ens 06 ObGeh ee eee * ahah to renepee erator ate Tanriyeremag eo OO eaecomer te eet cape EU. ona) / none etnetiptsionesety ste bates obo tutn) | BINDING LIST DEC 15 192) Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Ontario Council of University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/proceedingscalif11 cali Te) > Om Pieces of. Yee we rt PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vox. XI ie. y- ve PRINTED FROM THE JoHN W. HENpRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1921 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION GeorcE C. Epwarps, Chairman C. E. GrRuNskKY BarTON WARREN EVERMANN, Editor CONTENTS OF VOLUME XI PLATES 1-41 OAT es ee eee een we ee emmeemetn mentee snisenres ceases (] cor Eee ne a en ce mee oon Notes on a Fauna of the Vigo Group and its bearing on the evo- lution of Marine Molluscan Faunas, by Roy E. Dickerson, peholbichnvetel ITU (salt P a ee A list of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Nevada, with notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy, by John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin, published July 8, 1921............ A list of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Idaho, with notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy, by John Van Den- burgh and Joseph R. Slevin, published July 8, 1921... A list of the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Peninsula of Lower California, with notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy, by John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin, pub- IIS) eX EFS Ge RS a Ee Er ene NE Notes on the Birds and Mammals of Siskiyou County, California, by Joseph Mailliard, published July 11, 1921 — WW. Preliminary diagnoses of new Species of Reptiles from Islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico, by John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin, published July 30, 1921... ..----ee-eene-- New California Spiders, by Nathan Banks, published September DOMST Oo leone clin AP Sue LI a ta Saul pe Rie! samueh S e Undescribed Tipulidz (Diptera) from Western North America, Part II, by Charles P. Alexander, published September 29, OD a a a a a ras acc ee rc nee ee ceieconne Description of a new Species of Pero from California, by W. S. Wrieht published September 29) 1920 222. ee ee Characters of some new Species of North American Hemipterous Insects, with one new genus, by Edward P. Van Duzee, pub- lished Octo ber yi 5: al 901) pees es pa ere ae eee a ease Seca tepoae Our North American Species of Strongylocoris (Hemiptera), by Edward P. Van Duzee, published October 15, 1921-............... Characters of eight new Species of North American Anthocoride or Flower Bugs, by Edward P. Van Duzee, published October 15, 1921 A Study of North American Grass-bugs of the genus Irbisia, by Edward P. Van Duzee, published October 15, 1921............-.-.----- Insects of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by G. Dallas Hanna, pub- listvedtsNiovierab erm sie letras ete se Ne ea nee nae 27 39 49 73 96 99 103 109 111 135 SA Coleoptera from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by Edwin C. Van - Dyke, published November 2, 1921.____________ A new Species of the Dipterous family Dolichopodide from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by M. C. Van Duzee, published No- VEMUDEL (2, RO esac cesses ccc cae a ee Diptera from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by F. R. Cole, pub- lished «November 25.192). ee Dipterous Insects of the family Anthomyiide from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by J. R. Malloch, published November 2, nS 3 Ee ee a a Dipterous Insects of the family Tipulide from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by C. P. Alexander, published ‘November 2, 1921.......... Hymenopterous Insects of the family Bremide from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by Theodore H. Frison, published November Dae CY) Meee mre meyer a New Saw-flies from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by Alexander D. Macgillivray, published November 2, 1921.............---.-.-------0-ses----== Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, by Edward P. Van Duzee, published November’?! 1921). ee ee An annotated list of the Diptera (Flies) of Oregon, by F. R. Cole and A. L. Lovett, published December 14, 1921...........-....----------- Revision of the Pipiza Group of the family Syrphide (Flower- flies) from North of Mexico, by C. Howard Curran, published December’ $1-"1920)"\—. 52 ee Preliminary diagnoses of more new Species of Reptiles from Islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico, by John Van Den- burgh and Joseph R. Slevin, published December 17, 1921...... Fossil Chitons of Western North America, by S. Stillman Berry, published ‘May 16; 4922). ee eee Tertiary and Quaternary History of the Petaluma, Point Reyes and Santa Rosa Quadrangles, by Roy E. Dickerson, pub- Lished) Jiutliy:20 O19 22 ye ee ee eee Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1921, by C. E. Grunsky, published August 21, 1922 ..2....2.2.2-----.ececescsese-- Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1921, by Barton Warren Evermann, published August 21, 1922-00000... Report of the President of the Academy for the Year 1922, by GE, iGrunsky, spublished’ August)22) 1923 ee Report of the Director of the Museum for the Year 1922, by Barton Warren Evermann, published August 22, 1923.............. Report of the Treasurer for the Year 1922, by M. Hall McAllister, published August 22, 1923 ... Uirid esx e 2 SetEnd eh 167 169 178 183 185 188 193 197 345 395 399 603 611 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FouRTH SERIES Vor. XI, No. 1, pp. 1-26 JULY 6, 1921 I NOTES ON A FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP AND ITS BEARING ON THE EVOLUTION OF MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNAS BY ROY E. DICKERSON Honorary Curator, Department of Invertebrate Paleontology The rate of evolution of a marine invertebrate fauna in the tropics when compared with that of faunas of the temperate zones brings out some interesting results. During the past year, 1919-1920, the writer has had the opportunity and rare good fortune to collect some excellently preserved fossils from the Vigo group of the Philippine Islands incidental to some economic investigations in which he was engaged. After sev- eral years spent in study of the Tertiary faunal problems of the Pacific Coast of North America, the writer naturally had acquired to a certain extent a point of view of the worker in temperate climes. However, many interesting problems in the Eocene of California, Oregon, and Washington suggested that Eocene marine molluscan faunas did not evolve as rapidly as those of the Miocene and Pliocene and that the same “yardstick” in the Tertiary geological time scale could not be applied. Many problems of the Eocene are directly connected with the rate of evolution of a tropical fauna, and, as the Eocene faunas of California, Oregon, and Washington are essentially tropical or sub-tropical, the writer was glad to devote spare time to the study of a tropical fauna. July 6, 1921 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Does the Lyell percentage system apply to tropical inverte- brate faunas? In answering this question one must bear in mind that this scale is really an expression of the time rate of evolution of Tertiary molluscan faunas based upon the study of the Tertiary of Europe. Briefly, this scale, as now generally applied, is: Eocene, 0% ; Oligocene, 3% ; Miocene, 25% ; Plio- cene, 60% ; and Pleistocene, 90%. Practically all the Eocene molluscan genera exist today in the Recent faunas of the tropi- cal and temperate zones. Great was our surprise to find that our collections from the upper Vigo shales and the Canguinsa for- mation, regarded by Pratt* and Smith as being of Lower Mio- cene and Oligocene age, yielded a molluscan fauna containing 75% Recent species. The results of these preliminary studies indicate, that a negative answer must be given to the rhetorical question asked above. An essential modification of the Lyell percentage scale seems necessary to the writer for the proper interpretation of the Tertiary faunas of the tropics. If this hypothesis be true, then evidently marine molluscan faunal changes take place with far less rapidity in the tropics than in the temperate zones. Now this conclusion is apparently in direct contradiction to the fact that the recent molluscan fauna of the Philippines is specifically far more numerous than a recent fauna from a temperate region. Hidalgo” reports 4300 to 4500 terrestrial, fluvial, and marine testaceous mollusca, and, of these, fully two-thirds are marine. This anomaly will be considered after the presentation of the data. Professor K. Martin® in “Tertiarschichten auf Java” recog- nized in a general way that the percentage system of Deshayes (and Lyell) did not strictly apply in Java and that climatic variation was a prime cause of this difference. BRIEF STATEMENT OF GEOLOGICAL HISTORY The fauna upon which this paper is based was collected from the southern half of the Bondoc Peninsula from strata referred 1Pratt, W. E., and Smith, W. D., “The Geology and Petroleum Resources of the Southern Part of Bondoc Peninsula,’ Tayabas Province, P. I., Phil. Jour. Sei., Vol. VIII, 1913, Sec. A; No. 5, p. 312. 2 Hidalgo, J. G., Catalogo de los Moluscos Testaceous de las Islas Filipinas, Jolo y Marianas, p. 389, Madrid, 1904-1905. Martin, K., Die Tertiarschichten auf Java, p. 22-24, Die Lagerunas vethaeltnisse, Leiden, 1880. Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 3 by Pratt and Smith to the Canguinsa formation and Vigo group. In order that the reader may appreciate the significance of this assemblage of mollusca, a brief resumé of the geologic history of this region is necessary. The southern half of the Bondoc Peninsula consists almost entirely of marine sedi- mentary rocks which have been highly folded and faulted. The oldest rocks here recognized consist of shales and sandstones 3000 to 4000 feet in thickness, the Vigo group and its upper- most member, the Canguinsa formation. The strata as ex- posed in the vicinity of the Vigo River are steeply dipping, black, organic shales, subordinate sandstones, and minor lig- nitic strata which are unconformably overlain by the Malum- bang formation.* The Malumbang formation, consisting of coralline limestone and associated marls, varies in thickness from small residuals to 1000 feet. From what is known of the rate of growth of reef corals this formation must represent a long time interval. In a few places in the Bondoc Peninsula—notably in the vicin- ity of San Andreas—marine terraces truncate the Malumbang strata. These terraces are in places thickly mantled with coral- line limestone of Pleistocene age. Some of the limestone four miles east of Mulanay at an elevation of 500 feet may represent high Pleistocene terraces, as terraces at this height occur in Leyte and at much greater elevations in Cebu where the same geological horizons are also found. These horizons exhibit in northwest Leyte the same essential conditions and are beautifully exemplified in the vicinity of Toledo, Cebu, as well. The Vigo group in all probability occurs in the region north of Fort Pickett in Mindanao so that we are not dealing with local conditions but with general ones which existed over the site of these islands. The conditions of deposition during Malumbang and Pleistocene time resemble those existing today in the vicinity of the Bondoc Peninsula and essentially the same mollusca occur in the coral reef facies of all three. The deposition during Vigo time was in marked contrast with these later times in that the contributing land masses consisted largely of diorites, schists, and serpentines or *Note.—The writer’s view concerning the stratigraphy of this region differs in this regard from that of Pratt and Smith, but a full discussion of this important point ean not be made here. 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Sex. peridotites from which they were probably derived. At times the material contained in the Vigo sandstones is very coarse, and conglomerates occur locally in the Bondoc Peninsula and on a great scale in northwest Leyte, east of the barrio of Taba- bunga, where they in part resemble characteristic desert con- glomerates closely. Such materials could not have been trans- ported great distances and it is probable that a land mass or masses lay to the east of the site of the Bondoc Peninsula and northwestern Leyte. In other words the sediments of the Vigo group were deposited in the moderately deep waters of an inland sea with high mountainous islands to the east. The total time represented since the beginning of the Vigo is evi- dently long, and, on these grounds as well as faunal, the Vigo group appears to be as old as the Miocene, and the Malumbang probably represents at least a portion of the Pliocene. The time represented by the unconformity between these horizons was sufficiently long to reduce many of the mountains formed at the close of Vigo time to nearly base level before the region was again gradually lowered to receive its great load of Malum- bang coralline limestone and associated marls in the clear, warm, shallow waters of a tropical Pliocene sea. Likewise the orogenic movements which ended Malumbang time and the erosion interval which preceded the formation of Pleistocene terraces were not brief. The age of the Vigo group will be discussed at length after its fauna is considered. FAUNA The fauna upon which this paper is based was obtained from the Bahay River vicinity (2X,3X,4X,5X); the canyon of Dumalog Creek (9X); and from Sapa Tubigbinukot, the northern extension of the Amoguis (Amougis), Agipot, Pag- sanhan* River (11X), from strata which are all unmistakably members of the Vigo group and unconformably below the Malumbang formation. The following notes upon the collection localities and their fossils are given in detail as there are but few places in these beautiful islands where good collections are obtained from * Different local names for same stream. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 5 localities with satisfactory stratigraphy. “Locality 2 X, Philip- pine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, west shore of Ragay Gulf, 600 meters up stream from Bureau of Lands Benchmark No. 1 (Bahay Oil Co., Well No. 1), on N. E. bank of Bahay River in a 50-foot cliff of yellow sandstone and bluish clayey sandstone disturbed by minor fault- ing. Coll. Roy E. Dickerson.” The Malumbang limestone is found in the hill 100 yards to the northeast, and from the general relations in the field it is clearly unconformable upon the underlying Canguinsa forma- tion. The following fauna was obtained from this locality: Locality 2x Actzon. Architectonica pictum (Philippi) ; living. Bullaria. Cancellaria crenifera Sowerby; living. Cerithium herklotsi K. Martin. Cerithium jenkinsi K. Martin. Cerithium monoliferum Kiener ; living. Conus ornatissimus K. Martin. Conus, new species? ? Conus lividus Hwass; living. Conus, sp. Cyclonassa. Drillia. Haminea. Mitra javana K. Martin. Mitra cf. jenkinsi K. Martin. Mitra junghuhni K. Martin. Nyctilochus. Mangilia. Nassa crenulata ; living. Nassa dispar Adams; living. Nassa gemmulata (Lamarck) ; living. Nassa globosa minor ; living. Nassa immersa Carpenter ; living. Nassa quadrasi Hidalgo; living. 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Nassa thersites, variety ; living. Natica albumen Lamarck; living. Natica. Natica spadicea Reeve; living. Natica mamilla Lamarck; living. Nerita funiculata Reeve; living. Olivella. Ranella subgranulosa Beck; living. Ranella. Ranella tuberculata Broderip; living. Strombus canarium Linnzus; living. Strombus swainsoni Reeve; living. Turris (Surcula) flavidus Lamarck ; living. Turris garnonsi Reeve; living. Turris deshayesi (Doumet) ; living. Turris carinata woodwardi K. Martin; living. Terebra. Terebra bicincta K. Martin. Terebra javana K. Martin. Arca cornea Reeve; living. Cardium. Corbula socialis K. Martin. Corbula. Chione chlorotica. Ostrea. Pleuronectia pleuronecta Linnzus; living. Placuna placenta; living. Psammobia cf. lessoni Blainville. Pinna. Solen. Tellina. Dentalium. Coral. Coral. Echinoid. The predominance of littoral species and the character of the strata indicate that these forms lived in the shallow inshore waters of an inland sea. Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 7 “Locality 3x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, west shore of Ragay Gulf, Bahay River, up stream 800 meters from Bureau of Lands Benchmark No. 1 (Bahay Oil Co., Well No. 1), on southwest bank of stream in a stiff, dark gray shale. 8/25/19. Colls. Roy E. Dickerson and Mark Fuken. The following species were collected here: Locality 3x Actzon, species. Architectonica pictum (Philippi) ; living. Cancellaria elegans Sowerby; living. Cerithium herklotsi K. Martin. Cerithium monoliferum Kiener ; living. Cerithium jenkinsi K. Martin. Cerithidea (Pyrazus) cf. sulcatus Brugiere ; living. Columbella bandongensis KX. Martin. Cyprea cf. tigris Linnzeus ; living. Conus, new species ? Conus, species. Conus ornatissimus K. Martin. Distortio clathrata Lamarck ; living. Melania asperata; living. Nassa thersites leptospira (Brugiere) ; living. Nassa thersites immersa Carpenter ; living. Nassa quadrasi Hidalgo; living. Nassa globosa minor Quoy; living. Nassa crenulata (Brugiere) ; living. Nassa canaliculata Lamarack ; living. Nassa dispar Adams; living. Natica mamilla Lamarck ; living. Natica lacernula d’Orbigny ; living. Melania cf. asperata inquinata Quadras; living. Mitra junghuhni K. Martin. Mitra javana K. Martin. Murex endivia Lamarck; living. Olivella. Phos. Ranella tuberculata Broderip; living. Rostellaria ficus ; living. 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Rostellaria crispata; living. Strombus canarium; living. Strombus, species a. Strombus, species b. Telescopium telescopium Linnzus; living. Terebra. Triton pfeifferianum Reeve; living. Trivia. Turris garnonsi Reeve; living. Turris flavidula (Lamarck) ; living. Turris deshayesi Doumet; living. Turris carinata woodwardi K. Martin. Turris coronifer K. Martin. Vicarya callosa (?) Jenkins. Arca ferruginea Reeve; living. Arca granosa Linnzeus; living. Arca cornea Reeve; living. Barbatia fusca (Brugiere) ; living. Chione chlorotica Philippi; living. Corbula socialis K. Martin. Corbula. Dosinia ef. lenticularis ; living. Placuna placenta ; living. Psammobia, species ; living. Paphia textrix Deshayes; living. Ostrea. Spisula, species. Tellina, species. Coral. Coral. This fauna flourished in slightly deeper water, or at least quieter water, as one specimen of the fragile Placuna placenta with both valves splendidly preserved shows that the specimen was not within strong wave action. The preservation of the other species is remarkably fine. The strata at this locality are nearly vertical, a good dip and strike being obtainable in the middle of the stream. The following species were obtained from “Locality 4x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Penin- Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 9 sula, west side of Ragay Gulf, Bahay River, 320 meters east of mouth of Apad Creek, in road cut 60 feet above the river in yellow sandstone about 50 feet stratigraphically above the brackish-water fauna in the lignitic strata of Locality 5. Colls. Roy E. Dickerson and Mark Fuken.” Locality 4x Architectonica pictum Philippi; living. Conus ornatissimus K. Martin. Cyprea. Columbella bandongensis K. Martin. Cerithidea cf. ornata Hinds; living. Cerithium bandongensis K. Martin. Delphinula?? Delphinula. Eburna ambulacrum Sowerby; living. Marginella. Mitra bucciniformis K. Martin. Mitra junghuhni K. Martin. Mitra javana K. Martin. Melania asperata. Nassa costellifera A. Adams; living. Nassa crenulata (Brugiere) ; living. Operculum of Natica spadicea ; living. Phos roseatus Hinds; living. Ranella tuberculata Broderip; living. Rostellaria fusus Linnzeus; living. Rostellaria crispata Kiener ; living. Strombus, species a. Turris marmorata ; living. Turris flavidula Lamarck; living. Thais (or Ricinula) spectrum; living. Terebra javana K. Martin. Terebra bicincta K. Martin. Trochus, species. Arca ferruginea Reeve; living. Corbula socialis IX. Martin. Chione chlorotica Philippi; living. Glycimeris viteus Lamarck ; living. 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Pecten cf. pseudolima Sowerby; living. Pecten cf. cristularis Adams & Reeve; living. Pecten cf. radula Linnzus ; living. Pecten (Pleuronectia) pleuronecta Linnzeus; living. Placuna placenta Lamarck; living. Solecurtus quoyi; living. Spondylus, species. Trochocyathus burnsi J. Haime (Cyclolites). “Locality 5x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, west side of Ragay Gulf, Bahay River; 300 meters east of the mouth of Apad Creek in lignitic gray sand- stone which was deposited in brackish water. Coll. Roy E. Dickerson” yielded the species listed below: Cassidaria. Conus loroisii Kiener ; living. Cerithium jenkinsi IX. Martin. Strombus ? Telescopium telescopium Linneus; living. Vicarya callosa Jenkins. Arca tenebrica Reeve; living. Chione ? Ostrea, species. Amber and petrified wood. This fauna was made up largely of Cerithium jenkinsi K. Martin, Vicarya callosa Jenkins and Ostrea, species. The other forms are represented by only one or two specimens which were probably carried across the sand bar by small crabs which lived on the sands of the Vigo sea. The abundance of carbona- ceous material and the occurrence of amber and petrified wood also indicate that conditions of deposition here differed from those of the previously described localities. “Locality 9x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, on Dumalog Creek, about five miles north- west of San Narciso, three-quarters of a mile down stream from the Mulanay-San Narciso Trail in uppermost Vigo, just conformably below Canguinsa sandstone in black shale. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 11 10/17/19. Colls. Roy E. Dickerson and Mark Fuken.” The list of species is given below: Locality 9x Conus striatellus Jenkins. Conus hardi K. Martin. Nassa crenulata (Brugiere) ; living. Strombus fusus K. Martin (probably Clavella). Arca cf. ccelata Reeve; living. Arca ferruginea Reeve; living. Clementia hyalina Reeve=C. papyracea; living. Dosinia cretacea Philippi; living. Tellina. This fauna though meager is not distinct in any way from faunas listed above. As Pratt* and Smith point out there is no evidence of any notable stratigraphic break here, and the stream in its meanderings so exposes the strata that exact ob- servations are possible. Their tentative evidence of an uncon- formity between the Canguinsa and Vigo in Cambagaco ridge near the Vigo River is interpreted by the writer as a result of faulting. “Locality 11x, Philippine Islands, Luzon, Tayabas Province, Bondoc Peninsula, on west bank of Sapa Yaknas, in soft yellow sandstone of Canguinsa age. 10/31/19. Coll. Roy E. Dicker- son.” The strata at this point dip west about 20° while the overlying Malumbang a few hundred feet west has a gentle dip of 2° to 3°, and at other places in this vicinity a notable unconformity separates these two formations. The fauna listed below is especially noteworthy as being composed of 85 to 90% living species. Here again, the stratigraphy is very satisfactory. Locality 11x Architectonica pictum (Philippi) ; living. Cancellaria elegans Sowerby ; living. Cyproea, species. “Pratt, W. E., and Smith, W. D., Phil. Jour. Sci., Vol. VIII, 1913, Sec. A, No. 5, page 317. 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Cerithidea near dohrni but detail differs. Ficus reticulata (Lamarck) ; living. Harpa articularis Lamarck; living. Nassa thersites (Brugiere) ; living. Nassa crenulata (Brugiere) ; living. Nassa reussi K. Martin??; may be N. costellifera Adams. Natica spadicea Reeve; living. Natica cumingsiana Recluz ; living. Randella tuberculata Broderip; living. Strombus swainsoni Reeve; living. Terebra bicincta K. Martin. Turris marmorata (Lamarck) ; living. PELECYPODA Cardita antiquata Linnzeus; living. Cardium attenuatum Sowerby; living. Cardium unicolor Sowerby; living. Clementia hyalina Philippi = C.papyracea ; living. Glycimeris viteus (Lamarck) ; living. Glycimeris angulatus (Lamarck) ; living. Ostrea. Pecten pseurdolima Sowerby; living. Spisula, species. Vermetus javanus K. Martin ???. ANTHOZOA Trochocyathus burnsi J. Haime ?? For comparison and summary purposes the fossils from these various localities have been combined in one list. Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 13 PARTIAL LIST OF SPECIES FROM VIGO GROUP liv- 2x13 }4x|]5x |] 9x |11x| ing Architectonica pictum Philippi.......... +/+y)+]..]..] +4 7+ INGESeL, Goce. « oopaescubocessordcon ar ilar {lao || 6a, |} 62 seq} Se Burllariaer reece ciciehavete ait evevolape nite hers Call | Siete eet (aici (ener on Cancellaria crenifera Sowerby..........- ata Wecpe Al hccrravall eto lPteves tite 6 || Sf is elegans Sowerby............ aca! Dea teeulceteas Were cn MN ieteouallleetee | Se Gassidariavn wacskccecine sista ais eistorae) steve! eo lta ell veel tate [leet atic t Ie 3 Gerth jenkinsiyker Martini series rls ate [ste | terse ater i even lets tN) oe monoliferum Kiener..........| + | +] ..]..-]--].--. | + s herklotsi K. Martin.......... apatites oa eeseuell Caeteu cones. tu tote cM bandongensis K. Martin...... aN ellp ade allctae Winese Mi ltoecoe lll teyeell ewese Cerithidea (Pyrazus) cf. sulcatus Brugiere} .. | + |] .. | -. | -- | -- | + # Cfaornata Hinds: iceeaiesiers oe Be ice | ea [ese retell (eeecy (lomeera bases co cc Mearmdobhraie eevee tre eleters es Ssceoal| sche | luteal Ween Ieeee |e a Tat Conus ornatissimus K. Martin.......... ates cell lers. [os sy lI) ers MEW SPECIES PRs 6 -)2-i seis n= se (sel Go dl aocl| se llroo ||) oo eats ISDECIES ero ira mrecucvanaicds olanken ele tn ital eects. Wezaverel| escalates S) MivadssELwass's 2). cjets excite chee wias SS real | fetal [poms | Mecice (Atal Warcrors (its SE IOKOISUPKAEN ERs pcibeiete atersieters aie ore Yel [beeen bsasih ite dl tecsera|ireree | ot Semmlarcdiokers Martinlepocie.s nrcaretelreier SF] Vee) |More | (cle onl (macro mes ES astratellus;jenkinsea. se -ccasc eee Ph Pace A ises still sca lf} vera Columbella bandongensis K. Martin.....] .. | .. | + eal ihrer 1i|Naws Gyclonassa'praore se oioeerosiele si ickayenlereas a a re eee say lever [eons Cyprea cf. tigris Linneus............... co | ae || Se Pee here (aS oa SOSH. Sona godbecouceesaebens Ree Ne a eel (ee an | ieee ri lliae peers re cores ene eloe ees cera =fehiflesyen | asi ap | |iteael | Sass Met ahinwla Het cient os cyeietsnte soins se ates erevste Seal eee | |e ae ILS Ht hers COIS hy eerie yaar en is eb. Bie ae + aa a0 fig Distortio clathrata Lamarck............ Pen (acs | (ees Balt ome (ete Eburna ambulacrum Sowerby.......... ses ste Broun Vinee |Ocis Ficus reticulata (Lamarck)............. fae S| Melouesed Ihe - | te] t+ FLAMIN Camera ors ae sks ael iene ores Orme cor sta rari ie eee atest livazes | ree Harpa articularis Lamarck............. Sram eect less ee oe Mitra javanayKe Martine 5.20... 0. 2.0. +]... 4+ eat ete eae “cf. jenkinsi K. Martin ........... oe ieee Iles seize Nhicskee tones Seeing huhnwke Martins. ee cee +]..y4+ Pastel eared (eee “ bucciniformis K. Martin.......... Feele@ee || ce Ao mare al bc Mangiliaveae ere ceria sinter aa ered eee area recy Miieers Murex endivia Lamarck............... Brg Vics cial wal WeGont te Marsinellarnya niece nine oo Oee feel (hsetetaa| te ie ie cieell bere WMelantajasperatassscmtechnin fone eas -- | +] t+ aval fhisconsi [ote N assa crenulataew cso isso nee +/+ )+ +/+/)+4+ GispanvAdamst ns secon eck a tiee eee +/+]... ate Woe Joe & gemmulata (Lamarck)........... eee el fs -. | + Seen e lobosarminoryes sere nian etek Seal (cs oan ee ae “ thersites immersa Carpenter...... +) + ].. o | + “ thersites leptospira (Brugiere)..... +]/4+)].. a || se menquadrastunidaleopacmemencecn nite +/+].. So || ar =) canaliculatasbamarck)).5.-0 205 2 seen (fiestas, | iar ar =). costelliferacAnAdams ea aac oe ll ste at “ reussi K. Martin (may = N. cos- tellifera) hee eye ys eee ap |) ar 14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. ParTiAL List oF SPECIES—Continued. liv- 2xX13x|4x]5x]9>x }11x| ing Natica albumen Lamarck.............. a a5 en We S re Rao Sind abiacdaio ca tel ice: alre “ spadicea Reeve................. +] 4+ | ee e mamillas amare ete eiee ee +/+ ee abe A lacernula d’Orbigny............. Seat ghee Pere lt Neroed| Mcpsralltosceulll heats ee cummingsiana Recluz........... Fey | Pec] We tubes Ome | ete ie Nerita funiculata Reeve............... + Re 3h | lors Olivellaye te cess coe eisre lemiee test +)/4].. el eae Eo Sa diols Ghee ae ONCOL ME POR AGaS +)+] .. aril ens Rariellaveea feet et on oetactevsmn eet =f |e |e voli Xe Ranella subgranulosa Beck............. Vilisce | tes . f+ “ tuberculata Broderip........... +/+ )+ +) +4 RostellaniawicuSa. wesc hie daseios meee tecs se kee be oe crispata Kaener sas. sie eee se steel | ae + Strombus canarium Linneus........... +/+]... 4 s Gato, ggaaonospotagcp ods +} + - Hes FSPECIES (Ds -ratrols Sic neice s Wie oe Pepe (ec etl Weta fees [econ ios |) ces “ ~swainsoni Reeve... ..-.:...... Eales] Soa l| eeeeen | eee toa BER ie Ba eisai ee piste tons het Fis | acta eric Wess Se Turris (Surcula) flavidus Lamarck....... Se tl SEE Se lfece + SP garnonsisReeven. seen ton tak +) 4+ )+ =a “ deshayesi (Doumet)............. +i 4+]... + “ carinata woodwardi K. Martin....| + | + + ©* ‘coronifera (Ke Martin)2.. «25 «.- Pate | Merrell eee ierens| leis. asl Pec ©) imacmora,(Wamarck) ie eee aie farrell fiecnerey arene eer ree |e | le tS Thais (or Ricinula) spectrum........... Paty | eceae f + Nerebraibicincta Ke Martin. 2)... 2)- =| ote ills eile =a javenasKeuVartinen sericea er a inet We FO Oe ee aa Set Sr on Triton pfeifferianum Reeve............. ao hap ihe + Trochts Ses ah eee: Sone eee Bene Sen) AEM leealhee ae Telescopium telescopium Linnzus....... nh elt Bem en | ea + Vicarya callosa Jenkins................ aa) ar ae Vor, XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 15 ParTIAL List OF SPECIES FROM THE VIGO GROUP. PELECYPODA liv- 2X|3x|4x|5x] 9x |11x| ing ArcaicomeayReeveacicisicscictssis/cle1eys (ess « tty [ites ston \IPeese® [tava fi leve: |) a LerritgineayRECVe sn cccis «aus s)s.c)eveie\e a).0\2 eeltackea Heereltesta! Pes IP ace. ft Sher oranosas Winslet, «alcla/.o cis slcictsrs als) cecal] Sell ene] eal) |e e] | eee (ie SE Cha COR AtAURN COVES 4 a 5,s)elsic oie ohare ove Brot aoe || oe eiel steal (Nes Al (hace Ue Sh CENEDrICA INCE VE 2s sinters avers sieiee-«, shovete eh WNvetee iI heat Ih tye -. | + Barbatia fusca (Brugiere).............. poet ee oo on Garcia ce cist aver natesea sstarstite +]... lea aa ee G attenuatum Sowerby.......... at pelle 4 +] + “ ~ unicolor Sowerby............. pal be a +/+ Cardita antiquata Linneus............. ce Sollt st +/+ Chione chlorotica Philippi.............. +/+ )+ aoe lec Ed ee OEE OOD CG En Coe aaron e aie Corbula socialis K. Martin............. Be a Ue a | al | el |e |e Clementia hyalina Philippi=C. papyracea}] .. | ..] ..] .. | +] +] + Dosiniaefwlenticwlaris. sn). te ele Be ll tiestow | ercechy |UMereuelleae oll verse fete we) cretaceanbhilippin 2 aaciee cent 7 oe ar Glycimeris viteus (Lamarck)........... + +] + iS angulatus (Lamarck)........ = | Setar |e gene +] + OSEreAR Re ee eae ere een pee + y+ =faaihe ye Pecten (Pleuronectia) pleuronecta WGineSee se oe ee aT + + + Semnclatadulas linn 2use eset + + “cf. pseudolima Sowerby......... Bee | ence ae el lesa | acct (pein (iee “ pseudolima Sowerby............ eve (eerste lh See [es [lect flees “ef. cristularis Adams & Reeve... . ea cea crt dhe neva brass: al este iactnayplacentase neers earn toe +/+ )])+ wat eat Psammobia cf. lessoni Blainville........ Store es |e Pea! bie Psammobia Species.) 95 aciser tases susie Feb [bested || ieee sor eters PINNaNSPEClesh ets ease reoles SEM Ect, | as Ber ass Paphia textrix Deshayes............... + 58 4B. || Moa SOlenNisnecies sy eau Oyen oe eee eres = iss | merce eee Bea |, tae Spisdlatepeciesmnicy ieee mesic eee tte mt [Pate |e +]... Solecuntus:quoyilee s-ocmcur desea: cle + of + Spondyluss (species. ci. :c1a« assess ceete oe es Gl [eke eeadl [rata reed [Aad | SERN (eee eco Bellina rors Scraeere Somer ol anh ee ra al eg ae eee Va Ia pRellinat ispecies ari arcs ney teehee ea lito | Wedel eck HOE Soe || (Rca Vermetus javanus ? K. Martin......... i 4° ANTHOZOA Trochocyathus burnsi J. Haime......... + a5 Coral senicn ho iaaacainenvonter + om OFS SO OS COU COR RO REE ce een ate —- AGE OF THE VIGO GROUP In the foregoing list there are 87 forms which are specifically determined, and, of these, 66 are living species (75 per cent.) an astonishing number when the geologic history of the region yielding these forms is considered. In addition, the extinct 16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Sek. forms are practically all common to the Upper Miocene of Java according to K. Martin®. Cerithium jenkinsi is from Martin’s locality Z; Cerithium herklotsi and Cerithium bandongensis from his locality O; Conus hardi and Conus striatellus, locality O; Coluwmbella ban- dongensis, locality O; Mitra junghuhni and M. javana, locality O; M. jenkinsi, locality K; M. bucciniformis, locality R; Turris coronifer, locality O; Terebra javana and T. bicincta, locality K ; Vicarya callosa, localities O and P; Vermetus java- nus, localities I and P. According to Martin, most of these forms are characteristic of the Upper Miocene of Java. In a very excellent paper entitled “Concerning Tertiary Fos- sils in the Philippines” by Prof. Karl Martin, there is listed a series of faunas from the Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon which apparently belong to this same horizon. Concerning this series he gives the following discussion: “Now, in reviewing Semper’s collection, I was at once struck with Vicarya callosa Jenk., which is known from Java and is described in detail below ; and this induced me to make a closer comparison between the fossils of the Philippines and those of the Indian Archipelago, whereby it at once became apparent that a whole series of species, especially of the Javanese Ter- tiary, is common to both regions. Thus far, indeed, I have been unable to make a complete study of Semper’s collection, and for the time being it has little further interest, because statements as to stratigraphical position are entirely lacking and the equivalent deposits of neighboring regions are still very insufficiently known. After completion of my monograph on the fossils of Java, however, I hope to undertake a more thorough study of the Philippine fossils, and to supplement this preliminary communication.” Martin lists the following from Luzon: 1. Minanga; right bank of the Catalangan. BUSaShvenpeekiel lantern ree ete teeta M;P. UritonideanventriosayNart so. 5. 05.24 soe M. Murexibrevispimnaieam crn aa ait facie MEGA) Be: ® Martin, K., Tertiarschichten auf Java, p. 44-51, Leiden, 1880. Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 17 IMUrexspininatiisnVViOGdi errr aerlke nce. M;L. Ranellajraninoidess lantern intense sie hee M. RostellariaayavanaMattenreteieta cree ats M. iINaticagmannillas lanier errrrretere eer a M;L. Garditardecipiens! Martens see eee eer 12) Wenusisquamosallvanmi sans. sha ase aes. 12 Ls. 2. Minanga; right bank of the Iaroen. MerepramenkinsieMiatteaeisecieeiacr ctor M. sierebrasbandongensisi Wants ieer ere M. Bustismvenbeckaip antes erie ecie eee sce MP. IMMER S ARCO ISS Os oboncoado apninodeobeeo M. IReviSle, Santi, Iii, souaghsoctgoukoneaude iL Rostellarian|avanam Viartwe neers aie M. Micanyancallosam| enka manner menor oct: M. Garditamdecipiensm lactic ae ee Pe: 3. Right bank of the Ilaroen, 4 miles above Minanga. Buastsivenbeekil Martane sc. cece eee. let MP. NMiirexabDreuispinamearnr ry rterr eerie M.(?);P;L. Ranellarraninoides Matt, 4.1055. 0 see ee cee. M. Rostellagiamyavam a lait rere ee ee M. INGA ane. Iai, Ces osc oceacoccacansue M;L. 4. Left bank of the Ilaroen, 114 miles above Goroen. Wirexadjarianensisp Manta ice aeceec a. M. Munrexibrevispinayleam ane amie nni ae Wi((R) Pace Nitinexamicro piiyllissleama\e purser ieree M;L. IMinineRs ROOT ON en Hl sacks tah iota octetatss ako « M. Ranellarspinosacamsn-q6 sabes see M;L. otamidessenkinsi Mantis see cies ere se 12% iNaticasmanmilllasbanin mci soe aeee sce. M;L. CarditaydecipienswMianty see nee ne i 5. Left bank of the Ilaroen, 4 miles above Goroen. ConusisinensisrSowaerema sae is oe be 220 Be Conus palabuanensis Mart. ................ If. IERES Wetdaeeiel Mane, oo po anoosenagoeucuees M;P. iRanellar cyrinaklibinneseesues sees Gos cc ek es le 18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES | Proc. 4TH Ser. 6. Foothills in front of Aringay. (Conmsworoisne Kent cece ea eee M;P;L. Pleurotoma gendinganensis Mart. .......... 12. INassaverbeeki Marts -2. ace onc ce nee cre [ex INEtieA tmamrlie Ibe, scoudoongsacuocodcadd M;L. 7. Hills close to Aringay. Rleurotomascaninataw meen eee coors IDL 8. Dicamui Brook. Wieatya icallosa Jenks ..90 eae tara een M. 9. Satput. Cypreasmithie Marts. soe eee M. Rostellaniayjavanae Mart tee. -er- hierar M. The appended initials indicate the occurrence of the species in the Tertiary of other parts of the Indian Archipelago, as well as among the fauna of the present day. Thus E denotes Eocene; M, Miocene; P, Pliocene; J, later Tertiary in general ; QO, Quaternary; L, living species. The fossils in Martin’s list come from nine different localities and the largest number of species from any one locality is ten. The strata in the vicinity of Minanga are, according to Martin, essentially the same horizon and he says: “Judging from all these facts, the strata at Minanga are to be classed with the Upper Miocene bed which exists in Java in the locality denoted by Junghuhn by O, and at Selatjan on the Tjilongan.” As was indicated above, many of the fossils from the Bondoc Penin- sula are common to this locality O in Java, and the equivalence of the Upper Vigo beds with these Javan beds is evident. Upon the basis of Martin’s work, the age of the Vigo beds is Upper Miocene. Martin lists the distinctive foraminifera, Cyloclypeus com- munis Martin, from his (and Junghuhn’s) localities K, L, O and P. Orbitoides gigantea Martin is from locality L, and O. radiata Martin is from locality K. These localities all represent about the same horizon in Java and it is important to note these Vor, XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 19 forms here as they are regarded as excellent horizon deter- miners. Dr. W. D. Smith®, on the strength of the occurrence of Cy- cloclypeus communis K. Martin, and Lepidocyclina richthofeni Smith, refers the Canguinsa sandstone to the Middle or Lower Miocene. His exact statement is as follows: tev seencas The limestone from Mount Morabi (fossil locality 62) contains Cycloclypeus communis IK. Martin, which repre- sents the middle Miocene, and large lepidocyclinas some of which are 45 millimeters in diameter and 5 millimeters broad in the thickened central portion. Lepidocyclina richthofent Smith was identified among these. This species has been re- ferred by Douvillé to the lower Miocene. “No definite age determinations can be made from the fossils in the Canguinsa sandstone proper. The fossils in the included limestone, however, are well known and have been used correlation by various authorities. From their presence it is concluded that the Canguinsa sandstone should be placed in the middle Miocene, extending, perhaps, into the lower Miocene.” Ina recent publication, “Notes on a Lepidocyclina-Limestone from Cebu,” by Prof. H. Yabe’, a full discussion of correlation of these equivalent beds in Cebu is given, and Smith’s and Douvillé’s® correlation tables are quoted. It is noteworthy that beds under discussion are classified by Douvillé as Aquitanian. All who have studied the large fora- minifera from the Philippine Islands agree that one of the char- acteristic genera is Lepidocyclina. Cushman? in a recent paper makes the following significant statement: “Because in general Orbitoides, with some modifications to be noted in a future paper, is Cretaceous, Orthophragmina Eocene, and Lepidocy- clina Oligocene, much importance is attached to these organ- isms in the investigation of problems of geologic correlation.” ® Pratt, W. E., and Smith, W. D., Phil. Jour. Sci., Vol. VIII, 1913, No. 5, Sec. A, _™ Yabe, ee Science Epon, Tohoku Imperial University, 2nd Series, (Geol.), Vol. V, No. 2, 1919, p. 40. 5 Douvillé, H., Les foraminiféres dans le Tertiaire des Philippines. Phil. Jour. Sci., Vol. VI, 1911, No. 2, Sec. D, pp. 53-80 9 Cushman, J. A., Orbitoid Foraminifera of the Genus Pony parame from Georgia and Florida. U. S. G. S. Prof. Paper 108, 1918, p. 115. 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES | Proc. 47H Ser. From another point of view the age of the beds in question might depend upon the age determination of the overlying Malumbang formation. Concerning the age of this formation, Smith’ states the case as follows: “The most conclusive evidence as to the age of the Malum- bang series is found in the Lower limestone, which, on the basis of the fossil Lithothamnium ramosissimum Reuss (fossil local- ity 25) may be assigned to the Miocene. The upper beds in the series are apparently as young as the Upper Miocene or the Pliocene. The formation is similar to the “étage marneux”’ which Verbeek assigns to the middle stage of the upper Tertiary for Java.” Concerning the range of this species, Prof. H. Yabe** notes the following: “This reef building organism is very often cited from the limestone of the Oligocene and Miocene ages of the Indo- Pacific region, its occurrence being known from Japan, the Philippines, Borneo, Timor, Amboina, New Guinea and ad- jacent islands, New Hebrides, Victoria, the Christmas Islands, etc. “In Japan, it is found not only in Lepidocyclina and Miogysina-limestones and similar and equivalent rocks of For- mosa, Botel-tobako, the Riukiu-Islands and Ogasawara-jima, but also in 1. the Lepidocyclina and Miogypsina-limestones of the provinces of Sagami and Kai; 2. the Lithothamnium-lime- stones of Ogami-yama and Megami-yami near Sagara, prov- ince of Tétdmi; 3. the Lithothamnium-limestone _ inter- calated in an oil-bearing Tertiary complex of Echigo; 4. the Lithothamnium-limestone of Shiroiwa, Mukatsuka-mura, Otsu- gori, pro. of Nagato.” It is evident from these references that this form has con- siderable range in the Miocene. From all the evidence Canguinsa and Upper Vigo beds may be assigned to some stage of the Miocene, and the evidence of Lepidocyclina indicates a still greater age, the Oligocene. 10 Op. cit., 327. 11 Yabe, H., Notes on a Carpenteria-Limestone from B. N. Borneo. Science Reports, Tohoku Imperial University, 2nd Series (Geol.), Vol. V, No. 1, 1918, p. (28) 14. Vor, XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 21 IMPORTANCE OF GUIDE FOssILs Good guide fossils are far more difficult to select in connec- tion with tropical Tertiary faunas of the Philippines than in the Californian Tertiary owing to the great predominance of recent mollusca. As will be seen from a study of the fauna cited above, most of the forms which are extinct were originally described from a correlative horizon in Java. Of these, the writer is inclined to think that Cerithium jenkinsi, C. herklotsi, C. bandongensis; Mitra javana, M. jenkinsi, M. junghuhnu, M. bucciniformis; Turris coronifer; Terebra bicincta, T. javana; Vicarya callosa; Vermetus javanus will probably prove reliable guides among the mollusca. These species are all representa- tives of highly organized genera and their extinction during the post-Miocene time was probably due to their inability to obtain life conditions suited to their highly specialized needs. Corals, echinoderms, and the more highly organized foram- inifera will probably prove to be even better horizon determin- ers, but their comparative infrequence in strata of the Philip- pines will at times preclude their use. The writer has not yet attempted to identify the corals and the echinoderms in the collections made, but their value will no doubt prove to be great. It seems that their rate of evolution may have been greatly retarded, but much study will be required in this con- nection. For stratigraphic work in the tropics large and com- plete collections are necessary to obtain results of any value, as the geologic and paleontologic history is read, even with the best data available, with much difficulty. Much comparative material, both recent and fossil, should be accumulated as sub- specific differences will be recognized only through comparative studies. These subspecific differences are exceedingly import- ant for minute separation and discrimination of strata deposited under tropical conditions. Factors PROMOTING EVOLUTION oF PELECYPODS AND GASTROPODS The changes in conditions of environment of marine pelecy- pods and gastropods—in salinity, temperature, depth of water, character of the bottom, food, oceanic currents—determine the 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. existence of individuals, and, in all probability, species also. Many marine forms are quite delicately adjusted to their en- vironment and even slight changes may cause their extinction in certain localities. Of these conditions, change in temperature is probably the most important. The annual temperature range of the waters in the tropics is far less than similar ranges in the temperate zones. Likewise variations in salinity are probably less, as this is a secondary factor dependent in large part upon temperature. The influence of oceanic currents is intimately connected with temperature and salinity. Depth of bottom and the character of the bottom may be altered by changes in the volume of sediments brought into the ocean from the neighbor- ing land and by epirogenic—continent building—movements which have caused a restriction or enlargement of a continental shelf. Epirogenic movements vitally affect food conditions of pelecypods and gastropods, for, if the continental shelf is greatly reduced by uplift, the feeding areas are thus reduced, and, if the competition among gastropods and pelecypods is too great, a species may rapidly become extinct. All of these changes are probably far less under tropical conditions than under temperate or arctic conditions. CoMPARISON OF LIFE ConpiITIONS DurING Vico MIOCENE Time WITH THE RECENT The close relationship between the Vigo Miocene fauna of the Philippines and the recent fauna of these same waters, indi- cates that change in living conditions since the beginning of Miocene time has been but slight. Apparently change in tem- perature has not had any notable influence. It can be shown from general geological evidence that an archipelagic condition existed during Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene times. Salin- ity during the last half of the Tertiary and Recent has probably altered but little and this only locally. Oceanic currents and changes in character of ocean bottom were probably different during Vigo-Miocene time than during Malumbang-Pleistocene or Recent time, as is evidenced by the absence of reef building corals from the Vigo and the argillaceous and sandy character of the sediments of this group. A study of Vigo sedimentation indicates that an extensive land area stretched from north to Vor, XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP ZS south near the outer border of the continental shelf of the Phil- ippines unbroken by straits like the San Bernardino of the present. Diorites, schists, serpentines and associated meta- morphic and igneous rocks composed this land mass and the mud-laden, westerly-flowing streams deposited their loads in the Philippine inland sea of Miocene age. Judging from the coarse agglomeratic character of the basal Vigo beds in Leyte, high grade, torrential streams descended to a semi-arid lowland from a high, mountainous terrane to the east. The absence of many reef building corals from the Vigo fauna is probably due to the presence of muddy waters and the lack of strong cur- rents, because the waters were quite warm enough for coralline growth, judging from the presence of many tropical species. From the character of both the sediments and fauna, the waters of the Vigo sea were not too deep for the existence of reef- building corals. During Malumbang time marine life condi- tions were very similar to those prevailing in the Philippines today, but the continental shelf was apparently far wider and the islands much smaller, since coralline limestone covered more extensive areas during the Pliocene than now. During the Pleistocene, the islands were outlined about as at present but many local changes took place during this time. Cebu for example was probably greatly restricted during the Pleistocene as well as during the Pliocene, and it was probably represented by several small islets then. Recent and Pleistocene faulting on a great scale seems to have largely controlled the physiography of this island. The northwestern peninsula of Leyte, 40 miles east, has not only a clear cut record in its terraced sides regis- tering a series of uplifts, but an equally clear record of Recent or Pleistocene submergence on its west side. This last event is evidenced by a series of beautiful small bays, drowned valleys of small westward flowing antecedent streams. Such local movements did not seem to affect the species very materially on the whole. It is quite possible that some forms had to seek other quarters, but with such a great variety of neighborhoods from which to choose, every clam could find its proper mud flat and each snail its own dugout. The possible tendency of a species to have within itself the power to evolve into a higher form, or a form still better suited to its environment, is not 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. apparently present in the case of the tropical pelecypods and gastropods, and the slow changes of fauna are apparently pro- duced by slight changes in temperature, depth, salinity, and food. In other words, the “wonderful stability of protoplasm” seems to be exhibited in these marine tropical invertebrates except when environmental changes impress alterations upon this vital life substance. CROWDING OF SPECIES AND THE RECENT FAUNA OF THE PHILIPPINES A seeming objection to the main thesis of this paper is found in connection with the great abundance of species in the marine waters surrounding the Philippine Islands. As was mentioned above, climatic zones were by no means as sharply differen- tiated during the early as during the later portion of the Ter- tiary. Practically all Recent tropical genera were initiated in the Eocene, and many of the species representing these genera had, during this period, an exceedingly wide geographic range, particularly as respects latitude. During this time tropical species flourished in high latitudes. To use a simple comparison, the tropical life “accordion” was extended to its greatest limit. The exact nature of the change which caused a separation of remarkable distinctness between the Oligocene faunas of the Pacific Coast of North America from the Eocene is not fully understood. It seems probable however that the time repre- sented by unconformity between Oligocene and Eocene was long. The distribution of land masses on the earth was pro- foundly affected, and it seems quite probable that the climate during this ep-Oligocene time was decidedly cooler than in the Eocene or the Oligocene which followed. It seems quite prob- able that the life “accordion” was compressed and many species which ranged far to the north in Eocene time were compelled to seek the more genial climes of the tropic seas. When the faunas during the Oligocene again had a chance to expand into higher latitudes, they encountered new conditions of environ- ment and were nearly all specifically changed. The Oligocene faunas of Oregon, Washington, and California are distinctly set off from the Miocene and similar changes may have taken place during ep-Miocene time. Again many of the species suc- Vor. XI) DICKERSON—FAUNA OF THE VIGO GROUP 25 ceeded in making a strategic retreat. Even more pronounced were the ‘“‘accordion’’-like changes during the Pliocene, and during the Pleistocene “jig-time’’ was in vogue. As was pointed out above, archipelagic conditions prevailed in the Philippines during the Tertiary, although the record for the Miocene is missing or extremely meager. An archipelago located in the tropics offers a great variety of habitat, and a new species entering such a region could on this account find suitable conditions for existence. From Miocene to Recent in the tropics molluscan faunas have changed but little, and but slight specific alterations have occurred as well. Since a tropical or sub-tropical climate pre- vailed over California, Oregon, and Washington during upper Eocene time, the great geographic and stratigraphic ranges of certain species of Tejon (Upper Eocene) age is due to nearly uniform conditions and other factors mentioned. The great stratigraphic range of many Tejon Eocene species is probably due to uniformity in climate during long periods of time and slight faunal changes have greater significance in the Upper Eocene than corresponding changes in the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene time and these variations probably required a much longer time for their production as well. Uniformity in oceanic temperature enabled many species to range far to the north, and, in fact, far west of California to the Eocene of Japan where Perissolax blakei, Pholadomya nasuta or their near relatives occur’. The Eocene time then must not be measured by the same faunal “yardstick” as Pliocene and Miocene time, but a much finer scale is required. It is the writer’s opinion, based upon such considerations, that Eocene time is far longer than any of the other divisions of the Tertiary. SUMMARY The tentative conclusion of the writer is that in the study of Tertiary faunas of the tropics, a different percentage scale must be used. For the later Tertiary, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene the percentages which apply in the temperate re- 12 Yokoyama, M., Some Tertiary Fossils from the Miike Coal-field. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Vol. XXVII, 1911, Art. 20. 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. gions to the Pliocene are roughly adaptable to the Miocene, and similarly the percentages which apply in the temperate regions to the Pleistocene are apparently those of the Pliocene of the tropics. The reasons for this apparent lack of faunal differen- tiation during the Tertiary in the tropics are those due to uni- formity of temperature, salinity, food, and other life essentials. From another viewpoint the rate of evolution of Gastropoda and Pelecypoda in the tropics during the Tertiary was far less than during this same time in the more rigorous environs of the temperate zones. The tropical or sub-tropical faunas of the Eocene of the Pacific Coast of North America exhibit but slight differences compared to the faunas of Miocene and Plio- cene age of this same region, and the writer ascribes this to uniformity of life conditions which prevailed during Eocene time. The amount of faunal change must not be used as a measure of time in the whole of the Tertiary, but differently marked scales are necessary for measurement in tropical and sub-tropical faunas of the Eocene and Oligocene than for the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. It is particularly note- worthy that the Japanese paleontologists are now searching for comparisons with the Pacific Coast of North America and Australia rather than with Europe. In other words, many problems of the tropical Orient will be solved only when condi- tions on both sides of the Pacific become better known. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vou. XI, No. 2, pp. 27-38 Juty 8, 1921 II A LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF NEVADA, WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH Curator of the Department of Herpetology AND JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology No list of the reptiles and amphibians of Nevada as a whole has yet been published. In order that one may be available we have undertaken the preparation of that which follows. This list is based upon the published records as well as upon the collections of the California Academy of Sciences. It has been drawn upon the same lines as our previous lists of the amphi- bians and reptiles of Arizona (1913) and of Utah (1915). It is thought to include all species now definitely known to live in Nevada. Those which the Academy has not yet received from within the borders of that state are indicated by a star preceding the number in the list. Following this list are given notes on the species represented in the Academy’s collections. Our specimens from Nevada were nearly all secured by M1 Slevin in 1913 and 1916. July 8, 1921 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF * * REMI ES IION (SAS Ges ES) IS) = ~ — S t — et ee > Who 2) al7h *18. NN = IS) Xe ie) bo E23: i) — saa 20: ~) N *28: DR WW W LO WNe Ow) 34. 56)9)- *36. NEVADA Scaphiopus hammondii Bufo compactilis Bufo boreas boreas Bufo boreas halophilus Bufo woodhousii Hyla regilla Rana pipiens Rana pretiosa Rana onca Coleonyx variegatus . Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis . Sauromalus ater . Crotaphytus collaris baileyi . Crotaphytus wislizenii 15. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis Callisaurus ventralis myurus Uta ornata ? Uta graciosa Uta stansburiana stansburiana Sceloporus graciosus graciosus . Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus . Sceloporus magister Phrynosoma douglassii Phrynosoma platyrhinos Heloderma suspectum Xantusia vigilis . Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus Plestiodon skiltonianus Charina bottz bottze Coluber constrictor mormon . Coluber flagellum piceus . Coluber tzeniatus 3. Salvadora hexalepis Pituophis catenifer deserticola Lampropeltis getulus boylii Hypsigle aa ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus *Species which the Academy has not yet received from Nevada. Vor. XI} VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 29 *37. Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis 38. Thamnophis ordinoides elegans 39. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans 40. Thamnophis ordinoides couchii 41. Sonora semiannulata 42. Crotalus oreganus *43. Crotalus tigris *44. Crotalus cerastes *45. Gopherus agassizii 1. Scaphiopus hammondii Baird Nos. 40911 to 40924 are fourteen specimens of this spadefoot toad taken at dusk in pools of water in the beach of Pyramid Lake, July 3 to 9, 1916. None was seen after these dates. 2. Bufo compactilis Wiegmann Although this toad has been found in Arizona and Utah, we believe its presence in Nevada has not been recorded. Speci- mens (Nos. 36959, 36960, 36968) are at hand from Las Vegas, Clark County, and (Nos. 37330-37507), from Caliente, Lincoln County. 3. Bufo boreas boreas (Baird & Girard) We refer to this subspecies two specimens (Nos. 40946, 40947) from Elko, Elko County, and a fairly large series (Nos. 40878 to 40910) from Pyramid Lake, Washoe County. The toads from Pyramid Lake were found at Sutcliffe, at the Pyramids, and on Anaho Island. 4. Bufo boreas halophilus (Baird & Girard) Three toads (Nos. 38013 to 38015) collected near Glen- brook, Douglas County, on the shore of Lake Tahoe, seem to represent this southern subspecies. “Species which the Academy has not yet received from Nevada. 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. 6. Hyla regilla Baird & Girard One hundred and three Hylas (Nos. 36856 to 36958) were secured at Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada, May 1 and Au- gust 10 to 13, 1913. They were found in grass along the edges of a stream. The webs between the toes are small in these specimens. While this seems to be the only tree-toad as yet collected in Nevada, there can be little doubt that Hyla arenicolor occurs along the Colorado River. 7. Rana pipiens Schreber From Nevada, we have a series of one hundred and fifty- seven specimens of this frog. Twelve (Nos. 37318 to 37329) were collected at Caliente, Lincoln County, Nevada, August 14-21, 1913. Others (Nos. 37859 to 37990) were secured at Elko, Elko County, Nevada, July 14 to 16, 1913, and (Nos. 40948 to 40959) July 19, 1916. ‘One frog (No. 40935) was taken at Carlin, Elko County, July 17, 1916. 9. Rana onca Cope Rana onca was described by Cope from a single female speci- men collected by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, in 1872, and labeled merely Utah. There seems to be no doubt that this is the same species which Dr. Stejneger later described as Rana fisheri, basing his description on specimens collected in Vegas Valley, Nevada. Our collections include ninety-nine specimens (Nos. 36757 to 36855) from Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada, col- lected May 1 and August 10 to 13, 1913. These frogs were all caught in a small stream from a flowing well about a mile northwest of the town of Las Vegas. Rana pipiens was not found in this vicinity although it was taken at Caliente less than one hundred and fifty miles away. We have not found Rana onca elsewhere. 12. Sauromalus ater Duméril Three specimens (Nos. 37509 to 37511) were secured at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3 to 9, 1913. They were found on rocks ina railroad cut. No. 37511 has 16-16 femoral pores. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 31 13. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger) Our Nevada collections include forty-three specimens of this lizard. Eight (Nos. 37044 and 37055 to 37061) were col- lected at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4 to 8, and August 21, 1913. Thirty-four (Nos. 37693 to 37726) were secured at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23 to 27, 1913. No. 37514 was shot at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3 to 9, 1913. The cen- tral head scales are in two series in all these specimens. Femoral pores in forty-two specimens vary from 14 to 20; being 14 once, 15 twice, 16 seventeen times, 17 thirty-three times, 18 nineteen times, 19 eight times, and 20 four times. 14. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard Eighty-one of these lizards were collected in Nevada in 1913 and 1916. Of these, forty (Nos. 37014 to 37043 and 37045 to 37054) were secured at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4 to 8, and August 4 to 21; five (Nos. 37688 to 37692) were taken at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27; two (Nos. 37512 and 37513) were shot at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3-9; one (No. 37801) was secured at Goldfield, Esmeralda County, July 29; one (No. 37996) was caught in Smoky Valley, Nye County, July 22; and two (Nos. 38016, 38017) were collected near Reno, Washoe County, Sept. 11; twenty-nine (Nos. 40507 to 40535) were taken near Sutcliffe, Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, June 30 to July 13, 1916; and one (No. 40933) was shot at Carlin, Elko County, July 16, 1916. Femoral pores in forty-nine specimens vary from 14 to 23; being 14 once, 15 nine times, 16 twelve times, 17 eighteen times, 18 eighteen times, 19 thirteen times, 20 ten times, 21 ten times, 22 twice, and 23 five times. 15. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) Twenty-nine (Nos. 37062 to 37069 and 37070 to 37090) were shot at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4 to 8, and August 14 to 21, 1913. Thirty (Nos. 37518 to 37547) were taken at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3 to 9, 1913. Femoral pores in fifty-seven of these specimens vary from 11 to 18; being 11 once, 12 four times, 13 eight times, 14 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. twenty-nine times, 15 twenty-seven times, 16 thirty times, 17 twelve times, and 18 three times; average 15.01. These counts are intermediate between those of Arizona (average 15.8, 16.5, 17.6) and Pyramid Lake specimens (average 13.76). 16. Callisaurus ventralis myurus Richardson One hundred and ninety-two (Nos. 40596 to 40786 and No. 40877) were secured in the vicinity of Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, July 1 to 13, 1916. Twelve of these (Nos. 40689 to 40700) were shot at the Indian Agency whence came the type of Richardson’s Callisaurus ventralis myurus. The others were obtained near Sutcliffe, Pyramid Lake. Femoral pores in fifty of these specimens vary from 11 to 17; being 11 three times, 12 eleven times, 13 twenty-eight times, 14 thirty times, 15 twenty-two times, 16 five times, and 17 once; average 13.76. The number of femoral pores on 206 thighs of specimens from Pyramid Lake is shown by the dotted line in the follow- ing chart (Figure 1), while 248 counts from Arizona speci- mens of C. ventralis ventralis are represented by the continuous Fig. 1—FEMORAL PORES IN CALLISAURUS 248 counts Arizona.————— 206 counts Pyramid Lake............... Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 33 line. However, the average number of pores varies in speci- mens from various parts of Arizona, as is shown in the follow- ing table: Specimens Femoral Pores Ratio Body and Tail Length Locality Examined Extremes | Average Extremes Average Pyramid Lake........ 45 Richardson 12—17 14.2 0.727—0.864 0.807 Pyramid Lake........ 50C.A.S 11—17 LSet 0.713—0.961 0.815 Arizona (all parts)....| 50 C. A. S. 14—22 17.53 0.705—0.916 0.805 Catalina Mts., Arizona] 50 C. A. S. 14—21 17.54 0.754—0.985 0.855 Cave Creek, Arizona. .| 50 C. A. S. 15—23 14.27 0.744—0.905 0.828 Yuma, Arizona....... 50 C. A. S. 11—21 15.89 0.620—0.870 0.728 Yuma and California. . Richardson 12—20 15.9 0.678—0.826 0.728 19. Uta stansburiana stansburiana (Baird & Girard) Two hundred and ninety Nevada specimens are at hand. One hundred and one (Nos. 37548 to 37648) are from Rhyo- lite. Nye County, August 3-9, 1913. Sixty (Nos. 37727 to 37786) were collected at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27, 1913. Eleven (Nos. 37787 to 37797) were shot at Round Mountain, Nye County, July 21, 1913. Three (Nos. 37805 to 37807) were taken at Goldfield, Esmeralda County, July 29-31, 1913. Fifteen (Nos. 36741 to 36755) were secured at Las Vegas, Clark County, May 1-2, and August 10-13, 1913. Ninety-seven (Nos. 37100 to 37196) were collected at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4-8 and August 14-21, 1913. In 1916, two (Nos. 40796 and 40797) were secured at Sutcliffe, Washoe County, July 1 and 8, 1916, and one (No. 40798) on Anaho Isiand, Pyramid Lake, July 6, 1916. Femoral pores in two hundred and forty-five specimens vary from 11 to 17; being 11 once, 12 forty-one times, 13 one hun- dred and thirty-five times, 14 one hundred and eighty-five times, 15 ninety-eight times, 16 twenty-six times, and 17 four times ; an average of 13.86 pores per thigh. 20. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus (Baird & Girard) Only sixteen lizards of this species were collected. Two (Nos. 37993, 37994) were secured at Wells, Elko County, July 9, 1913. One (No. 37841) was shot at Elko, Elko County, July 16, 1913. Ten (Nos. 37819 to 37828) were col- lected at Austin, Lander County, July 17-19, 1913. Two (Nos. 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES f Proc. 4TH Ser. 37799, 37800) were taken at Round Mountain, Nye County, July 21, 1913. One (No. 40934) was collected at Carlin, Elko County, July 16, 1916. Femoral pores in thirteen specimens vary from 11 to 16; being 11 once, 12 three times, 13 four times, 14 eight times, 15 six times, and 16 four times. 21. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus (Hallowell) We have one hundred and ninety-two Nevadan specimens from the following localities: Nos. 37197 to 37301 from Cali- ente, Lincoln County, May 4-8 and August 15-21, 1913; Nos. 37685 to 37687 from Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27, 1913; No. 37798 from Round Mountain, Nye County, July 21, 1913; No. 37992 from Snell Canyon, Ruby Mountains, Elko County, July 12, 1913; Nos. 37809 to 37818 from Austin, Lander County, July 17-19, 1913; No. 37804 from Goldfield, Esme- ralda County, July 29, 1913; Nos. 38024 to 38030 from Reno, Washoe County, Sept. 11, 1913; Nos. 38003 to 38012 from Glenbrook, Douglas County, August 25-31, 1913; Nos. 40822 to 40875 from vicinity of Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, July 1-13, 1916. Femoral pores in one hundred and thirty-two specimens vary from 13 to 19; being 13 twice, 14 five times, 15 forty-six times, 16 seventy-one times, 17 seventy-nine times, 18 forty-eight times, and 19 thirteen times. 22. Sceloporus magister Hallowell Forty-three Nevadan specimens are at hand. Sixteen of these (Nos. 37302 to 37317) were collected at Caliente, Lin- coln County, May 4-8 and August 15-21, 1913. Three (Nos. 37515 to 37517) were secured at Rhyolite, Nye County, Au- gust 3-9, 1913. These were all found on rocks on the hillsides. In the vicinity of Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, they were usually found on the ground under thorn bushes. Here, Nos. 40799 to 40812 and 40876 were secured at Sutcliffe, July.1 to 13, 1916; Nos. 40819 to 40821 were shot near the Indian Agency, July 5, 1916; Nos. 40813 to 40817 were taken from boulders on Anaho Island in Pyramid Lake, July 6, 1916; and No. 40818 was collected on one of the Pyramids near the north Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 35 end of the lake July 8, 1916. Those taken under the thorn bushes were bright green and very wild. 24. Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard Twenty-two horned toads of this species were secured in Nevada in 1913 and nine in 1916. Nine (Nos. 37091 to 37099) are from Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4-8, and Au- gust 15-21. No. 36756 was caught at Las Vegas, Clark County, August 10-13. Three (Nos. 37673 to 37675) were collected at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3-9. Two (Nos. 37676 and 37677) were found at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27. No. 37803 was picked up near Goldfield, Esmeralda County, July 29. Six were secured near Reno, Washoe County, September 11. Nine (Nos. 40787 to 40795) were taken in the vicinity of Sutcliffe, Washoe County, June 30 to July 12, 1916. The femoral pores in thirteen of these specimens vary from 7 to 11, being 7 five times, 8 six times, 9 seven times, 10 six times, and 11 twice. 27. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (Say) Our Nevada collections include one hundred and fifty-nine lizards of this kind. Of these, thirty-seven (Nos. 36977 to 37013) were secured at Caliente, Lincoln County, May 4-8 and August 15-21, 1913. Twenty-three (Nos. 36718 to 36740) were collected at Las Vegas, Clark County, May 1-2, and August 10-13, 1913. Twenty-four (Nos. 37649 to 37672) were shot at Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3-9, 1913. Seven (Nos. 37678 to 37684) were collected at Tonopah, Nye County, July 23-27, 1913. One (No. 37802) was shot at Goldfield, Esmeralda County, July 29, 1913. Seven (Nos. 40926 to 40932) were taken at Carlin, Elko County, July 16, 17, 1916. Forty-four (Nos. 40536 to 40576 and 40593 to 40595) are from Sutcliffe, the Indian Agency and Pyramid, all near Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, June 30 to July 13, 1916. Sixteen (Nos. 40577 to 40592) were shot on Anaho Island in Pyramid Lake, July 6, 1916. The femoral pores in eighty-eight specimens from Nevada vary from 15 to 26, being 15 once, 16 once, 17 twice, 18 ten 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. times, 19 thirty-five times, 20 forty-nine times, 21 thirty-nine times, 22 twenty times, 23 ten times, 24 four times, 25 four times, and 26 once. 29. Charina bottez botte (Blainville) No. 37998 is a female boa of this species which was found at Glenbrook, Douglas County, Nevada, August 25, 1913. The scales are in 47 rows, gastrosteges 207, urosteges 33, supralabials 9-10, infralabials 13-12, loreal 1-1. 30. Coluber constrictor mormon (Baird & Girard) The only racer of this kind secured in Nevada is a male, No. 37991. It was caught in Snell Canyon, Ruby Mts., Elko County, July 12, and has scales in 17 rows, gastrosteges 172, urosteges 93, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 8-8, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+2-+-2-2+2+42. The fact that more than half the specimens of the yellow- bellied racer taken west of the Rocky Mountains have eight labials, while those secured farther east usually have seven, causes us to continue to regard them as distinct subspecies. The oldest name applied to the western subspecies appears to be Coluber mormon Baird & Girard, 1852, based upon a young specimen from the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, Utah. 31. Coluber flagellum piceus (Cope) One female racer shot at Las Vegas, Clark County, May 1, 1913, is No..36717. The scales are in 17 rows, gastrosteges 195, urosteges 111, supralabials 8-9, infralabials 10-9, preocu- lars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+-2-2+3. 32. Coluber teniatus teniatus (Hallowell) No. 36976 was secured at Caliente, Lincoln County, Nevada, May 4-8, 1913. It is a female with scales in 15 rows, gastros- teges 211, urosteges 134, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 10-10, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 24+2+2- 2+2+2. No. 40505 was found July 4, 1916, on the ground under thick brush in a little cafon near Sutcliffe, Pyramid Lake, Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 37 Washoe County. It is a male with scales in 15 rows, gastro- steges 214, urosteges 130c, anal divided, supralabials 8-8, infra- labials 10-10, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, tempo- rals 2+2+2-2+2-+-2. 33. Salvadora hexalepis (Cope) Our only Nevadan specimen of this snake (No. 40506) was taken near Sutcliffe, Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, July 7, 1916. It is a female with scale counts as follows: 17 scale- rows, gastrosteges 191, urosteges 80c, anal divided, supra- labials 9-9, infralabials 11-11, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1, temporals 2+-3-2+3. This snake was found on the ground under a sage bush at about five o’clock in the afternoon. 34. Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger Only two gopher snakes are in our Nevada collection. No. 37808 is a male caught at Austin, Lander County, Nevada, July 17-19, 1913. Its scales are in 29 rows, gastrosteges 226, urosteges 66, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 13-13, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 4+4-3+-4. No. 40504, a male, was secured near Sutcliffe, Washoe County, July 13, 1916. Its scales are in 31 rows, gastrosteges 242, urosteges 66c, anal single, supralabial 8-8, infralabials 14-12, preoculars 1-1, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1, temporals 3-3. This snake was found on a shelf in a kitchen closet. 38. Thamnophis ordinoides elegans (Baird & Girard) In Nevada, we found these snakes only at Glenbrook, Doug- las County, Nevada, where they were caught along a small creek near Lake Tahoe, August 25-31, 1913. Three specimens were collected here with only one T. 0. couchii (No. 37999). These specimens are of the 7. 0. elegans type of coloration without dorsal spots and without dark markings on the gastro- steges. 39. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans (Baird & Girard) Our collection includes twenty-three specimens from Nevada. No. 37995 was taken in Smoky Valley, in the northwestern part 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. of Nye County, July 20, 1913. The other twenty-two were collected at Elko, Elko County, July 14-16, 1913, and July 19, 1916. These snakes all show the typical coloration in which the lateral lines are absent, the dorsal line indistinct, and the dark markings on the gastrosteges less evident than in typical specimens. The Elko specimens had been eating larvae of Rana pipiens. 40. Thamnophis ordinoides couchii (Kennicott) A single specimen (No. 37999) from Glenbrook, Lake Tahoe, was referred to this subspecies. The lateral lines are absent, the dorsal line indistinct, and the dark markings on the gastrosteges less evident than in T. 0. vagrans. This specimen is a female. 41. Sonora semiannulata Baird & Girard One specimen (No. 37508) was found just before dark, crawling over the surface of the desert near Rhyolite, Nye County, August 3-9, 1913. Its scales are in 15 rows, gastro- steges 171, urosteges 48, supralabials 7-7, infralabials 6-6, preocular 1-1, postoculars 2-2, loreal 1-1, temporals 14+-2—1+-2. There are 27 black bars on the body and nine black rings on the tail. The entire dorsal region between the black bars is pinkish orange, increasing in intensity toward the tail, on which it is bright orange. The lateral regions are yellowish white, but many of the lateral scales show central or basal black spots. This specimen agrees in coloration with No. 17550 from Cave Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona, except in the number of its dark cross-bars. 42. Crotalus oreganus Holbrook One male rattlesnake (No. 37997) was sent to us by Mr. R. L. Kennedy, who caught it near Lamoille, Elko County, June 10, 1913. It is typical in coloration. The scales are in 23 rows, gastrosteges 180, urosteges 20, supralabials 15-14, infra- labials 15-16, preoculars 2-2, postoculars 3-3, loreal 1-1. A second specimen was secured on Anaho Island, Pyramid Lake, Washoe County, Nevada, where the species is said to be common. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vot; XI, No. 3. pp. 39-47 Juty 8, 1921 III LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF IDAHO, WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH Curator of the Department of Herpetology AND JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology We do not know of any published list of the amphibians and reptiles of Idaho. The little that is known regarding the occur- rence and distribution of various species of these classes within this state is scattered rather widely through a number of pub- lications and is not readily available to the student. In record- ing the Idaho material which is now in the museum of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, we, therefore, present also a list similar to those already published for the states of Arizona, Utah and Nevada. This list is thought to include all species now definitely known to live in Idaho. Those which are not yet represented in the Academy’s collections by specimens col- lected in Idaho are indicated by a star preceding the number in the list. Following this list are given notes on the species in the Academy’s collections. Most of our Idaho specimens were secured by Mr. Richard P. Erwin and Mr. Joseph R. Slevin. July 8, 1921 > i=) CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. Ambystoma macrodactylum Ambystoma tigrinum Scaphiopus hammondii Bufo boreas boreas Pseudacris triseriata. Hyla regilla Rana catesbeiana Rana pipiens Rana pretiosa . Crotaphytus collaris baileyi . Crotaphytus wislizenii *12. Uta stansburiana stansburiana . Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Phrynosoma douglassii Phrynosoma platyrhinos Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus . Plestiodon skiltonianus *19. Charina bottae utahensis Coluber constrictor mormon . Coluber taeniatus taeniatus . Pituophis catenifer stejnegeri ? *23. Rhinocheilus lecontei *24. Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis 25. Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus 26. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans *27. Crotalus confluentus *28. Crotalus oreganus * a a a * GOREN ORE EOS OO NOUOOR STON Cn CSN) NM dS bo 1. Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird Cope’s A. epixanthum was described from snecimens col- lected near the head of South Boise River, on the south side of the Sawtooth Mountain range, Idaho. Sixty-four salamanders from Boise County seem to us to be indistinguishable from numerous specimens of A. macrodactylum collected in Wash- ington, Oregon and California. Cope, himself, recorded sal- amanders from Montana under the latter name. Of our speci- mens, twenty-one were secured at Payette Lake, Boise County, *Species which the Academy has not yet received from Idaho. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 41 (Nos. 41580 and 41581) on September 5, 1916, and (Nos. 43539 to 43557) between August 11 and 21, 1917. Forty- three (Nos. 45821-45863) were found at McCall, Boise County, August 6 to 14, 1918. 2. Ambystoma tigrinum (Green) Cope (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 83) has recorded this salamander from Market Lake, Jefferson County. The species is represented in our collections by six larve col- lected by Mr. Brighton C. Cain in Bear Lake County. No. 47745 is from Bear Lake. The other five (Nos. 47746-47750) were caught in Deep Lakes, Bloomington Canyon. 3. Scaphiopus hammondii Baird Fourteen specimens from Boise, Ada County, are at hand. Of these, six (Nos. 43533-43538) were collected July 9, 1917, one (No. 45739) May 6, 1918, and seven (Nos. 45740-45746) July 19, 1917. 4. Bufo boreas boreas (Baird & Girard) Thirty-two toads from Idaho are in our collections. Fifteen of these (Nos.41521-41535, and 45747-45756) are from Boise, Ada County. Five (Nos. 41571-41575) were collected at Pay- ette Lake, Boise County, September 3-11, 1916, and one (No. 45820) at McCall, Boise County, August 8, 1918. One (No. 47744) was caught at Deep Lakes, Bloomington Canyon, Bear Lake County, July 29, 1920. 6. Hyla regilla Baird & Girard Two tree-toads (Nos. 41540-41541) were taken at Payette Lake, Boise County, Sept. 2-4, 1916. Two hundred and sey- enteen (Nos. 41536-41539, 43532, 45527-45738) were col- lected at Boise, Ada County, in August, 1916, July 9, 1917, and May 6 to August 26, 1918. 7. Rana catesbeiana Shaw Mr. Slevin was told that this frog had been introduced into Idaho some years before his visit and was spreading rapidly. 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4rH Sen. Eighty-three specimens were collected near Boise, Ada County, (Nos. 41453-41510) on August 23 and 24, 1916, and (Nos. 45451 to 45475) between May 23 and Septemiber 2, 1918. 8. Rana pipiens Schreber One hundred and seventy-four specimens of this frog are included in our Idaho collections. Forty-six of these (Nos. 41307-41352) were taken at Fort Hall, Bingham County, Au- gust 12 to 16, 1916. One (No. 47742) was caught by Mr. Brighton C. Cain at Bear Lake, Bear Lake County, July 22, 1920, and another (No. 47743) at Deep Lakes, Bloomington Canyon, Bear Lake County, July 29, 1920. All the other spec- imens were collected near Boise, Ada County, (Nos. 41388- 41452 and 41511-41520) in August and September, 1916, and (Nos. 45476-45526) from July 18 to September 2, 1918. 9, Rana pretiosa Baird & Girard One hundred and twenty-five frogs of this species were secured in Idaho, as follows: Twenty-eight (Nos. 41542-41570) at Payette Lake, Boise County, September 5 to 9, 1916. Fifty-six (Nos. 41584-41639) at Guyer Hot Springs, Blaine County, September 18 and 19, 1916. Forty-one (Nos. 45779-45819) at McCall, Boise County, August 6 to 11, 1918. 11. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard Two (Nos. 41275-41276) were taken at Fort Hall, Bingham County, August 11, 1916. Seventeen were collected near Boise, Ada County, as follows: three (Nos. 45421-45423) from May 22 to August 16, 1914; six (Nos. 41366-41371) from August 25 to 29, 1916; three (Nos. 45418-45420) Au- gust 21 to 26, 1916; four (Nos. 45424-45427) June 24, 1917; and one (No. 45417) July 15, 1918. The femoral pores in nineteen specimens vary from sixteen to twenty; being 16 once, 17 six times, 18 eleven times, 19 thirteen times, and 20 seven times. The average of the thirty- eight thighs is 18.5. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 43 - 13. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus (Baird & Girard) The collections contain fifty-four specimens from Idaho. Of these, two (Nos. 20947, 20948) were collected at Pocatello, Bannock County; one (No. 20949) is from Idaho Falls, Bonne- ville County; thirty-eight (Nos. 41110-41119 and 41277- 41304) were secured at Fort Hall, Bingham County, August 11-16, 1916; and thirteen (Nos. 41385, 45435-45446) were found at Boise, Ada County, in August and September. The femoral pores in fifty-four specimens vary from eleven to seventeen; being 11 twice, 12 nine times, 13 twenty-five times, 14 thirty-two times, 15 twenty-two times, 16 sixteen times, and 17 twice. The average of the one hundred and eight thighs is 14.1. 14. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus (Hallowell) All our Idaho specimens were secured near Boise, Ada County. Here two (Nos. 45449, 45450) were taken September 9, 1914, thirteen (Nos. 41372-41384) August 25-28, 1916, and two (Nos. 45447, 45448) August 16, 1918. The femoral pores in seventeen specimens vary from thirteen to seventeen ; being 13 six times, 14 six times, 15 fourteen times, 16 four times, and 17 four times. The average of the thirty- four thighs is 14.8. 15. Phrynosoma douglassii (Bell) Our three Idaho specimens of this horned-toad were taken one (No. 41305) at Fort Hall, Bingham County, August 11, 1916, and two (Nos. 45433, 45434) at Boise, Ada County, in July and August, 1916. 16. Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard One specimen (No. 20932) from Bliss, Gooding County, is in the collection. Its femoral pores are 11-11. 17. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (Say) Only six Idaho specimens are at hand. These are one (No. 20944) from Upper Salmon Falls, Twin Falls County, and five from Boise, Ada County, where they were taken (No. 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc, 47H SER. 41386) on August 26, 1916, and (Nos. 45429-45432) between May 30 and September 30, 1918. The femoral pores in six specimens vary from eighteen to twenty-two; being 18 four times, 19 three times, 20 twice, 21 once, and 22 twice. The average of the twelve thighs is 19.5. 18. Plestiodon skiltonianus Baird & Girard The two specimens of this skink probably furnish the first record of this species in Idaho. They were taken (No. 41306) at Fort Hall, Bingham County, August 12, 1916, and (No. 41387) at Boise, Ada County, August 29, 1916. 19. Charina botte utahensis Van Denburgh Two specimens from Blue Lake and Hood’s Valley, Kootenai County, in the collection of Stanford University have been recorded in these Proceedings (Series 4, Vol. X, No. 3, 1920, P02) 20. Coluber constrictor mormon (Baird & Girard) The collections include nineteen of these racers from Boise, Ada County. Nine specimens (Nos. 41353-41361) were col- lected August 26 and 27, 1916; one (No. 45410) May 30, and one (No. 43530) June 21, 1917. Eight specimens (Nos. 45402-45409) were taken June 3 to Sept. 2, 1918. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Number | Sex} Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal | Temporals 41353 i) 17 177 86c 8—8 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41354 2 17 179 68+ 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+1 41355 9 17 177 85c 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—1+2 41356 a 17 175 95c 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41357 a 17 178 8ic 7—8 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+2 41358 2 17 179 88+ 7—7 9—9 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41359 9 17 179 87c 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41360 fo 17 174 86+ 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 41361 a 17 176 86c 8—8 7—7 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+-2—2+2 43530 2 17 181 90c 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45402 fol 17 173 93c 7—i7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1i—1 |2+2—2-+2 45403 2 17 181 72+ $ 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |1+2—2+2 45404 fo 17 193 97c ~~ i—8 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45405 o 17 172 92c + 7—8 8—8 2—2 2—3 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45406 fou 17 170 97c + 8—7 8—9 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 45407 g 17 180 88c + 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 45408 fol 17 176 84c mo 7—8 8—9 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45409 2 17 179 87c + 7—7 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 45410 fou 17 168 98c — 7—8 8—8 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 45 21. Coluber teniatus teniatus (Hallowell) Two specimens from Boise, Ada County, August 29, 1916, have scale counts as follows: Pre- Post- oculars | oculars Infra- labials Supra- labials Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Number | Sex| Rows | steges | steges Anal Loreal | Temporals 1—1 |2-+2—2+2 1—1 |2+4+2—2+2 22. Pituophis catenifer stejnegeri Van Denburgh? Two gopher-snakes (Nos. 45129, 45130) taken at Boise, Ada County, June 25 and 29, 1918, have already been recorded. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. X, 1920, p. 23). 23. Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird & Girard So far as we know this snake has never been recorded as occurring in Idaho. We have secured no specimens there. The species is added to the list because of a specimen in the Julius Hurter collection, now in the National Museum. This specimen was sent to us, for examination, by Mr. Hurter, who stated that it had been caught in Elmore County, Idaho, Octo- ber 15, 1910. It is a female with scales in 25 rows; gastro- steges 201; urosteges 43, the second to the twenty-fourth not divided; anal single; supralabials 8-8, the seventh largest, the fourth and fifth reaching eye; infralabials 8-8, the fifth largest ; preoculars 1-1; postoculars 2-2; loreal 1-1; temporals 1+3-++-4— 2+3-+4; anterior and posterior genials nearly equal; red blotches 29 on body and seven on tail. This species is as yet unknown from Nevada, Oregon, and Utah. 25. Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus (Hallowell) Our collections include ten specimens of this garter-snake. These are one (No. 45428) taken at Boise, Ada County, July 17, 1918, and nine (Nos. 45770-45778) from McCall, Boise County, August 6-11, 1918. They have the following scale- counts : No. 45428 45770 45771 45772 45773 45774 45775 45776 45777 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. Scale Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- Sex Rows steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals Q |19—19—17 8—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 2 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 {1+2—1+2 fou 7—7 9—9 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 2 I—7 9—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 a 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 ou 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 2 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 ou 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2—1+2 2 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 2 7—7 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45778 26. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans (Baird & Girard) This garter-snake is common in Idaho, whence we have re- ceived fifty-two specimens. Many of these have been recorded in our paper on the garter-snakes of western North America (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. VIII, No. 6, 1918, pp. 241-244). Since the publication of that paper, thirty-nine specimens have been received as follows: Six (Nos. 45411-45416) col- lected at Boise, Ada County, June 6 to September 16, 1918; eight (Nos. 45757-45764) from McCall, Boise County, Au- gust 10-11, 1918; three (Nos. 45765-45767) from Little Pay- ette Lake, August 11, 1918; two (Nos. 45768, 45769) from North Fork of Lake Fork Creek, Boise County, August 7, 1914; ten (Nos. 45864-45873) from Warm Springs Creek three miles west of Ketchum, Blaine County, August 29-30, 1919; and ten (Nos. 47732-47741) from Bear Lake, Bear Lake County, July 17-22, 1920. The scale-counts of these speci- mens are given below. Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 47 Scale Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. | Sex Rows steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 45411 Q |21—21—17| 167 83c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 2—2 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45412 | 9 |21—21—17| 165 78c 1 8—8 11—11 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45413 Q |21—21—17| 169 86c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45414 Q |21—21—17| 168 81c 1 8—8 10—11 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45415 9 |21—21—17} 174 41+ 1 8—8 10—10 7) 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 45416 | co’ |21—21—17} 174 9ic 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45757 Q |21—21—17| 165 Tic 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+3 45758 Q |21—21—17]} 166 75c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45759 | co’ |21—21—17] 171 89c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45760 | co }21—21—17| 168 89c 1 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 45761 o }21—21—-17| 171 87c 1 8—7 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2—1+42 45762 | co |21—21—17| 170 74+ 1 7—6 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 45763 Q@ |21—21—17|} 163 76c 1 &—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45764 9 |21—21—17| 168 80c 1 8—8 10—10 1i—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45765 | o ;21—21—17| 169 60+ 1 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45766 Q |21—21—17| 160 76c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—4 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45767 | 9 |21—21—17] 168 74+ 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1-+2 45768 Q |21—21—17| 164 77+ 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45769 | 2 |21—21—17] 166 Tic 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45864 | of |21—21—17| 165 85c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45865 | co }21—21—17| 172 90c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45866 | co }21—21—17| 169 80c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45867 | @ |21—21—17| 169 80c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45868 | o |21—21—17| 166 83c 1 8—8 10—10 2—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45869 Q |21—21—17} 166 78c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45870 | o |21—21—17| 167 65+ 1 8—8 10—10 1i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45871 Q |21—21—17| 167 82c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 i—1 |1+2—1+2 45872 | o |21—21—17| 168 88c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 45873 | oi |21—21—17] 167 88c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47732 Q |21—21—17| 166 80c 1 8—8 9—10 i—1i 3—2 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47733 9 |21-—-21—17| 167 73c 1 8—8 9—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47734 Q |21—21—17| 173 83c + 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47735 | o& |21—21—17| 175 86c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47736 Q |21—21—17| 172 79¢ 1 7—7 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1-+2 47737 Q |21—21—17| 174 79¢c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 4—3 1—1 _ |1-+-2—1+2 47738 | 9 |21—21—17| 171 78c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+2 47739 | Q |21—21—17| 172 80c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 _|1+2—1+2 47740 | o& |21—21—17| 173 85c 1 8—8 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+-2—1-+-2 47741 9 '21—21—17!1 170 79c 1 8—8 10—10 i—1 4—4 1—1 '1+3—1+2 rl ' ‘ ur ' i) WW ' 7 yy ui 7 Pont) os 4 A 7 i : { v4 ‘ = “st ' . Aiton PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES Vout. XI, No. 4, pp. 49-72 Jury 8, 1921 IV A LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE PENINSULA OF LOWER CALIFORNIA, WITH NOTES ON THE SPECIES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH Curator of the Department of Herpetology AND JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology This paper is primarily based upon a collection gathered by Mr. Slevin, in the Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico, in the months of June to September, 1919. Mr. Slevin also made a small collection at Ensenada, in 1905, while a member of the Academy’s expedition to the Galapagos Islands. These specimens, and also a few secured by Dr. Gustav Eisen in June, 1899, at San Xavier, are included in this report. The specimens are all in the collection of the Academy, with the exception of those collected by Dr. Eisen, which were destroyed in the great fire of April, 1906. The herpetology of Lower California was reviewed in sev- eral papers published in these Proceedings in 1895 and 1896. Since that time, through the study by Mocquard? of a coilection ‘s Mocquard, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris., Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, pp. 297-343, pls. 11-13. July 8, 1921 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. made by M. Diguet, and the publication by Meek? of a list of those secured by Edmund Heller, a number of species have been added to those known from the peninsula. It therefore seems worth while to publish a new list including all that are known to occur on the peninsula. The island reptiles are not included here. They have been recorded in another paper® published by us, and in one by Miss Mary C. Dickerson‘. In the following list a star preceding the number indicates that no Lower Californian specimens of that species are at present in the collection of the Academy. The letters N., C., and S., following the names, indicate in a general way the portions of the peninsula inhabited by each species; N. mean- ing northern and including the San Diegan and Desert areas; C. the central portion of the peninsula; and S. the southern or Cape Region. A few species are included in the list without numbers but enclosed in brackets. These have not yet actu- ally been collected in Lower California, but have been taken in California so close to the line as to make it practically cer- tain that they occur in the Mexican territory. LIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA, MEXICO *1. Batrachoseps attenuatus. N. S. *2. Plethodon croceater. N. S? [Aneides lugubris lugubris]. N. 3. Scaphiopus couchii. S. 4. Bufo boreas halophilus. N. 5. Bufo punctatus. S. 6. Hyla regilla. N.S. 7. Hyla arenicola. N. 8. Rana draytonii. N. 9. Phyllodactylus tuberculosus. C. S. 10. Phyllodactylus unctus. S. *11. Coleonyx variegatus. N. C. 12. Ctenosaura hemilopha. S. 13. Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis. N. C. 2 Meek, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Series, Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, pp. 3-19, pls. aan Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. IV, 1914, pp. 129-152. 4 Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, pp. 461-477. *Species which the Academy has. not yet received from Lower California. Vor. XI) VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 14. Dipsosaurus dorsalis lucasensis. S. *15. Sauromalus ater. N. C. *16. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi. N. *17. Crotaphytus wislizenii. N. S. 18. Uma notata. N. 19. Callisaurus crinitus. C. 20. Callisaurus draconoides, S. *21. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis. N. C. *22. Holbrookia species? C. 23. Uta thalassina. S. 24. Uta repens. C. *25. Uta mearnsi. N. C. [Uta ornata]. N. 26. Uta graciosa. N. C. 27. Uta nigricauda. S. *28. Uta microscutata. N. C. 29. Uta stansburiana elegans. N. C. S. *30. Uta stansburiana hesperis. N. *31. Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus. N. 32. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus. N. *33. Sceloporus magister. N. 34. Sceloporus rufidorsum. N. 35. Sceloporus zosteromus. S. *36. Sceloporus orcutti. N.C. 37. Sceloporus licki. S. 38. Phrynosoma coronatum. S. C. 39. Phrynosoma blainvillii blainvillii, N. *40. Phrynosoma solare. C. *41. Phrynosoma platyrhinos. N. [Phrynosoma m’callii]. N. 42. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus. S. *43. Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii, N. *44. Anniella pulchra. N. *45. Xantusia vigilis. N. 46. Xantusia gilberti. S. 47. Cnemidophorus maximus. S. [Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus]. N. *48. Cnemidophorus tessellatus stejnegeri. N. “Species which the Academy has not from Lower California. $1 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Ser. *49, Cnemidophorus rubidus. C. 50. Verticaria hyperythra hyperythra. S. 51. Verticaria hyperythra beldingi. N. C. *52. Plestiodon skiltonianus. N. S. *53. Plestiodon lagunensis. S. *54. Euchirotes biporus. S. *55. Siagonodon humilis. S. C. *56. Lichanura roseofusca. N. *57. Lichanura trivirgata. S. 58. Coluber flagellum piceus. N. C. S. *59. Coluber lateralis. N. C. *60. Coluber aurigulus. S. 61. Salvadora hexalepis. N. C. S. 62. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus. N. S. 63. Elaphe rosaliz. C. S. 64. Arizona elegans. N. 65. Pituophis catenifer annectens. N. [Pituophis catenifer deserticola]. N. 66. Pituophis vertebralis. C. S. *67. Lampropeltis getulus boylii. N. 68. Lampropeltis getulus conjuncta. S. *69. Lampropeltis getulus yumensis. N. [Lampropeltis californize]. N. 70. Lampropeltis nitida. S. *71. Rhinocheilus lecontei. N. 72. Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus. C. S. 73. Natrix valida. S. *74. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans. N. *75. Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii. N. C. *76. Sonora episcopa. N. [Sonora occipitalis]. N. 77. Chilomeniscus cinctus. C. S. *78. Chilomeniscus stramineus. S. *79. Tantilla planiceps. C. S. [Tantilla eiseni]. N. 80. Trimorphodon lyrophanes. C. S. 81. Crotalus lucasensis. S. 82. Crotalus exsul. N. C. *Species which the Academy has not from Lower California. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 53 *83. Crotalus oreganus. N. 84. Crotalus enyo. C. S. 85. Crotalus mitchellii. N.C. S. *86. Crotalus cerastes. N. [Clemmys marmorata]. N. 87. Pseudemys nebulosa. C. S. *88. Chelonia agassizil. S. *89. Eretmochelys squamosa. S. *90. Caretta olivacea. S. 3. Scaphiopus couchii Baird On the way from La Paz, at sea level, to San Pedro, at an altitude of six hundred feet, the country passed through was the floor of the desert, covered with a heavy growth of cactus, mesquite, and various desert plants. Large numbers of this spadefoot toad were collected on July 3 while traversing this region. This proved just the proper time to secure any num- ber of specimens, for thunder storms, accompanied by heavy rains, at a temperature of seventy-five or eighty degrees, were of daily occurrence. Immediately after the rains, the pools of water left in the road would be swarming with toads. A pool fifteen or twenty feet in length, and six feet or so wide, would contain as many as a hundred or more. This was the height of the breeding season, as nearly all the specimens ob- served were copulating. They made a loud croaking noise and would dive on one’s approach, appearing again a few feet off, the male still clinging to its mate. This was the only time this species was observed, although several nights were spent in this locality collecting with a light. 4. Bufo boreas halophilus (Baird & Girard) A single young toad (No. 8579), captured at Ensenada in July, 1905, affords the first definite record of this species in the peninsula. 5. Bufo punctatus Baird & Girard This species, although supposed to be more abundant in the Cape Region than Scaphiopus couchii, was not found in such *Species which the Academy has not from Lower California. 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. numbers. It was collected in only three localities: at an eleva- tion of 1400 feet in the foothills of the Sierra Laguna Moun- tains, at San Antonio 803 feet above sea level, and at San Pedro. While collecting with a light early in the evening forty-six specimens were taken around the public square in the little village of San Antonio. They were heard calling late into the evening. A specimen captured was observed to make a shrill whistling noise of four or five seconds duration with about the same interval, the throat swelling considerably while it was doing so. The stomach of a specimen picked up dead contained the wing covers of several species of small beetles. At Ensenada, in July, 1905, a number of young specimens (Nos. 8562-8569, 8576-8578, 8580-8589, 8645-8672) were secured. 6. Hyla regilla Baird & Girard During the visit to the Cape Region, only one locality was found where this little tree-toad might be expected to occur. This was in the Sierra Laguna opposite Todos Santos, at an elevation of 5400 feet. The only two specimens (Nos. 47255, 47256) taken were found in the wet grass alongside a stream of running water. During the night a few were heard calling, but a thorough search of the streams and much beating of grass resulted in no more specimens being found. At Ensenada, eight typical specimens (Nos. 8570-8573, 8590-8593) were collected in July, 1905. 7. Hyla arenicolor Cope On February 27, 1908, Mr. R. H. Beck collected twenty specimens (Nos. 13424-13443) of this tree-toad at Ensenada. These seem to furnish the first definite record of this species in Lower California. Mr. Beck did not secure any specimens of Hyla regilla, which was the only species found by the Academy’s collectors at Ensenada in July, 1905. 9. Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Wiegmann A single gecko of this species (No. 3829) was found by Dr. Eisen at San Xavier. Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 55 Mr. Slevin collected one (No. 46843) at San Bartolo, in the Cape Region. It was found under a flake of granite pulled off of a large boulder in the canyon bottom. This harmless little lizard is much feared by the natives. They consider its bite to be deadly, and believe that picking one up will cause the skin to fall off the hand. The natives say that this gecko is not common. Their name for it is Salamanquesa. 10. Phyllodactylus unctus (Cope) Two specimens of this species were collected: one (No. 46844) at Agua Caliente under the bark of an old stump, and the other (No. 46842) at Miraflores under the bark of the Guamuchil, (Pithecolobium dulce). The natives do not dis- tinguish this from the larger P. tuberculosus, but on account of its small size call it Salamanquesa chiquita. Like other lizards of this genus it lives under the bark of trees and in the thatched roofs of houses. 12. Ctenosaura hemilopha Cope This is the largest lizard of the Cape Region and was col- lected in the following localities: Vicinity of La Paz, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Antonio, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, San- tiago, Agua Caliente, San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. It is fairly abundant where found, and inhabits the large granite boulders in company with Uta thalassina. Where boulders are not plentiful these iguanas resort to the trees. At San Bartolo they were seen only among the granite boulders, which abound in that vicinity, but at San Pedro and Agua Caliente they were found in the trees. None was observed on the ground. They seem to live strictly on vegetable matter, and the stomachs of all the specimens collected contained the leaves of one of the common trees. On breaking off the hollow limb of a tree, at San Pedro, a Ctenosaura was found so tightly wedged within that it could be secured only by cutting it out with a small hand axe. They have the same habit as our Chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater) of getting into crevices and holding tight by puffing up the body. Large specimens are very rare, as the natives kill them for food whenever they find one of desirable 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Sz. size. They are somewhat vicious when captured, and when held by the tail will always keep the mouth open ready to seize whatever comes within reach. The coloration in life of No. 46408, was as follows: The back and sides are grayish, mottled with black. Three trans- verse black bands cross the shoulders. The upper surfaces of the fore limbs are black, spotted with gray; of the hind limbs, gray mottled with black. The gular region is black, bordered with gray. The ventral surface between the fore limbs is black. The belly is grayish. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from four to seven; being 4 six times, 5 thirty-nine times, 6 forty-four times, and 7 eleven times. 13. Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis (Baird & Girard) Three specimens collected at San Xavier probably belonged to this subspecies. These were Nos. 3781, 3824 and 3844. 14. Dipsosaurus dorsalis lucasensis Van Denburgh This lizard, abundant throughout the low brushy country in the Cape Region, was collected at the following localities: La Paz, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, San- tiago, Agua Caliente, Miraflores, San José del Cabo, Cabo San Lucas and Todos Santos. The local name is Cachora. This species was not noted above 1020 feet and was particularly abundant close to the coast. Among the sand dunes back of the beach at San José del Cabo any number of specimens could be collected. Their principal enemy seemed to be the red racer, and two or three specimens of this snake when captured were found to contain the remains of a Dipsosaurus, and one red racer had a full grown lizard of this species in its stomach. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from sixteen to twenty-one; being 16 twice, 17 eighteen times, 18 thirty-six times, 19 twenty-six times, 20 twelve times, and 21 six times. 18. Uma notata Baird A single specimen (No. 39687) collected south of Laguna Salada about eighty miles south from Mexicali, April 5, 1915, was presented to us by Mr. R. C. Murphy. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 57 19, Callisaurus crinitus Cope One specimen (No. 47731), presented by Miss Mary C. Dickerson of the American Museum of Natural History, was collected at San Bartholeme Bay, Lower California, March 14, 1911. 20. Callisaurus draconoides Blainville This lizard, called by the natives Cachora de arena, is a fairly common species, especially near the sea coast where most of our specimens were collected. Here it was found in the sandy areas back of the beaches. In the interior it frequented the hot sandy bottoms of the canyons and adjacent arroyos. It was collected at the following localities: Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Buena Vista, San Bartolo, San Antonio, Triunfo, San Pedro and La Paz. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from twelve to twenty ; being 12 once, 13 four times, 14 nine times, 15 twenty- one times, 16 twenty-four times, 17 twenty-two times, 18 twelve times, 19 five times, and 20 once. 21. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) One specimen (No. 3815) was taken by Dr. Fisen at San Xavier, in June, 1899. 23. Uta thalassina Cope This large lizard, the most beautiful species of the Cape Region, was collected at Triunfo, San Bartolo, Agua Caliente, and in the Sierra Laguna Mountains. One was seen at Cabo San Lucas where the type was secured by Xantus. As a rule, these lizards are fairly abundant where found. They frequent the cracks and crevices in and between huge granite boulders piled up in the canyon bottoms and the small adjacent arroyos. They resemble Uta mearnsi in their habits, crawling along the surface of the boulders and keeping always close to a crack or crevice into which they disappear on one’s close approach. Being rather shy, they will not permit one to come closer than ten or twenty feet. On several occasions they were seen to jump from boulder to boulder a distance of four feet by actual 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. measurement. They were found to range up to 5400 feet in the Sierra Laguna but at this elevation they were rare, and only three were seen in a small isolated pile of granite in a mountain meadow. The two specimens collected there did not show the brilliant coloring of those secured at lower levels. Specimen No. 46505 showed the following colors in life: Top of head greenish blue; between the shoulders six spots of sky blue; anterior three transverse dorsal bars jet black, each black bar bordered posteriorly by one of orange; three less intensely black bars cross posterior half of body; tail with fifteen dark green bands spotted with black and narrowly bor- dered with light green; limbs light green or grayish, with bars of black; lower surfaces grayish, with exception of throat, chest and belly back to a point midway between the limbs, which are a rich orange; light blue spots on throat. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from fourteen to twenty-one; being 14 twice, 15 four times, 16 sixteen times, 17 nineteen times, 18 thirty-one times, 19 twenty times, 20 seven times, and twenty-one once. 24. Uta repens Van Denburgh One specimen (No. 3785) was taken by Dr. Eisen at San Xavier. 26. Uta graciosa (Hallowell) Mr. R. C. Murphy very kindly presented a specimen (No. 39688) of this species collected by himself south of Laguna Salada, about eighty-five miles south from Mexicali, April 7, 1915. 27. Uta nigricauda Cope This little tree lizard is one of the common species through- out the Cape Region where the natives call it Bejore depiora. It was collected at Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Santiago, San Antonio, Triunfo, La Paz, San Pedro, and in the foothills of the Sierra Laguna Mountains. These lizards frequented rock piles, stone fences and the granite boulders in the canyon bottoms, but more commonly were found on Mesquite and other trees grow- ing at the lower levels. They seldom were seen upon the Vor. NI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 59 ground. On several occasions they were observed eating ants which they had captured crawling up the tree trunks. A specimen (C. A. S. No. 46536) was colored in life as follows: Throat patch lemon; belly indigo blue, lightly spotted on sides with very light blue; back dark gray to brown with transverse bars of black, divided along the dorsal line by rows of small grayish scales. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from nine to four- teen; being 9 eleven times, 10 thirty-nine times, 11 thirty- seven times, 12 nine times, 13 three times, and 14 once. 28. Uta microscutata Van Denburgh This very small-scaled Uta evidently is abundant about San Xavier, for Dr. Eisen collected fifty-three specimens of it there, in June, 1899. (Nos. 3782-3784, 3786-3790, 3792, 3794-3801, 3803, 3805, 3806, 3808-3814, 3816-3821, 3823, 3825-3828, 3830-3839, 3841-3843, 3845-3847). 29. Uta stansburiana elegans (Yarrow) Five specimens (Nos. 3793, 3802, 3804, 3807, 3822) were collected by Dr. Eisen at San Xavier. This lizard, which generally is common in desert areas, was not found so in the Cape Region, and strange to say, was taken only at the sea-coast. None was seen in any of the interior country. All the specimens taken were found in brushy areas back of the beaches. It was collected at the following localities : La Paz, Buena Vista, San José del Cabo, and Todos Santos. The femoral pores in seventy-two thighs of specimens from the Cape Region vary from twelve to seventeen; being 12 four times, 13 sixteen times, 14 twenty-four times, 15 twenty-one times, 16 five times, and 17 twice. This lizard was found also at Ensenada, where Nos. 8541, 8555-8560, 8603-8616, and 8642-8644, were secured. 32. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus (Hallowell) This lizard is abundant at Ensenada, where numerous speci- mens were secured. (Nos. 8538, 8542, 8543, 8574, 8601, 8602, 8625, 8626). 60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 34. Sceloporus rufidorsum Yarrow Twenty specimens (Nos. 8533-8537, 8539-8540, 8561, 8594- 8600, 8622, 8627-8631) from Ensenada agree perfectly in coloration with others from Cerros Island. When this large series is compared with a large series of S. zosteromus from the Cape Region it is found that they represent different species. No difference in squamation appears, but the femoral pores average fewer (16.56) than in S. zosteromus (18.46) and more than in S. magister (12.61). In S. rufidorsum mid- dorsal and dorsolateral longitudinal light stripes are present, and the parallel dark lines which mark the lateral scales in adult males of S. zosteromus are lacking. The coloration of S. magister is quite different and much less ornate. 35. Sceloporus zosteromus Cope This was a fairly common lizard throughout the lower levels in the Cape Region, where it was collected at the following localities: Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Buena Vista, San Antonio, San Pedro, and La Paz. It inhabited the brush fences around the settlements and the heavy patches of brush in the cactus belts, and was found to be extremely shy. The natives claim that this lizard is dangerous, and say that its bite is fatal to dogs. This seems to be a wide spread belief as all who saw it in the collection made the same remark. Their name for it is Bejore. None captured was as large as its near relatives, S. magister and S. rufidorsum. From the specimens taken in the Cape Region it appears that S. zosteromus is a much smaller species. The males at this season (June to July) were brilliantly colored. A specimen in life showed the following coloring: Throat patch metallic blue; white stripe two or three scales wide down center of belly bordered by one of indigo blue, the blue one bordered by one of light green about two scales wide; sides grayish, turning to brown on the back; top of thighs and base of tail straw-colored. The dorsal scales between the interparietal and back of thighs in forty-three specimens examined vary from twenty- six to thirty-two; being 26 once, 27 eight times, 28 five times, 29 fourteen times, 30 eight times, 31 six times, and 32 once. Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 61 Average 29. The femoral pores in forty-four specimens ex- amined vary from sixteen to twenty-two; being 16 five times, 17 twenty-six times, 18 seventeen times, 19 seventeen times, 20 ten times, 21 twelve times, and twenty-two once; the average in eighty-eight thighs being 18.46. 36. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger Two specimens (Nos. 3791, 3840) secured at San Xavier are of interest as confirming our belief that Mocquard’s S. digueti is based upon this species. 37. Sceloporus licki Van Denburgh This, the smaller of the two Scelopori found in the Cape Region, was collected at San Antonio, Todos Santos, Guamu- chil Rancho, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, San Bartolo, Triunfo, and La Paz. The species was found to range from sea-level to 1172 feet at Miraflores. It generally is found among the rocks in small arroyos and seldom is seen upon the ground. Being extremely shy, it will not allow one to approach nearer than fifteen or twenty feet, when it makes a hasty retreat to some nearby crevice or rock- pile. The males at this time of year (July) were brilliantly marked, and the stn shining on the metallic purple and green scales would at once attract the attention even of a casual observer. The female shows none of the brilliant coloring of the male, and at first glance looks not unlike its northern congener, S. occidentalis. A male (C. A. S. No. 46808) was colored in life as follows: A band of metallic purple six scales wide extends from shoulder to base of tail; lateral scales bronze, bordered with black; scales on belly green bordered with black ; throat black mottled with green; under surfaces of thighs green, and of tail, gray; a large black patch in front of each fore limb. In the specimens collected the femoral pores vary from 13 to 18; being 13 four times, 14 seven times, 15 twenty times, 16 twenty-six times, 17 sixteen times, and 18 five times. The average in seventy-eight thighs is 15.95. 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4ru Ser. 38. Phrynosoma coronatum (Blainville) This lizard was not found to be particularly abundant and was collected in only a few localities: Todos Santos, Pesca- dero, San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Triunfo, and San Pedro. Eleven specimens in all were taken. One of these (C. A. S. No. 46832) was secured at Triunfo in the sandy bottom of a small arroyo as it was standing near the mouth of an ants’ nest. The native name is Chameleon. The femoral pores in eleven specimens vary from fifteen to twenty-three; being 15 three times, 16 three times, 17 six times, 18 four times, 19 four times, and 23 twice. 39. Phrynosoma blainvillii blainvillii (Gray) Four specimens (Nos. 4694-4697) were collected at Ense- nada, April 30 and May 1, 1903. 42. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus (Blainville) Owing to the difficulty of reaching the higher altitudes in the mountain ranges of the Cape Region, only six specimens of this lizard were collected. These were found at an elevation of 5400 feet in the Sierra Laguna. One was found under a dead Yucca stalk, three under fallen pine trees, and two were running about the grass in a mountain meadow. They probably are not rare, but the cool weather and daily thunder showers at this time of year (the middle of August) kept them under cover. 47. Cnemidophorus maximus Cope This lizard was collected at La Paz, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Antonio, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, Agua Caliente, Miraflores, San José del Cabo, Cabo San Lucas, Todos Santos, and Guamuchil Rancho about twenty-five miles north of Cabo San Lucas. It was one of the common lizards of the lower levels, but was not seen at a greater elevation than at Guamuchil Rancho, 1800 feet. Its movements were extremely swift and on several occasions individuals were seen to lift the front legs clear of the ground and hold the body at a slight angle while running. Not always relying on brush for shelter, thev Vor, XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 63 often run across large open spaces, depending on their speed to escape an enemy. A specimen was found in the stomach of a captured red racer, Coluber flagellum piceus. A Cnemido- phorus maximus was seen under a pile of brush holding a Verticaria in its mouth. When captured this Cnemidophorus was found to have crushed the skull of its victim in its power- ful jaws. The local name of this species is Largartija. In eighty-seven specimens examined the femoral pores vary from eighteen to twenty-eight; being 18 once, 19 twice, 20 fifteen times, 21 thirty-one times, 22 forty-five times, 23 thirty- one times, 24 thirty-seven times, 25 eight times, 26 three times, and 28 once. 50. Verticaria hyperythra hyperythra (Cope) This species was found to be the most abundant lizard of the Cape Region, where it was collected at La Paz, Todos Santos, Cabo San Lucas, San José del Cabo, Agua Caliente, Buena Vista, San Bartolo, San Antonio, Triunfo, San Pedro, Guamu- chil Rancho, twenty-five miles north of the Cape, and in the foothills of the Sierra Laguna opposite Todos Santos. It ranged from sea-level to 1400 feet, and was found abundant throughout the lower levels among fallen cacti and the numer- ous brush heaps. The native name is Waco. This little lizard keeps well under cover, seldom coming into the open, and moves along with a short jerky motion a few inches at a time, until becoming alarmed when it makes off at top speed for the dense undergrowth. A pair were found mating at San Pedro the first week in July. One hundred and sixty-eight specimens were examined to show a character used to separate this subspecies from the northern form V’. h. beldingi, viz., the separation of the supra- oculars from the medial head plates. The following table is given to show the distinction between the two subspecies. It will be seen that in the series from the Cape Region the separa- tion and partial separation occurs more often at the third supra- ocular, while in V’. h. beldingi it usually is at the second. The femoral pores in fifty specimens vary from thirteen to twenty; being 13 three times, 14 ten times, 15 nineteen times, 16 thirty-one times, 17 twenty-one times, 18 thirteen times, 19 twice, and twenty once. 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Number of Specimens of hyperythra beldingi Second supraocular separated from median head scales......... 16 16 Second supraocular only partly separated from median head scales 41 10 Third supraocular separated from median head scales.......... 44 0 Third supraocular only partly separated from median head scales 67 2 Total number examined 51. Verticaria hyperythra beldingi (Stejneger) The specimens of this subspecies recorded in the preceding table include twenty-four from Ensenada, two collected by Messrs. Stowell and Lunt at San Telmo, northern Lower Cali- fornia, and two from Poway Corners, San Diego County, Calitornia. 