River, south of the town of San Juan, there is a fine exposure of the beds in a railroad cut. From San Juan to Montemorelos is 26 miles. The shales are seen at numerous places between these points, and only at such places as are drift-covered was the shale not seen. East of Montemorelos there are hills that are composed en- tirely of the shales. . alsin: s' aeisisyeunsere%s . Front with three pairs, the lower farther apart; ant acr with scattered minute hairs between (Bering Straits)............. sip aaaace, and raltie Cormnahe WYovs. ais) avers she Davart eRe aaR er eve te ae bicruciata Stein. Front with two pairs, the lower farther apart, ant acr without scattered minute hairs (California)....evermanni, new species . Hind femora beneath at extreme base with a tuft of short spines. . Flind:femiora plain eco. e:2jaces tc atsra severe sicleerasscsiare- spots a/atera arevetstehsteve rues . Middle tibiz on inner front side with one or two distinct bristles Middle tibie without bristles on inner front side (Atlantic coast; EurOpeé)) tccda sade a abneunte me sare sacs ceases maritima Hal. . Hind femur at base close to the tuft of bristles with a knoblike protuberance turned toward the body, which is also beset with short spines (Greenland to Bering Straits, and down the Pacific Coast: Europe) 3 s.aé.ee.e14,cusva saree waisiaus ac al scoseapeprele.s fucorum Fall. Hind: femur’ with only the tft. 220. 1.2.5.0. ¢ee sewers iccaees = 6!4.Head square in profile, the front flattened, protuberant anteriorly 10. 1. 1: (Greenland; Arctic North America)...... aricuformis Holmg. Head globular, front as usual; front of wing clouded beyond mid- dle (Kodiak Island, Alaska)................. hinei, new species . With a large dark spot in apical half of wing (Greenland; Arctic North. America) s.2s<'s.2 Jc.ctaaae esaimecisescer pictipennis Beck. WVidtige ITE OLEECS. i ii1: Scale rows 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19-—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19-—19—“"17, 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17, 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19-—19—4 7, 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—16 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 Gastro- steges 163 157 157 161 161 165 161 169 163 160 161 169 165 157 165 162 164 160 157 160 159 165 158 162 161 158 161 169 158 165 167 157 168 156 157 156 157 161 160 160 161 166 161 161 168 164 167 158 157 165 161 164 155 153 163 167 167 160 163 165 154 164 16U a; 157 165 157 159 158 165 167 Uro- steges Supra- labials Infra- labials Pre- oculars Post- oculars Loreals Temporals -2-+-2—1- 2-2 NE le adie oy) 2 eee, a) 2-2 —1 4-2-2 22122 2 -+-2—1 +2 +2 z Tea a le) 2--2—1 2-42 2 -+-2—1 +242 2:4-2—1 +1 +2 22 ot 2——h-2 ee ee ee ee ee ee + 4 + + + + + + 42-449 op + + + + + + 1—1 3—3 1—1 1—1 3—3 1-1 2-2 3—3 1-1 1—1 3—3 i—1 1—1 3—3 1—1 1—1 3—3 1—1 1—1 3—3 1—1 1—1 3—3 1—1 1—1 3—3 1—1 1—1 3—3 1—1 + 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—142+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+2+42 1—1 3—2 1—1 |14+2+2—142+42 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+41 1—1 4-3 1—1 |1+1+2—1+41+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+24+2—142+42 1—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2+4+2—1+2+42 1—1 4-4 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+1+2—1+1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+2+2—1+42+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |142+2—1+42+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+1+2—1+2+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 /14+2+2—1+2+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 i—1 |14+2——1+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+3——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2 142 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 i—1 4-3 11 ee 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2 142 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+42 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 Vor. VIIT] Scale counts in Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus—Continued VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 197 Number $4423 $4423 (a) $4423 (b) $4423 (0) $4423 (d) $4423 (e) $4423 (f) $4423 (g) $4423 (h) $4496 $4496 (a) $4496 (b) $4496 (c) $4496 (d) $4496 (e) $4496 (f) $4496 (g) $4496 (h) $4496 (8) 29494 29418 $4449 $4450 29390 29391 29392 29393 29394 29395 29396 $4443 $4463 $4451 $4437 $4438 $4439 29262 29264 29265 29266 29267 $4441 29212 29222 29231 29232 29233 29234 29235 29083 29084 29086 29087 29088 29089 29092 $6609 $6610 $4314 $6441 $6442 $6508 $4261 28828 28835 28836 28838 $4262 $4263 C2321 C2318 C2319 C5318 C5319 C5320 Sex + QQ: : Taian Scale rows 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—15 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 10m Om 19—19—17—17 19194707 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 Gastro- steges 155 152 Uro- steges Supra- labials Infra- labials Pre- oculars Post- oculars Loreals Temporals 1+2 1+2 1+2——1+2 1+2———1 +2 1+2———1 +2 14+2+42—1+42+2 14+1+2—1+4+1+2 1+2———1 +2 1+2———1 +2 1+2+2—1 +2 +2 4+24+2—1+2+2 24+2—142+2 2+2—1+2+2 1+2——_1 +2 14+2+4+2—1+2+2 14+2+4+2—1+42+2 4+2+4+2—142+42 2+2—142+2 3+2—1+2+2 2 1+2 2+2—1+2-+2 2+2—1+2+42 2+2—1+2 +2 24+2—1+2+42 2+2—1+2 +2 2——1+2 242—1+2+42 2+2—14+2+2 24+2—14+2+2 2+2—1+2+42 14+2——_1+2 14+2———_1 +2 1+3———1 +2 1+2——-1 +2 142——_1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 14+2+2—142+2 142+42—1+2+2 4+242—142+42 242—14+2+2 2——1 +2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tt$t4+4tttt++4444 + | + w 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 ttttttte + id tr + nw a 2+2—14+2+2 —-:._— OO 8 O_O 198 Scale counts in Thamnophts sirtalis concinnus—Continued CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Number $4246 $4235 C1162 C1164 28667 28668 28669 C5325 C5316 $4239 27981 28022 28023 28026 28027 28023 C4315 C5294 C5289 27815 39682 Sex Gastro-] Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Scale rows steges |steges] labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals 19—19—17—17| 151 76+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 142 1+2 19—19—17—17] 146 83c 77 10—10 i—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2——_1+2 19—19—17 164 91c 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+4+2+42—1+2-+2 19—19—17 156 79c 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—4 1—1 |1+4+2+1—1+2+1 19—19—17 160 83c 7—7 10—10 1—1 33 1—1 |1-+-2+-2—1-44-2-+2 19—19—17 158 57+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 [1+2+2—1+2 +2 19—19—17 167 88c 7I—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2+2 19—19—17 163 80c 7—8 10—10 i—1i 3—3 1—1 142 +2—1+2 +2 19—19—17 150 81ic 8—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2 +2—1 +2 +2 19—19—17—17} 153 78c I—T 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1 +2——_1 +2 19—19—17 158 27+ 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+3—1+2+3 19—19—17 160 54+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2——1 +2 +2 19—19—17 154 79c 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2+42 19—19—17 160 91c 7I—7 9—10 i—1 3—3 i—! 1+2+2—1+2-+2 19—19—17 160 79c 1—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 14+2+2—1 +2 +2 19—19—17 157 82c 7—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2-+42 19—19—17 158 44+ 7—1 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2+2 19—19—17 153 77c 7—8 10—9 1i—1 4—3 1—I 1+2+3—1+2-+3 19—19—17 163 92c 7—7 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1) i 2-2 — 2 2-2 19—19—17 161 92c 7I—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 2 1+3——1+3 19—19—17—17| 167 68+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 Remarks.—While a dark style of coloration with a tendency toward narrow lines is characteristic of this subspecies, this type of coloration is by no means constant. Specimens similar in color to the type of pickeringii seem to be very rare even in the far north. In general, the difference from T. s. parietalis and T. s. infernalis lies in an increase in the dark pigment, both dorsally and ventrally, rather than in a marked narrowing of the lines or a reduction in the amount of red in the coloration. Some specimens from Oregon are no darker than Californian T. s. infernalis, and show red heads and often much red on the body. Others are quite dark. Upon the whole, and notwith- standing wide individual variation everywhere, it may be said that the coloration becomes lighter toward the south and is gradually changed to that of T. s. infernalis. This color change seems to occur more rapidly (i. e., farther north) than the change in number of gastrosteges. The latter change has been discussed under the heading The Sirtalis Group. Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis (Blainville) Pacific Garter-Snake. Diagnosis —Gastrosteges and urosteges average more nu- merous than in T. s. parictalis and T. s. concinnus. Coloration usually lighter, with broader lines and more red than in T. s. concinmnus, similar to that of T. s. parietalis. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII | VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN | Plate 7 Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis, Pacific Garter-Snake:—Photozgraph from living adult male (No. 39197) collected at Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California, May 11, 1914 Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 199 Type Locality.—California. Synonyms.—Eutenia sirtalis tetratenia (part?), Cope, 1875, no locality, and 1891, Pitt River, Cal. Range.—California east and south of the northwest coast region, south to San Bernardino County, east to Modoc County, and Lake Tahoe. In Oregon about the Klamath Lakes. We have examined specimens of Thamnophis sirtalis infer- nalis from the following localities :— 1. Oroville, Butte Co., California. 2. West Butte, Sutter Co., Cal. 3. Kelseyville, Lake Co., Cal. 4. Fyffe, El Dorado Co., Cal. 5. Yosemite Valley, Mariposa Co., Cal. 6. Fresno, Fresno Co., Cal. 7. Isabella, Kern Co., Cal. 8. Weldon, Kern Co., Cal. 9. Buttonwillow, Kern Co., Cal. 10. Los Banos, Merced Co., Cal. 11. Banta, San Joaquin Co., Cal. 12. Walnut Creek, Contra Costa Co., Cal. 13. Berkeley, Alameda Co., Cal. 14. Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., Cal. 15. Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., Cal. 16: Castro. Santa Clara Co: Cal: 17. Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Cal. 18. Seaside, Monterey Co., Cal. 19. Carmel, Monterey Co., Cal. 20. Mount Mars, Monterey Co., Cal. 21. El Nogal, Los Angeles Co., Cal. 22. Colton, San Bernardino Co., Cal. 23. Bixby, Los Angeles Co., Cal. 24. Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Co., Cal. 25. Merrill, Klamath Co., Oregon. 26. Goose Lake, Modoc Co., Cal. 27. Davis Creek, Modoc Co., Cal. 28. Warner Mountains, Modoc Co., Cal. 29. Cedarville, Modoc Co., Cal. 30. Lake Tahoe, El Dorado Co., Cal. 31. Snelling, Merced Co., Cal. 200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser. 32. Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Cal. 33. Pleasant Valley, Mariposa Co., Cal. 34. Marshy Meadow, Yosemite National Park, Cal. 35. Klamath Falls, Klamath Co., Oregon. Material—We have used one hundred and thirty-five speci- mens in this study. Variation.—The loreal is 1—1 in all. The preoculars are 1—1 in all except one specimen with 1—2 and two with 2—2. The postoculars are 3—3 in ninety-five, or 73%; 3—4 in twenty-five, or 19% ; 4-4 in seven, or 5% ; 2—3 in three, or 2% ; and 2—4 in one, or 1%. The temporals are 1+2—1+2 in one hundred and fourteen, or 88% ; 1+2—1-+-3 in eight, or 6%; 1+1—1+2 in three, or 2%; 1+1—1-++1 in one, or 1%; 2+2—2+2 in one, or 1%; 1+3—1-+3 in one, or 1%; and 1+2—2+2 in one, or 1%. The supralabials are 7—7 in one hundred and four, or 80%; 7—8 in seventeen, or 13%; 8—8 in eight, or 6%; and 9—9 in one, or 1%. The infralabials are 1O—10 in one hundred and ten, or 85% ; 9—10 in thirteen, or 10% ; 9—9 in three, or 2% ; 10—11 in two, or 1%; and 98 in two, or 1%. The scale-rows are 19—19—17 in one hundred and thirty-four and 19—21—19— 17 in one. The gastrosteges vary in number from 156 to 177, males having from 161 to 175, females from 156 to 174; the average in forty-seven males is 168.7, in eighty-one females, 163.7. The urosteges vary from 74 to 97, males having from 82 to 97, females from 74 to 93; the average in thirty-eight males is 89.8, in fifty females, 82.8. These variations are shown in full in the following table of scale-counts. 