M.l_ / GENEALOGY COLLECTION 1 f ■ H ^^wT ^^ ^ p^s mBSS^SSw'^ ^■l w^ **^^ik^K'' . ^ ^^^Kr7«K^«\3<%«^H \ ,. .^^^B R lA ^^^^^^^^ a REGINALD BOSWORTH SMITH, M.A Vue- President 190i-8. OF THK DORSET naTQKftL HIgTOKY AND iinTiQa^Kwn field smb. EDITED BY HERBERT PENTIN. VOLUME XXIX. Dorchester : PRINTED AT THE "DORSET COUNTY CHRONICLE" OFFICE. § ^ i ^^ CONTENTS. 1413078 List of Officers of the Club since its inauguration Rules of the Club List of Officers, Honorary Members, and Members List of New Members elected since the publication of Vol. XXVIII. . . Publications of the Club ; Societies in correspondence with the Club . . The Prockedinqs of the Club during the Season 190S-1909 — First Winter Meeting Second Winter Meetmg . . Annual General Meeting Meeting at Coefe Castle and Studland Hempstone Stone Circle Studland Church The Business Meeting Meeting at Cheddar, Wells, and Glastonbury Cheddar Caves The Bishop's Palace, Wells The Cathedral The Vicars Choral . . The Glastonbuiy Lake Village . . The Meai-e Lake Village Glastonbury and its Abbey Meeting in the Portesham and Bridehead District A Fine Ringed Barrow The Helstone The Valley of Stones •' The Grey Mare and her Colts " At Bridehead . . . Barrow Problems— Orientation and Secondary Interment Meeting at Montacute, Brympton, and Preston Montacute House Montacute Church and Priory . . Stoke-sub-Hamdon Church Brympton Preston . . Meeting at Maumbury Rings, Dorchester The Hon. Treasurer's Statement of the Club's Receipts and Expen- diture The Hon. Secretary's Accounts Anniversary Address of the President In Memoriam— The late Reginald Bosworth Smith, M.A., by the Rev. J. H. Wilkinson, M. A. The Architectural History of the Parish Church of S. Mary at Cerne, by the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker The Town Cellars at Poole, by W. K. Gill Notes on the Dorset Flora, by the Rev. E. F. Linton, M.A. Dorset Chantries, by E. A. Fry Dorset Tokens of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, and Medals of Various Periods, by Henry Symonds . . Additions to and Amendments of the Dorset J^ection of Dr. Williamson's Edition (1S.S9) of W. Boyne's " Trade Tokens is.sued in the Seventeenth Century," by Henry Symonds Hilton Church, with illustrations by the Author, by the Rev. E. H. H.Lee, M.A. .. The Distribution of Living Plants in relation to the Different Geological Formations in Dorset, by Miss L. Towers Catalogue of Sepulchral Pottery in the Dorset Countj' Museum, compiled by John E. Acland, M.A., Curator Returns of Rainfall, &c., in Dorset in 1907, by H. Stilwell The Burning Cliff and the Landslip at Lyme Regis, by A. J. Jukes- Browne, F.G.S. On New and Rare British Arachnida, by the Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., &c. The Cartulary of Cerne Abbey The Cerne Cartulary, Translation by B. Fossett Lock, Barrister-at- Law . . The Ritual of Barrows and Circles, by H. CoUey March, M.D., F.S.A. Some Dorset Bridges, with illustrations by the Author, by R. G. Brocklehurst Interim Report on the Excavations at Maumbury Rings, Dorchester, 1908, by H. St. George Gray XXIV. xxvi. xxvii. xxxiv. xliv. xlix. liii. Ivi. Ivii. lix. Ixi. Ixii. Ixiii. Ixv. Ixvi. Ixix. Ixxiii. Ixxiv. Ixxv. Ixxviii. Ixxix. Ixxx. Ixxxi. Ixxxii. Ixxxiv. Ixxxvi. Ixxxvii. Ixxxix. xciii . xciv. xcv. 97 111 119 126 143 161 19.5 •205 225 251 256 IV The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset, Part V., by"W. de C. Prideaux Report on Fii-st Appearances of Biids, Insects, &c., and the First Flowering of Plants in Dorset during 1907, by Nelson M. Richardson, B.A. Some Recent and Forthcoming Books Index to Vol. XXIX. 281 293 296 INDEX TO PLATES & ENGRAVINGS. Reginald Bosworth Smith, M.A., Vice-President 1904-8 The Roman Incised Stone, Fordington St. George, Dorchester The Rempstone Stone Cii'cle Portesham and Bridehead District — The " Collapsed Dolmen " .. Helstone, Portesham, before and after restoration 1. — " The Valley of Stones " and Stone Circle 2. — Stone Circle on Hampton Hill, near Portesham The Long-Barrow, " The Grey Mare and her Colts," with the megaliths at the east end The Ai-chitectui-al History of the Parish Church of S. Mary at Ceme- S^Dlay of East 'Window ; Windows in Clerestory and N. Aisle, probably of 1626 ; Sill of East Window (originally a ti-ansom) ; Smoke Gargoyle Cerne, Portion of 13th Century Chancel Cerne, Nave Ai-cade Ceine, Pulpit (1640), Screen, and Modem Chancel Ai'ch The Town Cellars at Poole Dorset Tokens and Medals — Plate I. „ II. „ III. Dorset Ti-ade Tokens— Seventeenth Century Tokens Hilton Chui-ch 16th Century Inscription on South Wall 17th Century Sun Dial The Burning ChfE and the Landslip at Lyme Regis- Plate 1. — Map of the Coast East of Lyme Regis, from the Ordnance Map, on the Scale of Six Inches to a Mile ,, 2.— General View of the Cliffs and Terraces N.E. of Lyme Regis with the "Burning Mound" in the Foreground ,, 3. — View of the LandsliiJ below the " Burning Mound," North-East of Lyme Regis, on June 10th, 1908 . . „ 4. — View of the Burning Cliff at Holworth, Dorset, in 1827 .. On New and Rare British Ai-achnida- Plate A Some Dorset Bridges — Plate I.- Bridge at Dorchester from the Tow Path: Wool Bridge and Manor House : Hobne Bridge ,, II. — South Bridge, Wareham ; Fifehead Neville ; Stur- minster Newton ,, III.— Blaiidford ; Spetisbury ; St. Julian's Bridge, Wimborne ,, IV. — Bridge at Charmouth : Old Bridge, Preston General View of Maumbury Rings, Dorchester, and the excavations in progi-ess there during Sept., 1908 The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset — Anna Henvill, 16S1 ; Raljih Henvill, 1644 John Chapman Fyschmonger, and Ahcia his wife, 1471 ; Alexander Waruby, 14S6 ; John and Thomas Newjiton . . William Napper, 1616 John and Elizabeth Russell, 1505 ; James and Alys Russell, 1509 Sir Thomas Brook, 1419, and Joan his wife, 1437 . . PAGE OE TO FACE PAGE. Frontispiece. xli. Uv. Ixxiv. Ixxvi. Ixxviii. Ill 113 116 155 157 159 160 252 253 254 255 258 274 275 276 277 278 Ube 2)orset IRatural Ibistor^ auD Hntiquarian dfielb Club, iNAtTGUBATED MaECH 26TH, 1875. Presidents : 1875-1902— J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1902-1904— Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S. 1904 * Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. Vice-Presidents : 1875-1882— Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S. 1875-1884-Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S, 1880-1900— Rev. Canon Sii- Talbot Baker, Bart., M.A. 1880-1900— General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S. 1880 * Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 1885 * Hon. Morton G. Stuart-Gray, M.A., F.G.S. 1892-1904— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1904"^^°^ } *^°^'^ Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S. 190O * W. H. Hudleston, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Past Pres. Gcol. Soc. 1900-1904— Vaughan Cornish, Esq., D.Sc, F.C.S., F.R.G.S- 1900 * Captain G. R. Elvs^es, J.P. 1902 * H. CoUey March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A. 1904 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A., Ed. 1904 * Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A. 1904 * Rev. J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell, M.A., R.D. 1904-1908— R. Bosworth Smith, Esq., M.A. 1908 * Hemy Storks Eaton, Esq., Past Pres. Boy. Met. Soc. Hon. Secretaries : 1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1885-1892— Hon. Morton G. Stuart-Gray, M.A., F.G.S. 1892-1902-Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1902-1904— H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A. 1904 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A.Ed. Hon. Treasurers : 1875-1882- Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S. 1882-1900- Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 1901 * Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P. Hon. Editors : 1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1885-1892— Hon. Morton G. Stuart-Gray, M.A., F.G.S. 1892-1901- Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1901-1906— Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A. 1906 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A.Ed. The asterisk indicates the present officials of the Club, RULES OF THE DORSET NflTORRL HISTORY MD BNTlQUfiRIAN FIELD CLUB, Object and Constitution. 1. — The Club shall be called The Dorset Natiu-al History and Antiquarian Field Club, and shall have for a short title The Dorset Field Club. The object of the Club is to promote and eucoui-age an interest in the study of the Phj-sical Sciences and Ai-chffiology generally, especially the Xatui-al History of the County of Dorset and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It shall use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extirpation of rare plants and animals, and to promote the jireservation of the Antiquities of the County. 2.— The Club shall consist of (i.) thi-ee OfBcers, President, Honorary Secretary, and Honoraiy Treasm-er, who shall be elected annually, and shaU form the Executive body for its management ; (ii.) Vice-Presidents, of whom the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer shall be two, ex officio ; (iii.) The Honorary Editor of the Annual Volume of Pi-oceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ; (v.) Honorary Members. The President, Vice-Presidents, and Editor shaU form a Council to decide questions refen-ed to them by the Executive and to elect Honorary Members. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the incoming Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting. There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretaries, who shall be nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by the President or Treasurer, and elected by the Members at the Annual Meeting. Members may be aijpointed by the remaining Officers to fill interun vacancies in the Executive Bodj^ until the following Aiuiual Meeting. The number of the Club shall be limited to 400, power being reserved to the Council to select from the list of candidates persons, whose membership they may consider to be advantageous to the interests of the Club, to be additional Members. Peesident and Vice-Peesidents. 3.— Tlie President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and have an original and a casting vote on all questions before the Meeting. In addition to the two ex officio Vice-Presidents, at least tlrree others shall be nominated by the President, or, in his absence, by the Chairman, and elected at the Annual Meeting. Hon. Secbetaey. 4. — The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work ; cau86 a programme of each Meeting to be sent to everj- Member seven days at least before such Meeting ; make all preparations for caiTj'ing out Meetings and, with or without the help of a paid Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field Meetings. On any question arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary) and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary shall be final. The Secretary sliall receive from each Member his or her share of the day's exiienses, and thereout defray all incidental costs and charges of the Meeting, rendering an account of the same before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer ; any suqilus of such collection shall fonn part of the General Fund, and any deficit be defrayed out of that Fund. Hon. Teeasueee. 5. — The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and all other moneys of the Club received and of all Disbursements, rendering at the Annual General Meeting a balance sheet of the same, as well as a general stiitement of the Club's finances. He shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceetlings for each year to Ordinary Members who have paid theii' subscriptions for that year (as neai-ly as may be possible, in the order of such payment), to Honorary Members, and to such Societies and individuals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint to receive them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting, containing the names of all Members iu arrear, with the amount of their indebtedness to the Club. He shall also give notice of then.- election to all New Members. Oedinaey Membees. 6. — Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part in the Club's proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the published "Proceedings" of the Club, when issued, for the year for wliich then- subscription has been paid. 7.— Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writuig by one Member and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be personally known. He may be proposed at any Meeting, and his name shall appear in the progi-amme of the first following Meetiug at which a Ballot is held, when he shall be elected by ballot, one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve Members shall fonn a quorum for the purpose of election. A Ballot shall be held at the Annual and Winter Meetings, and may be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive so decide, notice being given in the programme. In the event of the number of vacancies being less than the number of candidates at four successive Meetings, the names of any candidates proposed at the fii-st of such Meetings who have not been elected at one of them shall be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be again proposed for election for at least a year after such withdrawal. Provided that if at any Meetiug there shall be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted in estimating the above named four Meetings. 8.- The Annual Subscription shall be 10s., which shall become due and payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. Subscriptions paid on election after September in each year shall be considered as subscriptions for the following year, unless otherwise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer. Every Member shall pay immediately after his election the sum of ten shillings as Entrance Fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscription. 9. — No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise any privilege as such until he has paid his Enti-ance Fee and fii'st Subscription, and no Member shall be entitled to receive a copy of the "Proceedings" for any year until his Subscrij^tion for that year has been paid. 10.— A registered letter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to any Member whose Subscription is in arrear at the date of any Annual Meeting, demanding payment within 28 days, failing which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club, but shall, nevertheless, be liable for the arrears then due. 11. — Members desii-ing to leave the Club shall give notice of the same in writing to the Treasiu-er (or Secretary), but, unless such notice is given before the end of January in any year, they shall be liable to pay the Annual Subscription due to the Club on and after January 1st in that year. HoNOEABY Members. 12. — Honorary Members shaU consist of persons eminent for scientific or natiu-al history attainments, and shall be elected by the Council. They pay no subscription, and have aU the privileges of Ordinary Members, except voting. Meetings. 13. — The Annual General Meeting shall be held as near the first week in May as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing President's Address (if any) and the Treasurer's financial report ; to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing year ; to determine the number (which shall usually be thi-ee or four), dates, and places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer, and for general pui-poses. U.— Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about the months of December and February for the exhibition of Objects of Interest (to which not more than one hour of the time before the reading of the Papers shall be devoted), for the reading and discussion of Papers, and for general purposes. The Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings shall be decided by the Executive. 15. — A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to the following restrictions : — No person (except the husband, wife, or child of a Member), may attend the Meeting unaccompanied by the Member introducing him, unless such Member be prevented fi-om attending by illness, and no Member may take with him to a Field Meeting more than one Friend, whose name and addi'css must be submitted to the Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive. The above restrictious Jo not apply to the Executive or to tlie Actmg Secretary at the Meeting. 16.— Members must give due notice (with prepayment of expenses) to the Hon. Secretary of theii- intention to be present, with or without a Friend, at any Field Meeting, in return for which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card of admission to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member who, having given such notice, fails to attend, will be liable only for any expenses actually incurred on his account, and any balance will be returned to him on ai^plication. The sum of Is., or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may consider necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field Meeting, for Incidental Expenses. 17. — The Executive may at any time caU a Special General Meeting of the Members upon theii- own initiative or upon a vnritten requisition (signed by Eight Members) being sent to tlie Honorary Secretary. Any proposition to be submitted shall be stated in the Notice, which shall be sent to each Member of the Club not later than seven days before the Meeting. 18. — Notice shall be given to the Secretary, a convenient time before each Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or communication desired to be read, with its title and a short sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of these in the Programme is subject to the consent of the Executive. 19.— The Publications of the Club shall be in the hands of the Executive, who shall appoint anniially Three or more Ordinary Members to form with them and the Editor a Publication Committee for the pui-pose of deciding upon the contents of the Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original papers and communications written for the Club, and either read, or accepted as read, at a General Meeting ; also of the Secretary's Reports of Meetings, the Treasurer's Financial Statement and Balance Sheet, a Ust to date of all Members of the Club, and of those elected in the current or previous year, with the names of their proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be edited by the Editor subject to the direction of the Publication Committee. 20. — Twenty -five copies of his paper shall be presented to each author whose communication shall appear in the volume as a separate article, on notice being given by him to the Publisher to that effect. The Affiliation of Societies and Libeaeies to the Club. 21. — Any Natural History or Antiquarian Society in the County may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall be sent to such Society. Every affiliated Society shall send the programme of its Meetings to the Hon. Secretary of the Field Club, and shall also report any discoveries of exceptional interest. And the Field Club shall send its programme to the Hon. Secretary of each affiliated Society. The Members of the Field Club shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of affiliated Societies, and the Members of any affiliated Society shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of the Field Club. But any Member of an affiliated Society shall be eligible to read a paper or make an exhibit at the Winter Meetings of the Field Club at Dorchester. Any Public Library, or Club or School or College Library, in England or elsewhere, may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shaU be sent to such Library. Sectional Committees. 22. — Small Committees may be appointed at the Annual General Meeting to report to the Club any interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various sections which they represent ; and the Committee of each section may elect one of their Members as a Corresponding Secretary. Xew Rules. 23. — No alteration in or addition to these Rules shall be made except "with the consent of a majority of thi'ee-fom-ths of the Members present at the Annual General Meeting, full notice of the proposed alteration or addition having been given both in the cun-ent Programme and in that of the previous Meeting. -"^^ tbe S)orset IRatural irM5tor\? an^ Bntiquarian 3Fielt) Club. INAUGURATED IIAliCII 26th, 1S75. President : NELSON M. RICHARDSON, Esq., B.A. Vice-Presidents : The Lord EUSTACE CECIL, E.R.G.S. fFast PrcsidentJ. Rev. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A., F.S.A. Ed. (Hon. Secretary and Editor). Captain G. R. EL WES, J.P. (Hon. Treasurer). HENRY STORKS EATON, Esq. (Past Fres. Hoy. Met. Soc.) W. H. HXIDLESTON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Fast Fres. Gcol. Soc.) Rev. J. C. M. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, M.A., R.D. Rev. W. MILES BARNES, B.A. H. COLLEY MARCH, Esq., M.D., F.S.A. Rev. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Hon. MORTON G. STUART-GRAY, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S. Hon. Editor : Rev. Heebert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., Miltou Abbey Vicarage, Blandford. Executive Body : Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. (Frcsldcnt). Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A. Ed. (Hon. Secretary and Editor), Milton Abbey Vicavage, Blandford. Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P. (Hon. Trcaniircr) , Bossiugton, Bournemouth. Publication Committee : The Executive, H. B. Middleton, Esq., Dr. Colley March, and E. R. Sykes, Esq. Honorary Me?fibers : O.M. W. Caeruthees, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington. 1888 Rev. Osmond Fisher, M.A., F.G.S., Graveley, Huntingdon. 1889 A. M. Wallis, Esq., 29, Mallams, Portland. 1900 A. J. Jitkes-Browne, Esq., F.G.S., Floriston, Torre, Torquay. 1900 R. Lydekker, Esq., F.R.S., The Lodge, Haqoenden, Herts. 1900 Clement Reid, Esq., F.R.S., 28, Jennyn Street, London, S.W. 1900 A. Smith Woodward, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, London. 1904 Sir Wm. Thiselton Dyer, K.C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. 1904 Sir Frederick Treves, Bart., G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D., Thatched House Lodge, Richmond Park, Kingston-on-Thames. 1908 Thomas Hardy, Esq., LL.D., Max Gate, Dorchester. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE 3)orjset "glafuraC ^tsfor j^ & Jlnitquartan §itcC6 §£xtb. The Manor House, Cranbome The Manor House, Cranbome St. Giles, "Wimbome Tear of Election. ( The initials " O.M." signify " Original Member.") 1903 The Most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury 1903 The Most Hon. the Marchioness of Salisbury 1902 The Eight Hon. the Earl of Shaftesbury 1884 The Eight Hon. Lord Eustace Cecil, F.E.G.S. ( Vice-Fresident) Lytchett Heath, Poole 1903 The Eight Hon. the Lady Eustace Cecil Lytchett Heath, Poole 1904 The Eight Eeverend the Lord Bishop of Durham, D.D. Auckland Castle, Bishop's Auckland 1890 The Eight Eeverend the Lord Bishop of Salisbury, D.D., LL.D. The Palace, Salisbury 1892 The Eight Eeverend the Lord Bishop of Worcester, D.D.,F.S. A. Hartlebmy Castle, Kidderminster 1889 The Eight Hon. Lord Digby Minteme, Dorchester 1895 The Eight Hon. Lord Walsing- ham, F.E.S. Merton HaU, Thetford, Norfolk 1903 The Eight Hon. Lord Chelmsford Governor's House, Brisbane, Queens- land, Austraha 1907 The Eight Hon. Lord Wynford 1907 The Eight Hon. Lady Wynford 1893 Acland, Captain John E., M.A. 1892 Acton, Eev. Edward, B.A. 1899 Aldridge, Mrs. SeUna 1892 Allhusen, WUton, Esq. 1907 Allner, Mrs. George 1906 Atkins, F. T., Esq. L.E.C.P. Ed. M.E.C.S., Wynford Eagle, Dorset Wj'nford Eagle, Dorset Wollaston House, Dorchester Iweme Minster Vicarage, Blandford Denewood, Alum Chine Eoad, Bourne- mouth Pinhay, LjTne Eegis National Provincial Bank, Stui-minster Newton Cathay, Alumhurst Eoad, Bourne- mouth 1907 AtVi'nson, George T., Esq., M.A. 1907 Badcoe, A. C, Esq., B.Sc. 1902 Baker, Sir E. Eandolf, Bart. 1887 Bankes, W. Albert, Esq. 1884 Baukes, Eustace Ralph, Esq., M.A., F.E.S. 1887 Bankes, Rev. Canon, M.A. 1906 Bankes, Mrs. 1902 Barkworth, Edmund, Esq. 1904 Barlow, Major C. M. 1894 Barnes, Mrs. John lies 1889 Barnes, Rev. W. M., B.A. {Vice- President) 1903 Barnes, P. J., Esq. 1903 Barnes, Mrs. F. J. 1884 Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq. 1906 Barrow, Richard, Esq. 1895 Bartelot, Rev. R. Grosvenor, M.A. 1907 Bartelot, Mrs. R. Grosvenor 1886 Baskett, Rev. C. R. 1893 Baskett, S. R., Esq. 1904 Baskett, Mrs. S. R. 1889 Batten, H. B., Esq. 1888 Beckford, F. J., Esq. 1908 Bellhouse, Miss M. 1908 Benett-Stanford, Captain J. F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. 1907 Bevan, E. R., Esq., M.A. 190S Blake, Colonel A. M., C.B. O.M. Bond, N., Esq. 1903 Bond, Gerald Denis, Esq. 1906 Bond, Nigel de M., Esq., B.A. 1898 Bond, Wm. H., Esq. 1903 Bond, Wm. Ralph G., Esq. 1894 Bonsor, Geo., Esq. 1889 Bower, H. Syndercombe, Esq. 1900 Bower, Rev. Charles H. S., M.A. 1898 Brandi-eth, Rev. F. W.,M.A. 1901 Brennand, John, Esq. Durlston Court, Swanage County Education Office, Dorchester Ranston, Blandford Wolfeton House, Dorchester Norden House, Corfe Castle, Wareham The Close, SaHsbury Kingston Lacy, Wimbonie South House, Piddletrenthide Southcot, Chai-minster Summerhayes, Blandford Weymouth Avenue, Dorchester Rodwell, Weymouth Rod well, Weymouth 2, Belfield Terrace, Weymouth Sorrento House, Sandecotes, Park- stone Fordington St. George Vicarage, Dorchester Fordington St. George Vicarage, Dorchester Monkton Rectory, Dorchester Evershot Evershot Aldon, Yeovil Witley, Parkstone Clovelly, Rodwell, Weymouth Hatch House, Tisbury, Wilts Rempstone Hall, Corfe Castle Wai-mwell House, Dorchester Holme, Wareham Holme, Wareham 83, Coleherne Court, London, S.W. Tyneham, Wareham Tyneham, Wareham The Gables, Spetisbury Fontmell Parva, ShiUingstone, Bland- ford Hinton St. Mary, Sturminster Newton, Dorset Bucklaud Newton, Dorchester Belmont, Parkstone ISSo Brennand. W. E., Esq. 190-5 Bromley, Miss 1900 Brown, Miss 1S91 Browning, Benjamin, Esq., M.D., D.P.H., Staff-Surgeon E.X., Fellow of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain 1895 Brymer, Rev. J. G., M.A. 1907 Bulfin, Ignatius, Esq. 1900 BuUen, Colonel John Bullen Symes 1894 Bui-t, Miss Emma 1907 Bury, Mi-s. Henry 1S97 Busk, W., Esq.. A.R.C.A. 1905 Busk, W. G., Esq. 1905 Busk, Mrs. W. G. 1901 Bussell, Miss Katherine 1903 Butler-Bowden, Bruno, Esq. 1903 Butler-Bowden, Mrs. Bruno 1906 Butt, Rev. W., M.A. 1891 Carter, WilHam, Esq. 1893 Chadwick, Mrs. 1905 Chadwyck-Healey, Esq., C. E. H., M.A., K.C., C.B., E.S.A. 1903 Champ, A., Esq. 1897 Chudleigh, Mrs. 1901 Chudleigh, Miss W. M. 1894 Church, Colonel Aiihur 1904 Clapcott, Miss 1892 Clarence, LoveU Burchett, Esq. 1905 Clark, Mrs. E. S. 1895 Clarke, R. Stanley, Esq. 1883 Colfox, Miss A. L. 1878 Colfox, T. A., Esq. 1905 Collins, Stephen, Esq., M.P. 1907 CoUins, VTm. W., Esq., E.I. 1905 Colville, H. K., Esq. 1904 Coney, Major Wm. Bicknell 1902 Cornish, Rev. W. F., M.A. 1903 Cornish-Bro\rae, C. J., Esq. 1891 Cother, Rev. P. L., M.A. Biandford Grange, Florence Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth BeUe Vue, Shaftesbury Bec-en-Hent, Sidmouth, Devon Childe Okeford Rectory, Biandford The Den, Knole TTill, Bournemouth Catherston Leweston, near Charmouth Purbeck House, Swanage Mayfield House, Famham, Surrey West Walks, Dorchester Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester Thomeloe, Bridport Upwey House, Upwey Upwey House, Upwey Kempsford Vicarage, Faii-ford, Gloucester The Hermitage, Parkstone Westfield, Cornwall Road, Dorchester 110, Harley Street, London, W. St. Katherine's, Bridport West Parley Rectory, Wimbome West Parley Rectory, Wimbome St. Alban's, Rodwell, Weymouth South Walks, Dorchester Coaxden, Axminster St. Aldhehn's, Wareham Evershot, Dorchester Westmead, Bridport Coneygar, Bridport Harbome, St. Ann's Hill, Wands- worth, S.W. Corfe Castle Loders Court, Bridport Martinstown, Dorchester Steepleton Rectory, Dorchester Came House, Dorchester 1, Clearmount, Weymouth xV. 1900 Cox, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., F.K.G.S., M.J.S. 1906 Cox, Miss Felicia 1901 Crallan, G. E. J., Esq., M.B. 1886 Crespi, A. J. H., Esq., B.A., M.R.C.P. 1884 Cross, Rev. James, M.A. 1890 Cull, James, Esq. 1885 Curme, Decimus, Esq., M.R.C.S. 1896 Curtis, C. H., Esq. 1897 Curtis, Wilfrid Parkinson, Esq. 1903 Dacombe, J. M. J., Esq. 1907 Daniell, G. H. S., Esq., M.B. 1907 Daniell, Miss Margaret O.M. Darell, D., Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 1904 Davies, Rev. Canon S. E., M.A. 1894 Davis, Geo., Esq. 1904 Deane, Mrs. A. M. 1907 de Vesian, J. S. E., Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 1904 Dicker, Rev. C. W. H., R.D., F.R.G.S. 1907 Dicker, Miss Eleanor H. 1903 Digby, Captain H. Montague 1906 Dixon, J. R. L., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Ed. 1907 Drew, J. A., Esq. 1906 Dodd, Frank Wm., Esq., M.Inst.C.E. 1908 Dodington, H. P. Marriott, Esq., 1908 Dominy, G. H., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 1904 Dugdale, J. B., Esq. 1901 Duke, Mrs. E. B. 1905 Duke, Henry, Esq. 1905 Duke, Mrs. Henry 1907 Duke, Miss M. Constance 1896 Dundas, Ven. Archdeacon, M.A. Radipole Manor, near Weymouth 9, Royal Terrace, Weymouth The Elms, Parkstone Cooma, Poole Road, Wimborne Bailhe House, Stui-minster Marshall, Wimborne 47, Phillimore Gardens, Campden Hill, London, W. Childe Okeford, Blandford Blandford Aysgarth, Parkstone Road, Poole 27, Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth Dale House, Blandford Dale House, Blandford Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming, Dart- mouth, Devon Wyke Regis Rectory, Weymouth Sunbeams, Icen Way, Dorchester Clay Hill House, near Gillingham Walpole Road, Surbiton, Surrey Piddletrenthide Vicarage, Dorchester Piddletrenthide Vicarage, Dorchester Chahnington House, Cattistock, Dor- chester Sherbrook, Christchurch Road, Bourne- mouth Carruthers, Wareham Connaught Road, Weymouth Castle Gardens, Wareham Milton Abbas, Blandford Sandford, Wareham Maen, Dorchester Clandon, Dorchester Clandon, Dorchester The Limes, Dorchester Charmiuster Vicarage, Dorchester 1891 Eaton, Henry S., Esq. {Vice- Fresident) ISSo Elwes, Captain G. R. {Vice- Prcsidcnt and Hon. Treasurer) 1905 Evans, Miss Annie EKzabeth 18S6 Falkner, C. G., Esq., M.A. 1884 Farley, Eev. H., M.A. 1903 FaiTer, Colonel Philip 1905 Feacey, Jem, Esq. 1900 Ferguson, Colonel C. J. O'Xeill 1904 Ffooks, Mrs. E. Arclidall 1904 Fielding, Thos., Esq., M.D. 1892 FiUeul, Rev. S. E. V., M.A. 1889 Filliter, George Clavell, Esq. 1896 FiUiter, Rev. W. D., M.A. 1901 Fisher, Mrs. J. F. 1907 Fisher, Miss Lorna S. 1906 Fisher, Harry, Esq. 1890 Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq. O.M. Fletcher, W. J., Esq., F.E.I.B.A. 1906 Fletcher. Mrs. W. J. 1907 Fletcher, Rev. J. M. J., M.A. 1885 Floyer, G. W., Esq., B.A. 1895 Forbes, Mrs. 1897 Forde, Heniy, Esq. 1893 Forrester, Hugh Carl, Esq., B.A. 1893 Forrester, Mrs. 1908 Forster, Mi-s. Percy 1878 Freame, R., Esq. 1895 Fry, Edwai'd Alexander, Esq. 1903 Fiy, George S., Esq. 1893 Fullaway, Mi-s. O.M. Fyler, Captam J. "W. T. O.M. Galpin, G., Esq. 1895 George, Mrs. 1908 Gildea, Miss M. 1906 Girdlestone, Mrs. 1890 Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart 1898 Glyn, Lieut. -General J. P. Carr Pentlands, MiU Road, Worthing, Sussex Bossington, Bournemouth Clandon, Dorchester Ireton Bank, Rusholme, Manchester Lj tchett Miaster, Poole Binnegar HaU, Wareham CulUford Road, Dorchester The Diaedors, Spa Road, Weymouth Fermain House, Sherborne Milton Abbas, Blandford All Saints' Rectory, Dorchester St. Martin's House, Wareham East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham Vines Close, Wimbome West Walks, Dorchester The Rosery, Florence Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth Aldwick Manor, Bognor, Sussex The Chantiy, Wimbome The Chantry, Wimbome The Vicarage, Wimbome Minster West Stafford, Dorchester Shniingstone, Blandford Luscombe, Pai'kstone St. John's Cottage, Shaftesbiuy Westport, Wai'eham Russetts, Dorchester. The Chantry, GilUngham 124, Chancery Lane, London. W.C. 11, The Hawthorns, Church End, Finchley Childe Okeford, Blandford Hethfelton, Wareham Clarendon Comi;, Clarendon Road, Bournemouth Fleet House, near Weymouth Upwey Rectory, Dorchester. The Comer House, Alum Hurst Road, West Bournemouth Wood Leaze, Wimbome North Leigh, Wimbome o.M. Glyn, Sir E. G., Bart. 1S95 Godman, F. du Cane, Esq., F.R.S. 1SS3 Gorringe, Rev. P. R., M.A. 1903 Gorringe, Mrs. P. R. 1903 Gowring, Mrs. B. W. 1908 Greenwood, Ai'thur, Esq., L.M.S., L.S.A 1883 Greves, Hyla, Esq., M.D. 1904 Groves, Herbert J., Esq. 1906 Groves, Miss 1906 Gundry, Joseph, Esq. 1896 Haggard, Rev. H. A., M.A. 1906 Hall, Miss Maude 1903 Hambro, Sir Everard, K.C.V.O. 1905 Hambro, C. Eric, Esq. 1893 Hankey, Rev. Canon, M.A., R.D. 1886 Hansford, Charles, Esq. 1890 Harrison, Rev. F. T., M.A. 1897 Harston, Comdr. F. A. Gate R. N.) 1893 Hart-Dyke, Rev. Canon P., M.A. 1900 Hasluck, Rev. Ernest, M.A. 1893 Hassell, Miss 1894 Hawkins, W., Esq., M.R.C.S. 1903 Hawkins, Mrs. H. 1903 Hawkins, Miss Isabel 1908 Hawkins, Rev. H. 1893 Hayne, R., Esq. 1889 Head, J. Merrick, Esq., M.R.I.A., F.R.G.S., F.P.S. 1905 Heath, F. R., Esq. 1905 Heath, Sidney H. S., Esq. 1906 Heaton, Guy, Esq., M.A. 1899 Henning, Mi-s. 1906 Higginbotham, J. C, Esq. (" Onne Agnus ") 1901 Hill, R. E., Esq. 1902 Hine, R., Esq. 1902 Homer, Miss E. C. Wood 1907 Homer, Mi-s. G. Wood 1897 Hudleston, W. H., Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. {Vice- Tresidenf) Gaunts House, Wimborne Lower Beeding, Horsham Manston Rectory, Blandford Manston Rectory, Blandford 49, High West Street, Dorchester 32, Dorchester Road, Weymouth Rodney House, Bournemouth Clifton, Weymouth Thickthorne, Broadwey, Dorset Wales House, Prince of Wales Road, Dorchester Molash Vicarage, Canterbury King's Stagg, Sturminster Newton MUton Abbey, Dorset 70, Prince's Gate, London, S.W. Maiden Newton Rectory, Dorchester Dorchester Burton Bradstock Rectory, Bridport Newlands, Glendinning Avenue, Wey- mouth LuUingstone, Wimborne Handley Vicarage, Salisbury Westfield Lodge, Parkstone Broadwey, Dorchester Rew House, Martinstown, Dorchester Wyke, Sherborne 1, Westerhall, Weymouth Fordington House, Dorchester Pennsylvania Castle, Portland The Woodlands, Weymouth Upwey, Dorchester St. David's, Bournemouth West Frome, Dorchester Northport House, Wareham Long Lynch, Childe Okef ord Beaminster Bardolf Manor, Puddletovvn Bardolf Manor, Puddletown West Holme, Wareham xvm. 1906 Humphreys, Mrs. C. B. 1S88 Huntley, H. E., Esq. 1906 Jameson, Mrs. 1903 Jenkins, Rev. T. Leonard, M.A. 1893 KeiT, E. W., Esq., M.D. 1895 Lafoutame, A. C. de, Esq., F.S.A. 1902 Langdon, Miss M. 1901 Langford, Rev. Canon, M.A. 1901 Lee, W. H. Markham, Esq., I.S.M. 1907 Lees, Captain Edgar, R.N. 1907 Lees, Mrs. Edgar 1900 Legge, Miss Jane 1899 Le Jeune, H., Esq. 1900 LesUe, Rev. E. C, M.A. 1902 Lewis, Rev. A., M.A. 1894 Linklater, Rev. Prebendary, D.D. 1S90 Lister, Miss Gulielma 1905 LlewelUn, W., Esq., M.A. 1900 Lock, Mrs. A. H. 1892 Lock, B. Fossett, Esq. 1893 Lock, Miss Marj' C. 1905 Lush, Mrs. W. Vawdrey 1901 1883 190i 1907 Esq., M.R.C.S.; Lys, F. D.; L.R.C.P. 1838 Macdonald, P. W., Esq., M.D. 1902 Mainwariug, Lieut. -Col. F. (i. L. 1890 Manger, A. T., Esq. 1907 Mansel, Miss Susan 1891 Mansel-Pleydell, Mi-s. 1899 Mansel-Pleydell, Rev. J. C. M., M.A., R.D. {Vtcc-ri-esidmf) 1893 March, H. CoUey, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., M.R.S.A.I., F.A.I. ( Vice-President) Marriott, Sii- W. Smith, Bart. Mai-sh, J. L., Esq. Mate, C. H., Esq. 1901 Maude, W., Esq., B.C.L. 1879 MaunseU, Rev. F. W., M.A. Eagle House, Blandford Charlton House, Blandford Kenmare, Prince of Wales Road, Dorchester Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne South Street, Dorchester Athelhampton, Dorchester Parrock's Lodge, Chard Belle Vue, Higher Hooe, Plj-mouth Wyke Regis, "Weymouth The Manor House, Upwey The Manor House, Upwey AUington Villa, Bridport St. Ives, Upper Parkstone, Dorset ' Came Rectory, Dorchester Chardstock Vicarage, Chard Stroud Green Vicarage, London, N. High CUfFe, LjTne Regis Upton House, Poole 53, High West Street, Dorchester 11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, Loudon 53, High West Street, Dorchester Arnmore, Upper Lansdowue Road, Bournemouth Highclere, Rodwell, Weymouth HeiTison, Dorchester Wabey House, Upwey Stock HiU, Gillingham Top-o'-Town, Dorchester Longthorns, Blandford Sturminster Newi;on Vicarage, Bland- ford Portesham, Dorchester The Down House, Blandford White CUff Mill Street, Blandford Elim, Surrey Road South, Bourne- mouth Brackenwood, Bournemouth Symoudsbuiy Rectory, Bndport XIX. O.M. 1902 1907 O.M. 1900 1S90 O.M. 1905 1893 1897 1903 1905 190G 1886 1906 193S 1908 1901 1903 Mayo, Rev. Canon, M.A. Mayo, Miss B. Michell, Thco. Esq. R.D. Middlotou, H. B., Esq. Middleton, Miss L. M. Milne, Iluv. Percy II., M.A. Mooihead, J., Esq., M.A., M.D. Morgan, Mrs. Mon-ice, G. G., Esq., M.A., M.D. Moullin, Ai-thui- D., Esq. Nettleton, Spencer, Esq. Nicholson, Capfaiin Hugh Oke, A. W., Esq. Okeden, Colonel U. E. Parry Okeden, Edmund Pai'ry, Esq. Oliver, Vere L., Esq. Oliver, Mrs. Vere L. Oliver, Weston, Esq., M.A. Ord, W. T., Esq., M.E.C.S. L.R.C.P. Page, Thomas, Esq. Page, Mrs. T. Paget, Miss Adelaide Parkinson, Miss M. B. Patey, Miss Patterson, Mrs. Myles Paul, Edward Clifford, Esq., M.A. Paul, Mrs. Edward Clifford Payne, Miss Florence O. Pearce, Mi-s. Thos. A. Peck, Gerald R., Esq. Penny, Rev. J., M.A. Pemiy-Snook, S., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Penny-Snook, Mi-s. S. Pentin, Rev. Herbert M.A., T.S.A.Bd. {Vicc-rrcsidoif, Hon. Sccrcfari/, (Did Editor) 1894 Peto, Sir- Henry, Bart. 1896 Phillips, Miss 1905 1905 1905 1905 1890 1908 1907 1907 1891 1906 1901 1878 1891 1907 1901 Long Burton Vicarage, Sherborne Friar Waddon, Dorchester Ti-owirgio, Wellington Road, Bourne- mouth Bradford Peveroll, Dorchester Cliff Cabin, Worbarrow, Wareham Hornblotton Rectory, Castle Cary Bournemouth Haselbury Bryan Rectory, Blandford 17, Royal Ten-ace, Weymouth Fermain, Cranbourne Road, Swanage West Lul worth, Wareham Nettlecombe, Melplash, R.S.O. 32, Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex Turnworth, Blandford Moreton Greenhill House, Weymouth Greeuhill House, Weymouth Castle House, Weymouth Greenstead, 14, Madeira Road, Bourne- mouth Trevissome, Parkstone Road, Poole Trevissomf^, Parkstone Road, Poole Park Homer, Wimborne Oaklands, Wimborne Holmlea, Lincoln Southover, Tolpuddle, Dorchester Eastbrook House, Upwey Eastbrook House, Upwey Rydal, Wimborne Ivythoi-pe, Dorchester East Looe, Parkstone-on-Sea Tarrant Rushton Rectory, Blandford Netherton House, Weymouth Netherton House, Weymouth Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandford Chedington Court. Misterton, Crew- kerne Okeford Fitzpaine Rectoiy, Shilling- stoue 1908 Phillips, Rev. C. A., M.A. 1893 Pickard-Cambndge, A. W., Esq. M.A. O.K. Pickard - Cambridge, Rev. O., M.A., F.R.S. {Vice-Fres\dmt) 1908 Pickard -Cambridge, Miss Ada 1908 Pickard - Cambridge , Miss Catherine 1903 Pike, Leonard G., Esq. 1903 Pitt-Rivers, A. L. Fox, Esq., F.S.A. 190-1 Plowman, Rev. L. S, 1896 Pond, S., Esq. 1894 Ponting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A. 1908 Poole, Rev. Sealey, M.A. O.M. Pope, Alfred, Esq., F.S.A. 1903 Pope, Alfred Rolph, Esq., M.A. 1906 Pope, Mrs. AJfr-ed Rolph 1905 Pope, Miss Hilda 1900 Pope, George, Esq. 1896 Prideaus, C. S., Esq., L.D.S. 1900 Prideaux, W. de C, Esq.. L.D.S. 1905 Pringle, Henry T., Esq., M.D. 1905 Pringle, Mrs. Henry T. 1888 Pj-e, William, Esq. 1888 Radclyffe, Eustace, Esq. 1905 Ramsden, Mrs. 1906 Ransford, Colonel O.M. RavenMU, Rev. Canon, M.A., R.D. 1905 Raymond, F., Esq. 1906 RajTnond, Mrs. F. 1899 Rendell, W. F., Esq. 1886 Reynolds, Mrs. Arthur 1904 Rhydderch, Rev. W. 1887 Richardson, N. M., Esq., B.A. {Preside; nt) 1901 Ridley, Rev. J. 1890 Robinson, Sir Charles, F.S.A. 1886 Rodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq. 1907 Roe, Miss M.E. Okeford Fitzpaine Rectory, Shilling- stone St. Catherine's, Headington Hill, Ox- ford Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham Picardy, Rodwell, Weymouth Picardy, Rodwell, Weymouth Kingbarrow, Wareham Hinton St. Mary, Blandford Ibberton Rectory, Blandford Blandford Wye House, Marlborough Chickerell Rectory, Weymouth South Court. Dorchester CuUiford House, Dorchester Culliford House, Dorchester South Court, Dorchester Weston Hall, Bournemouth Ermington, Dorchester 12, Frederick Place, Weymouth Ferndown, Wimbome Femdowu, Wimbome Dunmore, Rodwell, Weymouth Hyde, Wareham Great Bidlake, Bridestow, N. Devon Talavera, Dorchester Road, Weymouth Soutldea, Queen's Avenue, Dorchester Garryowen, Dorchester Garry 0 wen, Dorchester Hallow Dene, Pai'kstone Wjnidcroft, Bridport Owermoigne Rectory, Dorchester Montevideo, Chickerell, near Wey- mouth The Rectory, Pulham, Dorchester Newton Manor, Swanage Chardstock House, Chard Sandford Orcas Rectory, Sherborne 1907 Roper, Freeman, Esq. 1S89 Russell, Colonel C. J., R.E. 1906 Samson, Miss E. A. 1905 Sanderson-Wells, T. H., Esq., M.D. 1905 Saunt, Miss 1905 Saunt Miss B. V. 1889 Schuster, Rev. W. P., M.A. 1907 Scott, J. H., Esq., M.E. 1904 Seaman, Rev. C. E., M.A. 1883 Searle, Alan, Esq. 1906 Shephard, Col. C. S., D.S.O. 1896 Shepheard, Thomas, Esq., F.R.M.S. 1903 Shepherd, Rev. C. S., F.C.S. 1906 Shepherd, Rev. F. J. 1903 Sheridan, Mrs. A. T. Brinsley 1884 Sherren, J. A., Esq., F.R. Hist. S. 1908 Shortt, Miss E. F. 1908 Shortt, Miss L. M. 1897 Simpson, Jas., Esq. 1895 Simpson, Miss E. F. 1906 Smith, Mrs. Alfred 1899 Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq., L.R.C.P. 1908 Smith, Mrs. Spencer 1888 Solly, Rev. H. Shaen, M.A. 1901 Sotheby, Rev. W. E. H., M.A., R.D. 1900 Stephens, W. L., Esq. 1905 Stephens, J. Thompson, Esq. 1908 Stephens, A. N., Esq. 1903 StHwell, H., Esq. 1900 Storer, Colonel, late R.E. 1900 Stopford, Admiral 1883 Sti-oud, Rev. J., M.A. o.M. Stuart-Gray, Hon. M. G., M.A., F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S. {Vice- Fresident) 1895 Sturdy, Leonard, Esq. 1896 Sturdy, Philip, Esq. Forde Abbey, Chard Clavinia, Weymouth Elwell Lea, Upwey 6, Royal Terrace, Weymouth Buxton, Rodwell, Weymouth Buxton, RodweU, Weymouth The Vicarage, West Lul worth, Ware- ham Ardrossan, Sedgley, Boximemouth Stalbridge Rectory, Blandford Ashton Lodge, Bassett, Southampton Shortlake, Osmington, Weymouth Kingsley, Bournemouth West Church House, Worcester Sherborne Frampton Court, Dorchester HeLmsley, Weymouth The Manor House, Martinstown The Manor House, Martinstown Minteme Grange, Parkstone 12, Greenhill, Weymouth Newton House, Sturminster Newton Buckland House, Buckland Newton, Dorchester Kingston Vicarage, Wareham Southcote, Alexandi-a Road, Parkstone Gillingham Vicarage, Dorset Colomberie, West Bay, Bridport Wanderwell, Bridport Haddon House, West Bay, Bridport Steepleton Manor, Dorchester Keavil, Bournemouth Shroton House, Blandford LHlesden, Broadstone Kinfauns Castle, Perth, N.B. Trigon, Wareham The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne- mouth 1902 Sturdy, Miss Violet 1907 Sturdy, Alan, Esq. 1905 Sturdy, E. T., Esq. 1895 Sturt, W. Neville, Esq. 1898 Suttill, H. S., Esq. 1905 Suttill, John, Esq. 1908 Swaffield, E. H. 0. Owen, Esq. 1896 Swift, B. Eyle, Esq., M.A. 1893 Sykes, E. R., Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. 