58. Coluber flagellum piceus (Cope) This snake, called by the natives Culebra chirrionera, was found from sea-level at La Paz to an altitude of 722 feet at Miraflores. Brush fences around the numerous little ranch houses furnished excellent hiding places for this racer. Several of the specimens taken were found in these fences, where they lay stretched out at full length awaiting their prey. Lizards, to escape their natural enemies, the hawks, sought refuge here, and seldom would a snake have to wait long before securing a meal. This species, with the exception of the water snake, was the most abundant serpent met. It was not found above the floor of the desert and generally was confined to the more brushy portions of this area. Its food consisted of the numer- ous lizards found in the cactus belt. One specimen (No. 45966) had a full grown Dipsosaurus in its stomach. Another (No. 45962) had eaten a Cnemidophorus, and still another (No. 45970) a mouse. A fourth (No. 45972) had the tail of a Dipsosaurus in its stomach. A fifth (No. 45980) was taken in a brush pile just after it had caught a Verticaria. The tail of the lizard was protruding from the snake’s mouth. A speci- men (No. 45979) taken at San José del Cabo was six feet in length. The specimens varied in color, being gray, salmon, brown, or black. A cactus spine over an inch long was pulled out of a specimen taken at Miraflores. No. Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 65 The specimens whose scale-counts are given in the following table were all taken in the Cape Region except No. 8623, which was collected at Ensenada. Specimens were secured at La Paz (Nos. 45960, 45965- 45967) San Pedro (45961, 45968, 45969), Triunfo (45962, 45963, 45970, 45971), San Bartolo (45964, 45972), Agua Caliente (45973-45975), Miraflores (45976), San José del Cabo (45977-45979), and Todos Santos (45980). The black specimens are Nos. 8623 from Ensenada, 45960 from La Paz, 45961 from San Pedro, 45962 and 45963 from Triunfo, and 45964 from San Bartolo. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- Sex| Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals ou 17 191 105c + 8—8 10—9 2—2 2—2 1—1 3—4 te) 17 200 115c “i 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |1+1+2—2+2+42 2 17 195 104c + 8—8 10—10 2—2 1—1 1—1 |2+2+2—2+4+2+2 2 17 203 108c + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2+2—2+4+2+42 2 17 208 85+ + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |14+2+2—1+1+2 a 17 202 99+ + ?—8 10—10 ?—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1+2—2+1+2 ou 17 201 106+ = 9—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 so] 17 197 118c + 8—8 10—10 2—2 1—1 1—1 |1+1—1+1 2 17 200 107+ = 9—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+1 foul 17 203 47+ + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+42 foul 17 198 109+ + 8—8 10—11 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+1 fog 17 203 119c + 8—8 9—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 a 17 201 118c + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—1+2 oi 17 204 50+ + 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+42 a 17 207 115+ => 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+3 a 17 202 107c os 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+1 2 17 198 78+ = 9—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |1+2—2+42 a 17 206 94+ => 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 2 17 203 124c 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+1—2+1 a 17 207 126c 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2:-+-1—2.--1 fou 17 213 118+ + 8—8 11—11 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+42 9 17 202 112c = 8—8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+2—2+2 61. Salvadora hexalepis (Cope) This species was next in abundance to Natrix and Coluber. It inhabited the same kind of country as Coluber and was found from sea level at La Paz to over 900 feet at Triunfo. Of the ten specimens taken none gave an opportunity to discover their food. They were active throughout the day, being found out during the heat of the day as well as during the cooler hours. One specimen (No. 45954) was taken just about noon time in a brush thicket. Both the light and dark phases were found. Fallen cactus trees and brush thickets were good places to find this species. The natives call it Culebra sorda. 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 9—9 10—10 al 2—2, i—1 |2+3—2+3 g + 45950 2 17 201 96c + 9—9 10—10 3 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 45951 g 17 193 92c + 9-8 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 45952 ca 17 199 86c += 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 i—1 |2+3—2+3 45953 om 17 200 91c + 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 i—1 |2+3-—2+3 45954 rol 17 194 92+ + 9—9 10—11 2—2 2—2 1—1 /|2+3—2+3 45955 2 19 197 89c az o—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 45956 a 17 190 98c == o—9 1i—11 2—2 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 45957 ro 17 203 9ic ~ 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 2—? |2+3—2+3 45958 ro 17 200 96c = 9—9 10—10 2—2 2—2 2—2 |2+3—2+3 45959 9 17 197 84c ==" || seco || dobets Sete = 505 ese. [243-243 These specimens were collected, Nos. 45949 and 45950, at San José del Cabo, 45951 and 45952 at San Pedro, 45953 at Buena Vista, 45954 at Santiago, 45955 and 45956 at Mira- flores, 45957 at Todos Santos, 45958 at La Paz, and 45959 at Cabo San Lucas. 62. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (Cope) One specimen was collected by a Mexican boy in the out- skirts of La Paz. It was found late in the afternoon crawling among a pile of rocks. Senor Rubio, a resident of La Paz from whom the specimen was secured, said he had never seen one like it although he had collected around La Paz for many months. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 45983 ? 19 161 35c 1 6—6 9—9 2—2 3—3 i—1 |2+3—2+3 63. Elaphe rosaliz (Mocquard) The second known specimen of this species was collected at San Bartolo, in the arroyo close to the famous spring. It was found stretched at full length on the sand close to a grove of banana trees. At first glance, this snake might be taken for a red racer with absence of the dark markings on the head. The natives, although they have no name for this snake, probably on account of the rarity of the species, distinguish it from the racer because of the slowness of its movements. A Mexican boy, upon being questioned, said that he had seen others like Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 67 it and that this snake did not run fast like the racer, but in its movements was more like the gopher snake, a specimen of which was shown him to see if he could distinguish it. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 45982 9 34 286 84c + 11—10 | 12—13 2—2 3—3 1—1 3—4 64. Arizona elegans Kennicott A male of this species (No. 8624) was found at Ensenada. Its scales are in 27 rows, gastrosteges 213, urosteges 5lc, anal 1, supralabials 8-8, infralabials 12-12, preoculars 1-1, postocu- lars 2-2, loreals 1-1, and temporals 2-+5—2+-4. 65. Pituophis catenifer annectens (Baird & Girard) One specimen (No. 8575) was captured near Ensenada. It is a male, and has scales in 31 rows, gastrosteges 229, uro- steges 76c, anal single, supralabials 8-9, infralabials 13-14, preocular 2-2, postoculars 4-3, loreal 1-1, temporals 3-4. 66. Pituophis vertebralis (Blainville) All the specimens of this species taken were found in the vicinity of towns or small rancherias. According to the natives this species is fairly abundant. One specimen (No. 45874), taken at a small ranch about three miles from San Pedro, had the remains of a small mammal in its stomach. The species is well known to the natives, who call it Coralillo. Gastro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem-| Blotches on steges | steges |Anal} labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal] porals Body | Tail 45874 12—12 2—2 3—3 i—1 | 3—4 45 12 45875 16—14 2—2 3—3 1—1 | 4—4 48 11 45876) 13—14 2—2 3—3 1—1 | 4—4 43 10+ 45877 . 13—14 2—? ?—3 1—1 | ?—? 44 il 45878 12—12 2—2 3—3 1—1 | 4—4 39 il These specimens were collected at San Pedro (No. 45874), San Antonio (45875), San Bartolo (45876-45877), and Agua Caliente (45878). 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4rm Ser. 68. Lampropeltis getulus conjuncta (Cope) The only two specimens collected were brought in by small boys who found them in a sugar cane field in the outskirts of San José del Cabo. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. steges | steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal porals 45946 236 46c 1—1 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+43 45947 230 46c i—i 2—2 1—1 |2+3—2+3 70. Lampropeltis nitida Van Denburgh The third known specimen (No. 3779) was collected by F. Billa at San José del Cabo, in April, 1896. 72. Hypsiglena ochrorynchus ochrorhynchus (Cope) The one specimen of this snake collected was taken in the Sierra Laguna at an elevation of 5400 feet. It was found under an old pine log in one of the mountain meadows. The log had sunk several inches in the ground and the snake was tightly coiled in a small cavity beneath it. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- Tem- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars |} oculars | Loreal porals 45889 g 21 184 4ic 1 8—8 10—10 tl 2—2 1—1 .l-2—1-F2 73. Natrix valida (Kennicott) This serpent, although collected in only four localities, was the most abundant species found. Most of the specimens were collected in a stream flowing from the base of Mount San Rafael near Agua Caliente. Individuals were abundant in the quiet waters along the sides of the stream, where they were feeding on pollywogs, probably of Bufo punctatus, which swarmed in every pool. Only one specimen was found at any distance from the water, and this one only a hundred yards or so. This snake was collected at Agua Caliente, Miraflores, Santiago and San José del Cabo. Vout. XI) 90 40 410 10 Fy 40 F, FF, A, 40 40 F, 40 10 FF, 10 410 10 9, 9, 10 10 10 10 10410 10 10 1010.9, 10 10 10 9 10 F, 1010109, 0, 10100, 0,9, 101040 VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 69 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19—19—17—1'7, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19—17—-17, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17—-17, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 OO —l7, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 OO 1717 19-19-17-17 Meio ly ty 19-19-17-17 19=19-17—17, 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 19-19-17-17 1-19-1717, Gastro- No. | Sex} Scale Rows steges 144 142 146 143 144 146 142 143 143 146 145 144 143 142 142 144 147 142 143 140 143 143 144 144 144 146 144 144 144 140 142 142 142 142 147 146 144 142 141 146 146 144 145 145 147 143 144 143 145 145 144 144 141 146 143 147 Uro- steges |Analjlabials 56+ 74c 71c 7ic 76c 79c 16 71c 70c 80c 78c 25+ 78c 72¢c 73c 83c 77c 82c 80c 74c 71c 74c 20+ 41+ 65c 72¢c 75c 72c 69c 78c 69c 37+ 68c 72¢c 78c 78c 71c 28+ 72c 81c 80c 72c 75c 80c 73c 74c W1-- Tic Tic 80c 72c 76+ 71c 54+ 76c 60+ Supra-| Infra- Pre- Post- labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal Temporals = || P= || Ta) |) eal 3—3 || 4—1 [14242-14249 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 /142+3—1+42+43 = || 8—8 |) 10—10 t—t1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+2 = |) 8—8) |) 10—10 1—1 3—3 1i—1 |1+2—1+2 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1——1 3—3 i—1 |1+2+3—1+2+43 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1—1 3—3 i—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 =|) =) || Sng) || So || SS || a eed ea aaah = |S——oull LO 10) t—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 = S——8: | LO——10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2—1+42 cron ssn kOe ——-) t—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+43 Sea S——-80 LO 10) 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2+2 en S——Sal LO 10) sat 3—3 1i—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 + | 8—8 | 10—10 iil 3—3 1—1 |142+3—1+42+42 = | 8—8 | 10—10 IJ 3—3 i—1 |1+2+42—1+42+42 = || 8—8 | 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1_ | 1--2—1--2 =) |S — Sill ech 10) —1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 8—8 | 10—10 til 3—3 1—1 |1--3 a 8—8 | 10—10 ft 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+42+43 8—8 | 10—10 2) 3—3 i—1 |1+2+2—1+42+42 8—8 | 10—10 11 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+42+43 8—8 | 10—10 u—al 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—i+42+42 8—8 | 10—10 jal 3—3 1—1 |14+2+43—1+42+3 8—8s | 10—10 tI 3—3 1—1 |14+2+3—1+2+3 8—8 | 10—10 il 3—3 1—) |1+2—1+2 8—8 | 10—10 ial 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+1+43 8—8 | 10—10 1 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—142+43 8—8 | 10—10 1 3—3 1—1 }1+2+2—1+2+42 8—8 | 10—10 1—4 3—3 1—1 |14+2+2—1+42+3 se |) | aia) J 3—3 1—1 |1+2+2—1+2-+3 =O Sal O10 1—1 3—3 1—1 }14+2+3—1+2+2 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42+43 = | 8—8'||| 10—10 1—t1 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2+3 == 1) S-—8 |) 10-110 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1-+2+3—1+2-+3 SS) | LO——10) 1—1 3—3 1—1 |1+2-+-2—1+2-+2 ==) || 8—8 || 10—10 2—2 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+2-+2 =o Sn | LO—— 10 1—1 Se) 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42-+3 + | 8—8 | 10—10 iil 3—3 1—1 |1+2-+2—1+2+2 =a S——8n | LO 10) it 3—3) 1—1 |1+4+2+3—1+2-+2 = | 8—8 | 10—10 il 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42-+3 8—8s | 10—10 i 3—3 i—1 |1+3—1-+2-3 8—8 | 10—10 1 3—3 1——1) | 3 —1 4-2 8—8s | 10—10 11 3—3 hs i ls a ord 8—8 | 10—10 st—al 3—3 1—1 | 1/--2-+-3—1/--3 8—8s | 10—10 ial 3—3 1—1 |1+2+3—1+42-+3 8—8 | 10—10 1—2 2—3. tio 2 ee 8—8 | 10—10 1—t 3—=3 1—1) |) t--2-+-2——1 2 --3 8—8 | 10—10 ial 3—3 1—1) | 1--2-+-2—1-- 2 2 8—8 | 10—10 te 3—3 Te i bd) 8—8 | 10—10 iil 3—3 1—1 }1-+-2--3—14-2-+-2 8—8 | 10—10 i=l 3—3 1s 8—8 | 10—10 il 3—3 Hal |pheeye alae) 8—8 | 10—10 ir 3—3 NE I PS A te) oon LO LO tial 3—3 1—1 |1+3—1+2 = | 8—8))|) 10—10 1 3—3 I—1)|t--3— 1-2 + | 8—8 | 10—10 1 3—3 1—1 |1--2-+-3—1-+2-+2 OO LO—10) i 3—3 1—1 | --2--2—1 +22 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. 77. Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope The only specimen of this species taken by Mr. Slevin was found under a pile of debris close to a house in a street of Todos Santos. The species is known to the natives, who say it is rare and that they do not see many. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal | labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal | Temporals 45981 2 13 120 26c + 7—7 9—9 i—1 2—2 o—O |1+1—1+41 80. Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope One specimen of this snake was collected at San José del Cabo. It was found in the thatched roof of a house late in the afternoon as it was crawling over the rafters. The food of this snake consists, at least in part, of small mammals, as this specimen had in its stomach the remains of a mouse or some small mammal with long hair. Scale | Gastro-| Uro- Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex | Rows | steges | steges | Anal } labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal | Temporals 45948 foul 23 231 74c + 9—9 1i—11 3—3 3—3 2—2 |3+4—3-+4 81. Crotalus lucasensis Van Denburgh Although supposed to be the most common rattlesnake of the Cape Region, only a single specimen was collected. This was found in the vicinity of Agua Caliente, just at dusk, cross- ing a road. The stomach of this specimen contained the re- mains of a small mammal. Scale | Gastro- Uro- Anal Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex Rows steges steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal 45888 rol 27 186 26c 1 17—16 | 19—19 2—Z2 3—3 2—2 Vor. XI] VAN DENBURGH-SLEVIN—AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 71 82. Crotalus exsul Garman Our collections include four specimens of this rattlesnake. Three of these were collected by Mr. R. H. Beck near Ense- nada, February 27, 1908. The fourth (No. 42047) was brought back by the “Albatross” from Turtle Bay, Lower Cali- fornia. The scale-counts are given below. Scale Gastro- Uro- Anal Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex Rows steges steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal 193 25c 1 17—18 | 19—18 2—2 3—3 i—t 197 22c 1 16—17 | 17—18 2—2 3—3 1—1 193 28c 1 16—17 | 17—19 2—2 3—3 2—2 193 20c 1 16—? 18—? 2—2 3—3 i—1 84. Crotalus enyo Cope This species was the most abundant of the rattlesnakes en- countered. Like the gopher-snakes they were mostly confined to the vicinity of habitations. As in other places, rattlesnakes were found in the early morning or evening. One specimen (No. 45884) was found early in the morning coiled up under a pile of brush. Another (No. 45886) was found coming out of a rock wall within a few feet of a house. Their food con- sisted of small mammals, as far as discovered from specimens collected. The natives call all rattlesnakes by the name Vivora. Specimens were collected at Miraflores (45879), San Antonio (45880), Todos Santos (45881), San Bartolo (45882), San Pedro (45883, 45884), San José del Cabo (45885), and in the Sierra Laguna (45886). Scale Gastro- Uro- Anal Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- No. Sex Rows steges steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal ~ un eo ao nN 9, 10100, 8 i} wn : ms a an nN on ie} Sa pa | L w E3 | We wo 5S | nw “2 | o = | Ak 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER. 85. Crotalus mitchellii Cope The only snake of this species collected was found at Agua Caliente. It was brought in by a Mexican boy who caught it in a small field that was being dug up for planting corn. Mr. Ferris saw a rattlesnake which he thought was this species on Mount San Rafael, when about half way up the mountain. Gastro- Uro- Anal Supra- | Infra- Pre- Post- steges steges labials | labials | oculars | oculars | Loreal 177 16—16 | 17—16 22 3—3 i— PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtH SERIES Vou. XI, No. 5, pp. 73-94 Jury 11, 1921 Vv NOTES ON THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY, CALIFORNIA BY JOSEPH MAILLIARD Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy The fact that but little has been written concerning the birds of Siskiyou County, California, at least for the breeding season, led to a decision to make that county the center of the field work of the Department of Ornithology for the spring of 1920. The field party consisted of F. C. Holman, F. G. Gilchrist, and the writer, and remained in the field from May 10 to June 16. While it might have been better to have reached this field somewhat earlier than May 10 for the purpose of noting mi- grants on their way to regions further north, this date was about right for the arrivals of those that breed in the region visited. Many of these latter were just coming in and we had the satisfaction of seeing them settling down and pairing off. Arriving at Weed on the afternoon of May 11, the party passed the rest of the day in getting located and prospecting about for promising spots to work over. This town is a great lumbering center, and practically all the neighboring forests have been destroyed, the destruction being completed in many places by forest fires which have evidently often swept over July 11, 1921 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. great areas, destroying all young forest growth in their paths. The timbered country for the most part being extremely rocky and covered by lava and other volcanic ejecta, with none too plenteous a rainfall, the growth of a new forest is a slow pro- cess. Even the ceanothus brush has difficulty in many places in getting started, and the major part of the deforested area is a sad and disheartening sight. In much of this there is but little bird life. The waters from the melting snows on Mt. Shasta sink through the porous rock and springs are scarce. Fortunately, some of these waters are checked by impervious strata and, collecting beneath the sur- face, produce some good live streams, which are utilized to water the meadows that have been formed in low spots, where Wilson’s Snipe and the Nevada Red-winged Blackbird take advantage of the moisture and the long green grasses in which to hide their nests. We were fortunate in finding a small valley about half a mile southeast of Weed, apparently coming straight down from Mt. Shasta, that had been spared by fire and still had some fair-sized forest trees in it, opening out into a meadow with a small stream running through. Here we found birds quite plentiful. The weather was cold and windy, but the birds were commencing to breed. While the fox sparrows, in this case the Yosemite Fox Sparrow, are not found nesting below 4500 or 5000 feet even as far north as Plumas County (California), here they were numerous in a patch of heavy brush at not over 3600 feet altitude, in com- pany with the Green-tailed Towhee. The fox sparrow breed- ing on Mt. Shasta has been previously recorded as the Thick- billed Fox Sparrow. C. H. Townsend, in his “Field Notes on the Mammals, Birds and Reptiles of Northern California’ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 220), states that the Thick-billed Sparrow was “Common about Mount Shasta in summer, where it frequented the chaparral tracts and the bushes scattered through the pine country.” C. Hart Merriam, in North American Fauna No. 16, 1899, p. 126, also mentions this form as found on Shasta. Several specimens were taken by us near Weed and a num- ber were evidently nesting or preparing to nest in some very Vor. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 75 thick brush near by, the cheery song of the males being a pleasant feature of the morning chorus. There is every reason to believe that the form we found breeding at the base of the mountain, the Yosemite Fox Sparrow, separated and described in 1918, is the one occupying the whole mountain, and is the same form that inhabits the higher altitudes along the Sierra in Plumas County and the Tahoe region, although it was originally recorded from the latter region also as the Thick- billed Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca megarhyncha). Weed is situated at the westerly base of Mt. Shasta, a beauti- ful view of which, seemingly of an even slope from the brush- covered bottom to its glistening summit of snow and ice, is obtained—a view ever changing in character and ever new. The town itself is bordered by a meadow on the eastern side and more or less hemmed in by partly forested hills in other directions, with a small stream, tributary to Little Shasta River, which flows through Shasta Valley into the Klamath, running through it. The character of the immediate vicinity is that of the Transi- tion Zone. In addition to many of the more commonly known species found in this zone, we found here the Green-tailed Towhee and Yosemite Fox Sparrow, above mentioned; the Calliope Hummingbird, the Calaveras Warbler, and the Moun- tain Chickadee. Of these five species, three were breeding where we found them at not over 3500 feet elevation, while the Calliope Hummingbird and the Calaveras Warbler were nesting either here or not far away, to judge from their actions. Unfortunately, no females were secured to confirm this, but we later found these two species nesting at about the same elevation as Weed, and under practically similar conditions. , A Swainson’s Thrush was taken here on May 14, but was probably a migrant, as it is recorded as a summer visitant in Modoe County, northeast of the Shasta region. From the meadow in the evening came the call of Wilson’s Snipe, and the Nevada Red-wing was there waiting for the meadow grass to grow high enough to make good nesting sites. Merriam (op. cit.) makes no mention of the California Purple Finch in the Shasta region, while Townsend (op. cit.) says that it was observed on a few occasions only; he does 76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47 Ser. not record it from northern California north of Shasta County. Miss Kellogg in “Mammals and Birds of Northern California” (University of California Publications in Zoology, Vol. 12, 1916), mentions it as having been taken only twice in the sum- mer time by the Alexander expedition. On the other hand, we found it more or less common at nearly every station where we collected, at some places associated with Cassin’s Finch. The song sparrow of this region, so far as we could make out, is the Modoc Song Sparrow. This race appears to be a comparatively recent one, and not so well established as many others. This is shown in the wide variation of its markings, some specimens being practically without black centers to the dorsal feathers, while others have this black well developed. This species was common about Weed but did not appear to be especially numerous. We found the Wright’s Flycatcher quite common where the firs and yellow pines were of fair size and more scattered. They appeared to have just come into the region. No other Empi- donax was recorded at Weed. The Sacramento Towhee was fairly common in the vicinity of Weed, but the Northern Brown Towhee was extremely rare. While I was fairly sure of having caught a glimpse of one at Weed, the identification was not sufficiently positive to record it. However, as it is found only a few miles away and at but little lower elevation, the chances are that my guess was correct. For some reason the Western Warbling Vireo seems to have been scarce during the visits of the Townsend and Merriam field parties, but we found it common enough this season, hav- ing met with it at each of our stations, except one in the heart of the coniferous forest. Miss Kellogg records it from three stations only. While we found Audubon’s Warbler, Black-throated Gray Warbler, Macgillivray’s Warbler, and the Golden Pileolated Warbler more or less common in suitable places in this vicinity, we had no direct evidence of their nesting here, yet there was good reason to suppose that they would do so, or at least not far away. The region immediately around Weed, at the altitude of 3000 to 3500 feet, has approximately the same forms of bird Vor. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 7h life as are found in Plumas County, California, or at other similar portions of the Western slope of the Sierra Nevada at 4000 to 5000 feet, except, perhaps, that the Hermit Warbler and the White-headed Woodpecker are not found breeding at the low level of Weed, though the latter comes down in the fall. The Long-tailed Jay was noted at Weed, but no specimen was secured. It seemed to be scarce and wary in this locality. In fact, it was noted at but one other station in this county, that is, at Yreka. Miss Kellogg does not mention the Pygmy Nuthatch as noted at any station, and Townsend did not find it in the Shasta region, while Merriam speaks of it as having been noted at Edgewood and Sisson only, and then rather late in the season. As may be seen in the appended table, we found it everywhere except at Yreka, where there was no appropriate cover for it. Dr. Will S. Tebbe of the Weed hospital, gave us information concerning likely places to visit, with the reasons therefor, as well as for advice and aid in regard to reaching them. I take this opportunity to thank him in the name of the California Academy of Sciences as well as in a personal way, for the assistance so kindly and enthusiastically given, and for intro- ductions to others who also were of much assistance to us. Dr. Tebbe’s knowledge of Siskiyou County is very extended, having been acquired by long residence and an active profes- sional life in a thinly settled country as well as by numerous hunting and fishing expeditions, so that his suggestions con- cerning various localities that might prove of interest in our work were especially valuable. Following one of these sug- gestions, after a few days combing of Weed and its immediate neighborhood, we moved, on May 16, to Stewart’s Springs, a well-known summer camping resort about eight miles south- west of Weed, Dr. Tebbe taking us there in his own car and Mr. Lloyd assisting with our impedimenta. This place is owned by Mr. and Mrs. E. C. Lloyd of Weed, who most kindly placed the cabin there, furnished with household utensils, at our disposal. This place is on Park’s Creek, which here flows through a steep and rocky ravine at an elevation of about 4300 feet, and is in the forest proper where very little lumbering has been done. On the east side of the stream the forest is so thick 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. overhead that there is but little shrub or small plant growth on the very rocky and poor soil of this part of the country, while on the west side the steep hill sides have more or less openings with some brush, mostly scattering, on them. Along the stream and in moist places the birch trees were just beginning to bud out. The forest at the springs is composed mostly of yellow pine, Douglas fir, and incense cedar, but sugar pine growth commences a short distance higher up. Around the camp- ground birds were extremely scarce, especially during the first day or two of our stay. The first bird that attracted attention was a Sierra Creeper, carrying material to a nest which was a few yards away from the cabin door, and situated behind a piece of loose bark on an incense cedar, about four feet from the ground. The birds at this station were the general run of Sierran species from like altitudes, and, being enumerated in the table at the end of this paper, need not be listed here. Certain of our observations, however, may prove of interest. One of the main objects of the field work in Siskiyou County was the investigation of the local fox sparrow (Passerella) situation, and one of the objects in making Stewart’s Springs an observation station was that of visiting the ranges above in search of appropriate brush for this genus and to ascertain if it were breeding there. With this idea in view Messrs. Holman and Gilchrist were sent upon this errand on May 17. On that day they did not reach any great elevation, but returned with quite a list of birds noted, yet no fox sparrows, as they had not met with the sort of brush this genus inhabits in the nesting season. Mr. Gilchrist continued the search alone next day. He started early and reached a point close to the rapidly retreat- ing snow line, securing one fox sparrow and hearing two or three more in a clump of dwarfed yew trees. The specimen taken is one of the small-billed, brown-backed races which I have identified as the Sooty Fox Sparrow. While this capture raised our hopes of finding something worth while in this line, surprising as it was to find one of the more northern forms here at so late a date (May 18), such hopes were misplaced. Fur- ther examination of that locality and of others near it resulted in absolute failure to discover fox sparrows of any form what- Vor. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 79 ever, and the conclusion was reluctantly reached that those above noted were but late migrants on their way north. One specimen of Clark’s Nutcracker was taken high up on the range. We had been told of orioles which were good singers that were to be found there, but, as we surmised, the “orioles”’ proved to be Western Tanagers, which seemed to have but recently arrived. Their curious rolling chirp was heard con- stantly as they were apparently looking for good nesting sites. A few of these gave us the benefit of their rather attractive song, but singing was not general on the part of this species. One of the interesting features of our stay here was the pass- ing through to higher altitudes of the Townsend Solitaire. This flight, if it might be called such, commenced a day or two after our arrival and for the rest of the week there was hardly a moment when there were not a pair or two of these birds in sight from the cabin door, flying leisurely from tree to tree, alighting on the ground as they often did, or best of all with the male(?) perched on some dead twig and pouring out his love song—indeed a beautiful one, not loud but particularly soft, liquid, and melodious. In the solitudes of the forest it is especially pleasant to hear. We found here the Hammond’s Flycatcher quite common though not numerous. Several pair might be seen in a morn- ing’s walk, but they appeared to be much scarcer than the indi- cations of insect life seemed to warrant. One pair was building a nest about a quarter of a mile above our camp, but unfortun- ately it was not finished before the end of our stay. One Wright’s Flycatcher was taken near this camp, but in a more open locality than that occupied by the Hammond’s. As the Transition Zone merged quite rapidly into the Canadian at Stewart’s Springs, on account of the steepness of the moun- tain sides, some of the birds recorded from this station might be from either zone. Our camp was in Transition, but sugar pine and other indications of the Canadian were not far away. Our station on Park’s Creek was probably within ten miles of the station of Misses Alexander and Kelloge at the head of Bear Creek, August 5-17, 1911, but on the northerly side of the range, i. e., on the Shasta Valley side, while their camp was on the southerly or Scott Valley side. 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH Ser. At Stewart’s Springs we found quite a number of rodents, but did not succeed in securing as many species as we had hoped. Around the cabin were the Western Bushy-tailed Wood Rat, Neotoma cinereus occidentalis, apparently living in friendly community with the Sierra Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, Callospermophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus, as we caught these two animals in the same spots, on one occasion at the mouth of a hole among the rocks, and on another in a trap kept set under the edge of a bath-house by the stream. Gam- bel’s White-footed Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli was the more numerous of the two species of the genus Pero- myscus found here, the other being Gilbert’s White-footed Mouse, Peromyscus truei gilberti. The Klamath Chipmunk, Eutamias amenus ameenus, and Allen’s Chipmunk, Eutamias senex, were both well represented here. The Sierra Chickaree, Sciurus douglasi albolimbatus was occasionally met with. Just below the cabin was a dark, damp spot on the bank of the stream, that was full of holes among tree roots and ap- peared to be an ideal place for shrews, but persistent trapping there brought no results and no shrews were obtained any- where. As the owners of these springs wished to put the place in order for summer occupation, we returned to Weed, on May 23, to repack and make a new start. We had been given to understand that we would find accom- modation at “Big Springs” (Mayten), but upon reaching that place on Monday, May 24, we found this to be an error, and having no camping outfit with us we made a circuit around Shasta Valley to look for a hospitable location. The object in going to this locality was to examine the lava and juniper country in the vicinity, which is here covered also with sage brush, on the one side and the meadows around the Big Springs laguna on the other, as this seemed to be an invit- ing combination for the Upper Sonoran Zone. Its appearance, however, probably belies it, for the Alexan- der Expedition in 1911 remained there only two days, appar- ently not deeming the prospect sufficiently alluring for further effort. The road from Weed to Big Springs passes alongside or through the lava, sage and juniper for some miles, and, as Vou. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 81 we motored slowly along, especial watch was kept for any birds that might possibly be peculiar to such an association, but the few species we noted were the same as those in the adjacent pine regions. The season was an intensely dry one and the prospects poor. As we traveled through the very open country, mostly pasture lands, stony surfaced hillsides, or alkali bottoms, we were sur- prised at the total absence of such birds as one would expect to find in such situations. Although we passed through appar- ently ideal places for horned larks (Otocoris), none was seen. An occasional Arkansas Kingbird and a Western Meadowlark were practically all the birds we saw. In our circuit around this part of Shasta Valley, we failed to find any place that looked promising and we finally went to the small town of Gazelle where several field parties have done some collecting, but it looked too uninviting in such a dry sea- son to be worth trying, there being little except open and more or less alkali land in its immediate vicinity. We finally went to Edgewood, a small town five miles northwest of Weed, at an altitude of 2900 feet. This place is on the edge of Upper Sonoran, changing quickly into Transition toward the south- east as the country rapidly rises. Edgewood is surrounded by meadows irrigated from the snow-fed streams of Shasta, and here, as in the meadows about Weed, the Nevada Red-wing was just preparing to nest, several females being noticed carrying nesting material, while Wilson’s Snipe was also taking advantage of such a favorable spot. The birds about Edgewood were mostly the ordinary species found in Transition in this part of California, but it was here that we came across the only specimen that we noted of the California Cuckoo, which all three of us saw one evening fly across the railroad track in the town, of the Northern Brown Towhee, which I saw near the village one evening but did not secure, and of the San Joaquin Wren, which Gilchrist found nesting in a small, dead stump not far from the railroad track, and which, like many of the birds found near the railroad here and at Weed, was woefully smudged with oil soot. Shasta River runs through the valley just below Edgewood and in the willows on its banks we found Traill’s Flycatcher. A Western 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Flycatcher, seen here, was the only one of this species noted by us in Siskiyou County. The most interesting discovery at Edgewood was the presence of a small flock, or perhaps several small bands, of Cedar Waxwings in the town. These were first seen on May 25, feeding on the seeds or buds of some maple trees in a little grove in the middle of the village. We noticed some birds of this species every day we were there but saw no evidence of nesting. On May 26 a flock of 18 individuals was seen on the edge of the village, flying north, but whether there was only one flock in the locality moving about or whether suc- ceeding flocks rested and fed there during migration, we did not succeed in determining. Most certainly some roosted there over night, as we saw them settling down in the trees toward dusk. The meadows were searched for signs of Microtus, but none was found and our traps attracted neither this genus nor mice. Traps set along fences and in the fields brought no returns whatever. Gophers, however, were numerous in one handy corner, and several Red Bluff(?) Pocket Gophers, Thomomys leucodon navus (?), were taken here. As there was not enough of interest at Edgewood to detain us long, we moved, on May 28, to Bray, a sawmill village in the lava country, about 20 miles northeast of Mt. Shasta, with an elevation of 4650 feet. Not finding accommodation in the town, we camped on the edge of an irrigated meadow, about a mile away in the valley of Butte Creek. For a long distance around Bray the standing timber of any value has been de- stroyed, and, except for a few large pines in the town, trees of any size are scarce. Even small timber is much scattered on account of the poorness of the rocky soil. Here a low, thin sage brush is a predominant characteristic of the lava country, the bushes for the most part too stunted and scragely to afford much shelter for birds. Very little bird life could be found in this sage brush, but occasional spots among the remnants of timber or in the willows, aspens, and cottonwoods along the stream harbored a fair number for such a region. At Bray we discovered the Mountain Bluebird for the first and only time on this trip, nesting in old dead tree stubs. The usual Sierran forms for corresponding altitudes were for the most part pres- Vou. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 83 ent, or apparently were coming in during our week’s stay. Among the late comers were the Brewer’s Sparrow and Gray Flycatcher, the former in the sage brush and the latter in the willows along the stream. Gilchrist came across an Osprey’s nest on top of a tall pine stub, with the old birds in attendance, the secret of their pres- ence here being the number of fish in Lake Orr, a small body of water a short distance west of Bray, and easily available to them. Some ducks and other waterfowl] breed about this lake and the Yellow-headed Blackbird nests here abundantly. The sage brush near the lake is higher than the major part of it elsewhere in the neighborhood and here was the only place where we found the Western Vesper Sparrow. Holman ascended Mt. Orr, close by and probably about a thousand feet higher than the town, and there found the Yosemite Fox Sparrow breeding, the identification being from specimens he brought in, this ex- tending slightly the known range of this species. A female Cedar Waxwing was seen on June 2, calling from the top of a small willow. This was taken and showed no sign of breeding. On June 3, Gilchrist came across a couple of Cali- fornia Evening Grosbeaks, one of which was secured. This proved to be a female with the ovary just commencing to swell, the largest ovum being about 1.4 mm. in diameter. Here also, on June 2, we heard our first Pacific Nighthawks for the region, as they carried on their courting antics high above our heads. None came low, contrary to some of my previous experiences, when they had descended close enough for us to secure specimens. The Gairdner’s Woodpeckers here seemed to have rather more left of their tails than some we had been taking. One of these taken at Weed had nearly half of the tail feathers worn away, leaving a sort of double crescent effect, the shaft of the main rectrices being only 32 mm. long, as measured from the end of the pygostyle, instead of some- thing over 50 mm. I have placed this woodpecker from the Shasta Valley region with gairdneri, but it leans very strongly toward turati, being anything but typical. Near the lake Mr. Holman noted a Magpie, the only one seen, but failed, after a long chase, to secure it. The Poor-will was in evidence here, 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 47H Ser. its soft call being audible at almost any time from dusk to day- light, but none was seen. At Bray we were in a well populated colony of the Oregon Ground Squirrel (Citellus oregonus). Until we had taken several in traps they were numerous all around our cabin, but soon became very wary. In this region they are called “Picket Pins” or “Bulldogs,” the former name arising from their habit of sitting by their holes, or on rocks or stumps, in an extremely erect position and at a distance strongly resembling wooden stakes. After our traps had taken two or three adults on the edge of the meadow, a warning seemed to have been circulated through the colony, for no trap was touched thereafter except by an occasional young one, in spite of change of bait and of smoking the traps to kill the scent of former casualties. This ground squirrel is so numerous in this part of the state as to be a great pest. Occurring here also in association with these animals was the Golden Mantled Ground Squirrel (Callosper- mophilus chrysodeirus chrysodeirus), which greatly resembles a large and handsomely marked chipmunk. The Klamath Chip- munk (Eutamias amenus amanus) was also found here. Mice, however, were very scarce and but few were obtained. Those taken were of two species, each of which appeared to be of intermediate form and neither of which has as yet been defi- nitely determined. No shrews or meadow mice were taken, although the meadow seemed a fine place for them. Probably the irrigation had something to do with their absence, even though the ground was never absolutely covered with water. After a week at Bray the party moved to Yreka, the county seat of Siskiyou County, which we reached on the afternoon of June 5. This town is at an altitude of 2620 feet and is in the Upper Sonoran Zone. As this locality did not look very encouraging, we remained only one day to collect a few Dusky-Horned Larks, and then, on June 7, we moved to a place known as “Forest House Mountain,” so called on account of being just west of an old- time tavern and resort called “The Forest House,” on the road to Scott Valley. Our camp was at a woodchopper’s cabin a few yards off the main road, known as “Robber’s Rock Camp,” on account of a series of stage robberies having taken place Vor. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 85 from a large rock just above it. The altitude here is nearly 4000 feet. The cabin was beside what was usually a large spring, ordi- narily making swampy ground of the hillside, but which was sadly reduced in size in this dry year. Through the day, from time to time, some birds came here to obtain water, yet the total number was comparatively small, and the species the usual Sierran forms, as may be gathered from the appended table of records. The records for this station cover a good deal of the vicinity as far as altitude is concerned, for the change from Upper Sonoran to Transition took place only a short distance below our camp, and the Transition ran up rapidly above us so as almost to develop into the Canadian stage of zonal asso- ciation, the elevation just above our camp reaching over 5000 feet. Bird life was extremely scarce over much of this higher terri- tory and search along the higher range brought but little re- ward. This may have been partly due to lack of water, yet many well watered areas in Siskiyou County often made but little better showing. Our camp here was on the edge of a small opening in the pine forest which extended over the range. A quarter of a mile above us was a gap through which passed the road to Fort Jones, in Scott Valley, while below the forest merged into more or less brushy or chapparal country, with some sage interspersed. We had come here in the hope of finding fox sparrows, but were disappointed in this. While the brush in places was of the right sort to suit fox sparrows, it was everywhere too low and scattering, not affording the heavy cover which these birds prefer, except at too low an altitude for this genus. Just above our cabin one morning I had the pleasure of find- ing a brood of young Mountain Quail. The little fellows swarmed about my feet when I happened to be standing still for a few moments. The mother remained immovable not over six feet from me, her confidence assured by a partial screen of scraggly brush. She gathered her brood about her by utter- ing a succession of almost (to me) imperceptible, but very musi- cal little clucks, to which the youngsters paid instant and obe- dient attention. Much as specimens were needed, it was far 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. too fascinating a scene for me to disturb. Miss Kellogg records this subspecies from Bear Creek, in the Mt. Eddy region not many miles to the southeast, her identification being supported by Dr. Joseph Grinnell, who states, however, that the form taken there is an intermediate one, hence it is reasonable to sup- pose that those we saw or heard in this region should be placed in this category. Unfortunately we had no other opportunity to obtain specimens. This was the only station at which we noted the California Pygmy Owl. A couple were heard by all three of the party on the morning of June 9, but the sounds appeared to come from a long distance, apparently across the cafion, and no specimen was secured. Here also we heard the Poor-will, but did not succeed in calling one within range of vision. In a well-watered ravine we found the Sierra Hermit Thrush to be quite numerous and several individuals were secured. When “squeaked” to, these thrushes would come almost within arm’s reach of a person, their curiosity to discover the source of the strange sounds being so easily aroused, according to Holman and Gilchrist who had the good fortune to find this favored spot. The Dusky-footed Wood Rat (Neotoma fuscipes fuscipes) was very common here, its nests being widely distributed over the hillside where the cabin stood, and numerous crevices of rocks also served it for abiding places, these being usually marked by the presence of a few dead twigs strewn near the entrance or sticking out of the holes as if this species could not get away from the idea of stick construction for its habitations. Mice (Peromyscus) were fairly numerous here, but we did not find the Kangaroo Rats we had been hoping to find from the accounts given by natives, although there is no doubt as to their presence in some localities within a few miles, as people told us of having seen them jumping across roads in front of their automobiles when traveling by night. Upon our first arrival at Forest House Mountain we found chipmunks very scarce, only one or two being seen, but on June 10 we discovered quan- tities of the Klamath Chipmunk just below our cabin from the level of the camp to some distance down hill, they being mostly near the little rivulet that flowed from our spring. Whether Vou. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 87 they had suddenly appeared, as it seemed, or whether, for some reason, we merely had not come across them before, I do not know, but they certainly were plentiful for the next two or three days. The weather had been cloudy and threatening on the day of our coming and perhaps it was the later sunshine that brought them out of their holes, but the situation had all the appearance of a sudden immigration. Porcupines, probably the Yellow-haired (Erethizon epixanthum epixanthum), were quite common in this neighborhood, and it was no rare sight to see the head of one sticking out of some concrete culvert along the road. As a place of shelter during the daytime at least, these culverts seem to have a special attraction for this animal. For certain reasons no attempt was made on this expedition to secure animals larger than a squirrel, so we did not take ad- vantage of such opportunities as offered for its capture. From the top of Forest House Mountain the view across Scott Valley to the Salmon Mountains was most enticing, and on June 12 we accepted the offer of a truck freighter to take us over to that range, as he claimed to know just the place where we could get nearly everything we wanted. We found, however, that the road we had intended to follow was in such condition that we could not get as far into the range as we wished, and had to content ourselves with making camp in a deserted building at the “Old Pinery Mine,” some four miles southwest of Greenview and at an elevation of only about 3300 feet. We were in the Transition Zone here, on the edge of a national forest of Douglas fir and yellow pine with many oak trees in places. Unfortunately the weather turned against us, and became dark and drizzly. In the immediate vicinity of the old placer mine only common birds were found, the one excep- tion being what I believed to be a Northern Spotted Owl, which was perched on a dead sapling in the wash of the old mine. It was about 100 yards away when seen, but unfortunately there was little cover about, and it was impossible to avoid making a good deal of noise scrambling over the loose stones and coarse gravel in the bed of the old wash. The bird was wary and un- easy, so that a long chase ended in failure to get any nearer, and it finally took to the woods nearby. It was too large for a Saw-whet and I can think of nothing that would fit the case 88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. except a Spotted Owl. With the idea of fox sparrows still dominant, Holman and Gilchrist made a long tour into the higher altitudes in search of birds of this genus, but found none. We had been actually in or on the borders of the forest region over a month before we saw or heard the Northern Pile@lated Woodpecker. On the last day of our stay at this camp, June 15, one was seen and heard at rather close range. With the exception of the Douglas Ground Squirrel (Citel- lus douglasi), rodents were very scarce at this last station, although old signs were plentiful, especially in the house in which we camped. We had visions of wood rats playing tag over our prostrate forms as we slept on luxurious beds of pine needles upon the floors of the deserted rooms; but, while a mouse or two had the temerity to use some of us for runways, the rats seemed to have vacated the premises in our favor—not only as regards the interior of the house but beneath it as well. Traps were set at favorable looking openings and rat holes around the outside of, and underneath, the house, but not one was touched, although we caught rats in the bushes not fifty yards away. There were several colonies of the Dusky-footed Wood Rat (Neotoma fuscipes fuscipes) in the brush surrounding the clearing occupied by the house, but further away fresh nests were not numerous. This subspecies varies a good deal with locality and climate, and in this place is much lighter in color than specimens from near the type locality, with feet prac- tically white. A few of Allen’s Chipmunk (Eutamias senex), were found here. Singularly enough, gophers were very scarce wherever we went, fortunately for the farmers. Near this last camp was a field of perhaps twenty acres, with green crops, including po- tatoes, growing therein, and surrounded by dry, rocky soil, yet careful search failed to reveal the presence of any gopher sign whatever. Bray and Edgewood were the only stations at which we found signs in any quantity and even there this was restricted to small areas. The alfalfa fields in Shasta Valley at a lower elevation were not, however, examined critically by us, our only view of them being from the train windows, from which no particular damage to the crop was noticed. VoL. X.] MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 89 While a comparison of the number of species noted by dif- ferent field parties is usually of interest to the student of the geographic distribution of birds, such comparison loses value when the dates of observation are not similar. Although the records given in the reports of the Merriam and the Alexander expeditions to this region or its vicinity do not quite correspond to those given in this paper, many of those of the first two being either of an earlier or later date than the Academy expe- dition, tor the benefit of future observers it seems worth while to call attention to the differences in these recorded lists. The Merriam report includes 136 species of birds against our 109. This expedition covered a greater variation of territory than did ours, with larger range of elevation, and remained in the field from the middle of July until the beginning of October. This list includes a number of water birds and raptores that we did not find, as well as some birds of higher altitudes than those we visited. Among those not mentioned by Merriam are the following: Band-tailed Pigeon, American Osprey, North- ern Spotted Owl, Nuttall’s Woodpecker, Ash-throated Fly- catcher, Traill’s Flycatcher, Gray Flycatcher, California Purple Finch, Western Vesper Sparrow, Brewer’s Sparrow, Cedar Waxwing, Black-throated Gray Warbler, Pallid Wren-tit, Rus- set-backed Thrush, and the Olive-backed Thrush, a total of 17 species. Without further information it is useless to comment on these differences further than to say that some of them are due to differences in actual localities visited, even where these were not far separated from each other, and others may be due to difference in date of observations, which may account for the failure of the Merriam party to find the Russet-backed Thrush which we found widely distributed, although the first date of observation of the Merriam expedition, July 15, seems very early for all the individuals of this species to have departed for the south, especially as the Alexander party found it at Grizzly Creek in the Salmon Mountains as late as July 23. Comparing ours with the Alexander expedition list of 95 species of birds, the same causes for differences can be assumed. The following is our list of species not therein noted: Mallard, California Great Blue Heron, Anthony’s Green Heron, Wil- 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H SER. son’s Snipe, Band-tailed Pigeon, Turkey Vulture, Marsh Hawk, Western Red-tailed Hawk, American Osprey, Northern Spotted Owl, California Pygmy Owl, California Cuckoo, Nut- tall’s Woodpecker, Poor-will, Pacific Nighthawk, Anna’s Hum- mingbird, Arkansas Kingbird, Ash-throated Flycatcher, Gray Flycatcher, Dusky Horned Lark, Western Crow, Western Ves- per Sparrow, Brewer’s Sparrow, Sooty Fox Sparrow, Western Martin, Cliff Swallow. Barn Swallow, Tree Swallow, Macgil- livray’s Warbler, Pygmy Nuthatch, and Sierra Hermit Thrush. A notable fact in this is that no species of swallow is in- cluded in the Alexander expedition, whereas we found at least three. Nor did the Sierra Hermit Thrush appear to be breed- ing in the territory covered by that party, although one would suppose it to be rather widespread in this region, especially so, as in all probability some of the records of the “Dwarf Hermit Thrush” mentioned as noted in several localities by the Mer- riam parties were of this form. While the Academy’s expedition was principally interested in the bird life of the region visited, and succeeded in adding a number of species to the recorded list of Siskiyou County birds, and in adding in other ways to the comparatively meager knowledge of its avifauna, at the same time special efforts were made to obtain specimens of the rodents at each station. In this the results were disappointing, and, while part of our lack of success may have been due to want of experience on the part of the assistant members, there appeared to be a great thinning out, by some agency, of these small mammals. Probably the three successive dry seasons, with attendant scarcity of accus- tomed food supply, had something to do with this diminution in numbers. The expedition was brought to a close June 16. MAILLIARD—BIRDS, MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU COUNTY 91 Vou. X.] (snqpaanjoqyD ‘D snoidoua Xx) Jaxsedpoop pepeay-a,ly My WIdyZION Bee hack ae cahee Bae cE eA EA hk ae eat (YJoynu sayogokaq) ayxoadpoo A $,[12}3nN CHCRTICUOLOA CO DC. Con ce ee 00 ( MOAN -F- taupsis *4 Sajpgoi4q,) JayDad poo M S,toupsres) PEC ($n140 “a Sajpgokiq) sax9adpoo sopoyy (sypjuapi990 “D snzk290)) OOYOND evrIusIOJIeD B'D:0s0 BLOW GAO. 0 Geto Dea tat Qu (mnIMdofyDs “3 wnIpImNDID) [AQ AusAg ewuI0peD Ghat Metsterete saneced davons Cobatess raters tater manseslinastsliciar its (Dutann9 “0 x1ujS) [MQ parjodg wiayION ESRC ORNATE Oui LU Ce ec eS 3 (Sisuauyjosp9 *yY uoripung) AaidsQ wesley ST cr: aD hae oat CHIC (Smidansvds ‘Ss 07707) YMWeT Motredg uvowewy BROS OT Oo Sa (SNANIDI *Q OajNG) AMET] payrej-pary w19sysa A. Leahey dNahatealortebal eaatohaan seepanPiy ab ake eR env chereean rd einen e (snauospny sn24r7) 3oxeRy YSIEW Bese iny tle hehe Rhe er Seat gr cee hed ac ce eas (sypuotdjuajdas *D sazaDyjDD) a1nynA AsyM Pash e naltge (DYJaursaDU “uM DANpYDUAZ) AAO, BuIUINOP UI94SA\ Valle Ws yejel ess rene) 6 eis lejenleie te 8.6 siele, el sieuetere vivivis (vyo19s pf oe pguinjo)) uoasig pajrey-pueg MASa ELA ALSA Cloke aunge gin ed gn pee Nolan kos (ésnsoursynf ‘0 sndpspapuaq) asno1y (2) Aj00g 5 ICRCROLCoOHCLOM RC tt POS CRO a eset Ba SO DL LOC Oc RNC Cah (Djo217Da 9 xz4oyqoT) [rend AITICA Movetchavejelevvtelerelvruleislelel viateselcletenshaisiatstec toners ts (vaafuungd oh xK44094()) Teno urequnoy, Ri vieseleivi sh etanetavels evetsluvetareletoi=islalslersteleisty, ie: sieve tel vneiilal ela (snaafi90a “a snyvakxQ) IOapyEy PROC OEGRCUD CLCCRLDOIOLOLU IOI RO LN) Lat ody Cet bron CO (DiuDnaDUL SYYIP) Jadidpueg payjods Tisha biavalayal statis) ctalreifetistiatetuie tits ts tcl als ialatel setsuchel siataret asta (Djvayap osDUuuIDD) adiug $,UOSTIM, (1€u0yjuD ‘a Saplaojng) UOIAay] UdeIH) s,AuoyjUYy Soot SDD DOU log Dor ceetee[eee es sfeeeeeeleceeeeressssrsssssssssssss > (pguosaghy “y vapsp) UOIOR eng 1eeID stu0pyeD oo Uomo ta gesonlatoabl ae “Ueto occdlloemdoul aon oun lo fp Gocumio oro. morn 6 ODUTL Om somo oeD OUD an eo Gu O (soysucyadkioig SDU V) PleleI nn e wee Ss. 8K Soo Sas) é| @a5a) 252 ico} yrs eo? F 2798) SE. | Gx SEOs) ois pejou Zurjseu jo susis 10 ‘Suysou=u werSs|- et] xz BO Imoda| sg: uayxey=4 B5x0| Sue | SF ag \Fepal oe 1 Bora | 323 | 2? 2 | nae| 88 pojou=, me o f ee Ph Bee o3| = Fre OZ6I ‘ST ANAL OL OT AVI ‘NOILIGadXY SHONAIOG 4O AWAGVOY VINUOAITVD VINUYOMITVO ‘ALNONOO NOATMSIS NI GAdYOOUA SAUIA [ Proc. 4TH Ser. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES *(suufuor “3 sajagmog) Moiredg Jadsa, Ula3sa Une oe Naeeie cae 04 * (snousamop dasspq) Moiredg ysysuq u . shalevejetatavahebetniela ee os phaleleialecelejejiaisyaia “(snug ‘d snutds) ULYSIS auld Ud UD Ser OC OMe + (snppydosodsoy *d snuypsnays y) YOUYpP[OH peyoeq-useiH Re (supupoyps 7 SnUYDIDAS Y) YOUYPIOL) MOTILMA Tie *(sypjuodf ‘mu snaDpodav7) yoUUYT eIUIOJYeS pais **(mussp9 snappodip)) yourg aiding s,uisse9d Uy, sss" (snauiofyps *¢ snappodan)) your aiding eluiojyeg PION GD ** (vaquaofyyns ‘a puoydidadsafzy) YBAqsO1y) SULUDAT BIUIOFI[ED Ul, (snyoydasounks sndnydng) pliqyor|[g S,Jomoig Pig elfen a: (2420111 sn4aj2J) 21ONO SAOTM Terese esessssses (nygagau DIJIUAYS) YIe[MOpBaT] W19}S9\\ aT sted ese) as (stsuappaau yd snivjad 7) pliqyoe[g padutm-pay epeagdgN “(snqoydaooyjunx snqpyqar0yjunX) PIIGHoe[_ Paepeay-MOl[a A Das ol * (punrquinjos DIDs{IINAT) JOYOVIOINN S,AyxIe[O ae a *(staadsay *q Sna40j) MOID UIAISA MW "(stupmun +9 puor0jayd p) Ae paltez-suoT tresses ss (supquosf*s Dy0unk,)) Aef payuojj-an[g sicig sees setts (yptsdaud “D $140901Q) YAe'T paustoyy AYSNC ney a eae (snasts xpuopidwug) 1ayoyeoALy S,ABI) srr (yudim xpoupidug) JayoyeoATy Syst “""(ppuouupy xpuopidud) 1dYydVeIAT YY S,PUOWIWIE TY ON Figo “"(ypeay *} xDUopigmcy) JayoyeoATT S [ELL 2 PEE “* + (syiayfip *p xpuopidiuy) 1ayoyeoAT J UIAISA MA 00-9 ** (MOSpADYIIA "4 SAUDYIOU PY) BAMA POOM WI94SEM nen 9 |(Bae sadesshecsiey sheighs *(Sypadog SYUAOTIDIINAT) IAYOJeOATY Papts-Oal[O paren ene en arekonstoxtss)-sxesehes Pa tcued Se yensiskeacis " (suaaspaausa ‘9 SnysaviUK yy) JaYOIeOAT YT poyeosyy-Yysy 0 Bice Beaeemicnerensnsestcas ‘(sypoysan snuupsk J) piiqsury U1s{so Ye receersssssscess ss (agoujp pyngais) prqsuraumy adore seee “* . ote eee Tyo Ot) * ee *(puuDd aig&y07) parqsururuin Fy s,euuy . oe eee ete eee eee ee one . *(staadsay ‘a sapiapaoy)) yey sin ogneg owee ee ene see se ee ed (ypoyinu "U Smjyqoun1Dy J) [[}M4-100g U1, eee eee ere ee we ewe eee eee eee * (81401109 "9 saj¢0jo)) JOA peyeys- per U1, Ay as Seats shale chee eek horas (1sunaq snusaputs y) IayoadpooM S,StMo'T se “(opoasargyo *d snumojoay) 1axadpoo M payeetig UsoyyION reser e|eseneeeecersssscssss ss (anasanp ‘a snoidvsdyds) Jayonsdes payseeiq-pay e1aIS 93 COUNTY MAMMALS OF SISKIYOU MAILLIARD—BIRDS, VoL. X.] "43 OOLE "arora -“WsdIt) JO"M 'S “sql UOUWeS ‘39019 Joppry 93.000 ‘P91 JO" M Soi g “QIN esnoyy ysal0,y 43 SE6T “poomaspy poomaspy Yo2IQ yeg ‘sBulidg s,31ea\04g jo"M' o0EF * MTS AE ce ere a EO oe oo (1atMJ0} SYUAOAOF()) JO|GIE MW S,ARIAL [oR Wy aanscevaued] uctetetncolenvi ot atexey sh suseNa) srere peri eraveleseo ce toReeareteats (sypiuapi990 voL0Apuaq]) Ja{qIe Ay WuLIa Fy Tel | eae eae ase RAE Baa ea (suarsasdu DII0ApUaq) Ja[qieM Avin) poyeoiyy-yorl_ Naira PERCE CARL aaa RAL eign aT (™MmognpND “D DIL0ApUaC) Ja|qIeA\ S,;“oqnpny [oat a Sepa ee ea ce eat aa (249}8ma4q ‘DM DIVOAPUAC]) JAIGIEM MOT[AK erusOp[eO Urge vam | cas stag bea acess av asuics ers atcte mass eee aie (SYDAN]ING “4 DéOAUMAIA ) Ja|GIe MW SBIOALTES LT ay || eae 5 Se meetalenra te Spee a gira pa gta ok tac as at he Sh (WUASSDI *S OAAINMUD'T) ODILA S,UISSED (0 rea (ane ae Oo OE Oe (mosurpms “8 DajksoastA ) OdILA Burpqie AA UI9}SOM SIN IEC AOR ar gt fo ta alan eS eg cl (Wndodpa? DIPIKQUOg) BUIMXRM Iepad bus, Ur epevele ofecdlsy spans oWe ce lsheusasusaeohe ele) lens) .a is) esshie ls (6 i . (4030919 aur0ddopor]) MOT[PAS daly, ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee es (4ajspso4yjesa opundarzy) MOTTEAS uieg Seren Meith Cn ern ae it eer ee Ce (suosfiung 7 uopyayr04aq) MOT[EMS BuO HeLa staph [nt 6m, Se se eae ru kate) ioi's/(4) ecfeletele aieyalajo}.susiicerevetier s (Diaadsay “Ss auso4q) UIJIET u19}S9/M SEO EA SE eS ONS DOT ad Ope Ae Pe (DuDIINOph] DiUDA J) JAaBeUeT UIDISAM ore) €, Bie mele) «i wheels weno! avjere uve: ejee eee) e\ss'eerei6) sie ates (Duawup DULAASSDq) surung ynzey (sypjidD9 “mM DipojaunzZ) Yeaqso1y papesy-yorig oyweg PACA ESN Vestn Se ae caro ee nas eter aera (DANAOTYI D149SJOYAAG(.)) PAYMO J, Pa]rej-UsdI10) AA aN Ee aoa Ene Or ed ee eR (@]0409 *9 opidrq) dIYMOT, UMOIG UIBYIION i i nr ee ie i ry (snqjauraqof "UM ond gq) addyMO TL, oOyUSUTeINeS Gis espe Bag ade abi eae eyes isp the seen a Mehta (Dsourdynf *t DYasassDq) Mo11edg xogq AyooS PA Sg ae See cola eae SO A (wsogispUu “1 DYJadassDq) MOIIedg XO o}1UIASO K Pa Te Na ean py rela cay LRRE UNO (Dyjasaysyf “ui Dzidsojapy) MoItedg Buog dopo Fw ee ee ee ee ee eee (uaqany] ‘oO oouns) ooun{ BLIIIS ee ee ee ce (14ama4g pyazids) moitedg s Jomolg BREE CEY ETSI OA OMSL cs ae (muozip “d pyjaz1dg) Moiredg Burddry9 ussysa yy CaCO CCn CeCe i ee (snqvsiaqs “3 sasapuoy)) Moiredg yey 10489 pojou Zurjsou jo susis 10 ‘Surjsou =u uayxey=4 pojou=, uOol}PBAaa “YW OSPE ‘poay [ Proc. 4TH Ser. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Ce “60 ‘Utero past] sotoads jo Joquinu [e{0 1, ‘a1ay} aUOp Uaeq BUIALY Bur -yoaT]0o ou ‘Yysnosy} Surssed ur ATUO pojoU oem po4zs!] Ulo1oy satoads oy} se ajajduroo suva ou Aq st eyIIA WOIZ ASI] OUL UOIPBAIIS JOYSIY Yooy porpuNy [esIAes 3 ‘IQ “FJ UO Ude} SEA Avlg WO} papsioovs1 MOIedg XO o4rULesOX OY] ‘QUOT ULIPPULD ay} Ur ‘AAOqe DoUR4SIp JOYS B UdHeY satoads oulos sapnyjout 4st] s8uridg sj1eMeyg ey [—'aLON simone tras Lorena oS OSIRG gS Gna ngae ae Can y (Saploonadnd DYDIS) PlIgon[_ uleyUno/y dO TOO AOD Can HIG COO ABT Os O00 ODS (stypyuap1990 "Me DYDIG) paLqan|g U10ISA NM OES = (snnburdosd “ue sitaysaunj] qd) ULqoY U19}seM NEO ENO Cia: Ai ea (stsuatonbas 3 Djys190j FY) YSHIY TL, PUA CLIVIG oat OCR PO OED Des D OO OR Ot Ere TO Oe (DUuDU “3. 149190] F7) ysniy.L qua yy jieaqd a Shor sas eh Seca a as hi Geen a Coe tgas (mosurmns *n 17Y9190]4 77) YSNAY TL, Pexeq-eAllO OOM OPEL O Pe) ORO POO OOH ONO LODE DOT GO (pjrjnjsn n 114929074 F7) ysniy pL paxoeq-jossny BO. 96:0 (ypuasuno] sajsapok py ) eiveytjog puesuMoL, BOO OTS ERE eae 2 eae ae (Djnpuarp2 “9 snynday) y[suLy poumoso-Aqny (snaapayo *s snyndayy) ye[SULY PeUMO1-Uap]OL) U19}S9M S44 mpi SPEAR CE CAS clic ge a (snmaunu “wm snavdiajqDs J) 414-Ysng ySeOD DP aiedolersvelirieraisiehersiaVatolckohs/ohtnctst, which need correction. On page 550 “a very few species of butterflies” are recorded. There are no butterflies on the Pribilofs. Likewise the record of “a single dragon fly” on page 552 should be ignored, because these insects are absent. Similar sweeping statements were made regarding several species of mollusks in his “Monograph.” The absence of mosquitoes and other insects injurious to man and animals is noteworthy. The Pribilof tundra is a paradise to one accustomed to similar territory in other northern regions. 8 Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., II, 1900. 4 Fur-seals and Fur-seal Islands, pt. 3, p, 547, 1899. 5 Report of the 10th Census, 1884, p. 12, Monograph of the Seal Islands. 156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. COLEOPTERA FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA BY EDWIN C. VAN DYKE University of California The collection of Coleoptera, made by Dr. Hanna while stationed on the Pribilof Islands during the summer of 1920 con- tains 21 species, most of them represented by numerous specimens. It includes nearly all of those known to have been found there. In the present report, the lacking ones are mentioned in order to make the list as complete as possible. A short bibliography is also given. The beetles of the Fur-seal Islands are better known than is any other portion of its insect fauna, many of the species having been known for a long time. The first one to be mentioned was Carabus truncaticollis Esch., which was captured by Dr. Esch- scholtz while on his second voyage, the second Kotzebue Expe- dition, 1823-1826, and described in 1833 in his “Zoological Atlas.” Eschscholtz does not seem to have visited the Pribilofs during his first voyage, 1815-1818, although he collected on Unalaska Island on that trip and not only described a number of the species captured, in his “Entomographien,” published in 1822, but fur- nished Fisher von Waldheim with a number to be described by him in his ‘““Entomographia imperti russici,” published in 1820- 1822. Other species named by Eschscholtz were not described by him because of his early death, but by others, such as Count Dejean and Baron von Mannerheim who, of course, are given credit for the same. Meanwhile, other Russians stationed at the Fur-seal Islands, as elsewhere in the Russian possessions in North America, collected specimens and sent them back, chiefly to the two great museums at Moscow and St. Petersburg. Here they were described by various workers, chiefly Ménétries at St. Petersburg and Count von Mannerheim at Moscow. The latter, in his classical ‘Beitrag zur Kafer-Fauna der Aleutischen Inseln, der Insel Sitkha and Neu-Californiens,” published in 1843 in the “Bull. de la Soc. Imper. des Natural. de Moscou,” and in his three supplements to the same, published respectively in 1846, 1852, and 1853, gave us the most complete work which has been published Vol. XI] VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 15/7 on the Coleoptera of Alaska and one which has served as the basis for all subsequent studies. Since the Pribilof Islands became a part of the United States, small collections of specimens have been made from time to time by various collectors stopping there or by those investigating the fur-seal herds. The two who have collected the most are Professor Trevor Kincaid, who, while working as a student under Dr. Jordan, in 1897, collected a fair series of the Coleoptera, part of which went to the National Museum and part remained behind in his own hands; and Mr. J. August Kusche who made a brief stop there in 1913; the bulk of his material went to the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh. The Coleopterous fauna of the Pribilofs, as shown by the species studied, is distinctly arctic. Most of the species are found also on the Seward Peninsula and other parts of the adjacent mainland. A few are met with on the Aleutian Islands, chiefly the uplands of Unalaska Island ; but many of the most characteris- tic species of the Aleutian Islands, those belonging to the Vancou- veran fauna®, as I have called it, and which are also to be found along the south side of the Alaska Peninsula and in southeastern Alaska generally, are not to be found on the Pribilof Islands. This would seem to indicate that they had at one time been con- nected to the mainland to the east or northeast, never with the Aleutian Islands, and had received their fauna from the former. CARABID/E 1. Carabus truncaticollis Esch. Esch., Zoo. Atlas, V (1833), p. 22. Mots., Bull. Mosc., IV (1845), p. 337, t. 5 f. 3. Sahlb. J., Col. and Hemiptera of the Vega Exped. (1885), pialZ: Many specimens. The series shows many color phases, vary- ing from brilliant green through bronze to almost black. This is the largest and most conspicious beetle found on the islands. Eschscholtz in his original description states that he found this insect both at Kamchatka and on the Islands of St. George and St. Paul. It has since been taken by numerous collectors on the Seward Peninsula and upper Yukon and by the Vega Expedition Dee EE 6 “The Distribution of Insects in Western North America,” by Edwin C. Van Dyke, Anns. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. XII (March, 1919), pp. 1-12. 158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. at various places in Arctic Siberia from Bering Strait to the Ural Mountains. It has also been recorded from the Sierra Nevada Mountains on the authority of Henry Edwards. This last record, however, I very much doubt. 2. Nebria bifaria Mann. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 128. N. Carbonaria Mann., Bull. Mose., XXV (1852), p. 293. Heyden, Cat. Col. Siberia, Berlin (1880-81), p. 13. Six specimens of the typical form with red femora and dark knees, tibia, and tarsi, from St. Paul Island, the type locality. Typical specimens of the same species are also to be found at Teller and Nome, and on the Alaska Peninsula and all black phases with the same at the last locality as well as near the mouth of the Mackenzie. (See Report Canadian Arctic Exped., Vol. III, Insects (1919), p. 14E.) It has also been reported from Kamchatka and by Heyden from various places along the coast of northeastern Siberia. It has not been found on the Aleutian Islands. Bifaria is the only Nebria that I have seen in the various collections that have been made on the Pribilof Islands. The Nebria reducta Casey (Memoirs on Col., 1X (1920), p. 150), described from St. Paul Island, I am inclined to believe is not only a dark or fully pigmented phase of N. viridis Horn, but may never have been actually taken on the islands. A good deal of the material taken in Alaska has, through carelessness, often been tagged with wrong locality labels by the collectors. 3. Patrobus septentrionis Dej. Dejean, Spec., III (1828), p. 29. Fossifrons Esch., Mén. de la Soc. Imp. de Natur. de Moscou, VI; p: 10459: Fossifrons Esch., Mann., Bull. Mosc., XVI (1843), (Sep. 74 A series of 28 specimens, three from St. Paul Island, the rest from St. George. These are all similar to the phase described as fossifrons Esch., from Unalaska, and found so abundantly there. The species is found on this continent extending from Alaska to Labrador, to the Lake Superior region, down the Rockies to Vol. XI] VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 159 Colorado, through the Cascades and Sierra Nevada Mountains to Lake Tahoe, and along the lowlands of the West Coast as far south as middle Washington. In the old world, it extends from the Scandinavian Peninsula and Scotland eastward across north- ern Europe and Siberia to Bering Strait. It varies considerably, and as a result, a great number of varieties and so-called species have been erected at its expense. Very large series, however, from many localities, show that they all grade one into the other. 4. Pterostichus hyperboreus Mann. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 127. Ménetr., Kafer Russl., p. 54. A large series, mostly from St. George Island, though with a few from St. Paul, and containing typical as well as atypical examples. The typical have the area within the hind angles of the pronotum convex and impunctate; in the atypical, the same area is more or less flattened and irregularly punctured. All de- grees of variation are observable. The series shows that this species, like all of the others of the subgenus Cryobius, is ex- ceedingly variable. The color ranges from a metallic green through violet and bronze to black, the last found generally in the older and more rubbed individuals. In its limited sense, this species is restricted to the Pribilof Islands, but it is, in reality, little more than a geographic race or subspecies of P. ventri- cosus Esch. of Unalaska; the same is true of the more widely distributed mainland form, P. vindicatus Mann. 5. Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec. Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1873), p. 315. A good series with representatives from both St. George and St. Paul islands. This variable species is not found on the Aleu- tian Islands, but ranges, on the mainland, from the Seward Penin- sula, Alaska, to Labrador, Mt. Washington, N. H., and Lake Superior. 160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. 6. Pterostichus similis Mén. Ménétr., Kafer Russl., p. 55. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXV (1852), p. 296 (Sep. p. 9). Var. quadricollis Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 133. Many specimens of the typical form as well as a number of the smaller and broader individuals which would be classed as var. quadricollis Mann., all from St. George Island, the type locality for both. This is the third species of the subgenus Cryobius from the Pribilofs. I have found it myself on the moun- tains of Unalaska Island and it has also been taken abundantly on the Seward Peninsula, and according to Sahlberg, at St. Law- rence Bay, Peninsula of Tschutski, Siberia. 7. Amara brunnipennis Dej. Dej., Spec. (1831), V, p. 800. Twenty specimens of this variable species with representatives from both St. George and St. Paul islands, and with the phases having light and dark elytra, in about equal numbers. This species is not found on the Aleutian Islands, but is common on the mainland and extends from the Seward Peninsula to Labra- dor, Mt. Washington, N. H., and the high Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 8. Amara glacialis Mann. Mann., Bull Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 135. One specimen from St. Paul Island. This is an interesting addition to the Coleopterous fauna of the Pribilofs. It was described from the Kenai Peninsula, but has since been found at Cockburn Point and Bernard Harbor, Canadian Northwest Territory, Ungava, Hudson Bay, and Labrador, and is stated to be represented by a variety in Kamchatka. 9. Amara remotestriata De). Dej., Spec. general des Col., III (1828), p. 473. Indistincta Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 45. Reducens Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 46. Not found by Dr. Hanna but by Professor Kincaid on St. Paul Island, in July, 1897. This species is also found on Atka, Un- Vol. XI] VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 161 alaska, and Akutan of the Aleutian Islands, on Kodiak, and the Alaska Peninsula, and extends across the continent and as far south on the Atlantic Coast as New Jersey, down the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and along the Pacific Coast as far as middle California. DYTISCIDZ& 10. Agabus hypomelas Mann. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XVI (1843), p. 221 (Sep. p. 97). Var. irregularis Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 72. Twelve specimens, including some from both St. George and St. Paul islands. It is found also on Unalaska Island, Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, Kenai Peninsula, Sitka, and Vancouver Island. The specimens from the Pribilofs are slightly darker than those seen from Unalaska. 11. Laccophilus decipiens Lec. Lec. Anns. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V (1851), p. 205. Truncatus Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 68. Californicus Mots., Bull. Mosc., XXXII (1859), II, p. 172. This species is listed from St. George Island as well as the Kenai Peninsula, on the authority of Mannerheim, but it has not been found farther north than British Columbia in recent years. It is a common species in both Oregon and California. I would questionably admit of its being Alaskan until verified. SILPHID/Z 12. Lyrosoma opacum Mann. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 175. Sahlb. J., Vega Exped. (1885), p. 66. Numerous specimens from both St. George and St. Paul islands. It is a widely distributed species in Bering Sea, being found on Bogoslof, Atka, Unalaska, and Bering islands; it is also found on Afognak Island. It lives in the rotting kelp and is at times completely submerged by the tides. 162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. STAPHYLINIDZE 13. Atheta graminicola Gravh. Gravh., Mon. Col. Micropt. (1806), p. 76. Stonolota granulata Mann., Bull. Mosc., SOX C1846); p. 508. Three specimens. This small rove beetle is abundant on Un- alaska and Atka islands, and is also to be found on the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak, Queen Charlotte Islands, as well as in Arctic Europe and Asia. 14. Quedius fulvicollis Steph. Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., V (1832), p. 244. Hyperboreus Er., Gen. (1839), p. 547. Not found by Dr. Hanna, but secured previously by Professor Kincaid. It is found also on Unalaska Island, at Nome, and extends across the continent to Labrador and Newfoundland, to Maine, to Colorado, to Vancouver Island, and is found like- wise throughout Europe and Arctic Asia. 15. Tachinus apterus Maklin Maklin, Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 113. Six specimens from St. George Island. This species is sup- posed to be restricted to this island, but though considered distinct by Fauvel, is undoubtedly very closely related to others found at Unalaska and on the mainland. 16. Arpedium beringensis Van Dyke, new species Apterous; nigro piceous, antennz, palpi, margins of the prothorax and elytra, and feet refuescent. Head triangular, vertex bi-impressed, front slightly convex and shallowly obliquely im- pressed on each side anteriorly, the disc alutaceous and minutely sparsely punctate, the tempora very prominent, the head rather suddenly constricted behind. Antennze extending almost to middle of elytra, joints 2, 3 and 4 of about equal length and breadth, slightly more than twice as long as broad,4—10 gradually shorter and broader but never broader than long or transverse. Prothorax transverse, one-third broader than long, slightly nar- rowed posteriorly, moderately convex, broadly shallowly emar- ginate at apex, narrowly emarginate at middle of base, sides Vol. XI) VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 163 rounded, disc alutaceous and finely sparsely yet distinctly punctate and pilose, more markedly at sides, a fovea at sides in front of middle. Elytra at least a third longer than prothorax and one- half broader, with sides straight and diverging from humeri, the margin fine and reflexed, the apex of each elytron obliquely trun- cate outwards, the outer apical angles broadly rounded, the disc moderately coarsely punctured and minutely pilose. Abdomen broader than elytra, above minutely rather sparsely punctate and pilose, beneath more definitely but equally punctured. Length 4 mm., breadth 2 mm. Holotype and three paratypes in my collection, collected on St. George Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska, June 14 and August 5, 1897, by Professor Trevor Kincaid, and by him kindly pre- sented to me. Two paratypes collected on St. George Island, July 1, 1920, by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, as is also a series of eight specimens of the same from St. Paul Island, collected by Dr. Hanna. In Dr. F. E. Blaisdell’s collection, there are also several more from the Pribilofs, collected July, 1911, as well as two from Nome, Alaska, collected June, 1899. In my collection there is one from Teller. Type locality, St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. This species, I have for some time considered as but a dark phase of the widely distributed Arpedium brunnescens Sahib. Upon more careful comparison with that species, I find, however, that it differs not only in color but by being generally more robust, by having antennz of a different type, the joints 8—10 in brun- nescens being decidedly transverse, by having more prominent and angular tempora, and a more definite and abundant punctuation and pilosity, the abdomen being especially more punctate and pilose. So far as I know, beringensis is local to the Pribilof Islands and the neighboring Seward Peninsula on the mainland, while brunnescens is found on Unalaska Island, and extends to Banff, Alberta, and the Lake Superior region. It is also found throughout the arctic portions of Europe and Asia. 164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 17. Olophrum fuscum Grav. Grav., Mon. Col. Micropt. (1806), p. 211. ~ Latum Makl., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 194. Eighteen specimens, some from St. George, others from St. Paul. It is also found on the Kenai Peninsula as well as in northern Siberia, Caucasia, and temperate and northern Europe. 18. Micralymma dicksoni Maklin Makin, Ofv. Finsk vet. Soc. Férh, (1877), p. 24. Sahlberg, J., Vega Exped. (1885), p. 28. One specimen collected by Dr. Hanna. I have also a series in my own collection given to me by Professor Kincaid, who captured them on St. George Island, as well as a series from northwest Siberia, not far from the type locality, which agree perfectly with the Pribilof specimens. The species has so far only been found along the coast of Siberia from the mouth of the Yenisei River east to Bering Strait and on the Pribilof Islands. BYRRHID 19. Byrrhus fasciatus Fabr. Fabr., Ent. Syst., I (1792), p. 85, 4. Not found by Dr. Hanna, though collected there by Professor Kincaid. It is found also on Unalaska Island and the Seward Peninsula, as well as throughout Europe and northern Siberia. ELATERID/E 20. Cryptohypnus littoralis Esch. Esch., Thon Entom. Archiv, II (1829), I, p. 33. Dej., Cat., 3rd Ed. (1833), p. 105. Germ., Zeitsch. V (1844), p. 137, 3. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XTX (1846), p. 510. Not found by Dr. Hanna, but secured previously on the islands by Professor Kincaid. It is found also on the seacoast of Atka, Unalaska, and Kodiak islands, as well as on the Kenai Peninsula and at Kukak Bay (Kincaid, Harriman Exped.). It is also reported from Kamchatka. Vol. XT) VAN DYKE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS COLEOPTERA 165 21. Hypnoidus musculus Esch. Esch., Entomographien (1822), p. 70. Esch., Thon Entom. Archiv, IT (1829), p. 33. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XVI (1843), (Sep. p. 66). One specimen. Taken in numbers previously by Professor Kincaid. Found also on Unalaska and Kodiak islands, the Kenai Peninsula, Wrangel Island, and Queen Charlotte Islands. CHRYSOMELID/# 22. Chrysomela subsulcata Mann. Mann., Bull. Mose., XXVI (1853), p. 247. A large series, including specimens from both St. George and St. Paul islands, the latter the type locality. They show a great variation in color, ranging from brilliant green, through blue, bronze, to black; also in size and in sculpture, most of the speci- mens having the elytral intervals subcristate with the striz deeply impressed while others show intermediate degrees of development to certain small specimens which have the intervals very flat and the strize hardly indicated except by the punctures. The life his- tory of this interesting willow-feeding species was described by Kincaid’. It was not found on the Aleutian Islands, even after a most careful search, but it has been reported from Popof Island (Harriman Exped. 1900), and Camden Bay and Collin- son Point, Alaska, Arctic Coast (Canad. Arctic Exped., 1919). Related but distinct species are found on the opposite Siberian Coast. EURYSTETHIDA (ZGIALITIDA) 23. Eurystethus (A®gialities) californicus Mots. Mots., Bull. Mosc., XVIII (1845), p. 33. Debilis Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXVI (1853), p. 180. Seidlitz, Deutsch Ent., Zeit. (1916), p. 127. Van Dyke, Entom. News, XXIX (Oct., 1918), p. 307. Nineteen specimens, several of which have a much narrower and more cylindrical prothorax and generally narrower after- body, including the elytra, but otherwise not different. This insect, perhaps the most distinctive of the North Pacific, has 7 Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vol. VIII, Insects, Part I (1904), p. 199. 166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. been found on all of the Commander Islands, the Aleutian Islands, Kenai Peninsula, Sitka, Queen Charlotte Islands, and Vancouver Island. It has not so far ever been captured on the coast of either Oregon or California, but it is replaced in the latter by other species of the same genus. CURCULIONID/E 24. Lophalophus inquinatus Mann. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XXV (1852), p. 351 (Sep. p. 135). Mann., Bull. Mosc., XX VI (1853), p. 244 (Sep. p. 231). One specimen. Found also on Atka, Unalaska, Unga, Kodiak and Afognak islands, the Kenai Peninsula, and at Sitka. 25. Lephyrus palustris Scopoli Scopoli, Entomologia Carniolica, ete. (1763), p. 33. Not found by Dr. Hanna, though secured by Professor Kin- caid on St. George Island. I have wing cases taken by myself on Unalaska Island; also specimens from Nome and Teller, Alaska. It has also been taken at Bernard Harbor, Northwest Territory (Can. Arctic Exped., 1919). These are the typical palustris, agreeing perfectly with the typical form from Europe. The subspecies canadensis Csy., which is found in the Hudsonian and Canadian faunal regions more to the south, of which I have specimens from Rampart, Tanana, and Dawson, is quite distinct, as is also the subspecies geminatus Say, the common form in the Eastern United States, and the subspecies perforatus Csy. of British Columbia and Washington. The true palustris is also found throughout Europe and Arctic Siberia. 26. Trachodes ptinoides Germ. Germ., Insect. Spec. Novzee Hale, XXIV (1824), p. 327. Mann., Bull. Mosc., XVI (1843), p. 249 (Sep. p. 120). Thirty-eight specimens from St. George Island. Found also on Atka, Unalaska and Akutan islands, at Yakutat, Wrangel, on the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver islands, and the mainland as far south as California. It breeds only in the driftwood found Vol. XI] VAN DUZEE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 167 A NEW SPECIES OF THE DIPTEROUS FAMILY DOLICHOPODIDA FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA BY M. C. VAN DUZEE Hydrophorus fumipennis Van Duzee, new species Female: Length 4 mm. Face wide, shining coppery, its lower edge nearly straight, palpi brownish yellow. Front seal-brown. Antenne black, rather short; third joint small, about as long as wide; arista about as long as the antenna. One pair of post- verticals; postorbitals about eight on each side, reaching but little more than one-third the eye height, black. Beard yellow, almost golden, not very abundant. Thorax brown with about six or seven dorsocentrals in each row; acrostichals black, in a single row; pollen on upper half of the pleuree brown, on lower half and on the coxe whitish. Propleura with one black bristle above the fore coxa. Scutellum with two pair of bristles. Scutellum and abdomen coppery- bronze colored. Fore coxe, tibia and femora bronze; middle and hind cox and all tarsi blackish. The anterior surface of fore cox covered with minute white hairs, and with a row of 12 or more small black bristles of nearly equal length on the outer edge, these scarcely as long as thickness of tibia. Fore femora considerably thickened, appearing to have two rows of close-set, short spines on the whole length of its lower surface ; fore tibiee nearly straight, with a distinct angle at tip projecting a little towards the femora, and with short spines nearly the whole length of its inner surface, nearly as long as those on the femora. Fore tarsi as long as their femora; first joint as long as the two following joints taken together, last four joints of nearly equal length. Middle femora and tibia each about as long as the abdomen; middle tarsi scarcely more than half as long as their tibiz, the first two joints shorter than those following, the second being the shorter, about half as long as third. Halteres altogether black. Calypters black with yellowish cilia. Wings brown in front of fourth vein and along the fifth and cross veins, a small spot at base, a slender streak in the center of the marginal cell, and a spot at tip of the submarginal cell, which is gray; the center of the first posterior cell also a little grayish; third vein bending forward a little just before its tip as it often does in this genus. 168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Holotype, female, No. 821, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, July 20, 1920. Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska. This interesting form can be recognized by the row of 12 or more little black bristles of nearly equal length on the anterior edge of the outer side of the fore coxz, the very short middle tarsi, especially the short first two joints, and the dark wings, together with the metallic face, black halteres and the black calypters with their pale cilia. Vol. XI] COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 169 DIPTERA FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA BY F. R. COLE Stanford University A few Diptera have been recorded from the Pribilof Islands in past years, but heretofore no extensive collection has formed the basis of a report. Dr. G. Dallas Hanna and Mr. A. G. Whit- ney made a collection a few years ago and reports were pre- pared by Mr. J. R. Malloch and Dr. C. P. Alexander on the Diptera in general and the Tipulidz, respectively. The fol- lowing list is based solely upon the considerable series secured by Dr. Hanna in 1920. The Tipulide were determined by Dr. C. P. Alexander; the Anthomyiide, Chironomide and some of the Scatophagide by Mr. J. R. Malloch; and one species of Dolichopodide by Mr. M. C. Van Duzee. Their reports appear as sections of the present series. Owing to the cold, foggy, summer climate of the Pribilof Islands, one would not expect to find many species of flies, especially as the islands are about 200 miles from the main- land; but there is a considerable number and some of them are said to occur in almost incredible abundance. The large number of decomposing carcasses of fur-seals and the kelp beds along the beaches attract many scavengers, such as cer- tain of the Muscidz, Scatophagide and Anthomyiide. This dampness of the climate also makes the preservation of dry specimens somewhat difficult. CHIRONOMID/Z£ The few species collected were examined by Mr. Malloch. All of the specimens were in rather poor condition for study. MYCETOPHILIDA 1. Boletina obesula Johanns. One female, St. Paul Island, June 21. The type is a female, taken at the head of the Tsirku River, Alaska. 170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 2. Boletina sp. One male of an undescribed species, St. Paul Island, June 21. Too poorly preserved for description. 3. Neosciara sp. Near tridentata Rubs. One female in rather poor condition, so that its identity is not certain, St. Paul Island, June 21. DOLICHOPODIDAZ& 4. Hydrophorus fumipennis Van Duzee For description see page 167 of preceding paper. 5. Dolichopus rupestris Halid. St. Paul Island, August 10. Previously described from St. Paul Island and from Kukak Bay and Popof Island, Alaska. EMPID/E 6. Empis sp. One male of a species probably undescribed, St. George Island, June 30. In poor condition. 7. Rhamphomyia sp. One female of a species very close to conservatica Malloch, recently described from the Yukon and Northwest Territory. St. Paul Island, August 10. SYRPHID/ 8. Pterallastes borealis Cole, new species, figures 1, la Female: Length 13.5 mm. Very near P. perfidiosus Hunter. Antenne black, arista brown and bare, third joint about as broad as long (fig. la). Middle of face and triangle in front of cheeks shining black (fig. 1), otherwise yellowish pollinose and pilose, with yellowish ground color under the pollen. Vertex black; frons yellowish pollinose, with erect black pile. Occiput yellowish gray with yellow pile and a few black hairs above eye margin. Proboscis black. Mesonotum opaque black, with yellowish pollen on lateral margins and two faint yellow longitudinal stripes, widely sepa- rated and narrow; pile rather dark yellow. Narrow base of Vol. XI) COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 171 scutellum black, the rest translucent yellow, rather densely yellow pilose. Pleura semishining black, with black pile. Halteres small and yellowish, the stigmata below halteres with short, dense, fur- like, bright yellow pile. First abdominal segment semishining black, second with broad yellow lateral margin, the yellow portion triangular in shape and reaching one-third distance across abdomen; third segment with small round yellow spot on anterior corners; remainder of abdo- men black, the posterior portion of 2 to 5 shining, the basal por- tion opaque; a pair of linear, oblique, yellow pollinose marks on dorsum of third and fourth segments. Pile of abdomen largely yellow, black on posterior margins of third, fourth and fifth segments. Venter semishining black, with sparse whitish yellow pile. Legs black, extreme tips of femora and bases of tibie; pile of front femora and most of pile of middle and hind femora, black; some yellowish pile; hind tibia arcuate; hind femora noticeably thickened and with black bristles below, short and dense on outer third; short pile below on tarsi golden yellow. Wings hyaline and about as figured for P. perfidiosus; anterior cross-vein slightly beyond middle of cell 1st A. Male: Length 11.5 mm. Very near the female in appearance. Eyes widely separated, frons almost twice as wide as ocellar tubercle; vertex noticeably convex, a depression between it and antennal protuberance. Abdomen lacks oblique yellowish polli- nose marks on third and fourth segments. Hypopygium quite large, blackish, with short yellow pile. Holotype, female, No. 808, and allotype, male, No. 809, Mus. Calif. Acad Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, August 20, 1920. Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska. 9. Syrphus contumax O. S St. George Island, June 30. This species has a wide northern range. TACHINIDA 10. Didyma pullata v. d. Wulp. St. Paul Island, July 21 and August 10. The type was described from the high mountains in Guerrero, Mexico. Co- quillett determined a specimen from Farragut Bay, Alaska, as this species. 172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. MUSCID/£ 11. Cynomyia hirta Hough. St. Paul Island, July 12 and August 10; St. George Island, July 1. Originally described from St. Paul Island. Coquillett reported the species from Alaska as mortisequa Kirby. It is much less numerous than the species given below. 12. Calliphora vomitaria Linn. St. Paul Island, August 10 and 16; St. George Island, July 1. Apparently very common. ANTHOMYIIDZ& All of these flies, except the genus Fucellia, were sent to Mr. J. R. Malloch for examination and are considered separately (p. 178). Aldrich has worked up the genus Fucellia so that the species are easily determined. 13. Fucellia antennata Stein. A common species on St. Paul Island, August 10 to 25. 14. Fucellia fucorum Fall. The commonest species, taken in large numbers from June 21 to August 25. 15. Fucellia ariciiformis Holmgr. A series taken on St. Paul Island, August 10. 16. Fucellia pictipennis Beck Three specimens taken on St. Paul Island, June 21 and August 25. SCATOPHAGID/E 17. Scatophaga crinita Coq. St. Paul Island, August 10; St. George Island, July 1, a large series. Described from Bering Island. 18. Scatophaga islandica Beck St. Paul Island, June 21 and August 10. Described from Iceland and Labrador; reported from Alaska and Bering Island. Vol. XI] COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 173 19. Scatophaga dasythrix Beck St. Paul Island, June 20; St. George Island, June 30. De- scribed from Bering Straits; reported from Bering Island, by Coquillett. 20. Scatophaga furcata Say St. Paul Island, June 21 to August 10; St. George Island, June 30. Very common. 21. Scatophaga rubicunda Mall. St. George Island, July 1. The description by Malloch is in press, the name having been given in a preliminary paper. Described from Northwest Territory and Pribilof Islands. HELOMYZIDAi 22. Leria crassipes Loew. St. Paul Island, July 4 and August 10. Described from Germany and reported by Aldrich from Ungava Bay, Hudson Bay Territory. 23. Leria fraterna Loew. St. Paul Island, June 21; St. George Island, June 30. Origi- nally described from Alaska. 24. Leria sp. One female from St. Paul Island, June 10; near inmers Meigen, of which only the male has been described. BORBORIDZE Two species were taken, one a Copromyza, the other a Lepto- cera, but the specimens are in poor condition for identification. PHYCODROMIDAL 25. Coelopa frigida Fall. St. George Island, July 19; St. Paul Island, July 4 and August 10. Very common. 174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 26. Coelopa parvula Halid. (Nitidula Zett.) St. Paul Island, June 8 and 21. An European species, reported from Kodiak, Alaska, by Coquillett. Less common than C. frigida. SCIOMYZIDAE 27. Dryomyza hannai Cole, new species Male: Length 5 to 7 mm. Ground color of head largely yellowish, of rest of body largely black. First two joints of antenne reddish; third blackish brown, arista black and very short pubescent, the joint itself longer than first two combined (fig. 2); first two joints black pilose, black bristles above on second. Face and cheeks yellow, with yellow pollen, the face retreating, the epistoma projecting. Palpi yellow, with black pile. Cheek slightly broader than eye, with black pile, longer near the oral margin, but no pile on the oral margin. Frons yellowish below and in the middle, the sides and vertex reddish brown; lower half of frons with short black pile; three fronto- orbital bristles; 2 large proclinate ocellars; post vertical bristles almost as long as ocellars. Occiput blackish in ground color, bare of pile in the middle, but with blackish pile on sides. Thorax black, largely gray pollinose, mesonotum in median portion brownish; pile and bristles of mesonotum black; dorso- central bristles more or less distinct and about 9 in a row. Humeral and propleural bristles quite long. Pleura dense gray pollinose; sternopleura densely black pilose, all rest bare. Scutellum triangular, gray pollinose in middle, sides above brown ; two long apical bristles and two bristles on side near base. Halteres yellow. Abdomen blackish or blackish brown in ground color, gray pollinose, densely black pilose; pile of first segment short, on the rest of the abdomen, long. Genitalia of medium size, long black pilose. Legs near a honey-yellow, apical half or more of femora darkened; legs long black pilose, even to second joint of tarsi; spurs of mid-tibiz strong and black, three quite long and four or more shorter ones; one large and one small spur on hind tibiz. Wings gray hyaline, stigma and base of wing yellow ; yellow color along radial veins; no clouding on cross-veins; first vein bare; cell 1stA scarcely longer than cell 2 M; R,,; ending in wing tip parallel with M; anal cross-vein reflexed, (fig. 2a). Female: Length 5 mm. Very nearly like male, slightly paler in coloration and with very much shorter pile. Front and hind tibiz with a distinct preapical bristle. Upper margin of Vol. XI] COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 175 1, la. Pterallastes borealis Cole, new species. 2, 2a, Dryomyza hannai Cole, new species. S Acidia uncinata Coquillett. 4, 4a. Parydra metallica Cole, new species. sternopleura with 4 bristles, quite distinct from the surrounding pile. Several specimens were taken with the types, most of them males. The shape of the head is not exactly typical of Dryomyza, and there are some other characters which make its position in that genus a little doubtful. This species is named for Dr. G. Dallas Hanna in recognition of his interest in the insect fauna of the Pribilof Islands. Holotype, male, No. 810, and allotype, female, No. 811, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, August 20, 1920. Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska. TRYPETIDA 28. Acidia uncinata Coq. Several specimens of both sexes were taken on St. Paul Island, August 10 and 12. Coquillett described the species from a 176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. unique female, collected at Ft. Wrangel, Alaska. The male answers the description of the female quite closely. Male: Length 4 mm. Antenne light yellow, arista yellow at base, black beyond. Bristles of head black; short sparse pile of cheeks yellow. Thorax shining reddish yellow, humeral callosities and stripe at base of wing pale yellow. Pleura and femora reddish yellow, tibie and tarsi paler. Abdomen shining reddish yellow, without black spots mentioned in description of female (also lacking in female specimens examined). Wing markings paler than in female, the mark at apex of cell 1st A not so large (see fig. 3). Allotype, male, No. 812, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, August 10, 1920. PIOPHILID/Z 29. Piophila oriens Mel. St. Paul Island, August 10. Two specimens were taken. The species was described from New York and Massachusetts. EPHYDRID/E 30. Scatella quadrisetosa Beck St. Paul Island, June 21 and August 10. A large series of specimens seem to answer the description of this form, which was originally taken in Norway. 31. Parydra metallica Cole, new species Male: Length 3 mm. Largely metallic bluish black or bluish green. Antenne black, third joint very large, the arista black, long pubescent to tip (fig. 4a). One large bristle on cheek near front corner of eye, a smaller one back of it and under eye. Lower half of face almost perpendicular, slanting from middle back to antennal base, blackish, metallic; cheeks thinly blackish brown pollinose; frons and vertex blackish with metallic olive green reflections ; two large ocellar, two fronto-orbital, two verti- cal bristles; face just below antenne with pollen yellowish iri certain lights; cheeks fairly broad (fig. 4a). Mesonotum metallic blackish green, with a faint suggestion of purple vitte; bristles short, sparse and black; one pair of long prescutellar bristles; about 12 small dorsocentral bristles, about 12 acrostichal. Scutellum colored as thorax, dorsum flat, with four marginal bristles, no conical warts. Pleura blackish Vol. XI) COLE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA WZ pollinose, the metallic color when apparent more coppery than mesonotum. Knob of halteres pale brown, the stem blackish. Abdomen metallic greenish, with coppery reflections, semi- shining but finely tessellate ; pile short and black. Femora metallic greenish black, rest of legs black, all of pile black. Wings dis- stinctly infuscated, more strongly at base and along anterior border, veins black, cross-veins not clouded; R,,, without ap- pendiculate vein; M,,, not reaching margin of wing; R,,, and M, parallel. (Fig. 4.) This species would run to cognata Loew. in Becker’s table of species and to breviceps or limpidipennis in the table given by Jones (Univ. Cal., Tech. Bull., vol. I, p. 190). It differs quite distinctly from these species in several important characters. Holotype, male, No 813, Mus. Calif, Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, June 28, 1920. Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska. 178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. DIPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE FAMILY ANTHO- MYIIDZ FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA BY J. R. MALLOCH University of Illinois The species given below are those contained in the collection made on the Pribilof Islands by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna in 1920. ANTHOMYIID/# The number of species of this family in the collection is rather small, but contains some new ones. I notice all of them, because some have not previously been recorded from the Pribilof Islands. 1. Mydza rugia Walker One female, St. George Island, July 1, 1920. This is the first female of this species that I have seen, but I am positive of the identification. I have previously seen males from New England where it is not uncommon. 2. Eriphia cinerea Meigen The genus, Eriphia, has not previously been recorded from this country. It is represented in the material before me by two males and one female which do not agree in every respect with the European example of the male which I have; but they prob- ably belong to cinerea Meigen, which is the genotype and only species. Eupogonomyia Malloch, new genus This genus differs from Pogonomyia in having the prealar bristle absent or minute; the hind tibia in male with fine setulose hairs instead of strong bristles on posterodorsal surface, and its apex produced on ventral side; fore tarsus short and stout, with two or more bristles at apex above on fourth segment ; hind tarsus with two outstanding short bristles near base on ventral surface. The pteropleura is bare. Vol. XI] MALLOCH—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 179 There are three species which I assign to this genus which may be separated as indicated below. Genotype, Eupogonomyia pribilofensis Malloch, new species. Key to Males a. Mid-femur with anteroventral surface bare except apically where there are a few setulose hairs; anterior surface at base with about four curved bristles. borealis Malloch. aa. Anteroventral surface of mid-femur with some long slender bristles proximad or distad of middle. . . . . . Db. b. Mid-femur with some long fine curled bristles about one- fourth from apex on anteroventral surface, the posteroven- tral surface with a series of long hairs on entire length. grenlandica Lundbeck. bb. Mid-femur densely clothed on basal half of anteroventral and ventral surfaces with long bristly hairs, the posteroventral surface with bristly hairs except at base. pribilofensis, new species. 3. Eupogonomyia pribilofensis Malloch, new species Male: Length 7 mm. Black, shining, thorax and abdomen with gray pruinescence. Abdomen with a black dorsocentral vitta which is dilated subtriangularly at the apex of each tergite. Wings hyaline, veins black to bases. Knobs of halteres black. Eyes bare, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance a little greater than width across posterior ocelli; orbits with fine hairs on entire length; parafacial at base of antenne wider than third antennal segment and height of cheek, not narrowed below, the vibrissal angle produced much beyond a vertical line drawn from base of antenne. Antenne separated at base, third segment not longer than second; arista subnude, swollen on basal half; proboscis slender, not much elongated. Thorax with 4 pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals. Abdomen subcylindrical, with numer- ous long, slender bristles, those on fourth tergite apically and laterally rather conspicuous ; sixth tergite distinct, with numerous setulose hairs; fifth sternite with a shallow rounded posterior emargination, and numerous fine lateral bristles at apex. Fore tibia with two or three median postero-ventral bristles; fore tarsus not longer than tibia, fourth segment with two short bristles at apex; mid-femur with dense bristly hairs on basal two-thirds of anteroventral and ventral surfaces, the postero- ventral surface with some fine bristles except apically ; mid-tibia 180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proe. 4th Ser. with 6 or more short posterodorsal and posteroventral bristles ; hind femur with a series of anteroventral bristles; hind tibia straight, with a distinct production at apex ventrally, the antero- dorsal and posterodorsal surfaces with a number of short bristles, the anteroventral surface with a few short setule. Costal thorn minute. Holotype, No. 814, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, June 21, 1920. Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska. The species described as Ophyra grenlandica by Ludbeck was afterwards removed to Pogonomyia by Stein, but belongs to this genus. Pogonomyia segnis Holmgren, may be the same as my Pogonomyioides atrata, in which case the species name atrata will be replaced by that of Holmgren. 4. Melanochelia sanctipauli Malloch, new species Male: Length 5-6 mm. Black, subopaque, densely pale gray pruinescent. Thorax with three brown vitte. Abdomen with basal tergite largely black, second and third each with a pair of large subtriangular black spots which are narrowly separated in middle, fourth with a less distinct subtriangular central spot. Legs black. Wings slightly infuscated basally, veins black. Calyptre yellow. MHalteres fuscous. Eyes bare, separated by a little more than width across posterior ocelli; orbits very wide, almost obliterating interfrontalia at middle, with fine setulose hairs to anterior ocellus; parafacial at base of antennze about as wide as third antennal segment; vibrissal angle produced much beyond a vertical line drawn from base of antenne; arista with very short pubescence. Hairs on area in front of suture and between dorsocentral bristles erect, sparse, in four or more irregular series; postsutural dorsocentrals 4. Abdomen subcylindrical ; fifth sternite with a deep V-shaped posterior incision. Legs with the fine hairs longer than usual; mid-femur with some bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; mid-tibia with one or two anterodorsal and two or three posterodorsal bristles; hind femur with a series of anteroventral bristles; hind tibia with two or three anterodorsal and anter- oventral bristles, and a few erect posterior setulose hairs. Veins 3 and 4 divergent apically. Lower calyptra much larger than upper. Female: Differs from the male in having the frons over one- third of the head-width. Genitalia without thorns. Fore tibia with a weak median posterior bristle. Vol. XI) MALLOCH—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 181 Holotype, male, No. 815, and allotype, female, No. 816, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; also one male and three female paratypes, all collected by G. Dallas Hanna, July 12, 1920. Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska. This species will run down to nobilis Stein, in a key to the species of this genus which I have submitted for publication in the “Canadian Entomologist.” It differs from that species in having the thorax distinctly vittate, the abdominal spots separated, and the vibrissal angle very distinctly produced. 5. Melanochelia spinicosta Malloch, new species Female: Length 6-5 mm. Similar to the preceding species in color; the cross-veins of the wings distinctly but inconspicu- ously infuscated; halteres yellow. Frons opaque, over one-third of the head-width; parafacial at base of antenne wider than third antennal segment; face con- cave in profile, vibrissal angle almost in line with base of antenne ; cheek nearly twice as high as width of parafacial; arista with short pubescence. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorso- centrals. Abdomen with apical genital segment armed with about 12 short thorns. Hind femur with four or five bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface, posteroventral surface with a few fine bristles on basal half; hind tibia with bristles as in preceding species. Wing-veins 3 and 4 slightly convergent apically ; costa with long bristles almost to apex of second vein, those at and near apex of first vein about three times as long as diameter of costal vein. Distinguished from any species known to me by the spinose genitalia and the long bristles on costal vein. Holotype, female, No. 817, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, August 10, 1920. Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska. 6. Melanochelia hirticauda Malloch, new species Male: Length 5-6 mm. Deep black, subopaque. Orbits, para- facials and cheeks white pruinescent. Thorax not vittate. Ab- domen unmarked. Wings infuscated. Calyptre grayish white. Knobs of. halteres fuscous. Eyes bare, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance a little greater than width across posterior ocelli; orbits narrower than interfrontalia, setulose to anterior ocellus; parafacial at 182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. base of antennz about as wide as third antennal segment, nar- rowed below; face concave in profile; vibrissal angle not pro- truded beyond line of base of antenne; some short setule above vibrissze ; cheek over twice as high as widest part of parafacial ; arista minutely pubescent. Presutural acrostichals long, two- rowed; postsutural dorso-centrals 4. Abdomen cylindrical, hypo- pygium of moderate size; fifth tergite linear, sixth with a number of long bristly hairs; fifth sternite with a moderately deep U- shaped incision. Hairs on legs rather long for this genus; hind femur with some long bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface, and some shorter bristles on basal half of posteroventral ; hind tibia with two or three anterodorsal and anteroventral bristles and an outstanding setula at middle on posterior surface. Calyp- tre small. Veins three and four slightly divergent apically; costal setule rather long. Female: Differs in color from the male in having orbits parafacials and cheeks brownish pruinescent, the thorax densely brownish pruinescent and with three broad, subcontiguous fuscous vitte. Legs as in male, but there are a number of short posterodorsal setulz on hind tibie. Holotype, male, No. 818, allotype, female, No. 819, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. These and one female paratype from the type locality, collected by G. Dallas Hanna, August 10, 1920. One male paratype from the type locality collected July 12, 1920. Type locality, St. Paul Island, Alaska. One male, in poor condition, was collected by Dr. Hanna on St. George Island, June 30, 1920. 7. Hydrophoria alaskensis Malloch Of this recently described species, the types of which came from the Pribilof Islands, there are two specimens in the collec- tion. St. Paul Island, June 21, 1920. Vol. XI] ALEXANDER—PRIBILOF ISLANDS DIPTERA 183 DIPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE FAMILY TIPULIDZ FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA BY Cc. Pp. ALEXANDER University of Illinois The collection of Tipulidae secured by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, in 1920, contains five species. One of these is a very remarkable insect which is believed to be a mew species and is made the type of a new subgenus. The description of one other species has recently been published by the writer. The remaining three species were first discovered by Messrs. Hanna and Whitney on the Pribilof Islands in 1912 to 1914. Descriptions of these were drawn up for publication by the U. S. Biological Survey several years ago, but unfortunately, their appearance has been delayed. In order to save confusion for future bibliographers it does not seem to be advisable to give publicity to the three names prior to their appearance with descriptions. 1. Tricyphona glacialis Alexander Can. Ent. vol. 49,1917 Two males, St. Paul Island, June 19, 1920. Nesotipula Alexander, new subgenus Characters as in Tipula, s. s.; wings with but two branches of media attaining the margin; radial sector elongate; m-cu at or before the fork of M. Type of the subgenus, Tipula (Nesotipula) pribilovia, new species. 2. Tipula (Nesotipula) pribilovia Alexander, new species General coloration black; wings semiatrophied; Rs long; two branches of M reach the wing-margin; m-cu at or before the fork of M. 184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. Female: Length 10 mm.; wing 5.4 mm. Rostrum, palpi and antenne black. Head black. Pronotal scutellum obscure yellow. Mesonotum black. Pleura black, the dorso-pleural membrane obscure yellow. Hal- teres brown, the knobs darker. Legs black, short and stout; fore and hind tarsi shorter than their respective tibie. Wings semiatrophied, tinged with brown; stigma dark brown; veins dark brown. Venation: Rs elongate, about equal to R,,,; de- flection of R,,, obliterated or very short; but two branches issue from cell rst M@,; m-cu connecting with M at or before the fork. Abdomen black, the caudal margins of the segments very narrowly ringed with yellow. Ovipositor with the tergal valves greatly exceeding the relatively short sternal valves. Holotype, female, No. 820, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920. One female paratype was collected at the same time. Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska. Tipula pribilovia is a remarkably anomalous insect in many respects. Although the wings are semi-atrophied, distorting the venation to some extent, there is no doubt that only two branches of media attain the wing-margin. There are but three genera of Tipuline known in which this latter condition obtains and these are antipodal in their distribution. The discovery of the male sex of this fly will be of great interest. The elongate sector is a character of the genus J7ipula, but the situation of m-cu at or before the fork of M/ is almost as decisively a character of Nephrotoma. Vol. XI] FRISON—PRIBILOF ISLANDS BUMBLEBEES 185 HYMENOPTEROUS INSECTS OF THE FAMILY BREMIDZ FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA BY THEODORE H. FRISON Urbana, Illinois 1. Bremus (Bombus) kincaidii (Cockerell) Among the insect material collected by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna on the Pribilof Islands in 1920 are two specimens of this inter- esting species of bumblebee. One of the specimens is a queen and the other a worker. The queen was collected August 24, 1920, and the worker August 25, 1920, both on St. Paul Island. The species was first described from a series of queens, work- ers and males, by Cockerell in 1898. In 1913 Franklin rede- scribed the species from a queen and a male in the collection of the American Entomological Society and a worker in the collection of the United States National Museum. Ashmead, according to the synonymy of this species as given by Franklin, described the male as a Psithyrus. Cockerell in describing the species believed it to be ‘endemic in the Pribilof Islands,” saying “I cannot find any described from the mainland or any of the other islands which agrees with it.” Franklin, in 1913, gives the habitat of this species as the Pribilof Islands. If Psithyrus kodiakensis Ashmead is a synonym of B. kincaidit (Cockerell), as Franklin considers it, B. kincaidii (Cockerell) is not endemic to the Pribilof Islands, for P. kodiaken- sis Ashmead was described from two males collected July 20 at Kodiak. Kodiak is situated on Kodiak Island and is very close to the mainland of Alaska in the vicinity of the Aleutian moun- tain range. Quite recently two papers giving records of Alaskan bumblebees have been published, one by Salden (1919) and an- other by Bequaert (1920). Neither of these two last-mentioned authors reports B. kincaidii (Cockerell) as occurring in the collec- tions from Alaska at his disposal. All this indicates that either B. kincaidu (Cockerell) is endemic to the Pribilof Islands and that Psithyrus kodiakensis Ashmead is wrongly placed in the 186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. synonymy of the former species, or that B. kincaidii (Cockerell) is not restricted to the Pribilof Islands. If the latter alternative is correct, the species is to be expected on other outlying islands near the Alaskan mainland and even on the mainland proper. The descriptions of this species by Cockerell and Franklin agree very well, except in regard to the statement of length of the malar space in the queen. Cockerell says “area between eyes and base of mandibles about as broad as long,” whereas Franklin states “malar space about one-half longer than wide at apex.” The queen before me agrees with Franklin’s statement, which I believe is to be regarded as the correct interpretation of the comparative length of the malar space in the queen of this species. Otherwise the specimens before me agree perfectly with Cockerell’s original description. That Cockerell and Franklin were dealing with different species is very improbable. The bumblebee fauna of the Pribilof Islands is necessarily extremely limited, and be- sides an instance of two bumblebees paralleling each other in color characters and in every other way excepting in the length of the malar space is a rarity, if it ever occurs. The discrepancy between the two descriptions may better be explained as due to a variable character. Cockerell says, “This Bombus (B. kincaidti) was the only bee to be found on the Pribilofs, not- withstanding that there is a tolerable extensive series of bright- flowered plants, as enumerated by Dr. Merriam in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. July 1892.” The fact that Dr. Hanna took only the one species of bumblebee, further indicates that only one species of this genus occurs on the Pribilof Islands.* The bumblebees collected by Trevor Kincaid on St. Paul Island in 1897 were all taken between August 1 and 25. Three of the queens and one worker were collected August 1. The capture of the queens on this date is suggestive of some of the characteristics of the biology of the northern Bremide. Either the queens in such northern latitudes never produce a worker offspring sufficient to relieve the old queens of the labor of for- aging, as is usually the case in more temperate climes, or these August queens were those destined to hibernate through the 1 In this connection it might be well to record the fact that bumblebees are confined solely to St. Paul Island of the Pribilof Group. During seven summers spent up there I have never seen one elsewhere and the natives, who are quite familiar with the bees, are positive in their assertions that the facts are as stated. : (G. Dallas Hanna.) Vol. XI) FRISON—PRIBILOF ISLANDS BUMBLEBEES 187 winter and continue the species the following spring and summer. The queen collected by Dr. Hanna on August 24 is in perfect condition and undoubtedly is a queen produced the same season in which she was collected. Queens which have developed or possess a colony can be recognized usually through the loss of a certain amount of pubescence and through the tattered wing margins. The early production of queens and males, colonies of small size and with a poor ratio of workers as compared with a colony of a more austral species are phenomena to be expected in the life-histories of our bumblebees inhabiting the far north. B. kincaidii (Cockerell) may eventually prove to be a ‘‘color variant or subspecies of strenuus or polaris” as Franklin has sug- gested. Of the two, B. stenuus (Cress.) is perhaps the closer ally of B. kincaiditi (Cockerell). B. strenuus (Cress.) seems to have a more western distribution than B. polaris (Curtis), the latter being one of the common species in Greenland where B. strenuus (Cress.) is unknown. B. polaris (Curtis), however, is reported also as far west as Alaska. Ashmead’s record of B. polaris (Curtis) was regarded by Franklin in 1913 as ques- tionable, but since then the species has again been reported from Alaska by both Lutz (1916) and Sladen (1919). At present the separation of B. strenuus (Cress.), B. kincaidii (Cockerell) and B. polaris (Curtis) is based almost entirely upon color characters, as no real distinct structural differences have been discovered. Such color characters are valuable, but subject to extreme variation as every student of the bumblebees knows, and future study may cause all three species discussed to be considered as constituting but one distinct species; this is particularly true of the two species B. strenuus (Cress.) and B. kincaidii (Cockerell). 