201 Vor. VIITJ VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES Scale counts in Thamnophts sirtalis infernalis Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Number | Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals C4023 Q |19—19—17 164 | 83c 7—7 | 10—10|] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2 1+ C4024 Q |19—19—-17 161 | 79c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42 C4025 oo \19—19—17 171 | 474+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 4—3 1i—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2 C4026 Q |19—19—17 163 | 74c 7—7 —10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+42 C4027 o \19—19—17 169 | 90c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—4 1—1 /1+2+2—1+2+42 C4028 o |19—19—17 172 | 36+] 7—7 | 10—10}] 1—-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+242 C4029 oS |19—19—17 167 | 91c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42 C4030 Q |19—19—-17 163 | 85c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 C4031 o |19—19—17 172 | 94c 7—7 | 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+2 C4032 o \19—19—-17 166 | 93c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2+2—-1+42+43 C4033 Q \19—19—17 163 | 90c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42 C4034 Q@ j19—19—17 160 | 85c 7—8 10—10 | 2—2 3—3 | ae We ie oP eis C4035 Q |19—19—17 162 | 82c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+2 C4036 Q |19—19—17 165 | 57+ | 7—7 | 10-10} 1—1 3—4 1—1 |14+2+42—1+42+42 C4037 Q 19-1917 164 | 76+ | 7—8 | 10—10} 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+42+42 C4038 Q |19—19—17 160 | 26+ | 7—7 9—10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 C4020 Q |19—19—17 167 | 87c BG os ee biel Fre ital Wooo one ae tense C4021 o |19—19—17 renee|85e ae ae Agi sae Dae Re dl restr Be Seater C4022 oF |19—19—17 165 | 90c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—4 1—1 |1+4+2+2—142+42 $1742 9 |19—19—17—17| 165 | 93c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+1 1+2 $4367 2 |19—19—17—17] 164 | 89c 8—7 10—10 | 1—1 4—3 1—1 }]1+3 1+2 C2488 Q |19—19—17 169 | 46+ | 7-7 9—10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+242—1+2+42 C2489 oF |19—19-17 170 | 95c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+24+2—1+42+42 C2491 Q |\19—19—17 162 | 30+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—142+42 C2490 Q \19—19—17 166 | 86c 8—7 | 10—10} 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2 1+2 $1691 9 {19—19—17—17] 158 | 48+ | 8—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $4140 Q |19—19—17—17| 168 | 81c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $4141 Q |19—19—17—17] 168 | 44+ | 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $4142 Q |19—19—17—17] 162 | 82c 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $4143 Q |19—19—17—17] 164 | 81c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $4145 9 |19—19—17—17| 163 | 60+ | 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $4146 o |\19—19—17—17| 173-| 77+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $4147 @ |19—19—17—17| 169 | 83c 7—7 | 10-10} 1—1 2—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 C2801 Q |19—19—17 163 | 80+ | 8—8 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 C2802 Q |19—19—17 164 | 85c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 —1+2+42 C2803 Q |19—19—-17 160 | 85c 7—7 | 10—10|] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+42—1+3+42 C2804 Q |19—19—17 165 | 51+] 7—7 | 10-10} 1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+2+2—1+2+42 C2805 Q |19—19—17 162 | 85c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 2—3 i—1 |1+2 1+2 39554 a |19—19-17—17] 172 | 85c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—4 1—1 |1+2——1+2 13633 Q |19—19—17 164 | 37+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1_ /1+2+3—1+2+42 13634 Q |X—19—17 165 | 75c 7-7 X—X | X—X | X—X | X—X ]1+2+2—1+4242 can Q |19—19—17—17| 164 | 76c 7—7 | 10—10| 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——142 $1800 Q |19—19—17—17] 167 | 81c 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 3—4 i—1 |1+2 1+2 C4039 9 |19—19—17 163 64+ 7—7 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 |1+2+4+2—14+3+3 C6137 Q |19—19—17 162 | 37+ | 7—7 9—10} 1—1 4—3 1—1 _ [14+2+3—142+42 C2447 a \19—19—17 172 | 93c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—4 1—1 {1+3+42—1+42+42 Field 4 Q |19—19—17—17| 166 | 834+] 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 $1148 Q |19—19—17—17] 156 | 80c 7-7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |{1+2——1+2 $1210 oF |19—19—17—17] 170 | 97c 8—7 | 10—10}] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $1791 |19—19—17—17] 172 | 67+] 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+2 $1792 Q |19—19—17—17| 158 | 81c 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 4-3 1—1 |1+2-—1+42 $1807 @ |19—19—17—17] 170 | 89c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 $4021 o |19—19—17—17| 167 | 87c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $4136 Q |19—19-17—17! 165 | 424+! 8—8 | 10-10! 1-1 3—3 i—1 |1+2——1+3 $4137 Q |19—19—17—17{ 160 | 79c 7—7 | 10—10|] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+42 $4224 Q |19—19—17—17| 165 | 82c 7—8 | 10-10} 1—1 3-4 1—1 |14+2——1+42 $5262 Q? |19—19—17—17| 161 81c 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1-+2 $5263 oS |19—19—17—17| 169 | 93c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2——142 SR20 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 161 86c 7—7 10—10 i—1 4—2 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $1147 S |19—19—17—17] 169 | 89c 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2——1+42 $1188 9 |19—19—17—17| 163 | 85c 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 3—3 1—1 {1+2——1+42 $1189 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 159 76+ 7—7 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 |1+4+2——1+2 $1190 Q |19—19—17—17| 167 47+ 7I—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1-+3 $1192 Q |19—21—19—17| 161 | 87c 8—7 | 10-10} 1—1 3—3 1—1 {1+2——1+42 $1193 o |19—19—17—17| 168 | 89c 7-7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 /1+2——1+2 $1194 o |19—19—17—17| 167 | 784+ | 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 }1+2——1+42 $1195 o |19—19—17—17| 166 | 94c 7—7 | 10-10} 1—1 3—3 1—i /1+3——1+2 $5310 o |19—19—17—17| 170 | 94c 7—7 | 10-10] 1-1 4—4 1—1 |14+2——1+2 $6379 @ |19—19—17—15] 163 | 88c 8—8 | 10—10 | 1—1 3—3 1—1 {1+1——1+2 $6381 of |19—19—17—15] 167 | 87c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $6382 9 |19—19—17—17| 162 | 68+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+42 142 $1653 Q |19—19—17—17| 165 | 82c 7—7 | 10—10] 1—1 3—3 1—1 {142 1+42 38944 a |19—19—17 168 | 88c 8—7 9—10 | 1—1 3-4 1—1 J1+2+2—1+42+42 39196 oo |19—19—17 169 | 90c 7—7 9—10 | 1—1 4—3 1—1 /14+2+2—1+42+2 39197 o |19—19—-17 169 | 93c 7—7 | 10—10} 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+42—1+42+42 Local- ity CHO BHINARDADADAUUAU UU WDD be et et ee ee 202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Scale counts in Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis—Continued Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Local- Number |Sex| Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals ity 13755 Q )19—19—17 166 39+ ii 10—10 i 3—3 1—1 |1+42 1+2 17 SR63 @ |19—19—17—17| 169 | 92c | 8—7 | 10—10| 1-1 | 4—4 | 1-1 [142142 17 $5162 Q |19—19—17—17] 160 | 76c 7—7 | 10—9 1—1 3—3 ES pe Ss 17 $5162 (a) | .. |19—19—17 160 80c i 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 17 $5162 (b) | .. |19—19—17 157. | 77c 8—7 | 10—10| 1—1 33 ese ie ee 17 $5162 (c) | .. |19—19—17 160 | 76c 7—8 | 10—10] 1-1 3—3 r=) |e ase Tee 17 $5162 (d) | .. |19—19—17 159 | 80c 7—7 | 9—10| 1-1 ag 1—1 |14+2——1+42 17 $5162 (e) | .. |19—19—17 161 | 80c 7—7 | 10—10 | 1—1 3—3 = hte eS 17 $5162 (f) | .. |19—19—17 151 | 79c 7—7 | 10-10] 1-1 33 ee pe Se 17 $5162 (g) | o& |19—19—17 164 88c 7—7 10—10 i—1i 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 17 $5162 (hk) | ot |19—19—17 167 | 91c 7—7 | 10-10] 1-1 3-3 fy ee tere 17 $5162 (¢) o }19—19—17 161 85c 77 10—9 1—2 3—3 it 14+2——_1+2 17 $5162 (j) | o |19—19—17 163 | 86c 7—7 | 10—10) 1—1 3-3 ties 17 $5162 (k) | .. |19—19—17 160 77c i—7 10—10 I—t 3—3 1—1 |1+2——142 17 $5162 (I) | .. |19—19—17 161 | 79c | 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 | 3-3 1—1 |1-4+2—1 +2 17 $5162(m) | co |19—19—17 165 90c 9—9 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 17 13762 Q |19—19—17 164 | 88c 7—7 | 10—10} 1-1 3-3 1 gett 18 13763 Q |19—19—17 162 | 84c 7—7 | 10—10] 1-1 33 1—1 [14242-14242] 18 13754 of |19—19—17 173 | 94c 7—7 | 10—10} 1—1 4-3 1—1 14242-14242] 19 20963 Q |19—19—-17 162 | 68+] 7-7 | 10-10] 1-1 | 3—3 | 1-1 {142+42-142+2] 19 27308 a [19—19—17 171 | 82c 7—7 | 10-10} 1-1 3—4 t—1 [1 --2--2—1 72-42) 19 $5192 .. |19—19—17—17] 165 4+ | 7—7 | 10—10] 1-1 4-4 fig | ese 20 27474 oJ |19—19—17 174 75+ —7 10—10 1—1 3—3 ft ig eet? 21 27475 Q j19—19—17 167 81ic 7—7 10—10 41—1 3—3 1—1 114+24-2—1+42-42] 21 C27 o |19—19—17 172 82c 7—7 10—10 1 3—3 i122 1-2-2 C57 Q |19—19—17 163 AS 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 22 C58 co |19—19—17 171 85c 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 22 C763 @ |19—19—17 167 | 78c 3=8 //40—10,), ct 33 1—1 |14+2——1+42 23 C764 a |19—19—17 174 96c 7—1 10—10 1—1 3—4 1—1 |2+2——2+2 23 40033 Q |19—19—17—17) 174 85c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 |1+-2——142 24 C5429 9 \19—19—17 168 | 33+ | 7—8 | 10-10] 1-1 | 4-4 | 1-1 |14+242—142+42] 25 C5430 a \19—19—17 167 87c 7—7 10—11 1 As 1—1 11424114241] 25 C2148 & |\19—19—17 171 | 91c | 8—7 | 10-10] 1-1 | 3—2 | 1-4 |14242-14242] 26 C2150 Q |19—19—17 163 78c 8—7 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 |1+242—1+2+2] 26 C2151 o |19—19—17 175 94c 7—i 10—10 tev) 3—3 1—1 |14+242—14+2+42] 26 C2154 @ |19—19—-17 167 | 39+] 7—7 9—10 | 1-1 4-3 i—t 14242] 26 C2155 @ |19—19—17 161 | 41+ | 7—7 | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2] 26 C2156 @ \19—19—-17 167 | 89 | 7—8 | 10-10] 1-1 | 3—3 | 1-1 |14+2+42-142+2] 26 C2157 @ |19—19—17 171 87c I—7 10—10 1—1 x3 1—1 |1+2+2—142+42| 26 C2159 a }19—19—17 168 48+ 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 (142+3—14+2+2| 26 C2160 Q |19—19—17 161 83c 8—7 9—10 i-—t 4—3 1—1 )1+2——1-+2 26 C2161 Q \19—19—17 162 62+ 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 26 C2162 a }19—19—17 168 16+ i—7 8—9 i—t 3—3 1—1 /141+2—142+2] 27 C2174 Q |19—19—17 162 82+ 8—7 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 |14+2+2—142+2] 28 C2175 Q |19—19—17 160 81c 71 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 [142+2—142-+2| 28 C2176 o@ 119—19—17 162 89c 7—7 10—10 i—i 4—3 1—1 |14242—142+4+2] 28 C2177 Q |19—19—17 169 84c atatsts! 11—10 aetae 3—3 Ruelete 142———1 42 28 C2178 Q |19—19—17 168 90c 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—4 1—1 |14+2+2—142+42] 28 C2182 Q |19—19—17 170 81c 7—i 10—10 2 3—3 1—1 |142+2—14+2+2] 28 C2180 Q |19—19—17 163 Tic 7—7 10—10 1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+4+2—1+2+2! 29 C2181 Q }19—19—17 165 mere i 10—10 1—1 3—4 1—1 |14+2+2—1+2+2] 29 39646 Q |19—19—17—17| 162 83c 7—i7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 30 C5894 Q |19—19—17—17| 164 a+ 7—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 31 C5896 Q |19—19—17—17| 161 88c 7—T) 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 32 C5895 Q ?}19—19—17—17| 177 92c 7—7 10—10 i! 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 33 C5905 9 |19—19—17—17| 164 86c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 33 C5900 Q j19—19—17 157 81c 7—i 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |2+2——1+2 34 C5901 Q |19—19—17—17| 172 (hrs x—7 xX—X 1—1 x—3 1—1 1+42 34 C5903 9 |19—19—17—17| 162 81c i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 34 C5959 9 |19—19—17—17| 164 89c —7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 5 20388 9 |19—19—17 167 79 77 10—10 Silos eee wees [1 $14+2—14242] 35 20389 9 |19—19—17 166 79+ 8—7 10—9 1+2+2—1+2+2|] 35 i Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 203 The following localities are represented each by one speci- men. The material being so limited we are unable to state definitely to which subspecies of sirtalis these specimens should be referred. 1. Willow Lake, Tehama Co., California. 2. Susanville, Lassen Co., Cal. 3. Fallen Leaf Lake, El Dorado Co., Cal. 4, Silver River, Harney Co., Oregon. 5. Vicinity Nixon, Washoe Co., Nevada. Scale counts of Thamnophis sirtalis, subspecies? Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Number | Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals 39643 9 |19—19—17 161 | 34+ | 8—8 | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 $6543 9 |19—19—17 160 | 77c 7—7 | 10—10] 1-1 4-3 i—1 |1+2——1+2 36323 9 |19—19—17 162 | 72c 7—7 | 10-10 | 1—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2——1+2 $6507 o |19—19—17 169 | 79c 7—7 9-9 1—1 2—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 9 |19—19—-17 ... | 50+] 8-8 | 10-10] 1-1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 Remarks.—This subspecies differs from both T. s. parietalis and T. s. concinnus in having a greater number of gastrosteges and urosteges. This is clearly shown in the following table of average counts: Gastrosteges 3 2 parietalish snccseneet 165.4 161.1 CONCININUS) see 164.3 156.4 IRON s Bib Gow.cie osc 168.7 163.7 Urosteges parietalish samc jeter 85.2 76. CONCINNUSS sear 84.2 76.8 IME TALIS ses, ces eer eats 89.8 82.8 It probably will prove to be impossible to draw any very definite limits to the areas occupied by this form and by T. s. concinnus. This must be so, for one gradually changes into the other. The area of intergradation is a broad one, individual variation is great, and opinions may easily differ as to geo- graphical limits. Our own views are expressed in the lists of localities given under each subspecies. These indicate that to 204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. T. s. concinnus are referred snakes from Del Norte, Siskiyou, Shasta, Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma, Napa, and Marin counties, while those from elsewhere in California are regarded as T. s. infernalis. There is much variation in color. Certain types of colora- tion seem to be more frequent in certain localities than else- where. Thus, the majority of the snakes from the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys and the Klamath region differ in ap- pearance from those from Santa Clara County and the southern coast. Much larger series might perhaps throw light upon these conditions, which now are obscure. Some specimens have bright red heads. Others, perhaps of the same lot, have no red, or heads that are partially red. The red-headed snakes are of both sexes, various ages, and all sorts of localities. One specimen had eaten a full-grown toad. Thamnophis eques (Reuss) Diagnosis —Squamation similar to that of the other mem- bers of the sirtalis group but supralabials usually eight; prom- inent dark nuchal blotches. Type Locality.