1889 Symes, G. P., Esq., M.A., B.C.L., M.V.O. 1904 Symonds, Arthur G., Esq. 1901: Symonds, Henry, Esq. 1901 Telfordsmith, Telford, Esq., M.A., M.D. O.M. Thompson, Eev. G., M.A. 1906 Thomson, Chas. Bertram, Esq., F.E.C.S. 1907 Tims, E. M., Esq., E.N. (retired) 1907 Tims, Mrs. E. M. 1907 Towers, Miss 1898 Troyte-Bullock, Mrs. 1905 TrueU, Mrs. O.M. Udal, J. S., Esq., F.S.A. 1897 Usher, Eev. E., M.A., F.L.S. 1890 Usherwood, Eev. Canon T. E., M.A. 1907 Waite, Arthur H., Esq. 1887 Walker, Eev. S. A., M.A. 1905 Ward, Samuel, Esq. O.M. Warre, Eev. Canon F., M.A. 1904 Warry, Mrs. King 1904 Warry, Wm., Esq. 1905 Watkins, Wm., Esq. O.M. Watts, Eev. Canon, M.A. 1905 Watts, Miss 1893 Weaver, Eev. F.W.,M. A., F.S.A. The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne- mouth The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne- mouth Norbui-ton, Burton Bradstock, Bridport Baytree Farm, Great Horkesley, Col- chester PjTnore, Bridport 24, West Street, Bridport 1, Lansdowne TeiTace, Weymouth Holly Bank, Dorchester Fairoaks, Addlestone, Surrey Monksdene, Weymouth South Street, Dorchester 30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W. Romansleigh, Wimbome Highbury, Bodorgan Eoad, Bourne- mouth Eomansleigh, Wimbome Winfrith House, Winfrith Wrafrith House, Winfrith Whicham, Porchester Eoad, Bourne- mouth Snton Lodge, Zeals, Bath Onslow, Wimbome Antigua, West Indies Netherbury, Beaminster 179, St. James's Court, Buckingham Gate, London, S.W. Upwey Place, Upwey Charlton Manor, Blandford 5, Greenhill, Weymouth Bemerton, Salisbury 39, Filey Avenue, Clapton Common, London, N. Westrow, HolweU, Sherborne 62, London Wall, E.C. Bemerton, SaUsbury Bemerton, Salisbury Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, Somerset XXIU. 1905 Webb, H. N., Esq. 1904 Westcott, Eev. Canon F. B., M.A. 1895 Wbitby, Joseph, Esq. 1905 Whitby, Mrs. J. 1904 WUcbimn, W. B., Esq., M.A. 1900 Wilkinson, Rev. J. H., M.A. 1S92 Williams, E. W., Esq., B.A. 1903 Williams, Captain Berkeley C. W. 1897 Williams, Miss F. L. 1884 Williams, Robert, Esq., M.P. 1884 Williams, Mrs. Robert 1908 Williams, Miss Rhoda 1906 Williams, Miss Meta 1903 Willis, Mrs. A. Ratcliffe 1905 Wills, A. W., Esq., M.P. 1906 Winwood, T. H. R., Esq., M.A. 1898 Woodhouse, Miss 1903 Woodhouse, Miss Ellen E. 1906 Woodhouse, Frank D., Esq. 1906 Woodhouse, Mrs. Frank D. 1898 Workman, J. Reece, Esq., C.E. 1902 Wright, Rev. Herbert L.. B.A. 1904 Yates, Robert, Esq. 1896 Yeatman, Mrs. 1893 Young, E. W., Esq. Bibuiy Cottage, Osbom Road, Brank- some Park, Bournemouth Tlie School House, Sherborne Preston, Yeovil Preston, Yeovil The Abbey House, Sherborne Melcombe Bingham Rectory, Dor- chester Herringston, Dorchester Herringston, Dorchester Westleaze, Dorchester Bridehead, Dorchester Bridehead, Dorchester Bridehead, Dorchester South Walk, Dorchester Oriel, Glendinning Avenue, Weymouth 3, Hyde Park .Gate, London, S.W. Moreton House, Dorchester Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary Inglenook, Winchester Road, Bassett, Southampton Church Knowle Rectory, Corfe Castle Delcombe, Milton Abbas, Blandford 114, Denbigh Street, London, S.W. Dorchester The above list includes the New Members elected up to and including the September meeting of the year 1908. (Any omissions or errors should be notified to the Hon. Secretary.) ■glctt) "gKemBers Elected since the Publication of the List contained IN Vol. XXVIII. Proposed on Sept. 5th, 190'! Memler. Miss M. Gildea, of Upwey Rectory, Dorchester Arthur Greenwood, Esq., L.M.S., L.S.A., of 32, Dorchester Eoad, Weymouth Spencer Nettleton, Esq., of West Lulworth, Wareham Vere L. OHver, Esq., of Greenhill House, Weymouth Mrs. Vere L. Oliver, of Greenhill House The Rev. C. A. Phillips, M.A., of Okeford Fitzpaine Rectory, Shil- lingstone, Dorset Miss Pickard-Gamhridge, of Picardy, Rod well, Weymouth Miss Catherine Pickard- Cambridge, of Picardy The Rev. Sealy Poole, M.A., of Chickerell Rectory, Weymouth Froposer. Colonel Robert Williams F. J. Barnes, Esq. The Rev. W. P. Schuster The President The Hon. Secretary The President Seconder. Captain J. E. Acland Weston Oliver, Esq. The Rev. W. D. Filliter The Rev. E. Acton The Rev. J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell Major Pickard- Cam- bridge The Hon. Secretary Peoposed on Dec. 3ed, 1907. Mernher. Miss M. Bellhouse, of Clovelly, Rodwell, Weymouth H. M. Dodington, Esq., of Castle Gardens, Wareham The Rev. H. Hawkins, of 1, The President Westerhall, Weymouth Mrs. Myles Patterson, of Southover, Tolpuddle, Dorchester Miss E. F. Shortt, of The Manor W. Albert Bankes, House, Martinstown, Dorchester Esq. Miss L. M. Shortt, of The Manor „ House, Martinstown Proposer. The Rev. P. Cother R. BaiTOw, Esq. The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker Seconder. Major Pickard-Cam- bridge L. G. Pike, Esq. The Hon. Secretary. W. Albert Bankes, Esq. The President Proposed on Febeuahy 20Tn, 1908. Member. Colonel A. M. Blake, C.B., J.P., Proposer. H. Stilwell, Esq. Seconder, Major Pickard-Cam- D.L., of Wai-mwell House, bridge Dorchester The Rev. J. A. Bouquet, B.A., of C. E. Pouting, Esq. The Hon. Secretary Wimborne St. Giles' Rectory, Salisbui-y Mrs. Bouquet, of Wimborne St. ,, „ Giles' Rectory G. H. Dominy, Esq., M.R.C.S., F. D. Lys, Esq. L.R.C.P., of MUton Abbas, Blandford Mrs. Percy Forster, of Russetts, near Dorchester W. T. Ord, Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., of Greenstead, 14, Madeira Road, Bournemouth Dr. T. Fielding The Rev. S. E. V. The Hon. Treasurer FiUeul H. Le Jeune, Esq. ,, Proposed on June 25th, 1908. Member. Troposer. Seconder. Captain J. Benett- Stanford, AlbertBaukes,Esq. Sir Randolf Baker F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., of Hatch House, Tisbury, WUts Mrs. Spencer Smith, of Kingston Eustace R. Bankes, N. Bond, Esq. Vicarage, Wareham Esq. K. H. O. Owen-Swaffield, Esq., of Colonel A. G. H. The President 1 , Lansdowne Terrace, Weymouth Church Peoposed on July 22nd, 1908. Member. Troposer. Seconder. A. N. Stephens, Esq., of Haddon J. T. Stephens, Esq. H. Symonds, Esq. House, West Bay Mrs. Joseph Whitby, of Preston, J. Whitby, Esq. ISIiss Saunt Yeovil Peoposed on Aug. 20th, 1908. Member, Proposer. Seconder, Mrs. E. B. Duke, of Maen, Dor- Prebendary R. The Hon. Secretary Chester Linklater Miss Rhoda Wilhams, of Bridehead, Colonel R. Williams Lord Eustace Cecil Dorchester PUBLICATIONS. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Vols. I.— XXVIII. Price 10s. 6d. each volume, postfree. General Index to the Proceedings. Vols. I.— XXVI. Piice 6d., by post 7d. The Church Bells of Dorset. By the Rev. Canon Eaten, D.D., F.S.A. Price (in parts, as issued), 6s. 6d., post free. Church Goods, Dorset, A.D. 1552, By the Rev. W, Miles Baenes. Price (as issued) 2s. 6d., post free. By the late J. C. IMansel-Pletdell, B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. The Flora of Dorset. 2nd Edition. Price 12s. The Birds of Dorset. Price 5s. The Mollusca of Dorset. Price 5s. By the Rev. 0. Pickaed-Caiibridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Spiders of Dorset. 2 vols. Price 25s., post free. The British Phalangidea, or Harvest Men. Price . 5s., post free. British Chernetidea, or False Scorpions. Price 3s., post free. The Volumes of Proceedings can be obtained from Captain Elwes, Bossing- ton, Bournemouth; the Church BeUs and Church Goods of Dorset, from the Rev. W. Miles Barnes, Dorchester ; Mr. Mansel-PleydeU's works, from th^ Curator of the Dorset County Museimi, Dorchester ; the Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge's works, from the Autlior, Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham ; and the General Index, from the Assistant- Secretaiy (Mr. H. Pouncy, Dorset County Chronicle Office, Dorchester). SOCIETIES IN CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE FIELD CLUB. British Museum. British Museum of Natural History. British Association. Cambridge Philosophical Society. Devon Association for the Advancement of Science. Geological Society of London. Hampshire Field Club, Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland. Society of Antiquaries, London. Somerset Archaeological Society. University Library, Cambridge. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. OF THE Porsef "gtafuraC ^M^tovt) & Jlxtttquariait During the Season 1907-1908. WINTER SESSION, 1907-1908. The First INIeeting of the Club for the Winter Session was held in the Reading Room of the County IVIuseum on Tuesday, December 3rd, 1907, at 12.45. The President (Mr. Nelson M. Richardson) took the chair, and about fifty Members were present. The Membership. — Six persons were proposed for Member- ship, Report of the Delegate to the British Association. — The report of Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A., was then read : — Your delegate attended the Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Leicester on the 2nd of August last, when Mr. H. J. MacKinder, M.A., presided and gave an able address on "The Advancement of Geographical Science by Local Scientific Societies." He pointed out that there were local geographical societies in France and Germany, but that in this country little interest was taken in local research, and that it is now beginning to be realised that we know little of what lies at our own doors. He advocated that the whole country should be divided into certain areas, so that local facts might be gathered and presented to local societies, in order that all that was of scientific interest in such localities might be made known and preserved. The Eev. K. Ashington Bullen submitted a paper, in which he advocated the appointment of a committee for the photographic survey of ancient remains in the British Islands. A discussion followed, several of the delegates pointing out the necessity of photographing landmarks, the delegate for the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club remarking that the society which he represented had already taken the initiative in that direction, as a photographic survey of the whole county of Dorset had been taken under the XXVUl. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. direction of the late Rev. T. Perkins and the Rev. W. Miles Barnes— (applause) — and that some 3,000 pictures of subjects of antiquarian, historic, and scientific interest had already been deposited in the County Museum, and were at all times open to inspection, and that the work was still being proceeded with. Eventually the following resolution was agreed to: — "That it is advisable to obtain information as to the present state of things in Britain in connection vrith photographic survey work ; to publish instructions or give advice for the execution of scientific photographic survey ; and to endeavour to found or promote a photographic work of the town and the district in which the British Association holds its meetings annually." And it was agreed to send a copy of such resolution to the Committee of Recommendations. It was reported that appUcations had been received during the past year from six local societies desii-ous of being brought into correspondence with the British Association. The meeting at Leicester was an eminently successful one, the subjects discussed by the respective sections being unusually interesting and instructive, and the hospitality and attention accorded to the Association by the Mayor (Sir Edward Wood) and Corporation and the Reception Committee being unlimited. Amongst the antiquities insijected were two very fine Roman pavements in situ, which for size, beauty of design and workmanship, and fine state of preservation, are said to have no equals in the United Kingdom. The meeting lasted from Wednesday, the 31st July, to Wednesday, the 7th August, and was under the presidency of Sir David GiU, K.C.B. Captain Acland mentioned that Mr. Charles Hansford was also present at the Leicester meeting and brought back with him some very interesting photographs, chiefly of the Roman pave- ments. These Mr. Hansford had sent for inspection, and he handed them round. Judging from them, continued Captain Acland, he could not say that the pavements were superior in beauty and interest to those which had been found at Dorchester, but some were remarkably like them in many of the details. He understood from Mr. Hansford that none of the pavements at Leicester had been taken up, and relaid as had been those in the Dorset County Museum. One of the photographs showed a Roman milestone with a dedicatory inscription to the Emperor Hadrian carved on it. The Congress of Arch^ological Societies. — Folk- lore.— The Hon. Secretary mentioned briefly the i8th Congress of Archaeological Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries of London, which was held at tHE FIRST WINTER MEETING. XXIX. Burlington House, on July 3rd, under the presidency of Lord Avebury, and was attended by Messrs. E. A. Fry and Nigel Bond as Delegates of the Dorset Field Club. Copies of the reports of the Congress and of the various sections had been sent to each member of the Club. Especial attention was called to the subject of folk-lore, and the Congress asked its component societies to assist the Folk-lore Society in the collection of all that was in print on the subject in reference to their respective counties. The Dorset Field Club had never regarded folk-lore as being outside its ken, and its Proceedings contained several interesting papers on the subject, notably those from the pen of Mr. Udal, who was an enthusiastic student of the subject. Mr. Thomas Hardy, too, had done a great deal in this direction, preserving many curious beliefs and customs and superstitions in his books ; and probably in their respective parishes many of them were still recording such things. Captain Elwes expressed the opinion that not enough attention was given to recording the minutia of old superstitious beliefs, and he observed that one difficulty in the way of collecting folk-lore was the reticence of the peasant class. One did not always succeed in putting men and women so completely at their ease that they would confide to them their curious ideas. Copying Tombstone Inscriptions. — The Hon. Secretary continued that it was suggested by the Congress that some members of the Club who were not actively engaged in other branches of archaeological work might do useful service in the copying of churchyard inscriptions, there being a movement to make a complete record of those extant, as they usually give much more information than parish registers. The Geological Society of London. — At the suggestion of Captain Acland, it was decided that the Dorset Field Club should exchange publications with the Geological Society of London. British Water Beetles. — A communication was read from Mr. Balfour Browne, of the Ulster Fisheries and Biology Association, who stated that he was working at the distribution JcXx. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. of British water beetles, and asked for any information available about those in Dorset. The President was asked to deal with the communication. Donation to the County Museum. — The Hon. Treasurer observed that the Club had long been indebted to the Dorset County Museum for the use of the reading-room for their indoor meetings, and he proposed, with the approval of the meeting, to ask the Council of the Museum to accept a donation of £i 3s. in recognition of their hospitality towards the Club. He looked forward to the time when the Club might have a home of its own ; but until that day came he trusted that they might continue to avail themselves of the hospitable roof of the Museum. The President seconded the proposition, which was carried unani- mously. Captain Acland, on behalf of the Council of the Museum, returned his grateful thanks to the Club. The funds of the Museum were not in so flourishing a state as those of the Field Club, and therefore he knew that the Council would gladly accept the kind contribution. He hoped that the close friendship which had in the past subsisted between the Club and the Museum, to the mutual advantage of each, would long continue. The Museum reaped much benefit from the Field Club meeting there, because, in addition to the many members from all parts of the county who attended the meetings, and thus became interested in the INIuseum, various gifts, books, and other publications were made to the Museum and Library by the Club. Exhibits, &c. Exhibits by the President. — The President exhibited a Scalariform variety of the common snail {Helix aspejsd) found at Dorchester, on which he read the following note : — The term " scalariform," if strictly used, would imply that all the whorls of a shell were separate from each other (like the beautiful and formerly very rare Scalaria pretiosa, which I exhibit, from which the term is derived), but it is often loosely used to include individuals which nearly approach that condition, as in the present case. THE FIRST WINTJER MEETING. XXXI. Ill tliis specimen, which is mature, the si^ire is very much, tliough quite regularly, elongated, and presents a very different appearance from the common foi-m; this is well shewn by the striking difference in the dimensions of the variety as compared with those of the typical specimens which I exhibit tor comparison as follows :— Extreme Length. Breadth. Width of Mouth. Variety Larger typical specimen Smaller t3'pical specimen Urn. IJin. l,i,in. fin. l^.y in. iin. |in. J in. The substance of the shell is of about the average thickness. The largest whorl is strongly marked with the ordinary markings, but there is very little trace of them on the other four whorls. This specimen was found in September, 1907, in the garden of Kev. S. E. V. Filleul, who very kindly presented it to me for my collection. His gardener has not before seen one like it, which would suggest that its variation is the result of accident, and not inherited, though I should mention that I see no trace of damage on the shell ; it might, however, have occurred to the inhabitant when young. Mr. E. R. Sykes (late President of the Malacological Society) writes to me as follows : — " An unusually prolonged spire has been noticed again and again in various shells. They are always interesting and I am not clear to what they are due. Sometimes a careful examination will shew a break or injury which caused the animal to diverge from the normal There used to be some people in France who bred freaks of this kind in Helix aspcrsa and pomatia ; they had dodges, I believe, of putting bits of shell and wax and such- like things to induce the animal to diverge. Put shortly — something— it may be accidental injury to animal or shell, or natural peculiarity, caused this to coil in a more attenuated form than the normal. Helix pomatia has been seen as flat as a Flanorbis. The President also exhibited a rare plant {3falva horealis) new to Dorset from Chickerell. It was a low-growing mallow with very small pink flowers, and grew in profusion over a considerable area in two fields adjoining his garden. He gave it to Captain Acland for inclusion in the INIuseum herbarium. .