188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. NEW SAW-FLIES FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA BY ALEXANDER D. MACGILLIVRAY The following six species of saw-flies were collected on St. George Island, Alaska in 1920 by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna. The material was received for identification from Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, Curator, Department of Entomology of the California Academy of Sciences, and the types of the new species have been deposited in that institution. 1. Pontania sueta MacGillivray, new species Male: Head polished, dull, not punctulate; clypeus nar- rowly shallowly emarginate, emargination subangular at bottom, clypeal lobes very broad, rounded; antennal furrows broad and distinct, partially interrupted by a linear elevation at middle, linear on dorsal aspect ; ocellar and interocellar furrows distinct, connect- ing with each other and the antennal furrows; postocellar area broader than long, convex, polished ; frontal crest recognizable, only slightly elevated, not broken; pentagonal area distinct, bounding walls linear, not elevated ; ocellar basin depressed, limited by walls of pentagonal area, depression greater adjacent to median ocellus ; median, fove broad, shallow, ventral, margin angular; supra- clypeal area elevated; antenne with fourth segment one-third longer than third, fifth longer than third but shorter than fourth, segments roughened, setiferous ; lobes of mesonotum polished, sur- face roughened with numerous shallow punctures; mesopleure polished, dull, setiferous; claws cleft, the inner ray nearly as long as the outer; wings hyaline, stigma and costa and veins very light brownish in color; body black, with the following parts rufous: clypeus, spot on vertical orbits, extending for one-half length of occipital orbits, narrow margin to pronotum, distal third of femora, tibie, tarsi, and caudal abdominal tergum and sternum. Length 4.5 mm. Holytpye, male, No. 822, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920. Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska. 2. Pontania stipata MacGillivray, new species Male: Head polished, dull, not punctulate; clypeus truncate ; labrum quadrangular, nearly as long as broad; antennal furrows Vol. XI) MACGILLIVRAY—PRIBILOF ISLANDS SAW-FLIES 189 broad and shallow, continuous, punctiform caudad of lateral ocelli, not interrupted; ocellar and interocellar furrows wanting ; postocellar area not differentiated from the vertex on each side, caudal portion slightly elevated; frontal crest hardly elevated, not broken ; median fovea shallow, oval, small, distinct ; pentagonal area broadly convexly elevated, including ocellar basin, walls of pentagonal area wanting, lateral portions sloping into antennal furrows; ocellar basin with slight depression adjacent to median ocellus, surface of ocellar basin with slight depression adjacent to median ocellus, surface of ocellar basin and dorsal surface of frontal crest meeting at a different angle; supraclypeal area not prominent; antenne with third and fourth segments subequal, the fifth slightly shorter, surface roughened and densely finely setiferous; mesonotum polished, surface of median and lateral lobes with dense shallow punctures; mesopleurz dull, setiferous ; claws cleft, inner ray hardly one-half as long as outer ray; wing's hyaline, costa and stigma pale, veins brownish; body black with the following parts brownish: labrum, tips of femora, tibix, tarsi, and last abdominal tergum and sternum. Length 5 mm. Holotype, male, No. 823, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920. Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska. 3. Pontania subatrata MacGillivray, new species Male: Head polished, dull, not punctulate; clypeus narrowly broadly emarginate, emargination rounded, clypeal lobes narrow and angular ; labrum short, broader than long, rounded; antennal furrows traceable from the pretentorinz to the occiput, very broad ventrad of lateral ocelli, narrower and deeper on dorsal aspect; ocellar and interocellar furrows wanting; postocellar area flat, not limited except by antennal furrows; frontal crest wanting, not elevated above surrounding surfaces ; median fovea an obscure oval depression, longer than broad; pentagonal area not dis- tinguishable, sides rounded off to the antennal furrows; ocellar basin flat to slightly convex, small puncture-like depression adja- cent to the ventral margin of median ocellus; supraclypeal area not prominent; antennz with fourth and fifth segments sub- equal, distinctly longer than third, segments roughened, finely setaceous; mesonotum, including lobes and mesoscutellum, polished, shining; claws cleft, inner ray short, about one-half the length of the outer; wings hyaline, the costa and stigma pale, the veins brownish; body black with the following parts brownish; the knees, tibiz, and tarsi, all sometimes strongly in- fuscated and nearly black. Length 4 mm. 190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. Female: Specimen of what is taken as the female of this species, in poor condition, has labrum, tegule, and extreme angles of pronotum pale, the pale markings of legs are lighter colored; saw-guides stout, dorsal margin straight, ventral and caudal margins continuously uniformly convex, forming a blunt point with the dorsal margin, setiferous. Length, 4 mm. Holotype, male, No. 824, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920. Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska. 4+. Pontania sublorata MacGillivray, new species Male: Head polished, dull, not punctulate; clypeus narrowly broadly emarginate, emargination rounded, clypeal lobes broad and rounded; labrum as broad as long, rounded; antennal fur- rows broadly interrupted, dorsal and ventral portions deep, dis- tinct; ocellar and interocellar furrows wanting; postocellar area not elevated, not limited except by antennal furrows; frontal crest not prominent, not broken, hardly raised above surrounding surface; pentagonal outline distinguishable, not prominent: ocel- lar basin depressed, irregular ; median fovea broad, shallow, oval depression, not prominent; supraclypeal area not prominent; antenne with fourth segment very slightly longer than third and fifth, segments roughened and densely finely setiferous ; mesono- tum polished, the median lobe and the cephalic half of each lateral lobe finely punctured; mesoscutellum polished; mesopleure pol- ished, dull; claws cleft, inner ray not one-half the length of outer; wings hyaline, veins pale, costa and veins brownish; body black with the following parts brownish: margin of clypeus, labrum, spot at corners of compound eyes, sometimes indistinct, distal ends of femora, tibie, and tarsi, metatibiz more or less infuscated, and caudal tergum and sternum of abdomen. Holotype, male, No. 825, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920. Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska. 5. Pachynematus venustus MacGillivray, new species Male: Head not punctured, dull, very sparsely roughened ; clypeus polished, very broadly shallowly emarginate, clypeal lobes broad, angles rounded; labrum polished, rounded; antennal fur- rows broad deep depressions, traceable from the pretentorine to occiput, narrow and deep near ocelli, convergent from middle of length to occiput; ocellar furrow broad and shallow, connected with but elevated above the antennal furrows; interocellar fur- row an inconspicuous broad puncture; ocellar areas not strongly Vol. XI) MACGILLIVRAY—PRIBILOF ISLANDS SAW-FLIES 191 minute tooth at middle; abdomen polished, setaceous ; color black elevated, pentagonal area identifiable, side walls not elevated, rounded; ocellar basin broadly concave, with three slight eleva- tions ; frontal crest short, not extending beyond antennal furrows, not strongly elevated, almost wanting, not broken; median fovea broad shallow inconspicuous depression; antenne with fourth segment longer than third, segments setiferous, roughened ; mesonotum and mesopostscutellum polished, bare, cephalic two- thirds with shallow punctures; mesopleuron polished, sparsely setiferous ; abdomen polished, sparsely setiferous with short setz ; wings prominent, hyaline, costa and stigma pale, veins brownish; claws with a minute erect tooth at middle; body black with distal third of femora, tibie entirely, and tarsi brownish. Length 6 mm. Female: The female differs in having median fovea shallower, antenne and ocellar furrows not so distinct; mesonotum and mesopostscutellum polished, not punctured; cerci extending to ends of saw-guides, stout and setiferous ; saw-guides stout, dorsal margin straight, ventral and distal margins continuous, oblique, forming a point at distal end with dorsal margin; color black with the following parts brownish: clypeus, labrum, mandibles, tegule, pronotum very narrowly, median lobe of mesonotum except central black spot, mesopleurze, inconspicuous in great part, distal ends of coxe, trochanters, distal ends of femora, tibiz, and tarsi. Length 7 mm. Holotype, male, No. 826, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected by G, Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920. Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska. 6. Pachynematus vernus MacGillivray, new species Male: Head not punctured, but irregularly roughened or granular ; clypeus polished, deeply and roundly and very narrowly emarginate, clypeal lobes sharply angularly pointed; Jabrum polished, rounded; antennal furrows broadly interrupted on mid- dle of cephalic aspect, narrow and deep near pretentorinez, broad and shallow near ocelli, then divergent to occiput; ocellar furrow wanting; ocellar area not elevated, sides flat, pentagonal area slightly elevated as a whole and outline identifiable; frontal crest wanting; median fovea a broad shallow depression, longer than broad, inconspicuous ; antennz with the fourth segment distinctly longer than the third, roughened, densely setaceous ; median lobe of mesonotum polished, cephalic two-thirds with broad shallow punctures, lateral lobes and mesoscutellum not punctured or very sparsely ; mesopleura polished, setaceous ; wings large, prominent, stigma and costa pale, other veins brownish; claws with a very 192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. with the following parts brownish: distal ends of femora, tibiz, tarsi, and caudal end of abdomen. Length 5.5 mm. Holotype, male, No. 827, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; collected ; by G. Dallas Hanna, June 30, 1920. Type locality, St. George Island, Alaska. Vol. XI] VAN DUZEE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS INSECTS 193 ORTHOPTERA, NEUROPTERA, HEMIPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERIA FROM THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS, ALASKA BY EDWARD P. VAN DUZEE Curator, Department of Entomology Among the insects collected by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna on the Pribilof Islands in 1920 are several which belong to the orders mentioned above. The Lepidoptera are of special interest since no species of this order has heretofore been recorded from these islands. The Neuroptera listed below were determined by Mr. Nathan Banks and the Lepidoptera by Messrs Barnes and Lindsey. ORTHOPTERA 1. Blattella germanica (Linn.) St. George Island, July 1. This insect has been introduced into the Pribilof Islands on at least two different occasions. The first time it was exterminated by freezing it out of the kitchen where it had become established. NEUROPTERA 2. Anabolia simplex Banks St. Paul Island, August 10. Three examples. 3. Chilostigma preterita Walker St. Paul Island, June 21, and August 10. Three individuals. 4. Limnophilus kincaidi Banks St. Paul Island, August 10. Nineteen examples. HEMIPTERA 5. Irbisia sericans Stal St. Paul Island, August 10 to 25. St. George Island, July 19. 194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. LEPIDOPTERA 6. Hyphoraia subnebulosa Dyar Three males and one female were taken on St. George Island, June 30. With these were taken five larvee apparently belonging to this species. Two of these are larger and perhaps half grown. They are heavily clothed with long soft hairs which increase in length posteriorly and are rather closely appressed. In one the hair is fulvous throughout; in the other, fulvous on the sides and glossy black dorsally. The smaller specimens are similarly colored but have shorter and more erect hair. 7. Agrotiphila alaskze Grote St. George Island, June 30. Two examples showing some variation in distinctness of markings and depth of coloring; one malformed, or perhaps teneral specimen has a more rufous tinge, paler beyond the t. p. line, with the ordinary spots pale and contrasting. 8. Psychophora sabini Curtis Of this species there are 64 specimens taken on St. Paul island, June 29 to July 12, which are in condition suitable for preservation. This series shows a most remarkable variation in color and markings with no two specimens alike. From the more typical form they vary to an almost uniform fulvous-brown or become strongly banded. Among the latter the median area becomes almost black in one extreme and of a light gray in the other. This series would make a most interesting study in insect variation. 9. Phlyctenia washingtonalis Grote Four smaller specimens were taken on St. George Island, June 30, and one larger one on St. Paul Island, July 12. 10. Phlyctzenia sp. One specimen of a clearly marked species was so determined by Barnes & Lindsey. It was taken on St. Paul Island, July 7. Vol. XI? VAN DUZEE—PRIBILOF ISLANDS INSECTS 195 11. Argyroploce schulziana Fabricius? St. Paul Island, July 12, one example in poor condition. Barnes & Lindsey report this identification as very doubtful and add that this ‘‘specimen is very probably the bentleyana of Curtis (Ross Voyage) but not that of Donovan (Brit. Ins.). This name is supplanted in both the Dyar and Barnes & McDunnough catalogues by schulziana.” 12. Borkhausenia pseudospretella Stainton St. Paul Island, July 7, one example in fair condition. In addition to the above species there is one micro in very poor condition, which Barnes & Lindsey think may be an Adelid. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtTH SERIES Vol. XI, No. 15, pp. 197-344, 54 text figs. DECEMBER 14, 192] XV. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE DIPTERA (FLIES) OF OREGON BY F. R. COLE Associate Curator in Dipterology, California Academy of Sciences AND A. L. LOVETT Oregon Agricultural College INTRODUCTION. In the preparation of this list we have endeavored to get a representative collection of diptera from the state of Oregon, but we have had little or no opportunity to col- lect in some of the faunal areas. Collectors in the state will at least have something to work from and we hope to see the list greatly increased in the near future. Cosmopoli- tan species have been listed without giving any particular data. Considering the great area of the state and the diversity of ecological conditions, our list seems quite small and it is intended only as a preliminary report. Aldrich’s Catalogue lists only 89 species of diptera from Oregon, but we must add to this number about 40 species having a general dis- tribution and at least six species mentioned as occurring all along the Pacific coast. Of Aldrich’s 89 species, we have been unable to find 24; seven of these are species described by Loew, five are Bigot’s species, and six are species described by Williston. One hundred and seventy-eight species in this list have been described since the publication December 14, 1921 198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. of the Aldrich Catalogue, and several European species are included which were not known from North America at that time. The rediscovery of many old species has been more gratifying to us than the discovery of a number of unde- scribed ones. Most of the collecting was done in the Hood River Valley, Forest Grove, the Mt. Jefferson region, and the section around Corvallis. Our collecting time has been short, as work on the list was commenced in the early summer of 1917, and most of the work had to be done in spare time. Naturally, we spent most of the limited time at our disposal in collecting specimens that were of especial interest to us; as a consequence, many of the families are not adequately represented. The diptera collection at the Oregon Agri- cultural College formed a nucleus on which to build; the earliest records are a little previous to 1900, and some speci- mens were collected in 1906 and 1907 by Mr. J. C. Brid- well. No extensive collections of Oregon diptera are known to us outside of those we have assembled. Space does not permit of a detailed comparison of this list with others, such as the New Jersey and Florida lists written by C. W. Johnson, but such a comparison is inter- esting to the student of distribution. This preliminary paper lists 953 species from Oregon; Johnson gives 845 species for Florida and 1662 species for New Jersey. Certain families of the diptera are well represented in Oregon, although only one group, the Syrphide, has been collected extensively. In the Asilide only one species is common to Oregon and Florida and there is no species common to Oregon and New Jersey. Each region has a distinct dipterous fauna, with a sprinkling of widely distributed forms, some of which are boreal and some cosmopolitan. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF OREGON The state of Oregon has an area of 95,607 square miles. In altitude, it ranges from sea level to over 10,000 feet on some of the mountain peaks. The annual rainfall ranges from 70 inches or more on the coast to nine inches in parts of the eastern plains region. The Cascade Range has a great effect on the climate and faunal distribution; the Coast Range has less influence, being Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 199 low and more or less broken; distinct in the north, it is merged into a complex mass in the south known as the Klamath Mountains, a joining of the Cascade, Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges. Toward the south, the general elevation west of the Cascades increases. Forest Grove is about 28 miles west of Portland in a region of rolling hills which are heavily wooded to the north and south. There is a good deal of level farmland with occasional patches of woodland or swamp. The annual rainfall is about 45 inches, the wet season coming in the winter and spring. Corvallis is about 65 miles south of Forest Grove, in what is known as the Willamette valley - region. Many of our records are from Mary’s Peak, a mountain in the Coast Range of about 4,000 feet elevation, lying some 15 miles south of Corvallis. The seacoast is largely a series of sand-beaches inter- rupted by rocky headlands, and is a region of rather heavy rainfall. The summers are cool, and a heavy growth of grass and ferns spreads over the sand ridges. Several miles north of Tillamook, these ridges inclose a number of lakes. The last geological movement of the coast region here was one of subsidence, the sea advancing over the land and drowning the rivers in the lower portion of their channels. The Hood River Valley is a great sloping lava plain from the foot of Mt. Hood to the Columbia River; through this old plain the Hood River has cut a deep channel. Most of the land is very fertile and the uncleared sections are well forested. The section known as Dee is in the middle valley, much higher than the level of the Columbia. Parkdale is almost at the foot of Mt. Hood and has an elevation of about 3,000 feet. Over the eastern rim of hills lies the Mosier Valley, a different type of country. In these few miles the rainfall drops from 30 to about 12 inches, and crossing the next range of hills, we come to the Dalles, at the edge of a great, wind-swept, arid region. The picturesque region around Mt. Jefferson has fur- nished many interesting records in the diptera. Mt. Jeffer- son rises rather abruptly from the rim of Lake Pamelia, which has an altitude of 3,800 feet, and towers majestically above the timber line to the zone of gnarled and twisted 200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. spruce and barren wastes. North of the mountain is Jeffer- son Park or Hanging Valley, set in the backbone of the Cas- cades at an elevation of 5,400 to 6,000 feet. In ages past, great glaciers moved down from the mountain and formed this park, splitting as they advanced and going both east and west; their remnants are still present on the sides of the peak. The park is a series of beautiful clear lakes, clumps of trees, and meadows. In the spring, the wild flowers car- pet the mountain meadows and the insects, while not abundant, are mostly uncommon forms, so that the collect- ing there is fascinating. Oregon east of the Cascades is largely a plateau, broken in the far east and south by mountain ranges and low rocky hills. There are many fertile valleys, but much of the region is arid. The elevation averages 4,000 feet. Scarcely any collecting has been done in the Blue Mountains country or in the southeast where there are many lakes and small streams. DISTRIBUTION Collectors in the past have noted the fact that diptera from the western United States resemble those of Europe more closely than do the species in the eastern part of the country, there being many cases of specific identity. Osten Sacken discussed this resemblence at length in his ‘““Western Diptera.” The Trichocere are not so rare in California as Osten Sacken was led to think from his limited collecting, and in Oregon they are very abundant in the winter and early spring. The genus Villa (Anthrax) is not so well rep- resented in Oregon as farther south, but the asilid genus Cyrtopogon is rich in species, many of the forms appearing to be limited to the Lower Boreal zone. The western syrphid genera Arctophila, Pocota and Pyritis are typically north- western forms, and there are many species of Chilosia and Pipiza in this area. Two species of the cyrtid genus Eulonchus are not uncommon in parts of Oregon, but the two other known species in the genus are probably more southern in their range. The Blepharoceride are typically western diptera and are remarkably abundant in the Hood River valley of Oregon. The western fauna as a whole is limited to the line of summer dryness in its spread to the Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 201 eastward, and this line seems more impassable than the Rocky Mountains. The summers are usually dry some dis- tance west of the Cascades in Oregon. The life zones of Oregon have not been worked out in detail like those of California, but the general divisions are known. Diptera are not so limited in their distribution as are the majority of plants and animals, but they are for the most part characteristic of certain areas and associations. Our material is much too meagre to work out their distribu- tion and we shall not attempt any general conclusions on this point. The coastal strip is usually known as the Canadian or lower Boreal, except around the mouth of the Columbia River where the Transition comes in. Dr. E. C. Van Dyke has recently published a paper on the life zones of Oregon, Washington, and California, and certain of his terms are used in designating the different areas. The name Van- couveran corresponds very closely to the term Transition and is applied to nearly all of Oregon west of the Cascades; the fauna it contains is quite a distinct one. The Willamette valley is pure Vancouveran and Van Dyke believes that it has changed very little since the Tertiary period. A sub- division of this zone along the coast is termed the Pacific Maritime, and is found in western Washington and the northern coast region of California; it is a region of much moisture and many species in the coleoptera tend toward melanism there. There are some evidences of this tendency among the diptera from this region. A modified branch of this Vancouveran starts in west cen- tral Oregon and runs south, including the mountains of southern Oregon and northern California; it follows along the western slope of the Cascades down into the California Sierra, possibly reaching into Lower California. In this Sierran fauna certain species seem to be broken up into rather weak races in the chaos of the Klamath Mountains. Above the Sierran we find the Canadian zone, which is not very ex- tensive in Oregon. The great Upper Sonoran area of eastern Washington pushes down in a wedge to the center of Oregon, nearly connecting with the Upper Sonoran coming up through Nevada from Mexico; here we find the Great Basin fauna. 202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. The Hudsonian zone is narrowed in Oregon and follows down the Cascades into the Sierra of California, ascending as it goes south, until in southern California it is limited to a few mountain peaks. The zones of eastern Oregon have not been carefully worked out, but there are a number of moun- tains extending up into the Canadian and Hudsonian zones. A great many records will be added to the diptera list when this region is worked over. Many of the typical Californian zone species are not found in Oregon as far as our collecting shows, but we have obtained some of these forms and more will be found in the southern part of the state. The Van- couveran and Pacific Maritime zones are rich in species of Mycetophilide, many of which are undescribed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The general arrangement of this list was planned by both authors. Prof. Lovett has written up the Syrphide and we are indebted to Mr. Leroy Childs for much of the work on the Tabanide and for material collected at Hood River. The senior author is responsible for the work on the other fami- lies of diptera, except where material was turned over to specialists in some of the groups, and for the drawings illus- trating most of the families represented. Several dipterists have been of help to us in determining material in families in which they are specializing, and to the following we wish to express our thanks: Mr. J. R. Mal- loch, Dr. C. P. Alexander, Mr. M. C. Van Duzee, Dr. J. M. Aldrich, Prof. J. S. Hine, Dr. A. L. Melander, Mr. A. Spuler, Dr. E. P. Felt, Prof. R. C. Osburn, Mr. E. T. Cres- son, Jr., and Mr. C. H. Curran. We are also indebted to the entomologists at the Oregon Agricultural College for specimens they have collected and to the following members of the staff of the Forest Grove Experiment Station, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture: Mr. M. C. Lane, Mr. L. P. Rockwood, Mr. J. B. Thompson, Mr. A. C. Burrill, Mr. C. W. Creel, and Mr. M. M. Reeher. Mr. E. P. Van Duzee has added several records from south- ern Oregon which were particularly valuable because we know so little of the diptera in that region. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 203 Family TIPULID/Z Fig. 1. Nephrotoma erythrophrys Will. Wing and head from side. The craneflies are usually quite easily distinguished from the other diptera by the long legs and characteristic wing venation. They have a blunt snout and often very long palpi. One of the other distinguishing marks of the family is a V-shaped suture on the upper part of the thorax. A few species are wingless. The adults frequent meadows and edges of woods where there is a rank growth of vegetation and most are found near water. Many species come to lights. The larve are aquatic or semi-aquatic and are usually root feeders and scavengers. The terrestrial larve are com- monly known as “‘leather jackets” and may injure root crops. Nearly all of the species listed below were determined by Dr. C. P. Alexander; these are marked C. P. A. det. 1. Dicranomyia concinna (Will.) Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). C. P. A. det. Described as a Limnobia. 2. Dicranomyia particeps Doane Hood River, X-26 (Cole). 1908, Ent. News, XIX, p. 7. 3. Dicranomyia stigmata Doane Corvallis, IV-i8. €. P. A. det. 4. Geranomyia diversa O. S. Hood River, X-30 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 5. Limnobia californica O. S. Forest Grove, IV-20 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser. 6. Limnobia sciophila O. S. Corvallis, IV-20 and V-28; Mt. Angel (Epper). C. P. A. det. Very common at Forest Grove in September and October around thickly wooded sections. A disturbance of the underbrush in more or less moist sections will often start hundreds of them into flight. 7. Dicranoptycha sobrina O. S. Forest Grove, VII-8 and 12 (Cole). 8. Ormosia subcornuta Alex. Forest Grove, III-20 to 26 and Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole). A good series of this small form was taken in a small swampy area. 1920, Pomona College Journ. Ent. and Zoology, XII, 88. The western representative of O. mei- gent (O. S.) 9. Ormosia stylifer Alex. Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1919, Insec. Insc. Mens. VII, p. 146. A species near deviata Dietz. 10. Erioptera alicia Alex. Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). C. P. A. det. Two females collected. Previously known from the single type female from Calif. 1914, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LXVI, p. 585. 11. Erioptera oregonensis Alex. Tillamook, III-26 (A. C. Burrill). 1920, Pomona Col- lege Jour. Ent. and Zoology XII, 87. 12. Molophilus comatus Doane Hood River, X-1 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 13. Molophilus nitidus Coq. Hood River, VI-2 (Cole) ; Forest Grove, V-4 (Burrill). 14. Helobia hybrida (Meig.) Corvallis, V-29; Hood River VI-8 (Cole). C. P. A. det. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 205 15. Cladura oregona Alex. Forest Grove, IX-30 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1919, Insec. Insc. Mens., VII, p. 147. 16. Crypteria americana Alex. Mt. Angel (Epper). 1917, Can. Ent., XLIX, p. 29. 17. Phyllolabis latifolia Alex. Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole). 1920, Pomona College Journ. Ent. and Zoology, XII, p. 90. 18. Limnophila cressoni Alex. Corvallis, I1V-29 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1917, Can. Ent., XLIX, p. 208. 19. Eriocera sp. near eriophora Will. Grant Co., VII-1 (Chamberlin). One mutilated speci- meneye Caw Acidet: 20. Tricyphona ampla Doane Corvallis, [X-25; Forest Grove, V-5, 20 and X-3 (Cole). C7 PA: det: 21. Tricyphona aperta Coq. Hood River, VI-8 (Cole). det. with a doubt by Alex- ander. 22. Tricyphona constans Doane Forest Grove, III-29 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 23. Tricyphona sparsipunctata Alex. Corvallis, V-14 (Moulton); Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole). 1920, Pomona College Journ. Ent. and Zoology, XII, p. 90. 24. Polyangzus maculatus Doane Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole). One specimen. 25. Ctenophora angustipennis Loew Common at Corvallis and vicinity in April and May, but taken as late as October 29. The tunnels of the larve in 206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Sen. dead heartwood of prune trees allows the winter rains to soak in and Prof. Lovett has found the species to be of some economic importance for this reason. 26. Nephrotoma californica (Doane) Corvallis, VI-2. 1908, Ent. News, XIX, p. 176. 27. Nephrotoma erythrophrys (Will.) Joseph. C. P. A. det. 28. Nephrotoma ferruginea (Fabr.) Hood River, VI-3 to 15 (Cole). The larve were col- lected around the bases of strawberry plants in large numbers in early May, at which date some had commenced to pupate. The damage to the plants could not be easily estimated as the strawberry-root weevil was at work in the same places. CaP AN det: 29. Nephrotoma macrophallus (Dietz) Forest Grove, VII-8 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1918, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, p. 114. 30. Holorusia rubiginosa Loew Corvallis, VI-10; Oswego; Cascadia, VIII; Hood River, VI (Cole). 31. Tipula equalis Doane Forest Grove, VII-22 (Cole). 32. Tipula albofascia Doane Corvallis, V-22-1898. 33. Tipula angustipennis Loew Corvallis; Forest Grove, IV-20 to V-10 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 34. Tipula armata Doane Corvallis; Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 35. Tipula californica Doane Corvallis [X-25; Forest Grove V-20 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 1912, Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., V, p. 49. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 207 36. Tipula carinata Doane Corvallis, X-26 to XI-21. 37. Tipula fallax Loew Corvallis, IV-18 to V-9. 38. Tipula pubera Loew Corvallis, V-12 (Gentner). C. P. A. det. 39. Tipula retusa Doane Forest Grove, VII-22 (Cole). CC. P. A. det. 40. Tipula apernax O. S. Corvallis, V-5 and IV-19 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 41. Tipula streptocera Doane Corvallis, VI-13. C. P. A. det. 42. Tipula tristis Doane Forest Grove, V-5 (Cole). 43. Tipula unicincta Doane Corvallis, V-25. C. P. A. det. 44. Tipula usitata Doane Corvallis, VI-2. Family PTYCHOPTERID/Z These crane-flies are distinguished from the Tipulide by having the V-shaped suture poorly defined and by lacking the second anal vein. The larve are quite remarkable in structure, having an extensile, elongated breathing tube on the caudal end. The pupa has one of the thoracic horns greatly elongated and breathes through this while the body is covered with mud or water. 45. Ptychoptera lenis O. S. Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). C. P. A. det. 208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sea. 46. Bittacomorpha occidentalis Aldr. Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). This is undoubtedly the species recorded from Oregon by Osten Sacken in “Western Diptera” at clavipes. 47. Bittacomorphella! sackenii (Réder) Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). C. P. A. det. Family RHYPHID/= Fig. 2. Rhyphus alternatus Say. Wing, and head from above. This small family should be changed from the old position as it is now connected with the Tipulide through the Trichocerine. The flies of the genus Trichocera are quite different from the others of the family in general appearance and wing venation, but the early stages are so near the Rhyphine that they have recently been placed in their present position by Dr. Alexander. 48. Rhyphus alternatus Say. Corvallis, V-25; Albany, V-2 and Forest Grove, IV-20 (Cole). 49. Trichocera® colei Alex. Forest Grove, XI-11, III-20, 26, and Hillsboro, IV-1 (Coley= (G2 PA“ det.) 1919, Can. Ents) LI, p. 162) Para- types of this species were reared from turnips at Vancouver, Wash., Dec. 12, 1918 (Wm. Giles). 1Genus Bittacomorphella Alexander 1916, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LXVIIT ip. 545; 2The species of this genus in North America will have to be compared with the European forms before they can be made out with any certainty. Many of the species seem to be holarctic and it is probable that some of our names are synonyms, Some of the species collected in Oregon could not be deter- mined owing to this condition in the taxonomy of the group. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 209 50. Trichocera trichoptera O. S. Forest Grove in Dec., Jan. and Feb. (Cole). C. P. A. det. Family DIXID Az Small slender flies, all belonging to the genus Dixa. There are eight species listed from North America. The adults resemble mosquitoes but are not pilose and do not bite; they are found in moist localities where there is abundant vegeta- tion. The larve are aquatic and resemble mosquito larve. 51. Dixa centralis Loew Hood River, X-1 (Cole). Family PSYCHODID = Fig. 3. Psychoda cinerea Banks. The moth-flies are attracted to lights in great numbers. Some are found on tree trunks and many in damp, shady places, often on the undersides of leaves or on the surface of some stagnant pond. They are also found on windows and in outhouses in the winter and spring. Many of the species have aquatic larve, Maurina (Peri- coma) preferring swift streams and being provided with ventral suckers on the abdomen. Some larve occur in cow- dung and in decaying vegetable matter. The larve have spiracles and tracheal gills. 210 ; CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. 52. Psychoda cinerea Banks Common at Hood River and Forest Grove in late Decem- ber and January. On rainy days many could be found under old sheds or in protected places on the bark of trees; females were observed about excrement. 53. Psychoda schizura Kincaid Hood River, VII-9 (Cole). 54. Psychoda sigma Kincaid Forest Grove, III-28 and VI-3 (Cole). On the latter date collected at light. 55. Pericoma sitchana Kincaid Hood River, VI-19 (Cole). Family CHIRONOMID/= Fig. 4. Chironomus colei Malloch. This family, the midges, now includes two subfamilies, the Tanypine and Chironomine. They might be called “‘sun- set-flies,”’ often appearing in swarms at that time. Many are seen in the air in the autumn, dancing in the sunshine, usually near some body of water. They can be collected at lights in large numbers. The adults resemble mosquitoes superficially, but have poorly developed mouth parts and the costa is not continued all the way around the wing. The males, as in the Culicide, have feathery antenne. Midges usually alight with the fore legs in the air and mosquitoes as a rule raise the hind legs. Vor. XI} COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 211 Almost all the species are aquatic in the early stages, the larve feeding on decaying vegetable substances and tiny aquatic organisms. A few are terrestrial, one lives in sap and one species mines the leaves of water plants. Many species furnish food for trout. 56. Chironomus colei Mall. Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Set Ser 45 DNC pe 2515: 57. Chironomus plumosus (Linn.) Corvallis (Churchill) . 58. Chironomus riparius Meig. . Forest Grove, III-10, 20 and VI-3 (Cole); Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole). 59. Chironomus viridis Macq. Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole). 60. Tanytarsus® dissimilis Johann. Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole). At light. 1905, N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 86, p. 292. 61. Tanytarsus fatigans Johann. Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole). 1905, N. Y. State Mu- seum, Bull. 86, p. 292. 62. Tanytarsus obediens Johann. Forest Grove, IV-5 (Cole). 1905, N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 86, p. 286. 63. Tanytarsus politus Mall. Forest Grove, III-20 and VI-3 (Cole); Forest Grove, V-4 (Burrill). 1915, Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. X, p. 493. 64. Metriocnemis flavifrons Johann. Forest Grove, III-26 to IV-14 (Cole). 1905, N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 86, p. 301. 3A number of species were collected at Forest Grove which could not be determined with certainty; some of them are probably undescribed. 212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 65. Cricotopus slossone Mall. Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). At light. 1915, Bul. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. X, p. 506. 66. Cricotopus trifasciatus Panz. Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). At light. 67. Camptocladius byssinus Schrank Very common at Forest Grove in early spring, often seen in swarms in sunny afternoons; III-3 to IV-5 (Cole). 68. Orthocladius* obumbratus Johann. Forest Grove, III-28 and VI-3 (Cole); Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole). 1905, N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 86, p. 281. 69. Orthocladius nivoriundus Fitch Forest Grove, III-28 and Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole). 70. Orthocladius sordidellus Zett. Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). At light. 71. Diamesa chorea Lundb. Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). At light. 72. Paraclunio alaskensis (Coq.) Several specimens of this curious chironomid were taken at Seaside Beach by L. G. Gentner, VIII-15-1914. Aldrich lists the species from Newport in his Catalogue. 73. Tanypus dyari Coq. Forest Grove. III-4 (Cole). 74. Tanypus flavifrons Johann. Forest Grove, V-14 (Cole); Hillsboro IV-1 (Cole). 1905, N. Y. State Museum Bull. 86, p. 150. 75. Tanypus monilis (Linn.) Forest Grove, III-26 to VI-3 (Cole). 4Species of this genus were common in the spring and early summer at Forest Grove and several of those collected are apparently undescribed. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 213 Family CERATOPOGONID/E We follow Malloch in making this group a family sep- arate from the Chironomide. Here belong the ‘‘punkies”’ or “‘no-see-ums” which are wicked biters and are so small that an ordinary net will not keep them out. The thorax is large, but does not project over the head as in the true Chirono- mide. The species of Culicoides are especially bloodthirsty ; some of the other genera are said to attack insects, attaching themselves to the body and wings. The larve of most are aquatic or semi-aquatic, often being found in decaying wood that is submerged. 76, Culicoides biguttatus (Coq.) Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). Taken at light. Malloch det. 77. Culicoides sanguisugus /Coq.) Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). Taken at light. Malloch det. 78. Forcipomyia cilipes (Coq.) Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). Malloch det. Taken at light. 79, Serromyia femorata (Meig.) Forest Grove, V-5 (Cole). Malloch det. 80. Hartomyia® mallochi Cole, new species Fig. 5. Hartomyia mallochi Cole, n. sp. Wing of holotype. Female: Length 1.5 mm. Head and its appendages black, the antenne brownish black with pale pile. Mesonotum, scutellum and postnotum black subshining, the bristles black. Scutellum with a bristle on each side near the base and two 5This genus was erected by Malloch in 1915, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. X, Art. VI, p. 339. December 14, 1921 214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. apical bristles. Pleura black, mostly shining. Halteres black- ish near the base, the knob whitish. Abdomen dull black, nearly devoid of pile on the basal half, the apical half with longer sparse brown pile. Legs entirely brownish black, the tarsal claws large and equal. Basal joint of hind tarsus a little less than twice as long as second joint; joints of the tarsi with pile longer than their diameters. Tip of hind tibia with several short bristles. Wings whitish hyaline, the anterior veins heavy and brown- ish yellow, the other veins very thin; petiole of the media about the length of the cross vein (see fig. 5) ; cubitus forks distinctly proximad of the cross vein. Holotype, female, No. 828, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R. Cole collector, March 28, 1919. Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon. The species would run to couplet 6 in Malloch’s table of species, but differs from antennalis in size, color of halteres, and in lacking spines on the last tarsal joint. It is larger than arctica with large tarsal claws. The species is named for Mr. J. R. Malloch, the author of the genus, whose fine paper on the Chironomid of Illinois has been very useful in work- ing up this family. Family CULICID Fig. 6. Culex pipiens Linnzus. Vou. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 215 The mosquitoes have the wings clothed with scales and there is no discal cell; the ocelli are lacking. Not all species bite and only a few come into houses. They are found at all altitudes and in all lands, myriads occurring in the Arctic. Birds and dragon-flies prey on the adults, and the larve serve as food for fishes and dragon-fly nymphs. The larve are aquatic, some requiring little water for their development. They differ in habits, some feeding on decaying vegetable material and others preying on small organisms. 81. Anopheles occidentalis D. & K. Corvallis; Klamath Falls (Dyar and Caudell). 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, p. 159. 82. Anopheles punctipennis (Say) Corvallis; Forest Grove, II and III (Cole); Portland, VI-30 (Dyar and Caudell). 83. Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theob. Corvallis, IX-6; Forest Grove, II-17 to XII-7 (Cole). 84. Theobaldia annulata (Schrank) Reported from Calif. to B. C. in Aldrich’s Catalogue. 85. Culiseta consobrina (Desv.) Warm Springs. 86. Culiseta incidens (Thoms.) Corvallis (Theobald); Klamath Falls (Dyar and Caudell). 87. Culiseta inornata ( Will.) Klamath Falls (Dyar). Reported from Cal. to B. C. 88. Culiseta sylvestris (Theob.) Fish Lake. 89. Culiseta stigmatosoma (Dyar) Klamath Falls (Dyar). 1907, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXII, p. 123. 216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 90. Culex pipiens Linn. Forest Grove, III-26 (Cole). 91. Aedes curriei (Coq.) Burns; Klamath Falls VII-27 (Dyar and Caudell) ; Cor- vallis. 92. Aedes hexadontus Dyar? Corvallis. Dr. Dyar in making the determination of this and the following species stated that males were necessary for a certain determination of the species. 1916, Ins. Insc. Menstr., IV, p. 83. 93. Aedes palustris Dyar Corvallis. 1916, Ins. Insc. Menstr., IV, p. 89. 94. Aedes varipalpus (Coq.) Ashford (Dyar and Caudell) ; Portland (Currie). Family MYCETOPHILID Fig. 7. Boletina atra Cole, n. sp. Drawing of holotype. In the fungus-gnats the abdomen ends in a forceps-like process in the males, and in a pointed ovipositor in the females. The thorax is usually highly arched. Malloch has recently divided this group into five families but in this paper only the Sciara group is considered as a separate family. The adults are found in situations conducive to fungus Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 217 growth, damp, dark places, and can often be swept from grass in shady places. Some are found on tree trunks; and windows in old deserted houses are good places to collect in certain seasons. Western Oregon is undoubtedly rich in forms of this group and the list given below could be greatly increased by one interested in the family. In addition to the species we have listed there are some which could not be identified with certainty, owing to the lack of material or to the imperfect condition of the specimens. One species each of Leia, Brachypeza, Rhymosia, Odontopoda and Mycomya were taken and six species of Mycetophila, which could not be identified. 95. Bolitophila hybrida (Meig.) Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole) ; Tillamook, III-26 (Bur- rill). 96. Symmerus annulatus (Meig.) Several specimens, taken at Corvallis, [X-10 (Cole), are probably this species, which has been recorded from New Jersey and New Hampshire. The wing venation is the same as that given in Williston’s Manual on page 134 (Ples- tiana), but the wing is more pointed. 97. Diadocidia borealis Coq. Forest Grove, II-10, III-14 and V-2 (Cole). In one female the tip of the first radial vein is distinctly proximad of the end of the anterior branch of the cubitus. 98. Apemon® maudze (Cog.) Corvallis, V-3 to V-30. 99. Apemon pectoralis (Coq.) Corvallis, VI-4. 100. Platyura nigra Cole Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, IX, p: 222. 101. Macrocera formosa Loew Hood River, V-2 (Cole). 51909, Genera Insectorum, Mycetophilidz, p. 20. 218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 102. Tetragoneura pimpla Coq. Forest Grove, II-17 (Cole). 103. Tetragoneura quintana Cole, new species Male: Length, 3.5 mm. General body color black. Head black, the palpi and other mouth parts blackish brown. Antenne blackish, the third joint twice as long as wide, the succeeding joints decreasing in length to the last joint, which is half again as long as the penultimate. Mesonotum, scutellum, pleura and postnotum black, with a brownish tinge, made lighter by the gray pollen. Bristles of thorax yellowish. Halteres brownish yellow, the knobs darker. Abdomen dull blackish brown with sparse yellowish pile. Hypopygium blackish brown, the lower forceps rather large, the tip excavated, with a yellow thorn below. Hind legs blackish brown, including the coxe; middle legs with the femora yellowish brown; fore legs with the coxe, femora and base of tibe more or less yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline, the costa and radial veins heavy and dark brown, the other veins thinner and paler; subcosta ends in R, nearer the base of the radial sector than the humeral cross-vein. Cell R, very small, usually forming a small triangle; anterior branch of cubitus detached at base but reaching proximad of base of R-M cross vein. Female: Much like the male, the femora paler. Geni- talia yellowish. The basal two joints of the antenne yel- lowish and angles of pronotum yellow. Holotype, male, No. 829, and allotype, female, No. 830, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R. Cole, collector, March 27, 1919. Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon. This is the fifth species in the genus Tetragoneura one of which is a fossil species. The one described above is in the group with bicolor and pimpla, where the subcosta ends in R, but differs in color from both of these, in the shape of the cell R,, and in the forking of the cubitus, the anterior branch not being detached in the related species. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 219 104. Sciophila hirta Meig. Forest Grove, III-15 (Cole). One female was taken and the description given by Johannsen fits it exactly. The length is 5 mm and the length of the wing 5 mm. It is a European species reported from Greenland. 105. Dziedzickia’? immaculata Cole Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, IX, p. 222: 106. Dziedzickia oregona Cole Forest Grove, II-10 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 45) EX; p: 223: 107. Mycomya mendax Johann. Forest Grove, II-10 and V-2 (Cole). 1910, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 180, p. 182. 108. Neuratelia® coxalis (Coq.) Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole). Several specimens collected. 1905, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIII, p. 68 (Anaclinia). 109. Boletina atra Cole, new species Male: Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Antenne and mouth parts black. First two antennal joints about as broad as long, the last joint longer than any of the preceding eight. Mesonotum, pleura and scutellum thinly gray pollinose; the median dorsal stripe on mesonotum semishining, wedge- shaped and divided by a longitudinal row of short yellow bristles; on either side of the median vitta is a faintly defined oval spot destitute of pollen; bristles of the thorax yellow. Halteres yellow. Abdomen, including the genitalia, opaque black; pile of the genitalia black, the rest of the abdominal pile yellowish. Lateral claspers of the genitalia with two small curved apical spines and a larger yellow pre-apical spine. Fore coxe more or less yellow, the two hind pair black. Femora and tibie yellowish, the trochanters and tips of the hind femora brown; tarsi blackish brown; tibial spurs brown. Wings 71909, Genera Insectorum, Mycetophilide, p. 44. 81856, Dipterologie Italice, Prodromus I, p. 195. 220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser. nearly hyaline, the apical half grayish; costal and radial veins heavy and black, the other veins lighter; Sc ends in C slightly beyond base of Rs; Cu forks slightly distad of the base of the R-M cross vein; costa prolonged beyond tip of Rs nearly half way to M, (see fig. 7). Female: Very nearly the same as the male in color and structure. The last antennal joint proportionately shorter than in the male. Genitalia brown. Holotype, male, No. 831, and allotype, female, No. 832, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R. Cole, collector, March 14, 1919. Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon. The writer collected three female paratypes at Forst Grove and Hillsboro, Oregon, a little later in the year. The species is very near sobria Johannsen. A single male of a closely related species was collected at about the same time and near the same place; this form is clearly separable only by characters of the male genitalia. 110. Boletina inops Coq. One pair taken at Forest Grove, I-10 (Lane); same locality, X-11 (Cole). 111. Leia winthemi Lehmann Forest Grove, IX-14 (Cole). 112. Phthinia curta Johann. Forest Grove, II-20 and XII-17 (Cole). 1911, Fungus Gnats of N. A., part III, p. 291. 113. Ccelosia flavicauda Winnertz Hood River, X-11 (Cole). 114. Ccelosia pygophora Coq. Forest Grove, III-21 (Cole). One specimen taken. 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VI, p. 170. 115. Rhymosia sp. A., Johann. Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole). 1911, Fungus Gnats of N. A., part III, p. 310. Vou. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 221 116. Telmaphilus tenebrosa (Coq.) A single male, taken at Forest Grove, III-21 (Cole), in most respects answers the description of the female given by Coquillett. It differs in having all of the coxe blackish, the femora and tibie brown, the tarsi blackish brown. Wings as figured by Johannsen. 117. Exechia? cincinnati Johann. Forest Grove, V-5 and XI-15 (Cole). 1912, Fungus Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 69. 118. Exechia obediens Johann. A very common species in winter and early spring at Forest Grove. 1912, Fungus Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 73. 119. Exechia umbratica (Aldr.) Corvallis, XI-15. 120. Dynatosoma nigrina Johann. Forest Grove, III-6 (Cole). One female collected. 1912, Fungus Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 75. 121. Mycothera fenestrata (Coq.) Forest Grove, II-10 to XII-13 (Cole). One of the com- monest mycetophilids in this locality. 122. Mycetophila falcata Johann. Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole). 1912, Fungus Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 93. 123. Mycetophila fatua Johann. Forest Grove, [I-25 (Cole). op. cit. p. 102. 124. Mycetophila lassata Johann. Forest Grove, III-6 (Cole). op. cit., p. 101. 125. Mycetophila lenta Johann. Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill). op. cit., p. 102. 9The species of this genus are very difficult to separate, the male genitalia offering the best characters for classification. There are at least five undeter- mined species in material collected at Forest Grove from April to December. 222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser. 126. Mycetophila monocheta Loew Forest Grove, IV-5 (Cole) ; Corvallis, I-14 (Gentner). 127. Mycetophila mutica Loew Forest Grove, III-6 (Cole). Large series taken. 128. Mycetophila mutica var. A, Johann. Forest Grove, III-14 (Cole). 1912, Fungus Gnats of NSA; part LV; p."93: 129. Mycetophila perita Johann. Forest Grove, V-14 (Cole). op. cit., p. 90. 130. Mycetophila punctata Meig. Forest Grove, V-14 (Cole) ; Tillamook. III-26 (Burrill). This is one of the commonest and most widely distributed species. The Oregon specimens are darker than eastern specimens in my collection. 131. Mycetophila scalaris Loew Hood River, X-2 (Cole). Family SCIARID AE These small flies are separated from the Mycetophilide by several dipterists and are easily recognized by the vena- tion and much shorter coxe. The larve are scavengers but some do damage to mush- rooms. Many species breed in leaf mold. 132. Sciara!® scita Johann. Newport (Aldrich), type locality. 1912, Fungus Gnats of IN|) Aus part LV; p: 235). 133. Neosciara'! munda (Johann.) Forest Grove, III-26 and IV-5 (Cole). 1912, Fungus Gnats of N. A., part IV, p. 127. 10Several species of this genus were taken which cannot be identified with certainty without male specimens; some are probably undescribed. 113918, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. XI, p. 320. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 223 134. Eugnoriste occidentalis Coq. Albany, VI-17 (Creel). This species has a long proboscis and feeds on flowers. Family CECIDOMYIID£ Fig. 8. Hormosomyia oregonensis Felt. Drawing of homo-topo- type. In the little gall-midges the antenne are many jointed and often with whorls of hairs. There are usually three longi- tudinal veins and the costa continues around the wing. The family is an immense one and the larval habits vary somewhat. A great majority of the species cause abnormal growths on plants and some are recognized by their galls alone. Scarcely any material was taken in this family, most of that sent to Dr. E. P. Felt being probably undescribed. More specimens will be required before the identification of the species of Lestremia, Prionellus, Rhabdophaga and Lasiop- tera can be made with certainty. A female of a species of Lasioptera taken near Forest Grove has 36 antennal seg- ments, more than have been recorded from any other Amer- ican species according to Dr. Felt. 224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc, 4TH Ser. 135. Mayetiola destructor (Say) This famous wheat pest, known as the Hessian Fly, is found west of the Cascades in Oregon and often does con- siderable damage. 136. Aphidoletes meridionalis Felt Specimens taken at Forest Grove and Corvallis (Rock- wood and Lovett). 1908, N. Y. State Mus., Bull. 124, p. 397- 137. Prionellus boulderensis Felt Recorded from Oregon by Felt. 138. Dasyneura leguminicola (Lintn.) The clover seed midge, common throughout western Ore- gon and an important pest in many clover growing sections. 139. Hormosomyia!? oregonensis Felt Forest Grove, X-10 (Cole). Described as a new genus and species in the Porricondylariz in the article referred to above. It is one of the non-gall-making species. Two males were taken of this species. 140. Colpodia colei Felt Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole). This species is described by Dr. Felt as related to C. americana. 1919, Ent. News, KOMIK pices. 12 1919, Ent. News, XXX, p. 220. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 225 FAMILY BIBIONID/& Fig. 9. Bibio nervosus Loew The males and females of these ungainly little ““March flies” often differ considerably, the females having grotesque little heads. They emerge in April and May and often on bright sunshiny days they will appear in swarms, sailing about in an aimless sort of way. The larve have a false segment behind the head which is well developed and has spiny processes. They are scaven- gers, feeding on decaying vegetable matter or excrement. A few feed on grass roots. 141. Bibio hirtus Loew This species is usually less common that the following and emerges a week or more later. It has been reported as in- jurious to turnips in one section of the state. 142. Bibio nervosus Loew Very common in spring and early summer. 143. Bibio variabilis Loew Reported from Oregon by Coquillett. 226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. 144. Dilophus serotinus Loew Odell, X-14 (H. F. Wilson). 145. Dilophus tibialis Loew Hood River, VI-8 (Cole). Family SCATOPSID 7 Fig. 10. Scatopse notata Linn. These very small black flies were formerly included in the Bibionide but now are generally given family rank. The costa and two veins next to it are thickened, the other veins being very weak. The larve of all the known species are recorded as breeding in excrement. Several species have been bred from sewers. 146. Scatopse notata Linn. Corvallis, XI-30 (Bridwell) ; Crystal Lake VI-8. 147. Rhegmoclema!s atrata (Say) Hood River, X-3 (Cole) ; Corvallis. 148. Reichertella!‘ collaris Mel. Corvallis, [X-10 (Cole), 1916 Wash. Exp. Sta., Bull, 130, p. 10. 131912, Zool. Anzeiger, XL, p. 276. 14912, Zool. Anzeiger, XL, p. 268. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 227 Family SIMULIID Fig. 11. Prosimulium fulvum (Coq.) These tiny flies are easily recognized and are variously known as black-flies, buffalo gnats and sand-flies. The females ‘‘bite’’", as many are willing to testify, and are some- times very troublesome to stock and man. The larve live in running water, often in swift currents, and feed on small animals and alge. Peculiar fans on the head create a current toward the mouth. They are anchored to rocks by a suck- ing disc near the tail and by a silken line, and breathe by means of a peculiar organ near the tip of the body; the larve move like geometrid larve. 149. Prosimulium fulvum (Coq.) Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, elevation 3,000 feet. (Brid- well). Malloch det. 150. Prosimulium hirtipes (Fries.) Sand Mountain, VI-20; Dee, VI-17 (Cole); Forest Grove, IV-20 (Cole); Mt. Jefferson, VII-15 (Bridwell). Malloch det. 151. Simulium bivittatum Mall. Hood River (Cole). Very common in July in the willow flats along the Columbia River. They make their appear- ance about sundown and late bathers then are glad to put 228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. on their clothes and go home. 1914, U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Series, No. 26, p. 31. 152. Simulium vittatum Zett. Narrows, VII-1. Malloch det. Family BLEPHAROCERID Zz Fig. 12. Bibiocephala grandis O. S. These flies could be mistaken for Tipulidz at first glance. The venation is quite characteristic and there are creases in the membrane which give the impression of a secondary venation. The females are predaceous. The larve live in swift streams, attaching themselves to rocks by means of ventral suckers. They feed on minute aquatic organisms. Many of the flies are swept away in the swift current as they emerge from the pupal cases, being unable to get their wings unfolded in time. This may account for the few species in existence. These flies are not uncommon along some of the swift streams of Oregon and one species of Blepharocera taken in the Hood River valley, as well as a small species of Bibio- cephala occasionally collected, will be described later by Mr. Leroy Childs. These two undescribed species were not found in any such numbers as were the two forms listed below. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 229 153. Bibiocephala grandis O. S. Common at Hood River along the stream of that name. The first specimens were collected about the middle of May and were seen in large numbers up to the early part of June. They fly clumsily, like some of the tipulids, and will dash headlong into anything that happens to be in their way. 154. Bibiocephala comstocki Kell. This species emerged later than grandis and was more abundant; its season was much longer and it was more active. In resting on the leaves of plants it would usually fly to the under side of the leaf and hang by its feet. In the swift water of the upper Hood River these flies could be seen flying and hovering close to the surface of the stream; they seemed to prefer shady places and were often flying after sundown. Family STRATIOMYIDZE Fig. 13. Odontomyia hoodiana Bigot The so-called “‘soldier-flies” have a strikingly characteris- tic wing venation; when at rest the wings are laid flat and overlapping on the abdomen. The abdomen is usually broad and flattened. The adults are flower flies, the smaller species being quite active and the larger ones usually slow. December 14, 1921 230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. 155. Beris annulifera Bigot Hood River, VI-8, 20 (Cole). The larve of the Berine are terrestrial and have been bred from moss. 156. Scoliopelta luteipes Will. Multnomah Falls, IX-30 (Cole), two females taken in grass around a small spring. Williston had two males from Mt. Washington, N. H., which were 7 mm. in length. These specimens are about 9.5 mm.; the antenne are more than two-thirds as long as the distance from their base to the ocelli, and there are a few other slight discrepencies, but these may be sexual differences. 157. Sargus pallipes Bigot Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). This species like others of the genus, is found on the leaves of plants, usually in the sunlight. 158. Sargus picticornis Bigot Hood River, V-15 (Cole). 159. Sargus tricolor Loew Corvallis, V-12 and VII-7. 160. Sargus viridis Say Very common at Hood River and Forest Grove during early summer. 161. Stratiomyia atra Cole Empire, Coos Co., VII-27. 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Serj 4, UX ipe2s: 162. Stratiomyia barbata Loew Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). 163. Stratiomyia discalis Loew Hood River, VI-6 to VI-21 (Cole). 164. Stratiomyia laticeps Loew Reported from Oregon by C. W. Johnson. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 231 165. Stratiomyia maculosa Loew Common at Hood River, V-19 to VII-7 (Cole). 166. Stratiomyia melanostoma Loew Reported from Oregon by C. W. Johnson. 167. Odontomyia arcuata Loew Umatilla, VII-14 (H. F. Wilson). 168. Odontomyia cincta Oliv. Blitzen River, VII-6; Ashland, VI-21 (Chamberlin). 169. Odontomyia hoodiana Bigot Described from Mt. Hood. Quite common in the lower Hood River Valley during the month of June. Collected on marshy ground sloping toward the river. 170. Odontomyia pilosa Day Described from California; Bigot described it five years later, as pyrrhostoma, from Mt. Hood. 171. Euparyphus apicalis Coq. Hood River, [X-4 (Cole). 172. Clitellaria lata Loew Corvallis, V-8 to VI-2; Mary’s Peak and Kiger’s Island. Family TABANID2E: Fig. 14. Tabanus procyon O. S. These flies are commonly known as “‘horse-flies”, “gad- flies”, ‘‘deer-flies”, ‘‘green-heads”, etc. They have short, broad heads and the eyes are often colored. The mouth 232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [{Pnoc. 47H Sen. parts are a series of sharp lancets (four in the male, six in the female), enclosed in a lip-like organ. They are remarkable fliers and are fond of warm weather and sun- shine. The males do not bite; feed on plant nectar or honey- dew secreted by plant lice or scale insects. The larve are found in rotting logs, under stones in ditches, or in mud along streams or other bodies of water. They are predacious and feed on various little animals. 173. Pangonia dives Will. Hood River, VII-26 (Childs). 174. Pangonia fera Will. Described from Mt. Hood. Horse Lake, VII-25; Mt. Jefferson, VII-27 (Bridwell). 175. Chrysops coloradensis Bigot Rickreall, VII-23 (Allen). Hine det. 176. Chrysops discalis Will. Warm Springs, VII-7. 177. Chrysops excitans Walk. Mt. Jefferson, VII-12 (Bridwell); Horse Mt. Flats, VII-30. Cole det. 178. Chrysops lupus Whitney Pamelia Lake, VII-27 (Bridwell); Corvallis, [X-26; Grant Co., VII-14. 179. Chrysops noctifer O. S. Parkdale, VI-18 and Dee, VI-17 (Cole); Mt. Jefferson, VII-12 (Bridwell) ; Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Cham- berlin) . 180. Chrysops pachycera Will. Buck Mt., VII-19. Cole det. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 233 181. Chrysops proclivis O. S. Common at Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole and Childs). Cole det. 182. Chrysops surdus O. S. Mt. Jefferson, VII-16 (Bridwell) ; Pamelia Lake, VII-19 (Bridwell). 183. Tabanus zgrotus O. S. Williston reports this species from Oregon. Corvallis; Mackenzie Ridge, VIII-27; Lava Lake, VII-25 (Lovett). Cole det. 184. Tabanus captonis Marten Hood River, VIII-1 (Childs) ; Corvallis, V-12; Grant Co., VII-13; Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin) ; Subalpine regions on Mt. Jefferson, VII-20; Mary’s Peak, VII-18 (Gentner) ; Horse Lake, VII-25 (Bridwell). Hine det. 185. Tabanus centron Marten Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin). Cole det. 186. Tabanus epistatus O. S. Hood River, VII-22 (Childs); Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin) ; Grant Co., VII-8. Cole det. 187. Tabanus insuetus O. S. Blitzen River, VII-6; large series from Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-11 (Chamberlin) ; Burns, VII-29. Cole det. 188. Tabanus intensivus Towns. Horse Lake, VII-30 (Bridwell). Cole det. 189. Tabanus laticeps Hine Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-12 (Chamberlin) ; Big Lake, VII-20 (Bridwell). Cole det. 190. Tabanus leucophorus Bigot Described from Mt. Hood. 234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41TH Ser. 191. Tabanus lineola Fabr. Hood River, VII-17 (Childs) and VI-25 (Cole). 192. Tabanus opacus Coq. Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-18 (Chamberlin). 193. Tabanus osburni Hine Large series from Whitman Nat. Forest, June and July (Chamberlin) ; Corvallis. Hine det. 194. Tabanus phenops O. S. Corvallis, V-30; Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Cham- berlin). 195. Tabanus procyon O. S. Corvallis, V-29; Dee, VI-17 (Cole). This species is ap- parently rare in the northwest. Osten Sacken in his descrip- tion in ‘“‘Western Diptera’ does not mention the long, black pile on the under and outer side of the femora, and the long, rather sparse, black pile on the tibia. The third antennal joint has scarcely any basal projection. Cole det. 196. Tabanus punctifer O. S. Crooked River, VII-23; Mt. Jefferson, VIII-14 (Lovett) ; Corvallis, VII-22. 197. Tabanus rhombicus O. S. Horse Lake, VII-25 (Bridwell). Hine det. 198. Tabanus sequax Will. Hood River, VII-1 (Childs) ; Mt. Jefferson, VII-6 (Brid- well) and VIII-14 (Lovett); Mary’s Peak, VII-14 (Lovett). Hine det. 199. Tabanus sonomensis O. S. Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin) ; Wilson River, VIII-6 (Reeher). 200. Tabanus zonalis Kirby Three Sisters, VIJ-20 (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, V-20. Cole det. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA B35 201. Silvius gigantulus (Loew) Corvallis, IV-15; Subalpine regions on Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell) ; Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-11 (Cham- berlin) ; Sumpter, VII-5 (Wilson). Family RHAGIONIDZE (LEPTID/) Fig. 15. Rhagio dimidiata (Loew) In these flies the thorax is rounded and the abdomen usually pointed. The mouth parts are prolonged into a beak projecting downward and backward. Some of the species are predaceous but they are as a rule rather sluggish and are often found on flowers. They can be collected in dense woods on the tall grass and ferns and around swampy land. Some of them rest on the trunks of trees, usually head down- ward. The females of Symphoromyia attack man. Some forms are called “snipe flies.” The name Leptide has long been applied to the family but as Rhagio Fabr. has priority over Leptis Fabr. the family name must change accordingly. 202. Arthroceras pollinosum Will. Forest Grove, VII-8 (Cole). A single female of this rare species was taken in a densely wooded section. It was flying about close to the ground over small weeds and grass and was mistaken at the time for a species of Chrysopila. 236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. 203. Dialysis aldrichi Will. Hood River, VI-12 (Cole) ; Wallowa, VI-8 (Creel). 204. Triptotrichia discolor Loew Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole); Corvallis, V-15 (Lovett) ; Mary’s Peak. 205. Triptotrichia lauta Loew Corvallis, V and VI; Rock Creek, VII-14 (Lovett). 206. Rhagio albibarbis (Bigot) Hood River, VI-2 and Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole). 207. Rhagio costata (Loew) Corvallis, VII-17; Forest Grove, VI-18 (Reeher) ; Cor- vallis and Newport in May. 208. Rhagio dimidiata (Loew) Dewey, V-29; Corvallis, V-28 and V-7 (Lovett) ; Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole). 209. Rhagio hoodiana (Bigot) Described from Mt. Hood. 210. Rhagio incisa (Loew) Hood River, V-16 and 21 (Cole) 211. Rhagio maculifera (Bigot) Forest Grove, VI-5 (Cole). 212. Rhagio pruinosa (Bigot) Described from Mt. Hood. 213. Chrysopila!> testaceipes Bigot Hood River, VI-2 to VI-24 (Cole). Aldrich det. 214. Chrysopila tomentosa Bigot Hood River, VI-2 to VII-5 (Cole). Aldrich det. 1SOne species in this genus, fairly common at Hood River, is apparently undescribed. : Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 237 215. Symphoromyia atripes Bigot Joseph. 216. Symphoromyia inquisitor Aldr. Corvallis, V-29. 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLIX, pala 217. Symphoromyia kincaidi Aldr. Mt. Jefferson, VII-15 (Bridwell). 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLIX, p. 129. 218. Symphoromyia latipalpis Bigot Described from Mt. Hood as fulvipes. 219. Symphoromyia pachyceras Will. Described from Mt. Hood as trivittata. Corvallis, V-30; Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole). 220. Symphoromyia plagens Will. Described from Mt. Hood. Corvallis, VI-14; five males at Parkdale, VI-18 and one female, in the act of biting, at Hood River, VII-17 (Cole). 221. Hilarimorpha obscura Bigot Two specimens taken at Hood River, VI-2 (Cole). Family XYLOPHAGIDA® This family has been included under the Rhagionide by many dipterists. The imagines are found in the woods, and frequent flowers. The larve live in earth or under the bark on trees and are predaceous; they are quite distinct from the larve of the Rhagionide. 222. Xylophagus decorus Will. Corvallis, V-17; Mary’s Peak, V-16 (Gentner). 223. Xylophagus gracilis Will. Reported from Oregon by Williston. 224. Xylomyia parens (Will.) Toledo; Corvallis, VII-18 (A. B. Black). 238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4re Sxz. Family CYRTIDE Fig. 16. Pterodontia misella O. S. These curious little flies are usually very rare. The thorax and abdomen are large and inflated in appearance, and the head, which is composed almost entirely of the compound eyes, is quite small. All the species in North America have three pulvilli and enormous squaamz. Great variations occur within the family, especially in the wing venation and struc- ture of the mouth parts. The larve are parasitic in the bodies or egg cases of spiders as far as known and appar- ently this parasitic mode of life has modified the structure of the flies. 225. Pterodontia misella O. S. Described from Oregon. One specimen from Forest Grove, VI-5-1918 (M. C. Lane); a single female from Mary’s Peak, V-15 (Moznette). 226. Eulonchus sapphirinus O. S. A large series taken at Parkdale, VII-12 (Cole and Childs) ; Forest Grove, VI-3 and 5 (Cole); Mt. Jefferson, VIII-15 (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, V-20; Mary’s Peak, VI-6 (Lovett); Buck Mt., VII-10. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 239 227. Eulonchus tristis Loew Several specimens taken at Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole and Childs) ; Alsea, Benton Co., VIII-6 (Bridwell) ; Lava Lake, VII-25 (Lovett); Mt. Jefferson, V-12 (Bridwell). 228. Acrocera melanderi Cole Corvallis, VIII-18 (F. H. Lathrop). 1919, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLV, p. 55. The type was taken in Gallatin Co., Mont., elev. 6,400 feet, 1918. 229. Oncodes melampus Loew Shedd, V-30; Hood River, VI-8 (Childs). Family NEMESTRINIDZE Fig. 17. Rhynchocephalus sackeni Will. These are sometimes known as the Tangle-vein flies, be- cause of the complex wing venation. The antennz are small and the proboscis rather elongate; the female has a long ovipositor. The adults are flower frequenting and quite rare. The early stages are not well known. The larve of one species are parasitic on a beetle. 230. Rhynchocephalus sackeni Will. Forest Grove, VII-31 (Reeher) and VIII-12 (Lane) ; Mary’s Peak; Corvallis, VII-19; Lewisburg, VII-5 (Black) ; Union Co., VII-18 (Black). 240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Family SCENOPINIDZ Fig. 18. Scenopinus fenestralis Linnzus The name ‘window flies’’ is often applied to the members of this family because they are frequently found in houses on the windows. The adults are small, slender, and rather flattened; the wing membrane is smooth and there are two veins from the discal cell. The larve are closely allied to those of the Therevide and are predaceous. The larve of Scenopinus fenestralis are found in rotten wood and fungi, and under carpets in houses, where they feed on the larve of the “moths”. 231. Scenopinus fenestralis (Linn.) Forest Grove, VIII-20 (Cole). Vor. XIJ COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 241 Family MYDAID7Z Fig. 19. Leptomydas pantherinus Gerst. These flies resemble the Asilide in form. They are sup- posed to be predaceous but do not have mouth parts which would bear this out. 232. Leptomydas pantherinus Gerst. Medford, VII; Hood River, VII-25 (Cole). Twelve males and one female taken at Hood River in one day. One male is an allotype in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. The males were observed flying along the Mt. Hood Railway over sandy ground in the heat of the day. 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, col. IX, p. 228. Family THEREVIDE Fig. 20. Psilocephala munda Loew Comstock called these “‘stiletto-flies” on account of their general form. The adults resemble robber flies but are not 242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sep. as strongly built and the eyes do not protrude above the ver- tex; the abdomen of most species is slender and the wings of all the known American species have five posterior cells. They have been recorded as preying on other diptera, but must capture very small species as their mouth parts would not permit them to kill the prey selected by their more robust relatives, the robber flies. The larve are long and slender, with segments 1 to 6 so constructed that they appear to have twenty segments. They live in mold, rotten wood, and in the ground, and prey on other insects or their larve. The metamorphoses are not well known. 233. Psilocephala aldrichii Coq. Burns, Mt. Jefferson, VIII-14 (Lovett); Hood River, VI-20 and Forest Grove, VII-12 (Cole). 234. Psilocephala costalis Loew Hood River, VII-3 (Cole). A large number were taken on the foliage of strawberry plants. 235. Psilocephala munda Loew Multnomah Falls, [X-30 (Cole). 236. .Psilocephala notata Wied. Hood River, VI-4 to VI-20 and Forest Grove, VII-12 (Cole). 237. Thereva fucata Loew Crook Co., VII-14 (Lovett) ; McDermitt, Malheur Co., VIII-20 (J. R. Bunch). 238. Thereva hirticeps Loew Horse Lake, VII-25 (Lovett). 239. Thereva johnsoni Coq. Hood River, VII-5 (Cole); Forest Grove, V-20, bred from rotting debris in stump. (Rockwood). 240. Thereva vialis O. S. Quite common in Hood River in June and early July; Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 243 collected mostly on sandy stretches along the Hood River on bright sunny days (Cole). 241. Dialineura crassicornis (Will.) Common at Hood River, V-10 to VI-26 (Cole). The habits are like those of Thereva vialis. Williston described the species in the genus Thereva. 242. Metaphragma planiceps (Loew) Burns, V-19 (B. G. Thompson). Family BOMBYLIID® Fig. 21. Epacmus nitidus Cole, n. sp. Drawing of holotype. The “‘bee-flies” are usually more or less covered with fur- like hair and look less like bees than some other flies; one group is furnished with a long proboscis. During the spring and summer they are often seen hovering in the air. They are flower feeders and creatures of the sunshine. Their flight is very quick, but consists of short dashes, and they are often seen resting on the ground or on low plants in the sun. The larve are parasitic, predaceous, or inquilinous. Some are decidedly beneficial, being parasitic on injurious species. 243. Spogostylum anale (Say) Forest Grove, IX-15 (Thompson and Cole). A few females were taken along Gale’s Creek; the males, with num- bers of other insects, were flying around some small pine trees in the afternoon sunshine. 244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 47H Sep. 244. Spogostylum argentatum Cole Hood River, VI-20 to VII-5 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 227. This species was collected around old burned pine logs, like many others of the genus. 245. Spogostylum cedipus (Fabr.) Parkdale, Dee and Hood River in June (Cole). 246. Spogostylum pauper (Loew) Parkdale and Hood River in June (Cole). 247. Spogostylum stellans (Loew) Parkdale and Dee in June (Cole and Childs). 248. Spogostylum varium (Fabr.) Mosier and Parkdale, VI (Cole) ; Hood River, VI-16 to VII-16 (Cole). 249. Exoprosopa capusina (Fabr.) Hood River, VII-9 to VII 25 (Cole). 250. Exoprosopa doris O. S. Hood River, VII-28 (Cole). 251. Exoprosopa eremita O. S. Pendleton, VII-17 (Thomson). 252. Dipalta serpentina O. S. Hood River, VII-28 to IX-20 (Cole). 253. Villa!® alternata (Say) This rather variable species is common in Oregon in July, but the typical form was not collected. 254. Villa atrata (Coq.) Hood River, VII-25 (Cole). These big flies appear to be on the wing most of the time, flying around in large cir- cles close to the ground. 16There is some difference of opinion as to the acceptance of this name for the old genus Anthrax as currently understood. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 245 255. Villa autumnalis (Cole) Colestin, VIII-1 (E. P. Van Duzee). This species, to- gether with fuliginosa and willistonii, belongs to the sub- genus Pecilanthrax. 1917, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXV, p. 71. 256. Villa edititia (Say) Sherwood, VII-12. 257. Villa eumenes (O. S.) Corvallis, V-20 and VI-3; Hood River, VI-12 (Cole). 258. Villa fuliginosa (Loew) Hermiston, IX-18 (Rockwood). 259. Villa fulviana (Say) Colestin, VII-31 and VIII-1 (E. P. Van Duzee) ; Cor- vallis, IX-10 (Cole). 260. Villa inops (Coq.) Hood River, VI-7 and VII-10 (Cole). 261. Villa lateralis (Say) Colestin, VII-1 (E. P. Van Duzee); Corvallis, Hood River, Forest Grove and the Dalles. Common in the summer. 262. Villa macula (Cole) Hermiston, IX-18 (Reeher); The Dalles, VII (Moz- nette). 1919, Proc: Cal. Acad: Sa., Ser. 4, 1X, p. 226. 263. Villa miscella (Coq.) Hood River, VII-10 (Cole). One specimen. 264. Villa morio (Linn.) Hood River, VI and Parkdale, VII-2 (Cole). This com- mon species has been bred from bees of the genera Antho- phora, Megachile and Andrena. 265. Villa sinuosa (Wied.) Hood River, VII-9 to X-1 (Cole) ; Colestin, VII-31 and Ashland, VIII-2 (E. P. Van Duzee). December 14, 1921 246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4rm Ser. 266. Villa vana (Coq.) Hood River, VII-25 (Cole); The Dalles; Lakeview (Thompson). 267. Villa willistoni (Coq.) Crook Co., VIII-14 (Lovett). 268. Lepidanthrax inauratus (Coq.) Hood River, VI-3 to VII-9 (Cole). Not uncommon. 269. Pantarbes pusio O. S. Burns, VI-1 (Thompson). 270. Bombylius aurifer pendens Cole Hood River, VI-2 to VI-20 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 226. 271. Bombylius metopium O. S. Corvallis, [V-29; Hood River, V-8 to VI-3 (Cole). Osten Sacken described only the male in his “Western Diptera.” The description will apply to the female in most respects. In the female there is a tuft of silvery tomentum-like pile on each side of the frons, between the antenne and the eye margin, which is very noticeable. Frons with short yellow pile and some long, black pile; pile of occiput whitish. 272. Bombylius albicapillus Loew Large series taken at Hood River in early summer (Cole) ; Corvallis, V-15 to VI-3; Burns, V (Thompson). There is a great variation in the color of the pile and in the intensity of the wing markings. In some females the pile is almost entirely reddish, in others sordid, whitish. The amount of black pile on the abdomen varies. The silvery pile on the occiput of the male is noticeable at some distance in life. These flies were parasitic in the nests of a species of Halictus at Hood River. 273. Bombylius lancifer O. S. Corvallis, VI-9; Whitman Nat. Forest; Buck Mt., VII-9; Hood River, VII-20 and Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole). Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 247 274. Bombylius major Linn. Common at Hood River and Corvallis and probably in many other parts of Oregon. Corvallis, III-4 to IV-24. Latest date at Hood River, V-28 (Cole). 275. Bombylius silvus Cole Parkdale, VI-8 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser., AEX, pii225. 276. Heterostylum robustum O. S. Lewisburg, VII-5 (Black). 277. Anastcechus barbatus O. S. Hermiston, IX-18 (Rockwood). This form has in the past been made a synonym of nitidulus Fabr., the European species, but Cresson has recently compared European speci- mens with ours and believes it best to keep Osten Sacken’s name. 1919, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LX XI, p. 179. 278. Systeechus oreas O. S. Common at Hood River and Forest Grove in June and July. 279. Ploas amabilis O. S. Burns, V-19 (Thompson). A _ single specimen. This species undoubtedly occurs in eastern Oregon in large num- bers as it is common in parts of arid, eastern Washington. 280. Ploas atratula Loew Common at Hood River, V-10 to VI-22 (Cole). 281. Ploas fenestrata O. S. Hood River, V-8 to VI-22 (Cole); Burns, V (Thomp- son). 282. Ploas melanocerata (Bigot) Hood River, VI-2 to VI-26 and Mosier, VI-14 (Cole and Childs). 248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. 283. Ploas nigripennis Loew Several specimens from Hood River, V-5 to VI-24 (Cole); Mary’s Peak, V-16 (Lovett); Corvallis, V-4; Pamelia Lake, VII-19. 284. Lordotus apicula Coq. Burns, VI-19 (Thompson). 285. Lordotus gibbus Loew Lakeview, VIII-24 (Thompson) ; Freewater, I[X-28; Her- miston, IX-18 (Rockwood). 286. Acreotrichus americanus Coq. Hood River, V-10 (Cole). 287. Eclimus celer Cole Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, LX, p. 224. 288. Eclimus lotus Will. Quite common at Hood River, VI-5 to X-1 (Cole). Females were collected around old burned logs and lumber piles. Like many other bombylids they will alight in a cer- tain place in the sunlight, and, if frightened, will keep return- ing to the same spot. Apparently auratus Will. is the same as this species. Wil- liston described both species on the same page (Kansas Univ. Quarterly, vol. 2, No. 2), but /otus has at least para- graph priority. The type of /otus was a male specimen from California; auratus was described from two females from the state of Washington, and might easily be thought another species. The female is much brighter colored than the male, unrubbed specimens being almost entirely covered with golden tomentum on the dorsum of the thorax and abdomen. There is considerable variation in size in the species. 289. Eclimus luctifer (O. S.) Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole) ; Hood River, VII-5 and Forest Grove, VII-8 (Cole); Joseph; Cascadia, VII-21. Several Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 249 specimens of what we take to be this species were collected at Hood River; some are quite small. The wings are in- fuscated and the anal angle much reduced. The male has traces of golden tomentum above, and perfect specimens of females are nearly covered above with these scales as in E. lotus. This species is usually much smaller than /otus, but is very near it. 290. Eclimus magnus (O. S.) Forest Grove, VI-3 to VI-18 (Cole and Lane) ; Joseph. Allotype described, 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, IX, poa2Z5.. 291. Eclimus marginatus (O. S.) Hood River, VI-2 to VI-24 (Cole). 292. Eclimus muricatus (O. S.) Hood River, VI-12 (Cole); Dee and Parkdale in June (Cole and Childs) ; Grant Co. This big black species was collected on old burned logs. 293. Eclimus sodalis Will. Mosier, VI-14 and Dee, VI-17 (Cole). Three female specimens agree very well with the description of this species. One specimen from Mt. Jefferson, VIII-1 (Lovett), has the pile of the occiput whitish and not yellowish; halteres with a blackish knob; pile of thorax, pleura and pectus white. The base of the third antennal joint is rather broad. 294. Epacmus sp. Mosier, VI-14 (Cole). A single female of an unde- scribed species was taken on the same day with the new species described below. It is a very distinct species, but until the male is collected it will not be described. 295. Epacmus nitidus Cole, new species Male: Length 6 mm. Black, with yellow tomentum and pile. The occiput and cheeks dull grayish black with some yellowish and white tomentum and short yellow pile above that barely reaches the cheeks. Proboscis black and pro- 250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Srp. jecting beyond the oral margin about the length of the labelle; palpi yellow with short yellow hairs. Frontal tri- angle and face pruinose, with short yellow pile except at apex of the triangle, the pile of the oral margin longer. Antenne black, the styliform portion of the third joint about as long as the thick basal portion. Eyes separated by less than width of front ocellus. Thorax shining black with yellow and white tomentum and faint indications of three white vitte. Pile and bristles yellowish. Scutellum rounded, shining black, and bare except for a basal line of orange-yellow scales; the scales just in front of the scutellum obscuring the ground color. Pleura and coxe densely gray pollinose with some yellow- ish and white pile. Femora black except the yellowish tip; the tibie reddish yellow; first three joints of tarsi yellowish, the last two brown. Wings hyaline; subcostal cell yellow, the costal and first vein yellowish brown, the rest blackish. Halteres yellow. Abdomen shining black with yellowish and white scales, denser at the bases of the segments. Pile at sides of first segment erect, whitish, bristle-like, the rest of the pile sparse and whitish. Venter densely covered with white tomentum and white pile. Most of genitalia black, more or less yellow below. Female: Much like the male. Proboscis projecting al- most half its length beyond the oral margin. The upper half of frons shining black with a few short black hairs; lower half pruinose and yellow pilose, the shining black reaching down a little on the sides (see fig. 21). Last ab- dominal segment laterally compressed, with a fringe of short golden pile. Holotype, male, No. 833, and allotype, female, No. 834, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R. Cole, collector, June 14, 1917. These types are on the same pin and were taken in coitu. Type locality, Mosier, Oregon. This species is near E. pallidus Cresson, but has a long antennal style; most of the wing veins are blackish, the scutellum not emarginated and no brown tomentum on abdomen. In E. modestus the lower part of the face is polished. Vou. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 251 296. Apheebantus borealis Cole, new species Male: Length 6 mm. Black, shining in ground color. Head black, the proboscis black and not projecting beyond the oral margin; palpi yellow. Occiput pruinose above with short yellow pile and yellowish scales. Antenne black, the styliform portion of third joint about as long as the thick- ened basal portion. Thorax shining black with white and yellow tomentum and yellow pile. Scutellum with yellowish tomentum at base and tip, the rest bare and shining black; bristles of thorax and scutellum reddish. Pleura gray pollinose with some whitish scales near the center; whitish pile above front coxe, yellowish along dorso-pleural suture. Abdomen black, thickly covered with brownish yellow tomentum above, white on first segment and posterior margin of second. Long, erect, whitish pile at sides of first segment. Venter with whitish scales not obscuring ground color. Genitalia rather large, about one-third as long as the rest of the abdomen, black, yellowish on the sides. Pile above on genitalia sparse and rather long, shorter below. Legs white and yellow tomentose, hind femora with several short bristles but no long hairs below. Femora black except tip, the tibie and tarsi reddish. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, the apical two-thirds of subcostal cell yellowish. Holotype, male, No. 835, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; F. R. Cole, collector, June 25, 1917. Type locality, Hood River, Oregon. Of this species a single specimen was taken; it runs to couplet 20 in Coquillett’s table of species (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXI, p. 105), and there the characters do not apply as the hypopygium is not ‘small and not more than half as long as the abdomen.” 297. Aphcebantus peodes O. S. Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). Described from Mexico. 298. Geron senilis (Fabr.) Hood River, VII-25 (Cole). 252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sse. 299. Rhabdopselaphus sigma (Coq.) Dee, VI-17 (Cole). 300. Toxophora maxima Coq. Hood River, VI-13 to IX-4 (Cole). Family ASILID ZZ Fig. 22. Cyrtopogon thompsoni Cole, n. sp. Drawing of holotype. The robber-flies vary in size from one-third of an inch to two inches in length. A few are bright colored, but the majority of the species are sober gray with black markings. The head is short, the eyes widely separated in both sexes and bulging out; the body is more or less bristly in all the species. These flies are very savage and catch much of their prey in mid-air, even killing other asilids. Wasps, moths and even large grasshoppers are pounced upon, the choice of the victims depending upon the size of the brigand. Certain genera seem to prey on certain orders of insects. The larve are generally beneficial, as probably all prey upon other insect larve, either in the ground or in rotten wood. Vou. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 253 301. Leptogaster aridus Cole Hood River, VII-17 (Childs); Forest Grove, VII-12 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, IX, p. 229. 302. Stenopogon breviusculus Loew Corvallis, VI-30; Ione, VII-22. 303. Stenopogon californie (Walk) Mackenzie Ridge, alt. 6,000 feet, VIII-1; Detroit, VII-11 and Burns (Bridwell); Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole); High Ridges, 6,000-8,000 feet in Cascade Mts., Marion Co., VIILI-1. In these last specimens the thorax is almost entirely covered with black pile, but otherwise they are typical. 304. Stenopogon inquinatus Loew Hood River VI-7 (Cole); Bend, V-19. 305. Stenopogon morosus Loew Ione, VII-22; Marysville, VII-15; Hood River, VII-9 (Cole). 306. Docilonus simplex Loew Hood River, VI-5 to VI-26 (Cole). 307. Dioctria media Banks Corvallis, VI-12 (Bridwell). 1917, Psyche XXIV, p. 118. 308. Dioctria nitida Will. Large series from Rock Creek, near Corvallis, VI (Lovett). 309. Dioctria sackeni Will. Listed from Mt. Hood by Dr. E. A. Back. 310. Dioctria vertebrata Cole Parkdale, VI-12 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, IX, p. 230. 254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pnoc. 47H Ser. 311. Cyrtopogon anomalus Cole Hood River, VI-13 and Forest Grove, VII-10 to VIII-12 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4, [X, p. 231. 312. Cyrtopogon auratus Cole Joseph, Cascade Mts., Marion Co., VII-30. 1919, Proc. Gal: Acad-Sct. Ser. 4, IX; p. 230. 313. Crytopogon bimacula (Walk.) One specimen, a male, Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell). This is considered an eastern species, but Dr. Back in his monograph mentions four males and two females collected on the peaks of Los Vegas Range, N. Mexico. 314. Cyrtopogon dasylloides Will. Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole). 315. Cyrtopogon dubius Will. Described from Oregon. 316. Cyrtopogon infuscatus Cole Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-12 (Bridwell). 1919, Proc: Cab Acad: Sci: Ser. 4, EX, p- 233: 317. Cyrtopogon leucozona Loew Joseph; Grant Co., VI-20 to VII-3. 318. Cyrtopogon nebulo O. S. Subalpine regions on Mt. Jeffersons, VII-25 (Bridwel). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 232. Descrip- tion of allotype. 319. Cyrtopogon nugator O. S. Dee, VI-17 (Cole) ; Joseph, VII-17 (Chamberlin). The last mentioned specimens predaceous on Scolytide. 320. Cyrtopogon perspicax Cole Hood River, VI-15 to VI-22 (Cole). Linn Co., V-24 (Lovett). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 233. Vor. XIJ COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 255 321. Cyrtopogon prepes Loew Big Lake, VII-20 (Bridwell); Hood River, VI-13 (Cole) ; Burns, V (Thompson), a series which differs from the typical form in having the middle of the hind tibiz red. 322. Cyrtopogon princeps O. S. Subalpine regions of Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell) ; Horse Lake, 6,000 feet, VII-25; Mackenzie Ridge, 6,000 feet, VIII-1 (Bridwell). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 234. 323. Cyrtopogon rejectus O. S. Dee, VI-17 and Parkdale, VI-12 (Cole). 324. Cyrtopogon sudator O. S. Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole) ; Hood River, V-14 (Lovett). 325. Cyrtopogon thompsoni Cole, new species Black, gray pollinose, with distinct black thoracic stripes; yellowish and white pile mixed with black. Male: Length 11 mm. Face and frons whitish pollinose, the ground color more or less obscured. Black pile on sides of face on upper occiput next to eye margin and along lower occiput, cheeks, and oral margin. Pile of center of face and frons long and whitish. Antenne black, the arista rather short and blunt; white pile below on first joint, a long black bristle under second joint. Occiput and head below with long, white pile. Dorsum of thorax rather thinly gray pollinose, white pilose anteriorly and posteriorly, black across the middle. The two dorsal vitte are narrow and distinctly separated, gray-black, somewhat shining, as are the side spots. The space in front of scutellum more or less destitute of pollen in this specimen. Scutellum slightly flattened on disk but with scarcely any pollen and thickly covered with long, erect, pale yellowish pile. Pleura gray pollinose, with some whitish pile on the meso- and sternopleura; a tuft of pile in front of the halteres. Halteres yellow. Whitish bristles on pre- scutellar callosities, the other thoracic bristles black. 256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sex. Abdomen shining black with pollinose posterior borders, complete on second, narrowly interrupted on first, third, and following segments. Pile entirely whitish, longer and tuft-like on the sides of the first three but more or less cov- ering all the segments, including the genitalia. Legs entirely black, including the ungues. Femora and basal two-thirds of tibie white pilose. First three joints of tarsi white pilose, especially long and tuft-like on the middle pair. Most of the bristles of the legs black but with a few white ones inter- mixed. Wings hyaline, the veins black; anterior cross vein a little before the middle of the discal cell. Female: Resembling the male in many respects. White pile of face much thinner, the antennal arista a little longer and more slender and pointed. Thorax more thickly pol- linose and the markings more distinct, the two dorsal vitte interrupted some distance from the scutellum by gray pollen; pollen distinctly visible on the disk of the scutellum. Hal- teres reddish yellow. Second, third and fourth segments of abdomen with a complete pollinose band, the fifth inter- rupted, the following entirely shining black. Segments fol- lowing the third with very short, sparse white pile. Holotype, male, No. 836, and allotype, female, No. 837, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; B. G. Thompson, collector, May 1919. These types are on the same pin and were taken in coitu. Type locality, Burns, Oregon. The species is quite a distinct one and is in the group which has the scutellum flattened and pollinose; it runs to couplet 17 in Back’s synoptic table but is quite different from evidens. 326. Cyrtopogon varipennis Coq. Parkdale, VI-8 (Cole). 1904, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. VI, p. 184. 327. Lasiopogon bivittatus Loew Hood River, V-15 to VI-24 (Cole). Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 257 328. Lasiopogon cinereus Cole Hood River, V-28 to IX-24 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 229. 329. Heteropogon ludius (Coq.) Lookingglass, VI-14 (Black). 330. Heteropogon senilis Bigot Mt. Hood (Coguillett). 331. Pycnopogon cirrhatus O. S. Hood River, VI-6, VII-7 and Mosier, VI-14 (Cole). This species is not a typical Pycnopogon. It has more the appearance of Heteropogon. 332. Lestomyia sabulonum (O. S.) Burns, VI-1 (Thompson) ; Ashland, VIII-2 (E. P. Van Duzee); Mosier, VI-14 (Cole). The Mosier specimens vary somewhat from the typical form but the species is apparently very apt to show slight variations in chetotaxy and color. 333. Cophura brevicornis (Will.) Hood River, VI-20 to VIII-1 and Forest Grove, VI to VII (Cole); Ashland, VIII-2 (E. P. Van Duzee). This species is not typical of the genus but as many of the other species in the genus are just as aberrant it may as well be left there. 334. Cophura cyrtopogona Cole Dee, VIII-1 (Childs). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4 Eps 256: 335. Nicocles emulator (Loew) Forest Grove, VI (Lane), only one specimen taken. A series collected at Hood River in May and June is very near this species. Only males were taken and these had only the last abdominal segment silvery. Possibly it will prove to be an undescribed species. 258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rH Sez 336. Nicocles dives (Loew) Large series taken at Hood River in V, VI and VII (Cole and Childs). They have the usual habits of the genus, perching on the tips of dead branches or tall grass stems. From these watch towers they flash out on some unsuspecting little wayfarer whose fate has been written. The silvery tips of the abdomen of the males glitter in the sunlight and are visible some distance away. Aphids, among other small insects, are a part of their food. 337. Nicocles rufus Will. Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). One female taken. 338. Pogonosoma dorsata (Say) Mary’s Peak, VII-1891; Sherwood; Santiam Nat. Forest, WATKIN 339. Laphria felis crocea McAtee Mt. Hood (H. K. Morrison). 1918, Ohio Journ. Science, XIX, p. 163. 340. Laphria ferox Will. Corvallis (Lovett). J.S. Hine det. 341. Laphria gilva (Linn.) Hood River, VI-16 (Cole). 342. Laphria sadales Walk. Described from Oregon as pubescens by Williston. Park- dale, Dee, and Hood River in June (Cole) ; Corvallis, VII-7 (Lovett); subalpine regions on Mt. Jefferson, VII-12 ( Bridwell). 343. Laphria vivax Will. Corvallis, one specimen, collector unknown; Corvallis, VIII-18 (Lovett). 344. Laphria vultur O. S. Hood River and Parkdale, VI-12 to VII-5 (Cole) ; Lava Lake, VII-25 (Lovett); Corvallis, V-19 to VIII-23; Big Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 259 Lake; Mary’s Peak; Mt. Jefferson; Santiam Nat. Forest. These big flies are usually found on old pine logs in the sun- light and are very wary; they usually return to the same place however, after a rather abrupt and rapid flight. In some specimens the wings are much paler than in others. 345. Laphria xanthippe Will. Horse Lake, VII-25 and Mt. Jefferson; Pamelia Lake, alt. 3,000 feet, VII-30 (Bridwell). McAtee has recently made this a variety of felis O. S. 346. Dasyllis astur Loew Reported from Oregon by Williston. 347. Dasyllis californica Banks Parkdale, VII-12 and Hood River, VI-6 (Cole) ; Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-25 (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, V-29; Elk Beds, Mt. Hood, VIII-10 (Bridwell). 1917, Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XII, p. 54. 348. Dasyllis columbica Walk. Corvallis, V-11; Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell) ; Mary’s Peak, VII-14 (Lovett). 349. Dasyllis fernaldi Back Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, 3,000 feet, VIII-6 (Brid- well). 1904, Can. Ent., XXXVI, p. 290. 350. Dasyllis sackeni Banks Corvallis, V-14 (Lovett) ; Colestin, VII-30 (E. P. Van Duzee). 1917, Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XII, p. 54. 351. Proctacanthus occidentalis Hine Corvallis, VII and VIII; Roseburg, VIII-19 (Black) ; Medford, VIII-25; Bend, V-19; Hood River, VII-25 (Cole). This species was predatory on grasshoppers at Hood River. 1911, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IV, p. 159. 352. Promachus princeps Will. Hood River, VII-2 (Cole). 260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Sen. 353. Tolmerus callidus Will. Described from Oregon and Washington. Bend, VI-10 (Thompson). 354. Asilus affinis Will. Hood River, VII-7 (Cole). J. S. Hine det. 355. Asilus auriannulatus Hine Mt. Jefferson, VIII-15 (Lovett); Parkdale, VI-12 (Cole). J. S. Hine det. 1909, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., II, pr ist: 356. Asilus californicus Hine Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole). J. S. Hine det. 1909, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., II, p. 164. 357. Asilus mese Tucker Blitzen River, VII-6; Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-19 (Bridwell). J. S. Hine det. 1907, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull’; TV, p: 92: 358. Asilus nitidifascies Hine Mt. Hood (H. K. Morrison). 1908, Can. Ent., XL, p. 202. 359. Asilus occidentalis Hine Hood River and Dee, VI-17 to VII-25 (Cole) ; Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-16 (Bridwell) ; Mackenzie Ridge, VII-20; Cascade Mts., Marion Co. 1909, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., II, p. 147. 360. Asilus willistoni Hine Brownsville, [X-11. Hine det. This is the same as the preoccupied name angustifrons Will. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 261 Family DOLICHOPODID Fig. 23. Argyra nigripes Loew. These flies are small and usually shining green in color but occasionally black or yellow. The tarsi are long and often ornamented in the males; these and the curiously modi- fied claspers of the male genitalia furnish some of the best specific characters. The adults are slender and delicate and many are found about damp places in rank growth. They are predatory, darting over leaves or the surface of water in search of their prey. Little is known of the early stages of American species. The larve have been recorded as predaceous on other larve and also as feeding in plant tissues. A great majority are aquatic, such as Dolichopus, Hydrophorus, and Campsic- nemis. 361. Sciapus pilicornis (Aldr.) Hood River, VI-2 and 20. (Cole). M.C. Van Duzee det. 1904, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXX, p. 282 (Psilopo- dinus. ) 362. Chrysotus choricus Wheeler Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole). 363. Chrysotus discolor Loew Narrows, VII-1. December 14, 1921 262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. 364. Chrysotus longimanus Loew Hood River, VI-1 and VI-5 (Cole); Narrows, VII-1. 365. Campsicnemis claudicans Loew Forest Grove, V-5 to VI-6 and Hood River, [X-5 (Cole). 366. Argyra albiventris Loew Forest Grove, V-5 to V-20 (Cole). The species was described from Sitka, Alaska, many years ago and, accord- ing to M. C. Van Duzee, who confirms my determination, has not been recorded since. It differs from robusta John- son in several characters. 367. Argyra nigripes Loew Hood River, VI-8 and VI-24, two males (Cole). The type was a single male, damaged by mould, which was col- lected at Sitka, Alaska, by Sahlberg, the description, how- ever, is a very good one. The middle tibie are brownish yellow below, noticeably curved and enlarged near the middle and again near the tip; on the outside of the median enlarge- ment is a cluster of rather long bristles. The few bristles on the underside of the front metatarsi are quite long and very slender. The genitalia are blackish brown and as in other species of the genus posses good specific characters. 368. Sympycnus pugil Wheeler Hood River, IX-27 to X-11 (Cole). 369. Nothosympycnus vegetus Wheeler Hood River, V-9 (Cole). M. C. Van Duzee det. 370. Medeterus viduus Wheeler Hood River, VI-2 (Cole) ; Corvallis. 371. Hydrophorus innotatus Loew Recorded from Oregon by Aldrich. 372. Hydrophorus pensus Aldr. Forest Grove, VII-16 to IX-28 (Cole). A common species. 1911, Psyche, XVIII, p. 68. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 263 373. Hydrophorus philombrius Wheeler Hood River, VI-2 and Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole). 374. Scellus monstrosus O. S. Series taken at Burns in June (Thompson). The speci- mens do not tally exactly with the original description, but Dr. Aldrich, who examined specimens of this and the fol- lowing species, is certain of the determination. The spoon- shaped appendages of the male genitalia are dark brown with a tuft of black hair. The appendage on the inner side of the base of the fore tibia ends in a short spine and has about seven short hairs on it. This species is very near avidus. 375. Scellus vigil O. S. Corvallis, V-24; Forest Grove in May and September (Cole). These specimens lack the long white pile on the hind femora which Aldrich mentions in his table of species (1907, Ent. News XVIII, p. 136). The species is very close to, if not identical with, filifer Loew. Only females - were taken in September, although about seventy specimens were collected, and these were darker and larger than the earlier forms. All were collected on the ground, many by sweeping over grass. 376. Liancalus limbatus V. D. Mary’s Peak, VI, one specimen collected. 1917, Ent. News, XXVIII, p. 127. 377. Dolichopus aurifex V. D. Newport, VIII-13 (Aldrich). 1921, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull’ 116, p: 225. 378. Dolichopus cavatus V. D. Hood River, VI (Cole); Corvallis. 1921, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 116, p. 227. M. C. Van Duzee det. 379. Dolichopus celeripes V. D. Hood River, VIII-2 (Childs). 1921, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 116, p. 244. Two specimens collected. 264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser. 380. Dolichopus compactus V. D. Hood River, VII-4 (Cole). M. C. Van Duzee det. 1921, U, S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 116, p. 206. 381. Dolichopus convergens Aldr. Described from Oregon. 382. Dolichopus coquilletti Aldr. Forest Grove, VIII-29 (Creel); Hood River, VIII-9 (Aldrich). 383. Dolichopus crenatus (O. S.) Hood River, VII-5 to X-3 and Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole) ; Corvallis, VI-15 (Lovett). Very common in some localities. 384. Dolichopus duplicatus Aldr. Hood River, IX-27 (Cole) ; Salem, VII-4 (Melander) ; Corvallis VII (Aldrich). 385. Dolichopus hastatus Loew Collected on Mt. Hood (Aldrich). 386. Dolichopus obcordatus Aldr. Hood River, VI to IX (Cole). Common in 1917. 387. Dolichopus occidentalis Aldr. Hood River, VI-30, and Salem, VII-4 (Melander). 388. Dolichopus paluster M. &. B. Hood River, VI-3 to IX-5 (Cole). M. C. Van Duzee det. 389. Dolichopus ramifer Loew Common at Hood River, June to October (Cole). 390. Dolichopus socius Loew Hood River, VI-3 and 4 (Cole). M. C. Van Duzee det. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 265 391. Dolichopus tenuipes Aldr. Hood River, IX-24 to X-11 (Cole); Corvallis, VI-1 (Cole). 392. Dolichopus variabilis Loew Hood River, VII-20 (Cole). 393. Tachytrechus olympiz (Aldr,) Hood River, VI-3 (Cole), M. C. Van Duzee det. 394. Tachytrechus sanus O. S. Hood River, VI-21 (Cole), M. C. Van Duzee det. 395. Pelastoneurus vagans Loew Forest Grove, IX-27 and Hood River, X-26 (Cole), M. C. Van Duzee det. 396. Pelastoneurus occidentalis Wheeler Corvallis, VII-12 (Cole), M. C. Van Duzee det. Family EMPIDID Fig. 24. Empis poplitea Loew. The family is a very large one and there is a great variety in form and wing venation. The prevailing colors are dull, most of them brown, gray, or black. The mouth parts are usually long and beak-like. The adults congregate in swarms under trees or near shrubs and about brooks and dance up and down in the air, hence the name ‘“‘dance-flies.” They are predaceous, even cannibalistic, the female being ‘‘more deadly than the male.”’ Many of the flies visit lowers and some species have very interesting habits. They perform quaint courtship dances and carry little balloon like veils or 266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. nets in some of their aerial maneuvers. The larve are found under leaves and decaying vegetable matter and are probably carniverous. Some species are aquatic or semi-aquatic. The species listed below were determined by Dr. A. L. Melander except where otherwise indicated. 397. Platypalpus equalis Loew Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). 398. Platypalpus crassifemoris Fitch Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). 399. Tachypeza inusta (Mel.) Viento, VII-1 (Melander). 400. Leptopeza disparilis Mel. Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole). 401. Ocydromia glabricula (Fall.) Forest Grove, V-20 and VI-2 (Cole). 402. Empimorpha barbata (Loew) Hood River, V-7 and Forest Grove, III, IV and V (Cole). Very common in April and May, especially around the flowers of Oregon grape. 403. Empimorpha comantis Coq. Corvallis, IV-30. 404. Empis aldrichii Mel. Rock Creek near Corvallis, VI-6 (Cole). 405. Empis canaster Mel. Reported from Oregon by Melander. 406. Empis poplitea Loew Hood River, V-5, and Forest Grove in May (Cole). Common, and often in swarms in the mating season. As in Empimorpha barbata the males carry their prey near the females as a lure. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 267 407. Hilara atra Loew Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole), Cole det. 408. Brachystoma occidentalis Mel. Forest Grove, VI-13 (Rockwood). Cole det. 409. Rhamphomyia amplicella Coq. Corvallis, 1V; Forest Grove, IV-12 (Cole). Cole det. 410. Rhamphomyia corvina Loew Forest Grove, IV-4 (Cole). Cole det. 411. Rhamphomyia curvipes Coq. Corvallis, VI-3. 412. Rhamphomyia nigricans Loew Forest Grove, III-20 (Cole). Cole det. 413. Rhamphomyia sudigeronis Coq. Hood River, VI-8 (Cole). 414. Anthalia stigmalis Coq. Corvallis, VI-2 (Cole). 268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Family PLATYPEZIDZ Fig. 25. Calotarsa insignis Aldr. a. Drawn from male. In the “flat-footed flies” the posterior tarsi are broad and flattened, especially in the males. The wings are propor- tionately large. They are quick little flies and are often seen darting around on leaves, active in the shade and at times seen hovering over foliage about sundown. The larve live in mushrooms and other fungi. 415. Agathomyia lutea Cole Parkdale, IX-5 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser: 4, TX; )p.°238: 416. Platypeza abscondita Snow Hood River, VI-8 (Cole). 417. Platypeza cinerea Snow Hood River, X-30 (Cole). Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 269 418. Platypeza polyporus Willard Large series from Corvallis (Moznette). 1914, Psyche, XXI, p. 167. 419. Calotarsa insignis Aldr. Hood River, X-11 (Cole). Thirty-five females of this remarkable fly were taken, but no males were seen. Accord- ing to Aldrich this is the first record since the discovery of the species at Stanford University, California. Family LONCHOPTERID® Fig. 26. Lonchoptera lutea Panzer. Very small flies with pointed wings, commonly known as “spear-winged flies.” When at rest the wings are folded flat, one over the other, on the abdomen. The venation alone will distinguish them from all other families and sug- gests that of the Psychodide. They are found in grass along streams and the individuals are quite common. There is only one genus in the family and very few species, three occurring in North America. Little is known of their habits. The larvez are found on the ground under vegetable material. 270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 420. Lonchoptera lutea Panz. Common everywhere. Hood River, VI-19 to X-26 (Cole). Lundbeck in “Diptera Danica” said that only six males of furcata Fallén were known and in this species the males are about as rare. The females undoubtedly reproduce parthenogenetically. Family PHORID/E Fig. 27. Chetoneurophora variabilis Brues. Small, usually dark colored, flies with large, broad wings and a peculiar venation. The thorax is large and the head small. They are commonly seen running about on leaves and on windows in houses; occasionally they swarm in the air. The larval habits are remarkably varied; some live in decaying animal and vegetable matter and others are true entoparasites. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 271 421. Phora velutina Meig. Hood River, V-20 to IX-5 and Forest Grove, VI-5 (Cole). 422. Hypocera flavimana Meig. Forest Grove, III-28 (Cole), Malloch det. Previously recorded only from the east. 423. Apiochzta borealis Mall. Forest Grove, IV-4, 10 (Cole). 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLIII, p. 488. Recorded from B. C. 424. Apiocheta rufipes (Meig.) Forest Grove, III-30 to V-14 (Cole). 425. Conicera aldrichii Brues Forest Grove, III-30 to IV-20 (Cole). 426. Chzetoneurophora!’ spinipes Coq. Forest Grove, IV-4 (Cole); Corvallis, 1-26 (Chamber- lin). 17 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, XLIII, Pp. 422. 427. Chztoneurophora variabilis Brues Series of specimens collected at Corvallis, with no other data. 1908, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XVI, p. 199. 428. Trupheoneura!® fratercula Brues Hood River, X-30 (Cole). Doubtfully placed here, the third vein thickened more as in pachyneura Loew. 18 1909, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, I, p- 27. 272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sep. Family PIPUNCULID Fig, 28. Pipunculus atlanticus Hough. Small flies with rather large heads composed almost en- tirely of the compound eyes. The wings are long and the venation like that of the Conopide. The body is usually almost bare of pile. The adults can be taken by sweeping plants and grass. Some are known to be parasitic in Jassids in the larval stages. 429. Chalarus spurius (Fall.) Hood River, VII-28 (Cole). 430. Pipunculus! atlanticus Hough Hood River, VI-6 to VII-28 (Cole). These specimens cannot be separated from the eastern species. They are the “slightly smaller” form with blackish antenne mentioned by Cresson in his paper on this group. 19In this large genus there are evidently many undescribed species in the west. There is not sufficient material at present to make sure of some of the species collected in Oregon; at least six forms were taken at Hood River. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 273 431. Pipunculus confraternus Banks Hood River, [X-29 (Cole). One female taken. 1910, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXXVI, p. 285. 432. Pipunculus proxima Cress. Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). 1910, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXXVI, p. 318. 433. Pipunculus similis Hough Hood River, VI-4 (Cole). Family SYRPHID/ Fig. 29. Sphegina punctata Cole, n. sp. Drawing of holotype. The adults are usually of moderate size and bright colors, black and yellow predominating. One of the distinguishing characteristics of the family is a thickening of the wing membrane, appearing as a spurious longitudinal vein. Over 700 described species occur in North America. The more common forms of the genus Syrphus and its near relatives frequent fields and gardens, hovering here and there about the blossoms. Mimicry is well developed among the less typical forms, some are almost bare and mimic wasps, others are hairy and mimic bees. The adults feed 274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sez. upon the pollen and nectar of flowers and are of no economic importance. The larve are typically slug-like in appearance. As a group they are considered beneficial and feed upon plant lice. As with the adults there is great variation in appearance among the less typical forms. In the genus Microdon the larve resemble molluscs and live in the nests of ants. Others are found in the nests of bumblebees and wasps. A large group, termed rat-tailed larve, have a slender posterior pro- longation with terminal spiracles. These forms may live in stale pools of water or tunnel deeply into the sap or decay of trees. A few forms are injurious, tunneling into live bulbs and woody plants. These include such forms as the narcissus bulb maggot, Merodon equestris; the onion maggot, Eumerus strigatus; and Chilosia alaskensis, causing black check in Western Hemlock. 434. Microdon cothurnatus Bigot Hood River, V-19 to 21 (Cole). Found mostly in an ant’s nest under the bark of an old pine log, ten adults being taken and a number of pupz. There is reason to believe that species of Microdon return to the old nest year after year and this certainly appeared to be the case here, as some of the old pupa cases had been there three or four years. The type of this species was taken on Mt. Hood. 435. Microdon marmoratus Bigot Hood River, VI-14 (Cole); Mosier, VI-16 (Cole and Childs). 436. Microdon piperi Knab Corvallis; Hood River, VI (Cole); Mt. Jefferson, VIII. Listed from Oregon by Williston as tristis Loew. On March 10, 1915, Childs collected larve in a colony of ants, under heavy bark of an old fir stump. 437. Chrysotoxum derivatum Walk. Mt. Jefferson; Mary’s Peak, VI-VIII (Lovett). Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 275 438. Chrysotoxum ypsilon Will. Mary’s Peak, VII-14 (Bridwell); Lakeview, VIII-18 (Thompson). 439. Chrysogaster bellula Will. Mt. Jefferson, VIII (Bridwell). 440. Chrysogaster lata Loew Williston records from Oregon. 441. Chrysogaster parva Shannon Hood River, V-15 to VI-6 (Cole). 1916, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XVIII, p. 104. 442. Chrysogaster pulchella Will. Hood River, VI-17 (Cole). 443. Chrysogaster sinuosa Bigot Hood River, VI-3 (Cole) ; Forest Grove, V-11 (Lovett). 444. Chrysogaster stigmata Will. Pamelia Lake, VII-24 (Bridwell) ; Hood River, VI-3 and Forest Grove, IV-12 (Cole). 445. Pipiza?° femoralis Loew Hood River, VII-5 (Cole). 446. Pipiza macrofemoralis Curran MS. Hood River, VI-8 (Cole). having few outstanding characters sufficiently constant to be of service in establishing genera. Particularly in the females the characters for differen- tiation are more imaginary than real. In collecting where material in this group is plentiful, it is frequently possible to obtain individual females, which might provisionally be placed in each of the four genera, associating with males specifically of one form. It is our belief that a closer study will show this group to be in a transitional stage because of changes in food habits of the larve; the adults still mating more or less indiscriminately. Mr. C. Howard Curran of Ontario, Canada, who has undertaken the very laudable task of straightening out this group, has kindly determined our Oregon material and his classification is used in cataloguing these forms. Mr. Curran’s paper will appear in the succeeding number of these Proceedings. 276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 447. Pipiza oregona Lovett Hood River, V-8 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 246. 448. Heringia californica Davidson Hood River, V-25 to VI-21 (Cole). 449. Heringia cumuta Curran MS. Hood River, V (Cole). 450. Cnemodon auripleura Curran MS. Hood River, VI-16 and Forest Grove, V (Cole); Corvallis, VI-14 (Lovett). 451. Cnemodon corvallis Curran MS. Hood River, VI-16 and Forest Grove, [X-30 (Cole). 452. Cnemodon lovetti Curran MS. Horse Lake, 6,000 ft., VII (Bridwell). 453. Cnemodon pisticoides Will. Mackenzie R. ridge, in Cascades, 6,000 ft., VIII; Mary’s Peak. 454. Cnemodon placida Curran MS. Forest Grove, V-25 (Cole). 455. Cnemodon rita Curran MS. Rock Creek, VII-14 (Lovett). 456. Cnemodon sinuosa Curran MS. Forest Grove, V-25 (Cole). 457. Paragus angustifrons Loew Corvallis (Bridwell); Forest Grove (Cole); Hood River, VI to VII (Cole). 458. Paragus bicolor (Fabr.) Corvallis, V to VI (Lovett) ; Forest Grove, V (Cole). Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 277 459. Paragus tibialis ( Fall.) Forest Grove, VII and Hood River, V-16 (Cole). 460. Chilosia aldrichi Hunter Mary’s Peak, VI-14 (Lovett). Two male specimens, placed here provisionally. ‘The abdomen is not “everywhere shining”, but with subopaque cross band on hind margins of second and third segments, not reaching lateral margins and produced slightly forward in the center. Pile of disc short golden, longer golden on the margins. Scattering elongate bristle-like hairs on postalar callosities and on mar- gin of scutellum. Otherwise fits description. 461. Chilosia baroni Will. Mary’s Peak, V-9 (Currey). 462. Chilosia borealis Coq. Corvallis, 1V-15. Doubtfully assigned here. Fits descrip- tion except pile of eyes white. Length 8.5 to 9 mm. 463. Chilosia chalybescens Will. Corvallis (Lovett). 