—Mexico. Range.—This snake occurs in the United States in Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas. Thence it ranges south through Mexico to Guatemala. In Arizona it has been found in the plateau region and about the foothills of various moun- tain groups. Ruthven has recorded it from Fort Apache, Fort Huachuca, White River Canyon, Sabino Canyon, and Fort Whipple, Arizona. We have examined specimens from the following localities : 1. Cave Creek, Maricopa Co., Arizona. 2. Oak Creek, Coconino Co., Ariz. _ 3. Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Pima Co., Ariz. 4. Steam pump, foothills of the Catalina Mountains, 18 miles north of Tucson, Pima Co., Ariz. Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 205 Material—Twenty-one specimens from these four localities. Variation.—The loreals are 1—1 in all. The preoculars are 1—1 in all but one which has 1—2. The postoculars are 3—3 in all but three which have 3—4. The temporals are 1+2— 1+2 in fourteen, 1+2—1-+3 in three, 1+3—1-+3 in three, and 2+3—2-+3 in one. The supralabials are 8—8 in twenty, and 8—9 in one. The infralabials are 10—10 in seventeen, 11—11 in two, 10—11 in one, and 9—10 in one. The scale- rows are 19—19—17 in all but one which has 21—19—17. The gastrosteges vary in number from 164 to 175, males having from 166 to 175, females from 164 to 171; the average in thir- teen males is 170.6, in seven females, 168. The urosteges vary from 77 to 97, males having from 85 to 97, females from 77 to 88; the average in twelve males is 91.7, in six females, 83.5. The series is too small to show the real limits of variation. The scale-counts are given in full in the following table. Number 17543 17544 17545 34169 34170 34277 34278 34279 34280 34281 34282 35256 35257 35258 35259 35260 35261 35262 35263 35264 35265 Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- Infra- Pre- Post- Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals 2 19—17 164 82 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—t 1+2—1+2 oul 19—17 172 47+ 8—8 10—10 1—t 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 a 19—17 172 93 8—9 1A 1—1 3—3 I—1 1+3—1+3 9 19—17 167 77 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—4 1—1 1+2—1+2 ou 19—17 167 85 8—8 10—10 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3 a 19—17 167 97 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 it) 1+2—1+3 a 19—17 174 93 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1t 1+2—1+2 9 19—17 171 80 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 2+3—2+4+3 a 19—17 173 87 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 1—1' 1+2—1+2 9 19—17 166 55+ 8—9 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+3 a 19—17 166 48+ 8—8 10—10 1—t 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 a 19—17 ae 92 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 JT 1+2—1+3 a 19—17 170 90 3s—8 10—10 1? 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 a 21—19—17 166 88 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 fou 19—17 173 96 8—8 10—10 it 22 1—1 1+4+2—1+2 a 19—17 175 92 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—4 i—1 1+2—1+2 &) 19—17 168 88 8—8 10—11 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 g 19—17 170 88 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—4 i 1+2—1+2 a 19—17 172 97 8—8 10—10 Lt 33: al 1+2—1-+2 a 19—17 171 91 8—8 10—10 at 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 (*) 19—17 170 | 86 8—8 11—11 1—1 3—3 11 1+2—1 +3 RHHPHRHNKAKKHK EE ERE POW Remarks.—Specimens from Mexico and Central America seem to differ from those from Arizona and New Mexico in the frequent reduction in the number of supralabials to seven. Since our material is all from Arizona we are unable to form an opinion as to whether the snakes from these distant localities are really identical in other respects. 206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. THE ELEGANS GROUP The second great group of our garter-snakes includes all those snakes which show an apparent relationship with the form which Baird and Girard named Extainia elegans. The satisfactory classification of the snakes which group themselves about this central form long has been regarded as one of the most difficult problems in North American herpetology. Only the large material at hand has induced us to study this problem again. The difficulties are such that we shall feel that the very great labor involved has been justified if even a little better understanding of the facts result from this study. As a result of former study of this group five species and subspecies were recognized, as follows :— 1. T. leptocephala (or ordinoides), a dwarf form from the coast region of Washington and Oregon. 2. T. elegans, a striped form, from the coast and Sierra Nevada of California. 3. T. vagrans, a spotted form, from both sides of the Sierra Nevada and a vast country farther east. 4. T. vagrans biscutatus, a subspecies with an increased num- ber of preoculars, from the Klamath Lake region and the Pacific Northwest. 5. T. hammondii, a form without dorsal light line, from the San Diegan Fauna and the San Joaquin Valley. Brown, in 1903, adopted these views and recognized these same forms, but reduced elegans and vagrans to subspecific rank, and regarded leptocephala as a subspecies of sirtalis which ranged along the coast south to San Francisco. Ruthven, in 1908, divided the snakes which, in “The Reptiles of the Pacific Coast,” had been called T. elegans, into two groups, those from the coast and those from the Sierra Nevada. Following Brown, he united the former with leptocephala under the name T. ordinoides. The snakes from the Sierra Nevada, together with the forms 7. vagrans and T. vagrans biscutatus, were merged by him in a single sub- species under the name T. ordinoides elegans. T. hammondii was recognized by Ruthven. Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 207 General Discussion Before proceeding to set forth in detail the results of the present investigation, it may be well to state that the views maintained in 1897 have been, in the main, confirmed. The five forms then recognized, are still recognized, with the same limits, except that the forms then called T. elegans and T. ham- mondii are each divided into two, and all of the forms are re- duced to subspecific rank. Each of these subspecies occupies its own particular geo- graphic area, where it alone represents the group; but the area occupied by each meets or overlaps that of one or more of the other members of the group. Thus, 7. ordinoides vagrans is the only garter-snake of the clegans type throughout a vast area, where it adheres to its particular color characters with remarkable constancy, but in various places in the far west its range meets or overlaps the ranges of other forms and at these points specimens are found in which the instability of these same characters is quite as notable. Such specimens may defy definite subspecific identification. They are to be regarded as showing intergradation between the subspecies. All of the subspecies recognized are linked one to another by such inter- gradation. Some conclusions reached from the present study are :— 1. T. ordinoides ordinoides is the most distinct of these sub- species. 2. The range of T. ordinoides ordinoides is the coast region of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. In California it is limited to the extreme northwestern corner of the state. We are unable to follow Brown in referring to T. ordinoides ordinoides the snakes of the coastal strip of California ; or Ruth- ven, in extending the range of this form south to Tehachapi and east to the Sierra Nevada. 3. The garter-snakes of the immediate coast region of Cali- fornia represent a distinct race or subspecies. 4. This race may be called T. ordinoides atratus. 5. Intergradation between T. ordinoides ordinoides and T. ordinoides atratus occurs in Del Norte and Humboldt counties. 6. T. ordinoides atratus is more closely related to T. ordinot- des elegans than to the other subspecies. 208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser. 7. T. ordinoides elegans is confined to the Sierra Nevada and the mountains of southern California, excluding the lower levels. 8. T. ordinoidcs elegans in the mountains of southern Cali- fornia remains true to type. No specimens showing signs of intergradation have been taken. 9. In the Sierra Nevada, however, intergradation occurs and one may be in doubt whether to refer a particular specimen to elegans or to vagrans or couchii. 10. The Sierra Nevada snakes of pure elegans type seem not to occur at the lower altitudes, but material is insufficient for proof. 11. The snakes from the lower Sierra Nevada and the San Joaquin Valley, which have been referred sometimes to vagrans, sometimes to hammondti, are neither. 12. They combine characters of both vagrans and ham- mondii in varying proportion. 13. They may best be regarded as a separate, though inter- mediate, subspecies. 14. This may be called T. ordinoides couchii. 15. The range or T. 0. couchii extends from Shasta County south through the San Joaquin Valley, and, east of the Sierra Nevada, from Owen’s Lake to Lake Tahoe, and Pyramid Lake. 16. Snakes of this type occur also in the warmer parts of Monterey County. 17. Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii, of pure type, ranges north to the Mohave River and to southern San Luis Obispo County. 18. T. 0. hammondii may have a nuchal spot, put has no dor- sal line, not even a rudimentary one. 19. In the mountains of southern California elegans and hammondii may be found together; but only hammondii has been taken at lower altitudes. 20. No intergradation between hammondii and elegans has been found in southern California. 21. Farther north such intergradation occurs through couchit. 22. The snakes of the Klamath and Modoc region usually have more than one preocular. Vor. VIITJ VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 209 23. They should be recognized as a separate subspecies, Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus. 24. In coloration biscutatus is intermediate between elegans and vagrans, but more like vagrans. 25. Snakes of the vagrans type reach the coast, or nearly there, in British Columbia and northern Washington and in southern Oregon and Del Norte County, California. 26. Since a majority of these snakes have two preoculars, seems best to call these also biscutatus, as was done in “Tl Reptiles of the Pacific Coast.” 27. Two snakes from the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California, Mexico, which were formerly recorded as hammondii (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V. p. 1007) are typical vagrans. We are thus led to the recognition of eight members of the elegans group of garter-snakes, as follows :— it 1€ Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides Thamnophis ordinoides atratus Thamnophis ordinoides elegans Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans Thamnophis ordinoides couchii. Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii Thamnophis marcianus CORSON Cy on The curves of scale-counts shown in Figures 2 to 6 will serve to show the differences and relationships of these subspecies as regards these characters. The curves show the percentage of specimens having each number of scales. Each subspecies is represented by a separate line. In all these charts the (1) line of crosses represents, ordinoides (2) continuous line, atratus (3) dotted line, biscutatus (Klamath Lake) (4) broken line with longest segments, elegans (Sierra Nevada) (5) broken line with shortest segments, elegans (San Bernardino Mts. ) (6) broken line with interme- diate segments, vagrans (Utah, Idaho, Nevada) (7) line of oo000000000000, hammondii (8) line of vvvvvvvvvvvvvv, couchit 210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. These charts represent the counts in about 262 specimens of T. o. ordinoides, 387 of T. 0. atratus, 37 T. 0. elegans from the Sierra Nevada and 41 from the San Bernardino mountains, 108 T. 0. vagrans, 235 T. 0. biscutatus, 75 T. 0. hammondu, and 40 T. o. couchii. The numbers vary slightly for the differ- ent charts. The chart of gastrostege counts, however, is based upon smaller numbers, since it includes only male specimens. Figure 2 Figure 2 shows the counts of the supralabial plates. It brings out very clearly the distinctness of T. ordinoides ordi- noides from all the other subspecies. The percentages shown for the various subspecies are: . ordinoides 0.4, 2, 4, 86, 6, 2. . atratus 8, 7, 85, 0.3, 0.3. . elegans (Sierra Nevada) 86, 11, 3. . elegans (San Bernardino Mts.) 3, 97. . vagrans 3, 96, 1. . biscutatus 2, 5, 92, 1. . hammondii 99, 1. . couchit 100. be Nc Bee Wea ape ee So S& eS 2°89 Vor. VIII) VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 211 Figure 3 Figure 3 shows the counts of the infralabial plates. It again emphasizes the distinctness of T. 0. ordinoides, and also shows the strong tendency in T. 0. couchii to increase to 11 the number of these plates. The percentages shown for the various subspecies are: . ordinoides 1, 3, 5, 55, 15, 19, 2. -atratus 1, 2, 10, 14; 73, 1. . elegans (Sierra Nevada) 5, 17, 74, 0.4. . elegans (San Bernardino Mts.) 10, 90. . vagrans 3, 6, 84, 5, 2. . biscutatus 3, 5,91, 1. . hammondit 3, 4, 92, 1. . couchit 7.5, 56, 7.5, 25. SE a ie le kee eae lara eee Si ONonS) S267 Sik9 bo — bo CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Figure 4 Figure 4 represents the number of preocular plates. It shows T. 0. biscutatus is entitled to recognition, and that T. 0. hammondti also has a strong tendency toward an increase in the number of these plates. The other subspecies all agree in having but one preocular as the normal condition. The percentages shown for the various subspecies are :— . ordinoides 87, 8, 5. . atratus 94, 2, 4, 0.3. . elegans (Sierra Nevada) 97, 0.3. . elegans (San Bernardino Mts.) 34, 12, 5. . vagrans 77, 11, 11, 1. . biscutatus 23, 11, 66, 0.4. . hammondii 36, 18, 42, 1, 3. 