^XXU. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. The Amphora of Fecundity. — Dr. H. Colley March read a short paper illustrated by excellent diagrams on a pagan- Christian overlap of the " Amphora of Fecundity " from a sculpture in the cloister at Elne Cathedral in the Department Pyrenees Orientales, in the South of France. Statuette of an* Athlete.— The Rev. S. E. V. Filleul exhibited a little battered statuette of metal which Avas dug up by a working man named Hodge in Wareham about twelve years ago and had been in his keeping, almost unknown and unappreciated, ever since. He turned it up when removing the roots of a tree at a depth of two or three feet beneath the surface. It was in one of the gardens at the north-east corner of the town, close to what is known as the " bowling green." Nothing else of interest was found, though the ground in the neighbour- hood was not searched. It is the figure of a negro athlete in the act of running, wearing the suitable costume of belt and drawers. The metal of which it is made seems to be of a very composite character, bronze in nature, as signs of copper are quite evident and, perhaps, iron, while there is a solid vein of silver in the left arm. The lips are stained with vermilion, which, he had been told, Avas usual in Greek statues, and perhaps in Roman also. INIr. A. S. DrcAv, of Wareham, could guarantee the genuineness of the find, as he saw the statuette directly after it was unearthed. It was sent up to the British Museum for inspection at the time. Mr. Chas. H. Read, of the British Museum, wrote back on May 13th, 1896, that he had just discovered that there was in the Museum a little figure apparently of the same mould, but of lead, and with the details much clearer. It came from Perugia in 1895. ]\Ir. INIurray, keeper of the Greek and Roman antiquities, considered that both specimens might be genuine. Papers. The following papers were read : — (i.) "The Town Cellars, Poole," by Mr. W. K. Gill. (Printed.) THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. XXXUl. (ii.) " S. Mary's Church at Cerne," by the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker. (Printed.) (iii.) " Dorset Brasses," by Mr. W. de C. Pridcaux. (Printed.) (iv.) " Some Dorset Church Towers," by Mr. R. G. Brocklehurst. (Printed.) (v.) " Dorset Chantries," by Mr. E. A. Frj'. (Printed.) WINTER SESSION. The Second IMeetixg of the Winter Session was held at the Dorset County INIuseum on Thursda}-, Febmar}- 20th, 1908, at 12.30. The President was in the chair, and about sixty members were present. The Membership, — For the first time in the history of the Club there were more candidates for membership than there were vacant places. The membership of the Club is limited to 400, and the number of members on the roll on the day of meeting was 393. For the seven vacancies there were fifteen candidates, and seven were selected by voting (by paper). Six new candidates were also nominated. Old Plush Church. — The President announced the receipt of a letter from Canon Ravenhill, formerly of Buckland Newton and Plush, expressing regret at not being able to attend the meeting, and calling attention to a water-colour drawing of old Plush Church by the late INIrs. T. Colfox, of Bridport, and now in the County Museum Reading Room. The church was pulled down in the forties. The Photographic Survey of Dorset. — Captain Acland rose to speak of the present position of the Photographic Sur\-ey of Dorset. The survey was originated many years ago by the late Rev. Thos. Perkins, Rector of Tumworth, and was carried on most efficiently by the Rev. W. ]Miles Barnes, by whom, he believed, all the practical work was done. The ten volumes of photographs in the Reading Room of the County INIuseum showed how well the work had been done. They all regretted ver}- much the loss of Mr. Perkins, and INIr. Barnes told him that his eyesight was not good enough now to admit of his carrying on the work. But were they going to let so good a work drop or slacken ? His predecessor in the curatorship of the Museum, Mr. Henry Moule, spoke highly of it, and said that it was a most valuable work, or rather invaluable ; and he hoped that it would THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXXV. be taken up again and carried on with renewed activity. He therefore proposed : — That steps be taken to promote the work of the Photographic Survey of the County, originated and most efficiently carried on for many years by the Eev. W. Miles Barnes and the late Rev. T. Perkins, and that for this purpose a Director be appointed and a committee selected, the members of which should be repre- sentative of different parts of the county. The President seconded the motion, and it was carried unani- mously ; but the selection of a Director was deferred till the next meeting of the Club. Pollution of Rivers. — The Hon. Secretary announced that he had received a letter from Sir Alexander Pedlar, Hon. Secretary of the British Science Guild, asking the Club to pass a resolution in favour of certain proposals for legislation in the matter of the prevention of pollution of rivers. He proposed that the Club cordially support the action of the Guild. The Rev. S. E. V. FiLLEUL, in seconding the proposition, said he thought that no legislative intervention was necessary in Dorset, where he believed that the rivers were very pure. The proposi- tion was carried nem. co?i. The Mansel-Pleydell and Cecil INIedals. — Lord Eustace Cecil said that when he had the honour to be President of the Club he always thought the one great object was to enlarge its scope as much as possible, and he did his best to start one or two new branches, so as to make the organisation as complete as possible. He received the support of all the old Members and of the Club generally. He was disappointed that last year there was no competition at all for the Mansel-Pleydell INIedal and Prize, and he hoped that that would never be the case again. The Cecil IMedal and Prize was not confined to the Club, but open to the county generally, and he hoped that for both medals and prizes there would this year be considerable competition, and that the papers sent in would be creditable alike to the Club and to the competitors. xxxvl. the second winter meeting. Exhibits, &:c. Exhibits by Mr. Digbv, of Sherborne Castle.— The following notes on the exhibits made by F. J. B. Wingfield Digby, Esq., were prepared by INIr. E. A. Rawlence, of Salis- bur}- : — 1. — A mould for casting Eoman coins. This is half a stone mould showing the head of the Emperor. The stone is apparently of the lias formation, ani is prepared for casting six coins at a time. There are two sets for thi-ee coins in a line with small ducts to convey the molten metal from one die to the other. One set is for a coin about the size of a half -penny, and the other for one of the size of a farthing. There are evidences on the edge of the stone showing that a kindred stone with the reverse dies was bound tightly with it. The mould is probably the work of forgers, who flourished about the end of the Eoman occupation. It was found about 1900, by a young man among the nettles in the fosse of the old Castle ruins. How it came there is a mystery, unless it was thrown in when the Castle was demolished by the Parliamentarians. If so, it would seem to suggest that other archaeological relics may have shared the same fate. 2.— A gold rose noble of Edward III., a half noble of the same King, and a half noble of Henry YIII. The coins are in excellent preservation, and have at intervals been picked up ia a water course in the old Park by men stopping rabbit earths along its banks. This would seem to indicate that they are part of a hoard hidden there, and are thrown out by the rabbits in the process of their burrowing. The noble is a coin of some rarity and value. 3. — In August, 1906, I discovered a large number of documents at the bottom of an old oak chest in the attics of the central portion of Sherborne Castle, which was the original portion built by Raleigh. They embrace 43 parch- ment rolls of the presentments at the Com-t of the Hundred of Sherborne, and numerous other papers mostly relating to the Manors of Sherborne and Yetminster. The Hundred Rolls date from 7th of Heuiy TV., to William and Mary, 1696, thus covering the pre-Refonnation, Reformation, Commonwealth, and Restoration periods, and should afford some interesting infoi-mation. Amongst these papers were three Deeds relating particularly to Sir Walter Raleigh, (a) A short deed dated 20th January in the fortieth year of Elizabeth signed " W. Raleigh," and sealed with his seal, conveying the fishing rights in a certain meadow called Broadmead, to Thomas and Lawrance Swetnam. {b) An Indenture made the 1st day of August in the 41st year of Elizabeth, " Betweene the Honourable Sr Walter Ralegh Knight Captaine of her Majesties Gard and co -warden of the Stam-ies in the Counties of Devon and Cornwall of the one party And Sir George Carew Knight, and Thomas Heriott, gent, of the other party. Witnesseth that the sd Sr' George Carew and Thomas Heriott THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXXVU. for diverse good causes and in consideration. . . . and especially for per- formance of the trusts imposed upon them have demised gi-aunted, assigned and sett over. . . All that the Castle Manors Lordships, Lands, Tenements and hereditaments. . . advowsons patronage ffranchises, liberties, royalties, situate within the Hundreds of Sherborne and Yetminster in the County of Dorset. To have and to hold all and singular the Premises v^ith their appurtenances unto the sd Sir Walter Ealegh his executors and assigns for all the tyme and tearme yett to come and unexpired which sometyme was graunted by John Couldwell late Byshoppe of Salisbury unto the Queen's most excellent majestie." The Deed is signed, "George Carew, and Thomas Herriote" and sealed with their respective seals. This Deed is interesting as it states in Eucyclopajdia Britannica, infra " Kaleigh," as follows: — "In 1591 Kaleigh obtained through the Queen's intervention, a lease for 99 years of the Manor of Sherborne from the Bishop of Salisbury. In 159S the See was vacant. Aspii-ants to the Mitre were informed that only by converting the Lease into a pei-petual Estate in Kaleigh's favour could the object of their wishes be obtained. On these terms Dr. Cotton became Bishop of Salisbury, and Kaleigh possessor of Sherborne in full ownership." (c) A Deed dated the Uth June in the 12th year of James I. signed and sealed, "W. Ealegh." This deed is an extremely uiteresting one as, when Sir Walter was attainted, he made over all his Estates to his son in the hope of saving them, but the King compelled him before his execution to sign this deed nullifying the one in favour of his son. It was when Lady Raleigh was plead- ing with the King not to insist on this, that he replied, " I maun ha' it for Carr." The Deed was probably passed on with the re-grant of the Estates as a pro- tection agamst any claim by the descendants of Ealeigh under the original Deed. The Deed is extremely pathetic. He describes himself as " late of Sherborne, and then Knight," and recites that whereas by a Deed made in the 45th year of Elizabeth, be limited the Estate and Manors of Sherborne, Newland, Castle- towne, Wootton, Whitfield, Yetminster, and Caundle Bishop, and a moiety of the Manor of Pinford, and of Prymsley, also Primsley, and proceeds, " Knowe yee that the said Walter Raleigh doe att this time intend and am fully minded and willingly to revoke, aduull, frustrate and make voide all and every those use and uses estate and estates in and by the said indenture limited or appointed of and in the said Castle Manors lands tenements and hereditaments and every or any of them and of and in every or any part or parts of them or any of them which lye or consist in my power to revoke, adnull, «&:c., &c. 4. — Recently in quarrying stone in a field above the Almshouse Copse, which lies under Honeycombe Wood on the north side of the road between Thornford and Sherborne, the workmen came across some human remains obviously of considerable antiquity. The first skeleton was the most perfect. It was at a depth of about three feet, lying east and west, and had slabs of the local rock lying over it. The other remains were in a rough trench running north and south at right angles to the first body. These remains were very much decayed, XXXVIU. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. and they appeared to have been thrown into the trench indiscriminately. Altogether three or four bodies could be accounted for. The remains as radicated by the teeth were those of men in the prime of life. The under jaws were very heavy with very square chins. Although the quarrj-men were instructed to watch carefully for any pottery, flints, or weapons, none were found. In uncovering another section of stone, a hole, about two feet deep, was found full of black humus with remains of very old pottery of the character of the barrow urns, but the vessel had almost entu-ely perished, and no chai-red bones or flints were observed with it. It was probably a cremated interment, but in my opinion of much gi-eater age than the skeletons. From the fact that one skeleton was inten-ed east and west with more care than the others, it would seem to indicate that it was a Christian burial ; and probably at this pomt, which is one of considerable strategic advantage, commanding the valley of the Yeo, some skirmish took place during the Civil Wars, which resulted in the death of an officer and three or four of his men, who were stripped, and the officer buried by himself, whilst his men were thrown into a trench beside him. Some of the quarrymen who had done a lot of planting in Honeycombe Wood near by, about three years before, when digging the holes for the trees, stated that they came across a good many flat horseshoes with small centres, and also one broken sword, but unfortunately these were not reported at the time. Careful search has since been made for some of these remains, especially for the sword, in the hope of obtaining some indication of the date, but unfortunately without success. Evidently a considerable action took place round this centre at some distant period. 5. — As to the section of wooden water pipe. This was cut through in digging a trench to connect the drainage of Newell House with the public sewer, which follows the line of the watercourse from the Coombe Talley into the Yeo, and is probably the pipe which conveyed the water from the Newell spring to "the Conduit " when it stood in the Abbey Cloisters. The wood is a species of Poplar, and was bored by means of a hot iron rod, and evidently two holes were burnt side by side, the segments of which intersect. The wood is as sound and fi-esh as the day it was put in. It is difficult to suggest a date, but it is obvious that iron pipes would have perished many times over, as the soil of Sherborne has a very deleterious effect on iron. 6. — As to the section of buried oak found at Picket Fann in the parish of South Perrot. In draining a bog on the slope of the greensand hill, the workmen came across a log of wood runnmg at right angles to the drain at a depth of about four feet. As this was unaccountable, excavations were made to clear up the mystery, and an interesting prehistoric record was laid bare. The log was half of a very large oak which had evidently been split o.T by some westerly hxirricane. It had come down with a tremendous crash, falling due east, and many of the minor branches were found driven pei-pendicularly into the ground and much sphnteied. The log was about 25 feet long, of which the lower end of about ten feet was a section torn off from the butt of the tree, and THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXxix. the remainder a large limb. The western end was about six feet under ground and the eastern end about four feet. It lay almost horizontally, and the steepness of the hill accounts for the difference in the cover. The wood is quite sound and almost as black as Irish bog oak, and it has since been planked out and dried. The original tree must have contained considerably more than 100 cubic feet of timber and have been of great age. 7. - Specimens of Palasolithic and Neolithic flints. These embrace some good specimens of skin scrapers, knives, &c., from Dorset, Wilts, Somerset, and Nortbamptoushii'e. The President proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Digby for kindly sending the articles, and to Mr. Rawlence for bringing them and explaining them to the meeting. The Hon. Secretary, in seconding the vote, took the opportunity to mention the variety of styles in which at different times in his life the name of " the ever-renowned knight, Sir Walter," was spelt, e.g., Rawlcy, Rawleigh or Rawlegh, Raleigh, and finally Ralegh. Other Exhibits. — The Rev. S. E. V. Filleul showed objects of interest to ornithologists and to antiquaries, namely, a wing of the grey lag goose, one of a pair killed at Wareham this winter. He pointed out how the knob at the head of the wing assisted the bird in fighting. In the spurwing goose this knob takes the form of a spur, half an inch long. He exhibited also a specimen of the wing of the spurwing plover, showing the spur. Another exhibit made by Mr. Filleul was an iron 2lb. shot found recently in the shingle at " Dancing Ledge," Langton INIatravers. It had evidently been fired, from the dent observable on it, and might, he suggested, be a relic of the Armada fight. ]\Ir. Robert Hayne, sent for exhibition a chasse of champldve enamel, Limoges work, of late 13th century or early 14th century. Limoges chasses of this period, he noted, generally have keyhole-shaped perforations on the ridge. He also sent with it a ciborium of champleve enamel, probably of the 14th century. Discovery of Human Burial at Blashenwell. — Captain AcLAND exhibited photographs of the grave at Blashenwell and the skull found there in Januarj'. He reminded the members of Xl. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. the Club that the tufaceous deposits at Blashenwell, ij miles S. by W. of Corfe Castle, had been twice described in the Proceed- ings, in Vol. VII. by the late Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, who said he considered the beds to belong to the period of human occupation, as they contained fractured bones, fragments of burnt wood, and flint flakes; and in Vol. XVIII. by Mr. Clement Reid, who described his work and discoveries in the year 1884, undertaken for the Geological Survey. He considered the place a Neolithic kitchen midden, and stated that in addition to broken pottery, bones, and flint flakes, he found, cut 4ft. down in the tufa, a grave lined with slabs of stone, containing a skeleton of a youth in a contracted position. On Januar}' 28th last, continued Captain Acland, the Rev. S. C. Spencer-Smith informed him that a labourer had just found a skull in the bank, and that there were more bones still undisturbed further in. Flat stones at the sides formed the grave. At his suggestion Mr. Le Jeune, of Upper Parkstone, kindly examined the spot on January 31st, and, with friends, obtained the photographs, which he now showed. He considered this a different burial from the one noticed by Mr. Reid in 1894, as it was in the soil above the tufa. He thought also that there were other graves in the bank. Mr. Le Jeune drew attention to a curious piece of wall, roughly built of large unshaped stones in a sort of herring-bone without mortar. Much of it had fallen down since he last visited the spot, but some still remained and was shown in the photograph. There are a large number of objects from Blashenwell in the County Museum. Captain Acland added that he received information of another burial, near Worbarrow, enclosed in large slabs of Kimmeridge shale. In each case he was asked if he would house the remains in the County Museum ; but he took upon himself the responsibility of answering that he thought it far better that these remains of their ancestors of remote ages should be either left where they were or placed in a churchyard. Important Discovery at Fordington. — A Roman Incised Stone. — The Rev. R. Grosvenor Bartelot, Vicar of Fordington St. George Church, produced photographs of what The Roman Incised stone, fordington st. george, dorchester. THE SECOND Winter meeting. xU. he called par exce/kfice " the Fordington Stone " — a large slab of Purbeck marble, zft. iiin. by 2ft. 4|in., and 6in. thick. It was discovered on February 5th, face downward, beneath St. George's Church, where it formed the foundation stone of the south-east corner of the porch, having evidently been laid there in Norman days. The partially effaced inscription may read when restored as follows : — G(AIO) AIII(S)T(0.) CIVI. (R)OM. AN(NIS) L RVFINVS ET (M)ARINA ET AVIIA FILI EIVS E(T) (R)OMANA VXO(R). This may possibly be translated : — To Gaius Aristus, a Roman citizen, aged 50 years, Rufinus and Marina and Avea, his children, and Romana his wife (or his Roman wife), (set up this stone). INIr. Bartelot said that his impression was that when the Norman builders of St. George's put in the tympanum they removed some old Roman stones which had formed the lintel over a narrower Saxon doorway, and when they found that the tympanum needed the protection of a porch they simply used this Roman slab as a foundation stone, turning it face downward. Unfortunately, it was broken right across the middle by the weight of the porch. The absence of any heathen superscription and the extremely large size of the O in the second line, which apparently encircled a cross, led him to believe it to be a Christian memorial. The stone was at present in the Vicarage. The experts at the British Museum had expressed the opinion that the stone was of the first century. The Rev. S. E. V. Filleul remarked that it was the first inscribed Roman stone ever found in Dorchester. On the Orthography of Pydeltrenthide. — The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker read the following paper on this subject : — The name appears in the following forms :— (Domesday, P'tdrie.). A.D. 1298. Richard de Paddlctrcnthijdc was presented to the Hospital of St. Leonard atRuston. xiii. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. 14S7. Inscription on the Church Tower : Fi/dcltrenth. lo49. Chantries Survey : Fi/db Trcnthcd, Fi/dell Trcnthed. 1552. Chm-ch Goods Inventory : Fitdcltrcnchcd. Maps.— 1607, Fiddkrcnchcdc ; 1610, 1660, Ficdchcnchcd : 1615, 1646, Fidd- rcnchcd; 1675, Fhische ; 1695, 1753, Fidenched. The above-quoted instance of 1293 is the earliest mention of "Trenthide" that I have as yet found. Piddle. From the spellings here given it is evident that, in modern English, the normal pronunciation is "Piddle." Throughout the Middle Ages, the short t sound is frequently represented in writing by y or v. In a charter of Alfred's we find (modem) Flush spelt Fhjsshe, " Satin of Bruges " is written in the Church Goods Inventory of 1552 as Briges, Bnjdges, Bryges, Bridges, Brydgc ; no doubt spoken by English lips as we pronounce bridges, nowadays. I believe that this prevalent use of the short i sound is traceable to the common difficulty of ijroducing the original Continental ii. Some of you may have observed that, in learning French, English pupils often say ti instead of ttt. Thus to-day we have mill as an equivalent to the A.S. mylen, Germ. Miihle, Milborne appears in a Charter of ^thelstan as Mulchorue. A similar transition appears to have taken place in the case of the short v in Greek, which in time became changed into the Latin y, and eventually was superseded by the short t, as in modern Italian — e.g., ffvu^uvla syiiiphoiiia, siiifoiiia. It is noteworthy, however, that in the Western Wessex, where the tide of English Conquest flowed so strongly in the 8th Century, the old ii is still retained in the folk -speech. Professor Skeat has been kind enough to send me the following valuable notes on the subject: — " The A.S. pi(dd, a trench, is soimded just \ikQ pudding , if you will kindly drop the i)ig. The derived diminutive was, fii-st of aU, pydel, a little trench, small stream. Now this A.S. y is precisely the German dotted il or the French u in tenu. It is the short vowel corresponding to the long vowel in Fr. hme or German griin, "This sound went out of favour- with the English in the twelfth century, and they did not quite know what to do with it. Some turned it into short i (as in pit) ; some into short u (as input), and this later went into the u in puddle ; and so some of the scribes wrote Fidelc, and some wrote Fudele for the older Pydele. In Kent this same sound became the e in pet. " The Latin pufeus, a well, was bon-owed in early A.S., and was pronounced as pyt {i.e., piit). Then in the twelfth century we find pyt, pit, and put, all three. These forms would now give the modem English pit or modem English put (if pronounced so as to ihyme with cut). In Kent it is pet even to this da3% Standard English generally takes i (as in pit) for such words ; thus, A.S, fiyll became Mid-Eaglish hull, hill, Kentish hell. The modem English is hilL THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. xliil. "I thiuk this will make it clear. It shows why Fuddle is a possible variant and is, in fact, in use ; but the real standard form is Piddle." With regard to " Trenthide " Professor Skeat writes :— In the charters pub- lished by Kemble Fidcle occurs four times ; not a word about Trctithide. " Still there is evidence of the ' 30 liides ' ; and if you like to assume that the name of ' Trente hide,' meaning 30 hides, was devised by some Norman after the Conquest, that is reasonable. Domesday Book shows that Trenthide, as a name, was quite unknown in lOSO. " Briefly, the old name was simply Pidele, pure and simple, of which Pidrie is a stupid Norman travesty. Obviously the place was named from the river." With reference to iEIfgifu, ^thelred's bride (who is said to have bestowed the manor upon the New Minster at Winchester), the Professor says "it is incon- ceivablethat "thirty "could have been expressed by " trente " before 1052, when she died." In the absence, therefore, of any eleventh century authority, I suppose we must not press our claim for the antiquity of the name the parish now bears. It certainly did seem to me a likely thing that so ardent a supporter of matters Norman, as ^Ifgifu was, would have bestowed such an appropriate designation in her native tongue (for which a parallel occurs in the neighbouring "Fife- heads ") ; but there is no evidence to support this theory. I feel that, as a Club, we are deeply indebted to Professor Skeat for the light he has throwai upon this interesting point. Papers. The following papers were also read : — (i.) " British Arachnida," by the Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, F.R.S. (Printed.) (ii.) "Dorset Tokens of the i8th and 19th Centuries, and ]\Iedals relating to the County," by INIr. Henry Symonds. (Printed.) (iii.) "Hilton Church," by the Rev. E. H. H. Lee, (Printed.) -3 xliv. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. The Annual General Meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday, May 12th, in the County INIuseum, Dorchester. The President took the chair at 12.30, and about 50 Members were present. The Membership. — There were fourteen candidates for INIembership, eight of whom were elected. Three other candi- dates were nominated. Mr. Thomas Hardy Elected an Honorary INIember. — The President announced that the Council had decided to elect as an Honorar}^ Member of the Club Mr. Thomas Hardy. INIr. Hardy was known all over the world as one of the most distinguished Dorset men living, and his election would, he was sure, give general satisfaction to the Club. He might add that ]\Ir. Hardy was proposed by himself and seconded by Lord Eustace Cecil. Presidential Address.— The President then read his Address, on the conclusion of which Captain Elwes asked to be allowed in the name of the Club to express their thanks to the President for his excellent and deeply interesting address. Mr. Richardson had started a practice which he hoped that he might long live to continue— that of making the Presidential Address a sur\'ey of what had been done in the world of science during the prior twelve months. Canon Ravenhill said that he should be glad, as an original IMember of the Club, to second the vote of thanks to Mr. Richardson for his admirable address. The vote was carried with acclamation. The Transportation of Fish. — Arising out of the Presi- dential Address INIr. F. J. Barnes mentioned the interesting experiments in the transportation of fish which had been made by the IMarine Biological Association. On the extensive sandy shallows on the coast of Holland there had been for a consider- able time what they considered to be an overcrowding of plaice — the young plaice that came in from the North Sea in the winter THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. xlv. and spring to feed upon these sliallow sandy flats. They had transported some of them to the Doggerbank, and it had been found that the average growth of those so transported had been about twice what it would have been had the fish been allowed to remain in the shallows. The President had told them that the age of flat fish could now be told by the rings on the ear bones. The old method of measuring was from nose to tail ; but the experiments which he had mentioned had shown that if fish, like human beings, were given a fair chance of developing, they would take advantage of it, and size therefore was not a reliable criterion of age. The Hon. Secretary's Annual Report. — The Hon. Secretary then read his Report as follows : — The last volume of the Club's Troceedlngs contains such an exhaustive account of the year's work that there is very little left for the Hon. Secretary to report. The Membership of the Club has novr reached the maximum number — 400 — and there seems at present little likelihood of any abatement in the com- petition for occasional vacancies. The summer meetings were so well attended last year that, after paying all the expenses thereof, I find myself with the embarrassingly large balance in hand of over £20. That the Members of the Club should at once benefit by this balance seems only right and fitting, and it is, therefore, proposed to reduce the " incidental expenses" charged on the cards of admission to the summer meetings this year from 2s. to Is. 6d. This will probably be the means of bringing the balance in hand on the summer meetings' account down to a working level next year. The accounts for the past year have been duly audited, and the vouchers pertaining thereto lie upon the table. The Hon. Editor's Report. — Mr. Pentin also read his report as Honorary Editor as follows : — The following are to be the fii-st five items in the new volume :— " The Architectural History of St. Mary's Church at Ceme," by the Eev. C. W. H. Dicker ; " The Old Building on Poole Quay, known as the Town Cellars," by Mr. W. K. Gill ; " Notes on the Dorset Flora," by the Eev. E. F. Linton ; the first portion of another contribution on " Dorset Chantries," by Mr. E. A. Fry ; and " Dorset Tokens of the IFth and 19th Centuries, and Medals relatinff to the County," by Mr. Henry Symonds. The Eev. O. Pickard- Cambridge has prepared another paper on " British Arachnida," and Mr. W. de C. Prideaux on " Dorset Brasses ;" Mr. Sidney Heath has promised to contribute another paper on " The Cross-legged Effigies of Dorset," and Mr. B. Fossett Lock will con- clude " The, Cartulary of Cerue Abbey." The President's Anniversary xlvi. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. Address and the Mansel-Pleydell Prize Essay by Miss L. Towers on " The Distribution of Living Plants in relation to the different Geological FonnatioDs in Dorset," and papers by Captain Acland on " Sepulchral Potteiy in the Dorset County Museum from the Dorset Barrows," the Eev. E. H. H. Lee on " Hilton Church," and Mr. E. G. Brocklehurst on " The Old Stone Bridges of Dorset," will also be printed. As usual there will be some shorter papers, the official account of the Club's Meetmgs, the Eainfall Eeturns, and the report on the First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c. The Club's Finance. — The Hon. Treasurer presented his Statement of Accounts, which Mill be found printed on a succeeding page. Presentation of the IMansel-Pleydell Medal. — The next item was the presentation of the IMansel-Pleydell INIedal and Prize to INIiss L. Towers, of Whicham, Bournemouth, the writer of the prize essay for 1907 on the subject of "The Distribution of Living Plants in Relation to the Different Geological Formations in Dorset." The President said that he had been anxious that either Lord Eustace Cecil or the Rev. J. C. M. ]\Iansel-Ple)-dell should have been there to present the medal ; but, unfortunately, neither of them was able to attend. Therefore it had devolved upon himself to perfonn the duty, and he did so with much pleasure. He hoped that the winning of this medal and prize by a lady Avould encourage ladies of the Club to do more in a scientific way for the Club than they had done hitherto. Another essay, Avhich also had great merit, was sent in by a lady member, jMiss Ellen Woodhouse ; but unfortunately there was only one medal and prize. Medal Competitions for 1908. — The Mansel-Pleydell Medal and Prize will be awarded for the best original paper on " The Sequence of Architectural Styles as Exemplified in the Buildings, either Ecclesiastical or Domestic, of any Neighbour- hood in Dorset." This competition is open to all Members of the Dorset Field Club without regard to age, including all those elected in 1908, but not afterwards. The Cecil INIedal and Prize will be awarded for the best Paper on "The Discovery of Radium: its Probable Origin, THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. xlvii. Present Development, and Possible Future Use." The Competi- tion will be open to any person who was between the ages of 1 8 and 30 on IMay 12th, 1908 (that being the date of the last Annual Meeting of the Club), and who either was born in Dorset or had on May 12th, 1908, resided in the County for the previous twelve months. A statement giving particulars of qualification should accompany each paper sent in. Papers for both medals must be clearly written, and may be illustrated by drawings or photographs, provided that these are the personal work of the candidate. The committee will attach great importance to original observation. Papers should be sent in by March ist, 1909, to the President of the Club. Alterations of Rules. — On the motion of the President, acting after consultation with his official colleagues, Rule 7 was amended to read as follows : — Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing by one Member and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be ^lersonally known. He may be proposed at any meeting, and his name shall appear in the programme of the first following meeting at which a ballot is held, when he shall be elected by ballot, one b'ack ball in six to exclude. To this rule the following addition was made : — In the event of the number of vacancies being less than the number of candidates at four successive meetings, the names of any candidates proposed at the first of such four meetings who have not been elected at one of them shall be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be again proposed for election for at least a year after such withcbawal ; provided that, if at any meeting there shall be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted in estimating the above-named four meetings. INIr. Vere Oliver suggested that, now that the Membership of the Club had reached so large a number, it would be a good thing in the future, and would save much time and bother, if they left the election of new Members to the Executive, as was done in other Clubs. IMr. Alfred Pope agreed that it would greatly facilitate matters if the new Members were elected by the Executive, xlviii. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. The Cambridge Philosophical Society. — At the sugges- tion of the Hon. Secretary, it was decided that the Club should exchange publications with the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Election of Officers, — The President, Vice-Presidents, Hon. Secretary and Editor, and Hon. Treasurer were re-elected ; and the Hon. Secretary re-nominated Mr. H. Pouncy as Assistant Secretary. The President added to the list of Vice-Presidents the name of INIr. H. Storks Eaton, Past President of the Royal Meteor- ological Society. Mr. Eaton had been a very helpful and generous INIember of the Club ; but his nomination as a Vice- President was intended as a recognition of his scientific distinction. I\Ir. C. J. Cornish Browne, of Came House, was elected Director of the Dorset County Photographic Sun-ey. INIr. Nigel Bond and INIr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A., were nominated as Delegates to represent the Club at the Congress of Archae- ological Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries of London. The Summer ^Meetings. — The next business was the choice of the places of meetings to be held during the ensuing summer, with the result that (i) Corfe Castle and Studland, (2) Wells, Cheddar, and Glastonbury, (3) the Portesham and Bridehead district, and (4) INIontacute, were selected. Papers. — Mr. W, de C. Prideaux read a short paper, illus- strated with artistic designs, upon a small mediaeval armorial shield, enamelled on copper, used as a horse-trapping, belonging to the President, found near Weymouth ; and he exhibited a similar one of interest lent by the Somerset Archaeological Society. I\Ir. R. Bosworth Smith read two short but interesting papers on the Jay and the Cornish Chough. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND, xlix. FIRST SUMMER MEETING. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. The First Summer Meeting was held on Thursday, June 2sth. The party numbered about 80. The meeting place was at Corfe Castle. Under the guidance of the Rev. R. Grosvenor Bartelot, Vicar of Fordington S. George, the ]\Iembers made their way to the Square and across the ancient stone bridge with its four arches of irregular span, and so forth into the Outer Bailey of the Castle. Mr. Bartelot referred first to the murder of King Edward the Martyr at Corfes Geat in the year 979, as recorded in the Saxon Chronicle, the earliest documentary mention of Corfe ; and, in deviation from the familiar tradition, he expressed the opinion that the donms Elfrida, the home of Edward's cruel and treacherous stepmother, was not upon the castle hill, but probably on or near the site of the old house of the Syferwast and Uvedale families, hereditary warreners of Royal Purbeck. It was significant that no mention of Corfe was made in Domesday Book, and it went to show that there was no Saxon Castle at Corfe. Had there been a castle it would surely have been mentioned. King Edred, uncle of Edward the IMartyr, in 948 gave the site of the present castle to the Abbey of Shaftes- bury, and, as part of the Manor of Kingston, it remained the property of the Abbey until about 1075 ; but it was expressly noted in Domesday that one hide of land out of the Manor of Kingston had been given by the Abbess of Shaftesbury to William the Conqueror in exchange for the Church of Gillingham ; and the Testa de Neville a few years later stated that the advowson of Gillingham was given to the King in exchange for the land on which the Castle by Wareham [i.e., obviously Corfe Castle), was built. Stone-masons and marblers came to build the castle — at a penny a day wages, as the inhabitants of Corfe were still never tired of telling ; and, as the I. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. castle, of course, was not built in a day, they built houses for themselves close by, and so arose the town of Corfe, whose stone-cutters and marblers in the Middle Ages sent Purbeck marble, to all parts of England, and even abroad. The castle was built for a two-fold purpose— first, to uphold the King's rights in that part of the countr)-, which was a royal warren, well stocked with deer and other game ; and, secondly, as a state prison. Mr. Bartelot mentioned the many notable prisoners who have been confined in close custody in the castle, from the days of the unhappy Robert, Duke of Normandy, downward. Speaking of the periods at which various portions of the castle were built, he attributed the King's Tower, or great keep, with its wide courses of roughish, thickly-jointed burr, to the Conqueror, and the inner gateway, called King Edward's gate- way, with its beautiful closely-jointed ashlar, to Edward I., by whom also it is supposed that the mural towers and curtain walls of the first ward were built. The herringbone work on the west spur of the castle hill Mr. Bartelot described as the earliest masonry within the walls, and undoubtedly Saxon work. Why, he asked, did the Normans build a wall outside it and preser\-e it so carefully ? He concluded that it was because of their religious feeling, their respect for the wall of what they believed was an ancient sacred building. And there was ample e\idence that, according to William of Malmesbur}-, St. Aldhelm soon after the year 690 built a church at Corfe. There was evidence from the windows that there never was an upper storey to this herring- bone building, and in size it corresponded with the usual Saxon churches of that date. The Assistant Secretary contended that there was no evidence, either intrinsic or extrinsic, to support the theory that this ancient herringbone masonry was the remains of a church built by St. Aldhelm. Herringbone masonry was by no means confined to the Saxon period, but continued to be used well down into Norman times. That was not the only instance of herringbone masonry in the ruins, for there was another small piece on the summit of the hill, which it had never been CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. li. suggested was Saxon. As to the documentary evidence, tlie passage from William of Malmesbury's " Gcsta Pontificum Anglorum" to which ]\Ir. Bartelot had referred described how St. Aldhclm, before his appointment to the see of Sherborne, and while still Abbot of Malmesbury, set out, on his way to Rome, for his estates in the county of Dorset. There, awaiting a favourable wind {fdicem aiirani), he built a church {ecchsiam fecii), in which, while his companions were occupied in making the necessary preparations (for the voyage") he himself might commend to God his journey and his return. But what kind of church could St. Aldhelm possibly have built in so short a space of time, and to serve so passing a purpose ? Could it have been anything but a small, perishable shelter of wattle-and-daub or of scars dry-built ? Was it to be believed for a moment that on that occasion St. Aldhelm, even with the assistance of his companions (albeit they were expressly stated to be otherwise engaged), could possibly have erected that considerable expanse of herringbone masonr}- } And the extreme unlikelihood was increased by the indefiniteness of the historian about the site of St. Aldhelm's ecclesia in Purbeck. It had to be remembered that William of Malmesbury was writing over 400 years after the event which he was narrating, and his conceptions of the geography of Purbeck appear to have been somewhat hazy. The passage ran : — " Locus est in Dorsatensi pago, duobus milibus a mari disparatus juxta Werham, ubi et Corf Castellum pelago prominet." This he ventured to translate : — " The place is in the county of Dorset, two miles distant from the sea, near Wareham, where also Corfe Castle juts out into the sea." Now this was vexatiously ambiguous, and it was hardly surprising that this familiar locus classicus had been quoted in support of asser- tions that three different buildings in Purbeck were each the church built by St. Aldhelm ! Because William of Malmesbury said " near Wareham " it had been claimed that St, INIartin's Church in that town was the work of St. Aldhelm. Secondly, the mention of Corfe Castle had been quoted, as that day, in favour of the claim of this old herringbone masonry ; but Corfe Hi. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. Castle did not "jut out into the sea," and that phrase evidently referred to the whole peninsula of Purbeck of which in William of iNIalmesburj-'s days Corfe Castle was the dominating centre. Thirdly, the words "two miles from the sea" had been referred to Worth ]Matravers, where was a church containing undoubted Saxon work, and probably the most ancient church in Purbeck. Of the three claims, most could, he thought, be said in favour of Worth IMatravers ; but it was surely making a great draft on one's credulity to ask one to believe that the little frail building, which could on such an occasion alone have been built by St. Aldhelm, could, whatever its exact position, have sunived the wrack of over 1,200 years. Competent members of the British Archceological Association, when visiting the Castle in July last, expressed the opinion that the herringbone masonr}^ was probably the oldest part of the Norman Castle, and possibly the original castle hall. In regard to the distance from the sea, it was suggested by more than one ^Member that parts of Poole Harbour now lay within two miles of Corfe Castle, and were verj- possibly much nearer in former times. Mr. Bartelot said that he was glad to hear the contrary opinion fully and clearly argued. He next called attention to the remains of the Butavant, the octagonal tower so named from its position on the crest of the west spur of the castle hill, and described by Ralph Creswell, in his drawing of the castle as the " dungeon towre." Undoubtedly the lowest of the three storeys of this tower was an ouhlielte ; and how many a prisoner whom it was sought to dispose of had there been placed and — forgotten ! In a storm on February nth, 1866, a part of this tower fell down, and Canon Bankes used to tell him how the old man who lived at West jNIills, down below the hill, when his little boy rushed in, saying " Granfer, the castle is a comen down," simply answered " Come inside lad, and shut the door " — so confident was he that his door was solid enough to defy the rolling debris of the castle ruins ! (Laughter.) The tower facing north in the second ward Hutchins called the prison chapel ; but its CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. Hii. dimensions would not admit of this interpretation. It was a pity that it had been modernised by three rectangular windows and a fireplace, which, tradition said, was done by a former rector of Corfe named I'Anson. The King's Tower, or keep, although it had been badly battered, was still a noble example of the durability of Norman masonry and mortar. It had been much Tudoriscd, evidently by Sir Christopher Hatton, after his purchase of the castle from Queen Elizabeth. He called attention to the remains of the Tudor windows, mantelpieces, and chim- neys, and also the alterations in the height of the roofs and floors, for originally there was but one storey in the keep above the ground floor. INIr. Bartelot next drew attention to the traces of delicate and beautiful Early English work in the Queen's Tower, especially the two pointed doorways. Some had thought that the room on the right was a chapel ; but this idea was dis- countenanced by the stone bench seats on each side within the splays of the windows. But the adjoining apartment on the left he thought might well ha\e been the Queen's private oratory. I\Ir. Bartelot finally gave an account of the siege of Corfe Castle and its gallant defence by " Brave Dame Mary." The party then dispersed to examine features of the ruins more closely. Some also rambled out to inspect some of the curious old buildings in the most interesting village of Corfe, among them the Tudor cottage with the portcullis badge of the Beauforts, the quaint Georgian Town Hall, the headquarters of the Ancient Company of Purbeck Marblers and Stone Cutters, the old Council Chamber overlooking the square, now used as the Parish Room, the Manor House of the Dacombes, the Greyhound Hotel with its projecting porch, and the ancient house of the Uvedales, the broad, many mullioned windows of which cannot fail to catch the eye of the antiquary. Rempstone Stone Circle. The party then set out for Rempstone to inspect an interesting find made a few years ago, but still not generally known — the liv. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. remains of an ancient stone circle in a wood by the side of the road. The President explained that the credit of the discovery was due to an old friend of his, the Rev. C. V. Goddard, fonnerly Vicar of Shrewton, Wilts, and now Rector of Baverstock, Salisbury, who in 1900 wrote him the following letter : — I have a communication of some little interest to make to you. Being at Corfe Castle lately, my wife took me into a wood just beyond Rempstone, on the road to Studland, and we at once found ourselves in what I have no doubt is the remaining segment of a stone circle or rude stone monument, of which, as I understand, Dorset has not hitherto deemed itself the possessor. I have shown my notes to the Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge and Mr. Eustace Bankes, who has visited the place and confirms my description, Mr. Moule kindly hunted in the Dorset County Museum Ubrary for me, and found that " Eempstone" is sup- posed to refer to a megaKthic monument formerly there (Hutchins and "Wame) ; but no author has seen or heard of any existing remains. I incline td believe that what I have found is (or was connected with) the *' Eempstone." I believe the local pronunciation is "Eampson," Could that be " Eoundstone 'r " I enclose some notes and communications. These " notes and communications " ]\Ir. Richardson read out as follows : — In a copse on the south side of the road to Studland, where it enters a wood about a quarter of a mile east of Eempstone, a wicket gives enti-ance ; and immediately on entering are seen several blocks of stone standing about 10 paces from the road. The blocks are of several sizes, the four tallest about 3ft. 6in. out of the ground and 2ft. thick, of the bulk of a wheelbarrow, the others smaller. They are all chocolate -coloured iron gritstone, and flattish in section. Nine are set round in just about (the northern) half of a circle or a little more, and measure 24 paces from the south-east one to the tall north-west one. A ditch runs across about the middle, and two of the stones are on the southern bank, a small one (or a portion only visible) nearly buried in the bank, opposite to the last standing stone on the west, that on the east being a good hump about 2ft. 6in. high. Between these extremities the ground has apparently been excavated (possibly for pipe clay), and there are hollows, pools of water, and ditches ; but no stones of the south half of the circle. Eight or nine stones lie irregularly about 30 paces from the cii-cle eastward, which may have oecupied the south half of the cu'cle, w hich would require eight or nine stones to complete it. AU the stones are moss-grown, and look ancient. They are not marked on the Ordnance Survey or tithe map. Wame's map gives an indication of some antiquity in this locality, and in "Ancient Dorset" he says : — "Stones of the monolith class still ^■\U ■■-:^'^^^^^: •-^"''^;^^' Hl^^lifj^^^^M ■"tJ^iteiv:'' The Rempstone Stone Circle. [F/ioto.^ by C. H. Mate and H. SuttUl. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. Iv. remaining in Dorset are few. . . . They are these, 1st, the Hel stone, near Longbredy Hut ; '2nd, the Broad-stone, in part of Wiuterbome Abbas ; 3rd, the Harpstone ui the Isle of rurbcck ; and a fourth is believed to have been standing formerly at Rempstonc." The Hon. Secretary observed that they were bound to speak with hesitation on the subject of megaUthic remains. Popularly they were all regarded as being the work of the Druids, but without doubt some of these small stone circles were earlier than the time of the Celts and belonged to pre-historic days. They ought to be very glad that they had come there that day ; for there were only five of these stone circles in Dorset ; and it was well that the Club should have been there to give publicity to so important a find, and to create more interest in the subject generally. In answer to Mr. Forde, Mr. Pentin added that, if only the circle was complete, it would be much larger than that at Pokeswell. The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker said that he had examined a large number of these circles in Cornwall, and the position and shape of these stones at Rempstone was very similar indeed, except that the Cornish circles were always for the most part smaller. In regard to date, those circles in Cornwall, especially on the Bodmin moors, appeared to have extended over a very long period indeed. There were traces of some circles impinging upon and actually cutting through and destroying others ; and he thought that anybody who inspected the Bodmin moors on the western or northern slope of Brown Willy, and noticed the enormous number of circles intersected by avenues of stone, would say that he was looking upon a gigantic cemetery. When found complete the circles always had an entrance composed of two rather larger stones set at right angles to the circumference ; but, of course, one could not look for them in an incomplete circle like that. Except for its large size this circle — or the half of it that remained — was precisely of the same type as the Cornish circles. The President mentioned that Sir Norman Lockyer, having gone into the matter scientifically and with much thoroughness, Ivi. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. had come to the conchision that, instead of these stone circles being places of sepulture or worship, they were almanacs for astronomical purposes, being orientated towards certain rising stars. The Hon. Treasurer added, on the subject of date, that dolmen building extended over a very long period indeed. Studland Church. The party next set out for Studland, visiting en route the Agglestone, or "Devil's Night Cap," an object of many grim and humorous legends, but in reality "an isolated weathered remnant of Lower Bagshot sands, which remains from the fact of its being locally hardened by a ferruginous cement." At Studland Church the Rector (the Rev. F. S. Algeo) read the following paper : — The church, which is dedicated to S. Nicholas, the patron saint of sailors, is generally considered to be a singularly perfect and unaltered specimen of the Noi-man style of architectui-e, and ranks with the well-known churches of Iffley and Stewkley. The date is somewhat earlier than lifley, probably about 1180, though the nave may date from an earlier period. When they were restoring the porch some years ago an ancient stone was found which is considered to have been the doorstep of an earlier building, probably of Saxon origin. The plan of the church, as at Iffley and Stewkley, is a nave, central tower, and chancel, both tower and chancel with stone-groyned roof. The chancel consists of one square of groyning. The east window is an insertion of three lights of late date, perhaps Jacobean; but above is the original window between the two roofs. There are original north and south windows, each a narrow light with good exterior mouldings. On the north side of the altar is an altar tomb of Purbeck marble, perhaps used as an Easter sepulchre before the Reformation, when it was customary to bury the consecrated elements from Good Friday to Easter Day. The groyning in the tower is of the same character as in the chancel. The north window is original, but the south modern. The tower has never been finished ; but is carried only half way up the jambs of the belfry windows, where it is finished off with a gable roof. Owing to the settlement a buttress has been added to the north and south faces. There are four bells, one of which professes to be of great antiquity. It bears a date 1065 (a mistake for 1665 or 1765), with the inscription " Drawe neare to God," and what may be considered the trade mark of the founder, namely, the initials C. P., with the figure of a bell CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND. Ivii. between them. The other bells bear date 173G, with the founder's name, William Knight. The roof of the nave is a modern erection (1848). On the exterior there is a "corbel table." The west window is a modern insertion, as are the two south windows. The inner doorway, with semi-circular arch, is original. The north doorway is of similar character ; the two north windows are both original. The original stone font remains. It is evident from various signs, and from the crudeness of the original walls, that the building was originally a heathen place of worship and that the Christian missioners adapted this building to their use, and that it was reconstructed during Norman times, and to a gi-eat extent it remains to-day as it was of old. The church presents an interesting example of what is called the Twist, namely, a divergence in the line of the choir from that of the nave, intended, it is supposed, to convey to the spectator or worshipper an impression of the inclination of our Lord's head on the Cross, but some think that it was designed to improve the perspective. During the excavations which took place at the restoration of the chui-ch in 1881 by Mr. W. M. Hardy, builder, of Swanage, blunders of the early builders came to bght sufficient to account for the sinking of the fabric which caused the cracks in the arches of the tower. The mortar of the ashlar work, piers, and arches consisted chiefly of lime and grit in equal quantities, like that in the work at Corfe Castle ; but the mortar of the south-west buttress, which may be assigned to the 14th century, was the best, the mortar being as hard as cement. Conducting the party round the outside of the church, Mr. Algeo pointed out a small doorway in the north wall of the chancel, leading into a chamber in the tower. As there was no rectory house, it is supposed, he said, that a travelling priest, coming probably from Wareham, did duty here, and occupied this priest's chamber. He then went on from Studland to Worth. A consecration cross was observed carved on the north- east angle of the chancel about five feet high above the plinth, and another on the capital of the column in the interior on the same level. More crosses are observable at different angles in the chancel. The Business Meeting. After tea at the Bankes' Arms Hotel a short Business Meeting was held. There were nine candidates for Membership of the Club, three of whom were elected. Iviii. CORFE CASTLE AND STUDLAND, The Hon. Secretary read a letter which he had received from INIr. Thomas Hardy : — The Athenaeum, Pall Mall, S.W., IGth May, 1908. Dear Mr. Pentin,— Your iuformation that I have been elected an Honorary Member of the Dorset Field Club is highly gi-atifyiug, and I hope I shall be able to show my sense of the distinction the Club has conferred on me bj- attending some of its delightful Meetings.