464. Chilosia chintimini Lovett, new species. Eyes pilose, arista nearly bare; color black throughout; face, legs, halteres and pile black; wings dark smoky, veins black. Length 11 mm. Male: Face black shining with fairly abundant, moder- ately elongate, pile between tubercle and groove; indistinct, short, golden pile along groove. Face not produced, but slightly concave from antennz to prominent tubercle, deeply concave between tubercle and prominent oral margin. Cheeks black, subshining, with golden pile. Frontal triangle strongly swollen, a deep median impression, pile coarse, elongate, black; vertical triangle small, black; ocelli brown; pile coarse, heavy, elongate, black. Antenne small and brown; first two segments shining dark mahogany, third rounded, thin, coffee color. Arista black, longer than antenne, thickened and briefly pilose on basal third. Eyes evenly and moderately elongate brown-pilose. December 14, 1921 278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47TH Ser. Thorax and scutellum shining black, scutellum with a hint of mahogany brown. Pile throughout elongate, black, coarser and shorter on pleura, spines everywhere absent. On humeral angles with small, half-concealed, areas of whitish pubescence. Abdomen opaque black on disc, subshining along margins, pile moderately elongate, black, but with shorter, incon- spicuous, brown pile in rows across disc of first three seg- ments. Legs black with black pile, briefly short golden pilose on under-surface of tibia and tarsi. Wings dark, smoky throughout; veins black. Tegule light with light yellow pile; halteres deep brownish black, a hint of gray on knob. Holotype, male, No. 838, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. A. L. Lovett, collector, June 19, 1919. Paratype, same data, in collection of A. L. Lovett. Type locality, Mary’s Peak, Oregon. Near ferruginea and lasiophthalma in size and length of pile. The uniformly attractive black color readily sep- arates it. 465. Chilosia ferruginea Lovett Corvallis, IV-14 (Chamberlin); Mary’s Peak, III-30 (Lovett); 1919; Proc. Cal. Acad: Sci., Ser: 4, TX, p.238. 466. Chilosia hoodiana Bigot Hood River, V-8 (Cole). 467. Chilosia levis Bigot Hood River, V-20 (Cole); Mary’s Peak, VI-26; Leba- non, V-18 (Lovett). 468. Chilosia lasiophthalma Will. Corvallis, IV (Lovett). 469. Chilosia lugubris Will. Hood River V and VI (Cole). Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 279 470. Chilosia nigripennis Will. Mt. Jefferson, VII-15 (Bridwell). Bigot also reported it from Mt. Hood as Cartosyrphus infumatus. 471. Chilosia nigrovittata Lovett Corvallis, IV-22 (Neilson). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, [X, p. 239. 472. Chilosia occidentalis Will. Mary’s Peak III-30 (Black). 473. Chilosia nigro-ccerulea Lovett New name for pacifica Lovett. Lava Lake, VII-15 (Lovett) ; Mt. Jefferson, VII (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, V-17. 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sct., Ser. 4, IX, p. 240. 474. Chilosia pallipes Loew Mt. Jefferson, Horse Lake, VII-25 (Bridwell) ; Mt. Jef- ferson, VIII-1; Mary’s Peak, V to VII (Lovett). Occurs at lower altitudes in scattering numbers. A very common form in higher altitudes in midsummer in blossoms of Helle- bore. 75. Chilosia parva Will. Described from Oregon. 476. Chilosia petulca Will. Mary’s Peak, VI (Lovett). 477. Chilosia signatiseta Hunter Hood River, V-5 (Cole). 478. Chilosia sororcula Will. Mary’s Peak, V-9 (Currey). 479. Chilosia versipellis Will. Hood River, V-19 (Cole). 480. Chilosia willistonii Snow Corvallis (Bridwell) ; Hood River, V-8 (Cole). 280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. 481. Myiolepta bella Will. Mt. Jefferson; Mary’s Peak; Horse Lake, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, VI-VIII (Lovett). Oregon is type locality. 482. Myiolepta varipes Loew Corvallis, V-26. Bigot described it from Mt. Hood as lunulata. 483. Pyrophena granditarsus Forst. Hood River, V and VI (Cole). Common in marshy lands near Hood River, flying about plants of Equisetum. 484. Platychirus eratus Coq. Mt. Jefferson, VIII-1 (Lovett). Doubtfully referred here; apparently agrees, except that legs are decidedly lighter in color and pile on face not especially heavy. 485. Platychirus frontosus Lovett Corvallis, V-5 (Nichols) ; Mary’s Peak, III-19 (Lovett). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 247. 486. Platychirus hyperboreus (Staeg.) Corvallis; Alsea Valley, IV to VII (Lovett). 487. Platychirus peltatus (Meig.) Hood River and Parkdale, V and VI (Cole). 488. Platychirus quadratus (Say) Hood River (Cole) ; Mary’s Peak, III-30 (Black). Com- mon at Hood River. 489. Melanostoma angustatum Will. Pamelia Lake, 3,000 ft., VII-27 (Bridwell). 490. Melanostoma ambiguum ( Fall.) Hood River, VII-25 (Cole). 491. Melanostoma concinnum Snow Philomath, V (Lovett). Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 281 492. Melanostoma ccerulescens Vill. Mary’s Peak; Mt. Jefferson (Lovett). 493. Melanostoma dubium Zett. Rock Creek, III-30; Duffy’s Prairie, VII-26 (Lovett). Doubtfully assigned here. 494. Melanostoma mellinum (Linn.) Common in the Willamette and Hood River Valleys. 495. Melanostoma obscurum (Say) Mary’s Peak, VIII (Lovett). 496. Melanostoma stegnum (Say) Common, V to VIII. 497. Leucozona lucorum ( Linn.) Mary’s Peak, VIII (Lovett). 498. Eupeodes volucris O. S. Common, V to VIII. 499. Didea fasciata Macq. Common, VII to VIII, at altitude of 3,000 to 6,000 feet. 500. Didea laxa O. S. Common, IV to VIII. Found at low altitudes during early summer and late fall, but most common at altitudes of 2,500 to 6,000 feet in forests near clearings, hovering in shafts of sunlight that strike down through little open glades. 501. Didea pacifica Lovett Parkdale, VII-12 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 246. 502. Lasiophthicus pyrastri (Linn.) Common. 503. Lasiophthicus pyrastri unicolor Curtis In the early summer of 1914, the vetch aphis, Macrosi- 282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. phum pisi, was unusually abundant, destroying great areas of vetch during June. One of the commonest beneficial in- sects preying on the aphids was the larve of L. pyrastri. Great numbers of these larve were collected to study possi- ble parasites. About 3 per cent parasitism was observed. Of the adults emerging about 32 per cent were the melanic forms with black abdomens. A few specimens of unicolor were collected about aphids on ‘‘snow balls” in 1915. None has since been observed or collected in the valley, which would tend to substantiate Verral’s report of their periodical appearance. Two females, one collected 1907 (Bridwell) and one VIII-’17 (Lovett) in the Cascades, alt. 6,500- 7,000 feet, are smaller, but apparently belong here. In these two the interrupted cross band on the second abdominal seg- ment persist as two elongate dots. 504. Syrphus abbreviatus’ (Zett.) Corvallis, IV; Mary’s Peak, VI (Lovett). 505. Syrphus americanus Wied. Common. This species and opinator are two of the most common and generally beneficial forms of Syrphide feeding on aphids in Oregon. L. pyrastri proves the greatest feeder of all on Aphis carbicolor and Macrosiphum pisi; but on the basis of species attacked and general abundance opinator ranks first with americana a close second. 506. Syrphus arcuatus Fall. Common, V-VIII. More abundant in higher altitudes 2,500 to 5,800 feet. 507. Syrphus bimaculatus Lovett Mary’s Peak, VI-15 (Lovett); Mt. Jefferson, VI (Brid- well). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, [X, p. 244. 508. Syrphus diversipes Macq. Pamelia Lake; Mary’s Peak, VII-VIII (Gentner) ; Lava Lake, VIJ-25 (Lovett). 509. Syrphus grossulariz Meig. Parkdale, VI-18 (Cole) ; Corvallis (Lovett). Vor. XIJ COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 283 510. Syrphus intrudens O. S. Mt. Jefferson; Mary’s Peak (Bridwell and Lovett) ; Hood River, V-20 (Cole). Fairly common in higher alti- tudes during August. 511. Syrphus maculifrons Bigot Described from Oregon. 512. Syrphus mentalis Will. Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill); Rock Creek, III-20 (Lovett). Type from Washington Territory. A rare species. Iwo males which I am satisfied belong here vary from the female in certain minor respects and the following notes are appended. Male. Similar in general appearance and markings to the female, everywhere tending to be darker and with more elongate pile. Frontal triangle swollen, pile black, coarser and longer than in female. Antenne darker, but, as in female, set in yellow field. Dark facial stripe much broader, the yellow on sides narrow and obscured by gray pollen. Pile on face elongate, black; cheeks black, narrowly yel- lowish below oral margin. Abdominal cross bands similar in appearance to female, first and third do not reach lateral margins though this is evidently a variable character. Legs black, briefly brown at union of femora and tibiz. Pile black, elongate. 513. Syrphus opinator O. S. Common. See note under americana. 514. Syrphus pacificus Lovett Corvallis (Lovett) ; Hood River, V (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. of Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 245. 515. Syrphus perplexus Osburn Burns, V (Thompson) ; Philomath, V; Mary’s Peak, VIII (Lovett). 1910, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVIII, p. 55. 516. Syrphus protritus O. S. Grant Co., one specimen, no other data. 284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. 517. Syrphus ribesii (Linn.) Common in Willamette and Hood River Valleys. 518. Syrphus ruficauda Snow Dee, VI-17 (Cole). 519. Syrphus sodalis Will. Corvallis (Lovett). 520. Syrphus torvus O. S. Common in many parts of Oregon. 521. Syrphus umbellatarum (Fabr.) Freewater, [X-X (Moznette) ; Mary’s Peak; Mt. Jeffer- son, VII and VIII (Lovett). 522. Syrphus velutinus Will. Described from Mt. Hood. 523. Allograpta fracta O. S. Common. 524. Allograpta obliqua (Say) Common. 525. Kanthogramma zqualis (Loew) Dee; Vi-17) (Cole): 526. Mesogramma boscii (Macq.) Forest Grove, V-5 and Hood River, VII-20 (Cole). 527. Mosogramma gemminata (Say) Common. 528. Mesogramma marginata (Say) Common. 529. Sphzrophoria cylindrica (Say) Common. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA A85 530. Sphzrophoria melanosa Will. Common, but not as abundant as cylindrica. 531. Sphzrophoria micrura O. S. Mt. Jefferson, VII (Bridwell) ; Corvallis, IX (Lovett). 532. Spherophoria sulphuripes (Thoms.) Common. 533. Sphegina infuscata Loew Corvallis, 1V-28 and Hood River, V-20 to VI-2 (Cole) ; Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill). 534. Sphegina lobata Loew Oregon is type locality. 535. Sphegina punctata Cole, new species General color yellowish, the hind femora with a broad dark band and the tip of the abdomen more or less blackish. Apical margin of the wing infuscated; a dark spot outside the anterior cross vein. Male: Frons blackish gray, gray pollinose except for a narrow line, and yellowish at the base of the antenne; rather long and narrow, of about equal width, widening a little from the ocelli back to the occiput; antenne pale brownish yellow; the arista pale brown or yellow; cheeks and palpi yellow, the occiput blackish, gray pollinose. Thorax, pleura, and scutellum orange-yellow, the color varied a little; thorax often reddish; thorax and pleura with short, yellow pile. Halteres pale yellow. Abdomen yel- lowish marked with blackish, the first segment short, second long and slender, third and fourth broader; a dark spot on the posterior margin of second segment, the third and fourth darkened above and below. Genitalia blackish, marked with yellow, gray pollinose. The first abdominal segment may be brown and all of the fourth blackish. Legs yellow, the front two pairs with the last two tarsal joints dark brown; hind femora with a broad, blackish brown ring; tibia with two dark rings, one near the apex and a 286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47 SrR. fainter one near the middle; hind metatarsi dark brown except the tip; last two joints of the tarsi blackish; spines under the hind femora strong and black; base of hind coxe darkened in some specimens. Wings smoky hyaline with a very distinct blackish spot just outside the anterior cross- vein and a small spot in the submarginal near the tip of the wing (see fig. 29) ; apical half of wing smoky brown around the border, the stigma dark; the spot near the anterior cross-vein varies in size. Female: Markings almost as in the male. First abdomi- nal segment and posterior part of second darkened, the rest a reddish color; ring on the hind femur paler; base of abdo- men narrow but suddenly widening, the third and fourth seg- ments much wider than in male. Frons yellow and wider than in male. Holotype, male, No. 839, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., F. R. Cole, collector, June 4, 1917; allotype, female, No. 840, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., F. R. Cole, collector, Hood River, Oregon, May 25, 1917. Type locality, Hood River, Oregon. This species is quite distinct from other described forms, especially in the wing markings. As in the other species the vein closing the first posterior cell has a characteristic angle. 536. Sphegina rufiventris Loew Mt. Jefferson, VII-15 (Bridwell) ; Mary’s Peak (Lovett) ; Hood River, V-20 (Cole). The two commonest species at Hood River and vicinity are undescribed forms and will be described in a later paper. 537. Neoascia globosa (Walk.) Mt. Hood (Bigot); Corvallis (Lovett). Common in April and May in low marshy areas and about margins of small lakes. ‘Large series taken at Hood River in May” (Cole). 538. Brachyopa gigas Lovett Corvallis, 1V (Thompson). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 243. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 287 539. Brachyopa media Will. Hood River, V-17 (Cole) ; Corvallis, V-15 (Lovett). 540. Brachyopa notata O. S. Corvallis (Preston) ; Hood River, VI-6 (Cole). 541. Volucella evecta Walk. Corvallis, V and VI (Lovett and Black) ; Forest Grove, IV-31 (Rockwood). Fairly common. 542. Volucella tau Bigot Corvallis, V-10 (Lovett). 543. Sericomyia chalcopyga Loew One of the commonest of midsummer forms in higher altitudes, 2,500 to 6,000 feet. 544. Arctophila flagrans O. S. Wallowa Co., VI (Ault). 545. Arctophila harveyii Osburn Nine specimens, Mt. Jefferson, 5,800 ft., VIII (Lovett). Would make the following additions to description to fit our specimens: Margin of fourth segment of abdomen of female not reddish, scutellum of male below translucent reddish, disc of abdomen sometimes with distinct, dull reddish tinge. 1906, Can. Ent. XXXVIII, p. 1. 546. Pyritis kincaidii (Cogq.) Corvallis, V (Lovett) ; Forest Grove, V-3 (Cole). 547. Pyritis montigena Hunter Baker, IV (Entermille). 548. Eristalis flavipes Walk. Moderately common, a very diversified species. 549. Eristalis latifrons Loew Corvallis, V-27 (Lovett). 288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH SER. 550. Eristalis meigenii Wied. A widespread species occurring from New England to Alaska. 551. Eristalis occidentalis Will. Common. 552. Eristalis temporalis Thoms. Common. 553. Eristalis tenax (Linn.) Common. 554. Tropidia quadrata (Say) Hood River (Cole); Corvallis (Lovett). Fairly com- mon. 555. Helophilus latifrons Loew Corvallis and Hood River, V and VI (Cole and Lovett). Williston in his Synopsis says, ‘Mass. to Cal. and Wash.” 556. Helophilus polygrammus Loew Osten Sacken had specimens from Oregon collected by H. Edwards. 557. Helophilus similis Macq. Fairly common. 558. Asemosyrphus mexicanus Macq. Reported from Oregon by Osten Sacken. It is a fairly common species in higher altitudes and scatteringly on plains in midsummer. 559. Mallota sackeni Will. Corvallis, V and VI; Mosier, VI-14 (Cole). 560. Syritta pipiens (Linn.) “Everywhere and at all times abundant from spring to autumn.” Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 289 561. Xylota analis Will. Detroit, VII (Bridwell) ; Mt. Jefferson, VIII (Lovett). 562. Xylota barbata Loew Hood River, V and VI (Cole) ; Mt. Jefferson; Corvallis, V to VIII (Lovett). 563. Xylota ejuncida Say Hood River, V and VI (Cole). 564. Xylota flavitibia Bigot Hood River, X-3 (Cole). 565. Xylota fraudulosa Loew Hood River and Corvallis, V to VII (Cole and Lovett). 566. Xylota nemorum (Fabr.) Hood River and Forest Grove, V (Cole); Corvallis, IX-18. 567. Xylota obscura Loew Williston lists from Oregon. 568. Xylota pigra (Fabr.) Horse Lake, VII-25 (Bridwell). 569. Xylota scutellarmata Lovett Hood River, V-17 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 241. 570. Xylota stigmatipennis Lovett Hood River, VI (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, DX, p: 242: 571. Xylota subfasciata Loew Corvallis, V-15 (Lovett). Bred from larve collected in decayed heart of fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia. 572. Eumerus strigatus Fall. Corvallis, V; Hood River, VII-20, breeding in onions. (Cole and Childs). 290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. 573. Chrysochlamys creesus O. S. Corvallis, V; Mt. Jefferson, VIII (Lovett and Smith) ; Hood River, V-24 to VI-9 (Cole). 574. Brachypalpus parvus Will. Corvallis; Hood River VI (Cole). Female: Face and cheeks black, heavily white pollinose. Cheeks with broad shining stripe from oral margin to base of eye. Front above, vertex and a triangle on antennal prominence white pollinose; on the sides below, shining. Cheeks, just below antenne, front, and vertex golden pol- linose. Abdomen opaque black with areas of opaque blue-gray pollen as follows: First segment, except hind margin, quad- rangles on second segment reaching neither front, posterior, nor lateral margins; similar areas on third reaching anterior margin and brief crescents on anterior margin of fourth. Otherwise as male. 575. Brachypalpus pigra Lovett Mt. Jefferson, VIII-15 (Lovett). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, [X, p-241- 576. Caliprobola pulcher (\Vill.) Mt. Jefferson, Mary’s Peak, Hood River and Corvallis, VII to VIII (Bridwell, Cole, Lovett and Childs). Found commonly in midsummer on flowers in clearings in higher altitudes, 4,800 to 6,000 feet where it frequents edges of clearings, resting on low shrubs; or on bark of trees in sun- light at lower altitudes. It has been collected at Corvallis in October, resting on a window. 577. Caliprobola crawfordi Shannon Hood River, Mary’s Peak and Corvallis (Cole, Lovett, Chamberlin). Fairly common in unusual situations. Bred adult from larve collected in decayed heartwood of Douglas Fir (Lovett). Not uncommon near Forest Reserve west of Parkdale. Three specimens collected at Hood River along railroad track, crawling under old ties. Those at Parkdale were flying around scarred or burned trees (Cole Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 291 and Childs). 1916, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XVIII, p. 112. The median cross bands on third and fourth segments often are interrupted; occasionally anterior cross band on fourth entirely concealed under posterior margin of third segment and median band reduced to two narrow elongate spots. 578. Crioprora alopex (O. S.) Forest Grove, III-20 (Cole); Tillamook, III-26 (Bur- rill) ; Mary’s Peak, III-30 (Lovett). 579. Crioprora cyanella (O. S.) Corvallis, V-15 (Black). 580. Crioprora femorata Will. Dee and Hood River, V and VI (Cole); Mary’s Peak, VI (Lovett). 581. Cynorhina armillata (O. S.) Mary’s Peak, VI-15; Lebanon, V-18 (Lovett). 582. Cynorhina humeralis (Will.) Corvallis, V (Summers) ; Hood River, VI (Cole). 583. Cynorhina scitula ( Will.) The most common midsummer species on blossoms in higher altitudes, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, outranking even Sericomyia chalcopyga (Lovett). 584. Pocota grandis (Will.) Mt. Jefferson, VII and VIII (Bridwell and Lovett). A large, showy creature, occurring in blossoms of yarrow at an altitude of 4,000 to 6,000 feet. Found generally just at the edge of the forest and in small sunny clearings. Its flying period is from 9 to 11 A. M., and it is seldom seen later. Considering its size, it is swift in flight, alighting but seldom and then for a brief time. 585. Criorhina grandis Lovett, new species Length 15 to 17 mm. A conspicuous black and yellow species. Black with elongate black pile, across thorax in 292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. front of wings and on 4th segment of abdomen golden yellow pilose. Superficially resembles Pocota grandis. Female: Face and front dull black; tubercle and vertex bare of pollen, subshining, front and face on the sides heavily brown pollinose; cheeks shining black; pile on sides of face golden, coarser, more elongate and mixed brown and black from antennal prominence to eye margin; front, vertex and cheeks black pilose, elongate on vertex and cheeks, on latter mixed with brown. Antenne brown, first and second segments deep shining mahogany, sub-equal in length, third segment dull brownish black, lighter basally, the segment thick, about one-half broader than long, not produced mater- ially at any angle, arista deep brownish black. Proboscis produced, heavy and blunt. Thorax and scutellum black, subshining. Pile elongate, dense, yellow in front of wings on dorsum and pleura, black behind wings and on scutellum. Abdomen black subshining, fourth segment with obscure metallic reflections; pile elongate black; on apical two-thirds of fourth segment yellow, on fifth segment elongate, coarse, mixed brown and black. Legs black, knees briefly reddish brown; pile on femora elongate black, mixed with brown on under surface of hind femur; tibia and tarsi with short golden pile; at base of hind coxa a heavy tuft of coarse golden, brown and black pile. Wings subhyaline, veins black with extended brownish margins. Holotype, female, No. 841, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; A. B. Black, collector, June, 1919. A second female, paratype, was collected at the same time and place by A. L. Lovett and is in his collection. Type locality, Mary’s Peak, Oregon. This species is very near coquilletti Will. and may prove to be a synonym. The extreme disparity in size and appar- ent facial and antennal differences are all that seem specific. No opportunity has been afforded to compare the two. 586. Criorhina kincaidi Coq. Horse Mt., VII; Mary’s Peak, V to VII (Lovett). Vox. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 293 587. Criorhina luna Lovett Alsea; Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill) ; Mary’s Peak, V and VI (Lovett) “199; Proc. ‘Cali Acad: Sci:; Ser. 4; IX, p. 249. 588. Criorhina nigripes ( Will.) Corvallis; Forest Grove, [X-14 and Hood River, IV and V (Cole). A specimen believed to be a male labelled “‘Stan- ford Univ., Cal., Feb. 28, 1909,” has certain markings varying from the female as follows: Face similar, tubercle more prominent; fairly abundant elongate yellow pile from base of antennal prominence out to and extending down along eye margin. Above antennal prominence with a trans- verse appressed line; vertical triangle opaque. Thorax and abdominal markings similar to female except fifth segment with short black pile. Legs black with elongate light yel- low pile. Tarsal claws yellow at base. 589. Criorhina quadriboscis Lovett Mt. Jefferson, [V-16 (Hartley). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 250. 590. Criorhina tricolor Coq. Mt. Jefferson, VII-VIII (Bridwell) ; Hood River, VI-17 (Cole). Redescribed in 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, EX ps 251: 591 Spilomyia interrupta Will. Corvallis, IX (Bridwell); Hood River, VIII-24 (Childs). 592. Sphecomyia brevicornis O. S. Hood River, VI-6 (Cole). One pair taken. 593. Sphecomyia nasica Osburn Mt. Jefferson, VII-VIII (Bridwell, Lovett). 594. Sphecomyia pattoni Will. Mt. Jefferson, VII-VIII (Bridwell, Lovett). These last two species as I have observed them in August are rare, found entirely in the forenoon, occurring just at the edge of clearings and flying swiftly, close to the ground, resting December 14, 1921 294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. occasionally in low growing shrubbery at the very edge of dense forests. 595. Ceria tridens Loew Pendleton, VIII-18 (Black, Thompson). Family CONOPIDZE Fig. 30. Dalmannia pacifica Banks. These are flower flies and are not usually very conspic- uous. Some of the species resemble slender wasps while others are more thick-set. The term “‘thick headed flies” is sometimes applied to them, this being no reflection on their mentality. Not much is known of the early stages but cer- tain species have been bred from adult Hymenoptera, and, according to Dr. Williston, from Orthoptera. The flies evidently deposit their eggs on the bodies of some bees in flight and have been observed several times attempting to do this. 506. Physocephala affinis ( Will.) Hood River, VII-7 to [X-4, and La Grande, IX-20 (Cole) ; Vale, VIII-15. 597. Physocephala burgessi (Will.) Big Lake, VII-20 (Bridwell). Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 295 598. Physocephala marginata (Say) Albany, VII-10; Corvallis, VI-5. 599. Zodion fulvifrons Say Hood River, VI-16 (Cole) ; Mackenzie Ridge, alt. 6,000 ft., VIII-1. This species has been bred from the common honey bee. 600. Zodion pygmzum Will. Hood River, VI-19 (Cole). 601. Zodion occidentale Banks Hood River, VI-3 (Cole) ; Mary’s River, V-2; Corvallis, V-13. 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., [X, p. 194. 602. Zodion triste Bigot Corvallis, V-13 (Lovett). 603. Dalmannia pacifica Banks Mosier, VI-14 (Cole and Childs) ; Corvallis, VI-6, 1899, the type specimen. 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IX, p. 199. A number of freshly emerged specimens were taken at Mosier feeding at a yellow flower of the aster family. The females were observed striking a species of Halictus, as these bees passed by the flowers on the way to their nests in the ground. The two would often go to the ground together, rolling over and over in the dust. The flies prob- ably succeed in some cases in depositing an egg on the body of the bee. 604. Dalmannia vitiosa Coq. Forest Grove, IV-30 (L. P. Rockwood). One specimen. 605. Oncomyia abbreviata Loew Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett). 606. Oncomyia baroni Will. Corvallis, VI-2 (Lovett) ; Horse Lake, VII-25. 607. Oncomyia loraria Loew Corvallis, V-2 and VI-5 (Lovett). 296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47TH SER. 608. Oncomyia modesta Will. Hood River, VI-2 to VI-25 (Cole). This is a very com- mon species at Hood River and is apparently parasitic on a bee, determined by Mr. Crawford of the National Museum as Halictus ligatus Say. The flies are often taken on flowers and three specimens had the triangulin stage of some Meloid beetle attached to them. The females perch on grass stems or flowers near the underground colony of bees and swoop down on the unsuspecting pollen gatherers as they approach their burrows. The fly and bee usually go tumbling on the ground together, but the fly does not try to sit on the bee, and always manages to get away in a great hurry, returning to her observation post, there to clean off some of the dust and watch for more victims. It is amusing to watch them follow the bee with their eyes as it looms up on their horizon. They strike so quickly that their flight can scarcely be followed. The bees make no attempt to drive them away, but when attacked make frantic efforts to escape. 609. Myopa longipilis Banks Corvallis, I[V-22; Forest Grove, IV-12 (Rockwood) ; Hillsboro, IV-1 (Cole). 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IX, p. 197. 610. Myopa melanderi Banks Hood River, V-10 and 16 (Cole). 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IX, p. 197. 611. Myopa rubida (Bigot) Hood River, V-5 to VI-24 (Cole); Mosier, VI-14 (Childs and Cole) ; Forest Grove, 1V-12 (Cole) ; Wheeler Co., VI-15; Corvallis, VI-3. This species is quite common in the Hood River Valley in the spring and early summer, fre- quenting various flowers. 612. Myopa seminuda Banks Corvallis, IV-12 (Cotypes). This species is very near rubida and may be only a variety of that species. 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., IX, p. 198. Vor. XI} COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 297 613. Myopa vicaria Walk. Hood River, V-19 (Cole). 614. Myopa willistoni Banks Corvallis, V-20. New name for pictipennis Will. Family CESTRIDAEZ Fig. 31. Gastrophilus nasalis Linneus. Bot-flies are medium sized to quite large and have aborted mouth parts. Some are hairy and bee-like in appearance and others blue-black with spots of white bloom. Certain species are well known to all farmers and stockmen. The larve live under the skin of animals, in the nasal passages, and in the stomach. The bot-flies are thus an important family economically. 615. Gastrophilus hemorrhoidalis (Linn.) Occurs generally over North America, as do the other horse bots. 616. Gastrophilus intestinalis DeGeer Commonly known as the ‘‘horse-bot.” 617. Gastrophilus nasalis (Linn.) Known as the ‘“‘nose-fly’’. 618. C£strus ovis Linn. The sheep bot. 619. Hypoderma lineata (De Vill.) The ox-bot. The only specimen with data was taken at Burns, V-19 (B. G. Thompson). 298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. 620. Cuterebra fontinella Clark The same as emasculator Fitch. Buck Mt., VII-10; Cor- vallis. 621. Cuterebra leporivora Coq. Corvallis, VIII-28. Reared from Mus musculus (Brid- well). 622. Cuterebra tenebrosa Coq. La Grande, VII-6; Corvallis, IV. Family TACHINIDZE nee 32. Dionea nitoris Coa. The family is a large one, 957 species being listed in Aldrich’s Catalogue. They are usually short, stout, unus- ually bristly flies. The antennal arista is always bare and the squame, large. Flowers attract many of the species and they are often seen flying about rank vegetation. Some of the smaller species resemble the common house-fly in general appearance. Many of the species are very beneficial, the larve being parasitic on injurious insects. A few attack beneficial in- sects, but only a small percentage. They are the chief con- trol of many caterpillars. From one to one hundred grubs may work on one host larva, much depending on the size of the victim. Most of the species listed below were determined by Dr. J. M. Aldrich, or the determinations already made were verified by him. 623. Gymnoclytia immaculata Macq. Dee and Hood River, VI-8 to VII-5 (Cole and Childs). 624. Gymnoclytia occidua (Walk.) Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 299 625. Gymnosoma fuliginosa Desv. Hood River, VI-2 to VIII-20 (Cole and Childs). Com- mon throughout the Northwest. 626. Phorantha calyptrata Coq. Hood River, VIII-7 (Childs). 627. Phorantha occidentis (Walk.) Hood River, VIII-7 (Cole). 628. Alophora eneoventris ( Will.) Hood River, X-3 (Cole). 629. Myiophasia znea (Wied.) Corvallis and Blitzen River, VI-16 to VII-6. 630. Gymnophania montana Coq. Hood River, VII-18 (Cole). 631. Hyperecteinia pergandei (Coq.) Corvallis; Seaside Beach, X-22. 632. Hyperecteinia retiniz (Coq.) Hood River, VIII-28 (Childs). 633. Lasioneura johnsoni Coq. Hood River, VI-27 and VII-9 (Cole and Childs). 634. Chztophleps setosa Coq. Forest Grove, IX-28 (Cole). 635. Hypostena barbata Coq. Hood River, VI-16 (Cole) and VII-1 (Childs). Aldrich says in regard to material sent for determination: ‘They agree with what I call this, but Hypostena and Masicera run together, and this is not separable generically from some I put under the latter farther on. The supposed difference is that in Masicera the first posterior cell ends considerably before the apex of the wing, and in Hypostena close to the apex. The distinction breaks down completely in your ma- terial.” 300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ses. 636. Macquartia pristis ( Walk.) Corvallis, V-21. 637. Uramyia acuminata (Bigot) Corvallis, bred from Halisidota argentata. This species was described from Brazil and later found in Mexico. Ac- cording to Aldrich, Townsend’s Uromacquartia halisidotae, named without description, is a synonym of this species. Townsend’s type is the single male mentioned by Coquillett under Macquartia pristis (Revision Tachinide, p. 64) from Aurora Mills, Oregon, and recorded as a parasite of Halisidota argentata on p. 18. This species, as Dr. Aldrich points out, has reversed the usual trend of distribution on the coast. 638. Leskia gilensis (Towns.) Corvallis, VIII-25-1916 (B. G. Thompson). Bred from Sesia rutilans. 639, Leucostoma atra Towns. Corvallis, V-17 (Lovett) ; Hood River, [X-2 (Childs) ; Forest Grove, V-28 to X-15 (Cole). 640. Clausicella setigera Thoms. Forest Grove, VI-5 (Cole). 641. Hyalomyodes triangulifera Loew .... Corvallis, VII-17 (Lovett); Forest Grove, V-20 and Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). 642. Clytiomyia atrata Coq. Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). 643. Dionza nitoris Coq. Hood River, VI-26 and Forest Grove, V-20 to VII-26 (Cole). 644. Xanthomelana arcuata (Say) Hood River, VII-9 and 25 (Cole). Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 301 645. Hemyda aurata Desyv. Corvallis, VII-16 (Lovett). 646. Heteropterina nasoni Coq. Hood River, VI-14 to VI-28 (Cole and Childs). 647. Paraplagia spinulosa (Bigot) Coos River, [X-25 (Rockwood). 648. Plagia americana V. d. W. Common in Oregon. 649. Pachyophthalmus floridensis Towns. Hood River, VIII-27 (Cole). 650. Senotainia trilineata (V. d. W.) Hood River, VI-8 to IX-14 (Cole and Childs). This species is a parasite of Sphecius spheciosus. 651. Aphria ocypterata Towns. Hood River, VII-9 (Cole) ; Mary’s Peak, V-15; Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-23. 652. Ocyptera?! dosiades Walk. Forest Grove, VIII-18 (Cole). 653. Panzeria ampelus Walk. Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-16 (Chamberlin). 654. Panzeria radicum (Fabr.) Duffy’s Prairie (Lovett); Mt. Jefferson, alt., 3,000 ft., VIII-12. 655. Gymnocheta alcedo Loew Mosier, VI-14 (Cole and Childs). These specimens flew low over the ground and through the grass, seldom alight- ing. The species is rare in the Northwest. 21The species common throughout the Northwest is said by Aldrich to be an undescribed form, although usually placed in carolinae. The male gent- talia show good specific characters. 302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Srp. 656. Exorista futilis O. S. Reported from Oregon by Coquillett. A parasite of the common butterfly, Vanessa atalanta. 657. Exorista vulgaris ( Fall.) Corvallis, VI. 658. Phorocera claripennis Macq. Halsey, VIII-14 (Lovett). Bred from Schizura concinna at Corvallis, [X-4 (Gentner). 659. Phorocera facialis Coq. Hood River, VI (Cole). 660. Phorocera saundersii Will. Halsey, VIII-14 (Lovett); Hood River, VI (Cole). 661. Frontina frenchii (Will.) Large series from Corvallis, 1V-30 to I[X-30, those on the last date bred from a sphingid on Populus trichocarpa. This parasite has a long list of lepidopterous hosts. 662. Tachina?? mella Walk. Corvallis, V-4 to VI-24. 663. Tachina robusta (Towns.) Corvallis and Hood River, IV-28 to VI-3. Common. 664. Tachina rustica Fall. Corvallis, V-28; Hood River, VI-12 (Cole and Childs) ; Forest Grove, [X-30 (Cole). 665. Blepharipeza adusta Loew Hood River, VI-14 (Childs) ; Corvallis; Philomath, V-16 (Lovett). 22 Four additional species in this genus were collected at Hood River but none could be determined with certainty. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 303 666. Blepharipeza leucophrys ( Wied.) Hood River, VI-9 (Cole). 667. Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabr.) Not uncommon at Hood River and Corvallis in August. A parasite of the army worm and variegated cutworm. 668. Metacheta helymus (WWalk.) Corvallis, VIII-7 (Lovett). 669. Metopia leucocephala (Rossi) Hood River, VI-12 to [X-2 (Cole). 670. Hilarella fulvicornis (Coq.) Hood River, VI-5 to IX-2 (Cole). Aldrich states that this species is common on sand around fossorial hymenop- tera. 671. Brachycoma sarcophagina (Towns.) Corvallis, VII-30. 672. Gonia exul Will. Corvallis, [X-11; Mt. Jefferson, 6,000 feet; Burns. 673. Gonia frontosa Say Common at Hood River and Corvallis, VI to XI. 674. Gonia porca Will. Described from Mt. Hood. 675. Chztogedia monticola (Bigot) Hood River, [X-2 (Childs); Corvallis, V-4 and IX-5. A parasite of the variegated cutworm and of the larva of the common thistle butterfly (Pyrameis cardui). 676. Cuphocera furcata (V. d. W.) Grant Co., IV-23. 304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. 677. Peleteria robusta ( Wied.) Common at Corvallis, Forest Grove and Hood River, V-19 to [X-29; Detroit and Grant’s Pass. 678. Peleteria tessellata (Fabr.) Corvallis; Mt. Jefferson; Hood River (Cole and Childs). Collected from V-17 to [X-31. Aldrich says, “I name these provisionally as Coquillett did, but this is a complex that will have to be worked out by genitalic studies.” 679. Echinomyia®? algens (Wied.) Common in several localities in the Willamette Valley from May to August. Collected on Mt. Jefferson and at Seaside. 680. Echinomyia dakotensis Towns. Hood River, IX-4 (Cole) ; Mt. Jefferson, subalpine, VII. 681. Echinomyia decisa (Walk.) Mary’s Peak, VII-18 (Lovett). 682. Echinomyia hystricosa ( Will.) Corvallis. 683. Epalpus bicolor ( Will.) Barton, VIII-22. 684. Epalpus signiferus (Walk.) Corvallis, IV-26 to VII-4; Hood River, V-5 to VI-24 (Cole). 685. Bombyliomyia abrupta ( Wied.) Barton, VII-21. 686. Jurinella soror (Will.) Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). 23 One species, occasionally taken at high altitudes and found in several localities in the west is undescribed. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 305 Family DEXIID& Fig. 33. Thelaira levcozona Panzer. These are the “nimble flies’ of Comstock. They are very close to the tachinids but usually have longer and more slen- der legs and the antennal arista plumose to the tip. The larve have been bred from beetles. The species listed below were determined by Dr. Aldrich. In addition to these there are five undetermined species. 687. Myiocera cremides (Walk.) Vale, VIII-15. 688. Thelaira leucozona (Panz.) Hood River, VI (Cole). 689. Melanodexia tristis \Vill. Corvallis. 690. Trixia gillettei Towns. Mosier, VI-14 (Cole). This species has been considered a tachinid in the past and really does not belong in Trixia which is a tachinid genus; neither does it belong in Para- phyto where it was placed in Aldrich’s Catalogue. It does not fit any of the dexiid genera in North America. Family SARCOPHAGID 42 one sane cane gener Fig. 34. Sarcophaga hunteri Hough. 306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. These much resemble the house-flies in general appearance. The antennal arista is plumose at the base and bare at the tip. The flies are very common about decaying vegetation, excrement, dead bodies, etc., and are called flesh-flies. The larve are found in decaying vegetable and animal matter. A few are true parasites and are economically im- portant. Many of the species are larviparous and some are known to strike grasshoppers on the wing and place their larve in a vulnerable spot. The following species were determined by Dr. Aldrich. 691. Sarcophaga aculeata Aldr. Specimens from Corvallis are probably a new variety. 1916, “Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 143. 692. Sarcophaga bullata Parker Corvallis; Xe" 1916, Can. Enté., XLT pe359: 693. Sarcophaga cimbicis Towns. Corvallis. 694. Sarcophaga eleodis Aldr. Corvallis, V-6. This species is remarkable, in that it parasitizes beetles of the genus Eleodes. 1916, “Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 128. 695. Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis ( Fall.) Corvallis, X-21. A scavenger of wide distribution, occa- sionally the cause of intestinal myiasis. The species occurs throughout Europe, Africa and Asia. 696. Sarcophaga helicis Towns. Corvallis, [X-20; Forest Grove. One of the commonest North American species, largely a scavenger but also a true parasite of grasshoppers, Eleodes, etc. 697. Sarcophaga hunteri Hough Corvallis, VI-2 to VII-22 (Rockwood); Forest Grove, X-2 (Creel). A grasshopper parasite. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 307 698. Sarcophaga kellyi Aldr. Corvallis (H. F. Wilson). A grasshopper parasite. Ji. of Agr. Research, II, p. 443. 699. Sarcophaga pallinervis Thoms. Described from Hawaii in 1868 and probably a prior name for S. communis Parker. It is a very common scayen- ger. Freewater, [X-8; Corvallis, IV-VIII. 700. Sarcophaga planifrons Aldr. Narrows, VII. 1916, ‘‘Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 249. 701. Sarcophaga sarracenioides Aldr. Corvallis, V-11 and VIII-15 (Cole and Lovett). Both a scavenger and a parasite. 1916, “Sarcophaga and Allies,” pez 702. Sarcophaga scoparia Pand. Corvallis, VII-8; Forest Grove, V-3 and II-1 (Cole). 1916, ‘Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 214. Dr. Aldrich says that North American specimens deserve a varietal name. 703. Sarcophaga sinuata Meig. Corvallis, V-30. Europe and North America. “Easily recognized in both sexes by the patch of bright yellow tomen- tum on the front side of the middle femur.”’ 704. Sarcophaga tuberosa exuberans Pand. Corvallis. 1916, “Sarcophaga and Allies”, p. 232. 705. Megerlea rufocauda Bigot Described from Mt. Hood. The status of this species is not known, Coquillett placed it in the genus Sarcophilodes and Brauer considered it should have a new genus erected for it. 308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser. Family MUSCID/Z Fig. 35. Pollenia rudis (Fabr.) Small to medium sized, short, and usually hairy flies. The antennal arista is usually plumose to the tip, the first pos- terior cell narrowed or closed and the squame are large. They are disease carriers and very important economically. The common house-fly, or typhoid-fly as it might better be called, is found all over the world. The blow-flies and blue- bottle flies are also widely distributed. The Stomoxyine include blood-sucking species. In this group are the horn-flies, stable-flies and tsetse flies. 706. Pollenia rudis (Fabr.) Medford, VIII-15; Corvallis, IX-4. The cluster-fly is known to be parasitic in earthworms. 707. Cynomyia cadaverina Desv. Corvallis, [V-10 to VII-10. 708. Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.) Common III to XII. This is the common blow fly. 709. Lucilia cesar (Linn.) Common everywhere. Breeds in excrement, garbage and carrion. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 309 710. Lucilia sericata (Meig.) Common at Corvallis, IV to X. 711. Phormia regina (Meig.) Common at Corvallis. 712. Phormia terre-nove Desv. Common at Corvallis. 713. Protocalliphora azurea (Fall.) Corvallis. 714. Pseudopyrellia cornicina (Fabr.) Common, V to XI. 715. Morellia micans (Macq.) Corvallis and Forest Grove (Cole). 716. Mesembrina resplendens Wahlbg. Rock Creek Valley, Benton Co., X-12; Corvallis, [X-10. 717. Musca domestica Linn. Early settlers in Oregon say that the common house-fly was not seen in the early days; they are by no means rare now. 718. Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.) The biting house-fly or stable-fly. This species is sus- pected of carrying infantile paralysis. 719. WHematobia serrata Desvy. The “horn-fly’; common. In his Catalogue, Aldrich re- ported that this fly had reached Idaho in 1901. There are specimens in the Corvallis collection taken Aug. 14, 1900. 720. Myiospila meditabunda (Fabr.) Forest Grove, VII (Cole). 721. Muscina assimilis (Fall.) Portland, VIII-14; Corvallis, V-19. December 14, 1921 310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 722. Muscina stabulans ( Fall.) Common. The larve breed in manure and may carry disease. They have also been bred from pupz of other in- sects, but these were probably dead pupe. Family ANTHOMYIDZ Fig. 36. Limnophora narona (Walk.) This is a large family and, because of their general unat- tractiveness and the difficulties of differentiation, they have been rather neglected in North America in the past. They are blackish or grayish in color and some resemble the ordinary house-fly in appearance. Their larval habits are varied but most of them breed in decaying animal and vege- table matter. 723. Hydrotza orbitalis Aldr. Mt. Jefferson, VIII-1 and Cascadia, VII-21 (Lovett). Malloch det. 1918, Can. Ent., L, p. 311. 724. Homalomyia manicata (Meig.) Corvallis, VI-28. 725. Homalomyia scalaris (Fabr.) Corvallis. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVEIT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 311 726. Aricia bicolorata Mall. Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p..253. 727. Aricia leucorum ( Fall.) Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, 3,000 feet, VII-19 (Brid- well). Malloch det. 728. Aricia lysinoé Walk. Forest Grove, [X-30 and Hood River, X-3 (Cole). Mal- loch det. 729. Aricia nitida Stein Mt. Jefferson, VII-25, 5,000 feet (Bridwell). Malloch det. 730. Aricia oregonensis Mall. Grant Co. 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 254. 731. Spilogaster uniseta Stein Corvallis. 732. Euphaonia houghii (Stein) Hood River, [X-5 (Cole). Malloch det. Described under H yetodesia. 733. Limnophora xquifrons Stein Hood River, VI-5 (Cole). Malloch det. 734. Limnophora narona (Walk.) Gaston, VII-10 (Cole). Malloch det. 735. Leucomelina discreta (Stein) Hood River, IX-5 (Cole). Malloch det. 736. Ccoelomyia subpellucens (Zett.) Hood River, VI-2 (Cole). Malloch det. 737. Anthomyia pratincola Panz. Corvallis, VI-2 (Lovett). Malloch det. 312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 738. Hydrophoria divisa (Meig.) Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). Malloch det. 739. Hylemyia alcathoé (Walk) Salem, VIJ-4; Hood River, VI-30 and Eagle Rock, VII-1 (Melander) ; Hood River, V-19 to X-30 and Forest Grove, V-25 to IX-27 (Cole). 740. Hylemyia antiqua Meig. The onion maggot, widespread and often injurious. 741. Hylemyia anthracina Mall. Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). 1918, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XLIV, p. 314. 742. Hylemyia fusciceps (Zett.) Corvallis, 1V-30 to VI-6; Gaston, VII-10 (Cole) ; subal- pine regions on Mt. Jefferson, VII-20 (Bridwell). Com- mon in several localities. The larve feed in the roots of cabbages, radish, seed corn, etc. 743. Hylemyia lipsia ( Walk.) Grant Co., VII-11 (Chamberlin). Malloch det. 744. Hylemyia sp. nov. Mall. Blitzen River, VII-6. The single specimen a paratype. 745. Hylemyia piloseta Mall. Corvallis, 1V-26. 1918, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XLIV, p. 312. 746. Hylemyia setiventris Stein Joseph. Malloch det. 747. Hylemyia substriata Stein Forest Grove, IV-24 (Cole). Malloch det. 748. WHylemyia variata (Fall.) Forest Grove, VII-5 (Melander); Hood River, VI-4 (Cole). Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 313 749. Eremomyia apicalis Stein Forest Grove, V-12 (Cole). 750. Hammomyia unilineata (Zett.) Hood River, V-16 (Cole). Aldrich det. 751. Phorbia brassice (Bouche) Common, VII-IX. This is the cabbage-root maggot, and is very destructive in parts of Oregon. It was reported as a pest as early as 1891. 752. Phorbia cinerella (Fall.) Tillamook, VIII-29 (Creel) ; Vale, VI-29. Malloch det. 753. Phorbia rubivora Coq. Common in several localities in the state. The larve girdle the tips of raspberry, blackberry, dewberry, and loganberry vines. The flies appear early in April and are seen throughout May and June. 754. Phorbia ruficeps (Zett.) Corvallis. 755. Phorbia trichodactyla (Zett.) Corvallis (Lovett). 756. Pegomyia affinis Stein Corvallis. Malloch det. 757. Pegomyia bicolor ( Wied.) Bred out at Corvallis, V-9-1915, from larve mining in the leaves of dock; Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill). 758. Pegomyia hyoscyami (Panz.) Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett), other dates from V-3 to VII-3. The larve are leaf miners on beets and spinach. 759. Chirosia idahoensis Stein Forest Grove, V-17 (Cole); Salem, VII-4 (Melander). Melander det. Corvallis and Forest Grove, V (Cole). 314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr. 761. Fannia fuscula ( Fall.) Forest Grove, V-17 and Hood River, VI-13 (Cole). Mal- loch det. 762. Fannia ochrogaster (Thoms.) Forest Grove, VI-2 (Cole). Malloch det. 763. Coenosia ausoba (Walk.) Hood River, VI (Cole). Malloch det. 764. Ccenosia flavicoxa Stein Hood River, VI-4 (Cole); Corvallis, VIII-2 (Lovett) ; Malloch det. 765. Ccenosia oregonensis Mall. Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser, 4) (XG p: 254: 766. Machorchis nana (Zett.) Corvallis, V-2. Malloch det. 767. Scheenomyza chrysotoma Loew Hood River, VI-19 to X-26 (Cole) ; Forest Grove, V-13 (Burrill). 768. Schcenomyza dorsalis Loew Blitzen River, VII-1. Aldrich det. 769. Lispa brevipes Aldr. Hood River, IX-29 (Cole). 1913, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., SOX ps 137. 770. Lispa nasoni Stein Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole). 771. Lispa palposa (Walk.) Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole). Vor. XT) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 315 772. Lispa spinipes Aldr. Forest Grove, IX-28 (Cole). 1913, Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXI, p. 136. 773. Lispa tentaculata (DeG.) Hood River and Forest Grove, VI to XI (Cole). 774. Hebecnema fulva (Bigot) Hood River, IX-4 (Cole). Malloch det. 775. Hebecnema umbratica (Meig.) Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). Family SCATOPHAGID-E Fig. 37. Parallelomma varipes (Walk.) These are commonly called dung-flies. Some of the species resemble Anthomyide, but the squame are quite small and there are more than four abdominal segments visible. Most of them are brownish or yellowish in color and are common in pastures about cow-dung. In some of the species the habits are predatory. The larve have been bred from excrement and from the stems of plants. Aldrich lists 118 species from North Amer- ica in his Catalogue. 316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 776. Cordylura** latifrons Loew Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett). Malloch det. 777. Parallelomma?’> varipes ( Walk.) Gaston, VII-10 (Cole). 778. Scatophaga furcata (Say) Corvallis and Forest Grove, VI. 779. Scatophaga merdaria (Fabr.) Hood River, X-29 (Childs); Forest Grove, III-14 (Cole). The adults are predaceous, having been taken with mycetophilids and leafhoppers. 780. Scatophaga stercoraria (Linn.) Almost cosmopolitan. Many localities, V to X. The larve breed in excrement. Family CLUSIODID = This family can be recognized by the chetotaxy of the head. The cross-veins of the wings are closely approximated except in Clusia and the sixth vein does not reach the wing margin. The adults are rather rare. They may be found on tree trunks, where they sometimes feed on exuding sap. 781. Clusia occidentalis Mall. Mary’s Peak, at base, V-14 (Lovett); Pamelia Lake, Mt. Jefferson, VII-27 (Bridwell). 1918, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XX, p. 4. 24 There are at least three undetermined species in material collected at Corvallis and Hood River, but the genus will have to be worked up before they can be named with certainty. 25 One undetermined species is not uncommon at Hood River. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 317 Family HELOMYZIDA Fig. 38. Ccothea fenestradis (Fallén). The flies of this family have the costa beset with promi- nent bristles and the wings are rather large. Some species live in caves and burrows, others are collected in damp meadows and shady places. The larve have been bred from bat and rabbit-dung, from decaying wood, and from truffles. 782. Helomyza barberi Aldr. Hood River, VI-3 and X-30 (Cole). 1908, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XXXIV, p. 93: 783. Helomyza limbata Thoms. Forest Grove, V-9 to [X-30 (Cole). 784. Helomyza nemorum (Meig.) Hood River, X-11 (Cole). H. assimilis Loew is a syno- nym. 785. Helomyza plumata Loew Mt. Jefferson, VII-12 (Bridwell) ; Mary’s Peak, at base, 318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. V-14 (Lovett); Nashville, VIII-8; Gouvallis! V-10. This was placed as a synonym of quinquepunctata Say in Aldrich’s Catalogue. 786. CEcothea fenestralis (Fall.) Forest Grove, VI-3 (Cole). 787. Tephrochlamys rufiventris (Meig.) Newport (L. O. Howard); Forest Grove, III-6 to V-20 (Cole and Lane) ; Corvallis, V-10. 788. Leria pectinata (Loew) Newport (L. O. Howard) ; Forest Grove, V-12 (Cole). 789. Leria serrata (Linn.) Baker, IV-9. The earliest described species of the family. © Aldrich reports it common in many parts of Europe and North America. The larve have been bred from fungi and from hen manure. 790. Eccoptomera simplex Coq. Hood River, VI-4 (Cole). Family BORBORIDE= Fig. 39. Copromyza equina Fallén. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 319 Most of these flies are quite small and black or brownish in color. They are found about decomposing vegetable and animal matter and are seen hovering over dung or sewage, in which the larve live. The larve of Leptocera are bred from fungi, diseased potatoes, etc., and are probably aquatic in some cases. The following species were determined by Mr. A. Spuler, who has just completed a monograph of the family which should soon be published. 791. Leptocera atra (Adams) Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill) ; Forest Grove, III-21 and Hood River, 1X-29 to X-26 (Cole). 792. Leptocera crassimana (Halid.) Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill) ; Forest Grove, III-21 and VI-2 (Cole). 793. Leptocera fontinalis (Fall.) Portland, VIII-20 (Melander). 794. Leptocera fuscipennis (Halid.) Hood River, VI-19 to X-26 (Cole). 795. Leptocera sp. nov. Spuler Forest Grove, IV-2 and Hood River, IX-5 (Cole). 796. Leptocera sp. nov. Spuler Hood River, IX-5 (Cole). 797. Leptocera limosa ( Fall.) Forest Grove, III-21 to IX-27 (Cole); Hood River, VI to IX and Corvallis, IX-10 (Cole); Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill). 798. Leptocera sp. nov. Spuler Hood River, X-11 (Cole). 799. Leptocera roralis (Rond.) Hood River, VI-4 to [X-29 and Forest Grove, III-21 (Cole) ; Portland, VIII-20 (Melander). 320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Sep. 800. Copromyza equina Fall. Everywhere abundant. Breeds in horse dung. Family PHYCODROMID Fig. 40. Colopa frigida Fallén. There are two genera, Celopa and Omomyia, in North America. Species of the former genus are found on the sea- beach, often in large numbers about piles of kelp and sea- weeds. They are about the size of species of Fucellia found with them and resemble them in general appearance, but when viewed under a lens are seen to be quite different. 801. Ccelopa frigida Fall. Seaside and Newport Beach in July. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST Us OREGON DIPTERA 321 Family SCIOMYZIDZz Fig. 41. Sepedon pacifica Cresson. In these flies the head is short and broad and the face more or less retreating. The wings are long and are often spotted. The adults can be collected along the banks of small streams and in marsh and meadow land. The Tetan- oceride are set aside in a separate family by some authors but they seem to be quite closely related. In flies of the genus Tetanocera the antenne are very long and the wings usually pictured. 802. Helcomyza mirabilis Mel. Tillamook, V (Reeher). 1920, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., XU, p: 309. 803. Sciomyza?° simplex Fall. Oregon Agr. Exp. Station (G. F. Moznette). 804. Melina nana Fall. Forest Grove, III-21 (Cole). 805. Melina pubera Loew Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett) ; Hood River, VI-4 (Cole). 26 According to the synonymy recently worked out by Dr. Melander the Sciomyza of authors becomes Melina Desvoidy. 322 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH See. 806. Neuroctena analis Fall. Corvallis (Moznette). 807. Tetanocera vicina Macq. Common at Corvallis, V-15 to VII-17; Mary’s Peak, IV-24; large series at Forest Grove, V-25 and LX-30 (Cole). 808. Limnia pubescens Day Forest Grove, V (Cole). 809. Limnia saratogensis Fitch Common at Corvallis, V-12 to IX-29; Mary’s Peak, V-13; Forest Grove, V-25 (Cole). 810. Dictya umbrarum (Linn.) Forest Grove, V-19 to I[X-30 and Hood River, IX-4 to X-30 (Cole). 811. Sepedon armipes Loew Corvallis; Hood River, VII-28 and IX-24 (Cole). 812. Sepedon pacifica Cress. Forest Grove, [X-30 (Cole). 813. Hedroneura rufa (Panz.) Forest Grove, I[X-30 (Cole). This European species was first discovered at Potlatch, Idaho, by Dr. Melander; there the writer first collected them and later at Vernon, B. C. A good series was taken at Forest Grove in a small marsh. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVWETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 323 Family SAPROMYZID© Fig. 42. Minettia lupulina (Fabr.) The adults are comparatively small, with rather short legs. The wings are occasionally pictured, and the antennal arista usually plumose. The larve live in decaying vegetable matter or excrement. 814. Sapromyza flaveola Coq. Corvallis, X-21; Mary’s Peak, V-14; Hood River, VIII-21 (Cole) ; Talent, [X-30. 815. Sapromyza planiscutum (Thoms.) Corvallis, V-2 and VI-14. Coquillett made this determina- tion of the specimens in the Corvallis collection. 816. Sapromyza univittata Coq. Corvallis, V-16 to VIII-13. 817. Minnetia lupulina (Fabr.) Corvallis, V-16 to VII-17; Mt. Hood, VIII-10; Hood River, VI and VII (Cole). 818. Minnetia nubila Mel. Recorded from Oregon by Aldrich. 1913, Psyche, XX, p. 74. 324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Family LONCH EID This family is very nearly related to the Sapromyzide but several dipterists have recently separated it from that group. Both the larve and adults have characters that will differentiate them. 819. Lonchza polita Say Hood River, VI-24 (Cole). 820. Lonchea tarsata Fall. Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole). 821. Palloptera jucunda Loew Yaquina Bay, V-16 (Lovett). 822. Palloptera terminalis Loew Forest Grove, IX-27 (Cole). Family TRYPETID# Fig. 43. Aciura maculata Cole. These have been called “‘peacock-flies’ because of their habit of elevating the wings and strutting about. The female usually has a large horny ovipositor. Many of the species have the wings marked and spotted in various ways. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIP1&RA 325 The larve live in plant tissue, leaves, stems and fruits. Some of the species are gall-makers and the group contains many of our worst pests of fruit, both citrus and deciduous. They are especially injurious in tropical countries, in some places ruining nearly the whole fruit crop. Aldrich lists over 200 species from North America. 823. Epochra canadensis Loew Common in western Oregon. The flies appear in May and June. The larve live in currants and gooseberries and are a serious pest. 824. (CEdaspis atra Loew Hood River, IX-8 (Cole). 825. Rhagoletis caurina Doane Described from Oregon. 826. Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew) Corvallis, Salem, Cove, Sheridan and vicinity of Port- land. The larve are cherry-maggots. 827. Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) Colestin VII-31 (E. P. Van Duzee). One specimen. This is the form bred from snowberry at Vernon, B. C., and recently published on by Mr. Downes. It cannot be dis- tinguished from the eastern apple maggot but does not attack the apple here, confining itself to the snowberry, Sym- phoricarpus racemosus. 828. Aciura maculata Cole Medford, V-28 (Noren); one specimen at Burns, V (Thompson). 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, pe 252: 829. Eutreta diana O. S. Corvallis, VI-21, with a label ‘‘sage brush”; Grant Co.; Narrows, VII-1. The type was bred from galls on wild sage, Artemisia tridentata, in Missouri by C. V. Riley. December 14, 1921 326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4rm Ser, 830. Eutreta longicornis Snow Blitzen River, VII-6. On examining one of the specimens Dr. Aldrich stated that it was not a true Eutreta. 831. Carphotricha culta (Wied.) Albany, Corvallis, Vale and Forest Grove in June. 832. Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch) Bred from galls on common golden-rod at Hood River (Childs). 833. Xenocheta dichromata Snow Described from Mt. Hood. 834. Neaspilota brunneostigmata Doane Duffy’s Prairie, VII-26 (Lovett). The type was described without locality. 835. Tephritis clathrata (Loew) Blitzen River, VII-6; Ashland, VIII-2 (E. P. Van Duzee). 836. Tephritis despecta (V. d. W.) Narrows VII. This species is near clathrata Loew; it was described under the genus Ensina. Aldrich det. 837. Tephritis finalis (Loew) Corvallis, VII, the larve and pupe in seed pods and ovaries of Eriophyllum lanatum. It is a common species in the Northwest. 838. Tephritis murina Doane Duffy’s Prairie, 5,700 feet, VII-26 (Lovett). 839. Tephritis variabilis Doane Corvallis, V-20 to VI-10 (Lovett); Horse Lake, alt. 6,000 feet, VII-25. 840. Euaresta equalis (Loew) Hood River, WVIII-12 (Cole); Pendleton, VII-17 (Thompson). Breeds in seed pods of Xanthium. Ver. XI} COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 327 841. Euaresta araneosa Coq. Colestin, VIII-31 (E. P. Van Duzee). C. W. Johnson det. 842. Urellia aldrichii Doane Corvallis, VII-22. 843. Urellia mevarna ( Walk.) Duffy’s Prairie, VII-16 (Lovett). 844. Urellia pacifica Doane Described from Oregon. 845. Urellia solaris Loew Corvallis, VII-16. Family ORTALID Fig. 44. Chetopsis @nea (Wied.) These flies are small or of medium size and often with metallic colors. The head is of good size and the frons is broad; the legs are usually stout and rather short. Some 328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sex. species, but not especially those in North America, have grotesquely formed heads. The wings are often strikingly marked. ‘The adults are taken in meadows and tall grass. A few species are of economic importance. Aldrich lists about 150 species in his Catalogue. 846. Tritoxa cuneata Loew Corvallis, VII-17 (Lovett). 847. Tritoxa pollinosa Cole Warm Springs Valley, VII-7; one specimen at Burns, V (Thompson), the second specimen known. 1919, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IX, p. 252. 848. Melieria occidentalis Coq. Blitzen River, VII-6. This species is not uncommon in parts of California. 849. Anacampta latiuscula Loew Forest Grove, I-28 and V-21 (Cole). 850. Anacampta longicauda Hendel Burns, V. Aldrich det. 851. Anacampta stigma Hendel Burns, V (Thompson). 1911, Wien. Ent. Ztg., XXX, p. 23. 852. Tetanops aldrichi Hendel Burns, V (Thompson). 1911, Wien, Ent. Ztg., XXX, p. 20. 853. Tetanops apicalis Cole, new species Fig. 45. Tetanops apicalis Cole, n. sp. Wing of holotype. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 329 Body shining black, the eyes only slightly higher than long; wing with a small apical brown spot. Length 5.5 mm. Female: Frons reddish brown, face yellow, occiput con- vex and black. Cheeks brownish yellow, gena corrugated to above antenne. Frons deeply punctate almost to front ocellus. Eyes rounded, not much higher than long. Frons, occiput, and first two joints of antenne with short, black, bristly hairs. First two joints of antenne reddish, the third dark brown; arista blackish. Ocellar tubercle black. Palpi dark brown. Thorax and pleura black, mesonotum opaque, the short hairs black and bristle-like; margins of the mesonotum shin- ing black. Scutellum red with two apical black bristles; metanotum shining black; halteres reddish; several weak bristles along posterior edge of mesopleura and about eight weak propleural bristles; sternopleura below with a number of rather strong black bristles. Abdomen entirely black, semishining above, with short black hairs which are sparse and hardly perceptible. Tibia, apices of femora, first two joints of tarsi and base of third brownish yellow; remaining tarsal joints and most of femora blackish brown. Middle tibia with three distinct apical spines which are lacking in the other tibiae. Wings faintly infuscated, base and costal margin brownish, the veins mostly yellow; apical third of costal vein, posterior cross-vein, and apices of other veins dark brown. In the apex of the wing there is a rounded brown spot (see fig. 45). Holotype, female, No. 842, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; A. B. Black, collector, May 13, 1917. Type locality, Corvallis, Oregon. This species is in the group with T. aldrichi and T. polita, having rounded eyes, rugose and pitted frons, and black body. 854. Tetanops luridipennis Loew Burns, VI-5 (Thompson). The single specimen is darker than the typical form and lacks the usual yellow color in the wings. It may be an undescribed species. December 14, 1921 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. w vo i=) 855. Pseudotephritis vau (Say) Forest Grove, VII-12 (Cole). 856. Chrysomyza demandata (Fabr.) Corvallis; Forest Grove, VII-5 (Cole). Reported breed- ing in horse-dung. 857. Chztopsis enea ( Wied.) Hood River, VI-21 (Cole). Apparently rare in the Northwest. 858. Seoptera vibrans ( Linn.) Corvallis, VI-11. Family SEPSIDA® Fig. 46. Sepsis violacea Meigen. Usually small, black, and slender flies, with the abdomen narrowed basally. The wings are hyaline and often with a spot near the apex. They run about actively and are quick of flight. The adults are commonly seen about excrement and decaying vegetation. 859. Themira latitarsata Mel. Corvallis (Cordley) ; Forest Grove, IX-28 (Cole). 1917, Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 143, p. 45. 860. Sepsis luteipes Mel. Forest Grove, III-3 (Cole). 1917, Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 143, p. 29. 861. Sepsis neocynipsea Mel. Hood River, VIII-21 (Cole). 1917, Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 143, p. 28. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 331 862. Sepsis signifera curvitibia Mel. Series taken at Corvallis, VIII-13 (Lovett). 1917, Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 143, p. 28. 863. Sepsis vicaria Walk. Portland (Melander). 864. Sepsis violacea Meig. Common at Corvallis and Hood River. 865. Sepsis violacea hecate Mel. Portland, V-22 (Melander). 1917, Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 143, p. 22. 866. Sepsis violacea similis Macq. Oregon City (Melander). Melander makes this form a variety of violacea in his recent revision of the family. Family PLOPHILID This group is now separated from the Sepside. The species are mostly black in color and quite small; they differ from the Sepside in having the costa broken near the ter- mination of the first vein, the third and fourth veins parallel or slightly diverging, mesonotum finely pubescent, abdomen never with bristles, etc. The larve of some have the peculiar power of ‘“‘jumping.”’ 867. Piophila casei (Linn.) A species of general distribution, the larve of which are known as “‘skippers’’ or “‘cheese-mites” ; they occur in cheese, rotten fungi, fatty tissues, the fat of ham and bacon, and in dead bodies. Cases of enteric and nasal myiasis are attri- buted to this species. 868. Piophila pusilla (Meig.) Forest Grove, IV-8 (Cole). First recorded from North America in 1913 by Melander. 869. Mycetaulus bipunctatus ( Fall.) Forest Grove, VIII-1 (Cole). This European species has a very wide distribution. 332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER Family PSILID/£ Fig. 47. Psila rose (Fabr.) Small slender flies with long antennz, usually shining and with a small clypeus. There are no oral vibrisse. Some of the larve are known to live in roots and various plant galls. Melander records 38 species and subspecies in his recent synopsis of the family (Psyche, XXVII, no. 5, 1920). 870. Loxocera collaris Loew Reported from Oregon by C. W. Johnson. 871. Chyliza leguminicola Mel. Forest Grove, IV-23 (Rockwood). 1920, Psyche, XXVII, p. 99. Mr. Rockwood collected this species on plants of Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., and found pupe attached to the lower part of the plant in July. 872. Chyliza scrobiculata Mel. Whitman Nat. Forest, VII-14 (Chamberlin). 1920, Psyche, XXVII, p. 98. 873. Psila atrata Mel. Hood River, VI-10 (Cole). 1920, Psyche, XXVII, jo}, Oe 874. Psila microcera Mel. Duffy’s Prairie, VII-26 (Lovett). 1920, Psyche, XXVII, pr 95: 875. Psila rose (Fabr.) Corvallis (Moznette). This is called the ‘‘carrot-rust fly” and is sometimes of economic importance. Vor. XI] COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 333 Family MICROPEZIDA: Fig. 48. Calobata univitta Walker. Slender flies with large wings and long legs. The face is retreating in profile and the eyes comparatively small. The larval habits are unknown. The adults are predaceous on small insects. 876. Calobata univittata Walk. Hood River VI (Cole). Rather common on rank foliage along a certain stretch of the Hood River. Family EPHYDRIDZE S Fig. 49. Parydra bituberculata Loew. Head and wing. These flies have a large head and most of them have a very large mouth. The costa is microscopically broken 334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser. twice and the anal cell wanting. There are no oral vibrisse. Most of the species are quite small and are found at the edges of streams or lakes, often in immense numbers. The larvz of some species are found in alkaline lakes and ponds, others in sap and in the stems of aquatic plants. 877. Notiphila decoris Will. Hood River, VI-19 to X-26 and Forest Grove, VII-16 (Cole). 878. Psilopa comta Meig. Baker City, VIII-2 (Creel) ; Hood River, VI-19 to IX-5 and Forest Grove, IV (Cole). 879. Ilythea spilota Curtis Hood River, X-26 (Cole). 880. Discocerina aliena Cress. Forest Grove, V-7 (Cole). Cresson det. 881. Hydrellia hypoleuca Loew Narrows, VIII-1; Hood River, X-26 (Cole). 882. Hydrellia scapularis Loew Forest Grove, VI-3 and Hood River, X-26 (Cole) ; Cor- vallis, V-2 (Lovett). Cresson det. 883. Octhera mantis (DeG.) Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett) ; Corvallis, IX-12 (Cole). 884. Pelina truncatula Loew Hood River, VII-10 to [X-29 (Cole). Cresson det. 885. Pelomyia occidentalis Will. Hood River, X-26 (Cole). 886. Parydra appendiculata Loew Hood River, VI-5 to X-26 (Cole). Common. 887. Parydra bituberculata Loew Forest Grove, V-25 (Cole). Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 335 888. Parydra limpidipennis Loew Forest Grove, VI-6 and Hood River, X-26 (Cole). 889. Parydra pinguis (Walk.) Hood River, VI-6 (Cole). 890. Parydra quadrituberculata Loew Hood River, VI-3 to X-26 (Cole). 891. Ephydra hians Say Albert Lake (Aldrich). 892. Scatella crassicosta Beck. Forest Grove, IX-28 (Cole). 893. Scatella mesogramma Loew Hood River, VI-19 (Cole). 894. Scatella pentastigma (Thoms.) Hood River, VI-21 to X-26 (Cole). 895. Scatella picea Walk. Hood River, X-26 (Cole). 896. Scatella stagnalis (Fall.) Hood River, VI-6 to X-26 (Cole). 897. Lytogaster gravida (Loew) Hood River, VI-19 to VII-10 (Cole). Cresson det. 898. Mosillus subsultans (Fabr.) Hood River, IX-29 (Cole). 336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 4TH Ser. Family OSCINID = Fig. 50. Chloropisca variceps Loew. These are sometimes called ‘“‘frit-flies”. They are small, bare, with a flat frons, short antenne and wings, short legs, and ovate or elliptical abdomen. Many are colored or banded. The anal and second basal cells of the wing are absent. he postvertical bristles are converging. Swedish farmers apply the term “‘frits’”’ to wheat ruined by the attacks of the wheat-fly. A few of the species in the family are blood suckers and probably carry putrefactive germs to open wounds. Except where indicated the following determinations are by Dr. J. M. Aldrich. 899. Meromyza americana Fitch Hood River, VI-2 and Parkdale, IX-5 (Cole). Cole det. The Wheat-stem Maggot, seldom of economic importance, but in local infestations it may destroy one per cent or more of the wheat heads, as it did in the Yakima Valley, Wash- ington, in 1919. 900. Diplotoxa unicolor Beck. Corvallis; Narrows, VII-1. 901. Chlorops egregia Beck. Corvallis, V-24; Forest Grove, VI-6 (Cole). 902. Chlorops obscuripennis (Loew) Corvallis. Vor. XIJ COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 337 903. Chlorops sahlbergi Loew Forest Grove, V-2 (Cole). Cole det. Compared with a specimen determined by Becker. 904. Chloropisca glabra (Meig.) Forest Grove, [V-22 to V-17 and Hood River, VI-3 to X-26 (Cole) ; Narrows, VII-1. Our commonest species. 905. Chloropisca variceps Loew Corvallis, [V-9 and V-12; Hood River and Forest Grove, VI (Cole). 906. Elachiptera decipiens (Loew) Forest Grove, IV-2 (Cole). 907. Elachiptera nigriceps (Loew) Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett). 908. Oscinis coxendix Fitch Corvallis, V-2 (Lovett). 909. Oscinis frit Linn. Narrows, VII-1. A species of economic importance in Europe. 910. Oscinis sulphurihalterata Endl. Corvallis, [V-2 (Chamberlin). Bred from cones of Abies grandis. 1911, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Natf. Freunde, Berlin, p. 222. 911. Dicrzeus ruficeps Meig. Hood River, VI-3 (Cole). Cole det. 912. Madiza conicola Greene Long’s Ranch and Ashland, [X-2. Reared from cones of Abies concolor. 1919, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXX, p. 69. 338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sen. Family DROSOPHILIDE Fig. 51. Drosophila busckii Cog. Small, usually yellow, flies, with a short and broad abdo- men. Costa of the wing microscopically broken twice. Arista of antenne plumose, the fronto-orbital bristles proclinate. They are often called “‘pomace-flies’, and are found about cider mills and wine presses, also around decaying or fer- menting fruit. The larve live in pomace and in the scum of fermenting juice. A few have quite different habits, one species has been reared from mealy bugs (Pseudococcus), one from spider’s eggs and one is parasitic on the nymphs of the spittle bug, Clastoptera obtusa. 913. Phortica humeralis (Loew) Hood River, VI-16 (Cole). 914. Scaptomyza apicata (Thoms.) Corvallis; Forest Grove, V-11 (Creel); Hood River, IX-29 (Cole). 915. Drosophila buskii Coq. Forest Grove, VIII-27, reared from clover heads (Rock- wood) ; Corvallis, VI-15 and IX-14. 916. Drosophila funebris (Fabr.) Corvallis, III-12 and IX-14; Hood River, X-11 (Cole). Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 339 917. Drosophila melanogaster Meig. Hood River, X-11 (Cole). This species is better known as D. ampelophila, the subject of so many experiments in the study of heredity and evolution. 918. Drosophila obscura Fall. Corvallis. Common European species. Melander det. 919. Drosophila repleta Wollas. Corvallis, V-23. Melander det. Family GEOMYZID 42 Fig. 52. Geomyza lurida (Loew) Small or minute flies with rather large wings, the anal and basal cells complete. The clypeus is larger than in the Agro- myzide and the foremost fronto-orbitals are directed back- ward; postvertical bristles convergent. The adults are col- lected by sweeping low plants and shrubbery, some species being quite common. The larve of some live in plant stems. 920. Geomyza lurida (Loew) Hood River, VI-21 (Cole) ; Tillamook, III-26 (Burrill). Described in the genus Balioptera. 921. Diastata eluta Loew Reported from Oregon by Melander. 340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 4TH Ser. 922. Anthomyza gracilis Fall. Forest Grove, VI-23 (Cole); Corvallis, VIII-12 (Lovett). According to Dr. Melander this species is com: mon in Washington. 923. Zagonia oregona (Aldr.) Hood River, VII (Aldrich). 924. Tethina coronata (Loew) Forest Grove, V-12 (Cole). 925. Tethina parvula (Loew) Narrows, VII-1; Blitzen River, VII-6. 926. Trixoscelis frontalis (Fall.) Forest Grove, V-5 (Cole). Family AGROMYZID/E Small flies with widely separated eyes, bare or pubescent arista, and divergent postvertical bristles. The wings are rather short and rounded. The larve of most species are leaf miners; a few make galls. 927. Cerodonta femoralis (Meig.) Gaston, VII-10 (Cole). 928. Phytomyza albiceps (Meig.) Reported from Oregon by Melander. P. genualis Lw. is a synonym. 929. Phytomyza chrysanthemi Kowarz Portland, III-10 (Lovett). Bred from larve mining chrysanthemum leaves. 930. Phytomyza crassiseta Zett. Forest Grove, V-3 and VI-3 (Cole). 931. Phytomyza flaviscutellata Fall. Reported from Oregon by Melander. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 34] 932. Phytomyza ilicicola Loew Reported from Oregon by Coquillett. 933. Phytomyza obscurella Fall. Forest Grove, IV-4 and Hood River, IX-5 (Cole). 934. Agromyza abbreviata Mall. Hood River, VI-14 (Cole). Melander det. 1913, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., VI, p. 285. 935. Agromyza eneiventris Fall. Corvallis, VII-28 (Lovett). 936. Agromyza luctuosa Loew Forest Grove, IV-6 (Cole). 937. Agromyza platyptera coronata Loew Hood River, VI-6 (Cole). 938. Agromyza puella Meig. Hood River, VII-20 and Forest Grove, VII-26 (Cole). 939. Agromyza reptans Fall. Reported from Oregon by Melander. 940. Agromyza scutellata Meig. Forest Grove, V-20 (Cole). 941. Agromyza scutellata orbona Meig. Hanging Valley, alt. 5,400 feet, collected VIII-2 (Lovett), emerged IX-1 from mines in lupine leaves. 942. Agromyza scutellata variegata Meig. Forest Grove, V1I-26 (Cole). 943. Agromyza subvirens Mall. Hood River, VI-6 (Cole). 1915, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., MEX. pp. 105: 342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser. 944. Agromyza superciliosa Zett. Reported from Oregon by Melander. 945. Agromyza teniola Coq. Reported from Oregon by Melander. Family MILICHIID® This family has long been associated with the Agromy- zide. ‘The costa is microscopically broken twice and there is an anal cell. The clypeus is small. The antennal arista is pubescent. 946. Milichiella lactipennis (Loew) Hood River, VII-9 (Cole). 947. Paramadiza haletralis (Coq.) Very commonly seen in houses on the windows, from February to September. Family OCHTHIPHILIDZ Fig. 53. Leucopis griseola Fallén. A family closely related to the Agromyzide and until recently considered a subfamily of that group. There is no break in the costa of the wing and oral vibrisse are absent. The species are densely gray pollinose. The larve have been bred from aphids and various soft scales. Vor. XI) COLE AND LOVETT—LIST OF OREGON DIPTERA 343 948. Ochthiphila juncorum Fall. Hood River, VI-28 (Cole). 949. Leucopsis griseola Fall. Hood River and Forest Grove, VI (Cole); Corvallis, VII-6 (Lovett) and V-24 (Bridwell). This species is aphidophagous and was observed in the larval stage feeding on the vetch aphis at Forest Grove. Family HIPPOBOSCID Fig. 54. Olfersia americana (Leach). This peculiar group is quite different from any other in the Diptera, as we commonly think of that order. The adults are leathery in texture and resemble ticks. Some species are wingless and a few pass through the winged stage and lose these appendages. Most of the species are parasites on the bodies of birds. The horse-tick probably does not occur in North America. The sheep-tick occurs all 344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Sen. over the world. The female brings forth young in the pupal stage and has an uterine sac which secretes a milk to feed them. 950. Ornithomyia anchineura Speis. Upper Alsea Valley, Benton Co., on Steller’s jay. 951. Olfersia americana (Leach) On great horned owl at Corvallis (Thompson) 952. Melophagus ovinus (Linn.) The common sheep tick. PROCEEDINGS CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourTH SERIES VoL. XI, No. 16, pp. 345-393, 30 text figures DECEMBER 31, 1921 XVI REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP OF THE FAMILY SYRPHID (FLOWER-FLIES) FROM NORTH OF MEXICO BY C. HOWARD CURRAN Orillia, Ontario, Canada The genus Pipiza, as generally accepted in North America, has long been regarded as one of the most difficult genera in the family. The reason for this is found in inadequate descriptions and the absence of outstanding specific characters which could be used for identification. Abundant material has revealed several characters which are of exceptional importance in this group and the old reliance upon the color of the pile is not adhered to in this work where other characters are sufficiently prominent to allow of their employment. The character of the pile often indicates species and is of considerable importance, as variation is not as great as is generally supposed. Many small differences usual- ly accompany its variation in color, and these, together with more important structural differences, lead to the absolute determination of the specimens. The present paper deals with forty-nine species of North American Pipizini. Their retention in a single December 31, 1921 346 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser genus makes their study very difficult. It has usually been the practice to break up a genus which has become unwieldy, provided definite and stable characters are available for the separation of the sexes into their respec- tive genera. With the Genus Pipiza it is found that there is a natural subdivision into four well-marked groups. In Europe three genera are recognized, Pipiza, Pipizella and Cnemodon. The genus Heringia, estab- lished by Rondani for Pzpiza hering: Zett., is also recognized in the present paper, and includes five North American species. As to the wisdom of accepting four distinct genera I might point out that the material for study has in- variably been scanty, that too much emphasis has been placed upon certain prominent characters (for example, hind trochanteral spur in Cnemodon) to the detriment of the further study of other characters; that the fe- males, except in some species of Pipiza, have never been properly associated with the males, and that, on account of the confusion caused by the difficulty of proper iden- tification, the genus has never received careful study. With such a condition prevailing in these genera it is no wonder that the generic limitations prevailing in Europe have not been accepted in America. The diffi- culty of tracing the females to their proper relationships has now been largely overcome, so it is a simple matter to locate them in their proper genus. I wish to express to Professor A. L. Lovett, of the Oregon Agricultural College, the greatest thanks for specimens loaned for study and for many suggestions. Upon learning of the scope of the present work, Pro- fessor Lovett unhesitatingly forwarded his whole col- lection of Pipizini for study, requesting that all new species be named and described, including such as he already had in manuscript. Mr. W. M. Davidson, of the Bureau of Entomology, supplied several specimens of California Pipizini which he considered new and of- fered a number of suggestions for which I am greatly indebted. I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 347 J. R. Malloch for the privilege of examining the para- type of Cnemodon trochanterata, and to Dr. Aldrich for several suggestions. To the late Doctor Williston I owe much for the determination of specimens, and for sug- gestions regarding several of the new species. To Mr. E. P. Van Duzee I am indebted for a critical reading of the manuscript. The disposition of the type specimens of the new species is given following each description. KEY TO THE GENERA 1. Face considerably broader at the oral margin than at the antenne. (If doubtful, compare Heringia) Pipiza Face but little or not at all broader at the oral margin than at the RTE OES oy Bete eck sear stn obey ole (Shs sca, sceeetone aires cay or auarTeip ne alata) oom dbeFatekecal s.etere 2 2. Arista microscopically bare; eyes often with a horizontal bare stripe Pipizella' Arista microscopically pilose to the end; eyes always evenly pilose.... 3 3. Venter of fourth segment in the male only half as long as its dorsum; middle tibie in female slender; third antennal joint in female elongate Heringia' Venter of fourth segment three-fourths as long as its dorsum; middle tibia in female rounded in front, in male produced an- teriorly; hind trochanters in male usually with long process Cnemodon 1In Pipizella and Heringia the middle tibie are narrow, often somewhat constricted in front; the females of Pipizella have the bare stripe on the eyes more marked, and, where present, this will at once distinguish them; more difficulty may be experienced with Cnemodon until the student becomes familiar with some species, but usually the shorter and more roundish antenne will help to distinguish the females belonging to that genus. Genus Pipizella Rondani Triglyphus Loew (Part), P. modestus and pubescens. Pipiza Williston (Part), Synop. N. Am. Syrph., 1886. Eyes in both sexes often with a median horizontal bare stripe; third antennal joint more than twice as long as wide, usually three or more times longer; arista microscopically bare or pilose at the immediate base only; species usually much shining, sometimes strongly metallic; last section of fourth longitudinal vein bent or angulated at its middle, usually forming a moderately acute, or almost a right angle, with the third vein. (The genus Triglyphus is distinguished from other Pipizini by the abdomen being composed of only three 348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. visible segments. P. pubescens was therefore wrongly placed when attributed to the genus Triglyphus by Loew.) Key TO SPECIES OF PIPIZELLA 1. Face and frons entirely whitish pilose 2 Face or frons partly blackish pilose 4 2. Third joint of antenne four or five times as long as wide; wings dark brown australis Third joint about four times as long as wide; wings hyaline or almost so 3. Scutellum with apical groove; auxiliary vein ending well beyond apical cross-vein pulchella Scutellum without apical groove; auxiliary vein ending hardly beyond apical cross-vein occidentalis 4. Thorax conspicuously reddish pilose; abdomen with some reddish or reddish-yellow pile; antenne entirely black (western species). rufithoracica Pile not so colored 5. Arista microscopically pilose on basal quarter; abdomen of male brassy pubescens Arista at most pilose at immediate base; abdomen of male not brassy 6 6. Arista pilose at immediate base (to end of first section) antenne reddish below; moderately robust species; (6.5 to 7 mm.) modesta Arista bare (in all species examined); smaller and more slender, if very similar the antenne are black throughout in the male 7 7. Wings with a large brown spot in the middle *bellula Wings without median brown cloud 8 8. Third joint of antenne partly reddish, about four times as long as wide pulchella banksi Third joint of antennz usually entirely black, about three times as long as wide fraudulenta 1. Pipizella pubescens (Loew) (Figs. 7, 9, 10, 40) Triglyphus pubescens Loew, Century, iv, No. 61, 1863. Pipiza pubescens Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., 23, 1886. Habitat: Wisconsin (Lw.) Ontario! Shining black to brassy; front basitarsi slightly, the hind ones con- siderably, incrassate. Length about 5mm. Male: Face and frons metallic bluish black, moder- ately long white pilose; sides of face and frons to well above the antenne nar- rowly whitish pollinose; eyes blackish pilose, across the middle with a well- marked horizontal bare stripe. Antenne elongate, black, second and third joints testaceous below, third joint over twice as long as broad, the end evenly rounded. Thorax and scutellum shining black, the former with a coppery reflection; pile luteous, on the pleura white and longer. First segment of abdomen black; remaining segments shining greenish black with a brassy reflection, anterior and posterior margins of segments with ill-defined opaque bands not reaching lateral margins; pile short, white, the posterior margins of second to fourth segments and anterior margins of third and fourth, with rather narrow black pilose bands. Hypopygium with a few white hairs. Legs *No description available. Vol. XI) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 349 black, tips of the four anterior femora, basal quarter of front and third of middle tibie and first two joints of their tarsi, together with tip of hind basitarsi and the following joint, yellowish; pile of legs sparse, long, whitish, hind tibiae below with shorter black pile. Wings hyaline, stigma yel- lowish; last section of fourth longitudinal vein angulated at its middle, of fifth rectangular. Female: Face and front shining greenish black, white pilose except across upper part of front and immediately above base of antenne where the pile is black; sides of face and front to middle narrowly whitish pollinose; about middle of frontal orbits a small triangular spot, well separated from the lateral stripes. Antenne black, all the joints yellowish below; eyes short black pilose, with bare stripe as in male; occipital cilia cinerescent. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen shining greenish black, short white pilose; pile of pleure longer; abdomen with black pile as in male; scutellum rather large and usually with a well-marked apical groove; legs as in male, but tip of hind femora and narrow base of its tibie yellow. Five males and six females from various parts of Ontario, May to July (Curran). This is the only species I have examined which is distinctly brassy in some reflections. Only one female showed the same character very markedly. In good specimens the microscopic pile of the arista is very evident, but it may be hard to discern in specimens which have been wet. 2. Pipizella pulchella (Williston) Pipiza (Pipizella) pulchella Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., 29; pli, figs. 1, tla, db.; 1886: Habitat: Connecticut, Massachusetts, (Will.) “Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Shining greenish black, clothed with not very abundant nor long, nearly white, pile. Front and face wholly white pilose, the former with a small, triangular spot near each orbit, the latter with a narrow orbital margin, white pollinose; post orbital cilia white, the short pile of the eyes dark; face gently convex near the middle; antenne elongate, but shorter than the face, the third joint three or four times as long as wide, black, yellowish on the lower basal part. Scutellum with a slender deep groove before its margin. Abdomen very short pilose; on the posterior parts of the second and third segments black, elsewhere nearly white. Legs black, white pilose; tip of all the femora, base and immediate tip of the anterior tibiz, first two joints of the anterior and middle two of the hind tarsi, yellow; hind basitarsi considerably thickened. Wings grayish hyaline; last section of the fourth vein angulated at its middle; posterior cross-vein rectangular; stigma luteous.” (Williston.) 3. Pipizella pulchella banksi, new subspecies (Figs. 102, 103) Habitat: Virginia! Front basitarsi not thickened; bare stripe of eyes broad; third antennal joint about four times as long as wide, basal antennal joints yellow; wings hyaline. Female: Length 5.5 mm. Face and lower fourth of frons shining metallic blue, frons elsewhere more blackish, steely; pile white, in front of ocelli black; 350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. occipital cilia black face very gently convex in middle, its sides narrowly and two minute spots above middle of frons at orbits, white pollinose. Antenne luteous, third joint above and apically brownish, ‘about four times as long as wide; arista bare, its basal half luteous; eyes short black pilose, broadly bare across the middle. Thorax and scutellum shining black, slightly greenish; pile short, sparse, white; scutellum without apical groove. Abdomen shining black, the sides with a metallic bluish reflection; pile short, white; the broad posterior margins, not reaching the sides, of the second and third segments with black pile, fourth segment with cinereous pile on basal third. Legs black, tips of front four and narrow base of hind femora, base of front, basal half and extreme tip of middle tibie; first two joints of anterior four and middle two of hind tarsi, and tip of hind basitarsi, yellow; hind basitarsi slightly incrassate, Wings tinged with brownish, not clouded; last section of fourth vein sub- angulated immediately before its middle; of ‘fifth, rectangular; halteres yellow. From P. pulchella Williston, it differs in having basal antennal joints yellow, black pile on the front, black occipital cilia, and slightly brownish wings; other dif- ferences in color are also noteworthy. The wings are too light for P. australis. The specimen is interesting as occurring practically between the range of P. pulchella and P. australis. It may be either a southern form of pulchella or a northern form of australis, or it may prove to be a good species, but without specimens of pulchella I refrain from giving it specific rank. Holotype, female, from Mr. W. M. Davidson, labelled “Falls Church, Va. (N. Banks), Ceanothus (N. J. Tea), June 14,” in U. S. National Museum. 4. Pipizella occidentalis (Townsend) Pipiza occidentalis Townsend, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xix, 140, 1897. Habitat: New Mexico (Towns.) One female, Rio Ruidosa, four miles west of Dowling’s Mill, 6660 ft., on flowers of Rhus glabra L., July 10. (Wooton.) “Length, 5 mm. Differs from Williston’s description of P. pulchella only in the following particulars: Abdomen less than twice as long as the thorax; no slender deep groove before the margin of the scutellum; legs black, tips of all the femora, bases of anterior tibix, basal two joints of the front and middle tarsi and tips of the hind basitarsi with the next joint, yellowish or reddish yellow; hind basitarsi not more swollen than the other joints; apical cross- vein sub-sinuate, abruptly straight at its base but curved on its final portion forming a right angle with the fourth vein; auxiliary vein terminating hardly beyond the anterior cross-vein. Closely like pulchella in all other points. This species is very distinct from the two described by Williston in the Biologia Centr. Am., Dipt., iii, pp. 6-7." (Townsend.) Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 351 5, Pipizella australis (Johnson) Pipiza pulchella Johnson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XLVII, p. 329, 1895 (Not of Williston.) Pipiza australis Johnson, Psyche, XIV, p. 77, 1907. Habitat: Florida (Johns.) “Head thorax and abdomen black, or very dark blue-black, shining, covered with a sparse, whitish pile. Antenne brown black, length of third joint between four and five times its width, under side towards the base more or less reddish. Legs bluish black; tips of all the femora, basal half of the front and middle tibiew, the basitarsi and two following joints of the tarsi, yellow; basal half of the posterior basitarsi and the last two joints of all the tarsi, black. Wings brown, somewhat lighter towards the base; last section of fourth longitudinal vein angulated in the middle. Length, 6 mm.’ “It is distinguished from P. pulchella by its longer third antennal joint, dark brown wings and very dark blue black body.” ney ohnson.) 6. Pipizella rufithoracica, new species Habitat: California! Antenne black; eyes with hori- zontal bare stripe almost obsolete; pile on disc of thorax reddish; on abdomen black and reddish or luteous; hind tarsi black. Male: Length, 6.5 mm. Pile of the head entirely black, moderately long and stiff on face; face and frons shining black, the sides narrowly gray pollin- ose; face slightly receding, gently rounded ‘above middle, straight below. Antenne black, third joint two-and-one-half times longer than wide; arista black, bare. Eyes with moderately short black pile. Thorax obscurely cu- preous; pile fairly short, reddish, everywhere intermixed with stout, longer, black hairs, which are rather sparsely placed; front of dorsum, sides, and the pleurse with black pile, except below the wings where it is reddish; scutellum with its apex compressed, its pile as on dorsum of thorax. Abdomen slender, scarcely wider than thorax, shining greenish black, the usual areas sub-opaque; pile short, black; basal angles and posterior sides of fourth segment with con- spicuous reddish pile; shining portions of segments two and three also with reddish pile which does not reach the margins; on these segments the pile only shows red in some lights. Legs black, black and reddish pilose; tips of four anterior femora, bases of their tibie, and tips of middle ones, yellowish; narrow base of hind tibiz luteous; middle basitarsi luteous; front basitarsi with red pubescence below; hind basitarsi not at all swollen. Wings tinged with blackish, especially just before middle; stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein bent at its middle, curving moderately outwards, then joining third vein at almost a right angle. Female: Length, 5 to 6 mm. Arista yellow basally; face, except upper angles, and front broadly across middle, with yellow pile; a few yellow hairs over ocellar triangle. Sometimes face everywhere bordered with black pile, leaving only middle yellow pilose. Pile of thorax entirely reddish yellow, very short; scutellum with pile similar to that of thorax, its margin as in male. Abdomen broader than the thorax, its pile very similar to that of male, but light pile more yellowish and much more extended, in some specimens covering all but the moderately broad anterior and posterior margins and a median line on second segment. Legs and wings as in the male but the discal cell slightly shorter. Sides of face whitish pollinose, this stripe widely separated from minute spots on frontal orbits. 352 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. Holotype, male, No. 843, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., July 12, 1918, (E. P. Van Duzee). Allotype, female, No. 844, and two paratypes, females, same data, in Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. One paratype, same data, in collection of the author. Type locality, Cayton, Shasta Co., California. A very distinct and beautiful little species. The black tarsi are distinctive and I know of no other American species with distinctly reddish pile on the thorax. 7. Pipizella fraudulenta (Loew) (Figs. 11, 39) Pipiza fraudulenta Loew, Century, vi, No. 41, 1865; Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., 26, 1886. Habitat: New York (Lw.); Ontario! Black, con- siderably opaque, mostly whitish pilose; front basitarsi slightly, hind ones considerably, incrassate; wings cinereous or cinereous hyaline; last section of fifth lon- gitudinal vein oblique in male. Length, 5.5 to 7 mm. Male: Face and frons shining bluish black, black pilose, middle of face and vertex whitish pilose; sides of face and frons narrowly whitish pollinose; frontal triangle usually opaque above. Antenne black, third joint slightly over twice as long as wide; eyes short black pilose, across middle with a narrow, almost bare, horizontal stripe; occipital cilia black, except at vertex. Thorax and scutellum shining bluish black, whitish pilose; scutellum sometimes with a shallow apical groove, its apex with a few black hairs. Abdomen opaque black, sides narrowly shining; sides of second segment in middle usually with a pair of large, shining, broadly separated spots, projecting from shining lateral margins; third segment always with large spots, apical one-half to two-thirds of fourth segment shining. Black pile covers the opaque areas except anterior half of second segment; tip of fourth segment and hypo- pygium also black pilose; elsewhere the pile is white. Legs black; tips of all the femora, base of anterior four tibize and basal joints of their tarsi, tip of hind basitarsi and the two following joints, yellowish. Sometimes basal half of front four tibiw and base of hind tibiw are yellowish. Front basitarsi slightly, the hind considerably, incrassate. Wings cinereous, except often basal third; stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein bent near its middle, of the fifth, oblique, straight or gently curved. Female: Face and front shining black, white pilose; immediately above base of antenne and across front above, black pilose; face slightly receding, rounded above the middle; antennz black, base of third joint yellowish or entirely black; this joint slightly constricted on basal third and nearly three times as long as wide; arista yellow at base; eyes very short black pilose, with horizontal bare stripe; occipital cilia white but sometimes with a few black hairs; pollinose spots on front small, triangular, separated from side stripes by about half their width. Thorax and scutellum as in male; abdomen shining bluish black, with whitish pile, usual areas with black pile and usual areas opaque. Legsasin male. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein bent slightly beyond its middle, of fifth rectangular, usually entirely straight. Many of the males have ground color of face metallic Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 353 bluish, and some have a very small tubercle above an- tennal base. Some females have front of same bluish color, and others a broad, shallow pit below middle of front. Twenty-five males and seven females, Guelph and Vineland, Ontario, April to June. 8. Pipizella modesta (Loew) (Fig. 2, 12, 38) Triglyphus modestus Loew (Female), Century, iv, No. 62, 1863. Pipiza nigribarba Loew (Male), Century, vi, No. 40, 1865; Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 25, 1886. Pipiza modesta (Loew) Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 24, 1886. Habitat: New York, (Lw.) Ontario! Very much like P. fraudulenta but more robust, face entirely black pilose, antennz more pointed at end, wings always lighter colored. Length, 6.5 to 7 mm. Male: Face and front shining black; head entirely black pilose except a few hairs at vertex; horizontal bare stripe of eyes almost obsolete; Antennz entirely black or sometimes reddish below at base, third joint usually reddish below. Pile of thorax luteous, of pleurse whitish, mixed with black above; of scutellum lutescent with a row of longer black hairs around edge. Abdomen with usual opaque areas, pile of usual colors but the lighter pile inclined to be yellowish; legs as in fraudulenta. Wings cinereous hyaline with basal third clear; last section of third vein curved before its middle and much more parallel to edge of wing than in fraudulenta; last section of fifth vein nearly straight, subrectangular. Female: Similar to female of fraudulenta but with the horizontal bare stripe of eyes narrower, almost obsolete; antennz much more pointed below; pile inclined to be slightly yellowish. The shape of the antennsx, together with the pilose base of the arista and larger size, will at once distinguish the female, I place P. nigribarba of Loew here, although not ab- solutely certain of the synonymy. In any case the above described sexes belong together, and, should this female prove to differ from modesta, the species would be nigribarba. With regard to the validity of frauwdulenta, I disagree with Williston. The two species are certainly distinct but very confusing, especially as fraudulenta may have the base of the third antennal joint somewhat reddish but the darker wings seem to be more constant. I have never seen modesta with cinereous wings. Nine males and seven females, Vineland and Guelph, Ontario, April to late June. (Curran). 354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. Genus Heringia Rondani (Fig. 28 a-g, 42) Face black, front slightly swollen; antennz short in males, long in females; arista microscopically pilose to tip; males with venter of fourth segment only about half as long as its dorsum, and the hypopygium longer than in related genera, inclined to the right; middle tibize slender in both sexes; wings as in Pipiza. The females may be distinguished from allied’genera by the narrow face, evenly pilose eyes, slender middle femora and larger size. Type of genus Heringia heringi Zett. (Europe). KEY TO SPECIES OF HERINGIA I. Females. 1, Antenne entirely black comutata Antenne partly yellowish 2 2. Thorax entirely finely white pilose (eastern) salax Thorax with longer, yellowish white pile (western, 9 mm.) californica II. Males 1. Pile mostly reddish yellow (western) californica Pile mostly whitish or blackish 2 2. Abdomen mostly whitish pilose 3 Abdomen mostly brownish or blackish pilose 4 3. Front entirely black pilose canadensis Front partly white pilose (larger, western) comutata 4. Third joint of antenne twice as long as wide, reddish yellow below; hypopygial grippers yellow salax Third joint of antenne 114 times as long as wide, bright yellow below; hypopygial grippers piceous; wings dark brownish intensica 9. Heringia canadensis, new species (Fig. 17, 32) Habitat: Ontario! Small, black, whitish pilose; front- al triangle above and abdomen opaque. Length, 5.5 mm. Male: Face and frons shining black, sides narrowly whitish pollinose; frons black pilose, opaque above; face white pilose, in profile gently rounded from antenne to mouth; above antennz a well marked carina, shaped like an inverted V; vertical] triangle black pilose with whitish pile behind; eyes short brownish or blackish pilose with white pile below; posterior orbits white pollinose; below and at the vertex white pilose, elsewhere with black pile; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining, finely white pilose, with a few black hairs about humeri; scutellum with apical groove. Abdomen opaque black; first segment, a triangular spot on sides of two fol- lowing, apical corners of fourth and its hind margin and hypopygium shining black; pile black, usual areas with whitish or cinereous pile; fourth segment below only half as long as above; hypopygium two-thirds as long as fourth segment. Legs black, blackish pilose; tips of femora, narrow base of hind and broader base of anterior four tibie, and first joints of middle tarsi, yellowish, other tarsal joints piceous. Wings infuscated; stigma yellowish; last section of fifth vein straight. nn Vol. XI) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 30. Holotype, male, No. 845, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 8, 1913 (Curran). Type locality, Guelph, Ontario. 10. Heringia intensica, new species (Fig. 18) Habitat: Ontario! Third joint of antenne scarcely longer than broad, sub-oval; wings densely clouded, basal third and posteriorly lighter; pile mostly tawny. Male: Length, 7 mm. Face in profile almost straight from antenne to oral margin; pile black, tawny in middle; front moderately swollen, black pilose, opaque above; vertical triangle black pilose in front, tawny behind; occipital cilia black. Antenne black; third joint with large basal bright yellow spot below, extended narrowly towards the tip; slightly longer than wide, sub-oval. Eyes brownish pilose. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining greenish black, sides purplish black; pile tawny, on pleurze with some black hairs. Abdomen sub-opaque purplish black; first segment slightly shining black; usual areas shining brassy; hypopygium black, with a few long black hairs on basal half and white pile on apical half; abdominal pile long, tawny, the usual areas with black pile. Legs brownish black, brownish pilose; knees and first joint of middle tarsi yellow; basal two-thirds of front four tibia, second joint of middle and basal joint of the anterior tarsi, brown. Wings fuscous, more clouded across the middle; stigma luteous. Holotype, male, No. 846, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 15, 1919 (Curran). Paratype, male, Jordan, Ont., August 27, 1920 (Curran), in collection of the author. Type locality, Jordan, Ontario. 11. Heringia salax (Loew) (Fig. 16a) Pipiza salax Loew, Century, VI, No. 39, 1865 (Berl. Ent. Zeit., IX, p. 152, 1865.) Habitat: Pennsylvania (Lw.); Ontario! Wisconsin. Very similar to preceding, but antennz longer, pile light- er in color and legs more largely yellow. Male: Length, 8 to 8.5 mm. Face and frons shining greenish black, black pilose; face in middle with whitish pile; frons moderately swollen, opaque above; antenne brownish; first joint black; third joint reddish yellow below, in shape oblong, twice as long as wide, obtusely pointed; arista black, its base yellow; pile of eyes black, brownish below; posterior orbits with white pile, above tawny; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum shining greenish black, dorsum less shining; pile cinerescent, in some lights yellowish; on pleure, front border of thorax, and apex of scutellum, blackish. Abdomen opaque black, usual areas shining metallic black, somewhat brassy; first segment and hypopygium shining, not metallic; pile whitish or slightly grayish, usual areas with black pile; hypopygium, except tip, black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, immediate base of hind, broad base and tips of front four tibize, yellow; front four tarsi luteous, their apical joints piceous. Wings cinereous, basal third more hyaline; stigma luteous. Female: Length, 7 to 7.5 mm. Face and front shining bluish black, white 356 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser pilose; front above and an area immediately above the base of the antennz with black pile; front with the usual triangular pollinose spots. Antenne black; third joint yellow below, elongate oval, slightly over twice as long as wide. Eyes evenly short whitish pilose; post orbital pile and cilia white. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen shining black; scutellum with or without a shallow apical groove; hind margins of second and third segments black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, narrow base of hind and basal half of front four tibie and their tips, and basal two joints of their tarsi, yellowish; some; times the first three tarsal joints yellow with the apical black. Wings hyaline- stigma yellowish; last section of the fifth vein slightly bent at its middle. Two males, three females, Guelph and Vineland, Ontario (Curran) and one pair, Wisconsin (Fluke). I have no doubt that this is Loew’s Pipiza salax. There are minor variations in my specimens in the color of the pile, which here appears to be darker. His de- scription, ‘hypopygium much longer than in other species’ undoubtedly applies here. The whole de- scription applies very well. I give the synonymy of P. radicum Walsh & Riley and P. pistica Williston from a careful examination of the two species and an examina- tion of the females of H. comutata and H. californica confirms my determination. 12. Heringia comutata, new species (Fig. 27) Habitat: Oregon! California! Medium size; white pilose; third antennal joint less than twice as long as wide in the male. Length 6.5 to 7 mm. Male: Face and frons shining metallic black with a bluish reflection; face receding, very slightly rounded above; white pilose, a few darker hairs on the cheeks; front black pilose, immediately above antenne in middle and upper angle, with whitish pile; vertical triangle with whitish pile, sometimes a few black hairs in front. Antenne black; third joint usually obscurely reddish below, one and one half times longer than wide, widest at the apical three-fourths then sharply rounded. Eyes brownish pilose, whitish below; post orbital pile and cilia white. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen shining black; thorax and scutellum white or slightly yellowish pilose, the pile more yellowish anteriorly; scutellum coarsely punctulate. Abdomen with the usual areas opaque; pile white, with the usual black pilose areas less ex- tensive and less conspicuous than usual; left side of hypopygium white pilose, right side black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, base of hind tibie, basal quarter of front and basal half of middle tibis, first two joints and tips of middle tarsi, yellow; first joint of anterior tarsi piceous yellow. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous. Female: Very much like H. salax, but differs in having the antenne en- tirely black and the third joint a little more pointed; pile slightly longer throughout and inclined to be yellowish on the front and thorax; black pile across the front less intense; scutellum with a well-marked apical groove; legs less extensively yellow, usually luteous or piceous instead of yellow; ter- mination of the discal cell less acute; last section of the fifth vein nearly straight. Holotype, male, No. 847, and allotype, female, No. Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP S5i/ 848, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., collected by F. R. Cole and received from Prof. A. L. Lovett. Paratypes, four males, same data, and one male, California, W. M. Davidson, in collections of Prof. Lovett, Mr. Davidson and the author. Type locality, Hood River, Oregon. 13. Heringia californica (Davidson) Pipiza californica Davidson, Ent. News, XXVIII, p. 417, 1917. Habitat: California! Length 9 mm. Male: Face and front metallic bluish black; face receding, yellow pilose with a few darker hairs on the sides; front slightly swollen, black pilose with yellowish pile above; antenne black, yellowish below, nearly twice as long as wide, sides parallel, apex obtusely rounded; vi ertical triangle with cinereous yellow pile; pile of eyes and posterior orbits yellowish: occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum shining metallic black, vellowis sh pilose, the latter with a shallow apical groove. Abdomen shining black, yellowish pilose; usual areas not so extensively blackish-pilose as usual: hypopygium with a few black hairs toward apex. Legs black; knees, front four tibie more broadly, and the basal two joints of their tarsi, yellowish. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous. Female: Head and thorax shining purplish black; abdomen slightly brassy black, metallic. Antenne black; third joint over twice as long as wide, more pointed and reddish below; face and front clothed with long yellowish white pile; immediately above each antenna with black pile, across the front above intermixed with black hairs; side spots of the front about twice as broad as long, separated by about two-thirds width of one spot. Eyes with rather long whitish pile. Thorax and abdomen white pilose, on dorsum of thorax more yellowish, on posterior margins of second and third abdominal segments black. Legs and wings as in the male. Male and female, Walnut Creek, California, received from Mr. W. M. Davidson. Genus Cnemodon (Egger) Middle tibie of males strongly produced anteriorly (Fig. 4), of the females rounded in front (Fig. 8); Males: Middle coxze armed with a moderately iong slender process (except in unicolor) ; hind trochanters armed with long processes (except in the first four species, see fig. 48), the hind coxe often with a spur at the outer end. In four species the venter of the fourth segment is armed with a basal spur and a second spur or tubercle on the apical third; arista microscopically pilose to near tip (Fig. 41). The females are much alike, with few characters available for classification and these very difficult to use. 358 mn CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. Key TO SPECIES OF CNEMODON I. Males Middle coxe and hind trochanters without processes unicolor Middle cox with slender process 2 Hind trochanters without the usual process 16 Hind trochanters with long or short process 3 Venter of fourth segment with spur or tubercle on basal and apical thirds 13 Venter of fourth segment without spurs 4 Process on hind trochanters moderately short; third antennal joint broader than long; a short rather stout white pilose species cevelata Process on hind trochanters long and slender; third antennal joint not broader than long; neater appearing species 5 Hind cox without a spur, often with a tubercle on the outer end 8 Hind cox with short sharp spur on outer end 6 Coxal spur small, slender, directed towards the femora (often difficult to discern because of the pile) lovetti Coxal spur directed outwards, conspicuous 7 Face whitish pilose, at least in part, (eastern) coxalis Face and vertical triangle entirely black pilose rita Venter of third segment carinate at apex 10 Venter of third segment not at all carinate 9 Face entirely black pilose; abdomen inflated, slender elongata Face white pilose in middle; abdomen not inflated; second segment of middle tarsi almost simple calcarata Wings pellucid hyaline; face entirely whitish pilose placida Wings cinereous hyaline 11 Venter of fourth segment carinate at its immediate base 12 Venter of fourth segment simple, not even rugose ptsticoides Middle tibia produced from about the basal quarter, (western) auripleura Middle tibize produced gradually from the base, (eastern) carinata Venter of fourth segment with tubercle on apical third 14 Venter of fourth segment with spur on apical third 15 Tubercle on apical third considerably pilose; venter of third seg- ment simple along carinate area ontartoensis Tubercle larger, somewhat spur-like; venter of third segment rugose along carinate area trochanterata Wings evenly infuscated, (smaller) venteris Wings with brownish cloud beyond the middle myerma Squame grayish fringed with cinereous pile squamule Squame black or brown fringed with brown pile 17 Length about 8 mm: arista as long as the antenne longiseta Length under 7 mm: arista scarcely longer than third antennal joint; anterior legs considerably yellow intermedia II. Females Middle tibiz not rounded in front See Heringta Middle tibie rounded in front 2 Hind cox with a sharply pointed tubercle at outer end; pile of the venter depressed 12 Hind cox with rounded tubercle or none 3 Third antennal joint clearly as broad as long, wings cinereous hyaline corvallis Third joint at least slightly longer than broad 4 Wings purely hyaline, (western) 5 Wings cinereous or brownish hyaline 6 Last section of fourth vein distinctly sinuous sinuosa Last section of fourth vein nearly straight Dene Pile of venter appressed or sub-appressed Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 359 Pile of venter mostly erect 9 7. Pile of venter sub-appressed auripleura Pile of venter appressed 8 8. Median depression of frons transverse, broad, entire; wings ciner- eous hyaline pisticoides Median depression of frons appearing circular; wings somewhat brownish, (western) albipleura 9. Middle tibiz with distinct groove below intermedia Middle tibis not distinctly grooved below 10 10. Third joint of antenne extremely large, obtusely oval; face with some black hairs on sides cevelata Third joint more elongate, sub-rectangular 11 11. Last section of fifth vein nearly straight; third antennal joint brownish above coxalis Last section of fifth vein bent at its middle; third antennal joint black above calcarata 12. Thorax shining brassy myerma Thorax shining black 13 13. Wings tinged with luteous ontartoensis Wings cinereous hyaline, (smaller) venterts The above key to the females is confessedly unsatis- factory, yet it is the best that I can devise at the present time. The females are evidently different, yet present so few characters which are available for a key that ex- ceptional difficulty is encountered. I might add that the antennz differ in all the species, as well as the coxal spurs and amount of production of the middle tibi, but it is apparent that these characters are of use only for comparison. I still have several females in my col- lection which are not named as I consider that the naming of unlocated females, unless their characters are outstanding, will merely lead to confusion as has been the case in the past. The true relationship of the females in many cases can be determined only by rearing or capture of speci- mens in copulation. I secured one pair of C. venteris in this latter state. In studying the females the student must rely largely upon his sense of fitness in determining their relationship tothe males. The }fe- males of the common species will be readily placed by careful collecting and labelling. A careful comparison with the figures in this work will also be of some help. 14. Cnemodon unicolor, new species (Figs. 13, 44) Habitat: Ontario! Male: Length, 6 mm. Face and frons shining black, black pilose; face almost straight from antenne to oral margin but slightly rounded above, sides whitish pollinose; frons opaque above; antennz black; third joint bright yellow below, as broad as long; arista black; vertical triangle, post orbital cilia, and eyes black pilose, the latter whitish pilose below. Thorax 360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. and scutellum shining black, dorsum of former less shining; pile black, on disc and pleure more brownish; scutellum with a moderately well-marked apical groove. Abdomen opaque black; first segment in middle, margins of second, more broadly in middle, and posterior angles of third and fourth shining; apex of fourth segment opaque; pile black, moderately long, on sides of second segment in front brownish; hypopygium sub-opaque with short black pile. Legs black; tips of all the femora, narrow base of hind and broad base of front tibie and their tips, vellow; anterior tibie piceous in front; front tarsi yellow, their sub-apical joints and hind tarsi piceous; middle tibie produced anteriorly; pile of legs black. Wings evenly cinereous; last section of fourth vein bent at its proximal quarter; apex of discal cell very acute; last section of fifth vein almost straight; stigma luteous. Holotype, male, No. 849, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 22, 1913 (Curran). Type locality, Guelph, Ontario. At once distinguished by the produced middle tibize and the absence of coxal or trochanteral processes. 15. Cnemodon intermedia, new species (Figs. 14, 16, 35, 45, 46) Habitat: Ontario! Middle cox with processes, hind trochanters without processes; abdomen largely opaque, pile black, on the shining areas brownish; pile of thorax brownish with a black pilose band in front. Male: Length, 6.5 mm. Face in profile almost straight from antenne to oral margin, sides whitish pollinose; frons moderately swollen, opaque above; face and frons with moderately long black pile; antenne black, second joint apically and third below, basally, yellowish; third joint sub-rectangular; vertical triangle and occipital cilia black pilose; eyes whitish pilose below, the pile becoming longer and brownish above. Thorax and scutellum black, the former slightly metallic; pile brownish, that of thorax in front and a few hairs on apex of scutellum black; scutellum moderately large, with an apical groove. Abdomen opaque; first segment, small lateral median spots on second, larger spots on third, sides of fourth segment posteriorly, and the hind margin, shining; pile black, on the sides of all segments in the middle and on the shining areas, brownish. Legs black; tips of all femora, base of hind tibix, front four tibise except a broad median black band, sometimes incomplete, and first two joints of front four tarsi, yellow; middle tibize produced anteriorly but not concave beneath; middle coxe with a long slender process beneath. Wings cinereous, more hyaline on basal third and posteriorly; stigma luteous. Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face and front shining black; face and vertex white pilose; front black pilose, with lighter, somewhat yellowish pile across the middle; side spots of front separated by more than width of one spot; front with a broad depression below middle. Antenne black; second joint and third below broadly yellow, third joint larger than in male, its apex more rounded. Pile of eyes rather sparse, short, dark. Thorax and scutellum shining black, slightly cupreous, whitish pilose. Abdomen shining, darker areas not distinct; pile black and white as usual. Legs colored as in the male; wings very slightly darkened. Holotype, male, No. 850, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June, 12, 1913 (Curran). Allotype, female, No. 851, Guelph, Ont., July 13, 1913, (Curran), Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. Paratypes, two males, two females, Guelph, Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 361 Ont., June and July (Curran), in collection of the author. Type locality, Guelph, Ontario. 16. Cnemodon longiseta, new species Habitat: Ontario! Very similar to C. intermedia but larger, the arista longer, legs less extensively yellow and the hypopygium different. Length, 8to 8.5mm. Male: Head entirely black pilose except a few golden hairs at vertex and some cinereous pile on extreme lower part of eyes. Third joint of antenng nearly twice as long as wide, bright yellow on basal third below; apex of second joint more or less yellowish or piceous; arista slender, long, its basal quarter yellowish. Thorax slightly shining black with three obscure opaque stripes on anterior half of dorsum, the middle one broadest and more distinct. Pile long, black; on dorsum more or less mixed with golden or reddish pile. Sometimes the pile may appear mostly reddish yellow on the disc. Scutellum black, with stouter black pile and with an apical groove and pre-apical impression. Squams brown, the edge darker, the fringe of hairs brownish. Abdomen opaque black, the usual areas shining; abdominal pile black with basal portion and margins more or less yellowish or tawny pilose, but not very conspicuously so. Legs black with black pile; tips of femora, basal third of front four and immediate base of hind tibixe, yellow; front four tibiee and first two joints of their tarsi reddish yellow; middle tibie more produced in front than in C. intermedia. Wings cinereous across the middle, the venation slightly variable. Holotype, male, No. 878, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., July 11, 1920, H. Curran, collector. Paratype, male, Jordan, Ontario, June 20, 1920 (Curran), in Canadian National Museum. Type locality, Jordan, Ontario. 17. Cnemodon squamule, new species Habitat: Ontario! Very similar to C. longiseta, but the eyes and thorax wholly, and the abdomen largely, whitish pilose; the squamz grayish, thus differing from the other two species of the group. Length, 7.5 mm. Male: Face and front black pilose; vertical triangle and posterior orbits whitish pilose, the occipital cilia and a few hairs on the front of the vertical triangle black. Antenne black, third joint below and apex of second reddish yellow: this joint one and one-half times longer than wide, its end obtusely rounded; arista slender, a little longer than third joint of antenne, its basal third luteous. Thorax and scutellum shining, somewhat bronzed black, the former with an obscure opaque median stripe on front half; pile wholly whitish. Squame grayish, fringed with cinereous pile. Abdomen opaque black, the usual areas shining; pile black, the base, margins and lateral triangles in the middle of each segment whitish pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, narrow base of hind and basal third of front four tibize and their apices, and first two joints of front four tarsi, reddish yellow. Wings hyaline, stigma luteous. December 31, 1921 362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. Holotype, male, No. 879, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., May 16, 1920, H. Curran collector. Type locality, Jordan, Ontario. 