9. couchii 85, 2.5, 12.5. baz lege Mrs rec eS ee Ie a SS. 9 S$ 8s © S fod Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 213 Figure 5 Figure 5 represents the greatest number of scale-rows. It shows that all of the subspecies except T. 0. ordinoides and T. 0. atratus agree in having normally 21 rows of scales. It indicates the right of T. 0. atratus to recognition as a subspecies distinct from T. 0. ordinoides on the one hand and from all of the other subspecies on the other. The per- centages shown for the various subspecies are :— . ordinoides 76, 24. . atratus 79, 21. . elegans (Sierra Nevada) 13, 87. . elegans (San Bernardino Mts.) 5, 95. . vagrans 2, 98. . biscutatus 1, 95, 4. .hammondii 1, 99. .couchi 5, 90, 5. ope sp OS) oe a ae a S89 Si SS) SS IS [Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 214 Stee ee pays s the variation in the number of gas- sent repre , In males only. ‘igure 6 trosteges All of the other It shows that T. 0. atratus differs gree closely with T. 0. elegans in the number of their from both T. 0. ordinoides and T. o. elegans. a races xcept T. 0. ordinoides is very distinct from all e ges, the intermediate 7. o. atratus. ste gastro PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCl., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ] Plate 8 Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides, Puget Garter-Snake :—Photograph from living specimen collected at Portland, Oregon, in October, 1916 Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 215 Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides (Baird & Girard) Puget Garter-Snake. Diagnosis —Normally with fewer than eight supralabials and fewer than ten infralabials. Scales usually in seventeen, sometimes in nineteen, rows. Gastrosteges fewer than in the more southern races. Coloration very variable, striped, spotted or unicolor, often with some red. Preoculars usually single. Size small. Type Locality.—Puget Sound. Synonyms.—Eutenia leptocephala Baird & Girard, 1853; type locality, Puget Sound. Eutenia cooperi Kennicott, 1860; type localities Cathapoot’l and Willopah valleys. Thamnophis rubristriata Meek, 1899; type locality Olympic Mountains, Washington. Thamnophis leptocephalus olympia Meek, 1899; type locality Olympic Mountains, Washington. Range.—This garter-snake seems nowhere to range far from the coast. It occurs in southwestern British Columbia, on the mainland and on Vancouver Island, and ranges thence south across Washington and Oregon to the northwestern corner of California, where it seems to be confined to Del Norte County. We have examined specimens from the following locali- ties/—— . Lillooet River Valley, British Columbia. . Friendly Cove, Nootka Sound, B. C. . Golden Eagle Mine, Mt. Saunders, B. C. Tahsis Canal, Nootka Sound, B. C. . Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island, B. C. . San Juan Islands, Washington. . New Whatcom, Wash. . Port Orchard, Kitsap Co., Wash. . Darrington, Snohomish Co., Wash. 10. Montesano, Chehalis Co., Wash. 11. Melbourne, Chehalis Co., Wash. 12. Pierce Co., Wash. 13. Lebam, Pacific Co., Wash. 14. Trapp Creek, Pacific Co., Wash. 15. Astoria, Clatsop Co., Oregon. OHNAnWAWNHE Dee hill Co CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. . Gearheart, Clatsop Co., Ore. . Portland, Multnomah Co., Ore. . Garibaldi, Tillamook Co., Ore. . Trask River, Tillamook Co., Ore. . Tillamook, Tillamook Co., Ore. . Nestucea River Road, Tillamook Co., Ore. Road to Nestucea between Grandronde and Dolph, Yam- Oke: . Siletz, Lincoln Co., Ore. . Toledo, Lincoln Co., Ore. . Junction Little Elk and Yaquina River, Benton Co., Ore. . Between Chitwood and Siletz River, Benton Co., Ore. . Road between Pioneer and Siletz River, Benton Co., . Philomath, Benton Co., Ore. . Alsea River, near Alsea, Benton Co., Ore. . Junction Lake and Deadwood Creek, Lane Co., Ore. . Junction of Siuslaw River and Lake Creek, Lane Co., . Elmira, Lane Co., Ore. . Marshfield, Coos Co., Ore. . South Fork Coos River, Coos Co., Ore. . Sumner, Coos Co., Ore. . Coquille, Coos Co., Ore. . South Fork Coquille River, 20 miles above Myrtle Point, Coos Co., Ore. . Myrtle Point, Coos Co., Ore. . Camas Mountains, Douglas Co., Ore. . Sixes River, Curry Co., Ore. . Port Orford, Curry Co., Ore. . Elk Creek, Curry Co., Ore. . Flores Creek, Curry Co., Ore. . Between Flores Creek and Rogue River, Curry Co., Ore. . Vicinity mouth of Rogue River, Curry Co., Ore. . Corbin, Curry Co., Ore. . Goldbeach, Curry Co., Ore. . Harbor, Curry Co., Ore. . Smith River, Del Norte Co., California. . Gasquet, Del Norte Co., Cal. . Crescent City, Del Norte Co., Cal. Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 217 52. Requa, Del Norte Co., Cal. 53. Union Bay, Bayne Sound, B. C. 54. Mt. Rainier, Pierce Co., Wash. 55. Drain, Douglas Co., Ore. 56. Cow Creek, Douglas Co., Ore. Material.—About three hundred and twenty-five snakes of this subspecies have been examined by us in the preparation of this paper. Variation.—Three specimens have no loreal plates; one has a loreal on one side only; the others have the normal loreal 1—1. The preoculars are 1—1 in two hundred and seventy- nine, or 86% ; 1—2 in twenty-six, or 8% ; and 2—2 in twenty, or 6%. The postoculars are 3—3 in two hundred and eighty- four, or 87% ; 2—3 in twenty-four, or 7% ; 2—2 in sixteen, or 5%: and 1—2 in one. The temporals are 1+2—1-+2 in two hundred and eighty-nine, or 89% ; 1+2—1-+1 in eighteen, or 6% ; 1+2—1+43 in eight, or 2% ; 1+1—1-+1 in four,or 1%: and 3-+3—3-+3 in three, or 1%. The supralabials are 7—7 in two hundred and eighty-three, or 85% ; 7—8 in twenty, or 6% ; 7—6 in nine, or 3% ; 8—8 in five, or 2% ; 6—6 in four, or 1%; 5—5 in one, and 8—6 in one. The infralabials are 8—8 in one hundred and seventy-nine, or 55% ; 8—9 in fifty-eight, or 187% ; 8—9 in fifty-four, or 17%; 7—8 in sixteen, or 57%; 7—7 in nine, or 3%; 9—10 in six, or 2%; and 6—7 in two. The scale-rows are 17—17—15 or 17—15—15 in two hundred and thirty-six, or 72%; the other 28% all have 19 rows, but the formula may be 17—19—17—15, 17—19—17, 19—19—17, 19—19—15, 17—-19—17, or 17—18—19—17. The gastro- steges vary in number from 135 to 162, males having from 138 to 162, females from 135 to 154; the average in one hundred and eighteen males is 149.2, in one hundred and fifty-eight females, 144.8. The urosteges vary from 50 to 81, males hav- ing from 56 to 81, females from 50 to 72; the average in ninety-six males is 70.2, in one hundred and twenty-eight females, 60.9. This variation is shown in full in the following table of scale-counts. 218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides ordinotides Number $5170 C2466 C2468 C2469 C2470 C2296 C2299 C2308 C2309 C2310 C2311 C2312 C2313 C2467 $6515 $4269 30400 30508 30511 24101 24102 24103 29930 29931 29932 29933 29934 29935 29936 29937 29938 29939 29940 $5152 $5153 29922 29923 29924 29925 29926 29862 29863 29864 29865 29866 29867 29868 29869 29810 29811 20401 20402 20403 20404 20405 20406 20407 20408 20409 20410 20411 29711 29712 29713 29714 29742 29743 29688 29689 29690 29691 29692 29693 29694 29695 Sex Q) 00,000, 00,0000, 0,10010100,0,0, 100, 0, 0900, 0, 0,0,0,009, 0,00, 00, 0,00,0,00000,00, 00, DNA AODDDOODOODNOOOO Scale rows 17—19—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—15 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—_15 17—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 17-18-19-19-17 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—15 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 19—19—17 17—17—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—15—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—17—-15 17—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—V7—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—435 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—19—17 17—17—15 17—19—_17 17—17—15 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—17 17—17—15 Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- Infra- Pre- Post- steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals 148 59c 7—i 9—8 i—t 3—2 i—1 1+3——1 +43 142 58c 7—8 9—10 2—1 3—3 ii— |} MO Le 141 58c 7—T 8—9 i—1 3—3 1— 1 1+2——1 +3 145 63c 7—7 9—9 L—t 53 1 1+4+2+4+2—1+2+1 145 62c I—i 9—9 2—2 3—3 11 1+2——1 +3 143 56c i—7 8—7 1—t 3—3 1 1 +2——1 +2 144 49+ 7—8 9—10 2—2 3—3 i—t 1+2——1 +2 143 58c 6—7 7—8 1—1 3—3 i—t tS als BY 141 61c 7—7 9—9 1—4 33 t—1 1+-2——1 +2 152 58c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+42 140 55c i—i1 8—9 i—t 33 i} 1+3——1+3 146 Sic 7—7 8—8 2—2 s—3 1! 12 147 60c 7—i o—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 1 es bn 141 58c 7—i7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1 he 142 56c 8—7 8—8 i—1 Ss) i—t 1-2 ———__ 1-2 156 67c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1 -+-2——_1—2 148 T1c 7—i 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42+42 143 S6c 7—7 9—9 1—1 ss 1—1 1-+-2--1—1 +21 149 47+ 6—7 9—9 i—1 ss. 1—1 142 1+2 151 68c 7—l 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2 +42 147 58c 7—i 7—7 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+-2——1 +2 150 59c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+1—1+42+42 146 66c 7—i 9—8 1—1 3—3 i—t 1+4+2+4+2—1+2+42 144 63c 7—7 8—8 i—t 3—3 1 1+-2——_1 +2 +2 149 64c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 f—t1 1+42+4+2—1+42+42 146 61c 8—6 8—8 1i—1 3—3 1 U2 2 —1T 22 148 58c I—i7 8—8 i—1 3—3 11 Men tl | 142 37+ 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3+-2—1 +2+2 143 48+ i—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+-2——1 +2 149 62c 7—i 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1 +242 145 64c 6—7 8—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2 +2—1 +2 +2 145 63c 7—i7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +3 145 39+ 7—i 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+1—1+1+1 150 64c 7—i7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 P= 2—— 1-2 143 48+ 7—7 9—9 1—1 22 i—1t 1-+2———1 +2 147 62+ 7—7 8—8 2—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+4+2—1+2-+2 149 60c I—7 8—8 i—1 33 i—1 14+2+4+3—1 +2+3 146 T2C 7—7 8—8 2—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2+1—1+2-+1 146 S7i+ 7J—i 9—8 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2-+1 147 53+ i—7T 9—9 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2-+2 1435 59c 7—7 7—7 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+42 149 69c 8—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 142 +1—1+2+2 155 66c 7—7 7—7 1—1 3—3: i—1 1-2 -2—1 2-2 147 62c 7—7 8—7 2—2 3—3 i—1 to 2 ee 144 48+ 7—8 9—9 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1--3'+-2—1 +2 -F1 151 68c 7—7 o—9 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2 +2—1+2-+2 149 65c 7—7 7—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+4+2—1+42+42 145 61c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 BE IS pe We) 147 27+ 7—7 7—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+2-+42 150 51+ I—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1i—1 1+1 1+2 152 (hte 6—7 7—8 i—1 2—2 1—1 1. -2———_ 1-2 153 64c i—7 8—8 i—1 22 1—1 1 +2 +-2—1 +2 +2 152 71c 7—8 8—8 i—i 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42-+2 149 76c 7—7 8—8 1—1 2—3 1—1 =|1--2--2—1' 2-4-2 151 67+ 7—7 8—9 i—i 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42+2 147 64c 7—i7 8—8 I—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+42—1+4+2-+42 142 63c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—2 i—1 1+2——_1 +2 152 64c 7—i7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2+4+2—1+2+2 146 Si+ 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+42+2 148 72c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+4+2—1 +4242 150 70c 7—7 8—8 i—1 33 1—1 1+-2-+-2—1 +2 +2 152 63c I—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 14+2+2—1+42+42 147 50c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+2—1+2-+2 144 S7c 7—8 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+42-+2—1 +2+2 154 42+ 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 14+2+4+2—1+2+42 151 58c 6—6 