18. Cnemodon cevelata, new species (Figs. 50, 51) Habitat: Ontario! Small; hind trochanteral process short, compressed and broadened; third antennal joint broader than long. Length, 5.5 mm. Male: Face and frons shining bluish black; face whitish pilose, with a few black hairs on sides; frons with black vertical triangle with cinereous pile; antenne black, third joint orbicular, yellowish basally below; eyes with short black pile, almost bare below. Thorax and scutellum shining black; pile sparse, long, wavy, whitish. Abdomen slightly shining black, opaque markings not conspicuous; pile inconspicuous except on the sides where it is long, whitish; the usual areas with blackish pile; hypopygium shining, inconspicuously short black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, front tibis and their tarsi, base and apex of middle tibiw and their tarsi, and base of the hind tarsi narrowly, piceous; middle tibis produced in front; hind basi- tarsi slightly incrassate; trochanteral process short, compressed and broadened, piceous; middle coxal processes black, the ends rounded. Wings cinerescent, more maria anteriorly about the middle; last section of fifth vein almost straight. Female: Very similar to intermedia but third antennal joint shorter, only one and one-half times as long as wide (in intermedia it is twice as long); second joint black; face considerably black pilose about the oral margin; lighter pile of the front brownish intermixed with black; thorax and abdomen similar; legs black, tips of all the femora, broad base of all and tips of front four tibie and first two joints of their tarsi, yellowish; wings very slightly yellowish. Holotype, male, No. 852, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 2, 1913 (Curran). Allotype, female, No. 853, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Jordan, Ont., June 22, 1919 (Curran). Type locality, Guelph, Ontario. The extremely large roundish third joint of the an- tenn is a good character for distinguishing the female while the short trochanteral process will at once dis- tinguish the male from other species. The foregoing species form a very interesting series, representing the primary stages in the development of the long processes on the hind trochanters. 19. Cnemodon elongata, new species (Fig. 47) Habitat: Ontario! Differs from calcarata in the ab- domen being inflated and conspicuously narrower and not white pilose; the middle tibize with more abrupt and Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 363 shorter production and third joint of the antenne shorter and rounder. Male: Length, 5.5 mm. Face and frons shining greenish black, black pilose; face considerably receding, rounded above, sides whitish pollinose, the pollen produced just below the antenne to form a small triangular spot; frons swollen, opaque above; vertical triangle black pilose, with cinerescent pile across middle; occipital cilia black; antenne black, third joint with quad- rate yellow spot at base below; only slightly longer than wide, end obtusely rounded; arista black; eyes black pilose, becoming brownish or whitish below. Thorax and scutellum shining black, pile luteous, in front broadly black, especially at the humeral angles where it extends back along sides a short dis- tance, on the pleure brownish; scutellum with apical groove. Abdomen narrow, thickened, opaque; sides of second segment, more broadly in middle, sides of third, broadly i in middle, and sides and apical half of fourth, shining; pile black, on sides in front and the usual areas cinerescent or brownish. Legs black; knees, basal third of front four tibia and their tips and tarsi yellow, the latter piceous apically; second and third joints of hind tarsi piceous or brown; hind basitarsi slightly thickened; legs wholly black or brownish pilose. Wings cinereous; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein sub-angulate at its middle; halteres brownish. Holotype, male, No. 854, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 22, 1914 (Curran). Paratype, male, Jordan, Ont., June 15, in collection of the author. Type locality, Orillia, Ontario. 20. Cnemodon calcarata (Loew) (Figs. 4, 5, 6, 8, 49) Pipiza calcarata Loew Century, vi. No. 42, 1865; Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 24, 1886. . Habitat: New York (Lw); Ontario! Mostly whitish pilose, coxal spurs absent, scutellum usually with a shallow apical groove. Length, 5.5 to 7 mm. Male: Face and frons shining black, black pilose, middle of face usually with whitish pile; vertical triangle usually whitish pilose behind; apex of the frons opaque; sides of the face and frons narrowly whitish pollinose; antenne black, third joint subquadrate, not twice as long as wide, yellowish at base below; eyes brownish pilose; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum shining bronze black, whitish pilose, the scutellum with or with- out an apical groove. Abdomen opaque black; sides, an interrupted fascia on third segment and apical half of fourth shining bronze black, the second segment often with large shining lateral spots of similar color; pile whitish, with the usual areas black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, front tibie and tarsi, except sometimes the apical joints, middle tibiz# except a median piceous ring, with first three joints of their tarsi, base of hind tibie, tip of basitarsi and the following joint, yellow; anterior tibia with an in- complete brownish or piceous median band; apical joints of the tarsi black or piceous; coxal spur absent, hind trochanteral spur long. Wings cinerescent except the basal third which is hyaline; last section of fifth vein slightly curved at its middle. Female: Face entirely white pilose; front blackish pilose, with white pile across middle and at vertex; antenne black; second and third joints yellow below, third joint large, twice as long as broad. Scutellum usually with an apical groove. Fifth abdominal segment usually wholly white pilose, the black pile on anterior area of third and fourth segments extending only two- 364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. thirds the width of the segments. Front and middle tibie with broad blackish median bands; hind tibie with only the basal quarter yellow; first two joints of front and three of middle tarsi, yellow, the remaining joints becoming brown- ish. Last section of the fifth vein rectangular, curved outwards at apical third or quarter. Twenty-five males and 14 females, Guelph, Orillia and Vineland, Ontario, (Curran). I have no doubt about this being Loew’s Pipiza calcarata, aS my specimens agree entirely with his description. No mention is made of the process on the middle cox, but, as the hind coxal spur is not men- tioned, it cannot be any of the following species. The female has been largely confused with pisticoides. 21. Cnemodon corvallis, new species (Figs. 25, 34) Habitat: Oregon! Anterior four tarsi with only the first joint yellow; pollinose spots on the front separated by not quite the width of one spot; middle femora con- siderably rounded in front; third joint of antennze rather large, slightly longer than wide; wings hyaline. Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face and front shining black; face receding to below middle, thence perpendicular to oral margin; sides narrowly whitish pollinose; frons white pilose at vertex and very narrowly across the middle, elsewhere blackish; pollinose spots large, their ends rounded, not separated by more than width of one spot and not connected with the side stripes; antenne black; third joint reddish yellow below, rather large, slightly longer than wide, evenly rounded above, more pointed below; arista black, yellowish at base. Thorax and scutellum shining metallic black, short white pilose, the latter with a shallow apical groove. Abdomen shining black, short white pilose, with the usual areas black pilose. Legs black, knees and first joint of middle tarsi yellow; first joint of front tarsi piceous yellow. Wings hyaline, stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein bent at its proximal third, of the fifth curved beyond its middle. Holotype, female, No. 855, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., A. L. Lovett, collector. Type locality, Hood River, Oregon. * While I have several female specimens belonging to this genus which I cannot place but which evidently are not those of described species, I consider the characters of this form so distinct that I describe it here as a new species. I have no doubt that the male, when found, will be readily associated with the female. 22. Cnemodon placida, new species (Figs. 20, 22) Habitat: Oregon! Wings pellucid hyaline; stigma luteous; projection of the middle tibiw very broad, its Vol. XT) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 365 lower corner rectangular, the tibiz then gradually nar- rowing to apex. In the female the pile of the venter is appressed, that of the eyes very short, white. Length, 7 mm. Male: Face and front shining black; face slightly rounded below antenne, thence gradually receding to just above oral margin; entirely white pilose; frontal triangle wholly shining, black pilose; antenne black; third joint yellow below basally, in shape orbicular; vertical triangle black pilose in front; occipital cilia black except at vertex; pile of eyes short, black, becoming shorter and white below. Thorax shining greenish black, thickly short white pilose, with luteous pile about base of wings; scutellum luteous pilose with a broad apical groove. Abdomen shining bronze black, the usual areas opaque; pile short, black; sides of abdomen, more broadly on first two segments, and a small rounded area on each side of third segment, separated from the lateral margin, white pilose; the usual lighter area on the fourth seg- ment brownish pilose; hypopygium with black pile. Legs black; knees, broad base of front four tibie and their tips, first three joints of front and two of middle tarsi, yellow; middle basitarsi much hollowed beneath. Wings pellucid hyaline; stigma luteous. Female: Face less receding than in the male, entirely white pilose; whitish pollinose stripes on the sides broadened just below the antenne; front black pilose, across the middle with cinereous pile, with white at the vertex; frontal pollinose spots connected with the side stripes, very large, separated by less than the width of one spot. Antenne black; second joint luteous; third yellow below at base, in shape elongate-rounded; arista yellow on basal third; eyes very short white pilose. Thorax and scutellum with pile shorter than in the male but entirely white. Abdomen silvery white pilose, the usual areas black pilose. [Legs colored as in the male. Last section of fifth vein nearly straight and oblique in both sexes. Holotype, male, No. 856, and allotype, female, No. 857, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., May 25, 1918, F. R. Cole, collector. Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon. 23. Cnemodon lovetti, new species (Figs. 26, 53) Habitat: Oregon! Very closely allied to coxalis and rita but differing in the hind coxal spur which is directed backwards or towards the femora; the pile is darker, the discal cell is widened considerably towards the mar- gin of the wing, and the last section of the fifth vein is long and straight. Male: Length, 6.5 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black, black pilose; face somewhat brownish pilose in the middle, slightly rounded above, thence nearly straight to oral margin, sides with a short white pollinose stripe; frons considerably swollen, with a small roundish tubercle above the antenn2; vertical triangle and eyes black pilose the pile becoming brownish on lower part of eyes; post orbital cilia and pile black. Antenne black; second and third joints yellowish below; third slightly longer than broad, sub-circular, flattened above toward base; arista black, slender. Thorax and scutellum shining bluish black, slightly metallic, the scutellum without an apical groove; pile whitish, the front of dorsum and the scutellum with brownish or black pile. Abdomen shining black, black pilose; sides of each segment in middle whitish pilose. Legs black, tips of femora, narrow base of hind tibix, front 366 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. tarsi excert the apical joints, yellowish; middle joints of hind tarsi piceous; hind coxal spur small, slender, inconspicuous, pointing backwards, not down- watd as in other species. \Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein angulated at its proximal quarter; of the fifth straight. Holotype, male, No. 858, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., July 25, 1909, 6000 feet elevation, J. C. Bridwell, col- lector. Type locality, Horse Lake, Oregon. In this species the spur is very slender and difficult to detect owing to the long pile. 24. Cnemodon rita, new species (Fig. 21) Habitat: Oregon! California! Coxal spur stout, pointing downwards; antenne entirely black or third joint yellow below basally; pleurze black pilose. Male: Length, 5.5 to 6.5 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black, black pilose; face receding, almost straight; frons considerably swollen, with a small elongate depression above the antenne, not at all opaque. Antenne black, the apical two joints appearing brownish; third joint as broad as long, sub- rectangular, the end almost evenly rounded, sometimes yellow basally, below; arista black; pile of eyes brownish, lighter below; post orbital pile white on lower half, black above; occipital Cilia black. Thoraxand scutellum shining bluish blackwith light pile, the humeri, pleure and scutellum with black pile; scutellum without apical groove. Abdomen shining purplish black with the usual areas opaque; pile black, with the usual areas whitish or cinereous pilose; hypo- pygium black pilose. Legs black; knees, tips of front four tibie# and first three joints of their tarsi, yellowish; hind trochanteral processes moderately short, stout, somewhat pointed; middle coxal processes rather stout, long, pointed; middle tibial production gradually widening from base, terminating abruptly. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein straight. Holotype, male, No. 859, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., July 14, A. L. Lovett, collector. Paratypes, three males, Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Calif., July 17, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee collector, and one male, same place, July 20, in Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., and in collection of the author. Type locality, Rock Creek, Oregon. 25. Cnemodon coxalis, new species (Figs. 15, 52) Habitat: Ontario! Wisconsin! Male: Length, 6.5 to 7.5 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black, black pilose, middle of the face whitish pilose; vertical triangle whitish pilose behind; occipital cilia black; sides of face nar- rowly white pollinose. Antenne black; third joint yellow below, longer than broad, end almost evenly rounded. Eyes blackish pilose. Thorax and scutel- lum shining brassy black, with long white pile, appearing yellow in some lights. Abdomen shining black, the usual areas opaque; shining areas inclined to be cupreous; pile short, black, the usual areas with white pile. Legs black; tips of all the femora, front tibise except a broad pre-apical piceous band, base Vol. XT] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 367 four tibiae except a median broad, incomplete band, and front and middle of middle and narrow base of hind tibix, first three joints of front and two of middle tarsi, yellowish; pile whitish; middle tibize produced in front; hind coxal spur sharp, its base large, tip directed outward; trochanteral process moderately long. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein straight. Female: White pilose; front black pilose, across the middle with cinereous or white pile; vertex with white pile; pile of the posterior orbits, including oc- cipital cilia, white; face receding to below the middle, thence perpendicular. Antenne black, second joint apically and the third below, yellow; third joint nearly twice as long as wide, the end rounded more gradually above. Side stripes of the face markedly enlarged below the antenn; of the frons elongate triangular, their upper ends rectangular; eyes with short cinereous pile above, white below. Thorax shining greenish black; scutellum black, densely punc- tured, appearing granulated. Abdomen purplish black, white pilose with the posterior margins of the second to fifth segments black pilose. Legs as in the male. Wings hyaline; last section of fifth vein bent outwards beyond the middle. Holotype, male, No. 860, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 8, 1919, H. Curran collector. Allotype, female, No. 861, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Orillia, Ont., Sept. 1, 1914, H. Curran collector. Paratypes, six males and four females, Orillia and Jordan, Ont., May to Sep- tember, and one pair, Madison, Wisconsin (Fluke col- lector), in collection of the author. Type locality, Jordan, Ontario. 26. Cnemodon nudifrons, new species Habitat: Oregon! Female: Length, 5 mm. Wholly shining black. Face and frons whitish pilose; frons without white pollinose spots; sides of face narrowly whitish pollinose; epistoma prominent; eyes extremely short brown pilose. Antennz luteous; first joint black, third orbicular; occipital cilia cinerescent. Thorax light pilose, the pile longer on the pleure. Abdomen two-thirds as broad as long; pile short, whitish, the posterior margins of the segments inconspicuously black pilose; ovipositor brownish, its tip bifurcate. Legs black; knees, tips of all the tibize and all the tarsi, yellowish, the apical joints of the tarsi reddish. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; last sections of fourth and fifth veins almost straight. Halteres whitish yellow. Holotype, female, No. 877, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. , collected by Prof.A.L. Lovett, received from Mr. P.W. Fattig, Gainsville, Florida, and presented by him to the California Academy of Sciences. Type locality ,Mount Jefferson, Oregon. Easily recognized by the absence of the white polli- nose spots on the frons possessed by all other known American species. It may prove to be an European species. 368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser 27. Cnemodon sinuosa, new species (Figs. 19, 31, 33) Habitat: Oregon! Easily recognized by the sinuous. last section of the fifth vein. Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face slightly rounded above, a little concave below the middle; oral margin very slightly produced; entirely white pilose; dust area at sides slightly produced below antenne; front black pilose, across the middle and above with white pile; triangular spots small, separated from the side stripes; eyes extremely short black pilose, becoming white below. An- tenne black; tip of the first and the second and third joints below, yellow; third joint very large, broadest just before the tip which is rounded, more pointed below; arista yellow, tip darker. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining greenish black, white pilose; scutellum with a well-marked apical groove. Abdomen slightly shining purplish black, white pilose, the usual areas with black pile; fifth segment black pilose at apex. Legs black; knees, broad bases and tips of front four tibi# and first two joints of their tarsi, tip of the hind basitarsi and the following joint, yellow. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma dilutely luteous. Holotype, female, No. 862, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., May 25, 1918, F. R. Cole, collector. Type locality, Forest Grove, Oregon. 28. Cnemodon pisticoides (Williston) (Figs. 54, 58) Pipiza pisticoides Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 29, 1886. Habitat: White Mountains (Will.); Ontario! Mostly white pilose; middle coxal process pointed; hind tro- chanteral process long; third segment below carinate at apex; fourth segment below not carinate or rugose at base. Male: Length, 6 mm. Face and frons shining black, slightly greenish; face slightly receding to below the middle, thence perpendicular to the oral margin; sides whitish pollinose; pile whitish, some black hairs about the mouth; frons swollen, black pilose; vertical triangle black pilose in front, occipital cilia black, at immediate vertex white; eyes short whitish pilose. Antenne black, third joint yellow at base below, sub-quadrate. Thorax and scutellum shining greenish black, white pilose, middle of pleurs with reddish yellow pile; scutellum with apical groove. Abdomen shining, slightly purplish black, the usual areas opaque; pile white, on the usual areas shorter, black, lateral mar- gins entirely white pilose. Venter of third segment carinate at apex, fourth segment simple. Legs black; tips of all femora, base of hind four tibis, first three joints of front and two of middle tarsi, yellow; front tibiee piceous, ends yellow. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein straight, parallel to margin of wing. Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Pile of venter appressed. Face receding, rather long; sides narrowly whitish pollinose, produced below the antennx; spots of front large, nearly round; face, vertex and a narrow stripe across below the middle of the front, white pilose; elsewhere the front is black pilose. Antenne black, second and third joints vellowish below; third joint short oval; arista black, its base luteous. Thorax and scutellum shining greenish black, white pilose; scutellum with apical groove. Abdomen shining black, pile short, white; apex of all the segments, narrow anterior margins and a narrow median con- Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 369 necting stripe on second and third segments, with black pile. Venter entirely white pilose, the pile of the third and fourth segments appressed. Legs colored as in the male; middle tibis: more rounded in front than usual. W ings hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein bent at its middle. Male and female, Orillia, Ontario (Curran.) I do not give various reported localities as I consider the determinations doubtful. 29. Cnemodon auripleura, new species (Figs. 23, 24) Habitat: Oregon! California! British Columbia. Close- ly related to carinata, but the face more largely black pilose; pile of the pleuree more reddish; wings cinereous or luteous hyaline; projection of middle tibize strongest at the middle. Male: Length, 6 to 6.5 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black, black pilose; face in middle white pilose; sides narrowly white pollinose, in profile slightly receding; frons slightly swollen, with small, roundish tubercle above the antenne; vertical triangle white pilose, with a few black hairs in front; post orbital pile whitish; occipital cilia black; eyes brownish pilose, lighter below. Thorax yellowish white pilose; humeri with brown, pleuree with red- dish, pile; scutellum with shallow apical groove, the pile yellowish white. Abdomen shining metallic black, the usual areas opaque; pile black, with the usual areas whitish; venter of third segment at apex and of fourth segment at base, sharply carinate. (In this species there is some variation in the base of the fourth segment, in some specimens the carina is not very distinct, but the base is strongly rugose.) Legs black; knees, anterior tibia except an in- complete median piceous band, tips of middle tibix and first three or four joints of anterior four tarsi, yellowish; middle tibixe piceous, its projection when viewed from above abrupt at both ends; processes on middle cox and hind trochanters black. Wings cinereous- or luteous-hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fifth vein nearly straight. Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face white pilose; frons brownish pilose, across the middle and at the vertex with white pile. (In the two specimens it is impossible to determine the extent of the pollinose spots.) Antenne black; second and third joints yellowish below, third one and one-half times longer than wide, end evenly rounded; arista yellow at base. Thorax and scutellum white pilose; scutellum distinctly rugose, with an apical groove; pile towards the end grayish. Abdomen rather broad; white pilose, with the usual areas shorter black pilose; pile of venter sub-appressed. Legs black; tips of all femora, narrow base of hind tibix, and four anterior tarsi, yellow, the tarsi becoming darker toward the apical joints which are blackish; front four tibize yellow, piceous on outer side. Wings luteous hyaline, basal third more clear: stigma yellowish; last section of fifth vein bent before its middle. Twenty-five males and two females, Hood River, Oregon (F. R. Cole), received from Professor Lovett. One male, California, Mr. W. M. Davidson, and one female, Cranbrook, B. C. (Garrett). Holotype, male, No. 863, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 16, 1917, F. R. Cole, collector. One male paratype in Canadian National Collection. Type locality, Hood River, Oregon. 370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. 30. Cnemodon albipleura, new species (Figs. 100, 101) Habitat: California! Differs from auripleura in hav- ing broader middle tibiz, front less swollen above the antenne, frontal depression circular and deeper and pile of the venter appressed, not sub-appressed. From pisticoides it differs as from auripleura but the pile of the venter is appressed in both species. Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Face and frons shining metallic greenish black, whitish pilose; frons black pilose except across the middle and at the vertex; the depression on the frons well marked, much deeper in the middle than in most species and more shallow at the sides where it is almost obsolete, although a distinct transverse line can be observed when viewed from above. Face considerably receding, epistoma slightly produced. Antenne black, tip of second joint luteous, third below broadly yellow at base, in shape slightly longer than wide; arista luteous at base; eyes inconspicuously pilose; occipital cilia white. Thorax and scutellum shining black, white pilose; scutellum with well marked apical groove. Abdomen shining black, very short white pilose; broad apical area on second and third segments not reaching the sides, with black pile. Legs black; tips of femora, base of front and hind tibiw, broad base of middle tibiw, with tips of the front four, and first two joints of their tarsi, reddish yellow. Wings slightly brownish; stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein bent near its basal quarter; of the fifth oblique, slightly sinuous. Halteres yellow. Middle tibia strongly rounded in front, more so than usual, the frons less rounded than in allied forms. One female specimen from Mr. W. M. Davidson, dated, ‘16 viii, 1911.’’ Of this specimen he writes: “The specimen without locality record was collected in California, I think at San Jose, but am not positive.” Type placed in the United States National Museum. 31. Cnemodon carinata, new species (Fig. 59) Habitat: Ontario! Black, shining and opaque; apical third of third abdominal segment and immediate base of fourth, below, carinate; face white pilose. Male: Length, 6 mm. Face and frons shining black; tace rounded above, receding, sides narrowly whitish pollinose, white pilose; a few black hairs at sides of the mouth; front moderately swollen, black pilose; a very conspicuous pit above the base of the antennw. Antenne black, third joint obscurely yellowish at base below, in shape oval; arista black. Vertical triangle whitish pilose, a few black hairs in front; eyes black pilose, below whitish; posterior orbital pile cinerescent; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum shining greenish black; white pilose. Abdomen shining slightly purplish black; pile white, the usual areas black pilose, the usual opaque areas indefinite; the light pile cinerescent in some lights. Legs black; tips of all the femora, base of all the tibia, whole of the anterior ones in front, tips of anterior four and first three joints of their tarsi, yellow; pile white except at ends of the femora where it is blackish. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; last section of fourth vein almost paralle! to margin of wing; of the fifth straight. Holotype, male, No. 864, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 22, 1919, H. Curran, collector. Paratypes, three males; Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 371 Jordan, Ont., June (W. A. Ross); Guelph, Ont., June, 1913, and Jordan, Ont., June 13, 1920 (Curran). One paratype in Canadian National Collection. Type locality, Jordan, Ontario. 32. Cnemodon venteris, new species (Figs. 60, 63, 64, 65) Habitat: Ontario! Small, whitish pilose; middle coxal process slender, black; hind trochanteral process short, stout, the end whitish; fourth ventral segment with two spurs. Male: Length, 6.5 mm. Face very’slightly rounded above, almost straight from the antenne to the oral margin; sides narrowly whitish pollinose, a few black hairs about the oral margin, elsewhere the pile is white; frons black pilose, not noticeably opaque above. Pile of vertical triangle tawny, black in front; occipital cilia black. Antennz brownish black; second joint and tip of the third below, yellowish; third joint one and one half times longer than wide, sub-pointed below. Eyes black pilose, the pile shorter and whitish below. Thorax and scutellum metallic black, the scutellum less so; pile tawny, in some reflections whitish, on the pleure distinctly white. Abdomen shining black, the usual areas opaque; pile whitish or slightly yellowish, shorter on the usual black areas; fourth ventral segment with a basal pointed spur, partly concealed beneath the venter of the third, and a second stouter, less pointed spur on apical quarter. Legs black; tips of all the femora, base of all the tibia, tips of the front four and their tarsi, yellowish, the apical tarsal joints darker; white pilose, ends of hind femora black pilose. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous. Female: Length, 5.5 mm. Antenne yellow, all the joints black above; third two and one-half times as long as wide; face straight, white pilose; front black pilose above the antennez and in front of the ocelli. Eyes short white pilose; occipital cilia white. Thorax shining greenish black, white pilose; scutellum with an apical groove. Abdomen shining black, the last two seg- ments metallic deep bluish; pile short, whitish, but appearing darker on the apical segments, the usual areas inconspicuously black pilose. Legs as in the male but the last three joints of anterior four tarsi piceous. Wings hyaline; last section of fifth vein curved beyond the middle. Holotype, male, No. 865, and allotype, female, No. 866, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 15, 1919, H. Curran collector. Type locality, Jordan, Ontario. 33. Cnemodon myerma, new species (Figs. 62, 66, 69) Habitat: Ontario! Differs from ontarioensis in having the spur on the apical third of the segment well devel- oped; projection of middle tibiz slightly greater and the wings more densely clouded. Male: Length, 8 mm. Face and frons shining greenish black; face rounded above, moderately receding; pile tawny, on the sides and cheeks black; frons swollen, black pilose except a few whitish hairs above. Occipital cilia black except at vertex; vertical triangle tawny pilose with a few black hairs in front. Antenne black; third joint yellow below, large, subrectangular, more pointed 372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. below; arista brown, the base lighter. Pile of eyes tawny brown. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining black; pile tawny; scutellum with a shallow apical groove. Abdomen opaque, the usual areas shining purplish black; pile tawny, the usual areas with shorter black pile; venter of third segment with apical half carinate; fourth segment with a small basal spur and a larger, slightly pointed one on apical third; hypopygium mostly black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, basal third of the hind and basal half of the front four tibim, and their tips and tarsi, yellow; apical joints of tarsi and hind basitarsi, piceous; hind coxal spurs short and pointed; hind trochanteral processes short, tipped with whitish. Wings densely clouded with pale brownish, except at the base and posteriorly where the cloud is fainter. Female: Length, 7.5 mm. Head and thorax shining greenish black; white pilose except immediately above the antennz and across the front above, where the pile is black; spots of the front large, sub-triangular, not touching the eye on their upper half; face rounded above, slightly less receding than in the male; eyes short white pilose. Antenne yellow, third joint blackish on upper third, slightly larger than in the male; arista brown, its base reddish. Scutellum with an apical groove. Abdomen shining black; pile short, white; apical mar- gins of second and third segments shorter black pilose; black pile nowhere reaching the sides. Legs colored as in the male but the tarsi entirely yellow except basal half of hind basitarsi, which is blackish; hind cox with a small conical spur. Wings hyaline; stigma yellowish; halteres yellow. Holotype, male, No. 867, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 13, 1913, H. Curran, collector. Allotype, female, No. 868, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Jordan, Ont., June 8, 1919, H. Curran collector. Type locality, Jordan, Ontario. 34. Cnemodon ontarioensis, new species (Figs. 61, 67, 68) Habitat: Ontario! Male: trochanteral spurs short, slightly pointed; fourth ventral segment with a tubercle on apical third. Male: Length 7 mm. Face and frons shining bluish black; pile cinerescent, above antenne and in front of ocelli, blackish; eyes with short brown pile. Antenne short, luteous; third joint brownish above, one and one-half times longer than wide; arista luteous at base. Thorax scutellum and abdomen shining black, the latter with the usual areas opaque; pile of thorax luteous; abdominal pile whitish or yellowish, the usual areas with black pile; spur at base of fourth segment straight; tubercle on apical third rather sharp, pilose. Femora black, tips yellow; hind tibie with base and apex yellow; anterior four tibie yellow, with broad piceous ring below the middle; tarsi except apical joints, yellow; pile cinereous, on the hind tibie in front shorter and black. Wings slightly brownish, less so on basal third. Female: Length, 6 mm. Shining black, white pilose; front above and im- mediately above the antennz with black pile. Antenne large, black; second joint at apex and third below, vellow; third joint large, twice as long as wide. Face receding, straight to just above the oral margin. Scutellum with an apical impression. Abdomen with the usual areas and apex of the fourth and fifth segments black pilose. Legs colored as in the male; coxal spur small. Wings tinged with luteous; last section of fifth vein bent beyond its middle. Holotype, male, No. 869, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 13, 1913, H. Curran collector. Allotype, female, Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 373 No. 870, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Jordan, Ont., June 15, 1919, H. Curran, collector. Type locality, Guelph, Ontario. 35. Cnemodon trochanterata Malloch (Figs. 96, 97, 98, 99) Malloch, Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., XX, p. 127, 1918. Habitat: Illinois! Pile mostly tawny; posterior ven- tral tubercle large; wings clouded with luteous brown; hind trochanteral spur small. Male: Length, 7 mm. Antenne brownish, second and third joint basally, below, yellowish; third joint twice as long as broad, less rounded below; face and front shining bluish black, light yellowish pilose, above the antenns and the front of the vertical triangle with blackish pile. In profile the face is re- ceding, slightly rounded above; eyes brownish pilose; occipital cilia yellowish, the lateral hairs black. Thorax and scutellum zeneous black, the latter slightly bluish at the apex; pile tawny, on the pleure lighter. Abdomen opaque black, first segment and the usual areas shining, metallic; pile tawny, the usual areas with shorter black pile; hypopygium black pilose; venter of third segment carinate, the middle of the carina flattened and transversely rugose; basal spur on fourth segment conspicuous, the process on apical third large, tuber- culate. Femora black, tips yellowish; tibis and tarsi yellowish; middle tibiw with broad band beyond the middle and hind tibiswe except the broad base and end, blackish; front tibiw posteriorly blackish beyond the middle; last one or two joints of all the tarsi brownish, the hind basitarsi obscurely brownish; middle tibixw slightly produced anteriorly; middle coxal process slender, short, not very conspicuous; hind coxal spur small, not conspicuous; hind trochanteral process slender, over twice as long as thick, luteous, its base black; hind coxal articular surface luteous, bell-shaped, but more produced behind and not reaching the base of the coxa. Wings luteous-brown, more deeply so across the middle; stigma yellow; halteres yellow, the knobs slightly brownish. The above description was made from a paratype loaned by Dr. J. R. Malloch, labelled, “St. Joseph, IIl., May 10, 1914, Salt Fork.”’ The outstanding differences distinguishing ontarioen- sis from this species are: ontarioensis—middle coxal process smaller; hind coxal spur larger, stouter; hind trochanteral process half black, the end slightly com- pressed; articular surface on outer side of hind cox much smaller, but broader at base; wings darker; hypopygium not all black pilose; face more projecting below; ventral tubercles smaller, and venter of third segment not rugose. These species are of much interest, evidently rep- resenting an evolutional stage. (See note in appendix.) Genus Pipiza Fallén (Fig. 43) Face much broader at oral margin than at base of 374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. antennz; antenne short, third joint never elongate, rarely almost twice as long as wide (Europe); abdomen often with yellow markings; hind femora slightly to much thickened, if much thickened the ventro-apical region bearing two rows of very short spine-like hairs; females more often than the males with yellow mark- ings. In our species the development of the hind femora is equal in the two sexes. KEY TO SPECIES 1. Abdomen with yellow spots 2 Abdomen wholly black 5 2. Abdomen with four yellow spots quadrimaculata Abdomen with only two yellow spots 3 3. Hind femora considerably incrassate and bearing spinules near theend 4 Hind femora only slightly incrassate; spinules wanting, wings never clouded nigripilosa 4, The spinelike hairs not borne on a triangular projection; tarsi wholly yellow festiva Spinelike hairs borne on a triangular projection; apical one or two tarsal joints blackish femoralis 5. Hind femora with spinose area near the end, often greatly enlarged 6 Hind femora without rows of spinules, never much enlarged 1 6. Legs and tarsi entirely black; hind femora considerably enlarged; face without shining median stripe oregona Legs or tarsi in part yellow; hind femora variously enlarged 7 7. Hind femora very much enlarged; wings hyaline or tinged with luteous between veins Hind femora moderately enlarged; wings darkened or clouded 9 8. Hind femora with greatest enlargement beyond the middle; an- 5 tenn entirely blackish macrofemoralis Hind femora with greatest enlargement at the middle; second an- tennal joint reddish grandifemoralis 9. Ventral apex of fourth segment narrowly emarginate at its middle; face partly-black pilose; (about 9 mm., eastern) severnensts Ventral apex not emarginate 10 10. Second segment with faint indications of yellow spots; face chiefly ’ whitish pilose femoralis Second segment entirely black; wings not clouded, evenly diluted _ with pale brownish; face chiefly black pilose tricolor 11. Squame dark, fringed with black hairs distincta Squame fringed with whitish hairs 12 12. Abdomen wholly with black or brownish black pile nigripilosa Abdomen in large part whitish pilose 13 13. Face wholly white pilose or with shining median stripe, (larger, 7.5 to 9 mm.) 4 Face black pilose near the mouth only (6 to 8 mm.) puella Face entirely black pilose (about 6 mm.) vanduzeet 14. Pile short; face short, third antennal joint rather long; front very broad; thorax brassy black latifrons Pile long; thorax steely black; face rather long, with slender median _ ‘ shining stripe davidsoni Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 375 36. Pipiza distincta, new species Habitat: California! Mostly black pilose; legs en- tirely slender; squame with fringe of black hairs. Male: Length, 5 mm. Face and frons shining black; eyes luteous pilose, elsewhere the pile of the head black. Antenne black; third joint more brown- ish, sub-rectangular, yellowish below; arista luteous, microscopically p\ ‘ose to tip. Face in profile slightly receding, a little rounded in the middle and slightly concave above and below this. Thorax and scutellum shining black, black pilose; disc of thorax with brownish red pile. Abdomen shining, the usual areas sub-opaque; pile black, the anterior angles and the sides of the third and fourth segments in the middle with reddish pile which is obscure on the distal segments and does not noticeably reach the sides: pile on middle of second segment reddish in some lights; last section of hypopygium broad, rather short. Legs black; anterior four knees, tips of anterior tibiz and all the tarsi, luteous, the posterior tarsi darker apically. Wings slightly clouded with brownish, more marked on the antero-middle; stigma luteous; discal cell very acute apically; squame dark, fringed with black hairs. The pile throughout dense, stout and rather long. Holotype, male, No. 871, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., July 5, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee collector, 7000 feet elevation. Type locality, Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Calif. This species will at once be recognized by its small size and the fringe of black hairs on the squame. 37. Pipiza vanduzeei, new species Habitat: California! British Columbia! Squame and fringe of hairs whitish; thorax white pilose; pile of abdomen not at all reddish; wings hyaline. Male: Length about 5 mm. Face and frons shining black, thinly whitish pollinose, black pilose; face receding. Antenne short, black; third joint reddish below, broader than long (arista missing). Eyes brownish pilose, lighter below; vertical triangle white pilose behind; posterior orbits with whitish pile and black occipital cilia. Thorax and scutellum shining black, with obscure bronze reflection; pile on dorsum and pleure whitish, on the mar- gins of the dorsum black; scutellum with light pile and a fringe of isolated long black hairs. Abdomen opaque black, with the usual areas shining coppery or bronzed; pile white, posterior margins of segments two and three, anterior margins of segments three and four and the hypopygium, with black pile. Legs black; tips of femora, anterior tibia except a piceous band on apical half, broad base and tip of middle tibie, immediate base of hind tibie and all the tarsi, yellowish; hind basitarsi basally, and apical three joints of all the tarsi slightly brownish. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; discal cell less acute than in distincta. Halteres luteous, the knobs darker. Squam# whitish, fringed with" white" hairs. Holotype, male, No. 872, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., May 25, 1919, E. P. Van Duzee, collector. Paratypes, two males, Cranbrook, B. C., 1918 (Garrett), in col- lections of Mr. Garrett and of the author. Type locality, Fairfax, Marin Co., Calif. 376 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. Close to puella, from which it may be distinguished by the entirely black pilose face and frons; broad third antennal joint; black pile on margins of thorax and apex of scutellum and the absence of a brownish cloud on the wings. 38. Pipiza puella Williston Pipiza puella Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 27, 1886. Habitat: N. H. (Will.) Ontario! Pile chiefly whitish, moderately long for a Pipiza; hind femora without a spinulose triangle near the end. Male: Length 6 to 8 mm. Face metallic bluish black, thinly dusted with white pollen, in profile considerably retreating from the antennal base to just above the oral margin; Antenne black, third joint thinly whitish pubescent, giving a brownish appearance, and usually with the basal half below obscurely reddish; in shape elongate sub-cordate; arista wholly rather stout and not much longer than third joint. Pile of the eyes tawny, of the head elsewhere moderately long, whitish; except just above the base of the antenne where it is black; sometimes a few black hairs among the occipital cilia. Thorax and scutellum shining black, wholly whitish pilose. The white squame# with a yellow margin and a fringe of whitish pile. Abdomen chiefly whitish pilose, the usual areas with shorter black pile; apex of fourth segment wholly whitish pilose. Legs black, tips of all the femora, front four tibiz except a broad black- ish ring beyond the middle, sometimes almost wanting on the front pair, basal third of hind tibie# and their ends obscurely, and the first two tarsal joints yellowish; hind basitarsi brownish apically. Wings more or less brownish beyond the middle. Three specimens, Ontario (Curran). One specimen was very kindly compared with the type in the National Museum at Washington by Mr. R. C. Shannon, and differed but slightly. The type, according to Mr. Shannon, is somewhat teneral. 39. Pipiza nigripilosa Williston (Figs. 30, 70, 71) Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 28, 1886. Habitat: Pennsylvania (Will.); Quebec; Ontario! Blackish pilose; female with an arcuate Interrupted yellow band on second abdominal segment; hind femora slightly enlarged, not bearing spinose hairs at the outer end. Length, 7 to 8 mm. Male: Face and frons shining black, lightly dusted with whitish pollen, black pilose; antenne black, third joint rather lighter, elongate cordate; arista brownish black, its base yellow; eyes brownish pilose, post orbital pile lighter below. Thorax and scutellum brownish or blackish pilose, the upper portion of the pleure always black pilose. Abdomen shining black, the usual areas somewhat opaque; pile black, but sometimes brownish Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 377 on the broad median lateral margins of each segment. Legs black; tips of femora, basal quarter of hind and half of front four tibis, tips of all the tibis and the tarsi, yellow; tarsi with last two or three joints darker; pile of legs black or brownish black; hind femora gradually broadened to near the end where they are somewhat suddenly constricted to about three-fourths their greatest width, Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma luteous. Female: Not at all similar to the male. Face and front shining black; face lightly dusted with whitish pollen; front with a rather large triangular dusted spot on each orbit below the middle; pile white, black immediately above the base of the antenne; across front before ocelli brownish black pilose. Antenne black, tip of second and whole of third joint brownish; arista yellow at base. Eyes very short white pilose; post-orbital pile and occipital cilia entirely white. Thorax and scutellum with short white pile. Abdomen shining black, second segment with an arcuate, broadly interrupted, yellowish red cross-band, often resembling two large sub-quadrate yellow spots, the outer ends usually more rounded in front. These spots do not vary much and are about 114 times as long as wide. Pile of abdomen short, white, except the usual areas where the pile is very short and black. Legs as in male except that the pile is shorter and white. Wings as in male. Numerous specimens of both sexes from various parts of Ontario. The male cannot well be confused with any other species, but the female is easily confused with femoralis but can be readily distinguished by the ab- sence of the spinose area on hind femora. There can be no question about this female belonging here. Pipiza femoralis is common in Ontario and the hind femora in both sexes bear spinose hairs. 40. Pipiza davidsoni, new species (Figs. 104, 108) Habitat: California! Rather robust; metallic black- ish, the thorax metallic bluish black; hind femora very slender. Length, 7.5 to9 mm. Male: Face and frons shining metallic bluish black; thinly covered with whitish pollen which leaves a very narrow median facial stripe extending onto the front, bare and shining; pile rather long, black; on the face appearing lighter colored, sometimes white on cheeks; vertical triangle with lighter pile behind. Antenne black; third joint obscurely reddish, in shape sub-cordate, scarcely longer than broad; second joint sometimes luteous apically. Eyes with brownish or tawny pile above, more whitish below; post orbital pile and cilia blackish. Antennal process less produced and less conical than usual. Thorax and scutellum shining metallic bluish; finely and sparsely long white pilose, on the humeri slightly grayish pilose; on apical portion of scutellum with long black hairs intermixed; scutellum without a groove. Abdomen shining metallic black, the usual areas opaque; pile moderately long, light colored, the usual areas reaching sides, with black pile; hypopygium entirely black pilose; basal portion of sexual organ broader than long. Legs black, white pilose; tips of all femora, narrow base of hind, base of front four tibie and their tips and tarsi, luteous reddish; hind basitarsi and apical joints of all tarsi darker; hind femora very slender, not spinose. Wings hyaline; stigma luteous; halteres blackish. Holotype, male, Walnut Creek, California, no date December 31, 1921 378 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. or collector’s label, but probably taken by Mr. Davidson, in the United States National Museum. Paratype, male, Fairfax, California, April 16, 1913, in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences. This species is very readily recognized by the slender femora and the peculiar narrow shining facial stripe. 41. Pipiza latifrons, new species Habitat: California! Front very broad, nearly as wide as face; face scarcely widened below; abdomen sparsely and very short white pilose; hind femora slender. Female: Length, 7.5 mm. Face and front deep shining black, very thinly covered with whitish dust, with a few black hairs above the antenne (the pile of the head has been brushed off toa large extent but from a careful examination I believe the front to have been almost entirely white pilose, although it may have been cinereous in front of the ocelli). Sides of face and front to above middle narrowly, not very conspicuously, whitish pollinose. Antenne black, second and third joints more brownish, second at tip and third below obscurely luteous. Eyes with very short, sparse white pile. Occipital cilia and pile of posterior orbits white. Thorax and scutellum black with a brassy reflection on the dorsum, leaving two broad median stripes shining steely black; pile very short, white; scutellum very densely punctured, finely granulate. Ab- domen somewhat shining deep black, densely finely punctulate, with short white pile; pile longer on basal angles, on the usual dark pilose areas cinereous, not conspicuous. Legs black; tips of femora, narrow base of hind and base of anterior four tibixw, apices of all the tibie, the hind ones very narrowly, and all the tarsi, yellowish; apical joints of all the tarsi a little darker; pile all white, on femora and hind tibis moderately long. Wings hyaline; auxiliary vein and stigma luteous. Holotype, female, No. 873, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., May 12, 1910, J. A. Kusche collector. Type locality, Sobre Vista, Sonoma Co., Calif. Evidently close to P. davidson but the color is mark- edly different and the face is much too short and not rounded so it cannot be the female of that species. There are other differences. 42. Pipiza quadrimaculata (Panzer) Syrphus quadrimaculata, Panzer Fauna Germ., LXXXVI, tab. 19, 1802. Habitat: Europe; Ontario! United States; British Columbia. ‘‘Abdomen with two pairs of yellow spots; antenne short and blunt. “The two large spots near the base of the abdomen more conspicuous than the next two, which are smaller and redder; wings only a little darkened Vol. XI) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 379 on the middle; face and eyes with white hairs; frons chiefly black haired about the vertex and base of the antenne, whitish between, Legs black, knees, base of the tibie broadly, and the tip narrowly, and tarsi, reddish yellow; last three joints of all tarsi browned, hind basitarsi quite yellowish and rather dilated. Pubescence of the thorax, abdomen, pleure and femora almost all whitish. Length 9 mm. ‘An examination of several European specimens causes me to add: Male: Abdomen with a pair of transverse oblong yellowish or reddish yellow spots on the second and third segments; frons more shining; third joint of the an- tennz short and stumpy, dark brown above but reddish brown beneath [this may refer to an individual specimen]: arista short but longer than the antennze and thickened for about two-thirds its length. Abdomen with a little pale pubescence on and about the pale spots and about the end of the fourth segment. “Female: More shining. Abdomen with very little black pubescence. Dust spots on sides of the front hardly visible.” (Verrall). This species has been recorded from some of the States and I have a female from Ontario. I give Ver- rail’s description almost word for word although it is not a systematic one. No doubt can exist in the de- termination of typical specimens but the second pair of spots are often obsolete or nearly so. In such cases, the females may be easily confused with nigripilosa; but the males will be recognized by the slender hind femora and the yellow spots on the second segment. 43. Pipiza tricolor, new species Habitat: Ontario! Yellowish white pilose; face en- tirely black pilose; hind femora with inconspicuous spines behind; wings slightly brownish in front, the basal quarter of the sub-marginal cell purely hyaline. Male: Length, 7.5 mm. Face and frons shining black, thinly covered with white pollen; face receding, but less so on lower half, black pilose; frons black pilose, above with dilutely yellowish pile. Antenne black, third joint brown, sub-cordate; arista brown, its base luteous; vertical triangle black pilose in front, yellow behind; eyes with luteous pile, lighter below; occipital cilia black except at the vertex, where there are a few yellowish hairs: pile of posterior orbits whitish below, black in middle, yellowish above. Thorax and scutellum shining bluish black, with luteous pile; an area of black pile crosses the front of the thorax and the pleur above and connects with the black of the humeri; tip of scutellum with cinereous pile. Abdomen shining black with the usual areas sub-opaque; yellowish and yellowish white pilose, with the usual areas and the hypopygium black pilose. Legs black; tips of all the femora, broad base and tips of tibie, and the first three joints of tarsi, piceous yellow. Wings tinged with brownish in front, basal quarter of sub-marginal cell hyaline; stigma luteous. Holotype, male, No. 874, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 15, 1919, H. Curran collector. Paratype, male, Orillia, Ont., May 4, 1914 (Curran) in author's collec- tion. Type locality, Jordan, Ontario. 380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 44. Pipiza femoralis Loew (Figs. 1, 3, 36, 72, 73, 74) Loew, Century, vi, No. 38, 1865; Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 26 (and 28 albipilosa). Habitat: Ontario! Quebec, Ohio, Pennsylvania. A medium sized, moderately pilose species, male usually and female always, with two yellow spots forming an arcuate band on second segment; hind femora with a spinose area behind near end; face whitish pilose. Length, 8to9 mm. Male: Face and front shining, slightly metallic bluish black, ground color slightly obscured by whitish pollen; face receding, white pilose, sometimes with a few black hairs near the mouth and on the sides above; front black pilose with white pile above and often on the sides. An- tenn black, second joint often partly luteous, third usually yellow below basally, in shape sub-cordate; arista brownish, its base sometimes lighter; vertical triangle white pilose, a few dark hairs in front; post orbital pile white; occipital cilia black; eyes with cinerescent pile. Thorax and scutellum shining bluish black, white pilose, usually with a few black hairs on the humeri. Abdomen shining bluish black, with sub-opaque areas as follows: one on second segment, narrowed in middle and omitting the sides, an abbreviated fascia on anterior margin of third and fourth segments and a similar fascia on apex of third segment, widened in the middle so as almost to join the anterior fascia; second segment with an interrupted yellow band terminating some distance from the side margins; these spots vary in size and become obsolete (var. albipilosa Will.) or sub-obsolete, appearing as yellowish patches in certain lights, but they are never very large; their inner ends are truncate, the outer more or less pointed, the longer side of the triangle formed by each spot being in front. Pile white, moderately long, with shorter black pile on the opaque areas except those on anterior half of second segment. Legs black; hind femora incrassate, near end below bearing one or two rows of spinose hairs; tips of all femora, anterior four tibize and base of hind ones, and first two joints of front four tarsi, yellow; front and middle tibie with a piceous band beyond middle, hind tibise and basal two joints of their tarsi piceous; apical three tarsal joints blackish. Wings faintly or moderately clouded with brownish across middle, fading out apically and posteriorly, almost hyaline in some specimens; stigma luteous. Female: Front slightly narrowed above, white pilose, with black pile im- mediately above the base of the antenne and a few black hairs in front of the ocelli; pollinose side spots broadly connected with side stripes of face, their upper ends rounded. These spots leave a polished area between them about 114 times width of one spot. Spots on second segment broader and more squarish than usual in male, with outer ends more rounded. Fifth segment black pilose; tarsi lighter colored, mostly yellowish. Wings usually more distinctly clouded. Pile sparser and shorter. Twenty specimens from various parts of Ontario. Very great confusion exists at present as regards the identity of femoralis and festiva, and I am not able entirely to clear up the matter. So far as I know, the only specimens of festiva (?) which have been taken in America, are females with much darkened wings; of these I have taken several specimens. In 1914 Dr. Williston determined for me two females as this species, Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 381 together with a male, which I am sure does not belong to festiva. He also determined as albipilosa two males which are distinctly different; one of these bears almost obsolete yellow spots and is certainly femoralis, while the other is larger, fully 10 mm., and much more like my severnensis which he labelled as a new species near puella. This larger specimen, which is not described in this work, apparently is different from severnensis and femoralis and has the wings very slightly clouded. Until more specimens are available for examination | prefer to retain this as doubtful. I do not believe the true festiva occurs in America. I have European speci- mens of festiva, noctiluca, luteitarsis, and all the closely allied species. In most of these the hind femora are more enlarged than in femoralis but in no case is the triangular production near the end present to a marked degree. P. luteitarsis has the hind femora (fig. 37) slightly less produced. I reproduce the description of festiva as given by Williston, but believe we must discard this species as American. 45. Pipiza festiva (Meigen) Meigen, Syst. Beschr., III, 243, 2, 1822. Habitat: Europe; North America? ‘‘Male and female: Length, 6.5 to 10.5 mm. Front and face long white pilose, below the ocelli and above the base of the antenne in the female blackish pilose. Antennz brown, third joint trapezoidal. Thorax white pilose; posterior parts of second and third segments black pilose; second segment with a variable yellow band, ‘sometimes sulphur yellow, at other times reddish yellow; anterior margin concave (?) or straight; sometimes interrupted by a distinct black space, at other times only by a dark line’ (Schiner). Legs yellow, with black femora; tibise more or less brown in the middle. Wings hyaline on basal half, externally blackish or smoky brown fading out towards the margin; stigma dark luteous.”’ (Williston). The species varies considerably and the range in area of the yellow spots is much as in femoralis. In my specimens of luteitarsis the wings are only slightly darkened apically. 46. Pipiza severnensis, new species Habitat: Ontario! Whitish pilose; venter of fourth segment slightly emarginate in the middle; femora with spinose area. Male: Length, 9 mm. Face broad, thinly whitish pollinose except a very narrow shining central stripe; black pilose, the frons and middle of face with 382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. lighter pile; pile of vertical triangle long, whitish. Antenne black, whitish pollinose; third joint nearly as broad as long, sub-quadrate. Eyes whitish pilose, appearing yellowish in some lights; pile of posterior orbits long, whitish; occipital cilia blackish. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining bluish black with long whitish pile. Abdomen bluish black, not much shining, black pilose; on each segment a large pair of triangular spots of long white pile, narrowly separated; sides of abdomen mostly long whitish pilose; hypopygium black pilose; venter of fourth segment a little emarginate in middle at apex. Legs black, whitish pilose except apical quarter of hind femora which bear black pile; tips of all femora and tibie at base yellow; anterior tibie and the tarsi piceous, the last two joints of hind tarsi black; hind femora moderately en- larged, near end with the usual spinose area. Wings luteous hyaline, the basal third lighter. Holotype, male, No. 875, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., July 31, 1913, H. Curran collector. Type locality, Severn River, Ontario. Allied to femoralis, but slightly larger, with the black and white pile clearly defined, giving a neater appear- ance even though the pile is longer. The mostly black pilose face, more yellowish wings and emarginate venter of fourth segment will at once distinguish this species. The Severn River here referred to is a small river run- ning from Lake Simcoe to Georgian Bay, and not the river of that name emptying into Hudson Bay. 47. Pipiza oregona (Lovett) (Fig. 29) Lovett, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., vol. ix, p. 246, August, 1919, (New Oregon Diptera) Habitat: Oregon! California! An entirely black, light pilose species; readily distinguished from any other by the entirely black legs and narrowly contiguous eyes. Length, 7.5 to9 mm. Male: Face and frons shining black, lightly dusted with whitish pollen; face entirely whitish pilose or with a few black hairs in middle; front black pilose, lighter above; vertical triangle cinerescent pilose, with black hairs in front. Antennz black; third joint sub-cordate, reddish brown or brownish, with the rather thick arista of the same color but darker towards tip. Eyes only actually touching for about seven facets, whitish pilose; post orbital pile whitish; occipital cilia black. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining black, with luteous or yellowish white pile; thorax across the front narrowly blackish pilose, continued back on the sides behind the humeri, or with only a few black hairs in front; pleure whitish pilose. Pile of scutellum more whitish than on the thorax. Abdomen slightly metallic bluish black, the usual areas darker and with black pile; elsewhere the pile is lighter and longer; hypopygium mostly whitish pilose above, black pilose below. Legs entirely black, white pilose; anterior tibise yellow pubescent below apically; knees black pilose; tarsi below velvety reddish pubescent; femoral spinose area well marked. Wings clouded with luteous or brownish, more so in the middle; stigma luteous. Redescribed from two paratypes and an additional Vol. XI) CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 383 specimen from Walnut Creek, Calif. This latter speci- men was destroyed in transit at a later date. In this species the face is short and evenly thinly pollinose with no median bare stripe. 48. Pipiza macrofemoralis, new species (Figs. 55, 56, 57) Habitat: Oregon! Dark species; hind femora excep- tionally thickened for a Pipiza; eyes contiguous for a slightly shorter distance than usual; antenne entirely blackish; hind femora thickest beyond the middle. Male: Length, 7.5 to 8 mm. Face and frons shining black, slightly ob- scured by whitish pollen; pile black, rather long. Antenne black; third joint rather finely whitish pollinose, in shape square with the lower corner produced forward. Eyes brownish black pilose; vertical triangle with lighter pile behind and a few yellowish hairs at vertex. Thorax and scutellum shining black with a slightly bluish reflection; pile whitish, across front of thorax and anterior sides of dorsum blackish pilose; pile of pleuree white. Abdomen shining black, the usual areas sub-opaque; pile black, with the usual areas white or whitish; first segment short black pilose; hypopygium black pilose. Legs black; knees except hind ones, and tips of front four tibie and their tarsi, reddish yellow; hind basitarsi and following joint dilutely reddish; anterior four tarsi more distinctly reddish at base, the tips becoming almost black; hind femora very much thickened, with a well marked spinose area. Wings cinereous hyaline; stigma brown; last section of fourth vein moderately curved. Holotype, male, No. 876, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., June 8, 1917, F. R. Cole, collector. Paratype, male, Hood River, Oreg., May 25, 1917, F. R. Cole, collector. Type locality, Hood River, Oregon. A very well marked species. The shape of the third antennal joint is peculiar and cannot be accurately de- scribed as sub-cordate. Since this description was pre- pared a female of a second species, described below as grandifemoralis, has been received from Mr. W. M. Davidson, which I at first thought might belong here. However, upon examination several marked differences were noted. In grandifemoralis the hind femora are more swollen and broadest at the middle, the third antennal joint is larger and marked with yellow, the pile of the head is almost entirely white, the color of the thorax is more metallic bluish and the fly is slightly more robust. 49. Pipiza grandifemoralis, new species (Figs. 105, 106, 107) Habitat: California! Mostly whitish pilose; hind femora greatly enlarged, largest at the middle. 384 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser Length, 9.5 mm. Female: Antenne black; second joint luteous, third sometimes reddish brown, sub-cordate, 114 times longer than wide; arista brownish. Face and front shining black, the former covered with whitish dust extending narrowly up sides of front and enlarging below middle to form sub-triangular spots which do not occupy half the width. Immediately below these spots is a rather broad transverse carina occupying over 14 the width on each side. Except for a few black hairs above the antenne the pile is whitish; a bare area below the antenne extending as a narrow V to oral margin. Front noticeably wider than usual with the pile over the pollinose spots directed inwards. Thorax and scutellum slightly shining with an obscure metallic bluish or greenish blue tinge, entirely whitish pilose; scutellum without a groove. Abdomen shining metallic bluish black, only the broad black pilose hind margins of second and third segments appearing darker, these pilose areas not reaching sides; elsewhere the pile is rather short grayish white, longer bas- ally; apex of terminal segments with a few scattered black hairs. Legs black; tips of all the femora, base of hind tibie, broad base of anterior four tibie and their tips, and first two joints of anterior four tarsi, yellowish; middle of anterior four tibie and apical joints of their tarsi, piceous. Wings hyaline or with cells on the apical half luteous in their middle; stigma luteous; halteres yellow. Holotype, female, reared by Mr. W. M. Davidson, labelled: ‘‘Bred from larva aphidophagous on Hetero- meles arbutifolia, San Jose, Cal., July 24, 1912.”’; in the United States National Museum. Paratype, female, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Sobre Vista, Sonoma Co., Calif., May 12, 1910, (J. A. Kusche) col- ector. Unfortunately no pupal case accompanied the holo- type. The note on the larval habit is of interest as showing the habits of the immature stages of this genus. I have frequently observed that Syrphid larve of some species are more common than the adults, due, no doubt, to the fact that these larve are very often heavily parasitized. For further notes see macrofemoralis. Unrecognizable Species. Pipiza(?) crassipes (Bigot) Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ser. 6, III, p. 557, 1884. Habitat: North America. Length, 7 mm. ‘Female: Black, a little shining, almost bare; antenne with third joint and arista yellow; face evenly finely gray- ish pollinose. Slightly white pubescent on the pleure and femora. Halteres testaceous. Wings a little brownish, hyaline at base; stigma brownish. Knees yellow, hind legs and basitarsi considerably swollen.’’ (Bigot: translation.) Pipizella(?) apisaon (Walker) Chrysogaster Apisaon Walker, List, III, p. 572, 1849. Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 385 Habitat: New York. Williston, Synop. N. Am. Syrph., p. 291, makes the following remark on this species: “It is not impossible that Chrysogaster apisaon Walker, is the same as this (C. pulchellus). At least the hairy eyes and elongate antennz indicate that it is a Pipiza (Pipizella) or Psilota.” There is little doubt in my mind but that the above species is one of those described in this paper, but which species it is impossible to tell without an examination of the type. APPENDIX EVOLUTION IN THE GENUS CNEMODON While it is not intended in this paper to go into the evolution of the genera, it has been found that the genus Cnemodon as limited in the body of this paper, presents many characters of interest to the student of evolution. It seems that this genus is at the present time under- going many modifications in structure. The specimens before me exhibit an exceptionally wide range of charac- ters and it is an easy matter to trace the species through from the most simple form, uztcolor, to the more specialized myerma, which is evidently the highest form known. C. unicolor possesses neither the usual slender proces- ses on the middle coxe nor the hind trochanteral processes. It does, however, possess the typically pro- duced middle tibiw, and for this reason is included in the genus Cnemodon. It has also the typical Cnemodon shape, but is closely approached in that by Pzipizella fraudulenta. From this species the natural step is to C. intermedia, which possesses only the processes on the middle coxze and because of this fact is a species of especial interest. C. cevelata has developed the hind trochanteral processes but, although of the typical shape, they are not as long as in the following species, and are not shortened with the ends rounded, as occurs in the more specialized forms. C. calcarata and elongata are closely related but the latter has the longest processes to be found in the genus. The next step is 386 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. apparently the development of hind coxal spurs, found to be small and inconspicuous in /ovetti but stronger in coxalis and rita. A new development occurs in all the species following these In pisticoides the venter of the third segment is carinate at the end; in aurvipleura the venter of the fourth segment also is carinate at the immediate base, but here the carina of the fourth segment is sometimes very slight and rugose while in carinata it is well-marked. In the species which follow the hind trochanteral process is much shorter with the end rounded. With the development of the ventral spurs there is, also, a marked tendency for the middle coxal processes to disappear. No one seems ever to have understood the reason for the development of these remarkable processes on the legs. It is possible that they serve some purpose during copulation. Possibly the knobs on the end of the tro- chanteral processes fit into the abdomen of the female at its base, or into the sides of the scutellum, but they are rather close together for the latter purpose. However, with the development of the ventral ab- dominal spurs, it appears that the use for the trochan- teral processes is disappearing. It would therefore seem that the two must serve the same purpose. If such is the case, a most interesting question arises: Why should it be necessary to develop the coxal and tro- chanteral processes in order to later develop the ventral spurs? It would seem that the development of the ventral spurs should have occurred naturally without the intervening development of the processes, but the evidence indicates that this was not the case. It is also remarkable that so far all the species bearing the ventral spurs occur in the vicinity of the Great Lakes. That such species may be developed on the Pacific Coast is to be expected because of the presence there of two species, albipleura and auripleura, which fall immediately below the spur bearing forms. It will be interesting to watch the development in this region and Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 387 to note the first appearance of the more specialized forms. My first record of the ventral spur bearing species is ontarioensis, at Guelph, Ontario, June 13, 1913. The next record is trochanterata, Illinois, May 10, 1914. The former species is undoubtedly the lowest member of the group, with the second following. Both of these are larger than the average Cnemodon. C. myerma and venteris were both taken in 1919. In appearance ven- terts approaches more closely the typical Cnemodon. It must not be thought that the other genera are devoid of evolutional interest. Pipizella and Pipiza both present forms which are very important. In the latter genus species occur with slender hind femora and others with remarkably thickened femora with many forms intermediate between these extremes. Heringia shows a great deal of variation in the hypopygium and in the specialization of the fourth segment, as well as in other structures. In these genera many gaps occur and it is not possible to trace the species definitely from one to the other, although I have examined most European and all North American species but one. Pipizella is even more difficult to trace through although it is quite evident that P. fraudulenta is either the highest or the lowest form. A suggested tree of relationship is given on the next page. It will be noticed that all the genera are traced from a common ancestor, but all developed along dif- ferent lines and for the genus Pipiza no direct connection can be found. Its broad face, with practically nothing in common with the other genera except the dark color and the pilose face, eyes and abdomen, clearly indicates considerable separation. 388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. ventert s myerma trochanterata onfarionens' 6 carinata albipleura grandifemeralis auripleura macrofemeralis Oregona (om: tted) pisticordes Severnensis eoxall's slight indreations, femoralis ait californica Juteitars's australis ort comutata | elongata dl Jehella nigripilosa u E calearata ete. Sala | besten cevelata nulla ? fu ra s « j eal P fesudulenta intermedsa | # . por aoe -|——__+ canadenstS Zz <4 uncle ae Pipizella i # Arrows indicate eerdent Ancestor relationship belween Genera Diagram showing a suggested phylogeny for the Pipiza group of the Syrphide Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 389 16 Pipiza femoralis, head, showing wide face. Pipizella modesta, male, showing narrow face and horizontal bare stripe on eyes. Pipiza femoralis, hind leg. Cnemodon calearata, middle tibia showing groove beneath. Cnemodon calcarata, female, antenna. Cnemodon calcarata, male, antenna. Pipizella pubescens, middle tibia, female. Cnemodon calcarata, middle tibia, female. Pipizella pubescens, female, antenna. 10. Pipizella pubescens, male, antenna. 11. Pipizella fraudulenta, antenna. 12. Pipizella modesta, antenna 13. Cnemodon unicolor, male, antenna. 14. Cnemodon intermedia, male, antenna. 15. Cnemodon coxalis, male, antenna. 16. Cnemodon intermedia, female, antenna. POND RO 390 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser, 26 16a. Heringia salax, male, antenna. 22. Cnemodon placida, female, antenna. 17. Heringia canadensis, male, antenna. 23. Cnemodon auripleura, female, antenna. 18. Heringia intensica, male, antenna. 24. Cnemodon auripleura, male, antenna. 19. Cnemodon sinuosa, female, antenna. 25. Cnemodon corvallis, female, antenna. 20. Cnemodon placida, male, antenna. 26. Cnemodon lovetti, male, antenna. 21. Cnemodon rita, male, antenna. 27. Heringia comutata, male, antenna. 28. Venter of Heringia: a-c, length of fourth segment; b-c, length of venter of fourth segment; d, hypopygial segments; e, hypopygium; f, membrane; Q, chitinous ventral plate. 29. Pipiza oregona, upper portion of head, showing narrowly contiguous eyes. 30. Pipiza nigripilosa, head of female. 34. Cnemodon corvallis, wing. 31. Cnemodon sinuosa, head of female. 35. Cnemodon intermedia, female, wing. 32. Heringia canadensis wing 36. Pipiza femoralis, wing. 33. Cnemodon sinuosa,wing. 37. Pipiza luteitaris, hind femora. Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 391 Abdomen of Pipizella modesta, male. The cross lines show usual opaque areas; vertical- oblique lines, the usual black pilose areas. Pipizella fraudulenta, arista. Pipizella pubescens, arista. Cnemodon, arista, showing pilosity. Heringia, arista. Pipiza, arista. Cnemodon unicolor, male, middle tibia. Cnemodon intermedia, male, middle tibia. Cnemodon intermedia, male, middle coxa, showing process. Cnemodon elongata, male, middle tibia. Cnemodon, typical hind trochanteral process. Cnemodon calcarata, male, middle tibia. Cnemodon cevelata, male, middle tibia. Cnemodon cevelata, male, hind trochanteral process. Cnemodon coxalis, male, hind coxal spur. Cnemodon lovetti, male, hind coxal spur. Cnemodon pisticoides, male, middle tibia. 392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4th Ser. 55. 58, 59. 60. 61. 62, 63. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. om) 73. 56, 57. Pipiza macrofemoralis, male, hind femora, antenna and head. Cnemodon pisticoides, male, cross section ofZthird segment; a, rugose base; b, carinate end of segment. Cnemodon carinata, male; a, carinate venter of third segment; b, carinate base of fourth segment. Cnemodon venteris, male, cross section of fourth segment. Cnemodon ontarioensis, male, cross section of fourth segment. Cnemodon myerma, male, cross section of fourth segment. Cnemodon venteris, male, antenna. 64. Cnemodon venteris, female, antenna. Cnemodon venteris, male; a, hind trochanteral process. Cnemodon myerma, male; a and b as in 65. Cnemodon ontarioensis, female, antenna. Cnemodon ontarioensis, male, antenna. Cnemodon myerma, antenna, male and female. Pipiza nigripilosa, antenna. 71. Pipiza nigripilosa, hind femora. 72, 73, 74. Pipiza femoralis, antennae of two extremes and head of male. Vol. XI] CURRAN—REVISION OF THE PIPIZA GROUP 393 105, 107. 1ob 96, 97, 98, 99. Cnemodon trochanterata, abdomen, antenna, head, and middle tibia. 100, 101. Cnemodon albipleura, antenna and head. 102, 103. Pipizelia pulchella banksi, head and antenna. 104. Pipiza davidsoni, hind leg; a, longitudinal carina with subappressed pile below. 105, 106, 107. Pipiza grandifemoralis, hind femora, antenna and head (outline only). 108. Pipiza davidsoni, head. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourRTH SERIES VoL. XI, No. 17, pp. 395-398 DECEMBER 17, 1921 XVII PRELIMINARY DIAGNOSES OF MORE NEW SPECIES OF REPTILES FROM ISLANDS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO By JOHN VAN DENBURGH Curator of the Department of Herpetology AND JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Assistant Curator of the Department of Herpetology A number of new reptiles secured by the Academy's expedition to the Gulf of California were described in these Proceedings in July of this year. (Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 95-98). Preliminary diagnoses of several others are given in the following pages. Uta nolascensis, new species Diagnosis—A member of the U. stansburiana group. Size small. Dorsal scales very small but imbricate and keeled. Caudals keeled and mucronate. Color above grayish or light blue becoming yellowish or olive on the head and tail, without any dark or light markings except sometimes a few scattered pale blue dots on single scales. A large blackish blue blotch behind axilla and often another in front of shoulder. Jaws and side of head sometimes yellowish. Lower surfaces light indigo through- out or whitish on feet, distal part of tail, and middle of chest and belly. Femoral pores 13 to 16, average in twenty thighs 14.5. 396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50508; collected by Joseph R. Slevin, on San Pedro Nolasco Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, April 17, 1921. Sceloporus monserratensis, new species Diagnosis.—Closely related to S. rufidorsum, S. zosteromus, and 5S. lineatulus. Middorsal and dorsolateral light lines usually present. Dorsal scales in a row between interparietal plate and base of thighs 26 to 30. Femoral pores 18 to 22; average in twenty-four specimens 19.7. Adult males with parallel dark lines on lateral scales. Back usually conspicuously spotted with pale blue. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50509; collected by Joseph R. Slevin on Monserrate Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, May 24, 1921. Cnemidophorus catalinensis, new species Diagnosis.—Anterior nasal not in contact with second supra- labial. A few rows of moderately enlarged granules on posterior surface of forearm. No longitudinal markings. Color above grayish brown, paler on head and tail, with granular surfaces of limbs, body and neck, except central nuchal region, finely reticu- lated with darker brown and with very numerous small discrete whitish spots two to five granules in diameter. Lower lateral regions of body and neck and most of the lower surfaces suffused with black. Femoral pores 15 to 18; average of twenty-four thighs 17. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50507; collected by Joseph R. Slevin on Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, June 12, 1921. Verticaria ceralbensis, new species Diagnosis.—Two or three dorsal lines. Supraoculars three. Scales of collar normally smaller at its edge. Second supraocular in contact with frontal. No red on sides or back of body. No orange below. Tip of tail not blue. Size much larger than any other Verticaria. Ground color between lateral light stripes with light spots or vertical bars. Hind limbs coarsely reticulated with black and gray. Tail not striped. Throat often slaty or black. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50510; collected by Joseph R. Slevin on Ceralbo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, June 6, 1921. VoL. XI} VAN DENBURGH AND SLEVIN—MORE NEW REPTILES 397 Verticaria espiritensis, new species Diagnosis.—A single middorsal line, forked on the neck for a distance of two to fourteen millimeters, not forked posteriorly. Supraoculars normally three. Scales on collar largest at its edge. Second supraocular usually in contact with frontal. No red on back or sides of body. Often orange below. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50511; collected by Joseph R. Slevin on Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, June 1, 1921. Verticaria hyperythra schmidti, new subspecies Diagnosis —A single middorsal line, forked anteriorly for a distance of one to fifteen millimeters, not forked posteriorly. Supraoculars normally four. Scales of collar largest at its edge. Second supraocular usually without granules between it and frontal plate. No red on sides or back of body. Usually more or less orange below. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50512; collected by Joseph R. Slevin on San Marcos Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, May 12, 1921. This subspecies occurs also on the peninsula of Lower Calif- ornia. It gives us pleasure to name it for Mr. Karl P. Schmidt. Verticaria franciscensis, new species Diagnosis.—A single middorsal line, forked anteriorly for a distance of two to eight millimeters, usually forked or broadened posteriorly. Supraoculars normally three. Scales of collar very rarely largest at its edge. Second supraocular usually in contact with frontal. No red on back of body and usually none on sides. Blue below, without orange. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50513; collected by Joseph R. Slevin on San Francisco Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, May 30, 1921. Lampropeltis catalinensis, new species Diagnosis.—No transverse markings; a dark purplish brown longitudinal dorsal band about five scales wide from head to end of tail. All lateral scales yellowish white with narrow purplish brown borders. Along the middorsal line, at nearly regular in- tervals of three or four scales, are small yellowish white spots on single scales. Head dark brown above and laterally, with small yellowish white markings on internasals, prefrontals, temporals, oculars, loreal, nasals, rostral, and labials. Lower surfaces chiefly black, marbled with yellowish white laterally on most of the gastrosteges, and centrally on a few; the distal 398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. urosteges and the genials and gulars yellowish white with black or dark brown margins. Superior labials 8-8. Scale rows 23. Gastrosteges 228. Urosteges 63. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50514; adult male, collected by Joseph R. Slevin and Joseph C. Chamberlin, on Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, June 12, 1921. Crotalus tortugensis, new species Diagnosis.—Similar to Crotalus atrox, but with dorsal rhombs differently marked. Margins of rhombs much darker than central portions which usually include on each side a group of lighter scales as pale as the general dorsal ground color. These light areas in the rhombs may spread and be connected across the back. The coloration suggests that of C. molossus, although the light borders of the rhombs are very incomplete. Type.—California Academy of Sciences No. 50515; collected by Joseph R. Slevin, on Tortuga Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, June 22, 1921. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtH SERIES Vor. XI, No. 18, pp. 399-526, pls. 1-16, text figs. 1-11, May 16, 1922 XVIII FOSSIL CHITONS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA. BY S. STILLMAN BERRY REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA INTRODUCTION Begun primarily as a simple record of the occurrence of chitons in the later Tertiary and Quaternary deposits of south- ern California, the unexpected accretion of altogether unusual amounts of material from ever-increasing sources has neces- sarily impelled a widening in scope of the work in hand until it is now frankly offered as a monographic survey of the known fossil Polyplacophora of western North America. Chitons are not generally considered as having much im- portance as fossils, and, taking the world as a field, surprisingly few fossil species or even specimens have been brought to light and recorded. Yet there are reasons for believing that the members of this group, when they do occur, have an in- trinsic value as paleontologic criteria rather above that of most groups of Mollusca. At any rate, it is not altogether well to neglect them. The chief reasons for believing that the chitons furnish relatively conservative, and therefore correspondingly dependable, indices are: firstly, that on the Pacific Coast of North America this group is by no means of rare occurrence in the later fossiliferous horizons, as has been more or less im- plicitly assumed in the past, but attains a development paral- leled only by the remarkable amplification of the entire class in May 16, 1922 400 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. the recent fauna of the same region; secondly, that both indi- vidually and in associations of species, these animals are re- markably definite in their latitudinal distribution; and thirdly, that this definiteness of geographical area inhabited extends even more sharply to station as well. The bathymetric range of most chitons is curiously narrow. It is accordingly the writer’s belief that far from being justly negligible, it is possible that the chitons will prove among the best criteria for determining the age and relationships of any formation in which they can be found with appreciable fre- quency. It is in this connection, as well as the inherent interest of one of our most characteristic, yet strangely neglected. faunal groups, that this paper is chiefly of consequence. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Among the many who have furnished material aid during the prosecution of this work, and to all of whom I wish grate- fully to acknowledge my due indebtedness, I am under chief obligation to Mr. and Mrs. Emery P. Chace of the Lorquin Natural History Club of Los Angeles. They have been both assiduous and successful in the search for additional material and new horizons in the field, have been unfailingly generous and self-sacrificing in the disposition of their specimens, and have managed to maintain an enthusiastic interest throughout the course of the investigations. Scarcely less credit belongs to Dr. Frank C. Clark of Santa Monica and*Los Angeles, who has ransacked his wonderful material from the Pleistocene of his vicinity that no possible specimen might escape examination, and to Mr. and Mrs. Frank Stephens of San Diego, whom I must thank for many valuable specimens, as well as field data, which in some cases have cost them considerable trouble to secure. To Dr. William E. Ritter and the Scripps Institution for Biological Research, under whose auspices the work was be- gun and in large part carried on, I am indebted for aid of a nature which has very much expedited the progress of the work. Dr. Bruce L. Clark of the University of California has been instrumental in securing me material for study, including the interesting series of specimens from Vancouver Island Oligo- Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 401 cene, and has been unfailingly helpful throughout in evincing interest and giving useful advice. Acknowledgments are further due to Dr. James Perrin Smith and Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd of the Department of Geology at Stanford University, for the loan of the very considerable fossil chiton material in the collections under their care; and to Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the California Academy of Sciences, Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, formerly of the same institution, and Dr. Ralph Arnold of Los Angeles, for courtesies of various sorts. Thanks are due to Miss Mary J. Rathbun of the United States National Museum for the identification of some erab claws from the Pleistocene of Point Loma, and to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for determining some barnacle fragments from the same lo- cality. Finally, I must not omit mention of my indebtedness to Mr. Herbert J. Powell of Redlands, for his patient work on the drawings used in the accompanying plates. Even though it must be said that we have found that stipple is not, on the whole, the most satisfactory method of illustrating chitons, his results in this direction have added very materially to the com- pleteness and practical working value of this paper. REVIEW oF LITERATURE The literature of Pacific Coast fossil chitons is of scanty extent. It is so scattered that an exhaustive compilation has been rendered correspondingly difficult. Nevertheless, and in spite of insufficient library facilities, the following survey is believed to be reasonably complete. The first published mention of the presence of chiton remains in any geological formation within the area under considera- tion, is, so far as the writer has been able to discover, that of Dr. J. G. Cooper in his “Catalogue of Californian Fossils” (88, p. 237, 244). He records: Cryptochiton — stelleri ( Middendorff )—Pleistocene San Diego. Ischnochiton magdalensis ( Hinds )—Pleistocene Santa Barbara. 402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. In the succeeding year, Orcutt (’89, p. 71) reports the find- ing of “Chiton (valves)” from “about two miles south of Ocean Beach [San Diego], near the top of the cliff.” Ashley (795, p. 327, 343) records “Cryptochiton c.f. stellert” from Purissima in San Mateo County, and I[schnochiton regularis from the “Pliocene”’ (Pleistocene) at San Pedro. I find nothing further until the publication of Arnold’s great monograph on the Tertiary and Quaternary of the San Pedro region (:03, p. 15, 19, 28, 40, 42, 68, 85, 342-343), where the following three fossil species are recognized : Ischnochiton regularis (Cpr.)—Pleistocene San Pedro. Cryptochiton stellert (Midd. )—Pliocene Deadman Island. Pleistocene “ ni Mopalia ciliata (Sby.) [==mutscosa of this work ]— | Pleistocene San Pedro. The same three species are also listed by Arnold three years later in his monograph of the Californian Tertiary and Quater- naty Pectens ( :06, p. 31, 35, 36). Oldroyd (:14, p. 81) records [schnochiton conspicuus Cpr. from the Pleistocene of Signal Hill, Long Beach, California. Moody ( :16, p. 42) records an undetermined chiton from the Fernando Formation of the Pliocene at Los Angeles, Cali- fornia. Chace (:16, p. 71-72) lists the following from the Pleisto- cene of Deadman Island, California, thus increasing the number of chiton species up to this time identified as fossils to seven: Katherina tunicata “Sby.” Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter. Mopalia hindsii “(Sby.) Reeve.” The next year the same writer materially increased the list by reporting the following from the Pleistocene of Santa Monica, California (:17, p. 30): Ischnochiton acrior Carpenter i conspicuus Carpenter clathratus (Reeve) [==sanctemonice Berry of the present paper ] “ee Vow XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 403 Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry 3 palmulatus Carpenter H var. mirabilis Pilsbry. [These both given as C. p. mirabilis in the present paper ] Trachydermon dentiens Carpenter [==Mopalia acuta (Car- penter) of the present paper] Mopaliide sp. B. L. Clark (:18, p. 191) records and figures an undeter- mined chiton valve from the San Lorenzo Oligocene near Wal- nut Creek, Contra Costa County, California. The most extensive published list of fossil chitons from any part of the area under study is that of FE. P. and E. M. Chace (:19, p. 42-43), based on determinations made by the present writer on material which is part of that forming the subject of this report. The exposure from which the material was ob- tained has been termed by Mr. and Mrs. Chace, ‘The Chiton Bed,” and is situated at Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, California. They list the following species: Tonicella lineata (Wood) Cyanoplax hartwegii (Carpenter ) Nuttallina cf. fuxa (Carpenter) [=N. californica (Nut- tall) of the present paper ] Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby) “— lignosa (Gould) muscosa (Gould) Placiphorella velata Carpenter Chetopleura gemmea Carpenter Ischnochiton magdalenensis (Hinds) ie coopert Carpenter Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry 7 decoratus Carpenter ae This brings the total number of fossil species hitherto re- corded from our area to 21, all from the Pleistocene and Plio- cene, with an uncertain representative from the Oligocene. In the present work the number is increased to 33 which are clearly distinct, besides two or three uncertain ones. Of these one only is of Oligocene age; a few are Pliocene; most are from the Pleistocene formations. No chitons of any description ap- 404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. pear to have been discovered to date in the Miocene’ or in the West American formations earlier than the Sooke Formation of the Oligocene. As the number of described recent species from the adjacent coasts is in excess of one hundred, the occur- rence of most of which in the Pleistocene at least is undoubtedly possible, it is evident that scarcely more than a beginning has been made with the fossils. MATERIAL The material utilized in the preparation of this survey is believed to include most of the extant specimens. It comprises some 1065 valves, obtained chiefly from the following sources: 1. The Delos and Ralph Arnold collections, the Arnold and Hannibal Oligocene collection, and the Oldroyd collection —all now contained in the museum of the department of ge- ology, Leland Stanford Junior University. 2. The museum of the California Academy of Sciences. 3. The museum of the department of paleontology, Univer- sity of California. 4. The private collection of S. S. Berry. 5. The private collection of Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace, Los Angeles, California. 6. The private collection of Dr. Frank C. Clark, Santa Monica, California. 7. The Mrs. Kate Stephens collection, now contained in the museum of the San Diego Society of Natural History. Much of the more critical material studied from the private collections mentioned has, through the generosity of their own- ers, been assembled permanently in the author’s study collec- tion. The Chace collection has been of principal importance, as it is not only extensive, but representative of several exposures, some of them apparently owing their initial discovery and ex- ploration to Mr. and Mrs. Chace, while the specimens as a rule are accompanied by the most careful data. Dr. F. C. Clark’s enormous material from the Santa Monica Pleistocene is probably the most complete that has been taken lef. especially the check-lists of the Miocene Fauna in California given by J. P. Smith in Proceedings California Academy of Sciences, (4), v- 3, p. 170-182, April, 1912. I know of no additions since that time which would concern us here. Vor. XIj BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 405 from any single geological horizon within our area, and so is of hardly less consequence. The Stephens collection does not contain so many specimens as the others, but these are representative of various important formations in the vicinity of San Diego. The Arnold and Oldroyd collections are remarkably rich in their representation of species, but the maximum value of much of this material has been lost by inadequate station labeling. Evidently, also, there has been some mixture of specimens. However, the material is included in this report both for the sake of completeness and because many of the specimens had already been utilized for purposes of illustration before the better ones came to hand. In the Arnold and Hannibal collection and that of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences are specimens of the interesting new chiton described from the Vancouver Island Oligocene. The museum of the latter institution has also furnished speci- mens from one of the Point Loma Pleistocene exposures. The University of California collection contains mainly re- cent chitons, but some of these have been valuable for purposes of comparison. SUMMARY OF STATIONS OLIGOCENE Sooke Formation: 1. Sea cliff between mouths of Muir and Kirby creeks, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Harold Hannibal, N. P. I2Z29i@alv Acad. Sci Loc, 231). It is through the kindness of Dr. B. L. Clark, who is en- gaged in working up the fauna of this formation, that the single chiton species obtained can be included here. It is Oligochiton lioplax Berry, new species San Lorenzo Formation: 2. Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County, California (B. L. Clark). I have had no material from this horizon, but Clark (:18, p. 191, pl. 14, f. 2) records and figures the valve of an unde- termined chitonid species. Unfortunately the original speci- 406 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. men has since been lost and the figure is indeterminate, so its real identity for the present must remain problematical. Very possibly it represents an undescribed form. PLIOCENE Owing to the comparative scarcity of chiton remains in the deposits of Pliocene age, they have been discovered at but few localities, all southern and central California. In the litera- ture the classification of the several formations in this part of our area is rather confusing, so that which I have adopted is in part tentative. Purisima Formation: 3. Purisima, San Mateo County, California. “Crypto- chiton c. f. stelleri” is reported from the ““Neocene” at Purisima by Ashley (95, p. 327). As his work was done before the local geological nomenclature was far developed, the exact vertical position of his specimens is probably uncertain. San Diego Formation: 4. Sea cliff at Pacific Beach, San Diego County, California (Mrs. Kate Stephens). Fossils from this exposure have been listed and their rela- tionships discussed by Arnold ( :03, p. 57-58, 60-64; :06, p. 28), who, however, records no chitons. The following are now listed: Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorft ) Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter Regarding one of these, Mrs. Stephens writes, “I got it from the Pliocene beds, but I believe that Pleistocene beds are found there, too, so it may have fallen down from that. I can’t be sure.” It is apparent that there is here an uncertainty, prob- ably applicable to all the specimens seen from this exposure, which can only be removed by further work in the field. 5. Rustic Canyon, Santa Monica, California (F. C. Clark). Mopalia sp. This locality is quoted as Pliocene on the authority of Dr. F. C. Clark. I have not visited it, nor seen the association of Vor, XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 407 species, and am therefore uncertain to which formation the horizon belongs. The small Mopalia, a single valve of which is the only chiton discovered, seems, however, to be inseparable specifically from those occurring so commonly in the Pleisto- cene of the same vicinity. 6. Excavation on Fourth Street, between Hill Street and Broadway, Los Angeles, California (Moody). Moody (:16, p. 42) has recorded an undetermined chiton from this exposure. In the same paper he described the as- sociated fauna and its relationships in some detail.’ Santa Barbara Formation: 7. Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (Chace). This deposit has been described very fully by Arnold ( :03, p- 14-17). He records one chiton: Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorft) To this is here added: Katharina tunicata (Wood) PLEISTOCENE The chiton fauna of the Pleistocene deposits studied, again all southern Californian, shows near relation to the living fauna not only by essential identity of species, but by the compara- tively great development of this portion of the fauna when con- sidered with relation to the weak position it occupies in the Pliocene. In the San Pedro Formation, which is the only one from which we have any chitons, they divide as readily as the remaining molluscan fauna into the two primary series estab- lished by Arnold. Lower San Pedro Series: 8. Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (Arnold). ? Since this paper was written, the recovery of two of Moody’s specimens enables them to be recorded as follows: 1. Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry. The single specimen seen is a well pre- served head valve of somewhat peculiar aspect, and it is possible that this determination will have to be revised later on. 2. Callistochiton palmulatus Carpenter. The single specimen is a well preserved tail valve measuring, long. 4.3, diam. 5.2, alt. 4.8 mm. It seems much nearer typical palmulatus than most of the other fossil specimens seen, although a few of those from Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, are somewhat similar. 408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. This exposure has received very full treatment at the hands of Arnold (:03, p. 18-21, 35-47). The single chiton re- corded is: Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff ) I have seen no chiton material definitely known to be from this horizon, but it is possible that a portion of the miscel- laneous material in the Arnold and Oldroyd collections came criginally from these beds. 9. “The Chiton Bed,” near the pavilion, Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, California (E. P. Chace, E. M. Chace and Sisabernyae) (blate Suva): This interesting exposure is the one which has been recently described by Mr. and Mrs. Chace (:19, p. 41-43). So unusual is the deposit from the large number of chiton valves contained in it that they have termed it “The Chiton Bed,” a usage so convenient as a brief means of distinguishing it from neighbor- ing deposits of the same formation that I retain it in the fol- lowing pages. Besides giving a considerable faunal list, their paper described the field relations of the exposure as follows: It is situated a few yards west of the western boundary of the picnic grounds around Peck’s Pavilion, and hardly more than ten feet below the upper edge of the bluff. Directly below the rather sandy topsoil a thin layer of red-brown sandstone is exposed, then comes the fossil-bearing stratum: a gray sand, in some places so hard as to offer considerable re- sistance to the caseknife, in others weathered to a loose, trickly deposit. Immediately below this is another layer of the red-brown previously seen. Owing to the conformation of the bluff I am unable to say what lies beneath the second red layer. There are numerous small stones in the fossiliferous layer, some of them apparently chalcedony, others our com- mon white quartz, still others are fragments of a dark shale. These stones have probably prevented a previous report of this exposure, as at a little distance the shells are thoroughly masked by these bits of rock. It is an odd fact that although the gray sandstone layer continues, apparently un- changed, both to the east and west of the ten-foot section in which we have worked, we were unable to find any shells except in that small space.” Later in their paper these authors express some doubt as to the geologic age of these strata, but it seems to me that the evidence of the lithology, of the fauna in general, and espe- cially of the chitons themselves, is conclusive that they should be correlated with the Lower San Pedro. The latter in its characteristic form is likewise a rather hard gray sandstone, and the aspect of the embedded fauna, as here, is quite dis- tinctly northern. As will be noticed from the following list, the Vor. XIj BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 4099 chitons are for the most part species still to be found living in this vicinity, but several of these are decidedly rare at so low a latitude, and the entire facies of the association, as will be brought out more fully a little later, is strikingly that of the shores of Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties at the pres- ent day. Tonicella lineata (Wood) Cyanoplax hartwegiti (Carpenter ) af fackenthalle Berry Nuttallina californica (Nuttall) Mopalia muscosa (Gould) “— lignosa (Gould) ciliata (Sowerby) Placiphorella velata Carpenter Cryptochiton stelleri Middendorff Chetopleura gemma Carpenter Ischnochiton magdalenensis (Hinds) 7a cooperi Carpenter Callistochiton decoratus punctocostatus Pilsbry 4 ‘ ferminicus Berry, new subspecies crassicostatus Pilsbry ce By all odds the most abundant chiton in the bed is Nuttallina californica, to which species are referable over two-fifths of the 350 specimens obtained. Jschnochiton magdalenensis ac- counts for another fifth, and Mopalia muscosa for nearly a seventh of the total, a proportion probably not very different from that one would encounter in tide-pool collecting in the Monterey region at the present time. Of the remaining species, Callistochiton crassicostatus, Cyanoplax hartwegii, Tonicella lineata, and Mopalia ciliata, ramk in abundance in the order named. The others are scattering. 10. Near the lighthouse, Point Fermin, Los: Angeles County, California (E. P. and E. M. Chace). This appears to be an exposure from which no faunal re- ports have been published. Like the preceding, it appears to be Lower San Pedro, and perhaps represents part of the same general deposit, but the chitons are relatively fewer and Nui- tallina, the most abundant form at the Chiton Bed, is lacking from the list. 410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser. Tonicella lineata (Wood) Mopalia lignosa (Gould) . “ — ethata (Sowerby) Placiphorella velata Carpenter Ischnochiton magdalenensis (Hinds) i cooperi Carpenter Of the 39 specimens taken, about three-fifths are Iscino- chiton magdalenensis, an eighth are Mopalia ciliata, an eighth are Ischnochiton cooperi, and a tenth are Tonicella lineata. 11. Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (Oldroyd). I have not been successful in finding a published account of this very interesting exposure, although to judge from the chitons (I have seen no other representatives) it must possess a somewhat remarkable fauna. The chitons attain a consid- erable development here and include the following species: Lepidochitona dentiens (Gould) Nuttallina californica (Nuttall) Mopalia muscosa (Gould) r4 acuta (Carpenter) Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorft) Ischnochiton fallax Carpenter < coopert Carpenter Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry Pe palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry - Over half of the 117 specimens obtained here by Mr. Old- royd are Lepidochitona dentiens, nearly one-fifth are Mopalia acuta, and about one-eighth are Callistochiton crassicostatus. 12. “Crawfish George’s’, near Yacht Club, San Pedro, California (Arnold, Chace). This exposure has been very comprehensively treated by Arnold ( :03, p. 24-27, 35-47). He records no chitons. Mr. Chace’s material, however, includes the following three: Mopalia muscosa (Gould) ce sp. Ischnochiton cooperi Carpenter The fauna as listed by Arnold includes a remarkable num- ber of northern types, mingled as well with some of the more Vou. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS - 411 southern. In many respects the association appears more or less transitional between the Lower San Pedro Series and the Upper, so perhaps is an older deposition than the typical Upper San Pedro, It is the only supposedly Upper San Pedro horizon in which Ischnochiton cooperi has been found. Pos- sibly there has been a confusion of horizons, and both Upper and Lower are really present here. I have accordingly treated it as Lower San Pedro in my table. Further chiton material from this locality is badly needed and might throw valuable light on the relationships involved. Ashley’s record of Ischno- chiton regularis (95, p. 343), from a supposedly Pliocene ex- posure which Arnold (:03, p. 24) identifies with the present one, also requires confirmation. Upper San Pedro Series: 13. Lumber yard, San Pedro, California (Arnold). This is the type locality of the Upper San Pedro Series as described by Arnold. He records an extensive fauna ( :03, p- 27-29, 35-47), but only two chitons are included: Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby) [==muscosa (Gould) of the present paper | : Ischnochiton regularis (Carpenter ) I have had no material known with certainty: to be from this horizon. The specimens upon which Arnold based the determinations cited appear to have been lost and attempts to trace them have met with no success. 14. Signal (or Los Cerritos) Hill, Long Beach, California (Oldroyd). } Accounts of the stratigraphic relations and fauna -of the Pleistocene of Los Cerritos Hill have been published by Arnold (:03, p. 30-32, 35-47), who lists no chitons, and by Oldroyd (:14, p. 81), who records one, Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter The further material afforded by the Oldroyd collection contains in addition to this species three others, Mopalia acuta (Carpenter) Ischnochiton sp. Callistochiton palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry 412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc, 4ru Ser. 15. Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (F. C. Clark). This extremely rich deposit has never been thoroughly dealt with in the literature, although a number of species, including many novelties, have at various times been described from it. Chace (:17, p. 30-31) has listed several of the chitons. From the faunal evidence the stratigraphic affiliations are unquali- fiedly with the Upper San Pedro. The majority of the species are essentially identical with those inhabiting the waters of the adjacent coast at the present day, but they are also usually species whose present metropolis lies to the south rather than to the north, or even in some instances, as Jschnochiton acrivr of our list, no longer occur north of Lower California. The following chitons have been recognized from the material sub- mitted by Dr. Clark: Leptochiton clarki Berry, new species Mopalia acuta (Carpenter) i sp. Acanthochitona avicula (Carpenter ) Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter me acrior Carpenter pectinulatus Carpenter sanctemonice Berry, new species Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry oF palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry ce ee The most remarkable faunal feature here is the enormous relative abundance of the two species of Callistochiton. Out of 330 valves, 197, or nearly two-thirds, are C. p. mirabilis, and 71, or nearly one-fifth, are C. crassicostatus. The un- identified Mopalia with 18, Ischnochiton acrior with 14, and J. sanctemonice with 13, are the only others met with in any number. 16. “Coal mine’, west side of Point Loma, San Diego County, California (Mr. and Mrs. Frank Stephens, Carl L. Hubbs). This horizon, always referred to by Mrs. Stephens as “‘the coal mine”, offers a fauna which is in some respects quite unique, yet seems to have had very little attention from pre- Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 413 vious workers.” It is situated in the sea cliff about half way of the peninsula on the western or ocean side. After revisiting the locality at my request, Mr. Stephens writes under date of June 5, 1918: “The bed containing the fossil shells lies un- conformably on the strata containing the lignite, and is of much later age. Only fragments of the fossil bed are left as the sea is wearing the cliff away.” He failed to find any further chitons, but the following had been secured previously : Mopalia muscosa (Gould) Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorft ) Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter i acrior Carpenter Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry Cryptochiton stelleri and Acm@a mitra seem to be adventi- tious northern elements, the presence of which is not at first glance easy to understand, as the aspect of the remaining fauna is decidedly southern. For the latter reason I correlate the ex- posure with the Upper San Pedro, although the faunal list finds no complete parallel in that of any of the previously de- scribed horizons. 17. Along the sea cliff between one and two miles north of Point Loma and Ocean Beach, San Diego County, California (Cal. Acad. Sci. Loc. 108). “The fossils were obtained from coarse sand and gravel which occurs just above the contact between the cretaceous ( ?) and the overlying late formation. The fossils occur about 50 ft. from the water. The formation in which they occur is al- most horizontal.”’ i er ee tl * The full list of species identified other than the chitons listed above seems worthy of record, so is appended here.: Acmea scabra Gould (=spectrum Nuttall) Thats cf. emarginata (Deshayes) “mitra Eschscholtz Acanthina lugubris (Sowerby) Fissurella volcano Reeve Alectrion cooperi (Forbes) Diadora aspera (Eschscholtz) Gadinia reticulata Sowerby Haliotis cracherodii Leach é Pecton (Plagtoctenium) circularis Sow- Tegula (Chlorostoma) funebralis (A. erby (aeguisulcatus Carpenter) Adams) Hinnites Riganteus Gray Tegula (Chlorostoma) sp, Septifer bifurcatus (Conrad) Norrissia norrissti_ (Sowerby) Cardita subquadrata Carpenter Astrea undosa (Wood) _ Chama exogyra Conrad Crepidula aculeata Gmelin | Phacotdes californicus (Conrad) sf cf. Jessonti Broderip and Petricola cardstotdes Conrad explanata Gould Cumingia lamellosa Sowerby Hipponix tumens Carpenter Saxicava sp. sf cf, crantoides Carpenter Pholad sp. Littorina scutulata Gould Cancer productus Randall se planaxis Philippi Tetraclita rubescens Darwin Cerithidea sacrata Gould 414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. This locality is known to me only as above quoted. Quite possibly it is the same, or part of the same deposit as the “coal mine’ referred to as No. 15 above. Two chitons were ob- tained, Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff) Ischnochiton acrior Carpenter The appearance of the individual specimens is much like those from the preceding station. I refer them to the Upper San Pedro. 18. Spanish Bight, North Island, San Diego, California (Mrs. Kate Stephens). This exposure has been given detailed treatment by Arnold (:03, p. 59-64), but without recording any chitons. Two species are represented in the material before me: Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter hi pectinulatus Carpenter STATIONS OF UNCERTAIN RELATIONSHIP In the Oldroyd collection with the scant label “Upper San Pedro” are the following chitons, all from Southern Califor- nia, and presumably from the neighborhood of San Pedro, but the exposure and exact locality unknown: Mopalia muscosa (Gould) 4 lignosa (Gould) ni acuta (Carpenter) sp. Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter i fallax Carpenter coopert Carpenter cf. sinudentatus Carpenter sp. Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry “e If, as seems probable, all of the above are from the same exposure, the association would seem to be much more that of the Lower than of the Upper San Pedro, as labeled. In the Arnold collection labeled Deadman Island, California, (formation unknown) are the following: Vor. XIJ BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 415 Mopalia lignosa (Gould) y acuta (Carpenter) ? Lepidochitona dentiens (Gould) Nuttallina californica (Nuttall) All of these are no doubt from the Pleistocene, but whether from the Lower or Upper Series it would serve no good pur- pose to hazard a guess. The exact formation from which Cooper recorded Crypto- chiton stelleri as of the Pleistocene of San Diego, and Ischno- chiton magdalenensis from the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara are not known to me. It is strange that no chitons have been reported from the rich Pleistocene deposit on the beach behind the bathhouse at Santa Barbara. I did not find any during my exploration of these beds in 1903, although they must occur there. RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES Chiton valves do not seem to be very common in most horizons and are really abundant only in four of those ex- amined,—the Upper San Pedro Beds of Long Wharf Canyon, the Lower San Pedro at Nob Hill Cut, and the two Point Fermin exposures, especially that known as the “Chiton Bed.” Out of a total of 1040 valves which constitute the principal subject matter of this paper, over one-half are the result of our few trips to the “Chiton Bed”, and the overhauling of Dr. Clark’s material from Long Wharf Canyon. The most abundant species as fossils are not by any means always those most commonly taken in present day collecting. No less than 203 of the fossil valves are Callistochiton palmu- latus mirabilis, and another Callistochiton (crassicostatus) stands second in point of abundance with 131, largely the con- sequence in both instances of their plentiful occurrence at Long Wharf Canyon. The only other species of which 25 or more specimens have come to hand are Nuttallina californica (161), Lepidochitona dentiens (63), Mopalia muscosa (80), Ischno- chiton magdalenensis (92), Mopalia acuta (49), Mopalia ciliata (47), Ischnochiton acrior (31), and Ischnochiton cooperi (26). 416 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. It is of some interest in this connection to note that the most abundant living species in the region whence practically all the fossils came are probably Lepidochitona dentiens, Cyano- plax hartwegt, Nuttallina fluxa, Ischnochiton conspicuus, Ischnochiton pectinulatus, Mopalia muscosa, and Leptochiton rugatus. FAUNAL RELATIONS It is too early in the study and the available material still far too scanty to permit much indulgence in the pastime of generalizing with any great degree of safety, but a few points which can be brought out with some measure of clearness by a study of the accompanying table are perhaps worthy of brief summarization. We are better protected than otherwise in proceeding thus because the facts in evidence stand fairly in corroboration of the major conclusions to which students of the other animal groups have been impelled by working out parallel data. A recapitulation of the table shows the total number of species and subspecies for each of the principal formations to be as follows: Specifically determinable Total Oligocene: 3.5 /sislasisisynsrosicisleres sire sesiete 1 1 IPN CENEN. 5)erscie/atesctorccee lore savemsioee siaeine 2 (3?) 3 (4?) PIEISCOCENE Yee ie craters isle eeisseiete Nemeis ole 28 33 Lower San Pedro........... 19 Upper San Pedro........... ll Uncertaing ooo neseceeeeee 4 PLIOCENE Leaving out the unique and extinct Oligocene species as insufficient of itself to point conclusively one way or the other, we find that the only certainly Pliocene species are Katharina tunicata and Cryptochiton stelleri, both northern forms, as would be expected by analogy with the remainder of the Plio- cene fauna. These two species, however, happen both to be of wide distribution, ranging from south-central California as far north as Bering Sea, so do not help greatly in determin- ing just how much colder than now the southern Californian waters of that period probably were. i RECENT a a ee LIVING g 3 iF] 2 i 3 2 2 eo | de | ef | ee] ef | 21 9 (238 a | #3 | 42 | 2/42 | £8 | 23] e8 | 2 [233 - =] i & a= ~~ SM somes le ec ec ae eda a. TERIA AL ou oce||ypeeoe||cddeoollomo oon ie\sand obrndleorbae||ao>deellosoead bnenpe 5. QUGH AD -eodol!" 85S0q||-oanad||pocualyooaesliaaredsl booucel|ooucod|looansolbadoue 3. Tonicella}--+*- x XX | XK | XX | KX SCI a haere ners ants 0-30 4. Cyanoplat: <<: :[-++00+feeeeee[eeeeeefeeee es PRPS || ONDE | BSPS |lvoea cn ° 5. Cyanoplat:*:--]o++++ + fore s efor ese efes eee >i iiida dota loge ol eacmine ° 5) JEL e aooesllaceese| |sccoor x x | BSS OS locicaae ° 7. Nuttalling <:-::}:+++++|-+25° Slag XX abi) lneaenssc icosee fo) 8. DOSE eevetcrets x I] DONNER I Se ||| PS ioaciose 0-30 9. Mopalia }-----|-----: SK | CSPS | OSES MOSES IN OS Med saod|ibocoon 0-30 2S, GGT AY \eoada||Pee co |e ob5| bbveocllbocjane x XX x Mbsnivee ° Ti, DEGLI AEA @ooen|lobeaad x XX, || SOX ? Peel saan, 0-30 eur onalia tence. x XX | XK | XK] XX] XK Peal bb beas 0-50 13. Mopalia ¢-++--|--+--- ry ? PP pals Save, ile atenstetal|'@ ote ree [ase actors 0-30 MMi] 0 re) Gisiotalele:|leimial stain [sleleieiainillore) ela taltel| (ereyatay ciel ave raye’ atai|(aiepedavetel lls aaiahevelel|iareimtecaiel bal acenara se WMA G Fe Tia oso | fetes frrceies cial oeeatesnal| are ee sallieeavis lal weaned creme l ciate miele ee 14. Placiphon-::--|------ x x xX | XX xX >a Miceee o-50 Is. x x YOK || SPS | 2X26 | OOK Mv OG esc eaulipouese 0-20 16. fare wie finiehe oer) as en iare)]inay wilee line lelleiaiell ne ‘sveheis PR Ne tin ans ? fe} I7. 2h! ORR PSPS I) OSCE RS OCT OCT Se Cede son rte 0-20 nS, (CGaaAe Seubaleosdas! bAanor x KX | XX x Da Vere aS te O-I5 19. Ischnochil-----|----+-|-.+++-|--++-- x xx Syl lenetioral leno ae O-I5 a agecdleacde! ah oMeRMne D> lO Gall Dl EG > Gant namie 0-50 27. Ischnochil---+-|-+-+++|+++++:Jeeeses [esses H Wssopballessehalldop eer ° Fi. TRG DTG aac nbaorol esbacalsondouliane bec] coms 4|escn a ie serial Meeks) hae Zo. Ischnochil-----|------}-22-0-[o222. [eee ee foee ee [ieee eee eee efor eee efene eee 30. Callistoch:---+|--+-++|o++++-Joesees[ees ee. x xX Beebo ead o-10 Bae i@allastocht---+-|-22---|22 anos ee ena w nee (ene eens eaa|eeeese|aenesafeeeee 32. Callistoch}-----|---+--]---\--|...