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1° |14+2+2—1+42+2 145 60c 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 1 1+2+4+2—1+2+42 146 62c 7-8 10—> i—1 3—3 1—) 1+2+2—1 +2 +42 154 | 63c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+1-+2 152 72c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 tt #2222 148 | 36+ 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 o—O |1+2+2—1+42+42 144 | 59c 7—7 9—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 {1+2+2—1+1+42 148 70+ 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42 148 56c 6—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 [1+2+2—1+42+42 154 71+ 7—1 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 [1+2+2—1+2+42 Number 29697 $4534 $5308 29687 29643 29644 29645 29646 29647 29648 29649 29650 29651 29652 29653 29654 29655 29656 29657 29658 29659 29660 29661 29662 29663 29664 29665 29666 29667 29668 29669 29670 29671 29672 29673 29674 29675 29676 29677 29678 $4506 $4507 $4508 $4509 $4510 $4511 $4528 $4529 $4530 $4531 $4532 $4514 $4515 $4516 $4517 $4518 $4519 $4520 $4521 $4522 $4523 $4524 $4525 $4526 $4527 $4513 $4427 $4428 $4502 $4503 $4505 $4500 $4493 $4499 29626 Vor. VIIT] Sex VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 743} e) Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides—Continued Scale rows 17—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 715) 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—1V7—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 19—19—17 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 19—19—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 Vi— Ti ——15: 17—17—15 1 — 17 —15} 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 19—19—17 17—17—15—15 17—19—i7—15 i— i119 19—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 17—17—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15—15 17—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 19—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—15—15 17—19—17—15 19—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 19—19—17—15 17——19——17—15 17—17—15—15 i710 1 ——15 7 — AS 7—19——t —A'5 17—19——17—15 M— WV —1i——15 17—17—15 Gastro- steges Uro- steges Supra- labials 7—zl. NNN OIIIN TMCS aalSlE x Infra- labials Pre- oculars Post- oculars Loreals Temporals 1+2+42—1+42+2 1+2———1 +2 1+2——1+2 1+2+4+2—1+2+42 14+2+4+2—1+42+2 1+2+2—1+2+42 14+2+2—1+42+1 1+1+2—1+2+2 1+2———1+2 1+2+42—1+2+42 1+1+4+2—1+41+2 1+2+4+2—1+2+42 1+2+4+2—1+2+2 1+1——1+42+42 14+2+4+2—1+2+2 14+2+42—1+2+42 1+2+4+2—1+2+2 14+1+2—1+2+42 1+1——-1+1 1+2+2—1+2+2 1+2+4+2—1+2+42 1+2——1+2 14+2+42—1+2+2 1-2-1 14+2+4+2—1+2+2 14+24+2—1+2+2 1+2+4+2—1+2+2 1+24+2—1+2+2 14+2+2—1+2+2 1+2+2—14+2+2 1+2+42—1+2+2 1+2+2—142+2 1+2+2—142+2 14+2+2—1+42+2 1+2——1 +2 14+242—14+2+2 1+2+2—1+2+2 14+2——1 +2 14+2+2—14+2+2 1+242—1+2+2 1+2——1 +2 14+2——1+2 1+1——1 +2 1+2——1+2 14+2——1+2 14+2——1+2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1+2 14+2+2—142+2 1+2——_1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1+2 14+2——1 +2 14+2——1+2 14+2——1 +2 14+2——1 +2 1-+-2——1+2 1+2——1 +2 1+-2——_1+2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 14+2——1+2 14+2——1+2 1+2———1+2 142——1+2 14+2——1+2 14+2——1 +2 14+2——1+2 14+2——1 +2 1+1——1 +2 1+2——_1 +2 1+2——1 +2 14+2+2—1+2+2 Local- ity 20 21 22 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 ee 220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinotdes ordinotdes—Continued Number $4447 $4482 $4483 $4445 $4481 $4470 $4472 $4475 $4477 $4478 $4217 29419 29420 29421 29422 29423 29424 29425 29426 29427 29428 29429 29430 29431 29432 29433 29434 29435 29436 29437 29438 29439 29440 29493 $4448 29375 29376 29377 29378 29379 29380 29381 29382 29383 29384 29385 29386 29387 29388 29389 29397 $4444 $4452 $4453 $4454 $4455 $4456 $4457 $4458 $4459 $4460 $4461 $4462 $4464 $4465 $4466 $4467 $4468 $4436 29373 29366 29268 29269 29270 29271 Sex Scale rows 17—19—17—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—17—15 17—17—15—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—-15 17—-19-—15 7—V7—15 17—17-—15 17 —17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 19—19—15 L7—17—15 17—19—15 17—17—15 17—17—18 L7—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—17—-15 17—17—15 17—17—15 ?—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 ti—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 19—19—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—17—15 W—Ww—15—15 17—17—17—15 i155 17—17—17—15 i—17—15—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—17—15 17—17—17—15; 17—1A7—15—15 17—17—17—15 17—1L7—17—15 17—17—15—15 17—17—17—15 iba ot 1—17—15—15 17—19—17—15 17—17—15 Vi—VWi—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 17—17—15 Gastro-| Uro- steges | steges 147 63c 142 61c 146 61c 146 58c 145 120 148 59c 148 59+ 148 Sic 147 67c 148 63c 151 35+ 139 Sic 153 70c 145 71ic 150 47+ 151 77+ 151 58c 149 66c 151 71c 145 63c 149 61c 144 69c 144 61c 149 67c 155 72c 143 S6c 149 58c 145 63c 152 72¢c 147 75c 142 62c 152 72c 144 60c 162 71c 143 65c 143 58c 145 63c 135 64c 149 63c 151 68c 140 63c 147 62+ 146 65c 139 66c 146 72c 145 70c 142 62c 139 59c 146 S7c 145 57c 151 78+ 149 68c 143 62c 142 65c 149 62c 149 69c 144 64c 151 66c 147 62c 141 51+ 139 61c 147 70c 150 68¢ 145 59c 140 40+ 139 56+ 143 59c 151 64c 142 50+ 139 61c 147 64c 155 78c 144 67c 144 71c 147 59c Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 iT 7—7 9—9 i—1 oe i—1 7—7 7—8 2—2 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 i—t 7—1 7—8 1—1 2—2 1—1 7—7 9—8 1i—1 3—3 1—1 7—1 8—8 1—1 3—2 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3-3 i—1 7—T 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 6—6 8—8 1—1 3—3: 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—2 I 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 8—7 8—8 1—t 3—3 o—0 7—7 8—9 1—2 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1-—) 3—3 1-1 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 2—2 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—i7 8—8 1—1 3—3 11 7—7 8—8 1—2 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 2—2 1—1 7—7 o—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 7—i7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 I—T 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 7—7 8—7 1—1 3—3 i—1 7—7 I—7 2—1 3—3 i—i 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 o—0 7—1 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—2 1—1 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 9—9 1—2 3—3 1—1 7—i7 9—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7-7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—i 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 6—6 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 7—7 9—9 2—2 3—3 1—1 j—7 9—8 i—t 3—3 i—1 7—6 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7j—7 8—9 i—i 3—3. I—1 7—7 9—9 2-1 3—3 ?—1 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 I—7 8—8 1—2 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 2—3 1—1 7-7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 7-7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—i 10—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 6—6 8—7 1—1 3—3 1—1 I—i1 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 6—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 al 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—} 7—T 9—8 i—1 3—3 ul 7—7 8—8 i—1 2—3 i 7—7 8—9 i—1 2—3 i—1 7—8 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 7—7 8—8 2—1 3—3 i—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 7—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 Temporals 1+2 1+2 tbs yt 1-3? 2 t-2——— 12 12 ———— I? 2? ey 1--2———“1 1-2 oe 1-22 a Vd a2 2— 12-2 PAS bo ha) 2-+-2—1 12-2 2-2 eee 221 2-42 oe? 2+2—1 2-2 221 2? 2-+-2—1 +-2-F2 2 --2—1 2-2 tt Zee Ee, 2 ee YA a aS YA doen NE DVI} 2-2 —1 --2-E 2 PNP rt tA a) 2+2— S22 2 — 1-1 -E2 Dita hint dictae 2+2—1 2-2 2--2—1'-+2 +2 2 ——— he 2+-2—1 +2 +2 2-+2—1 +2 +2 A a i eA 221 2-2 21-2 2 Vi PA Pah yi 2+2—1 42-42 YA Yaa i A ot) 2+2—1+2-+2 2 2+2—1+2-+2 2+2—1 +242 2+3—1 +2 +2 2——1 +2 2+2—1 +242 +4+t+tt+t++++++t+ +4+4++++ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a 1 1 1 1 FEEFFTTEPEFEF HTTP $+ 1+2-+-2—1-+1+42 1+2+42—1+2+42 1+2+2—1+2+2 14-2 -F2—t 22 1+2-+2—1+4+2+2 Number 29272 29273 29274 29275 29276 29277 29278 29279 29213 29214 29215 29216 $4265 $4267 $6315 29236 29237 29238 29239 29240 29241 29242 29243 29244 29245 29246 29247 29248 29249 29250 29093 29091 $7211 30002 29578 29579 $4485 $4486 $4487 $4488 $4490 $4491 Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 221 Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinotdes ordinoides—Continued Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals o }17—17—15 142 72c 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 i—1i 1+42+2—1+2+2 Q }17—17—15 144 41+ 8—8 9—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+2—1 +2-+2 oO 17—17—15 147 Tic 7—7 9—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 14+2-+2—1+42-+2 o j17—17—15 151 78c 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+2+2 9 |147—17—15 144 66+ 7—i 8—8 2—_1 3—3 i—1 142+42—1+42+42 Q |17—17—15 143 65c 8—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 142+4+2—1+2-+42 9 j17—17—15 144 45+ 7—7 8—8 i—1 2—3 1i—1 1+2——1 +2 9 )17—17—15 145 65ce i=—T 7—i7 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 Q |17—17—15 141 63c 5—5 6—7 1—1 272 1—1 1+42+2—1+2+42 Q )17—17—15 137 60c 7—7 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—1, |1-4-2'--2—1-+2-4+2 Q |17—17—15 142 59c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+4+2—1+42+42 Q j17—17—15 143 64c 8—8 9—9 1—2 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—1+4+2+42 o \17—17—17—15| 143 72¢c 8—7 9—9 1—_1 3—3 1—-1 1+2———1 +2 Q |17—17—15—15| 144 48+ I—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2 Q |17—17—15—15| 137 65c 7—7 8—8 1—1 2—2 1—1 1+2——1+2 o |17—17—15 143 73c 7—i 8—8 1—1 2—2 1—1 14+242—1+2+42 Q |17—17—15 144 65c i—7 8—8 i—1 3—2 1—1 1+4+2——_1+2 9 |17—15—15 151 68c 7—7 9—9 i—1 2—2 1—1 14+2+2—1+2+42 Q |17—15—15 141 61c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3. i—1 1+2+2—1+42-+2 Q |17—17—15 141 67¢ I—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+42—1+2+42 Q |17—17—15 144 60c i—7 7—7 I—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2 9 |147—17—15 140 62c 7 9—10 sal 3—3 1—1 1+-2——_1 +2 o |17—17—15 142 72c ii 8—8 al 3—3 1—1 1+2+1—1 +42 +2 9 |17—17—15 140 69c 17 8—8 11 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1 +42-+2 On) |t7—1L7—1'5 139 60c 7—7 8—8 i—i 2—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2 +42 Oe 7 —7——1'5 137 58+ 7—7 7—8 1 2—2 I—1 1+2 142 o }17—17—15 144 32-5 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+2—1+42+2 o |17—17—15 140 38+ I—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+42+42 oF | t7—t7—15 143 70c 7—1 7—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2-+2 o \17—17—15 138 65c i—7 8—8 f—ti a5} 1—1 1+2+2—1 +2-+2 Ci —17—115 142 72c 7—i 7—7 i—1 2" 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+42 So t7—h7—15, 148 58c 7—1 9—9 i—1 Ss} 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2-+2 o }47—17—15 148 63c nob 3600 ital ——l —! 1-+-2———1 +2 Q \17—17—15 145 64 7-1 9—9 2—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+2+2 9 |19—19—17 154 63 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1-+2 oO! | t7—17—15 162 77 6—7 8—8 1—1 aha) i—1 1+2———1 +2 oe }17—19—17—15| 156 80c i—T, So 2—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2 9 |17—19—17—15| 143 62c 7—7 o—9 al s—3 i—1 1+2——_1 +2 o |17—17—17—15| 150 42+ i=—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 o' j17—19—17—15| 156 81c 8—8 9—9 i—1 2—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2 o |17—19—17—15| 149 70c —T 8—8 2—2 2—3 1—1 1 +2———1 +2 o |17—19—17—15] 154 76c 7—7 8—8 Hr | 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2 222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. Very interesting from the standpoint of scale variation are the following counts showing, in each group,—first, the counts for the adult female and then those for the well-developed embryos taken from her. In the case of No. S4427 the series is not complete, for only six of the twenty-one embryos of this brood could be counted. Number $4509 $4509 (1) $4509 (2) $4509 (8) $4509 (4) $4509 (5) $4509 (6) $4509 (7) $4509 (8) $4517 $4517 (1) $4517 (2) $4517 (3) $4517 (4) $4517 (*) $4517 (8) $4517 (7) $4517 (8) $4517 (°) $4517 (1°) $4517 (4) $4517 (2) $4526 $4526 (1) $4526 (2) $4526 (3) $4526 (4) $4526 (6) $4526 (6) $4526 (7) $4526 (8) $4527 $4527 (1) $4527 (2) $4527 (3) $4527 (4 $4527 (°) $4527 (*) $4527 (7) $4527 (8) $4527 (%) $4527 (10) $4527 (1) $4527 (2) $4427 $4427 (1) $4427 (4) $4427 (5) $4427 (7) $4427 (18) $4427 (19) $4447 $4447 (1) $4447 (?) $4447 (°) $4447 (*) $4447 (5) $4447 (5) $4447 (7) $4447 (8) $4447 (*) $4447 (1°) $4447 (1) $4447 (14) Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Sex Scale rows steges | steges} labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals Q |19—19—17—15| 153 58c i—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 .. |17—17—15 159 69c 7—7 8—8 2—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 .. |17—19—17 150 SSC i—7 8—8 Vai 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2 .. |19—19—17 155 68c 7—7 8—9 2—2 3—3 oe 1+2—1-+2 .. |19—19—17 151 62c 7I—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 a1 1+2—1+2 .. |19—19—17 150 63c 7I—7 8—8 2—2 3—3 al 1+2—1+2 .. |19—19—17 157 69c 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2 .. |19—19—17 154 66c 7—7 9—9 1—2 3—3 11 1+2—1 +2 .. |19—19—17 154 68c i—T 8—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 -+-2 Q |17—19—17—15] 154 60c 7—6 9—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2 .. |17—17—15 151 62c 7I—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i) 1+2—1 +2 o |17—17—15 151 70c i—7 9—8 iI 3—3 1i—1 1+2—1 +2 .. |17—17—15 150 68c 7—7 7—7 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 ot |17—17—15 150 | 71c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 ot j17—17—15 153 66c 7—7 s—9 i—1 3—3 a1 1+2—1+2 o }17—17—15 146 Tic 7—7 8—9 1—_1 Soa a—1 1+-2—1-+2 oO |17—17—15 148 75c 7i—7 8—8 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 .. {17—17—15 147 61c &s—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i 1+2—1 +2 -. (17—17—15 150 59c 7—7 8—7 i—1 3—3 i—! 