++-[e-++-- XxX | XX >) |lkoaosn O-I5 33. Callistochi-----|------|-+-{+-|--+++-J.--+-- PSG) OGM octal beeen O-15 toron good authority elsewhere. *not separately numbered of the other species listed TABLE 1. as may possibly prove conspecific with one or another Distribution of West American Fossil Chitons. designates occurrence recorded in this paper or on good authority elsewhere. X Xdesignates a degree of relative abundance. Na i Nae oe PLIOCENE PLEISTOCENE RECENT CS ree ee ee - S y e San 2 3 ae rae Boule Baas Lower San Pedro Series Upper San Pedro Series 5 LIVING tion Sm a ec. Le uM ian: Bin a ae i z2 | 3 3 r a] 4] 4 dz | £S.| B33] 3 Be ai| ces ee oth ee 22) 8 bg. fee | oe) Be peeve eles a3 ga | S52 | S28 38 ae gel Be) oa 66] 2 | £2 | 4 | 82 | ga | e2| 2a | ta| 2 lp Ease he ae | et tas a ltd Fs Bf) aio) a ae an | ean eae 1. Lepiochiton a peel TO Ree hearer Va aercter| (ekg acral ep ec eha | Grea Beh [coro coed lors exciata |fakckhe BIG lo Groro exc [ote c. chgrtl| Ib.aie, Sisto ten ucin ce [omctoo.p y Gin eres reer (eran Nemercl mnie (Seer nce oe clmelacnc) mane rel ooo) on 2 PEPEE be soe 2. Oligochiton iopl AG BETTY. esis cisciew eis cis sisieisisiem ise [i ON iflcne cuert al lataccyare eillave osefernille ie wine ailietoieaip of eve welo.e |leis) exe) clailitialinyee'« [im .ailm avel[ia\iieia ay ferototiarmis [lara c w+]| evens etnie||(n'e!«exeiell elsXeteteta| [mle/=xeiena |) tisyneyt=)| Wi xtetetetolieneliot ate al aetaer at | ae eee eee (oes eee 3- Tonicella SEMAMAEEE CNOA) ieee takes Fee septate atete | sios caral «| ebeatresava |r ayareiedel [iene atatevs linreneitere) ll etareyalbita| ere selee >< > Gaal (sara aeeneN |B, Seer eee eo ene eiel per eee ere ete Woe ee Alte occ. x PG |. Ge N >, <4 |) 4 ON Pp ee: See o-30 4 Cyanoplax hartwegit (Carpenter) itinietarelie ha cichelecstever mh steve os] falteystatazn| (aletote teak] feitestakastets| |(areietiay iat |[eliegeita thas [lene isitoneds DEK Phe ave sisal szaces Soe, cove davall tates aces alls syetetie tol IlBaw-evene tell fee cose tennalltotbee rater | |sveneneioe (Ate ne eee | eevee | eee eee XxX 4 SRG (ict teats °o 5. Cyanpplaz fackenthallce Berry. <0. 25 cee ces eee [oes iicc|iae seis] ccncete walle sisters nese ere eile whe oth ofl ereiee oie pee one ecooon arian iments aorinnal Ptocoaliscdao ol saeoacllanmacy hooles|inoddan||oescclsoonedlsoc+-- De a ic taal Peters Poses ° 6. Izpeiocdatonn vientsens (Gould) reo ce ee eyelets ieee a] eke eee |e create) a efeperspallle a susdece||le erareig fo | eyetemmiace,| sete ore] |lefederncer= ee Bean an bisa cal (ae otic snocer|aou se ated 2 WeserBe (SMe (toca x x KO RK | KR Pea | © y, ‘Weltindisnn cidsjoressre (Nuttall) ioe ah eter alesis 5 oe | ey ios ers l= srocetoes |e eirciel| ssenele ePelliats. sya nsel faa ce be [Veneers peal este > | as Bechet in Sete tall nah easy cil Rerotcrcte || aoi beo SEA | Priced nea oil res ake Dell lets, a xe (ae ela) (fie as a” |} o er te er) (Go See ena ae adh otoAApae a fosoDed Protued|pas Acsllpbcuao| hokcsa linac ctts oar. OS Oal BONE x > Ae al Peeper lioeccoenc x Oe Nee Sell oaoe 5 1 DE ORD ESE SC Ieee na o-30 ee Sr So Bl rye 2 ares aula SO Nee a aoe cee ln oeioe cotta | se aacallooso dol Aen Saouealanorctllotpmeal Gooden nen anal (dacoa | Mmimod|laotpon|houeguinooon rep lilies all eee KO ||| DOO eX ew baat hte Speake, o-30 10; Murpalsmouta (Carpenter) vcd cc erccciste hist eee) areola ef cvovevete el ceetavanasealloeeumievs ell leterace eval gu evets alleuobekees fall fakenet ait ell eres ezevett DS o> eal reer el Kerr Onn x SC yalienare DC oe ili ahs Geil pect cael | eae ell ee ce eee em x xX eee ° rem ry Fk) (Cire Fe) AS soaker etd GEA eee | Leta Reman ley tection [bene eae Sila Sones ole PANN aaa ed #4 Neioio cra x SK sake esc atecerscerel tstea ey sees |Petee ated | nesters dl neem Sa ieee Alloy tes Bd XO Ocala ? ae ae o-30 12. Mubirsniesiiab (SOWEDDY) = aja inter coin ages eee. [lesa aes Uo nel cade eoa les eeeer | incaneiost fal Sane eee x 2 PGull Dee oe loc ot. oe|| Bo6 Del AOcovlo||aoco calle ccd: lee x PK ||| GOO OOS eee x > PPE a o-50 13. Miggudsivasy: sonatrbin (Carpenter) 7s actrees ee Wf uses US ee ele el Lake to st Ufo es avegatel| Pea cod Ease ravelllegereas atllle ecexwbsveltesaietc nol] xe ecteasa el ye gee eal evgoen vel ereiererenel aap Dae Wireeeas| Skane d Fe ? PGi Weegee Ie ee bee | o-3o Rag ry DS SARS Sete CITI ERAS OLS OI | Coe Cartes Pearle) Re ee tenes an emia mento RM DRIP ALS ea ee oceOuca al Rene ened [sien mee [cy curticl eebrees op by Ge nny arene! (eens eon emetoe Hececcllsatcca|lacoacoflecccas scerecis-cfcn fee c eee oot OPUS ISD 2 oi ioysso 2 a swipe loan ob aielescis ofa eisi0cs ale alos lf ateo dle ale sade aplasats wioal|foie ace aula islavelllelasduase ol ace eedelisifte sicrenecelbatece,cvevallieveredeckcel||) GON. |[Veyaetfe eval lacs yaseveusj|levststenayy,|'ie aSar sual | oo Steet I te erence ee Perce | arene eee | een en | 14. Edgerrin BeAibe MCAT PENE EL siete atest eieys fa fesse val stave [le in rea el ecaee cM cae le Ce evo neue | erecoe onal einauel Ul iSicon aaa x Pee hei cds oul lise aeicatabal|toxaecul tanec faker | ee ac ctenene|| eee SCI Meat eval | eerchen are x x xX | XX x Pan aS | o-50 15. MOPMUPEIEE TUMELTEE KW GOA) ope ays cats ct acy tore tyler ssc oh sie o aievs flee SH canine | Coteetiete a doce se cath eR [ccheeseaeal erate susucdl Epe etteses, 6. enemas [etenatad ede ey oho acl itealacedestel | terete NCE Xai pox x OX | 26% | OOS, NR > Gael iene! Bame = = o-20 16. Agpablensbasoese aoroulal( Carpenter) crx etetay erect ores clk Sa SH atenan ved ee cores eld epee ec [echaxence aH meet td eatin ceee a iodetesPometes | eea- cleus l etek cil Sie tewees top eeeeel| eae DK. Whee a chuimpate' | uzcau chins] eewncye ciel RS Lege ier raee cee | ese cet enn he | eee ? ° 17. Cryptochiton stellert (Middendorff).............. x x > Gel | acces SC UN Tee ie [Reraeenslehe | evochearat | reWeradets x x x XX | XX | KX | KX | XK > ae Rae Sena 0-20 18. CMPRIPE PELE COMMU AT ETICEL Ahir tons ok ate eek a ect eats et at ha pale Wise pala 2 2S Re ea > Gaal omental Cees neni ecmate) Aomcae Sacond lated idee otiicnagodtac oe olecadoalfos coon x XX | XX x Day Pane o-I5 10. TSIM IeahAr Is 3p TS MC ATNCTALET eyo eal e ne ote ate heh A Ure Leet ed eee hs tcl ce ee Ura sec wel | aeeme val vase fe SG abecacr era eberemn tie hasta AN (Cota lehaol lends’ cick > Gam IP) Beers inser cere cn'| Pueateuged (orien x XX RN Re B= ois 20. Esckwochsion muyrdatenstsi (Inds) 5/27) 55) 6) es oicecsfoni ie. | ie es ely se ale eae ee [een callie el ened ya Ga ae. ea (eae rene (Barker te | lereary ane eReeency (ect cr ol tents e OS su [Hd fenecexccell Decrees ets, coee fee ee XxX | XX | XX > ed Cree ° 21. Ischnochiton conspicuus Carpenter.............. ity f enreeyca [ee oo (ebe| Hencttoetep libros een [crc eka eal [etens ttre [eeeticltonn| bene erm.c-0 x x x b imm Ie| >.<. eras lS oro Al bce a ig] orcs S ? XX | XX 2 ° 22, AMSMAINTSLI AEP SOI RAT ETIECL 5 RAP IEE RUE aS ee oto ase eae aks set ea a Te Neer al ie aoe uae ne les MUR Me | aa ll aren ee 20. et TRI ie aoe | een Sa IP) Nee ° 25... ASEM SH GOO Pers KCATETEET oe ee Ass ose ne [Let oas [ees Oe a ema ile AE ie 9 ek x xX Sian > eran Wroceseancee! Meret; 3| Paci Ave lecrceoec ee ie Leateans eclllepoeaeeer | ees | SR x XxX p ten Rees fee oo ° 2. Asiguncetaion aBerensi | Middendorts) senses ronan creel etka i eon Maye hameeM CS WeUS A 0D OR ae, ss ot a Bee a | | es eee alison ose KX SOI ES x PE Seen o-50 27-5 SAIONRAOIV Eh SPU EBE TIES) EDL DENERD Mere cena Uaioe hoes Man) Poke le ele Reel Ile easel ae call nh eae As alap A, pee ded | ee ge Gm ills beat od allie crs cre eae ea | ae ee pee ee Retreat Cee ° 28: AAEM E, MOMUBEIEL DE DETEY SAA terse tal nth fs oe Sal scl Se dae se te Rls ee Nee eds Veet le, len ocean fee Oe Set oe le ea MK Ylevsaresace alles acon acaif orensrartrafls be eter feershetee-ot | feeb tiene ffenestr (SS ea cee ce 20. AAMT AP eee eee AE int nee TA | aie ean Ne Ae Ace Ni Mone 0 NL Geel Me it al eae iia etal ces Mill ies Ta dace ra MK Porn nse ac el| euesere arallle aracavaaed latavsy Gem uall pel tareeeel | ewelee enseei Peele cree faecal ees tet 30. Callistochiton decoratus punctocostatus Pilsbry.....|......)......]......|......]....../.... 01.200. aa gee rad eeen eae Pata Neen chara beat cliad Portolloc'er +. ped oh Saree seen ieee Goel nckaan leo ece: Xl ORE) SA sees o-r0 31. Callistochiton decoratus ferminicus Berry.........|......|......]......|......|......1..0.. 0.0 ce. DK fleieene ein lle ease iarailievateia-e Sb ale acacevallly scale emalllaratayacar'' co srancs olen eoaaealllreesicapesrene il bret se tea foes ue ee | re retreseuel | acetate | eset eee 32. Callistochiton CALIBRE SEES MEAG Taz cette fees eae a ee el ore eet Nel os coae bo ecll bicheodca adeeb Rese oeehe DOA War Rene 2 DOS alla erent Pa sae ee wees xX x Saeed (A ee YS Al (esis toes Seen |e ceo XX | XxX > o-I5 33. Callistochiton palmulatus mirabilis DEALS a) od recenare hl Liven Cee eee | Pee oe eR ge Me vee LO C/E Rae Sa ee ea ee Be i Sealine eve co x ROK |leacdieee lhe etter DS alah satcrecal| saeco cence ls eee erences SOC ul see e-I5 Vou. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 417 PLEISTOCENE Lower San Pedro Series: The Pleistocene chiton faunas are sufficiently extensive to enable finer conclusions to be drawn. Recorded from the Lower San Pedro are 19 species and subspecies. All are forms which we know are accustomed to live between tides or in com- paratively shallow water. Compared with the recent fauna these show the following interesting relationships: RELATIONS OF Lower SAN Pepro CuHiton FAUNA WITH Livinc FAUNA oF CorRESPONDING LATITUDE Number of Per cent. species of total BECEINCE LON AIC OWT IVAN Oslo ner selelaicieisictcietetelciohelel= Now living commonly in same region............ 8 42.1 Now living in same region but more or less rare.. Now living on other parts of the coast, but not known to occur in same latitude as fossils...... Now living more commonly to north than south.. Now living more commonly to south than north.. Known to occur only on shores to north......... Known to occur only on shores to south......... SASCADR + It is evident from this that the Lower San Pedro chitons abundantly support Arnold’s conclusions‘ that as compared with the present, relatively “boreal conditions still preponderated during this period.”’ They show just as conclusively, however, that these conditions were “cold” only ina relative way, and by no means actually boreal as this term is generally understood by the zoo-geographer. To one familiar with the recent chitons this whole Lower San Pedro association is strikingly remi- niscent of that which now occurs on the shores of central Cali- fornia, notably Monterey Bay and the coasts of Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties just to the southward. Not only are all the species, save one Callistochiton, still to be found living in that region, but those most abundant and character- istic in the Lower San Pedro are similarly abundant and characteristic in the Monterey County fauna today. Among the fossils it is quite true that when an attempt is made to apply the reverse of this dictum a few conspicuous absences are found, but these are very conceivably due to the incompleteness of the record and may well be filled in later. In any event, nowhere else in the recent fauna can be found such a peculiar assemblage of species in association as Tonicella lineata, Cyanoplax hart- * :03, p. 66. 418 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. wegtt (not known to occur north of Monterey), Nuttallina californica, Mopalia lignosa (not positively recorded south of San Luis Obispo County), M. acuta (unrecorded north of Monterey), M. ciliata, Placiphorella velata, Cryptochiton stel- leri, Chaetopleura gemma, Ischnochiton fallax, I. magdalenen- sis, I. cooperi, Callistochiton decoratus punctocostatus (this one barely recorded from as far north as Monterey), C. palimu- latus mirabilis,—as far as it goes it is like calling the roll on a Pacific Grove beach! This is again brought out rather better by means of a table. Callistochiton decoratus ferminicus, be- cause unknown in the recent fauna, is left out of account. RELATIONS OF Lower SAN PepRo Cuiton FAUNA WITH Livinc Fauna or MONTEREY REGION Number of Per cent. species of total Common and characteristic at Monterey or not known,to occur elsewhere .................--- 15 83.3 More common to north or south but recorded PROM NMOMbeRe vines Aterere ckecsle since te reevocteee ae 3 16.7 Living rarely to north of Monterey region....... 4 22.2 Living rarely to south of Monterey region....... 2 11.1 Not known to occur north of Monterey region... 5 27.8 Not known to occur south of Monterey region... Le 38.9 Not known to occur in region of Monterey....... 0 0 Summing up it may be said that the chiton remains offer decided evidence that while the oceanic temperatures of south- ern California were very distinctly cooler during the Lower Pleistocene period than at the present time, the difference was nevertheless very little, if any, greater than that now prevailing between the waters of Monterey and Los Angeles counties, and, if the chitons are a true criterion, was quite probably about the same. Upper San Pedro Series: The total number of species here listed from the Upper San Pedro is 11. These may be given tabular treatment as follows: RELATIONS OF Upper SAN PepRo CH1IToN FAUNA WITH LIVING FAUNA OF CORRESPONDING LATITUDE Number of Per cent. species of total ExtinetrOriiacnlo wil livinge voce vcleieiseneteeeacie 2 18.2 Now living commonly in same region............ 5 45.5 Now living in same region but infrequent....... 2 18.2 Now living on other parts of coast, but not known to occur in same latitude as fossils............. 2 18.2 Now living more commonly to north than south.. 2 18.2 Now living more commonly to south than north.. 2 18.2 Known! toloccunionly: to north). .10- siecle 1 9.1 Known, to occur Only: to) SOuthh aces seriecteee ee 1 9.1 Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 419 The evidence here is not altogether clear cut, but is easily indicative of higher oceanic temperatures than prevailed dur- ing the preceding period. ‘This is better brought out when the fauna of a single horizon is taken by itself, the conflicting evi- dence being largely due to the peculiarities found in the faunas of such exposures as those at Point Loma. Taken as a whole, however, agreement is good with Arnold’s statement ( :03, p. 66) that “the fauna of the upper San Pedro series is southern in character, and, as would be expected, approaches more nearly the present living fauna of the San Pedro region.” The chitons do not, however, well support his further conclusion that de- position during this period occurred in shallower water than during Lower San Pedro times. The chitons of the Lower San Pedro exposures on Point Fermin, as we have already seen, are practically exclusively shore species, a few only of which have been found extending to a few fathoms depth. Those of Long Wharf Canyon, which is unqualifiedly an Upper San Pedro horizon, even though mainly shore forms, include a few species like Leptochiton clarki and Ischnochiton sanctemonice which have the aspect of off-shore types from at least moderate depths. No doubt different horizons within each period will show considerable modifications in this respect. As an associa- tion the Upper San Pedro chitons are not easy to bring into correlation with those of any restricted region of the coast at the present time. By itself, the Long Wharf Canyon fauna is rather strongly reminiscent of that of the west coast of Lower California in the neighborhood of the 28th parallel. This impression is probably due very largely, if not wholly, so far as the chitons are concerned, to the presence as a strong element in the fauna of the now characteristically Lower Californian Ischnochiton acrior. At the same time we find at the “coal mine” locality on Point Loma, this same southern species oc- curring simultaneously with the strongly northern Crypto- chiton stelleri, an association which for the present we can only regard as anomalous. Dr. Clark has so far failed to find the slightest trace of Cryptochiton in all his quarrying and sifting at Santa Monica. 420 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES _ [Proc. 4ru Ser. FoRMATIONAL INTER-RELATIONSJUPS OF CHITON FAUNA Oligocene Pliocene Lower Upper Recent San Pedro San Pedro Oligocene} sc2:sseone 1 Pliocene ys). ce sies oi 0 3 Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro.. 0 1 19 Upper San Pedro.. 0 2 5 ll Recents esckiviwcsicns 0 3 18 9 110+ A conspicuous fact brought out in several of the tables is the small number of species appearing in all formations which are extinct or not yet known to occur living. The single Oligo- cene species is unique and, as would be anticipated, is prob- ably extinct. But with one exception all the Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene forms which have been specifically de- termined are also of recent occurrence. This is likewise true of most of the fauna from the Upper (San Pedro) Pleistocene, but two species here described as new from the rocks of this period have not yet been discovered in the recent state. The species peculiar to each formation are: Number of Per cent. species of total ONFRCaaTA Boone a AadDo Bd ad Sasboosohosnabocean RO CEME Nits chee) a: 0.c ave 1s are oe.c else ayaicve ss aresyeret srelereie arate 1* 33 Pleistocene: eOweLesatiebedronenecnteeciiirielscic ccc 13** 68.4 Wip pene San Pedro’ «sree eiirereisiere siolsieielsteleleiekererelste 5¥** 45.5 *all occur also in living fauna. ae ae **all but one also known to occur in living fauna. ***all but two also known to occur in living fauna. No doubt these figures will be very greatly modified by the results of later investigation, but to some degree are probably dependable. An analysis in detail would probably show the more characteristic species of the respective formations to be somewhat as follows, all but Mopalia acuta being, so far as is known, confined to the formation under which they are listed: Oligocene : Oligochiton hoplax Pliocene: Katharina tunicata Pleistocene— Lower San Pedro Tonicella lineata Cyanoplax hartwegi i fackenthalle Nuttallina californica Mopalia lignosa F ciliata Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 421 Placiphorella velata Ischnochiton fallax Ischnochiton magdalenensis is cooperi Upper San Pedro Mopalia acuta Ischnochiton acrior B pectinulatus sanctemonice “ce Here, too, later work will no doubt bring about appreciable modification. One feels inclined to prophesy that Katharina tunicata will be found to occur in the Lower San Pedro as well as in the Pliocene, while it also seems reasonable that a large proportion of the species just now apparently characteristic of the Lower Pleistocene will eventually be discovered in the Pliocene as well. In addition to the forms specifically char- acteristic as noted, the Upper San Pedro horizons seem gen- erally to be marked by an extraordinarily abundant development of Callistochiton as compared with individuals of other genera. PARTS OF ANIMAL PRESERVED AS FOSSILS In chitons, as probably in every division of animals, all normal structures possess some special element to contribute toward a properly phylogenetic classification of the group. In such a classification it is no more proper to neglect a certain organ or group of organs than it is to leave out of consideration some difficult species or genus. Probably no one would dispute this, theoretically at least, but as a matter of actual practice, and with no more data to work with than we have at present, it is quite impossible, as in almost all other groups, even rea- sonably to approach so ambitious an ideal. For the time being, we must perforce be content with putting our reliance upon those structures which by reason of hardness, like the shell, or of adaptability to mounting, like the radula and girdle scales, are readily susceptible of preservation. In the case of fossils the very nature of things limits us to consideration of the shell, or, rather, to the shelly plates, eight in number, into which the chiton shell is divided. In life these are regularly meristic in position and are held together by the stout chitinous or leathery girdle, itself variously beset, both 422 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc., 47H Ser. above and below, with scales, spines, setze, or other horny or calcareous appendages. When some of our fossiliferous rocks have had their due of microscopic investigation, no doubt chiton girdle scales will be found, perhaps sometimes even in abundance. But up to the present there has been no recovery of any remains beyond the valves of the shell. All other struc- tures, being of but problematic value to the paleontologist, will be dealt with only incidentally in this paper. Except where for special reasons it becomes hardly avoidable, discussion of all such will be left for papers dealing primarily with the recent chitons, to which the student who wishes to push the matter further may readily refer. The paleontologist, as such, has to content himself with an odd valve pried here and there from the rocks, rarely with any evident remaining connection with any of the other valves originally its fellows, so the systematic discussion in a work of this scope necessarily must take purview of the situation and concern itself chiefly with the description and identification of such fragmental remains. THE SHELL OF CHITONS The valves of the chiton shell are not alike, nor are any two of them absolutely so, though the more central ones are very similar. To the casual observer they fall easily into three prin- cipal categories: the anteriormost, or “head” valve, as it is commonly called, the six intermediate or median valves, and the posteriormost or “tail” valve. Perhaps these terms are not strictly scientific either in etymology or application, but they are the ones generally in use and the most convenient we have. Each valve in articulating with its neighbors juts under the one just in front and over the one just behind. Consequently the head valve differs from all the others in being not only more or less evenly crescentic, due to its terminal position, but without accessory plates in front other than the marginal insertion plate present in nearly all chitons except a part of the family Lepido- pleuride. All the other valves have a pair of sharp, plate-like apophyses projecting on either side in front, the sutural lamine. The tail valve is, however, not straight or angular behind, as are usually the intermediate valves, but is evenly crescentic or specially shaped in some other way. Its oldest or umbonal Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 423 portion, technically known as the mucro, is usually evident as a submedian, conical projection of greater or less prominence, and is a characteristic feature. The shelly substance in all the valves is characteristically formed of two layers,—an inner, usually hard, semi-porcel- lanous tissue known as the articulamentum, and an outer, usually softer, very different appearing, surface layer, the teg- mentum. The articulamentum generally projects past the teg- mentum on the sides and in front to form the mechanism of articulation, namely the sutural laminz already described, and the toothed or simple imsertion plates which serve for the at- tachment of the girdle at the sides of the median valves and around the ends, anterior or posterior as the case may be, of the terminal valves. The insertion plates are usually divided by one or more slits into more or less evident teeth. Sometimes evident in the articulamentum are thread-like lines, or lines of pores, running radially from the valve umbo and leading one into each slit, thus marking the position of the slit through the previous stages of growth. The sutural laminz are separated in the central line by a sort of bay leading back nearly or quite to the margin of the tegmentum, the sutural or jugal sinus. Those portions of the tegmentum just over where the in- sertion plates push from under are referred to as the eaves, and the tissue of the little cliffs so formed as eave tissue. This tissue sometimes evinces special structural features of value. Dorsally, the tegmentum is typically capable of delimitation into several distinct areas, which, in spite of modifications in a considerable number of species, yet maintain themselves through the group with a somewhat remarkable constancy. In the median valves the regions of the tegmentum lying back of the radial articulamental lines above mentioned, and thus over- lying and coinciding with the old insertion plate tissue, are generally a little elevated, or may be bounded by a ridge or line of sculpturing in front. Their sculpture is subject to elab- oration on a different plan from that of the rest of the valve and is primarily radial, rather than longitudinal as elsewhere. They are apt to be very definite in their boundaries and are known as the lateral areas. The area lying in front of them is called the central area. The region adjacent to the ridge or jugum of the valve, except, of course, in the head valve, is known as the jugal tract and the more lateral portions occupying the 424 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. side slopes as the pleural tracts. In Acanthochitona and some other forms, the boundary between the jugal and pleural tracts is better marked than that of the lateral areas, and the entire region of the slopes is called the Jatero-pleural areas. The teg- mentum of the median valves sometimes shows an angular projection in the median line behind, the beak, and more rarely a similar forward projection between the sutural laminz in frent. This, when present, is known as the false beak. The tegmentum of the head valve is not so divisible into areas. Its sculpture is almost uniformly developed on the same general plan as that of the lateral areas, and, as with them, is primarily radial. The articulamentum of this valve is of course entirely made up of insertion plate tissue. The tail valve, on the other hand, has sutural laminz similar to those of the median valves and its tegmentum is typically divided into two regions, a central area in front of the mucro, and a posterior area behind it. The central area coincides in significance and essential plan of sculpture with the central areas of the median valves. The posterior area is homologous with the lateral areas and is usually similar to them in sculpture, though it develops peculiarities of its own now and then. It is sometimes con- venient to refer to the tegmental surface of the head valve and the posterior area of the tail valve together as the terminal areas, as they are frequently so similar in sculpture. The articu- lamentum, and sometimes the tegmentum also, of the tail valve is sometimes emarginated in the median line behind to form a posterior sinus. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT GENERAL REMARKS The general purport of the systematic portion of this paper is to give a catalogue of the known species of fossil chitons of western North America, systematically arranged, and in con- nection with each species to present 1. A brief summary of the synonymy, with those refer- ences to the literature as seem of special importance to the paleontologist, especially such as are accompanied by useful figures ; Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 425 2. A short diagnosis of the more important differential characters based upon the shell alone, and rendered as concise as possible consonant with a reasonably certain identification of the species ; 3. In the case of hitherto undescribed species, a full de- scription ; 4. A statement of the known geologic and geographic range ; 5. A list of the specimens examined, with pertinent data; 6. Figures of the shell, including both exterior (dorsal) and interior (ventral) views of a head, a median, and a tail valve, wherever the condition of the specimens available makes this possible ; 7. Special remarks. No figures of any of the fossil species have been prepared from recent specimens, and the diagnoses likewise are drawn as exclusively from fossil specimens as the material has per- mitted. In several instances both figures and diagnosis could have been decidedly improved and amplified by a more extended use of recent specimens, but it has seemed best for the present to avoid this wherever possible. Similarly it has been thought best to mention only shell characters in the diagnoses, not be- cause of any desire to place an exclusive systematic value upon them, but because, as has been stated, they are the only ones preserved by the fossils. New Taxonomic TERMS PROPOSED The following taxonomic terms are published for the first time in the present paper : Oligochiton lioplax, new genus and species Leptochiton clarki, new species Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) sanctemonice, new species Callistochitonine, new subfamily Callistochiton decoratus ferminicus, new subspecies Key TO GENERA The following key to the genera mentioned in this paper, it is hoped, will prove reasonably workable. It is in considerable degree artificial, but a purely phylogenetic key based upon the 426 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. shells alone, as must necessarily be done in this instance, seems impossible at this time. 1. Small species without insertion plates or slits at margin of articulamentum (Family Kepidopletnidce))) o-oo oes ere Leptochiton 1’. Valves with slitted or toothed insertion plates....... 2 2. Valves in adult composed of articulamentum only, in the living animal entirely covered by the featctalllvgilty euoenn MERA ied Pacread avena ole o o.ei ale Cryptochiton 2’. Valves showing both tegmentum and articulamentum.. 3 3. Valves with tegmental area greatly restricted, due to en- Groachment by ‘cindlese meee terse 4 3’. Valves with tegmental area not greatly restricted and windle not greatly encroaChiM gy. ajerlsenempeicts ie oe 5 4. Valves massive; tegmentum without striking SCulptUTe facies age ekerset ee eacecnsaieners Katharina 4’. Valves comparatively delicate; tegmentum sculptured with a more or less scaly pattern.....: Acanthochitona Sup avel\tissue SPOON yee arson es enters aieeiote 6 5’. Eave tissue solid (Family Ischnochitonide)........ 12 6. Lateral areas always poorly differentiated.......... 7 6’. Lateral areas generally distinct, often bounded in front by a diagonal rib; tail valve with a single pair of slits and a posterior sinus (Family Mopaliidz, in greater [Oz in) We Aree Aer CEU ABO e Reh alte sd cy anata. Ss 11 7. Valves normally proportioned; sculpture obsolete or of relatively simple type (Family Callochitonide).... 8 7’. Valves narrow, of more or less bizarre form; sculpture of tegmentum strongly granular............ Nuttallina See Sumaceron teomentumlsmoothncrrroltrrirok tao 9 8’. Surface of tegmentum finely granulose............. 10 9. Sutural laminze and teeth very short and weakly devel- oped; more than one slit on each side in median NEVNES:, Coan OUMercO me cle Obra bie Se coraleee Oligochiton 9’. Sutural laminz and teeth well developed; median valves Wwithkapsinele slit) om eachisideee vac) stlereia Tonicella 10. Valves stout; teeth oblique and more or less pointed in tative y seen iisieai teerpoeeatte eset cle eswans stench Cyanoplax 10’. Valves delicate; teeth small and very numerous in end VAISS ene Net ort okel & cust lolte ial enese cee tone toare Lepidochitona Vor. XT] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 427 11. Valves normally proportioned............... Mopalia 11’. Valves excessively short and wide......... Placiphorella 12. Valves with beaded sculpture; tegmentum strongly ce- veloped behind the articulamentum; median valves distinctly narrowed at sides; tail valve with short, stubby teeth and posterior mucro........ Cheetopleura 12’. Lateral and terminal areas having heavy radial ribs; the insertion plates short and curving out into the slits, 12’, Valves normal, with variously developed sculpture and sharply cut, even teeth throughout...... Ischnochiton DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES Family Lepidopleuridz Genus Leptochiton Gray, 1847 1. Leptochiton clarki Berry, new species (Plate I, fig. 10.) Diagnosis: Valves small, delicate, without insertion plates ; sculpture weak, consisting of rows of small granules, coalescing or overlapping to form weak longitudinal riblets on the central areas and radial ones on the lateral areas; sutural lamine very low and wide, blending evenly into the shell margin. Type: An intermediate valve, entered as Cat. No. 3987 of the writer’s collection [S. S. B. 605]. Type Locality: Upper San Pedro Pleistocene of Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California; collector, Dr. F. C. Clark; 1 median valve. Range: Unknown except type locality as given above. Description: Intermediate valve small, high-arched, sub- angular on the ridge, the side slopes arcuate. Lateral areas 2mm. Fig. 1 Fig. 1. Leptochiton clarki Berry, new species. Dorsal aspect of type valve [605] ; camera outline. 428 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. scarcely raised, sculptured all over by numerous, crowded, low, rounded granules, radially arranged and more or less coalescent to form low radial riblets (17-20 on a side ? ), separated from each other by shallow, but quite distinctly cut, sulci. Central areas everywhere sculptured by numerous, more pointed, back- wardly directed, more overlapping granules, which coalesce strongly to form about 55-60 low, granular, longitudinal riblets on each slope, their interspaces about half as wide as the riblets themselves and traversed by a rather weak, transverse thread- ing which shows up more plainly where the tegmentum is slightly worn; riblets more or less oblique on the sides, bending inward as they approach the lateral areas, those nearer the center of the shell becoming straighter, and passing smoothly over the jugal region where they become a little narrower and more numerous than on the slopes. Fig. 2 Fig. 2. Leptochiton clarki Berry, new species. Anterior elevation of type valve [605]; camera outline. Interior ef valve with a rather strong, anterior, transverse callus. Insertion teeth obsolete. Slits none. Sutural laminz very low, wide, evenly rounded in front, their outer slope only a little more abrupt than the inner and passing smoothly into the lateral margin of the shell. Measurements: Caliper measurements of the type are,— long. 2.2, lat. 6.1, alt. 2.6 mm. Fig. 3 Fig. 3. Leptochiton clarki Berry, new species. Dorsal aspect of right side of type valve [605]; camera outline. Vox. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 429 Remarks: It is unfortunate that only a single valve has been discovered in all Dr. Clark’s screenings of the only fossil Lepi- dopleurid we have seen. It is a modest little species, apparently Fig. 4 Fig. 4. Leptochiton clarki Berry, new species. Ventral aspect of same; same scale as Fig. 3; camera outline. allied to the prevailing group of species now living along the coast, although, chiefly because of the peculiar form of the sutural laminz, I have been unable to identify it with any of them. From L. nexus (Carpenter), as represented by a speci- men from off Laguna,’ it differs in the much less sharply defined lateral areas and their much more distinct radial liration, as well as rather more numerous lirz of the central areas (55-60 instead of 50), which are not separated into distinct scales or granules. Fig. 5. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Dorsal aspect of right side of valve v of paratype [124a] a recent specimen from 15 fathoms, off Monterey, Cali- fornia; same scale; camera outline. Fig. 6 Fig. 6. Leptochiton heathi Berry. Ventral aspect of same; same scale; camera outline. From valves of L. heathi Berry, that of the fossil specimen differs in being shorter and wider, in having a more angular eee Sc. f. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), v. 9, p. & 430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 47H Ser. dorsal ridge, in the more numerous lire of the central areas (40-45 in heathi), in the more definite radial arrangement of the granules on the lateral areas, and in the conspicuously shorter and less pointed sutural laminz. From L. rugatus (Carpenter) it is separated by the weaker growth lines and consequently less conspicuous terracing of the lateral areas, together with the less crowded and more dis- tinctly radial arrangement of the granules in this region, the more angular ridge, and the shape and position of the sutural lamine. Fig. 7 Fig. 7. Leptochiion rugatus (Carpenter). Dorsal aspect of right side of valve iv of recent specimen from La Jolla, California, [llla]; same scale; camera outline. Fig. 8 Fig. 8. Leptochiten rugatus (Carpenter). Ventral aspect of same; same scale; camera outline. The fossil species differs from both L. rugatus and L. heathi in the very short and wide sutural laminz, which in L. rugatus, moreover, are not marginal, but abruptly set over and separated by a sharp notch from the lateral margin of the shell. The differences in form of the sutural laminze in these three species are very clearly brought out in the accompanying camera draw- ings (text figs. 3-8). L. nevus I have unfortunately not had opportunity to disarticulate. The specific name is chosen in honor of Dr. F. C. Clark of Santa Monica, California. No. of pecimens Beg eet le Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 431 Family Callochitonidz Subfamily Lepidochitoninz Genus Oligochiton Berry, new genus Chiton with valves of normal form; insertion plates and teeth present, but very short. Surface of tegmentum smooth. Lateral areas scarcely defined. Sutural plates low and wide, separated by a wide and shallow sinus. Eaves spongy. Slits numerous in the end valves; probably 2 or 3 on a side in the median valves. Type: the following species: 2. Oligochiton lioplax Berry, new species (Plate I, figs. 1-6.) Diagnosis: Valves of moderate size, without sculpture ex- cept lines of growth; lateral areas weakly delimited; mucro nearly median; slits numerous—13 in head valve, probably 2 or 3 on a side in median valves, about 15 in tail valve; teeth short; sutural laminze short and broad, well separated. Type: A tail valve [S. S. B. 608] in the collection of the department of geology, Leland Stanford Junior University. Paratypes: A median valve [607] in the collection of the department of geology, Leland Stanford Junior University, and a head valve [606] in the writer’s collection. Type Locality: “N. P. 129”, Sooke Formation Oligocene, “from conglomerates and sandstones found along the sea cliff between the mouths of Muir and Kirby creeks, west of Otter Point, southern Vancouver Island”, British Columbia; 3 valves. Material Examined: &5 Number Locanity CoLLEcTOR Where Original jin Author's) Remarks | Formation Deposited Number Register Sea cliff, between mouths of Muir and Kirby creeks, Berry Coll. Vancouver Id., B. C..... H. Hannibal Cat. 5052 N. P. 129 (606) Paratype | Sooke eliff, between mou ths of Muir and ats creeks, : Dept. Geology Vaneouver Id., B.C..... H. Hannibal | Stanford Univ.| N. P. 129 [607] Paratype | Sooke Sea cliff, between mouths of Muir and Kirby creeks, : Dept. Geology Vancouver Id., B. C....| H. Hannibal} Stanford Univ.| N. P. 129 (608) Type | Sooke Sea cliff, between mouths of Muir and = creeks, . | Vancouver Id., B. C. ...|Cal. Aed. Sci.} Cal. Aed. Sci. | C. A. S. 231 1939) Sooke Period Oligocene | Oligocene | Oligocene | ane | Oligocene 432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Sze. Description: Head valve evenly crescentic, the slopes only slightly convex. Exterior somewhat worn and pitted; surface everywhere very finely and microscopically punctate, other- wise practically smooth, without any well developed pattern of sculpturing, except a few weak, concentric growth lines (marked in the specimen at hand by faint, narrow, alternating color bands of a darker tone than the body of the shell). In- terior not examined, but the principal portion of the shell so delaminated as to reveal the presence of a number of strong radiating lines or grooves coincident with the marginal slits. Slits and grooves about 13 in number. Insertion teeth smooth, beveled somewhat at margin, but not very sharp. Median valve not beaked, relatively short and wide, mod- erately high-arched; jugum with a strong but somewhat rounded angle, the specimen being somewhat abraded in this region; side slopes nearly straight. Tegmental surface un- sculptured throughout except for a fine punctation and growth strize like those of the head valve above described, the lines of growth and concentric color bands here rather more conspicu- ous; lateral areas flattened, only weakly elevated and therefore very indistinctly marked off from the pleural regions. Sutural lamine short and broad, their margins arcuate, with the inner slopes more gradually tapering than the outer; well separated in the median line. Interior little calloused, the radial grooves on the sides 3-2; slits indistinct, but evidently 2-1, or 3-2, if the posterior groove on each side be assumed to have originally terminated in a slit. Tail valve rather triangular in outline, the mucro nearly median; depressed, the side slopes flat and straight, posterior slope slightly concave; anterior margin strongly concave be- tween the sutural laminze; boundary between central and pos- terior areas clearly marked, forming an obtuse angle at the mucro and thence extending straight to the sharp antero-lateral angles of the tegmental margin. Sculpture exactly similar to that of the median and head valves. Sutural laminze excessively short and broad, well separated. Interior with a strong, tri- angular, median callus bearing numerous lateral branches. Slits numerous but not everywhere definitely distinguishable in specimen examined; on the right side about 9 in number.‘ Insertion teeth smooth, very short. In the California Academy specimen the total number of radial lines can be counted from above and appears to be 15, Vor. XT] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 433 Eaves on all valves badly worn, but apparently rather spongy. Measurements: Long. of head valve 6.+ mm., diameter 13+ mm.; long. of median valve 6.0 mm, diameter 20.0 mm. ; long. of tail valve [608] 10.4, [939] 11. mm., diameter [608 ] 18.+-, [939] 19.4-+- mm. Remarks: The specimens upon which the description of the present species is based, though none of them entire, have their various fragments for the most part in a fairly good state of preservation. The characters in which they are peculiar are not very striking, and it is therefore quite difficult at the present time to arrive at any precise determination of their relation- ships. The numerous slits, as well as the shorter teeth, pre- clude reference to Tonicella, and recall in some degree the de- scription of the two species of Spongioradsia (aleutica and muI- tidentata), but the very spongy shell substance described for the latter group, and the fact that the teeth are even more poorly developed than in the fossil forms, militates against any at- tempt to jointhem. In other respects likewise, Oligochiton and Spongioradsia do not seem to have much in common. Cyano- plax and Lepidochitona have a differently formed tail valve, longer teeth, and a wider separation of the much better de- veloped sutural laminze. Nevertheless it is clear that the asso- ciation of the Oligocene chiton should be more or less inti- mately with the genera named in the family Callichitonide. The comparatively weak development of the sutural laminz and insertion plates perhaps indicates that Oligochiton is a primitive form, perhaps ancestral to some of the modern mem- bers of the family. It is of particular interest as the oldest chiton thus far re- corded from the West American formations. Genus Tonicella Carpenter, 1873 3. Tonicella lineata (Wood, 1815) (Plate II, figs. 1-5.) 1815. Chiton lineatus Wood, Gen. Conch., p. 15, pl. 2, f. 4-5. 1847. Chiton lineatus Middendorff, Mal. Ross., I, p. 109, pl. 12, f. 8-9. 1847. Chiton lineatus Sowerby, Conch. Ill., f. 77. 1847. Chiton lineatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., v. 4, Chiton, sp. Sopa 7a tase; detailipletao os 434 1857. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1856, pp. 208, 214, 223. 1857. 1864. 1863, pp. 523, 648, 684. 1864. 1879. 296, 326, pl. 1, f. 5 (radula). 1892. 1919. f. 25-28. Tonicella lineata Pilsbry, Man. Conch., pl. 11, Tonicella lineata Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. [Proc. 47H Ser. Chiton lineatus Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Tonicia lineata Carpenter, op. cit., p. 317. Chiton lincatus Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Tonicia lineata Carpenter, op. cit., pp. 648, 684. Tonicella lineata Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. (1), v. 14, p. 42, 43 [3] (recorded from Pleistocene of Point Fermin, California). Diagnosis: Valves low’; surface smooth, except for growth lines ; lateral areas indistinct ; traces of a color pattern of clean- cut wavy sistent, or Z1Q-Z zag, oblique, longitudinal Becommae crescentic on the terminal valves; lines often per- sutural laminze short and wide, separated by a narrow sinus; tegmental margin often with an indication of false beaking in front; teeth short, but sharply cut, slightly projecting ; eaves spongy ; mucro high and very anterior in position; slits generally 8 to 10, 1-1, 8 to 10. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, Lower house, Point Fermin, California (!). Living: Plover Bay, Siberia, to Japan; San Pedro Series—‘‘Chiton Bed” !); near light- Norton Sound, Bering Sea, to San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara County, Cali- fornia (!) ; between tides; juvenals to 30 fathoms. Material Examined: pecimens No. of ee See ..|{Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, :.'Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal Cal a lighthouse, Pt. Fermin, Near lighthouse Pt. Fermin, Jal LocaLity CoLLECTOR _|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal & E. M. Chace, 1918 Cal & E. M. Chace, 1918 Chace, 1920. ... Chace, 1920.... Chace & S. S. Berry, 1920.. E. P. E.P. E. P. E. P. E. P. E. P. & E. M. Chace..... ESP. & E. M. Chace. Where Deposited Berry Coll. Cat. 4079. Berry Coll. Cat. 4079. Chace Coll.......... Chace Coll... . Chace Coll Cal. Acd. Sci. ..... Bera Coll. Cat. 4079 Berry Coll. Cat. 4107. ..|Berry Coll. Cat. 4107. Formation _ Number in Author's Register [1183] |Lower San Pedro. . . Lower San Pedro. . Lower San Pedro... Lower San Pedro Lower San Pedro. . (1366) (1400) (1096) {1097] Lower San Pedro... Lower San Pedro. . . 7 Varying to high in recent specimens from northern localities. Period Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 435 Remarks: Some of these specimens still retain well pre- served traces of the original color pattern, as has already been remarked for other Lower San Pedro fossils by Arnold ( :03, p. 20). The evidence thus afforded, as well as that of the flattish outline of the valves, indicates that this Lower Pleisto- cene race was closely similar to the more southern form of the species as now existing, for instance, along the coast of Monterey County, California, which has an aspect quite recog- nizably different from the Puget Sound and Alaskan shells. Genus Cyanoplax (Pilsbry, 1892) 4. Cyanoplax hartwegii (Carpenter, 1855) (Plate II, figs. 6-8.) 1855. Chiton hartwegii Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., L850 ps cole 1855. Chiton nuttalli Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., E855; ps 23. 1864. Trachydermon hartwegii Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1863, p. 649. 1864. Trachydermon nuttallii Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, pp. 627, 649. 1879. Chetopleura hartwegti Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, pp. 296, 329, pl. 1, f. 10 (radula). 1879. Chetopleura nuttallii Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, pso50: 1892. Tonicella (Cyanoplax) hartwegii & var. nuttallii, Pils- bry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 45, 46, pl. 14, f. 81-85. 1894. Trachydermon (Cyanoplax) hartwegii Pilsbry, Nauti- lus, v. 8, p. 45. 1909. Cyanoplax hartwegii Thiele, Rev. Syst. Chit., I, p. 4, 7. 1909. Trachydermon hartwegii Thiele, id., p. 16. 1910. Trachydermon hartwegii Thiele, Rev. Syst., Chit., II, p. 107. 1919. Cyanoplax hartwegii Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 42 [2] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fer- min, California). Diagnosis: Valves low, relatively short and wide; sculp- ture, when not eroded, comprising a fine granulation overlain 436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. by larger irregularly scattered warts, the lateral areas dis- tinctly defined only in well preserved specimens; a color pattern of brownish flames or stains sometimes persistent; sutural lamine short and wide, the sinus wide and shallow; tegmental border straight or only slightly sinuous in front; teeth short, not projecting; eaves spongy; mucro low, nearly median in position; slit formula 8 to 11, 1-1, 9 to 12, the slits and teeth of the tail valve very oblique. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Wower San Pedro Series—‘“Chiton Bed”, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !). Living: Monterey, California, to Magdalena Bay, Lower California ; between tides. Material Examined: pecimens| = S < oO No. of tO ee | 3 555 2 = 5 Locaitr CoLLECTOR Where Deposited geo Formation Period ees . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1918. ...... Berry Coll. Cat. 4039.| [943] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. | E. P. & E.M. Chace, 1918./Berry Coll. Cat. 4075.| [1030] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.| E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918.|Berry Coll. Cat. 4075.| [1079] |Lower San Pedro... Pleistocene . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. | E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918.|Berry Coll. Cat. 4075.) [1081] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. | E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918.|Chace Coll. ......... {1080] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.| EB. P. Chace, 1920....... Chace Coll.......... [1367] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.| E. P. Chace, 1920....... Chace Coll.......... [1367] |Lower San Pedro... Pleistocene .{Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.| EB. P. Chace, 1920. ...... Chace Coll.......... [1367] |Lower San Pedro...} Pleistocene Ant..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.| E. P. Chace & 8.8. Berry, E ; PNosaqoghacncnosae Cal. Acd. Sci......... {1401] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. | E. P. Chace & S. S. Berry, ' CP asa ascdcomogsad Cal. Acd. Sci......... [1402] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocens Remarks: This species comes near to being the most abundant chiton now living on the coasts of California south of Monterey, with the possible exception of Lepidochitona dentiens, and from analogy with other species, one would naturally expect it to occur commonly in the Pleistocene. Such, however, is not the case. As a matter of fact, it has been un- known as a fossil until very recently, and seems to be very rare except at the Point Fermin “Chiton Bed”, whence all my speci- mens were obtained. Most of these are too worn to show well the characteristic warty sculpture which in the shells of living animals can usually be relied on to separate hartwegii from all ouf other chitons. 1 |Ant.. Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 437 5. Cyanoplax fackenthallz Berry, 1919 (Plate II, figs. 9-10.) 1919. Cyanoplax fackenthalle Berry, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 45 [5]. Diagnosis: Valves low, relatively short and wide, median ones distinctly beaked; sculpture comprising a fine, close, sha- green-like, quincuncial granulation over the entire surface, and a few rather irregular grooves on the terminal areas; lateral areas rather poorly defined; color pale, usually without mark- ings; sutural laminz triangular, projecting well forward, the sinus wide and deep; tegmental border sinuous in front; teeth of head and median valves very long and projecting, the slits extending only part way to base, in tail valve projected some- what anteriorly, those on the sides of this valve oblique and distinctly pointed; eaves spongy; mucro low, somewhat pos- terior; slit formula 8, 2-2 (?), 11. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Wower San Pedro Series —Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (!). Living: Pacific Grove, California ; between tides. Material Examined: LocaLity CoLLECTOR Where Deposited Formation _ Number in Author's Register Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4103.| — [1082] |Lower San Pedro. Remarks: The single head valve seen seems to be conspe- cific with a similarly unique recent specimen at hand from Pa- cific Grove, which I recently ventured to describe as new under the name given above. It is also very near to another recent species lately described from Southern California, the C. owei (Pilsbry), but the fossil agrees rather better in its lack of lines of pores in the articulamentum and in the more solid nature of the eaves and other parts of the shell, with the Pacific Grove form. It has been necessary to draw a portion of this description from a recent specimen. Period Pleistocene 438 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Genus Lepidochitona Gray, 1821 6. Lepidochitona dentiens (Gould, 1846) (Plate I, figs. 7-9.) 1846. Chiton dentiens Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 2, p. 145. 1852. Chiton (Onithochiton) dentiens Gould, Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 321, pl. 28, £. 433-433b. 1857. Chiton (?) dentiens Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1856, pp. 209, 318, 348. 1862. Chiton dentiens Gould, Otia Conch., p. 6. 1864. Trachydermon pseudodentiens Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1863, pp. 530, 606, 612, 649. 1865. Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) pseudodentiens Carpen- ter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1865, p. 60. 1879. Trachydermon dentiens Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1 p1323: 1892. Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) dentiens Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), v. 14, p. 73, pl. 8, f. 61-65. 1893. Trachydermon dentiens Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 15, p. 65, pl. 15, £. 26 (girdle scales). not 1917. Trachydermon dentiens Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 30 (=Mopalia acuta). Diagnosis: Valves small, delicate, low, median ones more or less obscurely beaked ; sculpture consisting of numerous low, flat, round, even granules over the entire surface, showing more or less tendency to form into longitudinal lines on the central areas ; lateral areas fairly well defined in good material; sutural laminz wide and low, separated by a moderately wide but shal- low sinus; tegmental border of median valves gently arcuate in front; teeth thin, sharp, barely projecting, in tail valve very numerous and often bifid; eaves spongy; mucro a little anterior of the middle, rather elevated, its posterior slope concave: slits 11, 1-1, 10 to 15. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (!). Living: Esquimalt, British Columbia (Carpenter), to Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Group, Mexico (Pilsbry) ; be- tween tides. Vou. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 439 Material Examined: “iF gE B a Valve Loca.ity CoLLEcToR Where Deposited ge9 Formation Period 23 Zoe 2) | 57 |Int. .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [659] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene 6 |Int..|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll... ......... Berry Coll. Cat. 4122.| [65 € |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene 71 =|Int..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. (711) ? ?Pleistocene Remarks: The sculpture of L. dentiens is extremely similar to that of Cyanoplax raymondi (Pilsbry), but the short, wide valves, delicate structure of the shell, and_ short sutural laminz lead me to refer the fossil specimens to the former species. Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd obtained it so abundantly in the Nob Hill Cut that it seems strange that, except for one perhaps questionable specimen from Deadman Island, it has not been detected in any of the other horizons. The specimens are so fragile that none were obtained in an altogether perfect condition, but in spite of this and the lack of any terminal valves in the series, the identification seems reasonably certain. Genus Nuttallina Carpenter, 1879 7. Nuttallina californica (Nuttall, 1847) (Plate III, figs. 1-12.) 1847. Chiton californicus Nuttall in Reeve, Conch. Icon., v. 4, Chiton, sp. 90, pl. 16, £. 90; detail pl., f. 89. 1864. Acanthopleura scabra Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, p. 527, 603, 649. 1893. Nuttallina californica Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 279, pl. 54, f. 23-24; pl. 56, f. 12-18. 1919. Nuttallina cf. fluaa Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 42 [2] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fermin, Cal.). Diagnosis: Valves heavy, low, more or less triangular, median ones strongly beaked, though beaks and entire posterior portion often lost by erosion; sculpture comprising a narrow sulcus bounding the jugal tract on each side, an oblique ridge dividing the lateral and pleural areas, and a coarse, rather zig- pecimens No. of erroneknsen| 8 440 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. zag granulation over the two latter regions, the jugal tract smooth; traces of the color pattern of white jugal triangles often persistent, these giving way rather abruptly on the sides to brown; sutural laminz very long, pointed on the inner front margin, the wide sinus steep-sloped and deep; tegmental bor- der of median valves strongly arcuate in front; teeth of head valve long and projecting, of median valves very weakly de- veloped, = tail valve low, thickened, very irregular in width, and strongly directed forward; eaves and sinus spongy; mucro strongly posterior, often overhanging; slits 10 to 11, 1-1 (though with slit-rays 2-2), 7 to 9. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series —Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (!) ; Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cali- fornia (!). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). Living: Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Pilsbry), to Piedras Blancas, San Luis Obispo County, California (Pils- bry) ; between tides. Material Examined: oo 5 . 243 F ‘ Valve LocaLity CoLLEcTOR Where Deposited EI = ‘& Formation Period als Int. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1918....... Chace Coll. ......... { 944] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Ant..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918/Berry Coll. Cat. 4040 | [1026] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Int. . |Chiton Bed, Pt. . Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918/Berry Coll. Cat. 4040 | [1027] |Lower San Pedro...} Pleistocene Post. |Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918/Berry Coll. Cat. 4040 | [1028] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Int. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918/Berry Coll. Cat. 4040 | [1083] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Post. |Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4040 | [1084] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Ant..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1920 Chace Coll... :...... [1361] |Lower San Pedro...} Pleistocene Int. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1920 ..|Chace Coll. ......... [1362] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Ant..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1920.......|Berry Coll. Cat. 4964 | [1362] [Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Post. |Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1920....... Chace Coll.......... [1363] |Lower San Pedro...} Pleistocene Ant..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. ae S.S. Berry, 1920 2 Ne aoe Berry Coll. [1403] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Int. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. ‘at. 4964....... Cal. Acd. Sci...... {1404] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Post. |Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. 4 Chace Coll........ [1405] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Ant..|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal. ..|Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ...... { 652] |Lower San Pedro...} Pleistocene Int. .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. { 653] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Int. .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|é Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. { 678] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Remarks: Specimens of Nuttallina are far from widely distributed as fossils in spite of their present day abundance. I have seen them in numbers only from the Point Fermin “Chiton Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 44] Bed”. The two principal living species are very similar to each other but are supposed to be quite distinctly separable geo- graphically, NV. californica occurring from the neighborhood of Point Concepcion as far north, perhaps, as British Columbia, while N. fluxa (Carpenter) is recorded from Southern and Lower California. When first received the median valve figured was thought to be referable to NV. fluxa rather than to N. californica. Receipt of better material has caused me to revise this opinion, but I must admit that even with recent material I am not always confi- dent that I am able to draw a proper dividing line between these two species. The flwxa-like outline of the specimen under consideration, however, seems clearly due to the erosion of the entire posterior portion of the valve. It has the following caliper measurements: length 5.3, diameter 6.8, alt. 3.6 mm. The largest perfect specimen seen is an intermediate valve from the Chiton Bed [1027], and measures: length 8.7, di- ameter 9.0, alt. 3.2 mm. A worn and eroded median valve from the same exposure [1404] is much larger, its length 12.0, diameter 16.7, and alt. 5.8 mm. Family Mopaliidze Genus Mopalia Gray, 1847 8. Mopalia muscosa (Gould, 1846) (Plate IV, figs. 1-9.) 1846. Chiton muscosus Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 2, p. 145. 1847. Chiton ciliatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., v. 4, Chiton, sp. 124, pl. 19, f. 124; detail pl., f. 124 (not of Sowerby, 1840). 1847. Chiton collei Reeve, id., sp. 136, pl. 21, f. 136. 1852. Chiton muscosus Gould, Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 313, f. 436. 1862. Chiton muscosus Gould, Otia Conch., p. 6. 1893. Mopalia muscosa Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 295, pl. 63, f. 46-56; pl. 64, f. 74. 1903. Mopalia ciliata Arnold, Mem. Cal. Ac. Sci., v. 3, p. 28, 42, 85, 343 (recorded from Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.). 442 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. 1906. Mopalia ciliata Arnold, Pectens of Calif., p. 36 (recorded from Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.). 1919. Mopalia muscosa Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 42 [2] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fermin, Cal. ). Diagnosis: Valves moderately heavy, barely beaked; lat- eral areas distinct, bounded by a strong rib-like series of more or less overlapping tubercles in front, and a similar but more or less obsolete series of wider tubercles on the sutural margin, the area between closely and finely tubercular; head valve sim- ilarly sculptured with 8 strongly tuberculose radial ridges in addition to the tubercled thickenings on the sutural margin; central areas sculptured throughout with numerous low, rather crenulate, longitudinal riblets, sometimes weakly interlatticed by traces of a fine radial liration across the sulci; sutural lamin low and broad, the sinus rather shallow; tegmental border of median valves with a distinct, obtusely rounded, beak-like pro- jection in front; teeth of first 7 valves strongly projecting, those of head valve vertically grooved outside; tail valve with a single pair of lateral slits and a small angular sinus in the articulamentum which barely indents the tegmental border; mucro low and strongly posterior; eaves spongy and crenu- lated; slit formula 8, 1-1, 1-1. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Formation—Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !); Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (!). Upper San Pedro Formation—“Crawfish George’s”, San Pedro, California (!); “lumber yard”, San Pedro, Cali- fornia (Arnold, as ciliata); “coal mine’, Point Loma, Cali- fornia (!). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). Indian middens: Near Cypress Point, Monterey County, California (!) ; mouth of Topanga Canyon, near Santa Monica, California (Dr. F. C. Clark, Coll., !) ; La Jolla, California (!). Living: Shumagin Islands, Alaska (Dall), to Cedros Island, Lower California; usually between tides. Vou. XT) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 443 Material Examined: No. of Valve Int Int. . Int. . Post. Post . ges Locairy CoLLector Where Deposited E Sp Formation wm £ ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918/Berry Coll. Cat. 4041. | [1034] |Lower San Pedro. . ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918/Cal. Aed. Sci... ..... [1088] |Lower San Pedro .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |B. P. Chace, 1918....... as Coll. Cat. acer { 945] |Lower San Pedro |Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918 {Ghace Call Cat: iii [1035] |Lower San Pedro .{Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918 pebircoty cae Apa {1089] |Lower San Pedro . |Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|In. P. & B.M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat.4105 [1090] |Lower San Pedro. . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1920... .. .|Chace Coll... .... {1364] |Lower San Pedro. ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. - Chace & §. 8. Berry, LOO ene once Ore Chace Coll. ...... {1406] |Lower San Pedro .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace & S. 8. Bary, 1920 Pecks .|Chace Coll........ [1407] |Lower San Pedro ..|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............|Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... { 654] |Lower San Pedro .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll........... .|Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.....| { 655] |Lower San Pedro Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll... ... ...|Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ. ....| { 656] |Lower San Pedro .. Crawfish George's, San Pedro, | Galiliis eatin pose cutee E. P. Chace, 1918....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4046.} | 952] |Lower San Pedro. .|Crawfish George's, San Pedro, alec tem nicsnascs E. P. Chace, 1918. ...... Berry Coll. Cat. 4046.| [ 953] |Lower San Pedro .|Crawfish George's, San Pedro, Cale eaccicscce oketiee E. P. Chace, 1918....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4046 | | 953] |Lower San Pedro : Coal mine, Pt. Loma, Cal...|C. L. Hubbs............ Berry Coll. Cat. 3932.| | 550] |Upper San Pedro _|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll........... Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. { 689) ? ? ..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.....| [ 697] ? ..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ. ....| [ 719] ? Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal./Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... ..| { 690} ? Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal./R. Arnold, May, 1901....|Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.....| [ 692] ? .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............ Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ. . . { 702] ? .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll... ......... Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... { 720] ? Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll. . . ..|Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ. . . { 705] ? | Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 721) ? Period Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene Remarks: Valves of this species are not always easy to discriminate from those of several of its living allies, especially as they are so often worn and broken. Well preserved speci- mens should be quite readily identifiable by their coarse sculp- turing, the longitudinal ribs of the central areas being heavier and fewer than in such species as M. hindsti, while the ribs bounding the central areas, as well as these areas themselves, are more strongly granose. In shape the valves are generally quite elevated and have an unusually shallow jugal sinus. Dall and Pilsbry have already called attention to the fact that in this species the tegmentum of the median valves has a sort of rounded, false beak in the middle in front, which is an 444 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. aid in the separation of the species from M. ciliata, but this beak is sometimes eroded away in fossils. Practically all the fossil Mopalias will require re-examina- tion after those of the recent fauna have become better under- stood than they are at present. 9. Mopalia hindsii (Sowerby, 1847) (Plate IV, figs. 10-12.) 1847. Chiton Hindsii Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon., v. 4, Chiton, sp. 67, pl. 12, £. 67a-b; detail pl., f. 67. 1847. Mopalia Hindsu Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 69, 169. 1893. Mopalia muscosa var. hindsii Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 296, pl. 62, £. 99-100; pl. 63, f. 57. 1916. Mopalia hindsii Chace, Nautilus, v. 30, p. 71 (recorded from Pleistocene of Deadman Id., Cal.). Diagnosis’: Valves moderately heavy, barely beaked ; lat- eral areas distinct, bounded in front by a low, sometimes obso- lete, rather indistinctly granose rib, and behind by a much weaker sutural thickening, the area between showing an inter- woven basket-like pattern of varying distinctness; head valve similarly ornamented with 8 low, indistinctly granose, radiat- ing ribs, showing the basket-like sculpturing between; central areas sculptured with numerous fine longitudinal riblets, either weakly interlatticed, or so broken as to have a zigzag appear- ance, sometimes nearly obsolete; jugal tracts with a sharp longitudinal divergent ribbing, or with sculpture obsolete; sutural laminze low and broad; sinus narrow and rather shal- low ; tegmental border of median valves with a distinct, rounded beak-like projection in front; teeth of head valve moderately long, rather weakly vertically grooved outside; teeth of me- dian valves projecting, less distinctly grooved; tail valve with a single pair of lateral slits and an angular posterior sinus in the articulamentum, the tegmentum rather broadly emarginate above it; mucro a little behind the center; eaves spongy and somewhat crenulate; slits 8, 1-1, 1-1. * Description drawn in part from recent specimens. Vou. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 445 Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (Chace, !). Living: Forrester Island, Alaska, (!) to Ventura County, California (!) ; usually between tides, but recorded to 30 fathoms. Also recorded from Laguna Beach, Orange County, California (Guernesey), and San Diego, California (Kelsey). Material Examined: Pleistocene B68 LocaLity CoLLECTOR Where Deposited as2 Formation Ey aoe ...|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal. |E. P. Chace............ Berry Coll. Cat. 3935.| [ 578] |—San Pedro....... .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal. |Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... { 691] ? ? Pleistocene Remarks: One of the two specimens here referred to MW. hindsit is that previously reported from the San Pedro Forma- tion by Chace. While I am unable to place it elsewhere, it nevertheless does not seem to be entirely characteristic for this species. In this specimen even the central areas have a beau- tiful basket-like, interwoven appearance to the sculpturing, something like that of the lateral areas but finer. It has been found hopeless to depict this with any real faithfulness in a stipple drawing, but perhaps the illustration will give a hint of what is meant. In all recent specimens I have examined, as well as in the fossil from the Arnold collection, the longi- tudinal sculpture of the central areas is much more marked and results in an effect of fine, rather wavy fluting, instead of interweaving. The divergent riblets on the jugal area of the second valve are generally quite well marked. On the other valves this is less evident. Well preserved specimens are readily distinguished from all forms of M. muscosa by the peculiar cloth-like sculpturing, and the usually flatter outline. In living specimens the girdle char- acters of the two species are widely different. 446 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 10. Mopalia acuta (Carpenter, 1855) (Plate V, figs. 10-11.) 1855. Chiton acutus Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, PaZzoz: 1864. Mopalia acuta Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, p. 527, 648. 1893. Mopalia muscosa var. acuta Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 297, pl. 64, f. 75-81. 1917. Trachydermon dentiens Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 30 (not Chiton dentiens of Gould; recorded from Pleis- tocene of Santa Monica, California). Diagnosis: Valves small to moderate in size, rather deli- cate; sculptured in similar fashion to M. lignosa, but the sutural rib in valves i-vii typically ornamented by series of delicate denticles; sutural laminz short and wide; sinus narrow and rather shallow; tegmental border of median valves weakly Fig. 9 Fig. 9. Mopalia acuta (Carpenter). Anterior elevation of valve illus- trated in Plate V, figs. 10-11; camera outline. false-beaked in front; teeth rather short, only moderately pro- jecting ; tail valve with a single pair of lateral slits, one or more of which may be duplex, and a small posterior sinus, often showing a small tooth at the apex; eaves spongy; slits 8, 1-1, 1-1. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (!). Upper San Pedro Series—Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (!); Los Cerritos Hill, Long Beach, Cali- fornia (!). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). Living: Monterey, California (!) to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California (!)”. 10 The record by Baker from Ellamar, Alaska, surely requires confirmation. Remarks: Specimens of a nearly smooth Wopalia, believed for the most part to be identical with the recent MW. acuta (Car- penter), have been seen from several horizons, but the material is frequently so poor that one cannot be absolutely certain of the identification, especially since the recent forms themselves belonging to this group are still very insufficiently known. Most of the specimens are very small, and this, with the yel- low-brown maculation still visible now and then, gives support to the view that they are not forms of lignosa. On the other hand only one or two of the valves possess even a trace of the delicate sutural denticulation supposedly characteristic of acuta, the sutural margin in most instances being smooth. of the specimens listed [695] is but 15.8 mm. in diameter. The largest of the Long Wharf Canyon specimens [762], which is believed to be more surely identified, has a diameter of only 9.2 mm. 12.3-+ mm. in diameter. The largest The largest of those from the Nob Hill Cut [657] is These two lots at least, as well as the specimen from Los Cerritos Hill, appear to represent the same species, but it may be that some of the Deadman Island speci- mens are really young lignosa. Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 447 Material Examined: ee Locaity CoLLecToR Where Deposited EI Sa Formation Period 228 Dept. Geology, .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll........... Stanford Univ... }| { 657] |Lower San Pedro Pleistocene Berry Coll. Cat. 3971 .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ lept. Geology, Stanford Uniy..... [ 658] |Lower San Pedro Pleistocene ..| Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... { 693] ? ? Pleistocene -| Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... { 695) ? ? Pleistocene .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept Geology, : Stanford Univ..... { 696) ? ? Pleistocene ..|?Deadman Id.,San Pedro,Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ Dept. Geology, ; Stanford Univ..... { 673] |?“Upper San Pedro’’| Pleistocene -{?Deadman Id.,San Pedro,Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ Bee Geology, tanford Univ..... { 674] |?Upper San Pedro’’| Pleistocene ..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa’ onica, Cal............. F. C. Clark ..|F. C. Clark Coll......| { 760] |Upper San Pedro Pleistocene Wharf Canyon, Santa . onical Calanasjneneoes Ri CaClarknccnrasciassi F. C. Clark Coll...... { 761] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene Wharf Canyon, Santa 3 onica, Ca F.C. Clark.............|Berry Coll. Cat. 3966.| [ 762] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene Los Cerritos Hill, Long Beach, Uae saab ecoRaneAbanedn T. 8. Oldroyd...........|Dept. Geology, 3 Stanford Univ. ....| [ 665] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 448 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. 11. Mopalia lignosa (Gould, 1846) 1846. Chiton lignosus Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 2, p. 142. 1846. Chiton Merckii Middendorff, Bull. Imp. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb., v. 6, p. 20. 1846. Chiton Eschscholtzii Middendorff, id., p. 118. 1847. Chiton Merckii Middendorff, Malac. Ross., v. 1, p. 114, plete 5-6: 1847. Chiton Eschscholtzti Middendorff, id., p. 114, pl. 11, f. 4. 1847. Mopalia Simpsoni Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, p. 69 (teste Carpenter; name only). 1852. Chiton vespertinus Gould, Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 323, f. 426-426a. 1855. Chiton montereyensis Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, p. 231. 1862. Chiton lignosus Gould, Otia Conch., p. 3. 1862. Chiton (Chaetopleura) vespertinus Gould, Otia Conch., p. 230, 242. 1864. Mopalia lignosa Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, p. 530, 533, 554, 598, 648. 1879. Mopalia ciliata lignosa Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 304. 1893. Mopalia muscosa lignosa Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 299, pl. 63, f. 58-59. 1919. Mopalia lignosa Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, y. 2, p. 42 [2] (recorded from Pleistocene of Point Fermin, California). Diagnosis": Valves of moderate thickness, barely beaked; lateral areas usually distinct, bounded in front by a low, often more or less obsolete diagonal rib; head valve bearing 8 similar, low, radial ribs; entire surface of all valves between ribs cov- ered by a very fine latticed ribbing showing small pit-like interstices, sometimes with sculpture nearly obsolete; traces of brownish or grayish flammules sometimes still persistent ; sutural laminz low and broad; sinus narrow and rather shal- low ; tegmental border in median valves with a distinct, round- ed, median, beak-like projection in front; teeth of head valve projecting, moderately long, sharply beveled and more or less grooved at edges; teeth of median valves projecting, less dis- 11 Description drawn in considerable part from recent specimens. 1 Voi. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 449 tinctly beveled or grooved; tail valve with a single pair of lateral slits and a small posterior sinus, often showing a minute tooth at its apex; eaves spongy; slits 8, 1-1, 1-1. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !); near light- house, Point Fermin, California (!). Formation doubtful— ? Deadman Island, San Pedro, California Living: (1). Sitka, Alaska, to Morro, San Luis Obispo County, California (!) ; also reported from Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, California (Williamson) ; usually between tides, but recorded to 30 fathoms. Material Examined: Locaity Int. ./Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal..| E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918 TInt. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. aE CoLLecToR Post. |Near lighthouse, Pt. Fermin, al -Pi& Int. .| Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.| Arnold Coll Remarks: Chace & 8.8. Berry, O20 ance Where Deposited Berry Coll. Cat. 4078. Chace Coll.......... Berry Coll. Cat. 4109 Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... . _ Number in Author's Register Formation Period [1039] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene [1410] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene [1100] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene [ 694] ? ? Pleistocene { 672] |?Upper San Pedro’’| Pleistocene Several fossil valves seem referable to this spe- cies, as they are not only of a size commensurate with that of recent lignosa, but when moistened still exhibit distinct traces of the peculiar flamed color pattern so characteristic of the shell of the living animal. has a diameter of 21.2 mm. The largest entire specimen [694] The condition of none of the material at hand is such as to render an illustration worth while. 12. Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby, 1840) (Plate V, figs. 1-9.) 1840. Chiton ciliatus Sowerby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (n.s.), v. 4, p. 289. 1840. Chiton ciliatus Sowerby, Conch. IIL, fig. 79. 1864. Mopalia Kennerleyi Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, p. 648. 450 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4TH Ser. 1864. Mopalia Kennerleyi var. Swanti Carpenter, id., p. 627, 648. 1864. Mopalia Kennerleyi var. Swannii Carpenter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), v. 14, p. 426. 1865. Mopalia Kennerleyi Carpenter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 59. 1879. Mopalia Wossnessenskii Dall, (pars) Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 305. 1893. Mopalia ciliata Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 303, pl. 64, f. 64-68. 1919. Mopalia ciliata Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 42 {2] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fermin, Gals): Diagnosis: Valves moderately heavy, rather distinctly beaked ; lateral areas distinct, bounded by a low, granose rib in front, and with the sutural margin also more or less granose, the area between filled with rows of smaller grains; head valve similarly sculptured, bearing 8 radial series of low tubercles; pleural tracts somewhat excavated, sculptured by numerous fine, sinuous, rather granular, weakly interlatticed, longitud- inal riblets, the jugal tract with sharper, finer and closer sculp- ture; sutural laminz and teeth long and projecting; sinus wide and spongy; tegmental border of median valves sinuous in front, but not false beaked; tail valve with a single pair of lateral slits and a large, rounded, posterior sinus; mucro well behind the middle; eaves spongy and crenulated; slits 8, 1-1, 1-1. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series —Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !); near light- house, Point Fermin, California (!). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). Living: Aleutian Islands (Keep), to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California (!) ; between tides and to 50 fathoms. Remarks: There are numerous Mopalia valves in the col- lections seen which have given more than their share of trouble to identify. Most of them are quite close to common forms of the recent M. ciliata, and one encounters little difficulty in so naming them. But other specimens appear to have an aspect of their own, especially two or three intermediate valves which show a peculiar, broad, triangular, finely longitudinally striate jugal area. There is also variation in several other directions so that a thorough revision of the recent forms may show that ] have included more than one species here. For the present there is little to be done but follow Pilsbry in his redefinition of ciliata. He regards the common Monterey form as typical for Sowerby’s species. If this be so, then some at least of the fossils are correctly determined. Head valves are probably the hardest to satisfactorily identify, as they so often closely re- semble those of MW. muscosa. 13. Mopalia cf. sinuata Carpenter, 1864 (Plate VI, figs. 7-8.) 1864. ? Mopalia sinuata Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1863, p. 648. Vor, XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 451 Material Examined: af Loca.ity CoLLEcTOR Where Deposited g 3 Formation Period Zig ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918}Cal. Acd. Sci........ [1036] |Lower San Pedro...} Pleistocene ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal..|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4077.| [1036] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene . |Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4077.| [1037 Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene .|Chiton Bed, Pt, Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918}Cal. Acd. Sci........ [1037] |Lower San Pedro. ..| Pleistocene Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4077.| [1038] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |B. P. Chace & S.S. Berry, F eRe daneononons Chace Coll.......... [1408] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. He ee 8.5. Berry, chisew tno teaeneas Chace Coll..........}| [1409] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene 5 = lighthouse, Pt. | : Pe ROneCS AEE OE ACCOCS E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918/Berry Coll. Cat. 4108.| [1098] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene Near lighthouse, Pt. Fermin, ? Seo SO paanan aboorens . P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4108.| [1099] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene ..| Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal. Arnold Coll........-.... Dept. logy, Stanford Univ..... [ 727] ? ? Pleistocene .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 698] ? Pleistocene .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Berry Coll. Cat. 5183.| [ 700) ? ? Pleistocene .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, e Stanford Univ..... [ 699] ? ? Pleistocene ..| Deadman Id., San Pedro, ae (Arnold \ Coll Svestsisseia cee Berry Coll. Cat. 5183. [ 701) is ? Pleistocene “|? Deadman Id. C "JOldrovd Colle emrateras Dept. Geology, ‘ ? Deadman I Stanford Univ..... [ 675] |?"Upper San Pedro”! Pleistocene Calin: *"lOldroyd GCollicae are tte Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. { 676] |?Upper San Pedro”) Pleistocene |? Bestia Id., San Pedro, 4 Cal Oldroyd!Colli cee ee Berry Coll. Cat. 5181.] [ 676] |?Upper San Pedro”| Pleistocene No. of jpecimens rarwewe |g 452 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 1865. ? Mopalia sinuata Carpenter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 59. 1879. Mopalia sinuata Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 303, 306. 1886. Placiphorella (Osteochiton) sinuata Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 9, p. 211. 1893. Mopalia sinuata Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 303, pl. 62, f. 95-97. Recorded range: Pleistocene (?): Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). Living (sinuata): Forrester Island, Alaska (!), to San Francisco Bay, California (Newcomb) ; 0-30 fathoms. Material Examined: A single anterior valve in the Arnold collection from Deadman Island, San Pedro, California [717], exact horizon unknown. Remarks: The single specimen seen is remarkably close to the recent Mopalia sinuata Carpenter, and further material may confirm my surmise that it belongs to this northern species. The fossil agrees with recent shells in its relatively clean-cut, continuous ribs, and the peculiar, deeply pitted reticu- lum which occupies their interspaces, a sculpturing wholly un- like that of any other of the Mopalias thus far described. It is very unfortunate that the exact formation from which the specimen was taken is unknown. 14. Mopalia, sp. indet. Material Examined: S65 223 LocaLity CoLLECTOR Where Deposited g5% Formation Period Pap . |Rustic Canyon, Santa 2 Monica, |Calli secs ccs ReiC.(Clark. cc << 0eesn Berry Coll. Cat. 4052. | [ 957] |Santa Barbara..... Pliocene ..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, Cal............ aC Clarkes pi erenccte Berry Coll. Cat. 4002. | [ 931] |Upper San Pedro... Pleistocene ..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa . : Monica, Cal............. REC. Clarke. wnicmar cece F.C. Clark Coll...... [ 932] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene .|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa 3 Monica, Cal RC Clarks 5 ccac.cconts Berry Coll. Cat. 4002. | [ 933] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene Long Wharf Canyon. R Monica, Ca! r. C. Clark F. C. Clark Coll...... { 934] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene Long Wharf Canyo' i Monica, Cal . C. Clark F. C. Clark Coll...... | [ 935] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene .|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa c Monica, Cal............. BGs Clark. =. cc esee nee Berry Coll. Cat. 4002. | [ 936] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene Vor, XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 453 Remarks: The 18 small Mopalia valves listed in the table above from the Pleistocene of Santa Monica are mostly in very mediocre condition and cannot be referred with certainty to any of the known species. The largest [934] has the following caliper measurements: long. 3.2; diam. 8.5; alt. 3.1 mm. Per- haps it is possible that the specimens represent juvenals of the foregoing species (ciliata) or even of muscosa, but further material is needed to settle the question. Where the sculpture is at all well preserved it is very sharp and beautiful. A single specimen of undoubtedly the same species is here recorded from the Pliocene of Rustic Canyon, Santa Monica. ‘The Pliocene age of this specimen is therefore desirable of con- firmation. 15. Mopalia, sp. indet. A single badly worn intermediate valve of what seems to be an indeterminate Mopalia [954] is before me from Mr. Chace’s collections at Crawfish George’s (Lower San Pedro Pleisto- cene), San Pedro, California. Genus Placiphorella Carpenter, 1879 16. Placiphorella velata Carpenter, 1879 (Plate III, figs. 13-15.) 1879. Placiphorella velata Carpenter in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, pp. 298, 303, 307, pl. 4, f. 36-36a (radula). 1893. Placiphorella velata Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 306, pl. 66, f. 6-12. 1919. Placiphorella velata Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 43 [3] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fer- min, Cal.). Diagnosis’: Valves heavy, the median ones not beaked; straight or even distinctly concave behind, extremely short and wide; practically unsculptured except for the lines of growth; lateral areas distinct and well raised, separated into low ribs by a shallow central sulcus; tegmental border slightly false beaked in front; teeth of head valve short, numerous, primarily 1 Description drawn in part from recent specimens. 454 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. with 8 slits, but in adult very imperfectly and irregularly de- veloped, with numerous secondary slits; median valves with short but well projecting teeth and very wide sutural lamine, continuous across the narrow, abrupt sinus; tail valve with a single pair of nearly obsolete lateral slits, rugose insertion plates, and weak or nearly obsolete, posterior sinus; mucro posterior; eaves spongy; slits 8+, 1-1, 1-1. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !); near light- house, Point Fermin, California (!). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). Living: Forrester Island, Alaska (!), to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California (!) ; between tides to 50 fathoms. Material Examined: BE Bes 33 Valve Locauity CoLLEcToR Where Deposited gS % Formation & a = i-=) 1 |Int../Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4106.| [1092] |Lower San Pedro... 1 |Ant..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1920....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4106.| [1358] |Lower San Pedro... . 1 |Int..|Near lighthouse, Pt. Fermin, Cal.....................|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4110.| [1101] |Lower San Pedro... 1 |Int. .| Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll... ......... Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 677] ? Remarks: A valve in the Arnold collection from one of the Deadman Island formations is apparently referable to the bizarre P. velata, although it seems more than usually short and broad even for this species. Though somewhat chipped and worn it is on the whole in a very fair state of preserva- tion, and is here figured. That the specimen is a second valve is indicated by the anteriorly projecting angle of the teg- mentum and the very oblique insertion slits. It has the follow- ing caliper measurements: long. 7.0, diam. 26.7, alt. 8.4 mm. Three valves, mainly fragmentary, from the Point Fermin exposures are the only additional fossil specimens which have been seen. Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 45 on Genus Katharina Gray, 1847 17. Katharina tunicata (Wood, 1815) (Plate VI, figs. 1-6) 1815. Chiton tunicatus Wood, Gen. Conch.,‘p. 11, pl. 2, f. 1. 1828. Chiton tunicatus Wood, Index Test., p. 2, Chiton, pl. 1, ri, Ll(0). 1847. Katharina tunicata Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, p. 69. 1893. Katharina tunicata Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 15, p. 41, pl. 1, f. 1-11. 1919. Katherina tunicata Chace, Nautilus, v. 30, p. 71 (re- corded from Pleistocene of Deadman Id., Cal.). Diagnosis: Valves massive; tegmentum greatly restricted, more or less flask-shaped in the median valves, with an elon- gate, neck-like projection in front jutting into the sinus; areas not well delimited, except for the slightly elevated jugal tract extending back from the anterior process; sculpture obsolete except for the rather strong lines of growth and about 8 weak, radial ribs on the head valve; insertion plates in valves ii-viii coalescent with the immensely developed and flaring sutural laminze, in valve i long with strong grooves radiating to short slits at the margin, in valve viii directed abruptly forward from the blunt, posteriorly projected mucro; articulamentum of tail valve with a distinct posterior sinus; eaves and sinus spongy ; slits 8+, 1-1, 1-1. Recorded Range: Pliocene: Santa Barbara Formation—Deadman Island. San Pedro, California (!). Pleistocene: Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (Chace, !). Indian Middens: Near Cypress Point, Monterey County, California (!). Living: Kamtschatka and Aleutian Islands to Santa Catalina Island, California; between tides, but occasionally to 20 fathoms (Pilsbry). 456 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Material Examined: Number in Author's Register | s 4 Valve Locaity CoLLEcTOR Where Deposited a nm 1 Int. .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, . Stanford Univ... .. { 726] |Santa Barbara. .... Pliocene 1 |Ant..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal./E. P. Chace...........- Berry Coll. Cat. 3936.| [ 345] |—San Pedro....... Pleistocene Remarks: The specimen previously reported by Chace from the Pleistocene of Deadman Island is the one before me. It is an anterior valve of this very peculiar and unmistakable species, the first to be reported in the fossil state, and perfect except for the loss of the tegmentum by delamination. The Arnold collection has since proved to contain a large and finely pre- served intermediate valve of the same species from the Pliocene of this island. Mr. Chace seems to be reasonably positive that his specimen came from the Pleistocene and not from the Pliocene, though whether from the Upper or Lower San Pedro Series he cannot now be certain. The Stanford speci- men has quite a different appearance lithologically and is plainly marked “Pliocene” on the accompanying label. The measurements of this specimen by caliper are: long, 22.8, diam. 26.7, alt. 8.5 mm. Both specimens are figured herewith. Family ACANTHOCHITONIDA£ Genus Acanthochitona Gray, 1821 18. Acanthochitona avicula (Carpenter, 1864) (Plate VI, fig. 9) 1864. Acanthochites avicula Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, p. 612, 650. 1866. Acanthochites avicula Carpenter, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Seis, v. 3;-ps 21a: 1893. Acanthochites avicula Carpenter, Man. Conch., (1), v. 15, p. 24 (after Carpenter). 1893. Acanthochites avicula var. diegoensis Pilsbry, id., p. 25, pl. 12, f. 52-54. Diagnosis’: Valves rather delicate, carinated, sharply beaked ; pleural and terminal areas ornamented with a “‘snake-skin pat- 18 Description drawn largely from recent specimens. Vor, XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 457 tern” of regular, flat, scale-like pustules; jugal tract sculptured with 8-12 (fewer in juvenile specimens), closely placed, low, flattened, diverging ribs, separated by narrow, incised grooves ; sutural lamine large, rounded ; jugal sinus moderate; tail valve with mucro nearly median but strongly directed posteriorly ; teeth very long and projecting, slit in only a little way; eaves scarcely developed ; slits 5, 1-1, 1-1. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro Series— Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (!). Living: 6 miles north of Santa Monica, California (E. P. Chace, coll.,!), to San Diego, California; between tides to 20 fathoms. Material Examined: Loca.ity CoLLEcTOR Where Deposited Number in Author's Register ey : 5 i=] ..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, Cal............. Wt Ga Olariccsrelereteictisretere Berry Coll. Cat. 4022. [ 940] |Upper San Pedro... Remarks: A single fragment of a median valve, still show- ing, however, its characteristic sculpture, was among Dr. Clark’s material from the Santa Monica Pleistocene. The con- dition of the specimen leaves much to be desired, but the scaly sculpturing of the central areas, reminding one of a bit of rattlesnake skin, is unlike that of any other of our chitons. The species has not been previously recorded as a fossil, and even in the recent state it seems to have an unusually limited geographical range. Genus Cryptochiton Middendorff, 1847 (also of Gray, 1847) 19. Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff, 1846) (Plate VI, figs. 10-12.) 1846. Chiton stelleri Middendorff, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Pétersb., VI, p. 116 (fide Pilsbry). 1847. Chiton (Cryptochiton) stelleri Middendorff, Malac. Ross., I, p. 93, pl. 1-9. Pleistocene 458 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. 1849. Chiton (Cryptochiton) stelleri Middendorff, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb., (6), v. 6, p. 101, 157 (fide Pilsbry). 1869. Cryptochiton stelleri Gabb, Paleont. Calif., II, p. 87. 1888. Cryptochiton stelleri Cooper, 7th Ann. Rep. Cal. State Miner., p. 237 (recorded from Quarternary of San Diego, Cal.). 1893. Cryptochiton stelleri Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 15, p- 48, pl. 6, f. 6; pl. 7, £. 7-13. 1895. Cryptochiton c. f. stelleri Ashley, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), v. 5. p. 327 (recorded from Neocene of Puris- sima, Cal.) 1897. Cryptochiton stelleri Heath, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 299 (description of young stage). 1903. Cryptochiton stelleri Arnold, Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 3, pp. 15, 19, 40, 68, 85, 342 (recorded from Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.). 1906. Cryptochiton stelleri Arnold, Pectens of Calif., pp. 31, 35 (listed from Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cale Diagnosis: Valves large, solid, heavy; visible tegmentum entirely wanting in all later stages of growth; both anterior and posterior outlines of valves ii-viii bilobate ; jugal sinus very deep; tail valve with a well developed posterior sinus; slits 4 to 7, 1-i, 1-1. Recorded Range: Pliocene: Purisima Formation—Purisima, California (Ashley). San Diego Formation—Pacific Beach, California CU: Santa Barbara Formation—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (Arnold). Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (Arnold); Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (!); Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (!). Upper San Pedro Series—‘‘Coal mine”, West side of Point Loma, California (!);C. A. S. Loc. 108, 2 miles north of Point Loma, California (!). Formation doubtful—San Diego, California (Cooper). Vor, XIJ BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 459 Indian middens: La Push, Washington (Reagan) ; near Cypress Point, Monterey County, California; San Nicolas Island, California (!). Living: Northern Japan, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Kam- tschatka, and Bering Sea, to Monterey Bay and the Santa Bar- bara Islands, California. Material Examined: | No. of Specimens Valve Int. Ant.. Int. 85 8 Locaity CoLLECTOR Where Deposited Fer Formation Ze Al Pacific Beach, Cal......... Mrs. Kate Stephens... ..|Berry Coll. Cat. 112..} [ 505] |San Diego......... Dept. Geology, Int. .| Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll........... Stanford Univ....}} [ 643] |Lower San Pedro... Post. |Nob Hil! Cut, San Pedro, Cal. Berry Coll. Cat. 3972) | [ 644] |Lower San Pedro... Post _|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1920... . Berry Coll. Cat. 4944.| [1359] |Lower San Pedro... Loc. 108, 2 mi. N. of Pt. Loma, Cal Sool nies Cal. Acd. Sci...........|Cal. Acd. Sci........ { 517] |Upper San Pedro. . . “Coal Mine,” W. side Pt. S.3Diego. Soc. Nat. Toma iCal .)osaicasn cons C. L. Hubbs 03 Gaareencncesae { 506] |Upper San Pedro. . . Remarks: ‘his characteristically boreal Pacific species is not common in any of the formations where it has been reported to oceur. The large size and massive formation of the valves, however, render it a difficult species to overlook, and hence we find that it has been reported from more horizons in the area studied than any other chiton. Its occurrence in the Point Loma Pleistocene in the same exposure as the decidedly south- ern /schnochiton acrior came as a distinct surprise. I have been unable to differentiate any of the fossil shells from the recent ones morphologically in any way. One of the fossil specimens, however, a head valve in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences [517], is remarkable for the fact that the calloused inner layer of the shell has been entirely delaminated, exposing the internal and usually invisible radial grooves and concentric growth lines with exquisite perfection (Pl. VI, f. 10). Of the radial grooves, the six posterior radiate toward, and as usual are in correspondence with, the insertion slits. Another pair of grooves diverges anteriorly on each side of the sinus. Caliper measurements of this specimen are: Max. long. 27.2, max. diam. 32.1, alt. 10.0 mm. Period Pliocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocens Pleistocene 460 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Sgr. Family Ischnochitonide Subfamily Chetopleurinz Genus Chzetopleura Shuttleworth, 1853 Subgenus Pallochiton Dall, 1879 20. Chetopleura (Pallochiton) gemma Carpenter, 1879 (Plate VIII, figs. 10-12.) 1879. Chetopleura gemma Carpenter, in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 296, pl. 1, £.9 (radula). 1892. Chetopleura gemmea Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 31, pl. 13, f. 69-74. 1919. Chetopleura gemma Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 42 [2] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fermin, California). Diagnosis’: Valves small, elevated, of moderate thickness, the median ones but weakly beaked, yet leaning strongly back- ward; lateral areas elevated, ornamented with 5-8 radiating series of small, strong, closely placed, projecting, cylindrical pustules, fewer in young shells; head valve similarly sculptured with very numerous (25-35) series of pustules, usually abraded toward the apex; central areas with 12-18 narrow, rather ir- regularly beaded, longitudinal lire; tail valve with slightly raised, posterior mucro, the posterior slope steeply terraced and irregularly tubercled; sutural laminz short; sinus wide, rather deep and angular; tegmentum projecting over and under ar- ticulamentum at suture, especially toward middle of median valves, where such inner surface is even more or less pustulose ; teeth short and robust, slightly projecting; eaves roughened, but apparently not spongy; slits 9 to 12, 1-1, 7 to 8. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !). Living: Straits of Georgia, British Columbia (!), to Ce- dros Island, Lower California (Lowe); between tides to 15 fathoms. 14 Description drawn in part from recent specimens. 1 |Int. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4074.| [1025] |Lower San Pedro... VoL, XI} BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 461 Material Examined: Locauity CoLLEcTOR Where Deposited Formation | _ Number in Author's Register 1 [Int. ./Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. EE tae &5S.5. Berry, | ShoRnernpcecapoe Chace Coll.......... (1411] |Lower San Pedro. . Period Pleistocene Pleistocene Remarks: Though so common at the present day, even if often somewhat local, along almost the entire coast of Califor- nia, this very ornate little species is here recognized for the first time as a fossil. The specimens seen are intermediate valves and too characteristic in their well preserved sculpture to be readily mistaken. The extraordinary extension of the recent range of the spe- cies as quoted by me above is based on a specimen [597] given me by Mr. Will F. Thompson, who collected it between tides in the Straits of Georgia. The specific name is commonly written in the adjective form, gemmea, but as the originally published spelling is permissible as a substantive noun, it is here adopted. Subfamily Ischnochitoninze Genus Ischnochiton Gray, 1847 Subgenus Stenoplax Carpenter 1879. Section Stenoplax s. s. 21. Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) fallax Carpenter, 1892 (Plate VII, figs. 1-3) 1892. Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) fallax Carpenter, in Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 59, pl. 16, f. 17-18. Diagnosis: Valves of moderate thickness, low, evenly arched, outline of all but the tail valve concave behind, not beaked; lateral areas strongly elevated, these and the terminal areas weakly sculptured by fine radial wrinkles and strongly terraced by the lines of growth; central areas very minutely, longitudi- 462 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. nally ribbed and pitted, usually worn almost smooth; tail valve large, with central mucro; sutural laminz sinuous, triangular, with steep inner slopes; sinus wide, with a small notch at each side; teeth sharp and moderately long, but covered by the strongly projecting, solid eaves; slits 8 to 9, 1-1, 10 to 11. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (!). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, Cal- ifornia (!). Living: Fort Bragg, California (!), to Santa Barbara Channel, California; shore to 15 fathoms. Material Examined: _ No. of Specimens Remarks: The discovery of unmistakeable specimens of this little known Central California species in the southern fossil beds was a considerable surprise, but I feel reasonably confident of the identification. The peculiar features are the roundly arched outline and single slitting of the central valves, the ter- raced appearance of the lateral and terminal areas due to the very strong growth lines, the fine, wrinkly, radiating sculpture of these regions, and the very even and delicate ribbing and pitting of the central areas, though the ribs are hardly evident without a lens. All of these characteristics serve to separate fallax from magdalenensis and young conspicuus, with which it is alone likely to be confounded. Two of the fossils are beauti- fully preserved and check up well with the recent specimens, but the third is so badly worn there is perhaps some question re- garding it. BE Locauity CoLLecTor Where Deposited a8 Formation Period 22g a . .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal. |Oldroyd Coll............ Dept. Geology, E Stanford Univ... .. 650] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene |? Pema Id., San Pedro, Dept. pee, Caliniiennceccereat Oldroyd Coll........... Stanford Univ. .... { 671] |?“Upper ES Pedro’’| Pleistocene .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.| Arnold Coll............ Berry Coll. Cat. 3969.| [ 683] ? Pleistocene Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 463 Section Stenoradsia Carpenter, 1879 22. Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) magdalenensis ([linds, 1844) (Plate VII, figs. 4-10.) 1844. Chiton magdalenensis Hinds, Zool. Voy. “Sulphur”, v. 2ape OA pl. LOT aL 1864. Ischnochiton Magdalensis Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, pp. 621, 649, 665. 1879. Stenoradsia magdalenensis Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 296, 330, pl. 2, f. 12 (radula). 1888. Ischnochiton magdalensis Cooper, 7th Ann. Rep. Cal. State Miner., p. 244 (recorded from Quaternary of Santa Barbara, Cal.). 1892. Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) magdalenensis Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 62, pl. 15, f. 98-100. 1919. Ischnochiton magdalenensis Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 43 [3] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fermin, California). Diagnosis: Valves of moderate thickness, depressed, sub- carinate, all but the tail valve more or less concave behind, not beaked ; lateral areas strongly elevated, these and the terminal areas ornamented by numerous fine ribs separated by rather sharp grooves, and interrupted to some extent by some of the lines of growth, yet not so conspicuously terraced as in J. fallax; central areas, where unworn, sculptured by numerous very fine anastomosing axial wrinkles, becoming more or less reticulated and pitted on the sides; slope of head valve straight or very weakly concave; tail valve large, with weakly projecting, cen- tral mucro; sutural laminz long, triangular, slightly sinuous, with steep inner slopes; sinus wide, deep, notched at each side; teeth well developed, but surpassed by the projecting, solid eaves; slits 10 to 13, 2 to 4, 10 to 12. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !); near lighthouse, Point Fermin, California (!). Formation doubtful—Santa Barbara, California (Cooper) ; Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). 464 Living: Fort Bragg, California (!), to Magdalena Bay CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (and Cape San Lucas ?), Lower California. Material Examined: S tehthe No. of Specimens a Te ore e .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. ns eS Pt. Fermin, Cal .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal. E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918) E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918 E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918 Arnold Coll Remarks: Cal. Acd. Sci ) [1413] Chace Coll (1414] Berry Coll. Cat. 4111) [1102] Berry Coll. Cat. 4111} [1103] Berry Coll. Cat. 4111} [1104] Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ....| [ 684] [Proc. 47H Ser. oo 5 LocaLitr CoLLEcTOR Where Deposited gee Formation Zig HE ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal./E. P. Chace, 1918....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4042} [ 946] |Lower San Pedro. . . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1918....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4042) [ 947] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1918....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4042) [ 948] |Lower San Pedro... ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918) Chace Coll......... [1031] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918 ee oat Cat. 4105) [1085] |Lower San Pedro... . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|B. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918] Bey Gell, Cat. 4076) |[1032] |Lower San Pedro. .. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918) Berry Coll. Cat. 4105} [1086] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918} Berry Coll. Cat. 4105] [1087] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918] Chace Coll......... [1033] |Lower San Pedro.. . ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1920....... Chace Coll......... [1365] |Lower San Pedro.. . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1920....... Chace Coll......... [1365] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1920........ Chace Coll:......... (1365] |Lower San Pedro... ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. i aohaee & 5.5. Berry, PRAM O ARNE erases [1412] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. nck & 8.8. Berry,| }Berry Coll. Cat. 4965) Lower San Pedro... Lower San Pedro... Lower San Pedro... Lower San Pedro... Lower San Pedro... u Although in the living state this is one of the most abundant California chitons, | have been able to identify as this species scarcely any fossil material except that from the Lower San Pedro beds at Point Fermin. Both fossil and recent specimens are usually easy to differentiate from small specimens of the related forms, acrior and conspicuus, by the narrower, more elongate outline ; the convex, straight, or (when perfect) very weakly concave head valve; the finely plicate sculpturing (often eroded) of the central areas, which becomes prettily netted toward the sides; and the numerous, fine, rela- tively straight, radiating riblets of the lateral and terminal areas. There are also girdle characters of value which are of course unavailable to the paleontologist. Period Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 465 23. Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) conspicuus (Carpenter, 1879) (Plate VIII, figs. 1-9.) 1879. Maugerella conspicua Carpenter, in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 296, pl. 2, f. 11 (radula). 1892. Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) conspicuus Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 63, pl. 15, f. 91-96. 1914. Ischnochiton conspicuus Oldroyd, Nautilus, v. 28, p. 81 (recorded from Pleistocene of Signal Hill, Long Beach, Cal.). 1916. Ischnochiton conspicuus Chace, Nautilus, v. 30, p. 71 (recorded from Pleistocene of Deadman Island, Cal.). 1917. Ischnochiton conspicuus Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 30 (recorded from Pleistocene of Santa Monica, Cal.). Diagnosis: Valves moderately heavy, large, depressed or moderately elevated, all but the tail valve slightly concave be- hind, not beaked; lateral areas strongly elevated, bearing fine, rather wrinkly, radial strie of varying length, those of the terminal areas similar, but finer and often nearly obsolete; central areas sometimes weakly, longitudinally ribbed, but usually nearly smooth; head valve slightly everted at apex, its anterior slope strongly concave; tail valve large and flat, with low, central mucro; sutural laminz long, triangular, slightly sinuous; sinus abrupt, deep, of moderate width, with a small notch on each side; teeth strong and sharp, but surpassed by the massive, projecting, solid eaves; slit 9 to 12, 2 to 4, 8 to 10. Recorded Range: Pliocene: San Diego Formation, Pacific Beach, Califor- nia (!). Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro Series, Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (Chace, !); Los Cerritos Hill, Long Beach, California (Oldroyd, !); “Coal Mine”, west side of Point Loma, San Diego County, California (!) ; Spanish Bight, San Diego, California (!). Formation doubtful, Deadman Island, San Pedro, Cal- ifornia (Chace, !). Indian middens: San Nicolas Island, California (Lowe) ; mouth of Topanga Canyon, near Santa Monica, California (!) ; Redondo, California (!) ; La Jolla, California (!). 466 Living: CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H Ser. Santa Barbara, California, to Magdalena Bay, Lower California; between tides. No. of Specimens’ Pak kk pe pk pk pk | ..|Pacifie Beach, Cal .|Pacific Beach, Cal... .|Pacifie Beach, Cal... Material Examined: 2 gee Locauirr CoLLEcToR Where Deposited g $2 Formation Zig a= | .|Mrs. Kate Stephens. Mrs. Kate Stephens. . Mrs. Kate Stephens .|S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist. . |S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist. .|Berry Coll. Cat. 3924. : i (Eacitis Beach, Cal Mrs. Kate Stephens. . . . .|5. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist. .|Pacific Beach, Cal Mrs. Kate Stephens... .. S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist. ng Wharf Canyon, Monica, Cal............. REC Clarko. nt n.cce Berry Coll. Cat. 3963.| [ 350] |Upper San Pedro. . Long Wharf Canyon, San! Monica Calsoniaa. scene FC. \Clarks2 sess ee ene Berry Coll. Cat. 3963.| [ 493] |Upper San Pedro... ..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa’ Monica, Cal............. RoC. Clark eecacseeec F.C, Clark Coll...... { 503] |Upper San Pedro. . . Long Wharf Canyon, San MonicaiCalayeeeee ne RG. Olarkeerie= eee F.C. Clark Coll...... { 504) |Upper San Pedro... .. |Los Cerritos Hill, Long Beach, Dept. Geology, Cale eee Ds Oldroydrassecm.eee Stanford Univ...... { 660] |Upper San Pedro. . . .|Los Cerritos Hill, Long Beach, Dept. Geology, nace ene ee TIS2Oldroyd.. oo ee Stanford Univ.....] [ 661] |Upper San Pedro... .|Los Carritos Hill, Long Beach, Dept. Geology, Cal. T.§. Oldroyd........... Stanford Univ..... { 662] |Upper San Pedro... .|Coal mine, W. side Pt. Loma, aca Wa GAT dubbasesscc.cavteh 8. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist.| [ 498] |Upper San Pedro... ai Cots eubbetassscceeest 8. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist.| [ 498] |Upper San Pedro... a, (OANA (id Beeeeconces Berry Coll. Cat. 3923.| [ 499] |Upper San Pedro... See ee ‘IC. L. Hubbs........... Berry Coll. Cat. 3923.| [ 500] |Upper San Pedro.. . F Spanish Bight, San Diego, Cal.|Mrs. Kate Stephens. . . . . S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist.| { 348] |Upper San Pedro... Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............ Berry Coll. Cat. 3973.| [ 688] ? i? ae id., San Pedro, Dept. meat ee Calo eee eee Oldroyd Coll............ Stanford Univ... .. { 670] |?Upper San Pedro’’ Done Id., San Pedro, Cal./E. P. Chace............ Berry Coll. Cat. 3934.) [ 346) ? Remarks: In life this fine species is well distinguished from all its described relatives by the peculiarly bristling dorsal girdle scales, but, with fossils, reliance must be had upon the shell characters, which are more variable and perhaps not al- ways so decisive, especially in light of the fact that many specimens are apt to be badly worn. Well preserved material, however, is usually very characteristic. The species agrees with J. acrior in its large size and strongly concave head valve, features in which both these species differ from [. magdalen- ensis, but it differs from both acrior and magdalenensis in the very weak, or in adults usually obsolete, sculpture of the central areas. The radial sculpturing of the terminal areas is also less well developed than in either of the other species. In fact, it is difficult at times to make out its presence at all. The lateral areas are usually rather like a weak copy of those of Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene ? Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Vou. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 467 acrior. The number of insertion teeth and slits seems to average rather less than in acrior. In the fossil specimens examined I find the number and arrangement of these to be generally as follows: i, 9-10 (one shell has 11; that figured from Santa Monica has 12) ; ii-vii, 2-2 (in one valve from Point Loma, 2-3) ; viii, 9 or sometimes 10 slits. As a fossil J. conspicuus would appear to be much less abundant in most of the formations studied than its more tropical congener J. acrior. Specimen 504, reported above with a query, may possibly be an J. magdalenensis, as on the central areas it shows distinct traces of a sculpture of the magdalenensis type, but other features point toward conspicuus, and in the absence of confir- matory material it seems best to leave it allocated as it is at present. It is a small specimen, with a diameter of only 9.2 mm. 24. Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) acrior Carpenter, 1892 (Plate IX; Plate X, figs. 1-3.) 1892. Ischnochiton (Stenoplax) acrior Carpenter, in Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 61, pl. 14, f. 86-89. 1917. Ischnochiton acrior Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 30 (re- corded from Pleistocene of Santa Monica, Cal. ). Diagnosis: Valves quite heavy, large, depressed to mod- erately elevated, subcarinate, not beaked, all but the tail valve almost straight or weakly concave behind; lateral areas strongly elevated, these and the terminal areas sculptured by numerous strong, irregular, sharp, radiating riblets; central areas ornamented by numerous, acute, longitudinal, wrinkly, sometimes slightly anastomosing riblets; profile of head valve distinctly concave in front; tail valve large, flattened, with low mucro situated a little behind the center; sutural lamin strong, deep, with a small notch at each side of the sinus; eaves wide, solid, massive, and strongly projecting past the stout, sharp teeth; slits 8, 2 to 4, 13. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro Series—Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (Chace, !); “Coal Mine”, west side of Point Loma, San Diego County, California (!). 468 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES {Proc. 4rH Ser. Formation doubtful, Deadman Island, San Pedro, Cal- ifornia (!). Living: Cerros Island, Lower California, to Cape San Lucas, Lower California ; between tides. Material Exanuned: were a é 222 LocauitTy CoLLecToR Where Deposited | 85-5 Formation J zo 2 os ..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa oe Calls foci aus RSCAClark. seas. sscoa F. C. Clark Coll...... [ 351] |Upper San Pedro... Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica;|Cali) e232 2 RaCsGlarkea korn waco F. C. Clark Coll......| [ 351] |Upper San Pedro... .|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa bi Cali es nee SC Glarken ccs eacteet F. C. Clark Coll...... { 351] |Upper San Pedro... Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, Cal............. oC: Clarkscs csc omnes Berry Coll. Cat. 3916.} [ 344] |Upper San Pedro... .|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, Cal............. RACs Clark soc sace Berry Coll. Cat. 3916.| [ 352] |Upper San Pedro... ..|Coal mine, W. side Pt. Loma, al. Berry Coll. Cat. 3922.| [ 495] |Upper San Pedro... Berry Coll. Cat. 3917.| [ 343] |Upper San Pedro... S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist.| [ 941] |Upper San Pedro... S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist.| [ 497] |Upper San Pedro... S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist.| [497c] |Upper San Pedro. . . S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist.| [497d] |Upper San Pedro... or aeons ee Sanenane Mrs. Kate Stephens... .. S. Diego Soc.Nat.Hist.| [ 342] |Upper San Pedro... Coal mine, W. side Pt. Loma, Call iv nein pes cne GSiewHubbarscecc ices Berry Coll. Cat. 3922.| [ 496] |Upper San Pedro... ..|Loc. 108, 2 mi. N. of Pt. Loma, Cal... .|Cal. Acad. Sci.......... Cal. Acad. Sci........ [ 518] |Upper San Pedro. . . .|Loc. 108, 2 mi. N. of Pt. TomaiCal: 3 eee oan Cal. Acad. Sci.......... Berry Coll. Cat. 3931.| [ 518] |Upper San Pedro... _|Loc. 108, 2 mi. N. of Pt. Loma, Ca ai Cal. Acad. Sci........... Cal. Acad. Sci... .... { 518] |Upper San Pedro... ..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ...... { 685] ? .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll ............ Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 686] ? .