1+2—1-+2 .. [17—17—15 149 62c 7—7 7i—8 1—1 oS: i—1 1+-2—1 +-2 .. |17—17—15 149 63c 7—7 7—7 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 oe }17—17—15 149 64c I—7 8—9 i—i 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 Q |17—19—17—15| 150 63c I—7 8—8 2—1 3—3 i—1 1-+-2—1 +2 .. |17—17—15 148 60c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—t 1+2—1+2 .. {17—17—15 156 76c i—i7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1-+2 .. {17—19—17—15 151 74c i—7 8—8 11 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 .. |19—19—17—15 145 64c 8—7 8—8 i—t 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 «- [17—17—15 145 58c 7—i7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2 .. |19—19—17—15|] 148 56c i—7 8—8 1—t 3s 1i—1 —1+2 .. [17—17—15 154 73c 7—7 8—s 1—1 3—3 1-1 1+2—1+2 .. |17—17—15 149 76c 7—i7 8—8s 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+2 Q |17—19—17—15| 152 61c 7—i 8—8 i—t 3—3 i—1 1-+-2—1 +2 .. |17—19—17—15} 154 | 59c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 .. |17—19—17—15] 149 60c 8—7 9—9 1—1 2—3 i—1 1+2—1+2 o |17—19—17—15} 150 67c 8—7 9—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1-+-2—1 -+2 .. |17—19—17—15] 156 57c i—7 9—9 i—1 33 i—1 1+2—1 +2 .. |17—19—17—15] 151 58c I—7 8—8 i—1 33 i—_1 1+2—1-+3 .. |17—19—17—15 154 64c 7—7 8—9 i—1 23 1—1 1+2—1-+2 o |17—19—17—15| 149 67c j—7 9—8 2 3—3 rial 1+2—1 +2 .. |17—19—17—15] 151 60c i—l 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1-+1 .. |17—19—17—15] 152 S5i7c 7—7 8—8 it 2—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 o |17—19—17—15] 155 6l1c I—7 8—9 i—t 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2 o }17—17—15—15] 148 42¢c 7—7 9—8 2—1 2—3 i—1 1+1—1+1 .. {19—19—17—15 149 59c 7J—i 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 Q |19—19—17—15| 151 41+ 7—7 8—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+-2—1+2 =o |19—19—17 153 65c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 .. |17—19—17 158 70c i—t 8—8 1—1 SS i—t 1+-2—1-+-2 -. |19—19—17—15 154 56c 7—7 9—9 i—1 J3—s3 i—1 1+3—1 +3 -. J19—19—17 157 59c 7—i7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1+2 3. |17—19—17 153 Sievers I—7 8—8 I—t Se i—1 1+2—1 +2 .. |19—19—17 152 58c i—t 9—9 1—1 33 1—1 1+2—1+2 Q |17—19—17—15| 147 63c 7—7 8—8 1 33 1—1 1+2—1 +2 oe [L7—17—15 144 58c 7—7 8—8 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 -. |17—17—15 140 55¢e 7—7 9—8 2—2 3—3' i—1 1+2—1 +2 .. [17—17—15 144 | 65c 7—7 8—8 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3—1+2 -. |17—17—15 142 S4c 7—i 8—8 i—1 3-3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 of j17—17—15 142 60c i—7 8—8 2—2 3—3 i—1 1+2—1+2 .. [17—17—15 141 58c i—7 8—9 i—? 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 17—17—15 150 67c i—7 8—8s 2 3—3 11 1+2—1 +2 17—17—15 141 63c 7—7 8—8 i—3 2—2 17 1+2—1 +2 17—17—15 144 59c 7—7 8—8 1—2 3—3 1—1 1+2—1 +2 17—17—15 147 55c i—7 8—8 i—t 3—3 i—t 1+2—1 +2 17—17—15 147 61c 7-7 8—8 2—2 3—3 11 1+2—1+42 17—17—15 142 Sic 7—7 8—8 ie | 3—3 i—1 1+2—1 +2 a Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 223 Remarks.—This is the common garter-snake of the north- west coast. It is of small size. The largest specimen exam- ined measures 590 mum. to base of tail. The head is small, not so distinct from the neck as in other races, and the labials are reduced in number. The coloration is very variable. The dorsal line frequently is absent or developed only on the neck. The lateral lines also may be absent. Specimens may be heavily spotted or without any marking, either lines or spots. The dorsal line usually is yellow but may be red, and there often is red elsewhere in the coloration, as on the gastrosteges. The lower surfaces often are dark, and the coloration everywhere may be very dusky. Specimens with heavy spotting and dark pigmentation of the gastrosteges resemble T. 0. vagrans, but usually may be easily distinguished by their scale characters. Specimens showing no dorsal line resemble T. 0. couchii, but here again the scale characters are quite different. The closest relationship of this subspecies undoubtedly is with T. o. atratus, yet there can be no doubt as to the subspecific distinctness of the two forms. The differences in the number of superior and inferior labials, scale-rows and gastrosteges should be sufficient aid toward their correct determination, and the general appearance usually is quite different. Certain specimens, however, are so nearly intermediate in one or more of their characters that students might differ in opinion as to their identity. Such specimens, as set forth under head of 7. 0. atratus, show real geographic intergradation. So far as specimens examined by us show, this intergradation occurs only in Del Norte County, California, where the ranges of the two forms meet and perhaps overlap slightly. Many of the specimens from this county are typical of either one or the other subspecies,—ordinoides or atratus,—and most of the inter- grades seem to be nearer to the latter type than to the former. South of Del Norte County no tendency toward T. 0. ordinoides has been observed in T. 0. atratus, unless it be that the rather frequent absence of the dorsal line in specimens from Hum- boldt and Mendocino counties may be so regarded. Ruthven considered two preoculars to be a character of much importance in T. 0. ordinoides. Our figures show that 224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. fourteen per cent only of the specimens have two preoculars on one or both sides of the head. Snakes of the T. 0. vagrans type occur in portions of the area occupied by T. 0. ordinoides, and often have two preoculars. There seems to be no good reason for calling them T. 0. ordinoides. It appears much more logical to consider them T. 0. biscutatus, as was done in 1897, although specimens to show the continuity of range from the Klamath Lakes to Puget Sound are not at hand. Thamnophis ordinoides atratus (Kennicott) Coast Garter-Snake. Diagnosis.—Normally with eight supralabials and ten infra- labials. Scales usually in nineteen, sometimes in twenty-one, rows. Gastrosteges average more numerous than in T. 0. ordinoides, but fewer than in the other subspecies. Coloration very variable, striped, spotted, or (rarely) unicolor, often with some red. Preocular usually single. Size larger than T. o. ordinoides. Type Locality—California. (Brown states that the same specimens served as the types of Cope’s E. i. vidua, and that they are labeled San Francisco. ) Synonyms.—Eutenia infernalis of many authors but not of Blainville. Eutenia infernalis vidua Cope, 1892; type locality San Francisco, California. Range—tThis subspecies occupies the coast region of Cali- fornia from Del Norte to Santa Barbara counties. So far as known, the area inhabited by it includes the coast ranges and their valleys but not the great valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. It occurs in both the Transition and Upper Sonoran zones. We have examined specimens from the following locali- ties -— 1. Near Siskiyou, Jackson Co., Oregon. 2. Gasquet, Del Norte Co., California. 3. Trinidad, Humboldt Co., Cal. 4. Eureka, Humboldt Co., Cal. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. VIII [VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN ] Plate 9 Thamnophis ordinoides atratus, Coast Garter-Snake :—Photograph from living specimen collected at Gilroy Hot Springs, Santa Clara Co., Cali- fornia, July 5, 1915, Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 225 . Ferndale, Humboldt Co., Cal. . Alton, Humboldt Co., Cal. . Carlotta, Humboldt Co., Cal. . Cuddeback, Humboldt Co., Cal. . Maltole River, White Thorn, Humboldt Co., Cal. . South Fork Eel River, Garberville, Humboldt Co., Cal. . Anderson, Shasta Co., Cal. . Bald Hill, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Irishes, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Covelo, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Ten Mile River, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Sherwood, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Mendocino, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Near Mendocino City, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Big River, 7 miles from mouth, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Comptche, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Albion River, 2 miles below Comptche, Mendocino Co., . Roberts Creek, near Ukiah, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Navarro River, near Philo Crossing of Elk on Ukiah Stage Road, Mendocino Co., Cal. 24 . Garcia River, % to 10 miles above mouth, Mendocino Coe Gal: . Point Arena, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Pieta, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Gualala, Mendocino Co., Cal. . Middleton, Lake Co., Cal. . Rumsey, Yolo Co., Cal. . Wheatfield Fork, Gualala R., Sonoma Co., Cal. . Near Skaggs Springs, Sonoma Co., Cal. . Skaggs Springs, Sonoma Co., Cal. . Cazadero, Sonoma Co., Cal. . Duncan Mills, Sonoma Co., Cal. . Austins Creek, Sonoma Co., Cal. . Kidd Creek, Sonoma Co., Cal. . Guerneville, Sonoma Co., Cal. . Freestone, Sonoma Co., Cal. . Berryessa Creek, Napa Co., Cal. . St. Helena, Napa Co., Cal. . Vacaville, Solano Co., Cal. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES . Inverness, Marin Co., Cal. . Point Reyes, Marin Co., Cal. . Tocaloma, Marin Co., Cal. . Olema, Marin Co., Cal. . Mill Valley, Marin Co., Cal. . Walnut Creek, Contra Costa Co., Cal. . Berkeley, Alameda Co., Cal. . Oakland, Alameda Co., Cal. . San Leandro, Alameda Co., Cal. . Calaveras Valley, Alameda Co., Cal. . San Francisco, San Francisco Co., Cal. . San Bruno, San Mateo Co., Cal. . Portola, San Mateo Co., Cal. . Summit Searsville Road above Woodside, San Mateo Co., Cal. Mountains between Stanford University and Spanish- 56. m, San Mateo Co., Cal. . Corte Madera Creek, San Mateo Co., Cal. . Butano Basin, San Mateo Co., Cal. . La Honda, San Mateo Co., Cal. . Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Cal. . Near Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . Corte Madera Canyon, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . Stevens Creek, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . Santa Clara, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . San Jose, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . Smith Creek, Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . Uvas Creek, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . Upper Coyote Creek, near head, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . Gilroy Hot Springs, Santa Clara Co., Cal. . Waddell Creek, Santa Cruz Co., Cal. . Near Swanton, Santa Cruz Co., Cal. . Felton, Santa Cruz Co., Cal. . Soquel, Santa Cruz Co., Cal. . Salinas River, near Blanco, Monterey Co., Cal. . Seaside, Monterey Co., Cal. . Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Cal. . Carmel, Monterey Co., Cal. . San Macento, Monterey Co., Cal. . Garapatos Creek, Monterey Co., Cal. . Mill Creek, Monterey Co., Cal. [Proc. 4TH SER. Vor, VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 227 81. Little Sur River, Monterey Co., Cal. 82. Partington Canyon, Monterey Co., Cal. 83. Morro, San Luis Obispo Co., Cal. 84. Oceano, San Luis Obispo Co., Cal. 85. Santa Ynez River, Santa Barbara Co., Cal. Material—Three hundred and sixty-three specimens from these localities have been studied by us. Variation.—The variations shown by these specimens are as follows: The loreal is 1—1 in all specimens. Preoculars are 1—1 in three hundred and thirty-nine, or 93% ; 2—2 in fifteen, or 4% ; 1—2 in seven, or 1%; and 2—3 in one. Postoculars are 3—3 in three hundred and twenty-one, or 88% ; 3—4 in fifteen, or 4% ; 2—3 in ten, or 2% ; 2—2 in eight, or 2% ; 4 4 in six, or 1% ; 4—5 in one, and 1—2 in one. Temporals are 1+-2—1-+2 in two hundred and eighty, or 77% ; 1+2—1-+3 in forty-four, or 12%; 1+3—1-+3 in sixteen, or 4%; 1+1—1-+1 in ten, or 2%; 1+1—1-+2 in five, or 1%; 14+1—2+2 in two, 1+2— 2+2 in two, 1+1—1-+3 in one, and 1+3—2+2 in one. The supralabials are 8—8 in three hundred and nine, or 85% ; 7—7 in twenty-six, or 7% ; 7—8 in twenty-five, or 67% ; 8—9 in one, and 9—9 in one. The infralabials are 10—10 in two hundred and seventy-two, or 75% ; 9—10 in forty-four, or 12% ; 9—9 in thirty-two, or 8%; 10—11 in five, or 1%; 8—9 in three, 8—10 in three, 11—11 in two, and 8—8 in one. The scale- rows are 19—19—17 in two hundred and fifty-five, or 71% ; 19—21—17 in twenty-seven, or 7%; 21—21—17 in twenty- two, or 6%; 19—21—19 in twenty-one, or 6% ; 21—21—19 in nine, or 2% ; 21—19—17 in six, or 1% ; 17—19—17 in four, or 1% ; 19 —19—19 in three, 19—20—19 in three, 2022212219 in one, 17—18—17 in one, 19—19—15 in one, and 202117. in one. The gastrosteges vary in number from 140 to 172, males having from 146 to 172, females from 140 to 168; the average in one hundred and fifty males is 158, in two hundred and four females, 153. The urosteges vary from 52 to 93, males having from 63 to 93, females from 52 to 98; the aver- age in one hundred and thirty-one males is 81, in one hundred and sixty-eight females, 74. These variations are shown in full in the following table of scale-counts. 