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. [ 687] Zi Period Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene Remarks: So far as the shell characters go this species is extremely close to J. conspicuus, differing principally in its strong, coarse sculpturing. It naturally follows that poor or badly eroded specimens are exceedingly difficult to separate when the two species occur together. The best preserved of the fossil specimens display considerable variation even within the specific limits, those from Point Loma being much flatter and showing a distinctly sparser, cruder sculpturing than those collected at Santa Monica by Dr. Clark, but the material is not sufficient to justify one in recognizing separate races for the Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 469 two localities. All the variations can be matched pretty well in a good series of recent specimens. There is considerable variation in the number of insertion teeth. The Point Loma shells have slits as follows: valve i, 8; valves ii-vii, 4-3 and 3-3; valve viii, 10 to 13. Those from Santa Monica have: valve i, 10 to 11; valves ii-vii, 2-2 or 3-3; valve viii, 10. This variation is likewise paralleled in recent specimens. The immense northern extension of the range of this species during late Pleistocene time through at least six degrees of latitude from its most northern living record is noteworthy. Rather oddly J. acrior appears almost always to accompany I. conspicuus in the fossil state, while, except for an uncon- firmed note of the latter species from Magdalena Bay, among recent specimens such a coincidence has been recorded only at South Bay, Cedros Island, Lower California.” This leads one to wonder strongly whether a given species or genus may not be subject to change in its ability to adapt itself to specified climatic conditions through long periods of time, instead of such adaptation and consequent distribution in latitude being always the fixed criterion which some paleontologists seem to have assumed. Pilsbry compares acrior more especially with magdalenensis, but if our northern magdalenensis are correctly so named, it seems to me that J. conspicuus is clearly the present species’ nearest of kin. Caliper measurements of the largest fossil valve seen [518a] are as follows: Maximum longitude 18.3, diameter 40, altitude 12 mm. Subgenus Rhombochiton Berry, 1919 25. Ischnochiton (Rhombochiton) regularis (Carpenter, 1855) 1855. Chiton regularis Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1855, p. 232. 1864. Lepidopleurus regularis Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, p. 554, 649. 46H. N. Lowe,—Nautilus, v. 27, p. 28. 470 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 41H Ser. 1879. Ischnochiton regularis Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 296, pl. 2, f. 14 (radula). 1893. Ischnochiton regularis Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 142, pl. 18, f. 41-46. 1895. Ischnochiton regularis Ashley, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), v. 5, p. 343 (recorded from Pliocene of San Pedro). 1903. Ischnochiton regularis Arnold, Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 3, p. 28, 42, 85, 342 (recorded from Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.). 1906. Ischnochiton regularis Arnold, Pectens of Calif., p. 35 (recorded from Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.). 1910. Callistochiton regularis Thiele, Rev. Syst. Chit., I, p. 4125 13: 1919. Ischnochiton (Rhombochiton) regularis Berry, Proc. Gals Acads Sci (4) pav9pe2- Diagnosis“: Valves thin, elevated, carinate, not beaked; side slopes nearly straight; lateral areas only slightly raised, these and the terminal areas very delicately radially threaded; central areas with numerous, very fine and regular, micro- scopically granose riblets; mucro in front of middle of tail valve; insertion plates low and wide, connected across the sinus by a delicately toothed plate; teeth sharp: eaves solid; slits 14 to 16, 2-3, 22. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro Series—Lumber yard, San Pedro, California (Arnold). Formation Doubtful—San Pedro, California (Ashley). Living: Fort Bragg, California (!), to San Diego, Cali- fornia (Kelsey) ; between tides. Remarks: Besides the old record of Ashley, this species has been reported from the type locality of the Upper San Pedro Series at San Pedro by Arnold, but I have been unsuccessful 16 Description drawn from recent specimens. Vo. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 471 in all attempts to locate his specimens, and no fossil material of the species is in any of the collections seen by me. From its present range it is a species which one would expect to find in the Lower San Pedro horizons rather than the Upper. Its occurrence in the latter therefore needs confirmation. Arnold did not figure his specimens. Subgenus Lepidozona Pilsbry, 1892 26. Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) pectinulatus Carpenter, 1893* (Plate X, figs. 4-6.) 1864. Lepidopleurus pectinatus Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1863, p. 649 (not Chiton pectinatus Sowerby, 1840). 1865. Ischnochiton (Lepidopleurus) pectinatus Carpenter, Proc Call AcadiiNata Sci) iva oy pa 2lule 1892. Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) clathratus Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 128 (pars), pl. 26, f£. 31-34. 1893. Lepidopleurus pectinulatus Carpenter, in Pilsbry, Man. Concher (vel 4apslZ9: Diagnosis": Valves thin, low, carinate; side slopes weakly arcuate; lateral areas elevated, bearing 5-7 closely granose, sometimes bifurcating, radial riblets, the posterior rib lower, but coarser, its tooth-like tubercles projected backward, strongly pectinating the suture; head valve similarly sculptured, the ribs 25-35 in number; sculpture of posterior area of tail valve like- wise similar but a little weaker ; central areas closely and sharply sculptured with 15-19 longitudinal ribs on each side, nearly straight everywhere except on the jugum of the second valve where they strongly diverge, intersected by numerous rather coarser but less sharp transverse bars, the intersections nodular, interstices deeply pitted; mucro of tail valve low, scarcely pro- jecting, nearly median; sutural laminz low, arcuate, connected by a dentate plate across the sinus; teeth short and stout; slits 11 to 12, 1-1, 14 to 16. *This is Ischnochiton clathratus of many writers on west American chitons, but not, I believe, of Reeve 1847, nor of Chace ( :17, p. 30, = J. sanctemonice Berry). 17 Description drawn in part from recent specimens. 472 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Upper San Pedro Series, Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (?!); Spanish Bight, San Diego, California (!). Living: Monterey, California (!), to Todos Santos Bay, Lower California (!). Material Examined: na =i ee S83 Valve’ Loca.ity CoLLEcToR Where Deposited gS5 Formation Period ae ao wa 4 om 72 |Int..|/Long Wharf Canyon, Santa lonica, Calas... c-csnel BS Ci Clarks scent F. C. Clark Coll...... { 508] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 71 |Int..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Fs Monica, Cal............. RCC arkinec-eetnsee Berry Coll, Cat.3979.| [ 508] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 1 ii |Spanish Bight, San Diego, ‘ Calin siet nectnnatne nee Mrs. Kate Stephens. ... . Berry Coll. Cat. 3925.| [ 507] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene Remarks: I. pectinulatus is a characteristic representative of a numerous and difficult group of Ischnochitonide, which, according to our present information, attains by far its most remarkable development on the northwest coast of America. Among this melange of species, but few of which have as yet been discovered in the fossil state, J. pectinulatus is recognizable chiefly by minor details of sculpturing, notably the divarication of the lateral and terminal areas into distinct, strongly irregu- larly multi-granose riblets (generally 5-6 in number on the lateral areas), while a series of especially strong backwardly directed tubercles (12-18 on a side) dentates the posterior margin of all the valves but the last. There are 15-19 longi- tudinal riblets on each side of the central region, overlying a transverse grating rather stronger than usual. The riblets of the jugal region diverge strongly on the second valve, but only weakly or not at all on the succeeding valves, very unlike the condition seen in the related cooperi and mertensit. The above notes, as well as the identification of the fossil specimens, are based upon recent specimens from the San Diego region. Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 473 27. Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) cooperi Carpenter, 1879 (Plate XI.) 1879. Ischnochiton cooperi Carpenter, in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 296, pl. 2, f. 15 (radula). 1892. Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) cooperi Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 127, pl. 26, £. 27-30. 1919. Ischnochiton cooperi Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 43 [3] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fermin, (Cale Diagnosis: Valves moderately thin, strongly elevated, sharply carinate; side slopes straight or but weakly arcuate; lateral areas elevated, with 5-6 low radial flutings, each bear- ing a series of usually elongate, often abraded pustules, the posteriormost coarser and projecting backward so as to pecti- nate the sutural margin; head valve similarly sculptured, the ribs 20-30 in number, their interspaces distinctly fluted out and concentrically decussated by the lines of growth; posterior area of tail valve similar but with the lines of pustules rather less definitely arranged; central areas sculptured by about 20 very sharply cut, longitudinal ribs, straight at the sides but distinctly diverging on the jugal tracts of all the valves, es- pecially the second, their interspaces decussated by numerous, very closely placed, transverse riblets of much less prominence ; mucro of tail valve low, scarcely projecting, nearly median; sutural laminze low, wide, connected across the shallow sinus by a dentate plate; teeth short, not projecting; eaves solid; slits 8 to 11, 1-1, 9 to 11, with distinct pore lines leading into them. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !); near lighthouse, Point Fermin, California (!) ; Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cali- fornia (!) ; “Crawfish George’s’’, San Pedro, California (!). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, Cali- fornia (!). Living: Coos Bay, Oregon (!), to Anacapa Islands, Santa Barbara Group, California ( Yates). 474 CALIFORNIA Material Examined: S "ke ke ca: 333 3'5 |Valve LocaLity CoLLEcTOR Where Deposited gS Formation ae ae a Zar 1 |Int. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1918....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4043.| [ 949] |Lower San Pedro... 1 |Int. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Chace Coll.......... {1029} |Lower San Pedro... 1 |Int..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. ae aunaes «58.58. Berry, ate nceaneertc Chace Coll..........| [1415] |Lower San Pedro... 1 |Ant.. ie lighthouse, Pt. Fermin, Alt ee pean ane bE E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4112.} [1105] |Lower San Pedro... nt.. er ight ouse, Pt. Fermin, | E.P.& E. M. Chace, 1918 aso earn }11106) Lower Gan Pedro 3 Int. . Nob. Hill Cut, San Pedro, Gal. Oldroyd Coll............ Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 651] |Lower San Pedro... 71 =«+|Ant.. ae George's, San Pedro, Pas Rn Thee Set eyes E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918|Berry Coll. Cat. 4047.} [ 955) |Lower San Pedro... 3 |Int. Crawfish George’ 's, San Pedro, ie E. P. & E. M. Chace, 1918/Berry Coll. Cat. 4047.| [ 956] |Lower San Pedro... 1 Int. .|? Dearne Id., San Pedro, ept. Geology, Cali eRe tt Oldroyd Coll............ Stanford Univ..... [ 669] |?“Upper San Pedro” 21 |Int..|? Deadman Id. . San Pedro, Cal. Oldroyd Coll............ Berry Coll. Cat. 5184.| [ 648] |?“Upper San Pedro” 1 |Ant..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............- Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 708] ? 1 |Ant..|DeadmanId., San Pedro, Cal. |Arnold Coll............. Dept Geology, Stanford Univ..... ( 722] ? 4 (Int. .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 723] ? 2 |Post.|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal. |Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. [ 724] ? 1 |Post.|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal. |Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 730] ? Remarks: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. This common central and northern California species appears to be of rather frequent occurrence in the Plei- stocene around San Pedro, being probably characteristic of the Lower San Pedro Series. Whereas in the recent state it is much less common as a rule than its associate, J. mertensii, the reverse is true of the fossils. | I. mertensii is the only species with which it is likely to be confounded. In the case of valves ii-vil, however, even very fragmentary specimens are readily identifiable by the extremely numerous, crowded, transverse bars connecting the longitudinal riblets of the central areas, making their interspaces appear finely, but distinctly striate to the unaided eye. growth give a similar, The lines of but coarser effect of striation to the interspaces between the lines of more or less coalescent pustules on the head valve, so that this too has a certain individuality of aspect very helpful in distinguishing it from the correspond- ing valve in mertenstii. Period Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene VoL. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS f~ 28. Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) mertensii (Middendorff, 1846) (Plate X, figs. 7-12.) 1846. Chiton Mertensii Middendorff, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., VI, p. 118 (fide Pilsbry). 1847. Chiton (Phoenochiton, Hamachiton, Stenosemus) Mer- tensti Middendorff, Malac. Ross., p. 34, 125, pl. 14, f. 1-3. 1879. Lepidopleurus Mertensii Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, pp. 297, 332, pl. 2, f. 18-18a (radula). 1892. Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) mertensii Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 125, pl. 26, £. 20-26. Diagnosis”: Valves moderately thin, fairly elevated, cari- nate; side slopes straight or but weakly arcuate; lateral areas elevated, divided by shallow, narrow grooves into 5 or 6 low, often obscure, flattened, radial ribs, each bearing a series (some- times bifurcating) of rounded or pyriform pustules, the poster- iormost series directed obliquely backward so as to dentate the suture; head valve similarly sculptured, the ribs and grooves perhaps 25 in number ; posterior area of tail valve similar; cen- tral areas sculptured by 12-15 sharply cut longitudinal bars, subparallel on the pleural regions but usually distinctly di- vergent on the jugal tracts, especially on valve ii, their inter- spaces, except as a rule on the jugum, decussated by numerous radially arcuate, transverse riblets of much less prominence: mucro of tail valve low, median: sutural plates low, wide, con- nected across the sinus by a dentate plate; teeth short, not pro- jecting; eaves solid; slits 10 to 11, 1-1, 10 to 12. Recorded Range: Pleistocene (?): Formation doubtful—Deadman Island. San Pedro, California (!). Living: Sitka, Alaska (Dall), to San Martin Island. Lower California (Baker) ; between tides to 50 fathoms. 18 Description drawn in part from recent specimens. 476 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Material Exanuned: ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene a 2 Ge ges 38 Valve Locauity CoLLecTor Where Deposited f5-5 Formation Ze Fa 2 £ 4a 71 +|Ant..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.| Arnold Coll... ... Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.| [ 707] ? 4 |Int..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll... ...|Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.} [ 709] ? 1 |Int. .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.| Arnold Coll... .. . Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.| [ 725] ? 2 |Post.|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll... .. . Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.| [ 710] ? ? Pleistocene Remarks: It is not without a little hesitation that I refer all the specimens catalogued above to J. mertensti, as few of them are sufficiently well preserved to be characteristic in all partic- ulars. Several of them, e. g. 725, I think are almost certainly this species, but the others are more doubtful. It may be that there is another species represented in the lot, but if so I do not think it can be one of the known recent species. So far as shell characters go, the special features of mertensti are the numerous, usually distinctly separate, rounded or pear- shaped pustules of the terminal and lateral areas, the relative coarseness of the latticing between the longitudinal ribs of the central areas, and the fact that these ribs usually diverge strongly on the jugal tract of all the valves, except of course the head valve, their interspaces in this region being smooth as arule, or with only weak traces of the interlatticing. Although recorded from as far south as Lower California, this species cannot be said to be a common one much below Monterey County, and its presence in any numbers in any horizon to that extent would therefore indicate northern affini- ties. In southern California at the present time its place between tides is everywhere taken by J. pectinulatus, mertensi here being an off-shore species. 29. Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) cf. sinudentatus Carpenter, 1892 (Plate XII, figs. 10-17) ?1892. Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) sinudentatus Carpenter, in Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 128. Recorded Range: Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS Pleistocene: Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). 477 Living: Monterey and Pacific Grove, California (!). Material Examined: = oH Valve Loca.ity CoLLEcTOR ze Cale eer annonce Oldroyd Coll........... Ant..|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............ Int. .| Deadman [d., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Int. .| Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Post .| Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. a) 1 |Int..|? Deadman Id., San Pedro, 1 1 1 1 Where Deposited in Author's Register Number Formation Berry Coll. Cat. 4573. Remarks: Several valves in the Arnold and Oldroyd collec- tions appear to represent a small species of Lepidozona which evidently belongs to the puzzling sinudentatus-group, several members of which have been described or named from the vicinity of Monterey. Perhaps the chief reason this group is more troublesome than most is that it is very insufficiently known. Neither sinudentatus itself, not the apparently allied decipiens Carpenter and berryi Dall have been any too ade- quately described, and no figures appear to be extant of any of these species. The fossil specimens show traces of a toothed plate across the sinus as described for sinudentatus, while they further agree very fairly with certain recent specimens from Pa- cific grove which I tentatively refer to Carpenter's species. The figures here given should serve to fix the identity of the pres- ent form, in case sinudentatus proves to be a different thing. From other North American members of the Lepidozona- group, whether recent or fossil, this species is easily separable by reason of its small size, elevated outline, sharp dorsal ridge, distinctly convex slopes (though the height and convexity vary more or less in accordance with the serial position of the valves), numerous low, weakly granose, radial ribs of the terminal areas, 3 to 6 similarly granose ribs on the lateral areas, and the 12 to 15 strongly interlatticed, longitudinal ribs on each side of the central area, these last being considerably finer and closer in the jugal region. ?"Upper San Pedro” 2 ~ 478 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. 30. Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) sanctemonice Berry, new species (Plate XII, figs. 1-9.) 1917. Ischnochiton clathratus Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 30, not Chiton clathratus Reeve 1847 (recorded from Pleistocene of Santa Monica, Cal.). Diagnosis: Valves small, thin, elevated, carinate; side slopes nearly straight; lateral areas elevated, divided into 4-5 low, distinct, radial ribs, with narrower, coarsely granular in- terspaces, the sutural margin weakly dentate; head valve sim- ilarly sculptured, the ribs 32-47 in number; posterior area of tail valve similarly sculptured with about 25 ribs, obsolete toward the mucro; central areas on each side with 25-28, fine, more or less nodulose, longitudinal riblets, with abrupt, rather wider, deeply channeled interspaces, decussated by coarse, transverse threadings nearly as strong as the longitudinal ribs; mucro of tail valve low, median; sutural laminze low, wide, connected across the shallow sinus by a short toothed plate; teeth stout, somewhat projecting; eaves rough but not truly spongy; slits 11, 1-1, 10, with conspicuous pore lines leading into them. Type: An intermediate valve [883] entered as Cat. No. 3992 of the author’s collection. A paratype is deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences and there is one in the private collection of Dr. F. C. Clark. Type Locality: Upper San Pedro Pleistocene of Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California; Dr. F. C. Clark; 3 head, 9 median, 1 tail valves. Range: Unknown except type locality as given above. Material Examined: No. of pecimens Hae nw |g Post. ve ro Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, LocaLitYy Cottector| Where Deposited Remarks Formation _ Number in Author's Register F.C. Clark, .|Berry Coll. Cat. 3993.| [ 881] |Paratype| Upper San Pedro. .|F. C. Clark. .|F. C. Clark Coll......] [ 882] Upper San Pedro. =, F. C. Clark. .|Berry Coll. Cat. 3992.| [ 883] |Type....|Upper San Pedro. CON Gat aan dpaagonndasbascossd F. C. Clark. .|Cal. Acad. Sci....... { 884] |Paratype| Upper San Pedro. F.C. Clark. .|F. C. Clark Coll......| [ 885] Upper San Pedro. F. C. Clark, .|Berry Coll. Cat. 3993.| [ 886] |Paratype|Upper San Pedro. Period Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL ( HITONS 479 Description: Head valve moderate in height, crescentic, ornamented above by about 32-47 strong, rounded or slightly flattened, radiating ribs, more numerous toward the margin, occasionally bifurcating, but for the most part simple and slightly wider than their finely, distinctly, closely granulated interspaces. Posterior margins further decorated by a series of about 10 short, strong, crescentic ridges, lying somewhat obliquely transverse of the radii. Interior with a low, irregu- lar, transverse callus. Slits 11, each connected with the apex of the valve by a conspicuous series of transverse, slit-like pores. Teeth sharp, strongly beveled, scarcely longer than the solid, somewhat overhanging, crenulated eaves. Median valves comparatively short and wide, strongly ele- vated, with a fairly sharp dorsal ridge and comparatively straight side slopes; not beaked. Lateral areas sharply de- fined, moderately elevated, sculptured much as above described for the head valve, the 4-5 radial ribs separated by rather nar- rower granular interspaces, and the posterior margin rendered weakly dentate by a series of perhaps a dozen crescentic tuber- cles placed obliquely transversely to the marginal radius. Jugal tract not well defined. Entire central area sculptured by numerous (in largest specimens about 25-28 on a side), fine, usually nearly straight, often nodulose, longitudinal riblets, ap- pearing not quite so wide as their abrupt, deeply cut inter- spaces, and connected across the latter by rather coarse con- centric threadings corresponding in their course somewhat to the lines of growth and on a lower level than the longitudinal riblets. Jugal region with the longitudinal bars still parallel, but with the transverse sculpture weaker than on the slopes. Interior with a strong, transverse, obtusely V-shaped _ callus. Sutural lamin evenly arcuate, short and broad, connected across the shallow sinus by a short, toothed plate, which, when perfect, may project past the tegmentum; 5-6 more or less irregular, sometimes ill-defined, series of transverse, slit-like pores apparently corresponding in position to the slits in this plate. Insertion teeth scarcely beveled and more projecting than those of the head valve. Slits 1-1, a conspicuous radial series of the transverse, slit-like pores running to their apices. Eaves overhanging. Tail valve with low, subcentral mucro. Posterior area ele- vated toward the sides in front, slightly concave behind the 480 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. mucro; sculptured by about 25 low, radiating ribs, obsolete toward the mucro. Central area sculptured in similar fashion to the corresponding region on the median valves, the longi- tudinal riblets about 15 ona side. Interior with a triangular, strongly dendritic callus, its central portion showing about 4 irregular, longitudinal rows of the transverse pores leading into the short, weakly toothed plate connecting the sutural laminz across the shallow sinus. Teeth similar to those of head valve, but much shorter, and fitting in under the eaves more closely. Slits 10, each the marginal terminus of the usual radiating series of transverse, slit-like pores. Caliper measurements of the type and paratypes are as follows : Head valve Med. valve Med. valve Tail valve T [881] [883] [884] [886] Length 355 mm) 2:8 mins 226) mms) 227, mim: Diameter 6.8 if 7.7 4.7 Height 2.0 3.4 Sh.5) Ie Remarks: In the case of this species comparison is chiefly needed with J. pectinulatus, I. sinudentatus, and perhaps IJ. decipiens, although in the last instance the insufficiency of the original description, as well as the rarity of authentic specimens, precludes any positive opinion. From both the other species J. sanctemonice differs in the much more numerous longitudinal riblets of the central areas. From J. pectinulatus it further differs in its much smaller size, the lack of prominent pustules on the ribs of the lateral and terminal areas, and the altogether more delicate scheme of sculpturing. It is a very pretty little species occurring not rarely in the type horizon. 31. Ischnochiton (Lepidozona), species A nearly perfect anterior valve collected in the Upper San Pedro Pleistocene of Los Cerritos Hill, Long Beach, California, by T. S. Oldroyd [664], does not seem to be referable to any of the foregoing or other described species. It is apparently quite close to J. sanctemonice, but differs from it in its greater elevation, steeper front slope, much narrower ribs, and pecu- Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 481 liarly fluted-out interspaces between the latter. On the basis of such insufficient material, however, it is doubtfully advisable to erect a new species. Subfamily Callistochitonine Berry, new subfamily Genus Callistochiton Carpenter, 1882 32. Callistochiton decoratus punctocostatus Pilsbry, 1896 (Plate XIV, figs. 1-6) 1893. Callistochiton decoratus Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 15, p. 87, p. 16, £. 54 (not of Carpenter, 1893). 1896. Callistochiton decoratus var. punctocostatus Pilsbry, Nautilus, v. 10, p. 50: 1919. Callistochiton decoratus Chace and Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 42 [2] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fermin, Cal.). Diagnosis: Valves of moderate thickness, rather depressed, but carinate ; side slopes distinctly arcuate; lateral areas raised, strongly radially bicostate with the central sulcus decussated, the ribs at first tubercular and subcarinate, later smoother and often developing a secondary sulcus on the ridge or even bifur- cating ; head valve with 11, posterior area of tail valve with 9 similar ribs, their interspaces concentrically decussated ; central areas in adult with perhaps 10-15 longitudinal ribs, nearly equal in width to the interspaces, across which they are con- nected by arcuately-transverse radial threading, the upper- most sculpture usually entirely lost on the jugum, which then shows a triangular smooth area of varying extent; mucro of tail valve low, distinctly postmedian, the posterior slope gradual at first, then suddenly steep; sutural plates low, arcuate, connected across the squarish sinus by a delicately toothed plate; teeth curved, sharp and distinct, not projecting; eaves thin, solid, overhanging; slits 9 to 11, 1-1, 9 to 12, with distinct pore lines leading into them. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). Living: Monterey, California (Williamson), to San Diego, California (!). 482 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Material Examined: = = =Hl, gs: Ss Valve Locatrry CoLLEcTor Where Deposited as32 Formation 2 Sa wn 2m 1 {Int. .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1918....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4044. | [ 950] |Lower San Pedro... 4 |Ant../Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal./Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.....| [ 728] t 1 |Post. | Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.| Arnold Coll Dept. Geology, Pe Stanford Univ... ..} [ 729] t 7 |Post.|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ.....| [ 715] ? 1_|Post.|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.!Arnold Coll............. Berry Coll. Cat. 4574.! [ 715] ? Remarks: Tam not sure what value should be put upon the form here ranked as a subspecies of Carpenter’s decoratus, but if it be valid at all, I believe practically all the decoratus now found living in the waters of California proper must be referred to it. Recent specimens show great variation in all details of shape and sculpture, particularly in the very feature upon which punctocostatus was principally founded in the first place, namely, the extent to which the typical smooth area on the jugum may be invaded by the sculpture of the pleural areas. The typical decoratus from Lower California is said to have a conspicuous, wide, rather sharply defined, triangular, smooth area on the jugum of valves ii to viii. This feature is wanting in typical punctocostatus, which is “somewhat irregularly pitted toward the beaks, and with rows of pits on each side of a small oblong smooth tract at the ridge: most valves pitted also on the ridge anteriorly” *. Even punctocostatus as thus described does not represent the extreme found in the form I here describe as C. d. fermuinicus, where the sculpturing is de- veloped clear across the valves. As a matter of fact one finds all transitions in the direction of typical decoratus. I have yet to see two specimens with sculpture exactly similar in this respect. The Deadman Island specimens, curiously enough, include no median valves, but the tail valves show only a very narrow, rib-like, smooth area on the jugum, or the sculpture may ex- tend clear across, though becoming more or less obsolete as the center is reached. The number of radial ribs in this series of valves is uniformly 9, of longitudinal riblets 10 to 15 on a side, and of slits, 9 to 11. The specimen illustrated (Pl. XIV, fig. 4) has the following caliper measurements: Length 3.7, diameter 6.5, height 2.3 mm. 12Pilsbry, H. A.—Nautilus, v. 10, p. 50, 1896. Period Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 483 One would expect the shell from Point Fermin to be an im- mature ferminicus, but it is so different from its associated specimens and so similar to recent shells that I refer it here. From the associated members of the genus this species as a whole is remarkably distinct. The less highly modified inser- tion teeth, the 11 more or less carinated ribs of the head valve, the 9 similar ribs of the tail valve, and the delicate ribbing of the central areas are among the more easily available distin- guishing features. 33. Callistochiton decoratus ferminicus Berry, new subspecies (Plate XIV, figs. 7-8.) Diagnosis: Similar to the preceding subspecies, but larger, much more elevated, with more strongly arcuate side slopes; sculpture of the central areas continuous over the jugum with- out the interposition of a smooth area, the longitudinal riblets very fine and numerous, 20-24 on a side. Type: An intermediate valve [1040] entered as Cat. No. 4571 of the author’s collection. A paratype is Cat. No. 4572 [1095]. Type Locality: Chiton Bed, Lower San Pedro Pleistocene, Point Fermin, California; E. P. and E. M. Chace, 1918; two median valves. Description: (See diagnosis above. ) Material Examined: No specimens other than the type, paratype, and another specimen taken from the same exposure by Chace and Berry in 1920 have been seen. Remarks: The Callistochiton decoratus complex is so extraordinarily variable for a chiton, it is only with diffidence that one adds a new name to the already overburdened list. Nevertheless the differences among three of the fossil valves from Point Fermin and all other fossil or recent specimens I have seen are too patent to go without recognition. None of a very extensive series of recent specimens before me approaches ferminicus either in fineness of sculpture of the central areas, in elevation, or in size. Although otherwise in fair condition, the type is too worn within to show the characters of the articulamentum, and un- fortunately the paratype is rather badly broken. The dimensions of the type are: Length, 4.+-; diameter, 9.8 ; height 4.6 mm. 484 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 34. Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry, 1893 (Plate XIII.) 1893. Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 264, pl. 58, f. 1-6. 1917. Callistochiton crassicostatus Chace, Lorquinia, v. 2, p. 30 (recorded from Pleistocene of Santa Monica, Gall): 1919. Callistochiton crassicostatus Chace and Chace, Lor- quinia, v. 2, p. 42 [2] (recorded from Pleistocene of Pt. Fermin, Cal.). (——. Chiton fimbriatus of various authors, but not of Sow- erby, teste Pilsbry.) Diagnosis: Valves small, thick, massive, well arched, scarcely angled; side slopes strongly arcuate; lateral areas raised into a strong, thickened rib, coarsely granulated and cut by one or more shallow radial sulci; head valve typically with 7 massive, radial ribs, each with a shallow median sulcus and sometimes others toward the base, the interspaces concentrically decus- sated; central areas strongly longitudinally ribbed, 7-12 ribs Fig. 10 Fig. 10. Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry. Anterior elevation of valve illustrated in Plate XIII, figs. 6-7. on a side, distinctly converging on the jugum, the interspaces finely latticed across; tail valve elevated, flattened above, the mucro increasingly posterior with growth, the slope behind it becoming almost vertical; sutural plates low, distinctly con- nected across the shallow sinus; teeth short, scarcely project- ing in valves 1-vii, very short and thick in valve viii; eaves solid; slits 9, 1-1, 14 to 18. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series —Chiton Bed, Point Fermin, California (Chace and Chace, !) ; Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (!). Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 485 Upper San Pedro Series—Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (Chace, !) ; “Coal mine’, west side of Point Loma, California (!). Formation doubtful—Deadman Island, San Pedro, Cal- ifornia (!). Living: Monterey, California (!), to Cedros Island, Lower California (Lowe) ; shore to 15 fathoms. Material Examined: lg - Post Post. Ant.. Ant.. Ant.. Int. . Int... Int.. Post. Post. Post. B55 Bae : Locauity CoLLEcToR Where Deposited | 8S Formation zig Aw .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1918....... Chace Coll.......... [ 951] |Lower San Pedro... . ..|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1918....... Berry Coll. Cat. 4045.| [1091] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1918.. .|Berry Coll. Cat. 4045 .| [1024] |Lower San Pedro... Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1918 eee Cal. Aed. Sci........ (1094] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace, 1918....... Chace Coll.......... (1093] | Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cai.|E. P. Chace, 1919....... Berry Coli. Cat. 4045.| [1185] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal.|E. P. Chace, 1920....... Chace Coll.......... [1360] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. . ee §. 8. Berry, Vaalsapi aeeomea els Berry Coll. Cat. 4967.| [1417] |Lower San Pedro. . .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. » “Chace & S.S. Berry, Pa renne haece Berry Coll. Cat. 4967. | [1417] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. "Chace &'8: S. Berry, Wind beuncnbenude Chace Coll..........} [1418] |Lower San Pedro... .|Chiton Bed, Pt. Fermin, Cal. |E. P. Chace & S. S. Berry, NOQO OS Si aire Chace Coll.......... [1418] |Lower San Pedro. . ..|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 645] |Lower San Pedro... .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ Dept. Geology, ’ Stanford Univ..... { 646] |Lower San Pedro... .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll......,..... Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ... .. [ 647] |Lower San Pedro. . ..|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ Berry Coll. Cat. 3970.| [ 645] |Lower San Pedro... .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ Berry Coll. Cat. 3970.} [ 646] |Lower San Pedro... .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll............ Berry Coll. Cat. 3970.| [ 647] |Lower San Pedro. . ..{Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, Cal............. OH Ge Olarks ets tetera cic Berry Coll. Cat. 3927.| [ 509] |Upper San Pedro... Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica’; Caltitini: saece AC! Olarks sobre saciia sae Berry Coll. Cat. 3928.| [ 511] |Upper San Pedro... ..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, Cal............. ChClarkrsoarctercterctsters F. C. Clark Coll...... [ 510] | Upper San Pedro. . . Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica) Calas ances Ci@larkssicsseedeccesie F. C. Clark Coll...... { 514] |Upper San Pedro... . .|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa oe Poncadeeacnce RSG. Clarke css = see = Berry Coll. Cat. 3927.| [ 512] |Upper San Pedro... Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, Cal............. OlOlarkesccnsc es oat Berry Coll. Cat. 3928.} [ 513] |Upper San Pedro... .|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa ¥ Monica, Cal. ............ SCS Clarks rec saeces Berry Coll. Cat. 3927.| [ 515] |Upper San Pedro... . Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica; Cal. oo) oc 020... Re Osi Clark ererstslelsiarereisee F.C. Clark Coll...... [ 516] |Upper San Pedro... Coal ae W. side Pt. Loma, SHEpRananabaremriaee Mrs. Kate Stephens. .. ..|Berry Coll. Cat. 3926.} [ 349] |Upper San Pedro... Coal ates W. side Pt. Loma, WP eecmoeactsceakinseene . Hubbs............|S. Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.| [ 492] |Upper San Pedro... Demi Id., San Pedro, Cal. Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 712] 2 Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 713] ? Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 679] ? Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... [ 682) ? Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal./Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ..... { 714] ? Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, Stanford Univ. .... { 680] ? ? vacua Id., San Pedro,|Oldroyd Coll........... Dept. Geology, # Ml Wajetulelvbo’s ule crctarmictetateatate Stanford Guy. ....-| [ 666] |?“Upper San Pedro’ Period Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene ? Pleistocene Pleistocene CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 486 Remarks: Occasional unmistakable specimens of this pe- culiar species have been discovered in the Pleistocene of many localities, and in the Long Wharf Canyon deposit it is one of the commonest forms to be found, being there exceeded in abundance only by the nearly related C. palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry. This seems the more strange, since nowhere along our coast at the present time can it be said that crassicostatus is found in any very appreciable numbers. Usually but an oc- casional specimen or two is taken even at extreme low tides. Along the entire coast of southern California the commonest present-day Callistochiton is by all odds C. decoratus puncto- costatus, a species for from common as a fossil. Although very distinct in the living condition, poorly pre- served fossils of crassicostatus are sometimes hard to identify on account of the possibility of their being mixed with C. pal- mulatus mirabilis. Well preserved valves, on the other hand, are as readily separable as recent specimens. ‘This is quickly seen when the chief diagnostic characters of the two forms are placed in parallel columns: HEAD VALVE crassicostatus Primarily with 7 heavy, irregu- larly tubercular ribs, each divided almost at once by a median sulcus, and in old shells with a secondary sulcus on each side toward the base. Slits typically 9 in number, 2 on each side of the central slit being adnate. mirabilis Primarily with 9 moderately heavy, strongly tubercular ribs, each sooner or later showing in the adult a median sulcus; the posterior rib on each side apparently duplex. Slits typically 9 in number, regu- larly spaced. MEDIAN VALVES Lateral areas elevated into a typically” single, very heavy, crudely nodulose rib, with usually about 4 rather weak, radiating furrows. Central areas with 7-/2 quite strong, interlatticed ribs on a side, showing a distinct tendency to con- verge anteriorly on the ridge, even on valve ii. Lateral areas divided by a strong median furrow into two nodulose ribs, each of which may bear a weak secondary furrow. Central areas with 14-18 (fewer in very small specimens) moderately strongly interlatticed ribs on a side, not showing any well- marked tend- ency to converge in front, and strongly divergent on valve ii. 20 One fossil specimen [682], which seems otherwise thoroughly referable to crasst- costatus, shows sharply duplex lateral ribs recalling those of palmulatus and mirabilis. Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 487 TAIL VALVE Flattened above. Mucro strongly posterior (less so in juvenile specimens). Posterior area with 5-6 heavy ribs, at first simple, but developing from 1 to 4 grooves toward the base, Slits 74-18. Longitudinal ribs of central areas 5-8 on a side. Mucro strongly anterior, the large posterior area usually immensely thickened and elevated behind the mucro; ribs 5-7, heavy, and though at first simple, soon developing a strong median furrow, with some- times 1 or 2 secondary furrows to- ward the base. Slits 18-25, Longitudinal ribs of central areas 7-9 on a side. The marginal toothing in the anterior valve of this species is peculiar and apparently characteristic, the remarkable fea- ture being that certain of the teeth are excessively minute due to the close approximation in pairs of the slits which bound them, a pair of slits in such cases being brought into coincidence with one of the external ribs instead of the usual single slit. The typical arrangement, where the duplication affects only the slits lying immediately on each side of the central one is clearly shown in Pilsbry’s figure in the “Manual” (op. cit., pl. 58, fig. 4), but this has not become so fixed but that it is subject to some strangely irregular variation.” The gross number of slits is ordinarily 9, but even this is subject to modification. Reducing the number and arrangement of the slits with respect to the ribs to a formula, 17 Santa Monica specimens examined yield the following figures : Arrangement symmetrical— 11 show the formula 1-1-2-1-2-1-1, total 9 slits 2 “ “ “ 1=1-2°2-9 1 “ 10 “ Tpshowsc = nett t ae a Arrangement asymmetrical— 2 show the formula 1-1-2-1-2-2-1, total 10 slits 1 shows “ a 1-2-1-1-1-1-1, ae Sins i Ae GCN eee Sat seh With one single exception (which is 8-ribbed), all the above specimens have 7 strong primary ribs, simple at their origin, but soon developing a median sulcus and eventually in well grown specimens showing a very constant tendency to the formation of an accessory sulcus on each side of the primary one toward the base. SS EEE eee BaOL course it is possible that if a sufficiently large series of specimens could be ex- amined, the variations would not appear so irregular, 488 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Of the intermediate valves examined from the same material, 2 show 12 longitudinal riblets on each side of the central areas, 3 show 11 (or 10-11), 3 show 10 (or 9-10), 3 show 9 (or 8-9), 2 show 8 (or 7-8), and 1 shows 7. On the tail valves the riblets of the central areas are fewer: 6 on a side (or 5-1-5) in 6, 7-1-7 in 1, 8-1-8 in 1, 6-1-6 in 1, and 5 on a side in 1 specimen. 8 of these same valves show 5 strong radial ribs each, the other 3 shells having 6 each. 2 have 18 slits, 4 have 16, 3 have 15, and 1 has 14. No relation is evident between a maximum number of ribs and an in- creased quota of slits. Toward the base the ribs become double, and in larger shells triple, quadruple, or (in the case of the outermost pair) even quintuple at the base in similar fashion to the radial ribs of the other valves. The specimens from the Lower San Pedro Formation at Nob Hill run rather larger than those from Santa Monica, and have unusually sharp, clear sculpture and teeth. Among these have been noted 7 head valves with the typical slit formula 1-1-2-1-2-1-1, none being certainly atypical. Of the median valves, 5 show longitudinal riblets on the central areas as follows: 11-11, 11-11, 11-10, 11-10, 5-5, the last a very small specimen. ‘Three tail valves show 14 slits each, radial ribs respectively 7, 6, 5, and longitudinal riblets on central areas 8-9, 6-7, 4-4. The teeth of Callistochiton, as evidenced by the present species, seem to be composed of a somewhat different substance from the more spongy deposit which fills in the slits, so even when quite worn down it is quite possible to distinguish their number and shape (in transection) with perfect accuracy, especially if the surfaces in question are slightly moistened, when the details are brought out with great clearness. This is fortunate as in most fossil specimens the teeth show as little more than a pattern, scarcely worthy of the name teeth at all. Caliper measurements of some of the larger specimens are as follows: Length Diameter Height Head valve [349] 3.5 mm. 5.7 mm. 3.4mm. Median valve [512] 3.2 6.7 Shy “ ¥) [646] 48 7.6 4.1 a ye [679] 4.3 8.3 47 a s [1024] 4.2 78 3.8 Tail valve [515] 4.0 ay 2.4 artes [680] GY 7.7 3.4 Vor. XI] BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 489 35. Callistochiton palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry, 1893 (Plate XIV, figs. 9-16; Plate XV.) 1893. Callistochiton palmulatus var. mirabilis Pilsbry, Man. Conch., (1), v. 14, p. 263, pl. 58, f. 7-11. 1917. Callistochiton palmulatus and var. mirabilis Chace, Lor- quinia, v. 2, p. 30 (recorded from Pleistocene of Santa Monica, Cal.). Diagnosis: Valves small, thick, massive, elevated, carinated ; side slopes slightly convex; lateral areas elevated, divided by a strong median sulcus into two nodulose ribs, each sometimes with a secondary furrow on the summit; head valve strongly elevated, primarily with 9 strongly tubercular, eventually sul- cate, radial ribs; central areas with 14-18 moderately strongly Fig, 11 Fig. 11. Callistochiton palmulatus mirabilis Pilsbry. Anterior elevation of valve illustrated in Plate XIV, figs. 15-16. interlatticed ribs on each side, subparallel except on the jugum of valve i, where they diverge; tail valve with mucro in front of middle, the abbreviated central area much lower than the swollen posterior region; sutural plates very short, connected across the shallow narrow sinus; teeth short, curved, slightly projecting in valves j-vii, extremely robust and thick in valve vill; eaves wide, solid; slits 9, 1-1, 18 to 25, with distinct pore lines leading into them. Recorded Range: Pleistocene: Lower San Pedro Series—Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, California (!). Upper San Pedro Series—Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica, California (Chace, !) ; Los Cerritos Hill, Long Beach, California (!). Formation doubtful— Deadman Island, San Pedro, California (!). 490 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Living: Monterey, California (!), to San Diego, Cali- fornia (!) ; between tides to 15 fathoms. Material Examined: 3 = 38 Bee s'5 |Valve Locauity CoLLEcTOR Where Deposited | 85-3 Formation Period Zz z Bao 2 z <= 2 Int. .|Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro, Cal.|Oldroyd Coll........... Dept. Geology, ¥ Stanford Univ... .. [ 649] |Lower San Pedro...| Pleistocene 2 jAnt../Long Wharf Canyon, Santa : Monica, /Calitie ce ene F.C. Berry Coll. Cat. 3929.| [ 522] |Upper Sam Pedro...| Pleistocene 13 |Ant..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa ¢ Monica, Cal. ........... F.C. Berry Coll. Cat. 3930.} [ 523] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 90 |Ant..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa : Monica*\Cal: 235.8 cane, F.C. F. C. Clark Coll...... { 524] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 1 |Int../Long Wharf Canyon, Santa ‘ Monicasi(Caliniicenasen ee ~C. Berry Coll. Cat. 3929.| [ 525] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 4 |Int..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa mn Monica, Calooe= shee F.C. Berry Coll. Cat. 3930.} [ 526] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 12 |Int..|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa r Monica, Cal F. C. Clark Coll...... { 527] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 6 |Post.|Long Wharf Canyon < Monica, Cal Berry Coll. Cat. 3929.| [ 528] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 12 |Post.|Long Wharf Canyo : Monica, Cal 5 Berry Coll. Cat. 3930.| { 529] |Upper San Pedro...| Pleistocene 57 |Post.|Long Wharf Canyon, Santa - Monica, Cal.) ..2....... RSC. Glark ncaa F. C. Clark Coll...... [ 530] |Upper San Pedro...} Pleistocene 1 _|Post. |Los Cerritos Hill, Long Beach,|\'7_ Oldroyd {|Dept. Geology, : Calis SR enee eae ieee eae eae iad \|_ Stanford Univ... . . [ 663] |Upper Saa Pedro...| Pleistocene 1 |Int. .|Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.| Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, v : Stanford Univ... .. [ 681) ? ? Pleistocene 22 |Post.| Deadman Id., San Pedro, Cal.|Arnold Coll............. Dept. Geology, a Stanford Univ... .. [ 716] ? ? Pleistocene Remarks: ‘This species or subspecies has already received some attention in the course of the discussion of the last species, but a few more notes deserve to be recorded. For one thing I am not yet altogether sure that mirabilis is entirely worthy of subspecific separation from palmulatus Car- penter. On the other hand I am no more positive but that it may eventually prove specifically distinct. This seems para- doxical but is a situation which logically follows from the conflicting evidence afforded by our scanty data. While it is true that the majority of the fossil specimens fall without debate under Pilsbry’s diagnosis, and it further appears that none of the specimens, unless very doubtfully some of the juve- nals, accord entirely with his description of typical palmulatus, still the number of specimens which in one or more particulars are intermediate between the two is legion. My experience with recent specimens is that they are often even more trouble- some to separate. Without exception all the characters de- pended upon to distinguish the two forms are subject to much Vor. XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 491 variation. On the other hand the features separating the palmulatus complex from crassicostatus seem dependable enough. These two facts are brought out rather forcefully in the following summary of observations made on Dr. Clark’s numerous Santa Monica specimens. Sixty-six head valves of the Long Wharf Canyon mirabilis have 9 ribs and 9 slits to correspond, though the two outermost ribs are in each case apparently duplex, and counting each of these as 2 would raise the number of ribs to 11. Fifteen others have 9 ribs each, but the number of slits could not be accurately determined. Two have 9 ribs, 9 slits to correspond, and a supernumerary slit between two of the ribs. Four have the usual 9 ribs, but 10 slits, due to a double slit opposite one of the ribs, the position of the rib so favored being variable. A single valve has 10 ribs and 10 corresponding slits. Ten median valves show variations in the number of longi- tudinal ribs on each side as follows: 18-18, 17-16, 16-16, 16-15, 15-15, 15-15, 14-14, 14-14, 14-14, 10-10. The number ap- parently depends in considerable degree upon the size of the specimen. One tail valve shows 12 longitudinal riblets to a side on the central area, 2 show 11, 2 show 10, 8 show 9, 8 show 8, 5 show 7, and 2 show 6, none showing less than 6. Here again there seems to be a certain degree of correlation, not entirely ab- solute, between the number of these riblets and the size of the specimen. Twenty-five tail valves show 5 radial ribs, all at first simple, but soon divided by a strong median furrow, sec- ondary furrows being sometimes developed later on each side of the primary one. In the outermost pair of ribs on one or two of these specimens the central furrows commence so early that the total number of ribs could easily be stated as 7. Two valves clearly have 7 ribs. Fifteen specimens have 6 ribs, the 2 central ribs in such cases being usually very evidently homo- logous with the single median rib of the 5-ribbed specimens. This is shown by the pair in question being very close together, while neither develops its median furrow as early as the re- maining ribs do. Turning to the insertion plates, 7 valves have 25 slits each, 9 have 24, 9 have 25, 4 have 22, 1 has 21, 4 have 20, 4 have 19, 2 have 18, and 1 has 16. The mode 492 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. seems to lie in remarkable proximity to the maximum in a curve plotted on this basis. The position of the mucro is very constant, but the degree of elevation of the posterior area is extremely variable. The accompanying series of figures (Plate XV, figs. 1-12) is de- signed to illustrate this. When eroded to the proper degree, the radiating tubercles of this species show each a distinct central pore or lumen. This is by all odds our most abundant fossil chiton, even though this is entirely due to its enormous frequency in the Upper San Pedro of Long Wharf Canyon, Santa Monica. An amazing circumstance in this connection is the great prepon- derance of head and tail valves among the specimens collected (see foregoing table). Why only 17 out 197 specimens quar- ried should be median valves, when the latter must originally have been exactly three times as numerous as the terminal ones, is not easy to understand. It is true that they are much less heavy and solid, but as broken fragments are not more common in the one case than the other, this does not seem an entirely sufficient explanation. To a less degree the same phenomenon is likewise true of C. crassicostatus in these beds. The largest specimens taken have the following caliper measurements : Length Diameter Height Head valve [522] 3.4mm. 5.2 mm. 3.4mm. Median valve [526] 2.7 6.8 3. Tail valve [529] 4.2 4.7 3.3 Ey [528] 3.5 5.0 2.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Arnold, Ralph. :03. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine Plio- cene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. Memoirs California Academy of Sciences, vol. 3, p. 1-420, pl. 1-37, June, 1903. 06. The Tertiary and Quaternary Pectens of California. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 47, p. 1-264, pl. 1-53, 1906. Ashley, G. H. 95. The Neocene stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Moun- tains of California. Proceedings California Academy Sciences, Vor, XI) BERRY—FOSSIL CHITONS 493 (2), vol. 5, p. 273-367, text fig. 1, pl. 22-25, August, 1895. [Reprinted as Leland Stanford Junior University Publications, Geology and Paleontology, No. 1, 1895.] Chace, EB. PR: :16. Fossil chitons. < Nautilus, vol. 30, p. 71-72, October, 1916. :17. Fossil chitons. > 578 WWwertwood) Vallevince tsicrieraciciaatvatissiaisirciel eieisicies sisi -y-1-7= «1° 579 Sonoman Mountaineer ehin is tae erastelvie slecsisieteretel crete 580 Ela yimaccle itt nanesecgyseeciaet racrertea tee ais cieteexsrersvels ee riets = 581 entiatya Geolarics elistoLy er pmietiiatie ct oaleterirelenaiticlleiere ele) a\0) «10 590 Appendix: Economic Notes Manganese and Chrome Deposits, Limestones, Clays and Coal, (Oy tTaR ay nto ce floc De ROO Ben Set an lo. ao DO Don 7S Beene eee an ieee 593 Water Resources Artes iaimeen ep tiate visi ofetelelvelorele civisia siclagisicsiagae'aitven sil sfetcteleveie 4) ielsie. a eis 596 (Groundivich race aecescistoaeileiiordsiestee ol naisisiaeies/eve jee maess 596 528 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The geology of the southern half of California and that of the Sierra Nevada has been largely elucidated because the occurrence of those great sources of California’s mineral wealth, Oil and Gold. Owing to the lack of such an eco- nomic inducement, geological research and mapping in the northern half of the Coast Ranges has been largely neglected. The writer became interested through work in the southern half of the state in certain problems whose solution re- quired detailed mapping in the northern half. Some interest- ing and unexpected results were obtained through an exten- sion of the work of Professor Lawson in the San Francisco Quadrangle, and that of Dr. Weaver in the Napa Quad- rangle, east of the area studied. The excellent topographic maps of the Petaluma and Santa Rosa quadrangles were available during most of the time the writer was engaged in this research. The Point Reyes Quadrangle was not avail- able during the field work. It is hoped that the rapid pub- lication of suitable topographic maps will lead to more work in this much neglected field. The writer is aware of the incompleteness and many de- ficiencies of this work, but it was thought best to present the results obtained at this time so that they may be available for use by others. For helpful criticism, the writer is greatly indebted to Pro- fessors Andrew C. Lawson, John C. Merriam, Ruliff S. Hol- way, Bruce Clark, and Chester Stock of the University of California; Professor James Perrin Smith of Stanford University; Professor Earl L. Packard of the University of Oregon; Dr. W. S. W. Kew of the U. S. Geological Survey ; and to Mr. John B. Kerr, Geologist, General Petroleum Com- pany, who assisted in the field work during the summer of 1916. The writer is also under great obligations to Mr. H. C. Bundy, who prepared the geological sections, and to Mr. L. L. Stewart who drew the manuscript copy of the geo- logical maps. The California Academy of Sciences provided the facilities for this work and the paleontological collections upon which it is based are deposited in that institution. The mapping of the Petaluma Quadrangle and the south- ern half of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle is detailed as respects Vout. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 529 the Tertiary formations, but no attempt was made to differ- entiate the formations within the Franciscan group. The northern quarter of the Point Reyes Quadrangle is reconnais- sance mapping only, as the topographic sheet was not avail- able in the fieid. A small amount of detailed mapping was done upon the Pleistocene formations in Tomales Bay. The writer is indebted to Mr. F. M. Anderson’ for the excellent mapping of the rest of this quadrangle. Owing to different scales, some of the contact lines are not exact; nevertheless, the map shows the approximate distribution of the forma- tions correctly. OUTLINE OF RESULTS The area under discussion is immediately north of the San Francisco Bay Region, or it may be regarded as a northern part of this terrain. It is cut on the west by Tomales Bay which was determined by that notable feature, the San Andreas Rift. Long continued faulting in this zone has caused a separation of the Point Reyes Triangle, a northern extension of Professor Lawson’s’ Montara Block from the eastern shore of Tomales Bay, the mainland. One of the conclusions of this paper is that this condition is an old one and that the Triangle and the mainland have been subjected to different sets of movements during the geologic past as well as the present. The exact nature of these motions is not entirely understood, but some progress has been made in discovering their character. The Pleistocene formations which are exposed in the headlands on the eastern side of Tomales Bay prove, both by their lithology and fauna, that this long inlet existed during their deposition and that earth- quake movements were prevalent then. The absence of these sediments from the western shores of the bay and the pres- ence of fine terraces in the shales and sandstones of the Point Reyes Peninsula, indicate that the Triangle moved inde- pendently of the mainland, as successive titan steps (marine terraces) were cut during periods of standstill. These steps do not correspond to fee of the mainland nor to the slotted- 1 Anderson, F. me abe Geology of Point Reyes Peninsula, Uniy. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. No. 5, sia Lawson, A. é, San Rrevciico Folio, No. 193, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 16, 530 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc, 4TH Serr. in blocks of Pleistocene in the Tomales Bay trench of the San Andreas Rift. The mainland, the San Francisco-Marin and Berkeley Hills, blocks of Lawson, as will be shown later, has been subjected to a peculiar hinge-like movement by rotation along an axis situated somewhere in the area east of Santa Rosa and Petaluma valleys. This mainland-block’s uptilted edge is exposed along the shores of Tomales Bay and the Pacific Ocean. Apparently warping or differential tilting has also affected it. The peculiar type of stream drainage within the area affected by these fault blocks, so well described by Holway, is a result of this type of movement. The northern extension of the Hayward Rift Zone was recognized on the western flanks of Sonoma Mountain and proofs of recent ac- tivity were established through the recognition of fault sag ponds, fault shelves, minor drainage modifications, and similar features. The occurrence of estuarine fossils of upper Mio- cene age in the clays and sands of the Petaluma formation fixes the age of a freshwater fauna which is also found in these beds. A study of the Petaluma formation adds an in- teresting chapter to the history of this region during upper San Pablo time and indicates that the San Pablo sea did not extend to the northward in this region. A revision of the stratigraphy of the beds in Sonoma Mountain which yielded the remains of the Pliocene horse, Neohipparion gidleyi Mer- riam, indicates that this horizon is in the Sonoma group. The Sonoma group is correlated with the marine Merced group by excellent stratigraphy in this region. Neohipparion is a form which occurs in the Orinda formation of the Berkeley Hills and the Etchegoin of the San Joaquin Valley. Upon this basis and stratigraphic studies, the Merced group is broadly correlated with the Sonoma group, Pinole tuff, Orinda of the Berkeley Hills and Etchegoin formation of the Great Valley. The investigation of the Pleistocene deposits of Tomales Bay led to the recognition of two distinct formations of this period. Small estuarine faunas were obtained from the up- per beds of the Tomales formation, while the lower beds of the Millerton formation yielded several species which are now found only in the latitude of San Diego. In other words, 2 Holway, R. S., Physiographically unfinished entrances to San Francisco Bay, Univ. Calif. Publ., Geog-, vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 90-95, 1914. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 531 the faunas in both formations are sub-tropical and indicate warm interglacial epochs. Just what time interval is repre- sented by the unconformity which separates these two forma- tions is very difficult to evaluate as these beds are in the im- mediate line of faulting along the San Andreas Rift where great changes are possible within a very limited space of geologic time, but the writer believes that this was an im- portant break. In both beds, well preserved cones of the Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) were found. ‘This species does not at present range north of San Mateo County, it being replaced in the present day flora of this region by Pinus muricata. Thus it is evident that both the faunas and the floras of these beds indicate warmer climates during the Pleistocene interglacial epochs than at the present time in these latitudes. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE This region was cursorily examined by Whitney’ who noted that marine sandstones rested upon the metamorphics (Franciscan) and he referred these sandstones to the Mio- cene. We now know that they are Pliocene, the Merced for- mation. Gabb’ described Metula remondii from the sand- stones of this Pliocene formation at San Antonio Estero near the town of Tomales, and several other fossils from the vicinity of Mark West Creek from beds of the same age. Lawson,” in the Geomorphogeny of the Coast of California, gives the first detailed information about this area. He recognized that the terraces of Point Reyes Peninsula were due to wave erosion, described briefly the great fault which conditions Tomales and Bolinas bays, and perceived that the last move- ment, recognized in this vicinity, the subsidence which gave rise to San Francisco Bay, had also affected Point Reyes Peninsula. “Even more significant of the recency of the depression are the flooded streams which end at the sand beach of Drakes Bay. These are called Drakes Estero on the Coast Survey Chart. They are finger-like inlets which are very clearly flooded stream canyons, representing a drainage convergent towards the south. * Whitney, J. D., Geology of California, vol. 1, pp. 81-85, 1865. ; F eee Winns, Geological Survey of California; Palzontology, vol. 2, pp. 3, 72, pl. =) 8-3 EE b ® Lawson, A. C., Univ. of Calif., Publ. Dept. Geol., vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 245-246, 264-265, and 268-269, 1894, 532 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCiENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. These canyons have effected the dissection of a plateau which is a marine wave-cut terrace, representing one of the later stages of the epeirogenic uplift of the coast.” Concerning the pos- sibility of a Pliocene peneplain Professor Lawson says: “It may, perhaps, be well to state here that in those portions of the coast which once served as areas of Pliocene sedimenta- tion, as in the vicinity of the Bay of San Francisco, much of the geomorphic character was evolved in pre-Pliocene time, and had simply been revealed and modified by the stripping off of the Pliocene accumulations.” The accuracy of this conclusion will be better appreciated after the evidence for this surface has been described around Petaluma and Free- stone. At these places the conditions are essentially in ac- cord with Lawson’s statement. Lawson suggested that Peta- luma Valley was once occupied by the Russian River. His statement is as follows: “Associated with the subsidence which flooded the Bay of San Francisco, there were prob- ably other deformations of the crust which seem to have had an important influence on the drainage. The most notable instance of this kind is the shifting of the divides of the hydrographic basin of the Russian River. This stream once clearly flowed through Petaluma Valley to the main drain- age outlet at the Golden Gate. A low divide in the middle of the old valley now causes the drainage to flow westward at right angles to its former southerly course, and seek the coast by the present transverse route. The change in the drainage may be due to stream capture or to crustal warping. The latter is most probably the cause; but the problem has not yet been studied sufficiently.” The writer is not in agree- ment with this statement in its entirety, but warping, as Lawson points out, is one of the controlling influences in the development of the physiography of this country. Lawson also discusses this region in the San Francisco Folio. Mr. F. M. Anderson’ mapped and described the Point Reyes Quadrangle and his excellent mapping is used in this publi- tion with but slight alteration. These changes are the ad- dition of the Pleistocene formations in Tomales Bay region and reconnaissance mapping of Merced strata around To- Anderson, F. a Geology of Point Reyes Peninsula, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol vol. , No. 5, 1903. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 533 males. Osmont’ constructed a reconnaissance cross-section across this general region. This paper was found very suggestive, although the writer is in disagreement with sev- eral portions of the text. The San Pablo (?) of Osmont which was described as being in the vicinity of Freestone is beyond doubt Merced, as fossils found at Freestone prove. The area east of Petaluma which he regards as Orinda (?) is the Petaluma formation of upper Miocene age described in this paper. The teeth of the Pliocene horse, Neohipparion gidleyi Merriam, were reported by Osmont as coming from the San Pablo (?) formation beneath the lavas of Sonoma Mountain, whereas they were found in strata which are in- terbedded with these lavas of the Sonoma group. The syn- clinal structure of Petaluma Valley as interpreted by Osmont does not appear to be the explanation of this topographic feature. The Sonoma tuff of Osmont does not prove to be as accurate a horizon marker as he thought since there are several strata of tuff in Sonoma Mountain which are sep- arated from one another by lava flows. The writer is in- debted to Osmont for his careful study of the igneous rocks of the region. Professor J. C. Merriam’ described the teeth of Neohipparion gidleyi to which reference was made in a brief paper concerning the occurrence of these interesting re- mains. He states “that they probably came from a stratum just below the coal seam at a mine on the Lawler Ranch, six miles east of Petaluma, California. The formation has been doubtfully referred to the San Pablo Miocene, but may rep- resent a later period.” Dr. G. K. Gilbert in the California Earthquake Commission’s Report gives an excellent descrip- tion of the fault features shown along the San Andreas Rift in the vicinity of Olema and Tomales Bay. He also dis- cusses the modifications in the drainage caused or controlled by rifting. A trace of the fault of 1906 is given in the atlas of this report. This same publication contains collateral biologic articles by Dr. C. A. Kofoid” and Dr. Wm. E. 8 Osmont, Vance, A Geological Section of the Coast Ranges North of the Bay of San Francisco, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 39-87, 1904. ® Merriam, J. C., New Species of the Hipparion Group from the Pacific Coast and ee eae oauices of North America, Univ. Calif., Publ. Dept. Geol., vol. 9, No. » pp. 1-5, . 10 Gilbert, G. K., Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, vol. 1, part 1, p. 66, Publ. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1908, 4 Kofoid, C. A., Idem, p. 89 534 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Ritter”. Professor R. S. Holway” of the University of Cali- fornia has published two papers upon the physiography of this region and its environs, “The Russian River, a Char- acteristic Stream of the California Coast Ranges,’ and “Physiographically unfinished Entrances to San Francisco Bay.” What little the writer has to add to these problems is but slight modification of Professor Holway’s principal thesis. Concluding the paper upon the Russian River, Professor Holway makes the following statement: “In attempting to summarize the history of the Russian River in its various parts the limitations noted in the introduction, namely, the lack of maps showing the topography and the areal geology, necessarily limits definiteness of statement in any conclusions stated. In briefly recapitulating the conclusions already offered in the discussion of the various sections, some com- ment will be made concerning their probability or concerning possible alternative hypotheses. The lower river is termed antecedent and is considered the remnant of a former consequent coast stream which has held its position despite the slow uplift. It is possible that much of it flowed over the soft recent deposits and by the removal of that series has been let down upon older rocks in which it now flows. Technically such a history may justify the use of the term “superimposed”, but in no place is the present river out of harmony with the minor topography in the way that the Middle River is in various places. The antecedent condition of the Lower River fully accounts for leaving the open Santa Rosa Valley and crossing the western high- land in a canyon. The Lower River is termed antecedent, as a sufficient explanation. If superposition of the river upon the Merced series ever existed, it has not resulted in any re- lations that are not explained by its more antecedent char- acter. The Middle River in its peculiar cutting off of the point of a ridge in Alexander Valley, in its course through Fitch Mountain, and in incising its channel on the slope of Santa Rosa Valley, exhibits the characteristics of a super- imposed river,—a conclusion justified by the existence within 12 Ritter, Wm. E., Idem, p. 88. 13 Holway, R. S., Univ. Calif. Publ., Geog. Dept., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 38, 1913; Univ. Calif. Publ., Geog. Dept., vol. 1, No. 3, 1914. Vout. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 535 the area of patches of the softer and later series through which the Middle River has cut down to its present position.” The occurrence of Merced fossils at Plantation a few miles north of the mouth of the Russian River, also at Freestone, a short distance south of the Lower River, indicates to the writer that the intervening area was once covered by Merced sandstones and shales and probably a thin veneer of marine Pleistocene terrace material as well. Subsequent erosion has removed these incoherent materials along the present course of Russian River and has left for present topography the old Miocene or early Pliocene peneplain cut in Franciscan rocks upon which the sands and gravels of the Merced sea were deposited. In brief, the Lower River as well as the Middle River is superimposed. Holway described accurately the peculiar relations of Walker and San Antonio creeks in the monograph, “The Physiographically Unfinished Entrances of San Francisco Bay” and his hypothesis that they were once one stream which drained to Tomales Bay is confirmed by these studies. The writer thinks that the tilting of the mainland block is the cause of this “broken-backed” stream and that the waters of the middle and upper portions of the Pleistocene Walker Creek were spilled out by way of one of the headwater tributaries when the tilting was sufficient to overcome the grade of the stream. This will be discussed further in the latter portion of this paper. GEOLOGY The oldest rocks in this general region are limestone, quartzite, and schists of possible Paleozoic age which occur only in Point Reyes Peninsula. These rocks are remnants of the roof of a great granitic batholith of probable Mesozoic age and they occur as inclusions in the granite of the Point Reyes Peninsula. Rocks of the Franciscan group of possible Jurassic age are restricted to the east side of the San Andreas Rift and Tomales Bay. For many miles east of Tomales Bay, the Franciscan is either the surficial rock or it forms a base upon which the later rocks rest. Another interesting group from a distributional point of view is the Monterey of Middle or Lower Miocene age. This, like the granites and lime- stones, is restricted to the Point Reyes Triangle and no in- 536 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. dications of its presence in any other portion of the area occur on the surface, but one of the characteristic products from the shale phase of this group—petroleum—may have been supplied to the overlying sands in the Sonoma group. Eastward in Carneros Creek, beyond the area under discus- sion, rocks of this age are again found. It seems probable that this formation was once continuous over the area be- tween Sonoma Mountain and Tomales Bay, but was eroded during Upper Miocene and the interval between Miocene and Pliocene time. A formation of Upper Miocene age, here de- scribed as the Petaluma formation consists chiefly of lacu- strine deposits, and indicates that the upper Miocene Sea which occupied the present site of San Pablo Bay Region did not extend in this region to the northwest. The Merced group of Pliocene age and its correlative, the Sonoma group, are well exemplified in this region and their stratigraphic and faunal relations are clearly demonstrated. Two interest- ing formations of marine Pleistocene were differentiated on the eastern shores of Tomales Bay. Such, in brief are the formations recognized within this field. LIMESTONE OF MeEsozorc or PALEozo1Ic AGE An area of coarse-grained marble occurs in connection with the granitic rocks of the Point Reyes Peninsula on the eastern slope of Inverness Ridge. This marble which was carefully studied by F. M. Anderson is very similar to the “Santa Cruz limestone’ of the Santa Cruz Mountains and that of Montara Mountain. The geologic relations are the same in all three cases. The limestone mass was intruded by the granitic magma and those portions of the batholithic roof which dropped into the melting pot were preserved for our inspection. Granitic rocks largely surround the Inverness Ridge limestone area. Granitic Rocks oF ProBABLE Mesozoic AGE The granitic rocks of this region are restricted to the Point Reyes Triangle and are not found on the eastern side of Tomales Bay, as Anderson pointed out in his paper de- scribing this area. Anderson’s” description in part is as 14 Anderson, F. M., The Geology of Point Reyes Peninsula, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. 2, No. 5, p. 124, 1903. Vor, XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 537 follows: “In the field the granites of Point Reyes appear as moderately coarse-grained, light gray rocks showing rough and rounded surfaces where they are firm, though usually they are much decomposed. Where erosion is not rapid the rocks are decayed, often to a depth of a dozen feet or more, but on the summits where harder phases protrude, and in the deep ravines where the erosion is greatest, and along the shore the rocks are firmer and often more angular. All of them, where favorably exposed, are seen to be greatly shattered and broken, and testify to the large amount of disturbances they have undergone. The rock is mostly unfit for quarrying purposes on this account, since it is not easy to find many blocks of any considerable size. These granites are to be classified as normal biotite granites. Quartz is in only moderate proportions, and both orthoclase and plagio- clase feldspars are present. As to the quantity of biotite present, there is considerable variation. Basic segregations are common, in which there is no quartz and little feldspar, while on the other hand there are phases containing but little biotite. Hornblende is not abundant.” FRANCISCAN Group, JuRAssiIc (?) Rocks of this group are restricted to the mainland in con- trast with the granitic rocks of the Triangle. The San An- dreas Rift Zone sharply separates these terrains, but unfor- tunately at no place are they in close contact. There can be no doubt that they were separated by ancient movements along the San Andreas Rift. This ancient fault line seems to lie on the western side of Tomales Bay, as the Franciscan occurs beneath the Pleistocene deposits on Hog Island and Tom’s Point, both of which are located about two-thirds of the way across Tomales Bay from its eastern shore. The eastern face of Inverness Ridge must of necessity be inter- preted as a much eroded fault scarp. The Franciscan group occupies the greatest area of any in this field and it under- lies most of the region now covered by the Merced formation. Island-like masses such as Meachims Hill, appear through the veneer of Pliocene sediments in many places. In other words, the peneplain upon which the Merced was deposited was cut in Franciscan rocks, and many monadnocks were left stand- ing above the general surface of this notable feature. In and 538 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. around Petaluma this same relationship is seen in several places. No attempt was made to separate this group in the mapping, but nearly all its characteristic rocks occur within this area. Since this terrain is merely an extension of the Franciscan which Lawson” mapped in detail in the Tamalpais Quadrangle, of the San Francisco Folio, the reader is referred to this work for details. Chert, glaucophane schist, garnet schist, actinolite schist, sandstone and igneous rocks associated with this group,—serpentine and basalt—were recognized in this region. A conglomeratic limestone was also noted a few miles south of Petaluma. This limestone seemed to be a beach deposit and although it appeared as if it might be fos- siliferous, no samples were found which contain unmistakable organic remains. This deposit will be described in detail under Economic Notes. No attempt was made to work out the structure within the Franciscan, but only the nature of the contacts between this group and the Tertiary rocks of the region was studied. In general, as noted above, the Franciscan forms the basement upon which the marine sediments of the Merced group were laid down and upon which the lavas, volcanic ashes and brec- cias of the Sonoma group were outpoured. The Franciscan is, however, in fault contact with the Petaluma formation of upper Miocene age in the vicinity of Lakeville. This fault, whose trace is indicated upon the geologic map of the Peta- luma Quadrangle, is apparently an ancient one, as the lavas of the Sonoma group rest upon the Franciscan south of Tolay Creek as well as upon the Petaluma formation immediately north of that stream at about the same elevation. Evidently, no pronounced movements have taken place along this line of weakness since the close of the Miocene. For convenience this line of weakness will be referred to as the Tolay Fault. MontTerEY Group, MippLtE MIocENE This group is excellently exposed in the Point Reyes Penin- sula where it is the most important formation from an areal viewpoint. Anderson’s mapping and description of this ter- rain have been borrowed from his excellent paper in order that the reader may grasp certain problems which are only 18 Lawson, A. C., U. S. Geological Folio, No. 193. Vout. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 539 solved by considering the distribution of the groups in the general field. Mr. Anderson’s description is as follows: Miocene Sediments.——The Miocene series consists of three members, the upper two of which are not distinctly separated. The lower member is a dark heavy, conglomerate, in which the pebbles and stones range from one-half inch to more than one foot in diameter. The second member is a thin-bedded, cream-colored sandstone that passes quite gradually into the upper member, the special features of which will be described later. It is the white Miocene shale of the Monterey series, well known in the Coast Ranges. This series is essentially similar at all the points at which a complete section is to be seen. At the summit of Whittenberg Hill a series of the Miocene sediments, some hundreds of feet in thickness, have conglomeratic beds at their base, with a thickness of eight or ten feet, containing pebbles of granitic and crystalline lime- stone, Concerning the shales of Whittenberg Hill, Anderson re- marks that x Nothing of great importance has been discovered on the peninsula, not already known from other regions, and their petrography would be merely a repetition of what has been said before. In texture they vary from a tolerably granular, sandy phase to what might be called flinty. In Bear Valley and west of Whittenberg Hill, the compact, somewhat vitreous and banded phase is more frequent, though this appears to be an areal rather than a stratigraphical variation. Such portions of the shale are both less porous and less bituminous than the more granular portions. West of Drake’s Estero the shales are sandy and the amount of bituminous matter is very much greater than in the more compact portions. This is commonly seen in the fetid character of the water rising from them. Rocks of this group are not found in the mainland portion of this area. In the region west of Petaluma it is probable that these rocks were totally removed during the erosion in- terval at the close of the Miocene or early Pliocene as the marine Merced rests directly upon the Franciscan in this vi- cinity. It seems entirely probable that rocks of this group once extended over this area as its characteristic shales and sand- stones are well exposed in the headwaters of Carneros Creek in the Napa Quadrangle about 20 miles east of Petaluma. At this place a fair fauna representing the Arca montereyana zone has been obtained. This group may underlie a portion of Sonoma Mountain as a product which is yielded by its shales—petroleum—is found in a sandstone which is a mem- ber of the Sonoma group. A fault of moderate throw has exposed this sandstone and underlying and overlying basalt in a creek bed about 5 miles northeast of Petaluma, one- 540 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. quarter mile north 20° W. of Mountain School in the Santa Rosa Quadrangle. The sandstone in places is thoroughly impregnated with oil and droplets of oil were found in the vesicular cavities of the overlying basalt. There are no other indications of the Monterey group beneath Sonoma Mountain that were found but it seems very probable that the basalts and tuffs of the Sonoma group are underlain by the shales of the Monterey group. The clays and sandstones of the Peta- luma formation probably intervene in many localities. The Monterey group may underlie the Petaluma formation in the region southeast of the Mountain School. What would pre- serve this group from erosion here while it was entirely re- moved from the whole area only 4 miles west across Peta- luma Valley? As has been pointed out above, the Tolay fault has not been active since late Miocene or early Pliocene but during this time the eastern or downthrown block may have been so lowered beneath the general base level of that time that it was in this manner preserved from the general destruc- tion which the western block suffered. Whether this area around the Mountain School has any economic oil possibilities is problematic, although the writer is not prepared to con- demn the area absolutely, yet the uncertainty of a source of oil is very liable to make this region a pecarious one for experimenting. PETALUMA FoRMATION, UPPER MIOCENE This formation is confined to the northeast corner of the Petaluma Quadrangle and the adjoining southeast corner of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle. Stratigraphically, it is uncon- formably overlain by the Sonoma group of volcanics and their associated members on its eastern boundary while its western limit in the Petaluma Quadrangle is marked by the Tolay fault which separates it from the Franciscan in this vicinity. On the northwest, the incoherent sands of the Mer- ced formation mantle it in the vicinity of Penn Grove. Litho- logically this formation is characterized by the great abun- dance of clays, but only in certain stream canyons does one obtain opportunity to observe them. Elsewhere they have readily weathered into a thick, heavy soil. The different lithologic facies are typically exposed along the Lakeville- Sonoma road between Lakeville School and Eureka School Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 541 and vicinity. In this area, while no continuous section oc- curs, we find several fair exposures sufficient to enable us to distinguish this formation from the Merced group which occurs in the near vicinity. A fine-grained, light-brown sandstone occurs at Eureka School at the cross roads. The bedding in this massive sandstone makes the structure obscure, but the approximate strike is N. 60° W., and dip 25° N. A coarser brown sandstone and its associated conglomerates which are free from basaltic or andesitic pebbles or other fragments of the Sonoma group are found along the road at intervals of about a mile southwest of Eureka School. The absence of these rocks from the Petaluma formation, and their general presence in the sandstone of the Merced group, enable one to discriminate these formations in the field. The pebbles in these conglomerates consist of chert, quartz, schist and sandstone fragments and most of them have been derived from the Franciscan group. Along the road which runs northwesterly from Eureka School in the bottom of the stream just west of the road, green clay with thin strata of interbedded limestone occurs. This clay is well stratified but does not exhibit characteristic shale structure in most ex- posures. Limestone is frequently present in the form of small nodular masses and is very argillaceous. Resting upon this green clay is a tan sandstone containing green grains. These beds have a strike of N. 55° W., and dip of 20° S., while just a short distance on the north side of the road reverse dips were found in the same material in the small gulches entering the major stream. The green and light gray clays are well exposed in a tributary of Tolay Creek about 2 miles southeast of Eureka School. These deposits are char- acteristically lacustrine. That this is true, is amply proved by the presence of brackish and freshwater fossils in them in the extension of this formation to the northwest. Certain other lithologic variations are best observed here as well. A sandstone which occurs one-quarter mile east of Waugh School, Santa Rosa Quadrangle, is interbedded with clays which yield a stiff adobe soil. This sandstone contains ob- scure fossils—plant remains—and it is lighter in color than the prevailing sandstone of the Merced group. Small chunks of light colored clay ranging from a quarter inch to an inch 542 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. in diameter are embedded in the clayey sandstone matrix. In the stream canyons east of Waugh School many excellent sections of this formation may be seen. The great abundance of petrified wood which is found in the sandstones of this formation is very noteworthy. In one place this material formed a stratum from 8 inches to a foot in thickness. FAUNA Two interesting faunas occur in the Petaluma formation: the one, a brackish water and the other, a freshwater fauna. The estuarine facies was recognized on upper Lichau Creek where Corbicula californica (Gabb) was collected and at Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences Locality No. 415. About 2.1 miles N. 26° E. from Elmore School in canyon and two- fifths mile southeast of Mountain School road, clay shale and soft, fossiliferous sandstone are found interbedded. The overlying igneous rock near the contact is basalt and agglo- merate. The best preserved specimens occur at California Academy of Sciences Locality No. 415, but only two species, Corbicula californica (Gabb) and Bittium rodeoensis (Clark), were found here. These two forms, however, are also found as- sociated in the uppermost portion of the San Pablo forma- tion, in the Pinole syncline, on the shores of Carquinez Strait and San Pablo Bay, showing that the identity of these two horizons is highly probable. In other words, the Petaluma formation is a freshwater and brackish water phase of the marine San Pablo formation of upper Miocene age. The stratigraphic relations also reinforce this correlation as both the San Pablo and the Petaluma formations are unconform- ably below the Sonoma group and its equivalent, the Pinole tuff. Probably stratigraphically above this horizon containing the brackish-water fauna is another set of beds whose clays have yielded a very finely preserved collection of freshwater shells. California Academy of Sciences Locality 417, where these shells were obtained, is in Haggin Creek, about 200 feet below the bridge on clay beds which are overlain by con- glomerate one mile southeast of Penn Grove, Santa Rosa Quadrangle. The strata dip 12° S. W. and have a strike of Vou. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 543 N. 60° W. The fossils belong to the genera Spheriwn, Pisi- dium, Planorbis, Lymnee and Physa, and form an assembly of species very similar to that found in the Tulare formation of the Coalinga field, but the forms are all specifically distinct. They are likewise separable from similar species in the Orinda lake beds of the Berkeley Hills. It is believed wild ducks distribute the eggs of the species belonging to these genera at the present time, and as such means of distribution probably existed during the Miocene time, it would seem that such forms should prove useful in correlation with other upper Miocene lacustrine beds. The Petaluma formation in the field northeast of Petaluma is thrown into a series of narrow anticlines and synclines which are not very persistent. Anticlines which are clearly seen in one creek canyon will not be present in the next canyon a half mile east of the first one. These shallow fold- ings do not extend to Tolay Valley. In the hills west of Eureka School, a well developed syncline was recognized and its corresponding anticline parallels the northwesterly flowing stream which heads at the Eureka School. As was stated above, the Tolay fault limits this formation in a westerly direction. Here the various members of the Petaluma for- mation are in contact with the Franciscan group and along the fault these lake beds are displaced greatly, steeply dipping beds being the rule. The plane of this fault is almost verti- cal, in one place measuring 75° to 80°. This fault is an old one as the rocks of the Sonoma group cross it indifferently in its southeastern extension. However, it may have been an important line of movement during late Miocene or early Pliocene. Mercep Group, PLIOCENE This group was recognized in Santa Rosa Valley early in the work of the Geological Survey of California, and Gabb, in the volume on the Paleontology of California, described several species of fossils collected from exposures on Mark West Creek. The thickness of these beds is not great nor are they greatly folded in most places in the region of Mark West Creek and Freestone. Osmont represents these beds as hav- ing a very decided dip toward the center of Santa Rosa Valley, but observations made at Wilson’s Ranch show that 544 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47u Ser. the Easterly dip of these beds is but one or two degrees. In and around Freestone low dips were prevalent and apparently the Merced strata are but slightly undulatory, as the Fran- ciscan base is seen in the bottom of Salmon Creek near Free- stone and again as a noteworthy mass of serpentine about 3 miles east of Freestone. As the Merced sediments are traced southward on the west side of Santa Rosa and Petaluma valleys, similar conditions were found as respects their gen- eral attitude. Locally, however, dips as high as 10° to 15° were recorded around Tomales, Bodega village, and near the Cinnabar School, two miles north of Petaluma, where a westerly dip is recorded. Apparently some minor folding or faulting has occurred in a few places, but the writer questions the synclinal character of Santa Rosa Valley. The hills bordering the Santa Rosa Valley on the east, two to four miles north of Santa Rosa, are composed of tuff and interbedded sandstones with dips at certain localities as high as 40° to the east. The Hayward fault is probably expressed by the sharp separation of the main valley and the eastern bordering hills, and is approximately parallel to the state highway. No other fault characters were recognized in this vicinity, however. Santa Rosa Valley seems to be due chiefly to erosion in soft, nearly horizontal, Merced strata, but complicated by minor folding and faulting. The best known Merced locality is at Wilson’s Ranch, a half mile east of Russian River, where a very characteristic, well-preserved fauna occurs. At this place the Merced is composed of hard, gray, conglomeratic sandstone which has an easterly dip of 1° to 2°, and a soft, tuffaceous, yellow sandstone with minor strata of tuff, interbedded. This yellow sandstone with minor tuff members, is the commonest lithologic character of the group throughout this field. The following fauna was obtained at Wilson’s Ranch: Bathytoma carpenteriana fernandoana Arnold. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Drillia mercedensis Martin Nassa californiana Conrad Nassa moraniana Sowerby Natica consors Dall Olivella biplicata Sowerby Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 545 Thais papillus (Linnzeus ) Trophon (?), sp. Arca trilineata Conrad Cardium, sp. Glycimeris cf. gabbi Dall Cryptomya californica Conrad Macoma cf. edentula Broderip & Sowerby Paphia staleyi Gabb Schizotherus pajaroensis Conrad Solen sicarius Gould Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula cf. falcata (Gould) Spisula voyi (Gabb) Spisula cf. voyi (Gabb) Spisula (?) sp. The same general characters mark this group in the region to the west around Freestone. At a locality in the bed of Salmon Creek, one-eighth of a mile from the railroad sta- tion at Freestone, in blue gray argillaceous sandstone asso- ciated with a yellow tuffaceous sandstone, a Merced fauna was obtained, at a stratigraphic horizon which cannot be over 50 feet above the base of this group, as Franciscan cherts occur only a half mile further up stream and _ three- quarters of a mile down stream. The Merced beds at this point have an east-west strike and dip of 5° S. A prominent 4-foot bed of tuff containing casts of marine shells is found 150 feet stratigraphically above this last lo- cality on the road between Freestone and Sebastopol and about one-quarter of a mile east of Freestone. The bed, which is nearly horizontal, is underlain and overlain by yel- low tuffaceous sandstone. The material on the crest of the plateau is a light gray sand which is probably of Pleisto- cene age, though no sharp division line was found which separates these sands from the underlying Merced. The even sky-line as seen here can scarcely be interpreted any other way except that it represents a marine plain of Pleisto- cene age. (See plates XX and XXVI.) On Bodega-Valley Ford Road, one-eighth of a mile south of Bodega Postoffice and church, Crepidula grandis and Saxi- domus nuttalli were collected from hard, coarse, gray sand- 546 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. stone with dip of 15° W. and strike of N. 20° E. The sandstone forms the limb of a small syncline which is ap- parently truncated by a Pleistocene marine plain. Here, as around Freestone, several of the canyon bottoms expose Franciscan rocks. Most of the hills between Bodega and Valley Ford are capped or composed of Merced sandstones. At Valley Ford the rocks of this group are horizontal and the lowermost member consists of a coarse-grained, conglom- eratic sandstone or finely-grained conglomerate whose peb- bles are nearly all red chert. This resistant sandstone has given rise to the picturesque little buttes seen about the vil- lage of Valley Ford. Similar conditions occur around Tomales where the hills are capped by Merced sandstone laid down upon an old erosion surface cut in Franciscan rocks. About two miles west of Tomales, on the Tomales-Dillon’s Beach Road, the Merced outcrops boldly as a massive coarse- grained conglomeratic sandstone which has a local dip to the east of 15° with strike of N. 35° W. The sandstone is truncated near this point by a marine plain at an elevation of about 400 feet. (See plates XXI and XXII.) In the sea cliff at Dillon’s Beach, Franciscan sandstone with lignite is well exposed so that it is evident the Merced in this vi- cinity rests upon a Franciscan base at no very great depth. Large casts and one or two good specimens of Pecten turneri Arnold, were collected from the roadside about one and one- half miles west of Tomales. The Merced formation was not recognized on the south side of Walker Creek along the coast. Eastward from Tomales toward Petaluma, the road leads through the village of Two Rock where the Franciscan outcrops boldly. In most of the wells dug in the low, flat plain, marine shells were encountered at a small depth. Near the church in this town, on a slight elevation of about 30 feet above the plain around Two Rock, a yellow sandstone entirely surrounded by Franciscan cherts yielded casts of Leda, sp., and a few other indeterminate marine shells. Thus we have evidence that the Merced was here laid down upon a decidedly irregular surface. For two or three miles only, Franciscan rocks outcrop along the road. As Petaluma is approached the hills are capped by yellow and _ tan-colored tuffaceous sandstones. In and around Petaluma good proof Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 5,47 of the intimate relations of the marine Merced to the lavas and tuff of the Sonoma volcanic series is seen. On top of Spring Hill, three miles west and 10 south of Petaluma, the Merced sandstone is found resting upon a basalt flow which is about 50 to 100 feet thick. This basalt flow in turn rests upon the Franciscan, but Merced strata occur at an elevation of 100 feet above sea level, one mile northeast of this hill in what is clearly a sag in the old Fran- ciscan surface. The lower edge of the basalt flow on Spring Hill has an average altitude of about 300 to 400 feet above sea level. In other words, an inequality in the erosion surface of about 300 to 400 feet, is here recognized as a small outcrop of Franciscan occurs at an elevation of about 50 feet in the town of Petaluma, one block west of the corner of Stanley and High streets. At other places in the vicinity, like peculiarities are seen in the distribution of Merced and basalt. One of con- siderable local interest is found on the corner of Stanley and Howard streets. (See Plate XXVIII.) Loosely consolidated tan sandstones containing what are to all appearances mud balls of volcanic tuff, which are from six inches to a foot in di- ameter, rest upon an erosional surface of basalt. These beds have a low dip of about one degree to the east. Workers in making the excavations at this place reported marine shells, but the writer was unable to verify this conclusion. These tuffaceous sandstones, however, are areally connected with tan sandstones and gravels of Reservoir Hill, elevation 270 feet, where casts of several pelecypods of Merced age were obtained. The basalt occurring at Stanley Street is relatively thin at this- point, as Franciscan schists and cherts occur on Stanley Street one block west of High Street, at a point only 15 or 20 feet lower than the corner of Howard and Stanley streets. One-half mile west of this locality, how- ever, occurs a hill 100 feet high, consisting almost wholly of basalt. This same basaltic area extends southward and rises to an elevation of 200 or 300 feet. From this distributional study it is evident that the basalt was laid down upon an irregular surface cut in the Franciscan. The local uncon- formity between the Merced and basalt at the corner of Stan- ley and Howard streets indicates that a part of the flows actually entered the Merced Sea of that time, were partly eroded, and Merced sands were in turn deposited upon them. 548 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. This general relation is further demonstrated by the occur- rence of Merced fossils beneath the basalts of Burdell Moun- tain. This hill rises to an elevation of 1560 feet and as the map shows, its main mass consists of basaltic flows and tuff beds of the Sonoma group. On the northwest end of Burdell Mountain basalt, about a mile and a half south of Olompali at an elevation of 300 feet, blocks of conglomerate containing Merced fossils, Tivela crassatelloides (Conrad), were found. These blocks, while not in place, were evidently derived from a sandstone member which is exposed in a narrow creek canyon in the vicinity. The Merced at this place rests upon Franciscan rocks. Owing to slides, exposures in most places are meagre, but only 50 to 100 feet occur here, as Dr. M. E. Blanchard, who accompanied the writer to this locality, explored the higher elevation immediately above the sandstones and shales of the Merced, and found nothing but tuffs and lavas. From the evidence we conclude that the lavas and ash deposits of the Sonoma group were laid down close to the shore line of the Merced sea. The Merced formation occurs in and around Penn Grove and at one locality about one-half mile north of the village, on the state highway, some casts of Merced fossils were col- lected. The Merced outcrops in the village of Penn Grove consist essentially of tuff and tuff-breccia, thus showing the intimate relationships between the tuffs of the Sonoma group and the marine Merced. Tan-colored sands and gravels en- tirely surround Meachim Hill, whose top, however, is com- posed of one of the Franciscan volcanics which is apparently an olivine basalt. A mile and one-half southeast of Penn Grove, Merced strata are in contact with the Petaluma for- mation of Upper Miocene age. The contact unfortunately is obscure but the inclination of the beds in the Petaluma for- mation as exposed in Haggin Creek indicates that an angular unconformity probably exists here. The general attitude of the Merced beds is nearly horizontal, while those of the Peta- luma formation exhibit dips as high as 12° to the southwest in Haggin Creek. A series of tan-colored and tuffaceous sandstones is found east and south of Lakeville. No fossils were obtained from the beds, but they are assigned to the Merced upon lithologic grounds. The basaltic conglomerates near Grand View may Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 549 be of the same age, but they have been somewhat arbitrarily assigned to the Sonoma group because basaltic flows of con- siderable extent are associated with them. This general distributional study of the Merced indicates that the Mereed was laid down upon a decidedly irregular basement cut in Franciscan rocks, whose relief, judging from the present elevation of Meachim Hill and the Franciscan area at Cherry Station, Santa Rosa Quadrangle, must have been 400 to 500 feet. The surface does not appear to have been wave-cut, but is apparently the result of sub-aerial erosion. In other words, we are dealing with a peneplain which was developed during Ep-Miocene time or Lower Pliocene time, or both. The faunas of the Merced and its lithology indicate that the shore-line of the Merced sea was near the present northeast side of Petaluma Valley. FAUNA As was stated above in connection with the general descrip- tion, the best collecting locality in the Merced group in the region under discussion is at Wilson’s Ranch, about one-half mile east of Russian River. The fauna as listed below is typically Merced, and beyond this the writer did not discover any essentially new features. A study of this list readily demonstrates that the locality from near the base of the Mer- ced in this region near Freestone is typically Merced. DESCRIPTIONS OF LOCALITIES FROM MERCED (PLIOCENE) GROUP Locality 411. Interbedded fossiliferous s.s. with tuff on ridge 3 miles SE of Freestone. Elevation 600’. Same white sandstone overlying tuff. Dip 10° N Strike E & W. Fossiliferous s.s. in Hall’s ranch or Burn’s ranch. Schoolhouse in Burnside Dist. Sec. 7, AD. (6, 12, @) Coll., J. B. Kerr, July 19, 1916. Locality 413. One-half mile north of Freestone and 200’ east of trestle in stream. Shaly s.s. and soft s.s. Dip 5° S. Strike E. and W. Coll., J. B. Kerr, July 22, 1916. Locality 414. On Bodega—Valley Ford Road one-eighth mile south of Bodega Post-office and Church. Dip 15° W. Strike N. 20° E: Coll., R. E. Dickerson, July 21, 1916. 550 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Paoc. 41TH Ser. Locality 426. One and one-half miles west of Tomales on county road. Merced formation. Colls., J. B. Kerr and R. E. Dickerson, July 22, 1916. Locality 545A. One-quarter mile SE. of 546. Locality 546. Merced fossils from Wilson Ranch, Sonoma Co. Pliocene. Coll., R. E. Dickerson. Locality 572. Petaluma Quadrangle, 122° 37’ West Longi- tude, 38° 10’ 5” North latitude, beneath the basalt of Burdell Mountain. Coll., R. E. Dickerson, June 21, 1918. LisT OF SPECIES FROM THE MERCED (PLIOCENE) Group PELECYPODA AIX | 413] 414] 426]545A] 546 | 572 (Arca) trilineata Conrad enteric eee eis mysins|imeteey| Mes: |fPeereea| ete et=n'| hore Cardium cf. meekianum Gabb.............. Ftd Pam eh bats eee eon | beach, jae Cardiums;'sp:iacosinc eens eae k seers Sea] eve | koe iota tll Betas | mest | ete Glycimens: cfs gabbrDall 2 2.5.25. 22s -o sl | ees ee- flimsy alle coteed lg isin evecare Cryptomya californica Conrad.............. Se ae ost! Soll aor lle os |] ade CryptomyajovalisiConrad!2--.- 4-662 eee een (meee cere) Niece] een ae ul Ihe Macoma edentula (?) Broderip & Sowerby....} .. | -- | .. | -- | ] +] -- Macomamnasuta) @onrad)..).5 0. ie sos ee eee Sy | Patra bste(eareia|aees ao Mya sspsen in ae crt eet ce ae eens ar 24 Were ae Panope generosum (Conrad)................ a5 so {hae ae PaphiatstaleyiiGabbas seen eee ee = oe fl stee |) ate eee PecteniturnerivAmmold fase: peek 10 eal (unin can acto Pectenich& tumen! Arnold acces. cease a oa |) ar a sists Saxidomus((?) jspia-rce sence Soe eerie ese seal | ich Losi Schizotherus cf. pajaroensis Conrad......... 50 |! SF SoH fense polentsicarius) Conradmr omen eee erticrne he se || << Spisula:albarias(Conrad) pee ee ees + Selb sr Spisula\ cf faleatay (Gould) ies nanos seen e oii vas all te Spisulatvoyal(Gabb) peepee ee eee eee ae 25 || SF Spisula.cfavoyii(Gabb)aaenceeeeheeeeeen re el es Spisula)(2) Ssp eee ee eee oe Ea ee meee weal aero ical tors enter astra eee divelatcrassatelloides) (Conrad) eecraac cece tie econ elnino kere ered GASTROPODA Astraliumsp rss econ ete erates =F Boll (aleve Bathytoma carpenteriana fernandoana Arnold. ou’ Silat Calyptrea inomataGabby se eee oe ae sr sath Ee Chrysodomus imperialis Dall............... a at Were Chrysodomus portolznsis Arnold............ =F Ae ae Crepidula adunca Sowerby...............-- esl et sa || =e Grepidulatgrandis|Gabbseese eee eee ae =| rata lly ats ee] wate Crepidula princeps Conrad...............-. so |) ar4) ae coal ists Drillia mercedensis Martin................. ao) |p cot\| oe +/+ Nassa californiana Conrad.................- =r || ar INassaumoranianallMartunicnssire eee eres cr ||-Sr Naticalconsors)D) allem een Nae en eee een oe ao || SF INaticarciconsors Dalits. \5.,5ch occcsce ee ee ala te Olivella biplicata Sowerby.................. Bh litdor | os belies. (fare Thais papillus (Linnzus).................-- Ben eal karl Meroe leq eat bose Prophoni(e)\sprqetorese ee aes Leone Seine sige || cad! wed j) Se CRUSTACEA Balanus sp sscenenoee nian Ree eRe aE Vout. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 551 Sonoma Group Basalts, andesites, rhyolites, tuff breccia, fine-grained tuff, and other agglomerates, comprise the Sonoma group of yol- canic rocks which are typically exposed on the western flanks of Sonoma Mountain in the area. Osmont first used the name, Sonoma, in connection with the tuff phase of this great group, and he thought there was only one horizon of tuff beds. His Mark West Andesite and St. Helena Rhyolite were shown to be merely members of this great volcanic mass by Dr. C. E. Weaver,” while working upon the Napa Quadrangle. Dr. Weaver found that andesites or rather basalts, like the “Mark West Andesite’ occur at various horizons. He also found that rhyolites and tuffs were variously distributed. Detail studies of the western slope of Sonoma Mountain show the correctness of Dr. Weaver’s views. The Sonoma group covers a large area of country east of the region under discussion, extending over most of the Napa Quadrangle and southward across Carquinez Straits where it is known in the Pinole syncline as the Pinole tuff. The areal mapping in the Petaluma and Santa Rosa quadrangles shows that the lavas of this group probably did not extend much further west than Spring Hill, two miles west of Peta- luma, and that these lavas in part were actually interfingered with Merced. The tuffaceous facies of the Sonoma group are represented as interbedded tuff members of the marine Merced, as was described in detail above. In the road cuts a half-mile east of Freestone, a prominent tuff member oc- curs, and, since numerous casts of marine fossils of Merced age occur here, its origin as a sediment in the waters of the Merced sea is clearly demonstrated. Osmont™ made a careful microscopic study of the rocks composing the Sonoma group. His descriptions are in part as follows: A specimen of this rock from beneath the Sonoma tuff near the con- tact on the west limb of the anticline near Mark West Springs showed itself to be microscopically a dark, heavy rock, varying from dark green- ish black to brown in color, according to degree of weathering, and 16 Weaver, C. E., Unpublished manuscript of Napa Folio, U. S. Geological Survey. 147 Osmont, Vance, A Geological section of the Coast Ranges north of the Bay of Sane TanCIECG; Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 60-61, p. 64, p. 69-70. 552 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. sufficiently coarse-grained to enable the lath-shaped feldspars of the ground mass to be readily seen with the naked eye. Scattering pheno- crysts of feldspar and of olivine occur up to 4 mm. in length. Microscopically, this rock is coarse in texture, consisting of a few large phenocrysts of labradorite and olivine scattered through a rather coarsely crystalline ground mass, made up chiefly of labradorite feldspar in well-shaped laths almost universally twined on the albite law, and rounded grains of augite, the structure being the common one called by Rosenbusch “Intersertal”. The feldspar phenocrysts, measured by the common method of symmetrical extinctions on the albite twining plane (101), gave a maximum extinction angle of 37.5°. According to Michel Levy, this angle corresponds to a labradorite of about the composition AbsAm, One crystal, rhombic in section, with good cleavages parallel to (001) and (100), and showing no twining lamellae, was evidently cut parallel to the albite twining-plane (010). It gave an extinction angle measured against the trace of (001), of 22°. The extinction fell in the acute angle of the rhomb, making the sign negative. This corresponds to labradorite of a composition between AbsAn; and AbsAns. Small crystals and grains of magnetite occur, in some cases formed around the ends of the feldspar laths, never included in them. Hematite in flakes and irregular patches, and as a mere stain discoloring the feld- spar, is very abundant. It seems to have come from some exterior source as an infiltration. Flow structure is very noticeable, the feldspar laths of the ground mass being drawn out in more or less parallel lines, and wrapped around the ends of the phenocrysts. A little glass is pres- ent. A specimen from beneath the Sonoma tuff on the east limb of the anticline near the contact at Mark West Springs is very similar in ap- pearance to the rock above described from the west contact. It is a dark greenish-black, heavy rock, rather too coarsely crystalline for a basalt, with scattering phenocrysts of feldspar. Microscopically, also, it is similar. It is somewhat fresher, and con- tains much less hematite. By Michel Levy’s statistical method, the feld- spars gave a maximum angle of 43.5°, This indicates a basic labradorite of a composition somewhat more basic than AbsAns or nearly Ab:An2. Augite occurs sparingly as phenocrysts up to .38 mm. in length. ‘These crystals are rounded and corroded as though acted upon by the magma prior to consolidation. The abundant augite in the ground mass occurs in rounded grains lying between the laths of feldspar in the “Intersertal” structure of Rosenbusch. The feldspar laths are short and stout, and invariably twined on the albite law. The augite is of the usual lavender- gray color. It appears to be altering to chlorite of a dark green shade, which stains the rock freely. No olivine was observed in this slide. A slight flow structure was observed. No glass was recognized. A careful determination of the silica contents of this rock gave 65.13%. This tuff (Sonoma) is a fragmental rock made up wholly of the vol- canic material, and characterized by containing numerous fragments of pumice, in size from very small grains up to an inch or more in length. Two silica determinations made on the pumice, from two localities in Santa Rosa Valley, gave respectively 61% and 63% SiOz. Hence it is andesitic in character. The rock is usually very light in color and in weight, and, where well exposed, forms a conspicuous feature of the landscape. Certain fine grained varieties of it are easily worked into blocks, which make very good building stone where great strength is not required. A specimen (St. Helena Rhyolite) from the top of Mount Saint Helena showed the following characteristics: Microscopically, it is a very light colored, almost white, rock, oc- casionally slightly reddish from iron stains, notably lacking in ferromag- nesian minerals. It has a rough, trachytic-like surface. Numerous es Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 553 large, glassy feldspar phenocrysts can be seen, but no quartz. The ground mass appears to be noncrystalline. Microscopically, this rock is seen to consist of numerous rather poorly formed phenocrysts of potash and soda-lime feldspars enclosed in a fine grained ground mass, com- posed mostly of glass. No ferromagnesian mineral is present, the only iron-bearing mineral being occasional cubes of magnetite and flakes of hematite, the feldspars frequently being stained with the latter. The most abundant phenocryst is sanidine. Its frequent straight extinction and absence of repeated twining served to distinguish it from the plagioclase present. It is very abundant, and sometimes occurs in well terminated crystals, but usually in broken fragments, frequently badly kaolinized. A relatively small amount of plagioclase occurs, of which the highest extinction angle observed on (010) was 10.5°. This would in- dicate either albite or oligoclase. The ground mass is very fine grained, and under the high power is seen to be composed of minute fragments of feldspar, apparently sanidine, intimately mixed with unindividualized glass. Determined solely by its optical properties, this rock would be called a trachyte, since no quartz phenocrysts were observed. A silica deter- mination, however, showed it to contain 72.13% SiO» Hence is classed as a Rhyolite. A similar rock from above the Sonoma Tuff on the west side of Wooden Valley, Napa County, yielded 72.36% SiO. Detailed studies on the west side of Sonoma Mountain show that the history represented by the different horizons of the Sonoma group is highly complex. Along the Moun- tain School road in the Santa Rosa Quadrangle, four differ- ent beds of tuff separated by basaltic flows were recognized. That erosion intervals occurred between the basalt flows and ash deposits was evidenced by irregular contacts and streaks of basaltic gravels and sandstones between the major tuff strata and the basaltic flows. The Neohipparion gidleyi beds at Lawlor’s Ranch indicate that some of these intervals were of considerable duration. These beds are fairly well exposed on Lawlor’s Ranch just below the ranch house, between the 600 and 700 foot contours, one mile S. 30° E. from the Moun- tain School, about 6 miles N. E. of Petaluma at an old coal prospect. About 60 feet of sandstone, lignite, and car- bonaceous shale, and freshwater chert is found in a small canyon. Considerable sliding has taken place and it is diffi- cult to tell where the freshwater chert fits in the section. Beneath a lava flow, a stratum of sandstone occurs, then ap- parently a three- or four-foot seam of coal resting upon car- bonaceous shale, and possibly the freshwater chert next; and finally a coarse sandstone is found resting upon compact tuff. The thickness of these members was not observable. The coal as reported by Mrs. Thompson, a daughter of Mr. Lawlor, was of good quality when mined and she also stated when 554 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. interviewed in Petaluma, that the horse remains, Neohip- parion gidleyi Merriam,” were taken out of the beds asso- ciated with the coal. The coal and freshwater chert indicate that a considerable time would be required for their forma- tion. These beds outcrop in a few other places southeast of Lawlor’s Ranch and, since they are less resistant than the underlying tuff of the Sonoma group, are worn away easier than the tuff, leaving a plateau underlain by tuff with the Neohipparion beds in the scarp-like hillside. A generalized N-S section running north from Adobe fort to the Peta- luma Reservoir, shows the following sequence: Basalt Tuff Basalt Conglomerate Basalt Neohipparion beds Tuff Unconformity, base of Sonoma Group Petaluma formation From the end of this road to the top of Sonoma Mountain, basalt predominates. These lavas on the Hayward Rift have not been much disturbed and the vertical displacements may be measured probably only in tens of feet. The top of So- noma Mountain is to all appearances a plateau due to a nearly horizontal sheet of the basaltic lava. The distribu- tion of the lavas and tuffs is not uniform, since at some places lavas rest directly upon the Petaluma formation while at other localities tuff intervenes. Such is the case at the lo- cality where bituminous sands occur in upper Lynch Creek, about half a mile northwest of Mountain School, Santa Rosa Quadrangle. At this place a fault whose exact position was not determined has disturbed the Neohipparion gidleyi beds and given them a pronounced dip of 25° W. _ These bi- tuminous sands and carbonaceous shales rest upon basalt and 18 Merriam, J. C., New species of the Hipparion Group from the Pacific Coast and Great Basin Provinces of North America; Uniy. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dep’t. Geol., Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-8, 1915. a Vou. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 555 in turn are overlain by basalt. Plate XXXVIII shows the approximate sequence in Lynch Creek. ‘The cavities in the overlying basalt are in some places filled with a thick petroleum residue and some of the dark brown, medium-grained sand- stones are impregnated with petroleum. These sands yield a very good petroleum test when shaken out with chloroform. The Petaluma formation is not a probable source of the oil but it apparently has come up from below, along a fault. The Monterey shale is probably its original source and this group apparently underlies the Petaluma formation in the region. Another indication of petroleum, a seep, is reported about one mile southwest of Ducker’s ranch house. Two wells of 100 feet and 400 feet in depth were drilled on the Ducker ranch. A heavy gas pressure was reported. SONOMA PETRIFIED FOREST It is always a difficult question to decide the relative im- portance of unconformities and the time intervals between successive outbursts of lava, volcanic ash, or tuff-breccia. A very rough measure of time is found at the Sonoma Petrified Forest, which is located about eleven miles northwest of Santa Rosa and five miles west of Calistoga, a town at the head of Napa Valley. Most of the trees in this “forest” were covered, or nearly covered, by tuff and tuff-breccia, belonging to the Sonoma group of volcanics, when discovered by Mr. Chas. Evans in 1871. Mr. Evans excavated the trees and exposed several large redwoods and firs to view. This ex- cellent work has been continued by the present owners, Mr. and Mrs. D. G. Bockee, and there are now about eight fine trees which have been laid bare for inspection. (See Figures 1 and 2, Plate XXXI.) The “Queen of the Forest” is a large redwood about twelve feet in diameter at its base. About eighty feet of this tree is preserved in stone. As the picture indicates, it is broken somewhat, but its fragments were so arranged when it was excavated that the position of the tree as it was toppled over and buried by a great flow of volcanic mud and ash, has been maintained to this day. A smaller but more nearly perfect specimen is shown in Figure 2, Plate XXXI. This tree was almost completely buried in tuff-breccia when discovered. Its natural taper is readily apparent and like the “Queen of the Forest” its top is toward 556 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. the southwest and base toward the northeast. The “Mon- arch” is a large fir whose exposed, preserved length is ninety feet and whose diameter at the base is about ten feet. It also has the orientation of the trees described above. In all of these trees the gradual replacement of the woody material by silica carried by waters which percolated through the covering of tuff-breccia has been so complete that the fibers and peculiar texture of the various species have been retained. The di- rection of all of the trees in the “forest” was measured and in all cases was found to lie between N. 30° E. and N. 45° E., with tops toward the southwest. It is evident from these facts that the voleanic mud and pumice came in a great volume from the northeast. A study of the vicinity shows that a lava lies beneath the tuff-breccia and light gray pumice. A section in a small creek, a hundred yards south of the petri- fied trees proves that the forest grew upon a soil formed from this lava. The lava was probably a basalt, but the rock is so badly weathered that it is impossible to classify it with certainty. How long it takes to form from such a lava a soil sufficient to maintain a great forest is an unknown factor, but it must be estimated at least in terms of hundreds of years. The “Queen of the Forest’? was probably at least a thousand years old when the great catastrophe occurred which wiped out this Pliocene forest. From such data, we may assume that the time interval between the lava flow and the deposition of tuff and tuff-breccia must be estimated in terms of a few thousand years as a minimum. The time interval represented by the Neohipparion gidleyi beds of Sonoma Mountain is probably of about the same order as the above described case. We must be generous in the use of time when we are concerned with geologic estimates and such an interval as indicated above is probably not sufficiently long to justify minute sub-division of the geologic scale. In broad correlations it is not possible to consider many of these cases. CORRELATION As was shown above, the marine Merced is distinctly inter- fingered with the basalts and tuffs of the Sonoma group. Around Freestone, tuffs containing Merced fossils were found interbedded with sandstones and sandy shales of Merced age. At Spring Hill, west of Petaluma, Merced strata rest Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 557 upon a basalt flow, but at the northwest end of the Burdell Mountain mass (Petaluma Quadrangle), conglomerate con- taining Merced fossils occurs, resting upon Franciscan with several hundred feet of basalt and tuff-breccia above the Merced strata. In the vicinity of Penn Grove the intimate relations between Merced sandstones containing marine fos- sils and tuff-breccia is quite clear. In this vicinity the nearly horizontally bedded Merced rests unconformably upon the Petaluma lake beds of Upper Miocene age, and a like relation exists between the basalts and tuffs and the Petaluma for- mation on the west side of Sonoma Mountain. The strati- graphic relations are entirely clear and in this way the Mer- ced group is thus shown to be the correlative of the Sonoma group. As was shown above, the Neohipparion gidleyi beds be- long with the Sonoma group and are not associated with the Petaluma. Neohipparion and Hipparion, which are typical horses of the Pliocene, occur also in beds of the Orinda formation of the Berkeley Hills and in the Etchegoin and Jacalitos of the western border of the San Joaquin Valley. Merriam” de- scribes the Orinda and Siesta formations and their faunas as follows : The Orindan and Siestan formations occurring in the hills immediately to the east of Berkeley form the larger part of a thick accumulation of freshwater and alluvial beds resting unconformably upon the marine Mio- cene. The Orindan formation is the lower portion of these beds, and com- prises a great thickness of clays, shales, sands, conglomerates, and tufts, with occasional beds of limestone. The Orindan is followed by a series of igneous rocks consisting mainly of andesite and basalt. The Siestan tests upon the lavas covering the Orindan, and is in turn covered by a volcanic series made up largely of basalt. The section, from the base of the Orindan to the top of the lavas above the Siestan, contains no marine fossils. It shows scattered through it a few remains of freshwater Mollusca and Crustacea, land Mollusca, land plants, and land or freshwater vertebrates. The accumulation as a whole is evidently the result of deposition in a basin which was at some time oc- cupied, at least in part, by freshwater, and at other times may have received purely alluvial deposits. Remains of early horses have been found at two localities in the Orindan beds. No specimens representing this group are certainly known from the Siestan. It is stated that bones of a horse were found in a shaft sunk in Siestan beds on Frowning Ridge near the upper end of Telegraph Canyon. ———————Sa nS SESS % Merriam, J. C., Vertebrate Fauna of the Orindan and Siestan beds in Middle aa ES Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. 7, pp. 373-374; pp. 376-377, and pp. -385. New Species of the Hipparion Group from the Pacific Coast and Great Basin, Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. 9, p. 3, 1915. Tertiary Vertebrate Faunas of the North Coalinga Region, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. 22, part 3, Philadelphia, 1915. 558 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. A single tooth was obtained by Mr. J. P. Buwalda from Mr, Williams, who discovered it in extensive Orindan exposures about two and one- half miles from the mouth of Tassajara Canyon, on the southwest side of Mount Diablo. The specimen from Tassajara Canyon and the better preserved tooth from Bolinger Canyon seem to represent different species. The second specimen from near Bolinger Canyon is imperfectly preserved, but is possibly different from the other two teeth. Nomland” describes the occurrence of vertebrates in the (Jacalitos) lower Etchegoin as follows: As has already been mentioned, a large quantity of fossil leaves and petrified wood is found in the highly colored, perhaps land-laid beds mapped as basal Jacalitos. This collection may, when carefully studied, assist in determining the age of this formation. In these beds fossil re- mains of the three-toed horse, Neohipparion molle Merriam, were found. The finding of Pliohippus? in the gravels two hundred feet above the basal Jacalitos, or in the bed mapped by Arnold and Anderson as their lowest Jacalitos member, has already been mentioned in this paper. Above this no invertebrate or vertebrate fossils have thus far been found until reaching the Glycymeris coalingensis zone, or lowest Etche- goin. The Pliohippus stage of the development of the horse is repre- sented here in the basal beds and a few hundred feet upwards. This zone has therefore been called the Pliohippus coalingensis zone by Pro- fessor Merriam. Merriam in the “Tertiary Vertebrate Faunas of the North Coalinga Region,” describes the relations of Neohipparion as follows: The species represented by specimen 21370 is evidently distinct from the Ricardo forms, and from all other described Hipparion species of the Pacific Coast and Basin provinces. Whether it is a more or a less advanced species than the Mohave form is not entirely clear, The slightly greater length of crown, and the large, much-flattened protocone may indicate a more advanced stage in the Coalinga species. The Neohipparion species represented by no. 21370 is described as Neohip- parion molle. This species is characterized by length and narrowness of upper molar crown, simplicity of enamel borders of the narrow fos- settes, and unusually large anteroposterior diameter of the laterally compressed protocone. The Jacalitos fauna as now known is characterized by the presence of Neohipparion occurring only in the lowest beds, and by Pliohippus or Protohippus apparently occurring a little higher than the Neohipparion specimens in the basal portion of the section. Although Neohipparion gidleyi from the Sonoma group, Neohipparion molle from the basal beds of the (Jacalitos) Etchegoin formation north of Coalinga, and Hipparion platy- style from Orinda beds two and a half miles southwest of Tassajara Post Office, are specifically different, yet all three 20 Nomland, J. O., Relation of the Invertebrate to the Vertebrate Faunal Zones of the Jacalitos and Etchegoin Formations in the North Coalinga Region, California. Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. 9, No. 6, 1916. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 559 belong to the Hipparion group and probably represent closely related forms. Recently, Dr. Chester Stock secured a verte- brate fauna from sandstone beds just above the upper tuff member of the Pinole formation and conformable with this tuff, and the assemblage of mammalian types is apparently an Orinda fauna. The Pinole Tuff-Orinda strata in the Pinole syncline are very closely connected areally with tuff beds of the Sonoma group north of Carquinez Straits. Since the volume of tuff diminishes gradually as one travels from Napa toward the south it is suggested strongly that the volcanic ash and pumice came from a northerly direction. The thickness of the Pinole tuff is much less than the tuff beds around Napa. While this is not conclusive evidence, as Carquinez Strait intervenes, it fits in with evidence derived from the study of the vertebrate faunas. In brief then, the Merced has been shown to be the equiva- lent of the Sonoma group through stratigraphic and areal re- lations. The Sonoma group in turn is areally connected with the Pinole tuff and the Orinda formation of the Berkeley Hills and by means of Neohipparion gidleyi, its close faunal relationship is shown. The fauna of the (Jacalitos) Lower Etchegoin is related to that obtained from the Neohipparion gidleyi beds of the Sonoma group. MILLERTON AND ToMALES [FORMATIONS One of the interesting results of the work in the region of Tomales Bay was the discovery of a Pleistocene fauna in the Millerton formation which indicated a climatic condition sim- ilar to that of San Diego today. Two or three excellent collecting localities were found in the headlands on the north- east side of Tomales Bay. A small but distinctive Pleistocene fauna of the same type was found in terrace deposits overlying the Millerton formation of Lower or Middle Pleistocene age, The beds containing this fauna will be referred to as the Tomales formation, owing to their occurrence also on the northeastern side of Tomales Bay. The type locality of the Millerton formation is in the head- land near Millerton Station, northeast of Inverness on Tomales Bay. On the west side of this headland, the beds here exposed have a strike of north and south and a dip of 560 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 10° to the east. The lowermost member as exposed in this cliff-section is an oyster bed made up almost wholly of the remains of Ostrea lurida. Resting upon these oyster beds is a bed of flesh-colored clay containing numerous specimens of Corbula fragilis Hinds. These Corbula beds (Cal. Acad. Sci. Loc. 563) are in turn overlain by sandstone and a prominent conglomerate member whose pebbles are composed of schist, chert, sandstone and granite. Two hundred yards northeast of the headland, lignitic sands containing wood and pine cones, oyster shells and Chione undatella, rest upon a con- glomerate which dips 1° to 2° to the west. These horizontal lignitic beds exhibit a striking relation to the underlying conglomerate in that roots of pine trees have penetrated the contact between the two formations, thus indicating in quite conclusive manner, a notable Pleistocene unconform- ity. These lignitic beds and the overlying tan-colored sand- stone conglomerates are assigned to the Tomales formation. The pine cones are not badly damaged and do not show wear by running water or by waves. They have been iden- tified by Miss Alice Eastwood, Curator of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, as Pinus radiata. These cones, as well as Chione undatella, indicate a climatic condition during the upper Pleistocene considerably warmer than that of today. Chione undatella does not range further north at the present time than San Pedro, California, and Pinus radiata has its present northern limit in San Mateo County. California Academy of Sciences Localities 561 and 563 are on Millerton headland, so that both characteristic Pleisto- cene faunas are present in the one vicinity. The base of the Millerton formation is not exposed at the type locality, the block making Millerton headland being lodged between two fault lines of the San Andreas Rift. On the north side of Tom’s Point near the entrance to Tomales Bay, basal beds of the Millerton formation rest unconformably upon Franciscan chert and glaucophane schist. The basal member is a conglom- erate composed of fragments of chert, schist, tuff and tuff- breccia, and its matrix is a dark gray andesitic mud. Pieces of bark, a sixteen-inch tree trunk and cones of Pinus radiata are imbedded in it. California Academy of Sciences Locality 412 is in sandy shales overlying the basal conglomerate. These Vout. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 56] shales contain essentially the same fauna as that of the type locality of the Millerton formation. Tom’s Point, as will be seen from a study of Figure 1, Plate XXXII, and Figures 1 and 2, Plate XXXIV, has been much disturbed by faulting along the San Andreas Rift. Typical fault-sag ponds occur on the top of Tom’s| Point along two marked lines of faulting. The fault-sag pond shown in Figure 1, Plate XXXII, is on the western end of the point. Another fault-sag pond occurs about a hundred yards east of this locality, marking a fault which is apparent in the picture of the cliff-section shown in Figure 1, Plate XXXIV. The two pictures shown in Plate XXXIV indi- cate considerable disturbance of the Millerton formation, as dips as high as 20° to 25° are common at this point. The best stratigraphic section of the Millerton formation was found in the headland a mile and a half northwest of Miller- ton Station, on the northwest side of this point. Enough fossils were obtained from these beds to prove that the fauna was the same as that of the Millerton at its type locality. In the west end of the cliff-section, 50 feet of conglomerate is exposed and it exhibits a pronounced dip of 23° E. with strike of N. 20° W. This strike and dip is quite uniform for several hundred feet until a point is reached about sixty feet west of the railroad, where one of the faults of the San Andreas Rift Zone has shattered the section. The conglom- erate strata at the west end of the point are 65 feet in thick- ness and are overlain by 85 feet of carbonaceous tan-colored sandstone and dark gray shale containing marine shells in its middle portion. A prominent conglomerate member two feet in thickness is next observed. The latter deposit is overlain by more carbonaceous tan-colored sandstone and dark gray shale, 23 feet in thickness. A fault apparently intervenes at this point and the underlying strata are not exposed east of it. Near the railroad an erosional unconformity appears to be present between the Millerton formation of Lower or Middle Pleistocene age and the Tomales formation of Upper Pleistocene age. The Tomales formation at this point is com- posed of a tan-colored sandstone and conglomerates—per- haps fanglomerates would be a better designation—lighter in color than the tan-colored sandstones of the Millerton for- mation. The outcrops of the Tomales formation in this vi- 562 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 41H Ser. a cinity were carefully searched for fossils but no shells were found which were unmistakably in place. The Tomales formation is apparently largely composed of land-laid de- posits and it appears probable that much of the loosely con- solidated sandstone represents material composing Pleistocene alluvial fans. Most of the headlands on the northeast side of Tomales Bay are thinly coated with these loosely consoli- dated sandstones and conglomerates of the Tomales forma- tion. The even-topped terraces one-quarter of a mile north- west of Point Reyes Station are composed of tan-colored sands and gravels whose pebbles are schist, chert, sandstone, basalt and granite. The occurrence of granite pebbles in these gravels is noteworthy, as it shows that a part of the gravels is due to contributions from the southwestern side of Tomales Bay, thus apparently indicating that the bay was not so extensive during the Tomales-Pleistocene time as today or during the period of deposition of the Millerton formation. FAUNA OF THE MILLERTON FORMATION A list of species obtained from the Millerton formation is shown in the accompanying table. DESCRIPTIONS OF CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PLEISTOCENE LOCALITIES OF THE MILLERTON FORMATION Locality 412. Cliffs along northeast shore of Tomales Bay, about one-half mile from Ocean. Fossiliferous con- glomerate reef in Pleistocene. This reef is a hard conglomerate made up of schist pebbles on shore line in Pleistocene. Above it is clay shale and soft yellow sandstone. Coll., J. B. Kerr, July 24, 1916. Locality 561. Pleistocene fossils occur on east side of Tomales Bay, east of Inverness Yacht Club. Coll., R. E. Dickerson, April 4, 1918. Locality 563. Pleistocene fossils on point on east side Tomales Bay, east of Inverness Yacht Club. Coll., R. E. Dickerson, April 4, 1918. 563 DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES Vou. XI] ‘aded SuLMoypoy ay} UO panuryuod sardads jo 4sVT (pjoury) quaday 0} aUDD0T[g OSIIq ues] * (radood) o8a1q urs 0} AaroyUOPY (yams *d “f) JUDY 0} DUSDOIPT O[GB WeS|-- ee (Tl@@) spurysy 0110905 pue punog josng 0} pue uvedef yION pue eyeyoUe y 0} Spurys] UeIyNoTy pure JopurWIWOD (qams ‘ad “f) qUadaY 0} BUdDOIFT O[GBG URS} Rte ne Taper N oo (eq) vrur0j -eQ Jamoy ‘Avg uruoen() ueg 0} punog yosng (uaruts ‘d “f) quos9yY 0} DUID0I[g UlosayIIWI|"“*** pat teg oy (req) svon’y 39 adeg 0} eyIIS (taras “a “f) quacay 0} auas0Ipy O[Geg UeS|* *(1ado0d) jI[TeD ‘oBarqy wes 07 eyse[euC ‘uedef quaday 0} aUaD0IJ]"****** (eq) erusoyyeg raMo'T ‘uoosey uouw -W2IS 0} YINOs Jayuy Yoo pur purysy yripoy quaday 0} aUAad0IJ] (TBC) JED ‘oBa1q urs 03 “peo ‘ereqireg BIUeS qUsIayY 0} aUdd0TJA!|* (TTC) BIUIO]TLD IoMOT 07 “YeD ‘Aeg esopog PUGIO NT LOPS SUOIONN | ase ier eesen eign S (aadoog) vru10y eg 1aMoT ‘Avg euayepSeyy 0} spurysy uennely quaday 0} auaD0IJ}"****** (II2@q) punos jesng 0} spurs] urynoly qussay 0} 9u9903SI9Tq]° °° (T[eq) [INbeAensy 03 YNos “yep ‘orpag ues THEDEDY, On CUGp ante) pa Pee SB eee FoR RO Gee SRR aa renne (T[2@q) Ootxeyy JO JSBOD JSAM ‘ZNID BUTTRS 07 “je ‘Aro, UOT QUOD pO} ea IaO KT Cy | aime ee ache abe **(TTeq) Oorxaypy ‘odureqojodoy, 0} ‘eyseTy ‘puelsy joseysyo quasay 0} auad0I[g wlosay497q| °° ([[eq) spurysy sodedeyey pur ajtyD 0} uos019 (ploury) quaday 0} 9U900}SIa[g OIpag URS} (Ted) OBeaIq ues 07 vag Sulag (qaTMHIS “gq “[) Wesay 07 suad0IJ" (2d) “FeO TeaoT ‘Keg soyueg sopoy, 0} “yyeg ‘eieqieg ejues (pjoury) yUasexy 0} aues0qstefq|*"***** ***(TTeq) oojndeoy 07 purysy eureye9 SHIOddS 40 ADNVA OIDOTOUD SHIOddS dO AONVA OINdVaOOUD LNaSadd £98 | 19S | cb Sn UO OOuD peauoy W[eIWNU seploovygT v6) |[jelieleie efeieceve ese peiuos routes eiydeg Sou eral sep tt: Joyuedreg vurrs9us} erydeg S63 PR EZODR DTA “raquadieg eprmy 2a1}sQ i soXvysaqy BUISTYyDSOINRUT BIUOYT set eee tee eee ewe prion eye say Ccuca ee CnOIONONGICIOnG sees “Tea eryde} epay SS he aed oe mieten AI) snojuesis sozUUlpy ** |WAOpUspPIP, Stpeuorsjzus3das soUIIOAT dg (Ree oR ALP AqiaMog e[ayepun auoryy Qi |pogeos apeteseiere os Spulyy Stpiseay epnqaog x fro **perruog vorusoylyes eAWIO}dAID MM foc duspoig eprionyjad “jo vureya S05) RR rE uAjIR]T SIqIod WNIpseD x [ooo speru0g wumrueuasupenb wumrpieg SZ [ous ae peiuoD uinjzeLysqns wmnIpieg VaO0d ADU Tad AVG SHIVNO], 10 ANAOOLSIATG ATAAIP AO AAMO’T ‘NOILVWAO. NOLUATTIP, WOU SAIOAdS AO ISTT [Proc. 47TH Ser. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES quasay 07 aUaD0IPy |" (UIMIe) BITeIysnYy ‘osead -ryory ourddytyg “yyeg ‘orpeg ueg 07 eureurg (pjoury) Juesaxy 07 ausd0Ng|*** °° 1+ (BUURPT) OoIXa 0} AosoQUOJ) quaday 0} aUDD0I[ (pjoury) JUsayY 0} aUIDd04sIO[ q (yar ‘¢ ‘f) ’ quadayY 0} BUIDOIPY O[GBq UBS] ****(qadoo0d) oFaIqy urg 0} svurog (ying ‘d “f) quacay 07 auad01py Ado} UOPY] ” Gales bets vel se ais ae (aadoo9) Osa URS 0} BMS heielevrhgensigis *(rado0d) “JITVQ J9MO'T 07 OIpag UBS eee eeee Se *** (uoAIZ) uedef (s9doog) ofa] ue 0} BONY Jo szTeEIIS *quaday 0} UuII0}SIaJq|" °° ** (MOSUURITIIM) BUTTeIBD 0} OApag ues (qitus *d ‘f) quaday 07 auadoryyy Joddy|* "°° (soquadivy) voreury [eIqUag ‘eureurg (yqtug “gq *[) JUDDay 0} QUDDOTG] (aadoo)) ofa1qy ues 07 Avg yran (pjoury) Jua.ay 07 aUID0T|q]° * * (puourAey-redo0)) O1pag Ue 0} Ad1B] OPT (pjoury) JUDDayY 07 aUDDO}SIa[q] “+ oda] uRg 0} Aaraz UO; (yams “a *f) quacsdy 0} auads0l[q Wlosayoyq}"********(sadoog) oBa1qZ uRG 0} BONG JO sjIRIVg (qiMmIS ‘d “f) WUdIOyY 0} DUIIOIIY olqed urs eee ee Ce er rt ee (pjoury) BIUIOJ]ED JOMO'T ‘puR[sy sosad 0} Avg s,ayxeiq quasay 0} suaD0I[g|"* "°° PIUIOJ[VO IOMO'T 0} OOSIOURI UTS (pjoury) quaday 0} aUDI0T| J OIPag urs (yqturg “gq “[) qUaDayY 07 aUAD0}sIOTq] ° ssioooonnapoonsoadh eos nO srr (tea) oadajuenyay jo J[ny) 0} “109 | Breqieg eI0EG “***(T]eq) OsaIq, ues 0} ‘eyseTy ‘[fasuerp,, “*({yeqd) Brasoyptyen ‘osa1q ues 0} o1pag urs pie Sain BIUIOJ [VD IIMO'T 0} “JI[BD ‘Aosoy UOT CIO * (dado09) ofaI(] URS 0} JUIOg Iva_ MON qon0 ‘(BUUR]}{) OZII(J URS 07 BYSELY (I[@q) Uaday 07 audd0T/g (pjoury) JUeIey 0} aUad0T]q]° (pjoury) JUedayY 03 aU990}sI9]q]° (pjoury) JUsEY 0} 9UI90}SI9[q SaIoddS 40 FONVA OLIDO TOW SHIOAdS XXXX XX 40 AONVA OIWNdVADOUD LNASAaAd eal "sess *** WUOIE SNABIUOD sNUETeg VAOVISNAO “a 29 +g uNUOsexXoYyoou umMITeyUA(T VdOdOHdV9OS Pe Nate Sole BS P[hor) PoIpuoU BsseNy Penh eae oe oe Ae had Spulp{ SNATSay XoMPy Oe ae “perio win}euosud SBIDIOUOPAL aoe ey ee “""(pmnop) HsMay eyvuNT Oe (saquadivy) BuLMUI BapuNssty Er ea *AqaaMosg xAuo enpidaig piste tas 7s (aajuadiey) Bsoraqny suAysy "*(qqey) Paye enopeqy, (pynos)) stfvar99 BuNeUIOy, zRaisas tials Aqiamog Byeodiq eayoO Faire oe * priuod vurIUsosI[eo esseNy Pr a ae spur smburdied esseny PS victete ss3"s qqes) Iopoo11} BUIOSOTT[RO rchele sent aes ois (plnoy) Biedesnes suAqsy VaoOdOUuLsv9 Reon (pviuoD) snuevruioxyes snjasey, Maids whe ( peiuoD) Y[eWNU snawyyozryosg praleGe a aha cdeleash ogee peiuoD BsIdap ajautas RRA Oo peiuoD snzLneljey] uazeq VaO0d AOU Tad ‘panuljuog—AVg SHIVNOT, 10 ANAOOLSIATG AIGarp, AO AAMOTT ‘NOILVNYOT NOLAATIPY WOUL SAIOAdS AO IsTT Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 565 INTERPRETATION OF FAUNA OF THE MILLERTON FORMATION Professor J. Perrin Smith, who examined the fauna col- lected from the beds of the Millerton formation and Tom’s Point, recognized that the types in this assemblage were of species considered characteristic of a warm period of the Pleistocene, and he stated that the fauna was equivalent to that obtained from the upper San Pedro beds by Dr. Ralph Arnold. The careful work of Mr. Thomas Oldroyd has in- dicated, according to Professor Smith, that such forms as Chione undatella were restricted to the Upper San Pedro de- posits and did not range downward into the beds of the Lower San Pedro Pleistocene. The writer has prepared a list of the forms obtained from the Millerton beds and has given the present known ranges of these forms in the Recent fauna. None of these species is extinct, but many of the forms, such as Cardium substriatwm Conrad, Cardium quad- rigenarium Conrad, Corbula fragilis Hinds, Chione undatella Sowerby, Metis alta Conrad, Semele decisa Conrad, Tagelus californianus (Conrad), Pecten latiauritus Con., Dentalinwm neohexagonum S. & P., Crepidula onyx Sowerby, and Murex festivus Hinds, are now restricted in range to regions south of Santa Barbara or Monterey. Ranges are given ac- cording to available literature. The other forms in this fauna are species which at present have a great range along the Pacific Coast. From the study of this fauna the writer is led to complete agreement with Professor Smith’s corre- lation. With one exception, this is the first time that a fauna of a warm period of the Pleistocene has been reported from San Francisco Bay vicinity. Faunas collected from the Pleistocene terraces around Santa Cruz contain species which are characteristic of that region today. Pleistocene faunas collected by Mr. Bruce Martin from marine terraces on the Oregon Coast also yield Recent species which occur commonly in waters of the ocean at that locality. The Pleistocene fauna of Merced Beach, San Francisco Peninsula, likewise does not suggest any conditions different from those of today. Dr. Ralph Arnold* in his notable memoir on the marine Pleistocene and Pliocene of San Pedro, California, correlated t Arnold, Ralph, Memoirs of the Calif. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. 3, The Paleon- tology and Stratigraphy of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, Cali- fornia, p. 49, 29-30, 1903. 566 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. certain Pleistocene beds which are exposed along the Straits of Carquinez at Rodeo with his warm water facies of the Pleistocene, the Upper San Pedro. Concerning this Arnold states : The Pleistocene deposits on the shore of San Pablo Bay between the Union Oil Refinery and Point Pinole have been visited by Dr. Merriam and the writer. The deposits, which rest on the upturned edges of the San Pablo strata, consist of horizontally bedded layers of sand, gravel, and clay. Teeth of the mammoth, and bones of the giant sloth and ex- tinct bison have been found in these Pleistocene layers by Dr. Merriam. In certain places the Pleistocene layers consist almost entirely of oyster and mussel shells. Fossils from the Pleistocene deposits on San Pablo Bay between the Union Oil Refinery and Point Pinole are, Ostrea lurida, Ostrea conchaphila, Mytilus edulis, and Tagelus californianus. The character of these Pleistocene strata and of the fauna leads the writer to correlate them with the upper San Pedro series. Arnold further states concerning his upper San Pedro as follows: The upper San Pedro beds do not represent the top of the Pleistocene. The fauna of these upper beds, although having many species in com- mon with the living fauna of the same locality, is still quite distinct. This would suggest a period of considerable length since the deposition of the strata. The number of distinctly southern forms living at San Pedro during the period of deposition of the upper beds also shows that there has probably been a change in climatic conditions since that time. A raised beach unconformable with the upper San Pedro strata at Deadman Island shows that there have been orographic movements since the upper San Pedro beds were deposited. All of this evidence, then, leads to the conclusion that there has been a sufficient lapse of time since the deposition of the upper San Pedro strata, to admit of marked faunal and orographic changes. Lawson’ in his “Geomorphogeny of the Coast of Northern California,” states in the concluding paragraph concerning the Rodeo beds that, “Seemingly the last event is a slight up- lift in the vicinity of the Straits of Carquinez.” Arnold’s tentative correlation was probably based upon the occurrence of Tagelus californianus (Conrad) whose present range is from Santa Barbara to the Gulf of Tehuantepec, and indicates that it is restricted to warmer waters than those of the San Francisco Bay of today. As noted above, Arnold clearly recognizes that the Upper San Pedro fauna is not 22 Lawson, A. C., Univ. of Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. 1, p- 271, 1894. Vou. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 567 the latest Pleistocene, but he did not consider the possibility that more than one warm epoch might be represented in the marine sequence of the Pacific Coast. A small fauna from California Academy of Sciences Location 571, situated 200 feet northeast of California Academy of Sciences Location 562, on the northeast end of the headland opposite Inverness Yacht Club, on the east side of Tomales Bay, three-quarters of a mile northeast of Millerton Station, demonstrates that a second warm epoch was probably present in the Tomales Bay region. This fauna consisting of Chione undatella Car- penter and Ostrea lurida Carpenter, is closely associated with cones of Pinus radiata. The two localities just mentioned are separated by an unconformity between the Tomales and Mill- erton formations. Later work by Professor J. C. Merriam® and others upon the vertebrate and invertebrate faunas obtained from the Rodeo beds gives evidence that the vertebrates from this lo- cality do not apparently represent the same stage of evolu- tion as those from the Rancho la Brea beds. To quote from this guidebook: On the borders of a swamp near the oil refinery of the Union Oil Company are exposed vertical strata of Pinole tuff, composed of light yellowish or white pumice. These strata dip at a relatively low angle on the southwest side of the syncline. The axis of the asymmetric Pinole syncline passes through the swamp. The Pinole tuff, having a thick- ness of about 1000 feet, was laid down in part, at least, in a lake basin. Freshwater shells belonging to the genus Physa have been found in the strata on the eastern side of the swamp. Rodeo-Pleistocene beds rest upon the Pinole tuff at this point. Further west the Pinole tuff is exposed in the railroad cuts near Rodeo Station. Just west of this station easterly dipping beds of the upper San Pablo are exposed. At Hercules Station the shattered Monterey strata which form the lower portion of the western limb of the Pinole syncline are seen. West of Pinole Station the Pinole tuff is in contact with the Monterey. The Pleistocene deposits of San Pablo Bay have been referred to fre- quently as the Rodeo beds. They are well exposed in the sea cliffs near Rodeo and Pinole. Near Rodeo Station the horizontal Pleistocene strata rest upon sharply tilted beds of San Pablo-Miocene and Pinole Tuff-Pliocene. At a number of localities the basal layers of the Rodeo are made up almost entirely of marine shells, comprising mainly oysters and mussels. Above the shell layer the deposits grade into beds of estuarine or alluvial origin. The thickness of the Pleistocene in this region is commonly not over 40 feet. *8 Merriam, J. C., and others, Preliminary Program and Outline for Excursions for Meeting of the Paleontological Society, pp. 8-10, 1915. 568 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Not more than seven marine types are known from the Rodeo. The complete list of species is as follows: Ostrea lurida Conrad Tagelus californianus (Conrad) Mytilus edulis Linnzus Epitonium hindsii (Carpenter) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Balanus, sp. Cardium corbis (Martyn) All the marine species of the Rodeo-Pleistocene are still living on the Pacific Coast, and with the exception of Tagelus californianus all are found in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay. This species is now limited to the relatively warm waters south of Santa Barbara. All of the Rodeo species are now typical marine forms, but may also appear in estuaries. These Pleistocene beds were presumably deposited during a period of relatively warm climate, and may therefore be approximatly contempor- aneous with the upper San Pedro Pleistocene of Arnold. Fossil bones of mammals and birds have been found at several hori- zons in the Rodeo formation. Remains of Elephas are known from the shell layers at the base of the section. The vertebrate fauna in- cludes the following forms: Equus, sp. (possibly new) Felis, near atrox Leidy Bison, near antiquus Leidy Smilodon?, sp. Elephas columbi Falconer ZEcmophorus occidentalis Camelid (possibly new) (Lawrence) Mylodon, sp. The mammal fauna of Rodeo is not closely comparable with that of any well-known stage on this coast. The camel and the horse do not correspond to the species of Rancho La Brea, but later collections may show that the fauna is not widely different in stage from that of Rancho La Brea. As is pointed out above, the contrast in the lithology of the Millerton and Tomales formations is striking and the unconformity between the two deposits is likewise well marked. As was stated in the introduction, the evaluation of an unconformity in a Rift Zone area is a difficult one, as events happen here with startling suddenness. Although the writer has considered this carefully, several facts cause him to believe that this unconformity may represent a long period of Pleistocene time, and that the Millerton formation was de- posited during one warm epoch — possibly an interglacial stage—and the Tomales formation during a later warm epoch. When the fauna of the Millerton is studied, the ab- sence of such genera as Haliotis Echinarachnius, and other forms characteristic of an open coast, is a noteworthy feature. The forms composing the fauna are, on the other hand, such as can live in land-locked bays. The character of the lith- ology and the sudden changes in the lithology of the Mill- erton formation, such as the mixture of conglomerates and Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 569 clays are strikingly similar to the deposition going on in Tomales Bay at the present time. Dr. J. C. Merriam” in a paper entitled “Ground Sloths in the California Quaternary” has described the humerus of a large ground sloth from the northeast shore of Tomales Bay, and gives the following note upon the occurrence of this interesting form: The place pointed out to Mr. Calkins as that from which the humerus was obtained is in a small run about three-quarters of a mile southeast of Hamlet and about 100 feet above the level of the bay. The stream in the run has cut down quite sharply for about 12 feet into a loose, sandy clay at the spot where the specimen was obtained. Above this point it flows through or over deposits similar to those just mentioned, and over rocks of the Franciscan series, so that the specimen must be derived from one or the other of these formations, As the Franciscan rocks are of middle Mesozoic age and have suffered much disturbance, the only possible source of such a specimen as that which we have under consideration is the more recent deposit. Incoherent, yellowish, sandy clays, similar to those just mentioned form the most prominent feature of the geology along the east side of Tomales Bay between Point Reyes Station and Hamlet. In many places they form prominent seacliffs up to 40 feet in height. They are every- where unsolidified and frequently show horizontal stratification, Mr. Calkins considers the beds in the stream cutting in which the humerus was found as an extension of this deposit up the slope of the hill. Judging from their incoherent nature and horizontal stratification, these beds are certainly much younger than the latest Pliocene in the region. Excepting the humerus, the only fossil obtained from them is a badly worn Elephas tooth, which was picked up on the shores of Tomales Bay near Point Reyes. This formation resembles the deposits along the shores of San Pablo and Suisun bays, in which a Quaternary tauna, both molluscan and mammalian, has been obtained by the writer. In this connection the preservation of the specimen is a noteworthy char- acter, as the bone is absolutely intact and the original material un- changed. One might almost suppose it a product of the last half cen- tury. Dr. Chester Stock has identified the specimen from Tomales Bay as belonging to Mylodon harlani, a species commonly represented in the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea. This form probably occurred in the Tomales formation as the Millerton formation is missing from this portion of Tomales Bay, and the lithological description corresponds to that of the Tomales formation. The Millerton formation was deposited in a graben along the San Andreas Rift, very similar to the Tomales Bay of the present day. Both the flora and fauna obtained from these beds indicate a climate considerably warmer than that * Merriam, J. C., Bull. Geol. Soc. America, Vol. II, pp. 612-614, 1899. 570 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tu Ser. which prevails in this region today, an interglacial epoch. The Tomales formation is largely land or stream-laid de- posits. During a portion of Tomales-Pleistocene time, how- ever, the region was occupied by a shallow bay. Both its fauna and flora testify conclusively a milder climate for the Tomales epoch. UNDIFFERENTIATED PLEISTOCENE It has been indicated incidentally in the description of the Merced group that marine and stream terraces occur both in the Point Reyes Triangle and the uplifted mainland block. Unfortunately, but little fossil material has been obtained from these terraces of the Point Reyes Triangle. The general profile of the western face indicates unmistakably that the sea was the agent which cut these gigantic steps. Likewise, the even surface which truncates the Merced around Freestone is so broad and level that any other erosion agency except the sea could not have-done this planing. Osmont reports some boring mollusks in and around Occidental but the writer was unable to find the locality. Pleistocene stream gravels were noticed in the Petaluma Quadrangle, three-quarters of a mile southwest of Waugh School, in a road-cut. At this locality a very evident ero- sional unconformity is present between the Pleistocene gravels and the underlying yellow tuffaceous sandstone of the Merced. Another interesting stream channel is found in the State Highway a quarter of a mile northwest of Penn Grove. This old stream channel is full of gravel in which large fragments of petrified wood are found. The direction in which the stream flowed in Pleistocene time is apparently at right angles to the drainage of the present day. A similar suggestion of an east-west drainage during upper Pleistocene time was ob- tained from a study of the stream gravels at Waugh School. From other evidence it appears probable that during a portion of Pleistocene time the streams of this vicinity did actually drain into the streams entering Tomales Bay. Dr. Chester Stock found interesting mammalian remains in Pleistocene beds one-half mile northwest of the Iowa School. This locality is in the Santa Rosa Quadrangle near Vou. XI] DICKERSON—PT, REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 571 its southwest corner, in an area which is largely covered by Merced strata. Dr. Stock has supplied the note given below: Remains of the ground sloth Mylodon harlani were found in the Santa Rosa Quadrangle approximately seven miles northwest of Petaluma and three-quarters of a mile southeast of William McGrew’s Ranch house, in bluish clay overlain by gravels of Pleistocene age. These deposits rest unconformably upon greenish-colored sandstones presumably of Francis- can age. The bones were exposed in a gully about 100 yards north of the road leading to the McGrew house and one-half mile west of main road connecting Stony Point with Cherry. The fossil material consists of parts of a pelvis sacrum, and lumbar and caudal vertebre. A narrow Pleistocene marine terrace was observed at Dil- lon’s Beach, on the Pacific Ocean between Tomales and Bo- dega bays, about 50 feet in elevation at its old cliff. ‘This shelf, which is now being rapidly eroded, was cut in mica- ceous gray Franciscan sandstone, interbedded with thin strata of lignite and carbonaceous shale. The deposits which cover a portion of this wave-cut shelf consist of incoherent tan- colored sandstone, 10 to 30 feet in thickness. The Franciscan rocks in Hog Island are covered by a similar deposit. These last two are probably referable to the Tomales formation. General impressions obtained very largely from physio- graphic studies on the tilted mainland block indicate that the time interval required to strip the Merced strata from a con- siderable area was a long one. This data will be presented again in connection with a discussion of the physiography. STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY The dominant features of the area under discussion are, as previously pointed out, the Point Reyes Triangle, the San Andreas Rift Zone, the San Francisco-Marin Block, and the Berkeley Hills Block. The Point Reyes Triangle and the orogenic block on the northeast side of Tomales Bay are re- spectively recognized by Lawson” as extensions of the Mon- tara and San Francisco-Marin blocks. The Berkeley Hills Block which Lawson recognizes in the San Francisco Bay Region, appears in the vicinity of Peta- luma and Sonoma Mountain as a dominant orographic feat- ure. Concerning the relationship of the blocks in this area, Lawson, after pointing out the geological differences between 25 Lawson, A. C., San Francisco Folio, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 15, 1914. 572 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. the rocks of the Point Reyes Triangle and those of the San Francisco-Marin Block, states that: “It would therefore seem probable that the earlier movements on this fault zone were pre-Miocene and that they caused a relative upthrow on the southwest side of the fault, in consequence of which the Fran- ciscan rocks were lifted into the zone of erosion and stripped off the underlying granitic rocks. This erosion may have taken place in any part or during the whole of Cretaceous and Eocene time.” It must be remembered in this connection that our mapping does not show any Eocene or Cretaceous rocks in this vicinity. Eocene rocks are not found until the vicinity of Carneros Creek in the Napa Quadrangle is reached. Rocks of the Knoxville Cretaceous also occur in this vicinity, so our mapping gives added data in support of Lawson’s views. The occurrence of great thicknesses of Monterey shale in the Point Reyes Triangle and its absence from the San Fran- cisco-Marin Block was recognized as a significant thing by Lawson,* who states: “The shore line of the sea in which these shales were deposited must have lain far east of Bolinas Ridge, for we can not regard the beds at the base of the ridge as in any sense littoral. It follows that the Monterey beds were laid down not only over the area of Point Reyes Penin- sula but also over a large part of the territory farther north- east, and that they were therefore spread over the trace of the old fault. In post-Miocene time there was probably a recur- rence of movement at the time of the deformation of the Monterey strata, but the effect of this movement can not be satisfactorily differentiated from that of the later post-Plio- cene displacement.’ The indications of the presence of the bituminous shales beneath the Petaluma formation on the west flank of Sonoma Mountain suggest that Lawson’s view con- cerning the distribution of the Monterey is correct. The work in this area under discussion shows that in pre-Pliocene time the San Francisco-Marin Block was uplifted into the zone of active erosion and the northwestern extension of the Berkeley Hills Block which is bounded on the southeast by the Tolay fault was depressed below the base-level of erosion at that time, thus preserving the diatomaceous Monterey shale which in all probability lies beneath the Petaluma lake *Idem. p. 16. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 573 beds and the tuffs and lavas of Sonoma Mountain. It would appear quite probable that the Point Reyes Triangle was like- wise depressed at the end of the Miocene, as it is difficult to account for the preservation of such a great thickness of the Monterey group within such a limited area in any other way. MovVEMENTS WITHIN THE DoMINANT BLocks As Anderson indicated in the Geology of the Point Reyes Peninsula, the Monterey strata have been folded in a broad, shallow syncline. The general relations of this structure are shown in the Section E-F which accompanies this report. This folding took place in pre-Merced time, as the Merced probably rests with unconformity upon the Monterey shale at Bolinas Head, near the town of Bolinas, Tamalpais Quad- rangle. The writer did not attempt to work out the structure in the Franciscan rocks but it is probable that the dominant folds which Lawson recognizes in the Tamalpais Quadrangle ex- tend in a northwesterly direction. A fault between the Sonoma group at Grand View and the Franciscan rocks is apparently a movement which did not extend to the north- west as no trace of it was found in Burdell Mountain. This fault, however, may be a dominant structure in its southeast- erly extension, but unfortunately a great mass of alluvium prevents us from determining this point. From the general nature of the structure in this part of the Coast Ranges it seems quite probable that movement along this fault at the end of Pliocene time or during the early Pleistocene may have determined the form of Petaluma Valley. The northeastern side of this fault is apparently the downthrown side. How- ever, there are complications within the block, as the basaltic conglomerate near Grand View shows. This basaltic con- glomerate extends beneath the alluvium of Petaluma Valley. The State Highway Engineers in charge of building the Grand View bridge, Mr. Gerlach and Mr. Brown, presented the writer with a section which indicates that these gravels are found at a depth of 105 feet at the east pier of the bridge, which is about 400 feet from the Grand View shore line. Minor faulting or folding may have affected the Merced in the vicinity of the Cinnabar School, near the southern edge 574 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle, as the anomalous dip of 10° S. was recorded here. This, however, is local, as the beds north and south of this locality exhibit little, if any, inclina- tion. Within the northern extension of the Berkeley Hills block, faulting, with possibly some folding incidental to it, has been very vigorous in the northeastern portion of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle during post-Pliocene time. The writer did not have sufficient time to work out these structures in detail, but certain broad features were recognized. Sonoma Moun- tain for the major part has not been greatly disturbed by faulting or folding except its northwestern extensions, Taylor Mountain and Bennett Mountain. Kenwood Valley, a name which the writer proposes for a northwest-southeast valley whose principal town is Kenwood, appears to be a well marked graben, as the Mayacamas Mountains rise abruptly from its northeastern border. These mountains exhibit in some places exceedingly steep dips, as high as 40° to 45° to the southwest. (See Fig. 2, Plate XXV.) The peculiar courses of the streams draining this valley are results of complicated fault movements in this vi- cinity. Rincon Valley probably has a similar origin. The hills north of Santa Rosa are in detail quite complicated by folding and faulting. The Hayward fault, whose northern extension is recognized on the northwest side of Sonoma Mountain, is in this area as in its type locality, a very recent feature, and it has not greatly modified the structure within the Berkeley Hills block. During Epi-Miocene time the San Francisco-Marin Block was upthrust, for an erosional surface was developed, upon which the Merced was laid down. Possibly during the upper- Miocene time this block was elevated also, since the Peta- luma lake beds lying on the northeast side of Tolay fault indicate that a land mass cut this region from the sea. Since the Petaluma lake beds lie within the northern extension of the Berkeley Hills Block, it appears probable that this block was relatively depressed in upper-Miocene time. During Merced-Pliocene time, the Point Reyes Triangle, an extension of the Montara Block, and the San Francisco-Marin Block were both depressed to receive marine Pliocene sediments and Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 575 apparently the waters of the Merced sea covered completely, all the region west of the northeastern border of Petaluma and Santa Rosa valleys. Little or no Merced strata occur east of the projection of the Tolay fault in the Petaluma Quadrangle, and it seems probable that the Berkeley Hills Block was somewhat upthrust into the zone of erosion during this time, as much of the lava and volcanic ash deposits of Sonoma Mountain was laid down upon an erosion surface cut across the rocks of the Petaluma formation of upper- Miocene age. During a portion of Pliocene time, a distinct divide cut off Sonoma Mountain and the Berkeley Hills from the ocean, as the Orinda and Siesta formations of the Berk- eley Hills are in a large part composed of lacustrine de- posits. The Merced-Pliocene was shown to be the equivalent of the Sonoma group and in turn of the Orinda beds of the Berkeley Hills. Within the San Francisco-Marin Block, the uplift during post-Pliocene time was not apparently uniform, as Merced strata are now lacking in the vicinity of Tamal- pais. Further north of Tamalpais, in and around Petaluma, residuals of Merced strata occur, and as one goes further northward towards Freestone the thickness increases. Of course it is barely possible that the Tamalpais mass may have been an extension of a Pliocene San Francisco Peninsula, and therefore may not have been the site of Merced deposition. An alternative explanation, that Merced strata once covered Tamalpais but have been removed completely owing to a greater uplift of this portion of the block, is probably correct, as Merced strata once covered its northern flanks. This is clearly shown by the occurrence of Merced beneath the cap- ping of the basalt on Burdell Mountain, which has preserved this small remnant to the present day. During the Pleistocene the Point Reyes Triangle underwent movements which are not recognized in the San Francisco- Marin Block. This block was apparently successively elevated during this time, with periods of standstill long enough for the sea to chop out a fine series of marine terraces on its western side. These terraces do not have their correlatives on the northeast side of Tomales Bay, showing these orogenic blocks moved independently. 576 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. At the beginning of the Pleistocene, the San Francisco- Marin Block was thickly covered by nearly horizontal Mer- ced strata, and at least in the northern portion of this block, excellent evidence that the Pleistocene sea truncated Merced strata, may be seen. As was pointed out above, fine ter- races occur around Freestone and to the northwest of this village. After this marine plain (or plains) was formed, the San Francisco-Marin Block was lifted above sea level, conse- quent Pleistocene streams began their downward and side- wise cutting, and quickly worked through the soft Merced strata to the old erosion surface cut across Franciscan rocks. At this time the drainage was across the block from east to west. Pleistocene Russian River® was probably the most vigorous of these streams, as it cut the longest and deepest canyon in the Franciscan. Later in the Pleistocene, the San Francisco-Marin Block was uptilted on its western edge and the lower portions of the consequent streams, with an in- creased gradient, were enabled to cut canyons in the under- lying Franciscan rocks. All the streams on this block which now flow into the Pacific Ocean or Tomales Bay from the Russian River to Elk Creek, have canyons of greater or less length cut into the Franciscan. The tilting variously affected the middle and upper courses of the streams, producing in some cases ponding and in others spilling them out by way of their headwater tributaries, reversing the stream direction. ToPpoGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY The principal topographic units of this region, as well as orogenic divisions, are the Point Reyes Peninsula, the Rift Valley of Tomales Bay, the San Francisco-Marin Block which extends from Tomales Bay and the Pacific Ocean, to Peta- luma Valley and the northwestern extension of the Berkeley Hills Block, Point Reyes Triangle. The Point Reyes Triangle, as will be seen by consulting the topographic map of the Geological Survey, has its north- eastern base sharply determined by the San Andreas Rift Zone. Point Reyes is the apex opposite this base, and Tomales Point and Bolinas headland are the other apices of 28 Holway, R. S., The Russian River, a Characteristic Stream of the California Coast Ranges, Univ. Calif. Publ., Geog. Dept., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1913. Vou. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 577 the triangle. The comparatively straight Inverness Ridge parallels the San Andreas Rift. Short, rapid streams descend from the high northeastern scarp of this ridge to Tomales 3ay or the Rift Zone in the vicinity of Olema. The south- western slopes of this ridge are cut by many deeply in- trenched streams, which very evidently at one time had far longer courses than is at present indicated, as Drakes Estero is clearly a drowned stream valley, due to the last general subsidence in this region. This southwestern slope of Inver- ness Ridge has been further chiseled into fine, wave-cut ter- races of several different elevations. According to F. M. An- derson the most distinct terraces occur between 600 and 700 feet elevation and at 200 feet elevation. In addition, there are other less distinct shelves, which can be clearly seen trom certain points of view. Whether or not these shelves are correlatives with the small plateau near Inverness is exceed- ingly difficult to decide, since this plateau is so eroded that its exact character was not evident to the writer. Other in- distinct plateaus occur in the western shores of Tomales Bay in the vicinity of Tomales Point, but much detailed work would be necessary to decide their origin. Likewise these titan steps in the southwestern side of Inverness Ridge do not have correlatives in the northeastern shores of Tomales Bay in the mainland mass. The Pleistocene beds of the Mill- erton or Tomales formations which are found in the headlands on the eastern shores-of Tomales Bay, are apparently unre- lated either to these wave-cut terraces of Point Reyes Penin- sula or to the indefinite 400 foot terrace of the mainland mass. This lack of synchrony very clearly indicates that the Point Reyes Triangle has moved upward or downward at times quite independently of the movements of the mainland. The Point Reyes Triangle is then clearly recognized as a definite orographic block whose history is quite different from that of the mainland. Other differences between these two regions also occur. According to Lawson” in the San Francisco Folio: The vegetation on the west side of the San Andreas Rift valley is radically different from that on the east side. From Bolinas Lagoon northward, the eastern slope of the main ridge of the Point Reyes Peninsula is covered with a forest which though not continuous, is fairly *™ Lawson, A, C., San Francisco Folio, U. S. G. S., No. 193, p. 3, 1914. 578 i CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. dense in the areas where it is best developed. This forest is composed almost exclusively of Pinus muricata, which is accompanied by a little Pisania densiflora and Quercus agrifolia and by considerable Umbellu- laria californica on very steep slopes. The densest part of the forest is, however, pure Pinus muricata. The shrubs of the Point Reyes Peninsula are northern types, which have here their southernmost or nearly their southernmost representation. These shrubs include Rubus spectabilis menziesii, Ledum glandulosum and Rhododendron californicum. The differences in the floras of these two regions are in part due to different soils produced by the contrasting forma- tions, but since the plants on the triangle are northern types it seems probable that actual geographic separation may like- wise be a potent cause. The triangle may have been an island during late Pleistocene time and this relict flora may be due to the protection secured by this separation from the main- land mass. A comparison of the present faunas of these two regions might lead to some interesting results. THE RIFT VALLEY OF TOMALES BAY As the geologic map shows, Tomales Bay and the valley of Olema Creek form a very distinct zone separating the mainland mass from that of the Point Reyes Triangle. Tomales Bay is essentially a graben between these two blocks. This graben is not a simple one as the Pleistocene deposits in the northeastern side of the bay show. (See Plate XX; Plate XXXIV, Figures 1 and 2.) The Millerton formation of lower or middle Pleistocene age as is indicated upon the map of this region has been broken into several different wedge- like blocks. Since this region has been carefully studied in relationship to the San Andreas Fault in the Report of the California Earthquake Commission,” the reader is referred to this report for further detail. BERKELEY HILLS BLOCK The Block described under this heading comprises the northeastern portion of region discussed in this paper. “The writer believes that this is a definite orographic block which during the Tertiary has moved as one mass at times, but at other times has been broken into subordinate blocks of notable size. 28 State Earthquake Commission upon the California Earthquake of April 18, 1906, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 65-91; pp. 30-35, 1908. Vou. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 579 Kenwood Valley One of the highest points in this Kenwood valley region is Sonoma Mountain, elevation 2465 feet. This mountain mass is separated from the Mayacamas Mountains by a long narrow valley which we will refer to as Kenwood valley. The highest point in this area is Mt. Hood, one of the peaks of the Mayacamas Range with an elevation of 2715 feet. Sonoma Mountain is separated from the northern extension of the Mt. Tamalpais Mountain mass by Petaluma and Santa Rosa valleys. These physiographic units are, in part due to geologic structure, and in part, due to erosion. Only recon- naissance work was done in the Mayacamas Mountains, but the anomalous drainage of this mass is at once apparent from a brief study of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle. A part of the drainage on the southwest side of this range goes into Santa Rosa Creek, a tributary of the Russian River, while the other half reaches the ocean indirectly by way of Sonoma Creek, which empties into San Pablo Bay. The course of Sonoma Creek is particularly anomalous. Sonoma Canyon and its tributary stream, Bear Creek, drain the rugged eastern side of Mt. Hood Ridge, and a northwestern tributary which drains the northwestern side of Mt. Hood Ridge meets the main Sonoma Creek one-half mile northwest of Kenwood village. The main stream, which has been crowded to the southwestern side of Kenwood valley by the alluvial fans of the short, sharp streams descending from the southwestern slope of the Mayacamas Mountain scarp, suddenly abandons what appears to be a perfectly direct course out of the valley, to cut across the hills on the southwest side of Kenwood yal- ley. After flowing in a canyon for two miles due south, the stream then turns and maintains a general southeastern course for two miles until it is joined at the village of Glen Ellen by Calabazas Creek and then proceeds through a narrow valley for a mile to Eldridge. A brief study of the topo- graphic map near Los Guilicos quickly shows that the un- named western tributary of Sonoma Creek has sometimes swung upon its fan so that the drainage from this slope has been out by way of the small stream draining through An- nadel, which for the lack of a better name will be used to designate this odd but significant wet-weather stream. Anna- on 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. del Creek, flowing in a northwesterly direction, cuts deeply into a low basaltic ridge two miles southeast of Melitta. It is very possible that this stream has followed the course of a fault line as being the easier way, although a comparatively wide, undrained valley one-half mile to the north would seem the logical way. The writer was not able to spend sufficient time upon this interesting problem to work out the details, but it is quite apparent that the canyon course of Sonoma Creek south of Kenwood is clearly antecedent to the fault movements which gave rise to Kenwood valley. Since a northern branch of this stream was well developed before the faulting, this northern branch was able to maintain its course against the upthrust on the southwestern side of Ken- wood valley. Likewise Kenwood valley did not drop rapidly enough to divert the drainage out by way of Santa Rosa Creek or north by way of Beltaine Pass, which the Southern Pacific Railroad uses. The northern block, the Mayacamas Mountains, was uplifted with considerable rapidity. The streams draining that block were greatly accelerated and hence could carry a great load of debris which aided in filling Kenwood valley graben. Rincon valley is apparently also due to faulting. Sonoma Mountain The main mass of Sonoma Mountain is essentially a lava plateau composed of nearly horizontally bedded basalts and tuffs of the Sonoma group. (See Plate XXX, Figures 1 and 2.) Its northern flanks, Bennett Mountain and Taylor Moun- tain, have evidently been subjected to considerable faulting at the end of, or during, Pliocene time. Faulting along the Hayward Rift has not affected the main mass of Sonoma Mountain or its principal streams essentially, but minor modifications in the drainage in the southwest flanks in the vicinity of the Petaluma Reservoir and Roger’s Creek are results of this recently developed line of weakness. (See Plate XXIX, Figure 1; Plate XXXVI, Figures 1 and 2; Plate XXXVII, Figures 1 and 2.) The drainage of Sonoma Moun- tain is distributed in three directions: Matanzas Creek and its South Fork, and the south tributaries of Santa Rosa Creek drain the vicinity of Taylor and Bennett mountains. Graham Vou. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 58} Creek, Carriger Creek and other small streams are tributary to the master stream, Sonoma Creek, which drains into San Pablo Bay. Roger’s Creek is another one of these streams, but through the aid of the Hayward Rift it has succeeded in capturing a portion of the drainage of the southwest side of Sonoma Mountain. The southwest side of Sonoma Moun- tain is drained in part by Tolay Creek and Petaluma Creek into San Pablo Bay, while the northwestern half of this drainage has an indefinite water parting on the fan of Cope- land Creek at Cotati divide. The waters of Copeland Creek and Crane Creek now find their way into Laguna de Santa Rosa, a stream on the western side of Santa Rosa Valley. Hayward Rift The northwestern extension of the Hayward Rift is easily recognized on the southwestern slope of Sonoma Mountain, where many characteristic features are seen. The general di- rection of the rift is, through most of this area, about N. 40° W. in the Santa Rosa Quadrangle, but its general trend as it crosses the northeastern corner of the Petaluma Quadrangle is about N. 20° W. Like the Hayward rift in the Berkeley Hills, this rift is not a simple fault line, but a series of parallel fault lines in a zone which varies from a quarter to a half mile in width. Lawson” has shown that the Hayward Rift in the Berkeley Hills is a very recent feature which has only modified the original consequent drainage of the south- western slope of the Berkeley Hills in a minor way. The same condition is essentially true along the extension of this line in the Petaluma and Santa Rosa Quadrangles. One mile east of the Eureka School on the Sonoma-Petaluma Road three beautiful fault sag ponds were first recognized along a half mile strip in a direction N. 20° W., and the corresponding small blocks which were separated from one another by interspaces, which, like the fault sag ponds, are due to a series of minor differentially dropped blocks. The hills and their interspaces are bounded on their northeast.and southwest sides by faults of the Hayward Rift Zone. Such a series of differentially dropped blocks are termed by Law- aa Lawson, A. C., San Francisco Folio, No. 193, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 17, 1914, 582 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser. son, Kernbuts. These peculiar topographic forms were de- fined by Lawson” in his paper upon the Geomorphogeny of the Upper Kern Basin. Lawson’s Kern cols, the low passes which the Kernbuts connect with the main mountain mass, are characteristically separated from one another in this region by elongate depressions, the fault sags of Dr. G. K. Gilbert." “Considering the Rift as a physiographic type, I find it convenient to have a specific name for one of its ele- ments, the small valley; and in some of the descriptions which follow I shall speak of it as a fault-sag. The general relation of the Rift to the greater valley is illustrated by the cross profile in Fig. 7. Along the north- eastern side it lies everywhere lower than the adjacent slope of the greater valley, the produced profile of the valley slope passing the fault-ridges (kernbuts of Lawson) as well as the fault-sags. Along the southwestern side some of the fault- ridges appear to project above the restored profile of the greater valley, while the fault-sags lie below. If I interpret the structure correctly, the great compound fault concerned in making the valley includes a certain amount of step fault- ing which is responsible for some of the western ridges of the rift belt; but with that exception, the ridge and sags of the rift are occasioned by the unequal settling of small crust blocks along a magnified shear zone.” The conditions along the Hayward Rift are essentially the same as Dr. Gilbert has outlined but since this feature is a recent one the topographic forms which are present are on a small scale but were apparently developed “by the unequal settling of small crust blocks along a magnified shear zone.” Many of the small hills are elongate-oval in form with major axis parallel to the Rift and the writer is inclined to regard some of them as small “sliver” fault blocks due to minor “scissors” faults along the Rift. The Hayward Rift in this region traverses the long southwestern slope of Sonoma Mountain into which it has cut a shallow trench in basalt. A view from a point a mile southeast of the Petaluma reser- voir looking along the rift toward the northwest shows a slightly notched skyline at the end of the Mountain School 30 Lawson, A. C., Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol., Vol. 3, No. 15, p. 332, 336, 337, 1904. Lae 31 Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, p. 33, 1908. Vout. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 583 road. Three faults occupy the notches and the low ridges are lowered but little if at all, below the former slope of the mountain. (See Fig. 1, Plate XXXVII and Fig. 1, Plate XXXVI and Fig. 1, Plate XXIX.) From these photographs one might gain the impression that the drainage was toward the observer along the Rift, but such is not the case entirely. Only the lower portion of the valley is drained by the head- waters of Rodgers Creek. In the upper portion of the rift valley, the consequent streams still maintain courses across the Rift. Ruifting has affected some of their acute-angled tribu- taries slightly by causing them to join their master streams at right angles and made other minor deflections in their courses. Rodgers Creek, however, drains the lower portion of this rift valley and it has captured the upper portions of the consequent streams which once drained across the rift. This is evidenced by much interesting physiographic detail on the southwest side of the rift in the region one to three miles southeast of Petaluma reservoir. At a point a mile and a quarter southeast of Petaluma reservoir, a wind gap of pro- nounced character occurs and it is very evident that it was once occupied by a consequent stream to the northeast which is now tributary to the piratical Rodgers Creek. A mile further on, another wind gap was found and in this case a small, youthful tributary of Rodgers Creek is rapidly reversing the drainage to the southwest. A considerable stream once occu- pied this gap as its relatively wide valley in late maturity is traceable a half mile west. In upper Rodgers Creek typical fault sags are common and in the rift valley a mile and a half southeast of Petaluma two or three elongate hills il- lustrate the recent fault feature, the kernbut. Near the top of the bordering southwest ridge, on the northeast side, 2 narrow fault shelf was noted. Fault-sag ponds and kernbuts are seen as one looks to the northwest from the north end of Mountain School road toward Santa Rosa, and the rift evi- dently extends in this direction along the southwestern face of Bennett Mountain. This feature was not recognized northwest of Santa Rosa unless the sharp line which separates Santa Rosa Valley from the hills north of Santa Rosa town represents a different expression of this line, similar to that of the Hayward Fault, south of Hayward town. The pres- ence of undrained fault-sag ponds, low side-hill fault shelves, 584 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. wind gaps of small order and minor stream modifications all indicate movements along this line within the last 200 years as many such transient topographic features would have been obliterated within a longer time. No fault furrows or recent fault scars which might be the surface results of movements along this line on April 18, 1906, were found, but the great destruction in the town of Santa Rosa on that fateful day may have been due to subterranean movements along this northern extension of the Hayward Rift. The physiography of the San Francisco-Marin Block is intimately tied, both to the geologic history of this region previous to the Pleistocene and that very changeful period of the Pleistocene itself. A study of the peculiar type of stream drainage within this block has given the essential clews to the history of this region. Professor Holway’s™ paper upon the Russian River described the Russian River and its tributaries on this block, and his paper upon the Physiographically unfinished Entrances to San Francisco Bay” describes the peculiar drainage of Walker Creek and San Antonio Creek, and that of Elk Creek in Sausalito and Tiburon peninsulas. Professor Holway brings out some in- teresting topographic facts concerning Liberty Gap, which is a few miles northwest of Petaluma, and shows that a general coast depression of 250 feet would cause the sea to invade the Santa Rosa Valley from the west. In this paper he de- scribes the valley of Walker-San Antonio Creek under the name of Lagoon Pass, and indicates that it would be flooded with a similar depression. The writer will not describe the details of the drainage in this block, as much would be merely a repetition of Pro- fessor Holway’s excellent work, but will confine his discussion to such additional bits of information derived from a study of this region from a slightly different point of view. The streams draining into Tomales Bay and the Pacific Ocean have certain characteristics in common. From Russian River these streams are, in order, Salmon Creek, Estero Americano, Estero San Antonio, Lagunitas Creek, and one of the small, but interesting streams of the Tamalpais region, Elk Creek. All these streams were flooded a greater or lesser distance 32 Uniy, Calif. Publ. Geog., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1913. *3 Univ. Calif. Publ., Geog., Vol. 1, No. 3, 1914. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 585 from their mouths as a result of the general subsidence of this region. In most of the streams in the middle portion of the block, wide valley stages are characteristic of their middle courses. Owing to initial differences the streams in the block have been differently affected by the same general movement within the San Francisco-Marin Block during Pleistocene time. Professor Holway concluded that the Lower Russian River was a part of an old stream which existed when the whole region was near sea level, and that Mark West Creek was the direct upstream extension of the Lower River. A glance at the general index map in this publication (See Plate XX) indicates a peculiar condition of Lower Russian River. This portion of the stream is in- trenched in Franciscan rocks, but a study of the distribution of the Merced strata in this region and the Pleistocene plain which truncates them near Freestone, indicates that the Pleistocene Russian River attained the essentials of its present course as a consequent East-West stream upon a low coastal plain which was developed upon Merced strata. Merced strata occur at the town of Plantation, a few miles north of Russian River Canyon and at Freestone, only a few miles south of Russian River. The immediate region bordering the Lower Russian River is wholly composed of Franciscan rocks and when one stands upon hills bordering the canyon of Russian River, an old plateau surface is clearly apparent, but this surface is not a perfectly even one and considerable elevations rise above it. The distribution of Merced strata as stated above shows that this old surface was once covered by the muds and sands of a Merced sea. The Pleistocene surface, which is very evident two miles south of the main stream around Freestone (See Plate XXVI) can be traced a few miles north of Freestone to the vicinity of Occidental, where Osmont reports the presence of boring mollusks. To summarize briefly the evidence, a consequent Mark West Rus- sian River of Pleistocene age developed upon a wide low coastal plain. After a slight uplift this stream became in- trenched in this plain and since the Merced strata were soft, cut rapidly downward until the old pre-Merced erosion sur- face which truncated Franciscan rocks was reached. This surface acted as a temporary base level for a time and the 586 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. stream no longer cut downward but swung from side to side, making a wide valley in the sandstones of the Merced. Later in the Pleistocene, the San Francisco-Marin and the Berkeley Hills blocks were uplifted together and tilted from the west to the east. Since the Mark West Russian River had de- veloped a strong system of tributaries in the mountains north- east of Santa Rosa, its drainage area was the largest of any of the consequent streams within these two blocks. Owing to its greater volume this stream succeeded in maintaining its course against the uptilting of this block during Pleistocene time. Owing to the tilting of this block Santa Rosa Valley became a basin of accumulation and it is the writer’s opinion that Laguna de Santa Rosa is ponded as a specific result of the West-East tilt. In other words, there is a neutral zone within this tilted block in which we have a balanced condition as respects drainage. A part of the story was derived from the study of some of the smaller streams south of Russian River. Salmon Creek has a lower course intrenched in Franciscan rocks, and a middle and upper course which is in a notably wide valley whose surrounding hills are composed of Merced strata and whose valley bottom is underlain at no great depth by rocks of the Franciscan group. A connecting link between the mouth of this stream and its upper and middle course was found about two miles down stream from Bodega town. As one looks across Salmon Creek from this place to the north, well developed stream terraces, a couple of hundred feet above the bottom of the gorge of Salmon Creek are seen. The gorge of Salmon Creek is cut in Franciscan rocks and this stream terrace is likewise composed of Franciscan rocks until its northern boundary is reached, where Merced rocks are encountered at once. This terrace then, is a remnant of a temporary base level, the pre-Merced erosion surface, which was developed upon Franciscan rocks and has been exhumed by Salmon Creek during Pleistocene and Recent times. Salmon Creek was not sufficiently powerful to maintain its course across the entire block. During early Pleistocene time Salmon Creek may have drained the area directly east of Freestone in the vicinity of Sebastopol and Santa Rosa, but the tilting in later Pleistocene time probably diverted the Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 587 drainage of its eastern headwaters to the east, ponded them somewhat, and they fell an easy prey to the more powerful stream, the Russian River, which succeeded in maintaining a strong course completely across the Berkeley Hills and San Francisco-Marin blocks. Estero Americano apparently had a similar history. Like Salmon Creek it cut a gorge at its mouth in Franciscan rock. The wide valley stage is seen in the region just east of Valley Ford and in and around Valley Ford the Merced strata rest upon Franciscan rocks exposed in the bottom of the valley. The stream further south, Estero San Antonio and its main tributary, Tomales Creek, exhibit the same characters. ‘Estero San Antonio and Tomales Creek probably had a drainage that originated in Sonoma Mountain and it is pos- sible that the two old stream channels described under the heading “Undifferentiated Pleistocene” near Waugh School are remnants of this East-West drainage. When the gorge of Walker Creek is compared to that of Estero San Antonio, one finds that it is far better developed, but its present drainage basin is far less than that of Estero San Antonio. Professor Holway has described the relation- ship between Walker Creek and San Antonio Creek and has pointed out the ponded area at their present headwaters (See Plate XXIV, Figure 2), and that the present tributaries of San Antonio Creek enter the main stream in certain cases at acute angles whose vertices point toward the source of the stream and not toward its mouth. These anomalous features indicated to Professor Holway that the former course of this drainage was entirely toward the Pacific and that San Antonio Creek of today was in reality the headwaters of a more powerful, ancient Walker Creek. When the Point Reyes and Petaluma quadrangle sheets are placed together Professor Holway’s evidence is clearly shown, and if you place a stream line across Chileno Valley and ink the tribu- taries of San Antonio Creek, the evidence will be even clearer. The writer thinks that the broken backed condition of Pleis- tocene Walker Creek was, like the changes in other streams previously discussed, due to tilting in late Pleistocene time. That Pleistocene Walker Creek was developed upon a Pleisto- cene marine plain which graded into a low upland appears 588 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. probable. That Merced strata once covered the entire val- ley of the Pleistocene Walker Creek is shown by the small remnant of Merced on the northwest end of Burdell Moun- tain mass on the south side of San Antonio Creek and the Merced of Spring Hill on the north side of the same stream near its present headwaters. Most of the area south of the Walker-San Antonio Creek valley is now composed of Fran- ciscan rocks and the only suggestion of Merced obtained in this region is the presence of an old erosion surface which appears to rise as one travels from Petaluma southward. This old erosion surface is also seen as one looks eastward from Bolinas Ridge, a mile west from Tocaloma. The physi- ography of the southern half of the Petaluma Quadrangle was not given detailed study by the writer, but he thinks that this old surface across these ridges indicates that the San Francisco-Marin Block was uplifted higher and given even a greater eastern tilt than the area further north. A reconnaissance trip southwest on the Point Reyes-Peta- luma road which passes through Hick’s Valley in the Petaluma Quadrangle and Pomponio Creek yielded some interesting observations. Salmon creek and its tributary, Arroyo Sausal, are cut in solid Franciscan rock, and the tortuous course of these streams when studied upon the combined charts, particularly in the vicinity of Hick’s Valley, clearly indicates that they are superimposed streams. Hick’s Valley when its bottom is examined is found composed of alluvium which completely surrounds some hills of Franciscan rocks, and this recent material appears peaty in places, thus evidencing a ponding of the upper tributaries of Arroyo Sausal. A low divide separates Hick’s Valley drainage from that of Arroyo Nicasio. In the vicinity of the Pacheco School and around Nicasio a similar ponding was observed. At Pacheco School, on a small tributary the ponded condition is still present and marshy ground in a relatively broad val- ley which is evidently due to recent filling was seen. This tributary and its neighboring tributary as one goes south- east from the schoolhouse are separated by a very low di- vide and a ponded condition is evident here as well as on the main stream around Nicasio village. As one ascends Nicasio Creek, following up Lucas Valley this ponding dis- Vout. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 529 appears and at Big Rock ranch, the stream canyon is in early maturity, as well as Bolinas Creek which heads in this same vicinity. Gallinas and Novata valleys on the bayward slope exhibit the same general characters. Ponding is lack- ing in both streams and their sidewalls are very steep and meet an alluviated valley due to the last general subsidence in the San Francisco Bay Region very abruptly. It appears probable from these contrasts that Arroyo Sausal and Arroyo Nicasio never had drainage across the entire block during the Pleistocene, but in both cases their upper courses were ponded as an incident of tilting in upper-Pleistocene time. Looking southeastward from the hilltop about one mile west of Tocaloma, an old plateau surface is visible in the direction of Barnaby Mountain. From the same viewpoint the canyon of Papermill Creek (Lagunitas Creek) appears to be cut in this old plateau and since Middle and Upper Lagu- nitas Creek (called Papermill Creek in the Petaluma Quad- rangle) have a greater drainage area than Arroyo Nicasio, ponding is not so evident along its course. Only a slight suggestion of this effect was noted on its tributary, the San Geronimo Creek, near Mailliard Station. Elk Creek in Elk Valley of the Sausalito Peninsula has been shown by Professor Holway to exhibit on a small scale essentially the same history of Walker-San Antonio Creek, that is, a Pleistocene stream which once drained the region north and west of Mill Valley Junction in Tiburon Penin- sula had its back broken as a result of tilting, and a portion of its waters were spilled out by one of its headwater tribu- taries. There is much that the writer has not discovered in the stream drainage of this block, but it appears evident that the tilting of the San Francisco-Marin Block in upper-Pleistocene time, caused similar results in many of the streams of this block, and that these results are not equal because of un- equal development of the respective streams. Petaluma and Santa Rosa valleys were not studied in- tensively, but the geological mapping of these areas and the physiography of their bounding blocks show that they are not simple synclinal valleys. Faulting may have played a part in their development, at least in a minor way, but another cause 590 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. may have been effective as well. The marine terrace which was developed during Pleistocene time possibly extended to near the present eastern border of Santa Rosa Valley. When the San Francisco-Marin and Berkeley Hills blocks were given an eastward tilt this eastern border began to receive some drainage from the west. That is, when the backs of Pleistocene Salmon and Tomales creeks were broken, depo- sition from the west as well as the east began in the ponded area along the former border of an earlier Pleistocene plain. The velocity of the swift upper portion of Pleistocene Salmon Creek (Santa Rosa Creek) was checked, with the consequent rapid building of great alluvial fans and a south- east tributary of the Pleistocene Russian River, which was strong enough to maintain a course across the uplifted block captured this drainage. The writer is not satisfied that this is a complete explanation, but it is partially correct at least. Lower Petaluma Valley may have been aided by move- ments along the fault just southeast of Burdell Mountain, but this valley may have had a history somewhat similar to Santa Rosa Valley as outlined above. A tributary of the Pleistocene Sacramento River captured this drainage and gradually robbed the headwaters of Pleistocene Tomales and Walker creeks. These two valleys are apparently compara- tively young, geologically speaking, and developed after the tilting of the mainland block, but before the last event in the Pleistocene, the subsidence which gave rise to San Francisco Bay and the narrow flooded stream valleys of Russian River and its associated streams. Tertiary GeoLocic History Since no Eocene rocks were recognized in this area the events of this period are not well known. Both Martinez, Lower Eocene, and Tejon, Upper Eocene, rocks occur on Carquinez Straits, a few miles southeast, and Tejon rocks are known in the vicinity of Carneros Creek in the Napa Quad- rangle east of Petaluma. The nature of some of the sedi- ments in the Martinez indicates that they were deposited upon the outer edge of the continental shelf. The faunas obtained from these beds developed in such a habitat. It appears probable a large portion of the sites of the Petaluma and Vow. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 59] Point Reyes quadrangles was once covered by the sediments of the Martinez and Tejon seas, but these were subsequently eroded. Lawson holds that Point Reyes Peninsula may have been under erosion during the Cretaceous and Eocene, as a long time interval would be required to remove the Fran- ciscan rocks from their granite basement. Cretaceous time is quite sufficient for erosion to have accomplished this result. No Oligocene rocks were discovered in the environs of Petaluma, but rocks of this age are present a few miles east, in a limited area on Carneros Creek, and in the Contra Costa hills. These rocks could have been deposited over the Point Reyes Triangle and the San Francisco-Marin Block and then eroded during Epi-Oligocene time. As the areal mapping shows, rocks of Monterey Miocene were deposited upon the Point Reyes Triangle, but they are absent from the San Francisco-Marin Block. However, in- dications of their presence in the Berkeley Hills Block were found. It appears probable that they were removed during Epi-Miocene time from the San Francisco-Marin Block. Dur- ing this period the Point Reyes Triangle and the Berkeley Hills Block were relatively lower than the San Francisco- Marin Block, faulting being active along the San Andreas Rift and Tolay Fault. Records of Upper-Miocene time in the Point Reyes Tri- angle and the San Francisco-Marin Block are completely ob- literated, but it appears probable from a study of the Peta- luma formation (Upper Miocene) that the San Francisco- Marin Block was uplifted sufficiently high to form a bar- rier between the ocean and Petaluma Lake, which probably drained out southward into an arm of the San Pablo sea. During Epi-Miocene time both the Berkeley Hills and the San Francisco-Marin blocks were upthrust into the zone of active erosion and an extensive peneplain was developed. After this long period of vigorous erosion, the two outer blocks were lowered beneath the sea. Sands and muds were deposited unconformably across the older rocks. During this time great lava floods swept downward from the northeast and actually entered the Merced sea. Volcanoes in the same region also threw forth great volumes of ashes which were deposited in the sea and upon the shore, which was located 592 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. about the present site of Sonoma Mountain. Between these successive eruptions there were time intervals sufficiently long for soils to form from the lavas and for the growth of great forests of pine and redwood. In other portions of the shore during these time intervals, lakes were formed as attested by freshwater cherts, in the Neohipparion beds. In this lake vegetation accumulated in sufficient amount to form a three foot vein of coal. Whether this lake was directly connected with Lake Orinda of the Berkeley Hills region was not de- termined, but they were, beyond much doubt, synchronous. This is the period during which Neohipparion gidleyi and other Pliocene horses flourished in this region. Great changes took place at the close of the Pliocene. The two outer blocks were lowered and at least the major portions of these blocks were swept at times by the Pleisto- cene sea. It is very possible that the Point Reyes Triangle was never completely submerged as a Pleistocene Tomales Bay is evidenced by the deposits of the Millerton formation. The immediate environs of Tamalpais were under active wave erosion or sub-aerial erosion during a portion of Pleistocene time as no Merced is now found within this area. Further north, however, the planation effects of the Pleistocene sea across the soft sandstones and shales of the Merced forma- tion are preserved to this day in the vicinity of Freestone. After a marine plain was developed across the San Francisco- Marin Block, the mainland was slightly uplifted. Short, rapid East-West consequent streams developed across this plain. Later, the mainland blocks were tilted and the ve- locities of the streams in lower courses were sufficiently ac- celerated, so that practically all cut gorges of greater or lesser lengths at their mouths. Some of the larger consequent streams, such as the Mark West Russian River and, for a time, Pleistocene Walker Creek, maintained courses across the two mainland blocks. Some of the smaller streams, however, were quickly ponded in their middle courses as a result of this tilting and were early spilled out to the east by way of their head-water tributaries. That marked climatic changes took place in the San Fran- cisco Bay Region as well as in the Sierra Nevada is shown by two distinct faunas and floras of Pleistocene age. Both Vou. XI]_DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 503 the Millerton and Tomales faunas and floras indicate a cli- mate like that of San Diego at the present day. Elsewhere in the Bay Region, as on the Santa Cruz coast, the fauna ob- tained from one of the marine terraces flourished under con- ditions similar to that of today. In brief, glacial and inter- glacial epochs appear to be registered by the marine sequence on the Pacific Coast. The entire region under discussion was affected by a last general subsidence which gave rise to San Francisco Bay. Drake’s Estero and other drowned valleys of all of the streams, as well as the graben of Tomales Bay, evidence this clearly. APPENDIX: Economic Notes MANGANESE AND CHroME Deposits From time to time various reports of the State Mining Bureau have mentioned the occurrence of Manganese ores and Chrome-iron within this area. One of the Manganese lo- calities is on what was formerly known as the Mailliard Ranch. The Manganese ore occurs five-eights to six-eights of a mile south, 45° west, of Mailliard Ranch-house, near Mailliard Station, on the east side of a small stream which is tributary to San Geronimo Creek, in connection with an out- crop of radiolarian chert. Analyses of samples from this lo- cality indicate that the deposit is too siliceous to work eco- nomically under present conditions. Chrome-iron ore was also reported from this same vicinity, but no deposit has ever been located. The samples obtained were float specimens found within the serpentine areas of this region. LIMESTONES No workable deposits of limestone suitable for the making of quick-lime were discovered, but a limestone within the Franciscan rocks, which may be suitable as a fertilizer for sour soils, was examined. Mr. Donald G. Martin, assistant farm advisor of Sonoma County, accompanied the writer to this locality, which is three miles south, 20° west, of Peta- luma town, in the northwest quarter of Section 16, Township 4 north, 7 west, Mt. Diablo Baseline and Meridian. This 594 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. locality is on the western spur of a hill, whose elevation is 296 feet. The limestone outcrop occurs at an elevation of 400 feet, which point is near the west line of the section, about 150 feet above the wagon road which cuts the north- western corner of Section 16. The exposure is about a hun- dred yards long and 35 to 40 feet in width. There is a three- foot stratum of limy conglomerate in the middle of the sec- tion. A small amount of development work had been done on the exposure when the writer visited it on May 18, 1918, and it seems entirely probable that the deposit will yield a tonnage sufficiently large to warrant exploitation. The hills to the north across the valley were carefully examined, but the outcrop does not extend in that direction. The hill to the east was also examined, but no outcrop was discovered. The northern end of the deposit stops quite abruptly and the writer is inclined to think that a cross-fault may terminate the deposition to north. The southerly extension of this de- posit disappears gradually as one descends the hill slope. A cross-cut should be made at the southern end to determine whether this gradual disappearance is due to a lense structure or merely to a thickening of the soil cover at that place. Another deposit occurs on the Jacobsen ranch, near the southeast corner of the northwest quarter of Section 9. An old limekiln at this place, long abandoned, shows that this deposit was opened years ago. The limestone at this place is too gravelly to be of value even as a source of ground limestone. Another small deposit occurs in Section 17 on the west side of the Point Reyes-Petaluma-Red Hill road, but the deposit is cut off by serpentine and schist and has apparently been intruded by the serpentine. The deposit is too small to be economic. All of these occurrences of limestone are close- ly associated with typical cherts and schists of the Fran- ciscan group, and the writer has assigned them to it on this account. The limestone deposit in Section 16 is an unusual type of rock in that it is associated with conglomerate and appears to be a beach deposit. Certain obscure markings in this limestone suggest that it is composed of comminuted shell fragments. The deposit should be carefully searched for fossils. Vout. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES SOS CLays AND CoAL Workable deposits of clays suitable for brick-making or tile are common in the outcrops of the Petaluma formation, near Eureka School. Excellent exposures of these clays oc- cur in an eastern branch of Tolay Creek, a mile and a half south, 30° east, of Eureka School, and in the creek a mile and a half east of Adobe Fort. Other exposures within this same formation occur in the lower slopes of Sonoma Moun- tain. These deposits are located sufficiently close to roads and railroads to receive economic consideration. As the Santa Rosa Quadrangle shows, this region is the type locality of the “basalt block,’ as abandoned quarries occur in large numbers throughout the Santa Rosa and Petaluma quad- rangles. These quarries were abandoned owing to the in- creasing use of concrete and asphaltic concrete roads. Many excellent basaltic outcrops have been exposed through these abandoned workings. Some coal seams occur in the Neohip- parion gidleyi beds of the Sonoma group on its western face, but these deposits have not proved economic, although Mrs. Thompson reports that the coal obtained from the prospect at Lawlor’s ranch was of excellent quality. Samples of coals and clays were collected from the western side of Bennett Mountain by Mr. W. W. Watts of the California State Min- ing Bureau, several years ago. These old workings are now closed, but the writer doubts their economic value. Om The bituminous sandstones as reported in the Sonoma group indicates the probable occurrence of Monterey shale beneath the basalts and tuffs of the Sonoma group and the sands and clays of the Petaluma formation. Whether oil might be obtained in this region is problematical. The writer however, is not inclined to condemn this area entirely, and it may warrant exploitation in the future. The possible area which might be exploited is essentially the region in which the shales and sandstones of the Petaluma formation are mapped. This possible oil region might be widened slightly on the northeast, but the Tolay fault definitely limits the pos- sibilities of this region on the southwest side. This is nicely shown in the geological cross-section along the line C-D, 596 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4ru Ser. Petaluma and Santa Rosa quadrangles. As explained above, it is the writer’s opinion that the Monterey formation, which is probably beneath the Petaluma formation in this region, was preserved from erosion by being dropped below base- level along the Tolay fault at the end of the Miocene or dur- ing Epi-Miocene time. As will be seen from the geological map, the structures within the Petaluma formation are, as a rule, small, and exploitation for oil in this region would be attended with considerable expense. The best location is the anticline north of the Eureka School along the road between the Eureka School and Adobe Fort. WATER RESOURCES ARTESIAN The synclinal structure at the head of Tolay Creek is a fold in the Petaluma formation and it appears quite possible that moderately deep wells sunk in this syncline might obtain water, since this formation has abundant coarse sandstones to act as water reservoirs, and good stiff impervious clays over- lying these sandstones, acting as a cap rock. It is possible that water might be obtained from the same synclines about two miles northwest of Adobe Fort in the Santa Rosa Quad- rangle. The possibilities for artesian water in the Petaluma Quadrangle are very slight, as most of this region is under- lain at no great depth by the non-water-bearing rocks of the Franciscan group. This group has been tested in many places within the Santa Rosa Quadrangle and practically all the wells sunk are failures. The same statement applies to the southwestern corner of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle and most of the Point Reyes Quadrangle as well. Suitable structures in Sonoma and the Mayacamas Mountains were not recog- nized. Time did not permit a thorough exploration of the artesian possibilities of Santa Rosa Valley. GROUND One of the interesting results of the investigation of the Merced deposits around Petaluma was the recognition of the intimate relations between ground-water and the unconsoli- dated sandstone of this Merced group. The Merced sand- stones in and around Petaluma vary from 50 to 200 feet in Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 597 thickness and rest upon the relatively impervious rocks of the Franciscan group. The pore space in these sandstones is large and hence much water can be reservoired within them. If it were not for this fact the numerous small chicken ranches around Petaluma on the north and west, as well as around Penn Grove, would be failures, owing to the lack of water. Nearly all these places have shallow wells sunk in the Merced sandstone and can obtain a moderate but inde- pendent supply of water. The light sandy soil yielded by the Merced is warmed readily by the spring sun and, with aid of fertilizer, produces fair yields of green crops necessary for the fowls. A third factor in making Petaluma a poultry center is due to cheap transportation provided by small river steamers which navigate Petaluma Creek, a stream drowned by the subsidence of the Bay Region. The ground-water relations of the Merced are splendidly exemplified in Spring Hill, a half mile west of Marin School, about three miles west of Petaluma town. (See Geological Cross-section along the line A-B, Petaluma and Santa Rosa Quadrangles.) As will be seen from this section the de- posits of Merced rest upon basalt, which in turn rests upon Franciscan rocks. This relationship is nicely shown in Plate XXVIII, Figure 1. The Merced sandstone resting upon this basaltic flow is from 50 to 100 feet in thickness, and all around Spring Hill at the contact between the Merced and the basalt numerous springs occur. The dwellers on Spring Hill are thus favored by Nature, who, not satisfied with the imper- vious Franciscan beds, laid down upon them an excellent grouting of hard basalt, 50 to 100 feet in thickness, and then the waves of the Pliocene sea deposited coarse grained Mer- ced sands, thus providing a sponge-like mass for the favored residents of this beautiful hill country. The dwellers within Franciscan areas in this region must be content with obtain- ing a small water supply from the shallow alluvium of small valleys, or pipe it from Sonoma Mountain. The city of Petaluma has its water reservoir on the south- western slope of Sonoma Mountain in the Santa Rosa Quad- rangle, directly within the Hayward Rift. Although the writer did not verify this condition, it seems probable they 598 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. have enlarged and modified one of the fault-sag ponds along this rift by damming its southeast side. This rift, like the San Andreas Rift, lends itself particularly well for reservoir sites, as it crosses the normal courses of the streams on the mountain slopes and makes their diversion an easy and natural one along its trend. At the same time the city of Petaluma should provide an adequate secondary reservoir as insurance against earthquake movement along this zone of recent seismic activities. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PATE Xe The sketch model of the Central Coast Ranges of California repre- sented upon this plate is thought to be correct to the extent of giv- ing a reasonably accurate impression of the general features of the central coast region of California. No reliable topographic maps exist for the major portion of the area shown. The exact elevation of the mountains of the extreme northern portion is known in rela- tively few instances; elevations south of the Golden Gate are fairly accurate. From photograph by Professor R. S. Holway, Geography Department, Univ. of Calif. PLATE XX Photograph of sketch model and index map of San Francisco Bay Region and the Russian River, prepared under the direction of Pro- fessor R. S. Holway, Geography Department, Univ. of California. This picture was kindly loaned by Professor Holway. PLATE XXI Figure 1. View from Tomales-Dillon’s Beach road about two miles west of Tomales, looking northwest, showing Merced sandstone in as poresround and marine plain on the sky-line. Elevation about eet. Figure 2. View from Tomales-Dillon’s Beach road about two miles west of Tomales looking west, showing Tomales Point and the en- trance to Tomales Bay. The small hill, Tom’s Point, surrounded by water near the extreme left of the picture is composed of Pleistocene beds which dip to the east about ten degrees. PLATE XXII Figure 1. View from a hill about two miles west of Tomales showing east end of tilted marine plain, looking northeast toward Santa Rosa. This plain is cut in Merced Pliocene rocks. Franciscan rocks are exposed in deeper stream canyons which are incised in this plain. Figure 2. View from Tomales-Dillon’s Beach road looking west, about one and three-quarter miles west of Tomales showing coarse conglomeratic Merced sandstone dipping about 10°-15° to the north- east. Vor. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 599 PLATE XXIII Figure 1. View of Pleistocene terrace opposite Inverness Yacht Club. The Tomales formation rests with marked unconformity upon the Millerton formation in this headland. Figure 2. View of Tomales Bay looking northwest. Tom’s Point in the distance, Tomales Point beyond. On the right is a small ter- race covered by the Tomales formation. PLATE XXIV Figure 1. View from the west flanks of Sonoma Mountain, Lawler Ranch: Tuffs and basalt (?) in foreground; Petaluma lake beds which yielded Corbicula californica in the middle ground; Petaluma and Petaluma Valley in the background. The even sky line in part represents a marine terrace on right of picture. Figure 2. View of Walker and San Antonio Creek divides, about five miles southwest of Petaluma showing the present divide between these two streams. The Merced formation covers the divide one mile northeast of the viewpoint of the picture. The rocks compos- ing the hills shown in this view are all Franciscan, but the valley of the Pleistocene San Antonio Creek, which once drained to Tomales Bay was determined upon a Pleistocene marine terrace in the in- coherent sandstone of the Merced formation. PLATE XXV Figure 1. View looking north from divide fan about three miles west of Kenwood. Mt. Hood, which is not shown, is to the right of this view. Figure 2. General view from divide fan three miles northwest of Kenwood, showing Mt. Hood and a sharp peak on the south flanks of this mountain. This peak is due to steeply dipping tuff-breccia beds. PLATE XXVI Figure 1. Looking across Salmon Creek, three-fourths of a mile southwest of Freestone. Note horizontal Merced strata. Franciscan rocks occur in creek bed and by barn a quarter of a mile up stream. Figure 2. Looking northeast from Freestone across Salmon Creek. Fair fossil collecting in creek bed on left of picture. Sonoma tuft stratum is exposed near the top of the hill in the middle of the pic- ture. PLATE XXVII Figure 1. View looking northwest across the mouth of Walker Creek. Merced strata caps the hills on the sky-line, but Walker Creek Canyon is cut chiefly in Franciscan rocks. Figure 2. View of Tomales Town, which is located upon a small tributary of Walker Creek, Keys Creek, which has not yet succeeded in cutting into the hard Franciscan rocks and its relatively wide, shallow, valley is determined by the old erosion surface of pre-Mer- ced age. The hills behind Tomales Church are composed of Merced strata. 600 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. PLATE XXVIII Figure 1. Basalt in foreground; Merced cap on top of Spring Hill, three-quarters of a mile west of Marin School, Petaluma Quad- rangle. The basalt in turn rests upon Franciscan rocks. Figure 2. Tuffaceous Merced resting on basalt, corner Stanley and Howard Sts., Petaluma. PLATE XXIX Figure 1. View looking southeast along the Hayward fault line from highest point in road about one and one-half miles northwest of Petaluma reservoir. Fault sag pond in the middle ground. Peta- luma reservoir in distance. Figure 2. Flanks of Sonoma Mountain. Plateau determined by hard, resistant tuff-breccia and lava flows overlain by softer shales and sandstones of the Neohipparion beds of Lawler Ranch, a quarter of a mile away. PLATE XXX Figure 1. Sonoma mountain top; a lava plateau. Figure 2. Looking southwest across the top of Sonoma Mountain. PLATE XXXI Figure 1. Petrified forest, five miles from Calistoga. View show- ing “queen of the forest,” a petrified redwood tree, which was once almost entirely covered by volcanic tuff. Figure 2. A smaller, but more nearly perfect specimen, showing the nature of occurrence in this interesting fossil forest. The tree in figure 1, the tree here figured, and the other trees which have been excavated all lie in the same general direction, tops toward the south- west, and roots of the trees upturned toward the northeast, thus in- dicating the direction from which the tuff-breccia mud flow which engulfed these trees came. PLATE XXXII Figure 1. A view looking southwest toward the head of Tomales Bay, Hog Island, center. A fault sag pond occurs in the middle ground about twenty-five feet above sea level. Figure 2. View looking north from Dillon’s Beach, showing a small remnant of Pleistocene Terrace. PLATE XXXIII Figure 1. Unconformity between Tomales and Millerton forma- tions, one and three-quarters miles northwest of Millerton. Figure 2. View showing unconformity between Millerton and To- males Pleistocene formations, one and three-quarters miles northwest of Millerton. Upper clays are horizontal. Vou. XI] DICKERSON—PT. REYES AND SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES 601 PLATE XXXIV Figure 1. Rifted Pleistocene shale, northwest side of Tom’s Point. Figure 2. Pleistocene shale on northwest side of Tom’s Point, east of figure 1. The beds which are dipping away from the observer to the northeast are also cut by another fault along the San Andreas Rift. PLATE XXXV Figure 1. Pleistocene shale resting on conglomerate, one and three- quarters miles northwest of Millerton. Figure 2, Pleistocene shale and conglomerate at west end of head- land, one and three-quarters miles northwest of Millerton. PLATE XXXVI Figure 1. Triplicate Rift Lines. View from one and one-half miles southeast of Petaluma Reservoir looking northwest. A fault shelf is seen in lower right, a kernbut in center and a notched sky- line marking the three lines of rifting in the background. Figure 2. Looking southeast along the Haywood Fault line two miles from Petaluma Reservoir; rift zone is marked by three lines, two of which are indicated by a kernbut, a wooded hill in the right center of the picture. PLATE XXXVII Figure 1. Sonoma Mountain, Hayward Fault. Looking north- west from a point one mile southeast of the Petaluma reservoir. Note the kernbut in the sky-line. The Petaluma reservoir is located in the distance just above the heavy woods. A fault scarp appears in the middle ground and a long narrow kernbut is seen west of this scarp. Faulting in this region is marked by two and sometimes three rift lines. Figure 2. Looking southeast along the Hayward Fault line two eighth of a mile southeast of Petaluma Reservoir. The Hayward rift beheaded the stream once draining across the surface, and its drain- age is now southwest by way of Rodger’s Creek. PROC, CAL. ACAD, SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON] Plate 17 =o Geology after F M Anderson, with additions by R £ Dickerson. vormynq peu Ky Mbosows “S7TINVYQVIO VWITVLIdD INV VSO VLNYS FHL NM SNOILYWHYHOS AMVILYIL FHL AO NOILNGISALSIG FHL OINIMOHS AYW TV IIDOTOFO VR Visd ane ii i rg sey ge (aint ame |“ : ; es: Ara, ang ese V6 01614 ealnens, spi ee: oa LT eI [N 10S" osyayoid] IX “IOA ‘S8H8S Wy “IDS “GVOV “TVO ‘d0Nd 41.07 Due fanang, PVE M6805 fa jon) hd etenail PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON | Plate 18 [ED emer j [BE] Pettoceme (Tomeits: Form) a Pleistocene BM Mee feet Form) Pliocene, Merce Pliocene Marcadl) Fitel! brews UM ocare, Palaloma LMiecene, Montarey. Palgearad) iresiareR schists Voleanics (rooms ens fle 97 alta Aeneas PD Facpociva “2 oe Ore pass ES ar Mesergic Grarvies Antichine Fault — Syrchne ~ Woods Woods and Brush brush Geology after F M. Anderson, with additions by R £.Dickerson. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON } Plate 19 \ xd SKETCH - MODEL - F P Mie °, +" “CENTRAL COAST RANGES * CALIFORNIA © HORIZONTALSCALE L INCH-6 MI Dy VeRTICAL SCALE 1 INCH: 4000 FT. ye Sketch model of the Central Coast Ranges of California PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 20 Point Reyes #) Photograph of sketch model and index map of San Francisco Bay Region and the Russian River. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 21 Fig. 1. View from Tomales-Dillon’s road two miles west of Tomales, looking north- west. Fig. 2. View from Tomales-Dillon’s Beach road about two miles west of Tomales looking west, showing Tomales Point and the entrance to Tomales Bay. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI,, 4th Series, Vol. XI { DICKERSON ] Plate 22 Fig. 1. View from a hill about two miles west of Tomales showing east end of tilted marine plain, looking northeast toward Santa Rosa. Fig. 2. View from Tomales-Dillon’s Beach road looking west, about one and three- quarter miles west of Tomales showing coarse conglomeratic Merced sand-stone dipping about 10°-15° to the northeast. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [DICKERSON J Plate 23 Fig. 1. View of Pleistocene terrace opposite Inverness Yacht Club. The Tomales formation rests with marked unconformity upon the Millerton formation in this headland. ROTTS ares Fig. 2. View of Tomales Bay looking northwest. Tom’s Point in the distance, To- males Point beyond. On the right is a small terrace covered by the Tomales formation. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON } Plate 24 Fig. 1. View from the west flanks of Sonoma Mountain, Lawler Ranch. Fig. 2. View of Walker and San Antonio Creek divides, about five miles southwest of Petaluma showing the present divide between these two streams. PROC. CAL, ACAD. SCI,, 4th Series, Vol. X| [| DICKERSON ] Plate 25 Fig. 1. View looking north from divide fan about three miles west of Kenwood. Mt. Hood, which is not shown, is to the right of this view. Fig. 2. General view from divide fan three miles northwest of Kenwood, showing Mt. Hood and a sharp peak on the south flanks of this mountain. This peak is due to steeply dipping tuff-breccia beds. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI! [ DICKERSON ] Plate 26 Fig. 1. Looking across Salmon Creek, three-fourths of a mile southwest of Freestone. Note horizontal Merced strata. Looking northeast from Freestone across Salmon Creek. Fig. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 27 Fig. 1. View looking northwest across the mouth of Walker Creek. Fig. 2. View of Tomales Town, which is located upon a small tributary of Walker Creek, Keys Creek, which has not yet succeeded in cutting into the hard Franciscan rocks. PROG. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 28 Fig. 1. Basalt in foreground; Merced cap on top of Spring Hill, three-quarters of a mile west of Marin School, Petaluma Quadrangle. The basalt in turn rests upon Fran- ciscan rocks. Fig. 2. Tuffaceous Merced resting on basalt, corner Stanley and Howard Sts., Petaluma. PROC. CAL. AGAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI! [ DICKERSON ] Plate 29 Fig. 1. View looking southeast along the Hayward fault line from highest point in road about one and one-half miles northwest of Petaluma reservoir. Fault sag pond in the middle ground. Petaluma reservoir in distance. _ Fig. 2. Flanks of Sonoma Mountain. Plateau determined by hard, resistant tuff-brec- cia and lava flows overlain by softer shales and sand-stones of the Neohipparion beds of Lawler Ranch, a quarter of a mile away. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SOl., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 30 Sonoma mountain top; a lava plateau. Fig. VTONby—gs we - 2) Sua Sonoma Mountain. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCl., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 31 Fig. 1. Petrified forest, five miles from Calistoga. View showing “queen of the for- a petrified redwood tree, which was once almost entirely covered by volcanic tuff. ” est, Fig. 2, A smaller, but more nearly perfect specimen, showing the nature of occurrence in this interesting fossil forest. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 32 Fig. 1. A view looking southwest toward the head of Tomales Bay, Hog Island, center. A fault sag pond occurs in the middle ground about twenty-five feet above sea level. Fig. 2. View looking north from Dillon’s Beach, showing a small remnant of Pleisto- cene Terrace. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI! DICKERSON ] Plate 33 Fig. 1. Unconformity between Tomales and Millerton formations, one and three-quar- ters miles northwest of Millerton. Fig. 2. View showing unconformity between Millerton and Tomales Pleistocene for- mations, one and three-quarters miles northwest of Millerton. Upper clays are horizontal. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. X1 [DICKERSON ] Plate 34 Fig. 1. Rifted Pleistocene shale, northwest side of Tom’s Point. Fig. 2. Pleistocene shale and conglomerate at west end of headland, one and three- quarters miles northwest of Millerton. PROC. CAL. ACAD, SCI,, 4th Series, Vol, XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 35 Fig. 1. Pleistocene shale resting on conglomerate, one and three-quarters miles north- west of Millerton. Fig. 2. Pleistocene shale on northwest side of Tom’s Point, east of figure 1. The beds which are dipping away from the observer to the northeast are also cut by another fault along the San Andreas Rift. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI [ DICKERSON ] Plate 36 Fig. 1. Triplicate Rift Lines. View from one and one-half miles southeast of Peta- luma Reservoir looking northwest. A fault shelf is seen in lower right, a kernbut in center and a notched skyline marking the three lines of rifting in the background. ? Fig. 2. Looking southeast along the Hayward Fault line two miles from Petaluma Reservoir, rift zone is marked by three lines, two of which are indicated by a kernbut, a wooded hill in the right center of the picture. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI,, 4th Series, Vol. XI! [ DICKERSON ] Plate 37 Fig. 1. Sonoma Mountain, Hayward Fault. Looking northwest from a point one mile southeast of the Petaluma Reservoir. Fig. 2. A surface in late maturity. Sonoma Mountain one-eighth of a mile southeast of Petaluma Reservoir. The Hayward rift beheaded the stream once draining across the surface and its drainage is now southwest by way of Rodger’s Creek. PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. XI { DICKERSON ] Plate 38 SOUTH MAY WARO A/F T ZONE N-S.HYPOTHETICAL SKETCH SECTION THROUGH NEOHIPPARION GIDLEY! BEDS LAWLERS RCH. SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLE SONOMA Co., CAL. GEOLOGY BY R-E. DICKERSON - Gs yay | . wt) an TN ery) woe pee a : : « a = i a [DICKERSON ] Plate 39 71'S aAoge jaey SEA LEVEL 8 8 8 W924) J2E/SIPD MOUNTAINS 4th Series, Vol. XI nn i?) PROC. CAL. ACAD. reek Road Creek jen CHILENO VALLEY SS SEA LEVEL | == Jf. ~ Jf Feelabves t PE =a LEGEND GS / { QUATERNARY Alluyium [aaj PLIOCENE [ter] enced, CENOZONC | ee E : TERTIARY . | UPPER MIOCENE |Tp+| Petaluma , | LOWER MIOCENE = [Tr Monterey : ; S MESOZOIC JURASSIC JH Franascan ; : VOLCANICS : u c PLIOCENE Tsa| Sonoma Group Tuffs, sane oe ; Andesites & Basalts § SONOMA MOUNTAINS foad Foe’ Food PETALUMA CAREER |< Sandshone in Sonoma Aris of Anichine GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION ALONG LINE A-B ON PETALUMA & SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES GEOLOGIST RE DICKERSON HORIZONTAL &VERTICAL SCALES™ | in=2000Fr [ DICKERSON ] Plate 40 Lewis Creck > 8 8 Feel LOVE SL te N Xu In ay a S qe Cl., 4th Series, Vol. XI aie cs —S S$ ————_ - ——- MARSH LAND — N N ‘ é § : x Q ¢ & eS 8 x N = 5 = 5 \ 4, = % S/o » N > 3 = = % kK RT 3 > » < & $ Ny z RN > RY aa! : S or x S = Sealevel ts = Jf GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION a | ALONG LINE C-D ON | | PETALUMA &SANTA ROSA QUADRANGLES GEOLOGIST:-R.E. DICKERSON HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL SCALES:-\IN.=2000FT. LEGEND QUATERNARY Alluvium a PLIOCENE Merced Entec TERTIARY UPPER MIOCENE Petaluma LOWER MIOCENE Monterey MESOZOIC JURASSIC Franciscan VOLCANICS 7 CENE fsa] Sonoma Group. Tuf fs, sao ir 1 Andesites & Basalts. AXIS OF SVNCLING AXIS OF ANT/CLINE Rove g uy : & S : N § z for ers Creek Lewis Creek owe Sa fooo a THETIC ALON iT REY GEOLOGY B >RIZONTAL § QUATERNA TERTIARY | JUSASSIC MILLERTOAN RIL Ck 1) 78) fs) (@) ie) > i= > ie) > D. SCI., 4th Series, Vol. Xl | | PUNTA DE LOS REYES —— ORAKES BAY Foe! S 4 x a 8 = & DRAKES ESTERO / Sealeve 2 x x nant ee 2 an x * z A * x x x * x : HYPOTHETICAL SKETCH SECTION ALONG LINE EF ON POINT REYES QUADRANGLE GEOLOGY BY R.E. DICKERSON | HORIZONTAL &VERTICAL SCALES=| \n=2000Fr. LEGEND QUATERNARY Alluvium x » A x Y CENOZOIC TERTIARY LOWER MIOCENE fare] Monterey JUSASSIC [2F] Franciscan MESOZOIC IGNEOUS Grandes ee ee ee I I (Halleck) <——_—_ SICASIS ee NICASIO (Black ) IMV Ia FIVKL peoy 70OHIS W3I7NO NOWTHS HITND NOLYF77/H HIND NOLYITIMW we obsTvZvd Pas LIN wy YA Qal. LIDS LNIDIY TOMALES L71av/a70 S53 PANN IO NMOL Jf. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourRTH SERIES Vou. XI, Nos. 20 anp 21, pp. 603-653 Aucust 21, 1922 XX REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY FOR THE YEAR 1921 By C. E. GRUNSKY President of the Academy The activities of the California Academy of Sciences during the year 1921 have resulted in some notable achievements, as will appear from the reports of your officers about to be presented. There has been an increase of 65 in membership which is now close to the 1000 mark. New members to the number of 110 were admitted. The loss by death was 28; by resig- nation, 14; and dropped for arrearages, 3. At the beginning of the year the members numbered 927; on January first, 1922, they numbered 992. The present membership is made up of: ALT ONS epavapartvssstots ctsxstoyeis aye) £.sherevatoneitier aie wialeratedrecoja’s e°srevesarelsyeuale's:sie’e 12 Fionorarys Membersinyancstea rien venetian alee cle scie a oreiaione oiniete 25 eit er Mem berse ccc crs clectveloctovelae/ sere cisistarclorn cloielel evo@claiwinteieteee 83 Cl low Staats: atarefetsy overs etal e asa etiasa los esis Bhota varsiclence ein oiste Siw cre eianelatene 24 INT e@mDERSte Si vcrevapetstor ere icc tales ckele oiatovorara ie betstoletwicio Sticiste Dale eis 848 Ro tall! worst acorat seatesectavers ater sts) ojavatevs Yak sete ete bstet faye) of ctooere lade oie darevarave 992 The Academy carries on its list of Patrons the following names : Living William B. Bourn A. Kingsley Macomber William H. Crocker John W. Mailliard Peter F. Dunne Joseph Mailliard Barton Warren Evermann M. Hall McAllister Herbert Fleishhacker Ogden Mills Joseph D. Grant William C, Van Antwerp 604 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH Ser. Deceased William Alvord James Lick Charles Crocker Alexander F. Morrison John W. Hendrie Amariah Pierce Mrs. Charlotte Hosmer Ignatz Steinhart Those who were called by death during 1921 are as follows: Dy Ae cA rev LL ETI rato talescs-rovese'ajcier orate’ steione Hlonoranys ce essces August 29, 1921 Mr. James Baumberger............. Member.......... November 21, 1921 Prof: Charles’ Bi Cory. ssecenee-s-n'> Elonoranypces ences as July 29, 1921 Mrs. Nelly Waterhouse Dorne...... Miembere sc necrencie- aie March 25, 1921 MirrAlexta Goldstein. cntsr-ieiettelctes Membersociccclsaecceuiiee April 5, 1921 Mr Howard. G. Holmes: .ejcrs ssc Members. en cere October 31, 1921 Mrs Gebredertcks Kohli -rinicoearcme Life Member..... November 23, 1921 Mi. John! Lederer 3-2-4. =< son Member......... November 24, 1921 MirsAt Bee Mornisonacmcicieciincee cet Patroller eeisteice November 13, 1921 Mreblenryaibayotencesccaciecieecee Life Member..... November 21, 1921 Wis Iskvany Ibs IRirSocoodacdnauauese Member. ccrreaiee ster February 3, 1921 Mrs oidneysomithee ernie teats Member.......... November 3, 1921 Mr. Donald F. Tillinghast.......... Members .. 5,000.00 JohnawWe Maillard! Donation! en) scseeicecr leh oer 1,250.00 Billse Payable tercesis- overs eos eas leon menace te atone aioe 280,000.00 NTICC LOPE, RULE we diccas are iaisots csietetaleotayersie revels eta a. 185.31 Sundnyg Creditors see. sseton ect cess tee merieiee sels 1,568.09 Cash: Amount due Ignatz Steinhart Trust.......... 410.24 Overdraft with Crocker National Bank........ 2,593.95 $3,004.19 Bessp Caste tte Sater, csereraicetre a prereree ekreveraa/e' 71.51 2,932.68 DD EDKEClationn mi tyomerere sais o.sislelsre chore sicersioernGiaae 29,808.69 PUIG LS ra rey For crees orsiare ave cielsiciclonshatoie oe lovsueh cede lersinke maroc since 359,268.34 $1,836,230.12 W. W. SarGEAnNT, Secretary, Board of Trustees. We have examined the foregoing Balance Sheet, together with the books and accounts of the CaLrrorntrA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, and, in our opinion, it is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and correct view of the Academy’s affairs, as shown by the books. McLaren, Goove & Co., Certified Public Accountants. San Francisco, Calif., April 21, 1922. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FourtTH SERIES Vor. XI, Nos. 22 anv 23, pp. 655-700 Aucusr 22, 1923 XXII REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY FOR THE YEAR 1922 By C, E. GRUNSKY President of the Academy The year just completed has been another year of satis- factory progress with several noteworthy events to the credit of the Academy as will appear from the following concise review of the year’s work. The net increase in membership has been 38. There were 1030 members on January 1, 1923. There were 120 new members admitted during 1922. The Academy lost by death 18, by resignation 28, and it dropped for arrearages 36. The membership as of January 1, 1923, was made up of: eer Ebadecod oooh apacun dc ce eDOoUtod Hag OOOO BEC OOAEOOe 13 FLonorarya fem bersireyes-sers)yerrersle: cioiesleieeisievessicieialsie clelcystersieteiois)se%eic 25 Pater Wlemberei:} 0 os ssreteyeractewicls sis crosses ee eusiatererstevdi ei alaracet sieve. ai atave 84 Melo py sive esceioretercas Saisie cies (ol eleus acalsvatniatetttelejecroiels a tenuis eleiderac 23 IMfembensn ercstsrasistatanera crarselattovaustoreieletcievarcisiers ie cinvelevetaiavererere erosions 884 Mote ippatye cesar ieroresate torstopeh torres date araverstetemeie a shen eratels sie stolen ecto 1029 The Academy carries on its list of patrons the following names: Living William B. Bourn A. Kingsley Macomber George C. Beckley John W. Mailliard William H. Crocker Joseph Mailliard Peter F. Dunne M. Hall McAllister Barton Warren Evermann Ogden Mills Herbert Fleishhacker William C. Van Antwerp Joseph D. Grant 656 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47a Ser, Deceased William Alvord James Lick Charles Crocker Alexander F. Morrison John W. Hendrie Amarish Pierce Charlotte Hosmer Ignatz Steinhart Those who were called by death in 1922 are as follows: Bentley. Charles csv sc criclelsciieisets Member): )aecctse ices December 30, 1922 Branner;) Dr; Jolin, Gra sccm sas sesnek Felloyyy 36'S. drdicas bares ote March 1, 1922 BLOW, ELEN DELbp Elec sisi cisin/sisiialeislovenlelsts Members icc /ceccses siete s July 31, 1922 ConolleysMirs iB aD scien crewye aisieeveieivic Members) «,