228 CALIFORNIA Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides atratus ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Gastro- Number | Sex Scale rows steges $4440 9 |19—21—19—17| 159 $4442 o |19—21—19—17} 161 $4266 Q |19—20—19—17} 157 29055 9 |19—19—17 149 29056 Q@ |17—18—17—15} 151 C2320 Q |21—19—17 150 C2322 g |19—19—17 153 C2323 9 |19—19—17 153 C2367 9 |21—21—17 154 28829 o }19—19—17 161 28830 Q |19—19—17 153 28831 Q |19—19—17 151 28832 Q j19—21—17 155 28833 o }19—19—17 156 28834 Q |19—19—17 158 28837 o }19—19—17 157 28839 Q |19—19—1i7 155 28840 Q@ j19—19—17 146 28841 9 |19—19—17 157 28842 Q |19—19—17 158 28843 o \19—19—17 159 28844 o |19—19—17 158 28845 Q@ 19—21—17 153 28846 Q }19—19—17 155 28847 Q |19—19—17 157 28848 9 |19—19—17 152 28849 9 |19—19—17 155 28850 g@ |19—19—17 154 28851 o }19—19—17 165 28852 Q |19—19—17 156 28853 o }19—19—17 163 28854 Q |19—19—17 160 28855 Q |19—19—17 160 28856 Q }19—19—17 158 28857 Q 119—19—17 158 28858 Q |19—19—17 155 28859 Q |19—19—17 157 28860 o |19—19—17 160 28861 Q |19—19—17 156 28862 9 |19—19—17 154 28863 Q |19—19—17 158 28864 o {19—19—17 156 28865 Q j21—21—17 161 28866 9 j19—19—17 151 28867 o 119—19—17 166 28868 Q |19—19—17 156 28869 Q 119—19—17 154 28870 o {19—19—17 160 28871 of {19—19—17 157 28872 o {19—19—17 165 28873 o |19—19—17 Los 28874 @ |19—19—17 153 28875 o 119—19—17 156 28876 Q }19—19—17 157 28877 o |19—21—17 165 28878 @ '19—19—17 157 28879 Q j19— ?—17 154 28880 o |19—19—17 160 28881 Q j19—19—17 157 28882 @ |19—19—17 157 28883 Q@ |19—19—17 157 28884 Q j19—21—17 156 28885 o 119—19—17 157 28886 Q@ |19—19—17 149 28887 co }19—19—17 158 28888 o }19—19—17 159 28889 Q |19—19—17 157 28890 o }19—19—17 155 28891 o }19—19—17 158 28892 Q j19—19—17 155 28893 Q |19—19—17 156 28976 o }19—19—17 159 28977 Q |19—19—17 160 28978 o }19—19—17 155 28979 o |19—19—17 162 Uro- steges Supra- labials Infra- labials Pre- oculars Post- oculars Loreals Temporals 1+2———1 42 1-+-2———-1 4-2 1+3——1 +3 1--2--2—1 2-7-2 DO omer Ng hd i=? -F2— 1-2 1-+2+3—2-+2-£2 So a? +2+3—1 +3 2 -+-2—1 +2 +42 3—— eS 2 +-2—1 +2 +2 24+-2—1 42 +2 221-2 2 2-+-2—1 +2 +2 2 +2—1 2-7-2 2 2—1 +2 -F2 3+3—1 +3 +3 Seen ten 2 2—1 2-2 2 2—1 2 12 2-2) eee 2-212 Ee 2+3—1+4+2+43 2——1-F-2 2———_1 2 2 +2—1 +242 2-1— tI +2 2 +-2—1+2 +42 oe 2+2—1+1+3 2 2—1 4-2-2 2-2 —1 2-2 2 +-2—1 F243 2———1 -+-2 2+2—1+2-+2 2 -1—1-F 2-1 2—1 42 2+2—1+2+42 2--1— 1-2-1 2-+-2—1 +242 2+2—1-+2-42 2 +-2—14-2 +2 2 +-2—1' +-2-+2 | in in) FELEFEETTHEP tt ttt t+ +4444 Hel re 2+2—1+2+42 2——1 +2 2+2—1 +242 2+2—1 +242 2+2—1+2-+3 24+2—1+2+42 +3——1+3 +Htt+t++t+ttttttttttttttttttt+ a =f +2+1—1+42+1 +2+2—1+42+2 +2+2—1 +242 +2+2—1+2+42 1-2 ———— 12 1+2+2—1+2+2 1+2———1 +2 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a “e AADAYS VY SSNS NSS STS SS SS SS SS SSS SS SSS SS SS SS SSS SSS BROWNE Vor, VIIT] Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides atratus—Continued VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 229 Gastro-] Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Number | Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals C2366 9 |19—19—17 161 77 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+42 C2368 o |19—19—17 154 79 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+2 $4228 9 |19—19—17—15| 153 Joc 8—8 10—10 i—t1 3—3 1—1 1+3———1 +2 $4221 o {19—19—17—15} 155 Tic 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 $4242 o |19—19—17—17} 159 79c 8—8 10—10 irl 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 $4243 9 |19—19—17—15| 150 74c 8—8 10—10 i—t1 4—4 i—1 1-+2———_1 +2 $4313 o |20—21—19—17| 170 91c 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2 $4434 Q |21—19—17—17] 166 38+ 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 2————2 C1165 of {19—19—17 161 65 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2 +2 C1166 o |19—19—17 157 75 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2+3—1+2+3 $1795 o {19—19—17—15} 158 85c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———11 +2 C5323 o |19—19—17 163 83 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+3—1+3+3 $4240 Q |19—19—17—17] 145 71c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 C1163 o |19—19—17 158 82 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—3 i—1 1+2+1—1+42+2 C1167 o |19—19—17 161 82 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1 -+-2———-1 +2 C1168 Q |19—19—17 154 73 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+4+2—1 +2 +2 $1760 9 |19—19—17—17} 149 79c 8—8 10—8 i—1 3—3 i—1 1 -+-2———1 -+-2 28620 a |19—19—17 152 6+ 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+42 C5315 o |19—21—17 153 54+ 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 C5317 Q@ |19—19—17 151 75 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+4+2—1+3+3 $4247 o |19—21—19—17| 155 80c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1--2———1 +3 $4248 o’ }19—19—17—-15| 161 82c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———_1 +2 $4249 Q |19—19—17—15| 144 71c 8—8 10—8 11 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 28302 oe |19—19—17 155 75 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +2 28303 o |19—19—17 158 85 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+2 28304 o }19—19—17 155 78 8—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 28305 9 |19—19—17 149 76 8—8 9—10 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1 +2——1 +2 28306 o }19—19—17 160 89 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1 +2 +42 28307 Q |21—21—17 151 71+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+42-+2—1 +2 +2 28308 o |19—19—17 152 83 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+1—1+42-+2 $4237 o }19—19—17—17} 150 79c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2 $4238 o }19—19—17—17| 150 80c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2 $4233 o }19—19—17—17| 161 85c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1-2 1+42 $4234 Q |19—19—17—17| 147 81c 9—9 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———_1 +3 $4241 Q |19—19—17—17] 145 74c 8—8 10—10 1i—1i 3—3 1—1 1 -+-2———1 +2 $4250 o {19—19—17—17| 153 78c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———_1 +2 $4251 9 |19—19—17—17] 143 73c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +3 $4252 9 |19—19—17—17| 144 77c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3-3 1—1 1+3——1+1 $4236 Q? |19—19—17—17] 148 73c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———_1 42 $4244 Q }19—19—17—15| 150 79c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+3——1 +3 $4245 Q |19—19—17—15| 147 73c 8—8 10—10 1—1 2—3 i—1 1--2———1'--2 $4253 Q |19—19—17—17| 147 72c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2 C5313 Q |19—19—17 144 71 7—7 9—8 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+3——1 +3 C5314 Q |19—19—17 150 62 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+4+2-+2—1+2+2 $6440 oe’ |19—19—17—17| 163 85c 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 42 $4130 9 |19—19—17—17| 155 78c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——_1 +2 C5301 9° |19—19—17 152 73 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 1--1——1 +1 C5302 Q |19—19—17 151 77 8—8 10—10 1 3—3 i—t! 1+2 1+4+2+2 C5303 9 |19—19—17 155 38+ 8—8 9—9 al 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+42+42 C5304 9 |19—19—17 154 73 8—8 —10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+42+42 C5305 9 |19—19—17 156 29+ 8—8 10—9 1? 3—3 i—1 1+2+3—1+42+43 C5306 9 |19—19—17 148 71 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i 1+3+3—1+2 +2 C5307 co |19—19—17 153 78 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+3 143 C5308 9 |19—19—17 150 61 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+3—1+42+43 C5309 o }19—19—17 161 77 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2-+2—1+2-+2 C5310 OF 19 —19—17 156 73 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—4 1—1 1+2+3—1+2+3 C5311 Q |19—19—17 152 64 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +2 C5312 ot }19—19—17 154 85 7—i7 10—10 1—1 3—3 11 2 2 — 1-2 C5336 Q |19—19—17 149 71 8—8 10—10 t—t1 3—3 11 1 --2——1 +2 C5337 o’ |19—19—17 151 83 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2-+2—1+2+2 C5338 Q {19—19—17 140 | 65 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+42 $4131 oc |19—19—17—17| 166 84c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—t 1+-2——1 +3 C4005 Q |19—19—17 162 75 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+3——1+3 $4219 9 ?}19—19—17—17| 152 9+ 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 1+3———1 +2 $4229 @ }19—19—17—15| 164 | 82c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 113 ———— 12 $4230 o 119—19—17—17] 159 90c 7—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 pha Li alla le le $4231 Q |19—19—17—17] 152 73c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 11 Ss ————— 2 $4256 9 |19—19—19—17] 150 76c 8—8 10—10 I 3—3 1—t1 1+2———1 +2 $4257 Q |19—19—17—15} 154 72¢c 8—8 10—11 1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2 $4258 9 |19—19—17—17| 143 72c 8—8 10—10 sl 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 28019 9 |19—19—17 152 73 8—8 10—10 1—1 2—2 i—1 1+1——1+1 28020 Q |19—19—17 155 78 8—8 o— phat 3—3 1—1 1+2———1+2 28021 o }19—19—17 159 93 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +2 +2 28024 Q |19—19—17 152 72+ 8—8 10—10 I—1 3—3 1—1 1+2 +2—1 +2 28025 o |19—19—15 161 87 8—8 10—10 11 ?—? 1—1 1+1——1 +2 Locale ity 8 Number 28029 C5298 C5299 C5300 27938 27939 27940 27941 28010 27982 C4913 C4914 $4323 C5295 C5296 C5297 $6310 $6311 $6312 $6313 $6314 13178 C4006 C4007 C4008 C5290 C5292 C5293 C5287 C5288 C5291 27814 230 Sex 19.0 101010, 0,10 10.4, 4,0, 10100, 1010.0, 4, 101000, 0,100, 10100, 101010 100, 100, 0G, A, 10104, G, 00, 4, 10.0, A, 2,010.4, 4,40 0G, A404, 0.0, 10.4, 0000, Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides atratus—Continued CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Scale rows 19——19-—17 21—21—17 19—19-—-17 19—21—17 19-1987, 19—19—17 19-1047 19—19-—47 19—19—37 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—19—_17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17—17 19-21-17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19-19 —17 21-—21—47 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—21—17 19—21—17 19—19—17—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 21-21 — 4 19—21—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 19—19—17 21—21—17 19—21—17 19—17 19—21—17 19—19—17 19—21—17 21 —21— 17, 1991 — 17 21-—21-AT 19—19—17 19—19—17 21—21—17 202i 19 —21—437, 19—21—19—17 2024 19—19—17 19—21—17 19——19—17, 19—19—17 19—19——17, 19—25—17 —19—17 19—19-—17 21 —21—37. 19-7147; 19—21—17 1919-17 Gastro-| Uro- steges | steges Supra- labials Infra- labials Pre- oculars Post- oculars | Loreals i—1 au al t—1 1) al i—1 i—7 1—7 i—1 he i—1 i 11 i—t ae ch 1—1 i i) tak 1) a i a1 1—1 i iia I 1—1i i sl ia 1 ee i—1 i. 11 toot i? i141 il isl 11 ieee! 1—1 11 it 1 | 1I—1 vel 11 i t—1 ea 1—1 ies! ve 1—1 1 t—1 I—t1 il i—1 isl iat i 11 ti il ta 11 it el i mat Temporals Os PN Ae ab ed 2 +2—1 +2 4-2 24-2—1 -+-2-12 2———] -+-2 2+3—1+2-+3 3+3—1 +2+3 14+2+3—142+4+3 1+2+4+3—1+42+3 +2 +2—1+2+42 2+2—1 +242 2+3—1+2+3 2-21-22 2-2 —1 2-1-2 2 +2—U 2 +2 2 Ee 2 -+-2—1 4-2-2 2 2—1 2-2 2——1 +2 2 i — 1-2-2 2 +-2—1 +2 +2 2-+-2—1 2-2. 2+2—1.-73 22 2 2+3—1+3-+2 2'-+-2—1' 4-2-2 2-+-2—1 +2 3——1 +2 2+1—1+2-+1 2+3—142-+3 2+2—1-+2-+2 2+2—1 42-42 2———1 FS 2+2—142+3 24+-2—1 2-7-2 2+3—1+2+3 2+2—1-F1-Fl 3—$——1' +3 2-+1—1+2-+1 2-+-3—1++-2 +2 22 —1 2 e 2+3—1+2+3 2-21 2-2 2+3—1 +2-++3 2———-1.--2 2-+3—1-12--3 2+-2—1-4+-2-+2 24-2—1T 2-2 2-2 —1 ee 3———1-+3 3+3—1 +243 24+-2—142-2 Seen? 2--2—1 +242 2+-2—1 +2-+2 2T2—A 242 2--2—1 4-2 -F2 FHEEEFHTTFTEFEFF HTT HETEE EHH + $$ $+ Pe ee ee ee a ee ee ee ee ae ak a eh bat hah ah pa bet Dat pa ba bh ba pe pk pe pak pe pa pak pa ph fp fh fh pt Php ++tt+t+t++++++++ 48 Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 231 Scale counts in Thomnophis ordinoides atratus—Continued Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- Infra- Pre- Post- Number | Sex Scale rows steges |steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals Cs555 Q |21—21—19—17| 159 Tic 8—8 11—10 21 3—3 1—1 1+3 1+3 C2437 o |21—21—17 167 78 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—1+2+3 C2460 oY |19—21—17 164 87 8—8 10—10 <1 3—4 it 1+3———1 +2 13223 ) 24—21—17. 165 79 8—8 =) I—1 2—2 1—1 1+2+2—1+2+2 C2436 o j19—19—17 153 81 8—8 oa 1—i 3—3 1—f 1+3 1+-2-+2 $4161 Q |19—19—17—15| 148 74c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1-2 1-2 39565 Q |19—21—19—17} 157 73 8—8& 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 1+2+4+3—1+2+3 39566 Q |19—21—19—17] 153 72 8—8 10—10 il ce 1—t1 1+2——1 +2 27286 co |19—19—17 157 82 8—8 10—8 1—t 3—3 1—1 14+2+4+2—1+2+2 33350 9 |21—21—17 154 67 8—8 10—10 peak 3—3: 1—t 14+2+4+2—1+2+2 33351 o |21—19—17 153 80 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—3 1—1 |14+1+4+2—1+2+2 33352 Q |19—19—17 157 75 8—8 10—10 1 3-3 ti 142+2—1+2+42 33353 Q |19—19—17 159 78 8—8 10—10 1—t 3—3 it 14+2+2—1+2+2 33354 og |21—21—17 158 76 8—8 10—10 it 3—3 1—1 1+1+2—1+2+2 33355 Q |21—21—17 155 69 8—8 10—10 i—tT 33 i—1. 14+2+2—1+42+2 33356 oO }19—19—17 162 82 8—8 9—10 pL) 3—3 1—_1 14+2+2—1+42+2 38943 Q |21—21—17 152 53+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 1+2+3—1+42+3 39200 Q |19—21—17 155 50+ 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2+3—142+3 39557 Q \19—21—19—17] 153 74 8—8 10—10 iF 3—3 1i—1 1+2——1+2 39558 o |19—21—19—17} 157 63 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 14+2——1 +2 39559 Q |19—21—17—15] 148 66 8—8 10—10 i—t 3—3 a1 14+2——1+2 39560 o |19—21—17 154 78 8—8 9—9 i—1 3—3 11 1+2——1 +2 13225 Q |21—19—17 159 76 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 iT 14+2——1+2 13226 ~- |19—21—19—17] 157 73 8—8 10—10 22 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 13227 ate 19—19—17| 157 68 7—8 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1+2 13228 ot 19—19—17] 157 77 8—8 10—10 i—t 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2 13229 eis 19—19—17| 157 70 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1i—1 1+2——1+2 13231 ae 19—19—17| 157 66 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2——1 +2 13235 ? 19—19—17| 157 70 8—8 9—9) i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1+2 13239 fof 19—19—17| 161 61+ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—t 1+2——1 +2 13247 2 19—19—17| 154 68 &8—8 9—10 i—1 4—3 11 14-2——1+2 14498 2 19—19—17| 160 74 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2 14499 ou 19—19—17] 163 -83 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2———1 +2 14500 oi 19—21—17] 158 78 8—8 10—10 i—t 3-3 1—t1 1+2——1+2 S$.R.22 og |19—19—17—17|] 164 93c i—i 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2——1+2 S.R.21 Q |19—19—17—17] 150 70 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 i—1 1+2——1+41 $1123 o |19—19—17—17| 149 79¢ 8—8 10—9 I—1 S85) 1—1 1+2——1+2 $1654 Q |19—19—17—17| 146 69 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3: 1—1 14+2——1+3 $1655 Q |19—19—17—15| 144 71c 8—8 10—10 i—1 33) 11 1+2——1 +2 $4322 o \19—19—17—15| 146 Tic 8—8 9—9 it 3—2 it! 1+3——1+2 $5180 Q |19—19—17—15] 151 73c 8—8 10—10 it 3—3 1—1 1+3——1 +2 $5184 Q |19—19—17—15| 143 66c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 11 1-++-1——1-++1 S.R.68 Q |19—19—17—17| 150 74c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 iF—at 1+2———1+2 $1198 Q@ |19—19—17—15| 143 59+ 8—8 10—10 1—t1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2 $4149 o' }19—19—19—17| 153 85c 8—8 10—10 11 3—3 i—1 1+2——_1 +2 $4155 o |17—19—17—15| 155 86c 8—8 10—10 I— th 3—3 1—1 1+4+2———1 +2 $1136 Q |19—21—19—17} 152 68c 8—8 10—10 1 3—3 1-1) 1+3——1 +2 $1137 o |19—19—17—17} 161 67c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—2 11 1+2——1+2 $1139 Q |19—21—19—17] 158 13'+- 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—4 J 1-1-2 1-2 $1200 Q@ |19—19—17—15] 145 21+ 8—8 10—10 iE 3—3 i—1 1+3——1 +2 $1201 Q |19—19—17—i7} 148 Tic 8—8 10—10 2—2 3—3 i1—1t 14+2——1+2 $1202 Q@ |19—19—17—15| 146 38+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 14+2——1+42 $1203 o |19—19—17—15| 153 &3c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1-+-2——1 +2 $1204 Q@ |17—19—17—15| 146 70+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 a1 1+3——1 +2 $1205 Q@ |19—19—17—15} 149 65¢ 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i 14+2———1 42 $1209 oO /21—21—19—17| 167 75+ 8—8 9—10 11 3—3 1—1 1+2——1+3 $1671 o |19—21—17—17| 163 80c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1+2——1 +2 $1672 o }19—19—17—17} 158 84c 8—8 10—10 pal 3—3 i—1 1+3———1 +2 $4154 o' |21—21—17—17| 162 80c 8—7 9—10) 1—1 3—3 tt 1+2——1 +3 $5182 Q |21—21—19—17| 152 71+ 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—T Li=-2 1+2 $5183 o }19—19—17—17| 154 82c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i1—1 1-+-2———1 +2 $5185 Q |19—21—17—17| 151 74c DRS 10—10 1—t? 3—3 | 1+2——_1 +2 S.R. 7 e919 dS 43+ 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 1+2 1+2 S.R.53 Q |19—21—17—17| 163 73c 8—8 10—10 ll 2—2 i—1 1+1——2 +2 $4101 ? |19—19—17—15| 165 3+ 8—8 10—10 1 4—3 t—t 1+2——1 +2 $4157 Q |19—19—17—15| 147 71-- 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 11 1+2——1 +2 $4225 Q@ |19—21—19—17} 162 Tic 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i1—1 1-+-1——1+1 $6378 Q |19—19—17—15} 153 73c 8—7 10—10 1—1 2—3 1—1 1+2——_1 +2 $6380 o |17—19—17—15; 155 75c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 1-2 1-2 S.R.69 o |19—19—17—17| 157 85c 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i 1+2 1-2 S.R.64 o |19—19—17—15] 155 80c 9—8 10—11 i—1 3—3 11 1+2 142 S.R.65 Q@ |19—19—17—15} 147 74c 8—7 10—10 1! 4—3 i—T ue ey? 1+2 S.R.66 o' |21—21—19—17| 161 85c 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1—1 1-2 1+2 S.R.67 o \19—19—17—15} 154 82c 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 1+2———1 +2 $4135 o \19—19—17—17] 156 80c 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—3 1—1 1-2 1+2 232 Scale counts in Thamnophis ordinoides atratus—Continued CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Gastro- Number | Sex Scale rows steges $1743 9 |19—19—17—17| 152 $1744 Q |19—21—19—17] 162 $1745 Q |19—19—17—17| 154 41661 o |19—19—17—15| 164 41662 co }19—19—17—17} 163 41663 o |19—21—19—17| 159 S4091 9 |19—19—17—17| 156 $6520 of {19—19—17—15| 153 $5852 co |19—19—17—15| 161 39653 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 159 39652 Q |19—19—17—17| 156 $1675 Q@ |19—19—17—15| 150 $4150 o |17—19—17—15| 151 $4151 Q |19—19—17—17| 142 $4152 Q |19—19—17—15| 147 $4153 Q@ |19—19—17—15! 143 S.R.71 Q |19—19—17—15| 148 $4186 Q |21—21—19—17| 153 $1652 Q |19—21—19—17| 157 $1674 Q |21—21—19—17| 158 $1679 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 149 $1774 Q |19—21—19—17| 156 $4144 o |19—19—17—17| 158 $4148 Q |19—19—17—17| 147 $4319 Q |21—21—19—17| 153 $4275 Q |19—21—19—17| 156 13764 o | 19—19—17 149 13765 o |19—19—17 157 S.R.61 o |19—21—19—17| 154 S.R.62 Q |21—21—19—17| 154 $1682 o }19—20—19—17| 158 $1685 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 146 $1696 o |21—21—17—17| 156 $5143 Q |19—19—17—15| 143 $5144 9 |19—19—17—17| 153 $5145 Q@ |19—21—19—17| 155 $5146 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 155 $5147 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 140 $5148 3 |19—19—17—17] 159 $5149 Q |19—19—17—17| 147 $5150 o |21—21—19—17| 154 13756 o |19—20—19—17| 160 13757 9 119 19—17| 145 13758 9 |20—21—17 157 13759 Q |19—19—17 149 13760 o” |19—19—17 154 13761 o |19—19—17 153 $4306 Q@ |19—19—17—15| 150 $4307 o |19—19—17—17| 152 $4308 Q |19—19—17—15| 150 $4309 Q |19—19—17—15| 151 $4310 Q |19—19—17—15) 144 $4311 Q |19—19—17—17| 151 $5189 co |21—21—17—17| 159 $5193 9 |19—21—19—17| 159 $5194 Q@ |21—19—17—17| 156 $5191 Q@ |19—19—17—17| 154 $5195 o |19—19—17—17| 159 $5190 Q |21—19—17—17| 153 43372 9 |19—19—17—17) 153 43366 Q@ |19—21—19—17|} 155 43367 o |19—19—17—17| 163 C4317 o | 19—21—17 159 Uro- steges Supra- labials Infra- labials Pre- oculars Post- oculars [Proc. 4TH Ser. Loreals Temporals 1+2 1+3 1+2——1+2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——_1+2 1+2———1 +2 1-2 143 1+2——1 +2 1-2 1+2 1+2——1 +2 1+2———1 +2 1+-2———1 +-2 1+2———1 +2 1+2——1+2 1+2———1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1+2 1+2——1 +2 1+2———1 +2 1-+2——1 +2 1+2——1+2 1+2———1 +2 1-+-2——1 +2 1+2 1+2 1+2——1 +3 1+2——1 +2 14+3———1+3 1+2——_1 +2 1+4+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1-+-2——_t' 2 1+4+2——1 +2 1+1——1+1 1+2——1+3 1+1——1-+1 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1+2 14+2———1+2 1+2——1+2 1+2——1+2 1 +2———1+2 1+3——1+3 1+2——1 +2 1-1 ——1 1 Nee 4-2 1 +2———1 +2 1+2———1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+4+2——1 +2 1+1——1+1 1+1——1+1 1+3——1+2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1+2 1+3——1 42 1-2 1+2 1+2———1 +2 1+2———_1 +2 1+2———1 +2 1+2——1 +2 1+2——1 +2 Vor. VIIT] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 233 Remarks.—The large series at hand shows that this sub- species, which one of us formerly confused with T. 0. elegans, and which Brown and Ruthven confused with 7. 0. ordinoides, really should be separated from both. From T. 0. elegans it differs in the smaller average number of its scale-rows and ven- tral plates, as well as in coloration. The dorsal line usually is wider than in T. 0. elegans and there often is more or less red in the coloration, which so far as we know is not the case in the mountain snakes. T. o. atratus differs from T. 0. ordinoides in being of larger size and in usually having a greater number of upper and lower labials, scale-rows, and gastrosteges. The coloration also is different, although a wide range in pattern and shade is to be seen in both subspecies, and both often show some red coloring. As regards scale characters, T. 0. atratus may be considered intermediate between T. 0. ordinoides and T. o. elegans. The two specimens from Siskiyou, Jackson County, Oregon, and two others (Nos. S4313 and S4434) from Anderson, Shasta County, California, probably might best be regarded as showing intergradation between this coast form and the T. o. elegans of the Sierra Nevada, since they all have twenty-one rows of scales and somewhat intermediate coloration. The material is inadequate to make this conclusion a positive one but it is in this region that one would expect to find these sub- species merging. Five specimens (Nos. S4471, S4473, S4474, S4476, and $4479) from South Fork, Coquille River, twenty miles above Myrtle Point, Coos County, Oregon, are listed in this paper as T. o. biscutatus. They, however, are not typical of that form in that they have only nineteen rows of scales. They thus resemble T. 0. atratus in this character and might well be re- garded as intergrades. Additional specimens are needed from this general region. The coloration of these specimens is simi- lar to that of T. 0. couchii in the indistinctness of the dorsal line and presence of dark pigmentation on the gastrosteges. Two specimens from Gasquet, Del Norte County, California, resemble these but are so puzzling that one (No. $4264) has been referred to T. 0. biscutatus and the other (No. S4266) to T. o. atratus. Both have more than nineteen scale-rows, a Number 29076 29077 29078 29079 29080 29081 29082 29085 29090 29091 29219 29220 29221 29223 29224 29225 29226 29227 29228 29229 29230 234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. fairly large number of gastrosteges, and indistinct dorsal lines. More material is needed to clear up their status. Certain specimens from Requa and Crescent City in Del Norte County, California, show intergradation between T. o. atratus and T. 0. ordinoides. This is apparent in the reduction in the number of upper and lower labials, and, sometimes, of the gastrosteges. Some of the specimens from these localities are fairly typical T. 0. atratus, and nearly all are closer to that form than to T. 0. ordinoides. The scale-counts in these two series of specimens are given below. Nos. 29076 to 29091 are from Requa and Nos. 29219 to 29230 were collected at Cres- cent City. Gastro-| Uro- | Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Sex Scale rows steges | steges| labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreals Temporals fou 19—19—17 158 79 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1 e 19—19—17 160 70 8—8 9—9 i) 3—3 i—1 1 } 19—19—17 159 69 8—8 so i—1 3—3 i—1 |! 2 19—19—17 153 67 8—7 9—10 1—1 3—3 i—i |1 2 19—19—17 147 66 8—8 o—9 i—1 3—3 i—1 /}1 a 19—19—17 158 80 7—7 9—9 1—1 3—3 Ii—1 i+ g 19—19—17 156 69 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 ji+ 2 19—19—17 153 71 I—7 10—9 1—1 3—3 1—! jis: a 19—19—17 157 76 7—7 8—9 1—1 3—3 1i—1 [i+ 9 19—19—17 147 60 7j—7 —9 i—1 3—3 1—1 [1+ 2 19—19—17 148 74 8—8 9—9 1—1 3—2 i—t |i+ oo 19—19—17 154 34+ i—7 i—8 i—1 3—2 1—1 |i+ 2 19—19—17 151 72 8—8 10—9 2—2 3—3 i—i1 ji+ ce] 19—19—17 157 74 8—8 9—8 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+ rol 19—19—17 163 97 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 j1+1+ i] 19—19—17 157 65 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+ 2 19—19—17 158 64 8—8 10—10 i—1 2—3 1—1 |1i+ 2 19—19—17 151 82 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+ ? 19—19—17 153 70 8—8 9—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 ji+ g 19—19—17 149 69 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+ ? 19—19—17 150 63 8—7 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+ It now is well known that variation in the coloration of the snakes of this subspecies is very great. Certain types of colora- tion may be pointed out as occurring in groups of specimens. The best known of these color types, perhaps, is that in which the general color is dark olive, lateral lines absent, dorsal line yellow and very broad, throat bright yellow, and belly deep olive or slate with or without a median yellow streak. This is the coloration of the types of this subspecies, which types Cope redescribed as Eutenia infernalis vidua. It is not a common style of coloration in this subspecies since we find it more or less well marked in only Nos. SR.21, $1654, $1655, S4322, $5180, SR.68, S1198, S4149, $4155, $1200, $1201, +2+42—142+42 4243-1+ Vor. VIII] VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—GARTER-SNAKES 235 $1202, $1203, $1204, $5183, SR.7, $4157, $6378, $6380, SRi69%