— Sincerely yours, Thomas Haedt. The President added that he had also received a very appreciative letter from ]\Ir. Henry Storks Eaton, Past President of the Royal Meteorological Society, who at the Annual Meeting of the Club was elected a Vice-President. The Hon. Secretary read the following letter from Captain Benett-Stanford, the Honorary Treasurer of the Shaftesbury Abbey Excavation Fund : — Hatch House, Tisbuiy, Wilts. Dear Sii-, — I am wondering whether your Club would give anything towards the final excavations at Shaftesbmy Abbey. I enclose you the circular that I have sent round to most names in Dorset and Wiltshire. Mr. Doran Webb personally guaranteed the overdraft at the bank, and it therefore behoves all people who have any interest in Dorset archaeology to clear him of this generous but onerous responsibility. ' ' The work of excavating the site of Shaf tesbuiy Abbey, which was com- menced in 1902, is now approaching completion. This year we propose to lay down in turf the ground outside the foundations of the wall and to build a couple of rooms (with the rough stone found on the site) to hold the numerous objects of interest which have been brought to light during the progress of the excava- tions. To accomplish this and to repay the overdraft at the bank a sum of £200 is necessary, and I venture to appeal to you, and feel sure it will not be in vain, to help me to raise this amount. I cannot do better to conclude this, my last appeal, than by quoting the words of the Rev. Douglas Macleanein the Guardian of October 11th, 1905 : ' Not only the county of Dorset and Diocese of Salisbury, but all Englishmen, should feel concerned in the recovery from its unhonoured grave of the stately Benedictine foundation of the Saxon-Hero-King." — Yours very faithfully, John Benett-Staxfoed. On the motion of the Hon. Treasurer the sum of two guineas was voted to the fund. A pleasant drive through Ulwell Gap brought the Members to Swanage in time to catch their trains. lix. SECOND SUiMIMER MEETING. CHEDDAE, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. The Second Summer Meeting was held on Wednesday and Thursday, July 22nd and 23rd. Cheddar Caves. The party, about 35 in number, first visited Cox's Stalactite Cavern at Cheddar, containing a wonderful variety of most beautiful and delicate forms of stalactite and stalagmite, tinged with various shades of pink and brown, and lit up with acetylene gas. Some of the most striking are in the shape of basins, which were formed on bases of clay constituting part of the original floor, now washed away. The basins are therefore suspended or partially so, and being kept full of water, add greatly by their reflections to the iair}^-like character of the scene. Mr. Balch, of Wells, a noted cave-explorer and authority on the subject, who kindly acted as guide to the party, pointed out how the main lines of action of the carboniferous and metalli- ferous infiltrations have been along the joints of the limestone, for these were the points first open to attack. The rainfall soaking down from the top of the hill above first passed down quite insignificant lines of joint and, charged with carbonic acid from the atmosphere and from the plants through which it came, attacked the carbonate of lime and dissolved it ; and no sooner had it done that than it began to deposit it upon the walls in the form of cr}'stalline carbonate of lime. There had been much difierence of opinion as to why these two and contrary processes should go on at the same time — why, while the water was eating out the carbonate of lime from the rock itself, it should also be precipitating it in that manner. Some alleged that it was a matter of evaporation ; but after studying the question closely Ix. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY, for many years, and obsening the processes in every cavern which he knew, he had come to the conclusion that it was mainly a matter of temperature. The rainfall above had a certain degree of warmth which it lost immediately it passed below the surface of the earth, and that lowering of temperature prevented the water from holding up so much carbonate of lime in solution ; and thus it was precipitated in this cr}-stalline form to which the caverns owed their beauty and fantastic adornment. Where on the other hand evaporation had taken place they got a pulpy tufa, and not a cr}'stalline carbonate of lime. Mr. Alfred Pope enquired if the water had any petrifying power, that is, whether if the dead body of any animal was placed beneath a dripping stalactite, it would in process of time be converted into a strong resemblance of itself, as was the case with the petrifying wells at Royat-les-Bains, near Vichy, and other places on the Continent. Mr. Balch answered that, although the water might have the same chemical nature, yet the rate of deposit made considerable difference. With a rapid deposit, as at the wells on these Continent, one had precipitation ; but here cr}-stallisation. An animal body would not, therefore, be petrified. Having seen the stalactites the party were, before leaving, given proof alike of their strength and of the musical sound which they are capable of producing. On being struck with a crowbar two stalactites uttered deep, resonant bell- like notes, but of different tones. From Cox's Cave the party walked the short distance up the village to the much larger caves owned by INIessrs. Gough. At the entrance they saAv the human skull, which was found in December, 1903, in what was called the New Cave, probably Palaeolithic, between two thick stalagmite floors in company with flint tools. The INIembers also inspected the animal remains — bones of the rhinoceros, hyaena, bear, &c., and the coins and other objects found in the mouth of the cavern. Leaving the caves, the party traversed a good part of the Gorge, surveying the precipitous limestone cliffs. ChEDDAR, WfeLLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixi. Driving back to the station, they then returned by train to Wells, and repaired first to the small museum, containing many interesting objects, chiefly of local origin, which is located in what appears to have been the Doinus Convcrsorum, over the west cloister. The Bishop's Palace, Wells. After tea at the Swan Hotel the party entered the grounds of the Bishop's Palace, passing over the bridge and through the embattled gatehouse with its square turrets, and noticing in passing the grooves of the original portcullis, which has been removed, and the chains of the drawbridge. The grounds, in which grow many rare trees, are surrounded by an embattled wall and a wide moat filled with water. The Palace was originally built by Bishop Joceline in the early part of the Early English period, from 1205 to 1222, and it is justly considered to be one of the most perfect and interesting specimens of a dwellinghouse of the Middle Ages still inhabited. The most modern part of the Palace is the addition made by Bishop Bekinton in the middle of the 15th Century. The guide led the way to the roofless and partially ruinous walls of the great Banqueting Hall built by Bishop Burnell, 1275 to 1293, and stated that it was in this hall that the last Abbot of Glastonbury, Richard Whiting, underwent a mock trial, on a trumped-up charge, before being dragged on a hurdle to Glastonbury Tor for execution. The guide led them next to Bishop Ken's grotto and walk, where he is said to have composed his hymns. The walk lies along the inside of the battlemented wall which was built, with the licence of Edward HI., by Bishop Ralph of Shrews- bur}\ He pointed out how, along the course of the wall, crossed arrow slits alternate with embrasures for the primitive cannon of Edwardian days. A little later he showed the window of the room in which Bishop Kidder, successor to Bishop Ken, and his wife as they lay in their bed were killed one boisterous night in 1703 by a stack of chimneys which fell from the Virgin Tower right through the roof of the bedroom. Dorchester Members Ixii. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. could not help recalling to mind the fact that precisely the same fate befel Mr. Richman, a Rector of St. Peter's, and his wife, earl}- in the 19th Century. By the courtesy of the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the party were admitted to the Palace. In the hall they were shown the gorgeous cope presented to the Bishop for his use at the Coronation. They next proceeded into the Early English undercroft, above which are the drawing-room and librar}-. Dr. Reunion's predecessor, Lord Arthur Hervey, converted this undercroft into a beautiful and unique dining hall ; thence into the Bishop's Chapel, a lofty and elegant building in the Decorated style. The vaulted roof is supported by clustered columns which rise between the three beautiful geometrical windows on each side. The reredos and sedilia have rich canopies. The chapel, originally erected by Bishop Joceline, was rebuilt by Bishop Burnell and judiciously restored by Bishop Law. Going upstairs the party next entered the picture gallery, the walls of which are hung with an interesting collection of portraits of many of the Bishops of the See. The Cathedral. At 5.45 the party were met at the imposing west front of the cathedral by the Dean, who, in the course of a short sketch of the histor}^ of the cathedral, stated that probably at Wells, as at Glastonbury, the first beginning was a wooden church roofed either with hides or with thatch. Then came the building of a very small Saxon church and then of a larger Saxon or Norman church. One relic of the ver}^ old times could be seen in the south corner of the church — a late Saxon font, very simple and too small ever to have been intended for any cathedral a quarter of the size of Wells. They would also find a little dog-tooth- ornament here and there, and stones dressed with a Norman axe. The cathedral in the main Avas consecrated in 1182. In the year 1300 there was nothing of the church east of the present site of the pulpit ; but early in the 14th century Dean Godley CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONRURY. Ixiii. made enormous extensions eastward. Dean Jex-Blake indicated the point from which he said he thought that the most effective view of the cathedral could be obtained, showing the inter- columnar structure of the Lady Chapel, the building at the extreme east, then the ambulatory or processional path and the retro-choir and altar. He also invited the visitors to admire the superb east window, a Jesse window glowing still with the subdued richness of the original glass of the 14th centur)-. The inverted arches at the transepts, forming with the arches below St. Andrew crosses, could not be admired for their beauty ; but they were ingenious structural devices to strengthen the walls to withstand the downward thrust of the enormous weight of the tower. In the west front there were no less than 300 statues all in due order, at the top our Lord enthroned, with the Madonna on one side and St. John on the other, and beneath them, not angels, but the Apostles, who had had actual earthly contact with Him. Below the apostles were set angels, and below the angels men and women starting from their sepulchres at the Last Judgment, some in shame and fear, and others in faith and confidence. The Dean then pointed out the tomb of Bishop Bekinton, who died in 1465, on which traces of the original vermilion and gold could still be seen ; and the tomb of Ralph of Shrewsbury, who first started the Vicars Choral as a college. He next led them to the undercroft of the Chapter House, built about 1280, and upstairs into the Librar}-, where amongst other treasures he showed a IMS. of the Vulgate in small writing probably of the 13th century, and a copy of Aristotle which belonged to Erasmus, containing his autograph. Next the party mounted the stone staircase to the lovely Chapter House, with its artistic geometrical windows and roof, and the double doorway. The Vicars Choral. They then passed out of the precincts of the Dean and Chapter into those of the Vicars Choral, and were met by the principal Ixiv. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Priest, the Rev. J, W, Plaxton. He showed them the ancient hall of the Vicars Choral with its quaint pulpit or reading desk for lections during repasts. From the hall the party descended the steps into the Close of the Vicars Choral, a secluded alley of houses, 21 on each side, each consisting of two rooms and proAiding accommodation for 42 vicars. The Vicars Choral were really, the Dean explained, substitutes for the country clergy, who found it difficult, living miles away, to travel long distances to the cathedral over ver}' bad roads, and so were obliged to have vicarii chorales to sing the services for them. About the year 1340 Ralph of Shrewsbury gathered them into a college so that they might be housed comfortably and kept from unprofitable and harmful intercourse with the outer world. The dainty little chapel and the little librar)' built over it were also visited. The Dean then led the visitors through his garden to the Deaner}% a fine old 14th Century house, rebuilt by Dean Gunthorpe, 1472-98, standing in the Close, but quite complete in itself, with its own gatehouse and wall of defence. The Dean very kindly showed them over his house, and then, by the courtesy of the Principal of the Theological College, they were allowed to go through his garden to see the wells from which the city takes its name. Dinner. Shortly before eight o'clock the company sat down to dinner at the Swan Hotel. The President, having submitted the loyal toasts, proposed the health of the Dean and also of the other visitors, INIr. H. St. George Gray and Mr. Sheldon. The INIembership. — Six new INIembers were elected and two candidates for Membership nominated. Maumbury Rings. The proposed investigation of Maumbury Rings, Dorchester, was discussed ; Mr. Gray, who had undertaken to carry out the CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixv. work, stating that ^50 or ^60 would be required. He did not expect to find many relics ; but what he wanted to prove was whether or not it was a Roman amphitheatre, and whether there were any tiers of seats for spectators. Some authorities con- sidered it to be of earlier origin. The Glastonbury Lake Village. Mr. St. George Gray shortly afterwards gave an able, lucid, and instructive lecture on the Lake Village at Glastonbury and the discoveries which have been made there during the past sixteen years by Mr. Arthur Bulleid, F.S.A., of Midsomer Norton, and himself. Glastonbury, noted for the ruins of its superb abbey, had of late years had its fame considerably enhanced by the discovery and excavation of the lake village in its immediate vicinity. It had directed enquiries to Glastonbury from all parts of the world, these lacustrine habitations marking the cultural epoch known as the pre-historic Iron Age, concerning which comparatively little had been known before. Mr. Bulleid, who was the discoverer of the village, and himself were preparmg a thick quarto book on the subject, embodying all their discoveries. By means of a fine series of 70 photographic slides, shown by Mr. Sheldon with the limelight, Mr. Gray gave his attentive audience a vivid impression of the lake village, the clay hearths superimposed one upon the other, as in turn they gradually sank into the peaty soil, the stakes of the surrounding palisades, the stones before the doorways, and the great variety of articles of domestic use. He assigned the lake village to the period from B.C. 200 to A.D. 70. It might be the work of the Belgae, and it was striking that Camden, in his map of Somerset dated 1580, indicated that " The Belgae " inhabited that lake district. The relics found, not considering pottery, numbered about 4,000, and included bobbins, weaving-combs, loom-weights, spindle-whorls, parts of looms, affording clues to the weaving industry of the inhabitants. The relics were found for the most part on the floors of the houses. Mr. Bulleid and he had not discovered the Ixvi. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. the burial-places of the inhabitants, which were probably on higher ground beyond the marsh. Of the Bronze Age the remains found in various parts of the country were remains of burial places, and not of habitable areas, as was the case at the lake \illage ; and that was why the discoveries made at the lake village were so very interesting. INIr. Alfred Pope asked whether the Swiss lake dwellings were before or after this lake village at Glastonbury. INIr. Gray answered that for the most part they covered an earlier period. They were known in the Stone Age and also in the Bronze Age, and again in the Iron Age, but the Bronze Age sites were the most numerous. He had, he thought, said enough to convince the club that mid-Somerset had produced one of the best specimens, if not the \ery best, of Late-Celtic civiUsation in England, if not in the whole world. The INIeare Lake Village. On Thursday morning the party drove off in brakes to ]\Ieare, where excavations had just been begun on the site of another lake village, much larger than the one at Glastorbur)-. Having alighted from their vehicles the party walked about a hundred yards across the flat meadow land, between two rhines or dykes, and there found two men at work in a trench which had been cut straight through one of the hut-floors or "batches," as the countr}folk call them. Mr. St. George Gray said that this lake village at INIeare was not by any means a recent discover)'. It had been known about twelve years ; but for obvious reasons it had been kept quiet. It took ]\Ir. Bulleid many years to discover the village at Glastonbur)\ Having studied the subject he was led to expect a place of the sort on those moorland levels ; and after four years search at odd times he alighted upon the Glastonbury lake village. The work at Glastonbury was begun in 1892. Then Mr. Bulleid, having had some relics of lake village type brought to him by a Meare farmer, extended his search, and found in CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixvii. 1895 this lake village, probably larger and far more important. These trial excavations were going on only for ten days this year, to make sure that they were really on the site of a lake \illage. The property belonged to several owners, most of whom had given their consent for the operations to be carried out. As to the extent of this new village at Mearc, judging from superficial observations, it appeared to be divided into two parts, and was much larger than the Glastonbury village, which occupied an area of 3^ acres ; this one might cover nine or ten acres. At Glastonbury the village measured 400 feet north and south by 300 east and west. Roughly the dimensions of the Meare village were 250 feet from north to south and 1,500 feet from east to west. They saw dwelling-mounds around them in all directions. The dwellings had not yet been counted. In the Glastonbury village they numbered 81 ; but here they would greatly exceed that number. They could not always trace these dwellings on the surface, for gradual subsidence in the peaty soil often caused the clay to sink to the level of the field. If the excavation went on at the same pace as that at Glastonbury, they might estimate that it would cover a great many years. It was hoped that the Meare relics would go to the Somerset County Museum at Taunton. Turning attention to the work actually in progress before the eyes of the visitors, who had fortunately come on one of the few days that the work would be in progress that year, ]\Ir. Gray said that that was the only cutting which had yet been made — a section four feet wide cut through the middle of one of these mounds or hut-sites. If they examined the section carefully they would notice, by the layers of clay with thin inter\-ening layers of mould, that several clay floors and hearths had been cut through. The reason was that, as they became worn out, others were laid down on the top of them. Originally that mound would have been two or three feet higher ; but owing to weight of the clay which they saw along the section it had been gradually sinking into the peat below. The excavations had not gone far enough to show the actual outskirts of the dwelling-, but they expected to find piles which should Ixviii. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. encircle the hut. Small bones of sheep had just been found, and they would notice how black they became stained by the peat — excellently preserved. The relics from the clay were not nearly so well preserved as those from the peat. Nearly all the material passed through the hands of the men, who broke up the lumps in the hope of finding something, and they saw them picking out things constantly. He learnt from Mr. BuUeid that the finds already found included four weaving-combs, two bronze spiral finger-rings, a spindle-whorl, and ornamented pottery — a fairly good result from a cutting of that size. By degrees the whole of that mound would be uncovered, to expose the different floors of clay in the hut. All the clay had been brought to the sites of the huts from clay-pits some little distance away. The floors always sloped in all directions from the centre of the hut, but not generally so much as in the dwelUng then under obser%'ation. The President said that the Club were fortunate in having come to the village at the time when the excavation was in progress. He repeated their gratitude to ]\Ir. Gray for his kindness, and for the valuable and interesting information which he had given them. I\Ir. Gray, before the party left, showed a weaving-comb found that morning — the fifth discovered on that spot and showing that the people inhabiting that dwelling were accustomed to weaving. It was used for pressing the horizontal threads or weft down, through the vertical threads or woof. In the Wilton carpet factor}^ Salisbury, one could see iron combs of the same t}-pe being used at the present day. Returning to the village of INIeare the party visited the parish church, where Mr. Alfred Pope, author of "The Old Stone Crosses of Dorset," said a few words about the i6th Century cross which has been removed to the churchyard and restored. Then, by the courtesy of the tenant, they went over the old house close by, which is said to have been the country house of the Abbot of Glastonbur}-, a car\'ed stone figure of whom, in full canonicals, appears as a finial over the porch. The windows in CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixix. the solar, in the private chapel, and the large barn adjoining, arc of much beauty and of that interesting period when the Early English style was merging into the Decorated. Then the party walked across the field to the " Fish House," a now roofless building of a later period. Glastonbury and Its Abbey. On arriving in Glastonbury, the party first visited the Museum to inspect its various treasures, and especially to see the pre-historic boat and numerous other relics unearthed from the peaty soil of the Lake Village. After luncheon at the Old George Hotel it was resolved that a guinea be given to the purchase fund of Glastonbury Abbey from the Club's funds. The party then adjourned to the Abbey, where Mr. Bligh Bond kindly gave some account of the ruins and of the interesting and valuable discoveries which he had so lately made in connection with them. He said that they were now standing on the site of St. JMary's Chapel, or, as it had been called for a great many years, St. Joseph's Chapel, which occupied the site of the original British wattled church which was supposed to have been erected in the first century. As they saw, the present chapel was in the Transition style between the Norman and the Early English. The date of its erection was just prior to 1186, and it was consecrated in that year. It was a most beautiful example of the style, perhaps the most beautiful example that we have. The work well repaid careful study, because the detail was so beautifully wrought, especially when they came to the actual carved ornaments, which possessed a character that they would look for in vain in most of the work of that date. He called their attention particularly to some of the corbel heads, which he declared to be equal almost to the best Italian Renaissance work, and to the most elaborate north door and the delicate shafting of Purbeck marble. The crypt was constructed by the monks in the fifteenth century for the benefit of the pilgrims. They underpinned the walls of the chapel to put in Ixx. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. the cr)-pt, and had to raise the floor of the chapel, which necessitated covering up the bases of the pillars and the bench tables. INIr. Bond then led the way through the site of the galilee, of which little is left, to the nave of the great Benedictine Abbey Church, It was, he said, begun in 1189 and dedicated in 1303, having taken all that time in building. It was one of the largest churches in Britain, and, with what they had now discovered at the further end, they might claim that it was the longest church m Britain, the total length, including St. Marj-'s or St. Joseph's at that end and the retro-chapel just found at the east end, being little short of 600 feet. The style of the church was ver}- interesting, because it was of that delightful Transitional period between the Romanesque and the Early English. The detail was at once bold and delicate, being a later variation of the Norman hatchet or chevron moulding, beautifully car\'ed and undercut. The foliated caps were extremely good. The west end was rather later in style, more advanced Early English ; but, unfortunately, little of it was left. However, from what little was left they thought that it must have been something like the west end at Wells Cathedral, and probably it had a triple lancet window. Unfortunately, all that was left of the nave was a little bit of the south aisle. Coming to the transepts, the two eastern piers were standing of the four which once supported the central tower. In Wells and other cathedrals they found the arcade, triforium, and clerestor}^ three distinctly separate features of the building ; but here at Glastonbury the arcade and triforium were incorporated in one by the massive and beautifully-moulded arch which was carried up over the heads of the triforium openings, and which bound the whole into unity of design. Each of the great transepts was furnished with two chapels. Unfortunately, they had only one chapel preserved on the northern side ; but there was a fellow-chapel in line with it, all of which, however, was now gone. The choir was at first of four bays ; but Abbot Monington about the year 1340 enlarged it by adding two bays. Behind the extended choir lay the ambulator}', with a series of five chapels in a line. Professor Willis, whose book entitled CHEDDAR, -VVELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. Ixxi. ** The Architectural Histor)' of Glastonbury Abbey " was the standard work upon the abbey, was of opinion that there were five chapels in a row at the east end, and he based his opinion upon the fact that there was evidence of internal screen walls dividing the chapels from one another. Mr. Bligh Bond then told the party what led him to make his extremely interesting excavations. He had for some time past had a strong impression that the chapel, which was the work of the two last Abbots (Beere and Whiting), must have been a work of con- siderable magnitude ; and this impression was confirmed by his interpretation of an Inventory made in the time of Queen Elizabeth, which gave the length of the different parts of the Abbey in series, making the whole 594 feet. But the man who made this Inventory had fallen into a curious error, and put ever)-one off the track by calling this chapel the " Chapter House." Mr. Bond, however, felt certain that it implied that there was a retro-chapel of St. Edgar right at the east end, and that it was a much larger chapel than anybody would sup- pose. He began by cutting a trench, and ran it out yft. 6in. from the east wall, and now they had the west wall and two return Avails running eastward. They were massive walls, and they contained land-drains for carrying off the water which collected on the clay. The run of the two walls which connected this chapel with the choir was clearly ascertainable from the cutting, for they found the position of the various buttresses which divided the wall into five bays. He pointed to the south-east corner of the chapel and substantial remains of the buttresses coming out eastward and southward close to the angle. They had also the return wall running northward, forming the east wall of the chapel and giving it a total length of something like 52 feet by about 25. It was impossible to say exactly what were the dimensions of the chapel, because all that they had found was a footing wall. There was no above walling at all, no ashlar or dressed stone left. They inferred that the height of the floor of that chapel above the choir was very considerable. Ixxii. CHEDDAR, WELLS, AND GLASTONBURY. It must have been raised nine or ten feet. For 200 years that unfortunate abbey had been a quarry for the whole neighbour- hood. It was the regular custom to take away the foundations and use them for road metal or farm buildings, and it had been said that there was not a house in Glastonbury which had not a stone from the abbey built into it. Indeed, the abbey was called " The Quarr}'." They saw the scaffolding up aroimd the transept walls. It was the intention to remove all i\y and to grout the walls in with cement to preserve them. During the last few days, in making excavations in the nave near the base of the western chancel arch, they had come upon what appeared to be the foundations of an earlier church, possibly of the Norman abbey burnt down in 1 1 84. In the course of the research work this ver}^ day of the Club's visit some fine specimens of complete coloured mosaic tiles were turned up near the west chancel arch ; but the chief find was a medallion engraved on one side with a hand outstretched in blessing, with two stars underneath and the letters or numerals MCV. The work on the reverse side is almost obliterated. It is conjectured that the medallion may have been struck to com- memorate the work of Abbot Herlewin, who ruled Glastonbury Abbey from iioi to 11 20, and who was the first abbot to begin building on a pretentious architectural scale. Abbot Herlewin, as a monk, lived at Caen, in Normandy, and there acquired a taste for architecture. Unfortunately, much of his work was destroyed in the great fire which nearly swept away the abbey in 1 1 84. The Club also visited the Abbot's Kitchen — a fine and undamaged piece of 1 5th Centurj^ work — and then proceeded to the railway station to return home. -"W Ixxiii. THIRD SUMMER MEETING. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. The Third Summer Meeting was held on Thursday, August 2oth. The party numbered about 70. Dr. H. Colley March, F.S.A., a Vice-President and ex-Secretary of the Ckib, acted as conductor during the day, and prepared the following " Notes " as an outline of the programme. All among the Barrows. Who would not be there ! Nevertheless, at this time of the year the path often lies through nettles and thistles. llie highway from Dorchester is left by the cemetery, and the route passes then, between Maiden Castle and the large tumulus on Hog Hill, and ascends towards Upwey as far as four cross-roads. Here, in the north-east angle, is a very fine example of a ringed or dished barrow. The diameter of the tumulus itself is about 72 feet, and of the entire structure about 234 feet. It should be noticed that the ground on which it rests has a very decided slope towards the north. The route is now along the sunamit of the ridge, towards Blackdown, and for more than half the distance runs on the short grass of the chalk, between barrows on either hand, twenty in number, with near views of multitudes more, including two rows of seven and four, respectively, at right angles to the ridge. It should be noticed that close to one of the adjacent tumuli is its correlative pit, the place from wluch its component earth was excavated ; and that not far from the seventeenth tumulus is a simple grave, its mound extending north and south. On leaving the twentieth barrow, one soon leaves the chalk, and for nearly half-a-mile no other barrow is passed until well on upon the Tertiary gi-avel, the so-called Bagshot Beds, with its characteristic vegetation of gorse and lieather. The first barrow reached is bell -shaped and encircled by a mound, but its contour is greatly obscured by surface growth. That it has been opened is sufiiciently obvious. From this point to Hardy's Monument the route runs by eleven more barrows, but the gorse hides the smaller ones. On the right hand of the road should be noticed a fence of slabs of Bagshot sand -stone, which are beautifully ripple-marked. When the Monument is reached, at an altitude of 790 feet [that of Pillesdon Pen is 909 feet] the caniages are left, and a foot-path is followed to the Helstoue and a neighbouring barrow, from which was removed a fine um now in the County Museum. Charles Wame, in his " Ancient Dorset," gives a sketch of the cromlech before it was restored, and a tracing of it is shown, which can be compared with a photogi-aph of a " collapsed dolmen " to be visited later. And Ixxiv. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. here, mention will be made of the geological nature of the megaliths that from tliis point will everywhere be met with. But the fate of " Jeffery and Joan, and theii- little dog Denty, with Eddy alone," is a sad one. Wame says that they have been built into an adjacent wall : but a man who was present at the ceremony stated that, by the spot where they once stood, a hole was made for them, and they were decently interred. The place where they are said to lie can be pointed out, as well as a wall which contains four large stones. Hence, footsteps will be bent towards Hampton Barn, where the carriages wUl assemble, and a stone circle, a quarter of a mile further, will be visited, and then the " collapsed dobnen." Beyond this, a good point of view will be taken for a sight of the Valley of Stones, with its nearly complete cii'cle. " The Grey Mare and her Colts " wiU next be approached, and the thorns of life will be encountered. It is a " long" barrow, and at its east end two megaliths stand up as if to mark the entrance. Afterwards comes the GorweU Stone Circle. Why are its constituent stones so small ? Here mention wiU be made of the subject of "Orientation" in general, and of the orientation of stone cii'cles in particular, and their relation tofolar worship. On Tennant's Hill, a quarter of a mile farther, is a fine barrow, gloriously situated. The spirits of the dead, who here revisit the gUmpses of the moon, can rejoice in one of the widest and most pleasing views in Dorset. For our part, we shall see Blackdown, Abbotsbury Rings, Puncknowle, Shipton, PiUesdon, and Lewesdon, Long Bredy, and Litton Cheney ; while the abandoned Kingston Russell House, the birthplace of Nelson's Hardy, will lie, as it were, at our feet. The carriages, waiting at GorweU Farm, will be reached by a footpath, and will proceed to a spot on the Bridport Road, nine miles from Dorchester, where are the tablestone of a cromlech, some barrows and earthworks, and, perhaps the most interesting object of all, a perfect earth circle. Then homewards, passing on the left a large monohth that stands in the middle of a low-lying field, and up to the top of Martin's Down, by a road that leads straight to Bridehead. What is the long, divided, earthmound that shuts off from the west a crowd of tumuli of all kinds ':* To suggest that it is a double barrow, the two portions placed end to end, is to suppose that a whole army of men must lie buried there. Or can it have served some ritual purpose as regards the tumular intennents beyond ? As we pass on, some of the barrows, and especially a fine long barrow, will be worth crossing on foot. On the way from Bridehead to Dorchester time may remain to visit an earth circle called the Saucer barrow, and the " Nine Ladies," who stand by the roadside. A Fine Ringed Barrow. On reaching the cross-roads the ringed or dished barrow was pointed out. ^^B s HEb^v^ I^Hr^H M k:'^^I ■^;gj^ . f^ . ^IH^BBH ■ THE "Collapsed dolmen. tORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. Ixxv. Dr. CoLLEY IMarch said he did not know of a finer example of a ringed barrow than this, except one close to Eggardon that measured 192 feet from ridge to ridge, and that people passed constantly without seeing. Of course, it had a ritual meaning, but upon that subject he would reserve his remarks until later in the day. All these barrows were burial places. They were of diiferent ages, and roughly divided into long barrows and round barrows. The long barrows were often galleried. The orientation was east and west, and the entrance at the east end. Of course, it was difficult to say that there was any orientation in the round barrow ; but if the barrow was opened there would be some evidence of orientation, because the body would be found placed in an oriented position. The round barrows were, as a rule, later than the long barrows ; but not necessarily so, and they were of different sizes and shapes. Some were bell- shaped, of deeply hollowed contour. Some had rings close to them, some at a distance from them, as in this case ; and some were surrounded by a circle of stones. Some again were simply small rings with no tumulus, but an interment in the centre. The Assistant Secretary asked Dr. March if he admitted the substantial accuracy of Dr. Thurnam's generalisation — " Long barrows, long heads ; round barrows, round heads " ? Did the shape of the barrow afford any reliable indication of the nature and age of the interment ? Dr. Colley March ansAvered that Dr. Thurnam's axiom was a useful aide-memoire ; but it was not always to be relied upon. One found long heads in round barrows ; but not vice versa, round heads in long barrows. The Helstone. Dr. Colley March, addressing the party gathered round the rude stone structure, remarked that three names were applied to these stones, " Grey Wethers," Druid stones, and Sarsen stones. The term " Grey Wethers," of course, explained itself, for at a Ixxvi. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. distance the stones did look like sheep on the hillside. Again, " Sarsen " was a simple term, a corruption of the word "Saracen," which at one time was employed to designate anything that was foreign. Geologists used the word "foreign stones" as country people used the word " Saracen," both meaning pretty much the same thing. But they were not all Druid stones. One would use the word " Druid " when it was a Saracen stone or Sarsen stone that had been employed by early man for any funerary purpose. Then what was the nature of Sarsen stones ? If they looked at the hill under Hardy's Monument, they would see two or three gravel pits. The gravel was all as loose as they pleased. It could be got out with the tap of a pick-axe. It consisted of pebbles intercalated with sand. That gravel once spread all over the chalk in that region, and in places the gravel became cemented with a silicious cement. They would observe that all the pieces of flint in a sarsen stone were rounded by the action of water, and they now and then saw other stones ; for instance, quartz. After the covering over of the chalk downs with this Tertiary gravel and sand, the chalk under- neath it began to wear away through the infiltration of rain, and the surface became very uneven ; and so at Blagdon they could see how the gravel dipped and followed inclines down the sides of the hills ; and in doing that, however cemented it may have been, it was bound to break up into these great blocks, which remained scattered all over the face of the country. Many of them had been built into walls and broken up in various ways. And Neolithic men, whom people some- times called "Druids," whenever they wanted to construct anything, used these great blocks or megaliths. The Ordnance Geological Survey map called these gravels Reading Beds ; but geologists like Mr. Clement Reid and Mr. Aubrey Strahan, the author of the Geological Memoir of Weymouth, 1898, considered that they were rather Bagshot Beds. To turn to the Helstone itself, it was sometimes called a cromlech and sometimes a dolmen. Throughout England they were generally called cromlechs ; but in Cornwall and Brittany dolmens. He himself helstone, portesham. Before and after Restoration, iPORTESHAM AND RRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. Ixxvii. preferred the word " dolmen," which meant " table stone or cap- stone." Charles Warne, in his "Ancient Dorset," published in 1872, speaking of the Helstone before its restoration, said (page 135) : " This cromlech stands on a gently-elevated mound. The supports of the capstone have sunk on the south-west side, and are virtually buried by it, its great weight being now chiefly sustained by a single prop on the north side, so that it rests in a greatly-inclined position. It measures more than ten feet in length, about seven feet in breadth, and has an average thickness of at least two feet and a-half. Originally it must have rested upon eight or ten supports. No doubt it was devoted to sepulchral purposes, and in its original state was probably covered with a mound of earth." It was generally believed, continued Dr. Colley March, that most of these dolmens were originally covered with a mound of earth, and so resembled tumuli. If so, of course the almost entire disappearance of the mound showed the great antiquity of the dolmen. But all dolmens were not covered with mounds of earth. He had seen some in Brittany, on the top of little conical hills, which could not by any possible human agency have ever been covered with a mound ; and those that were not covered with earth had some connection with the custom of dual interment. In his preface (page ii.) Mr. Warne said : "An attempt has been made to restore its ideal construction. Incredible as it may appear, the parties concerned seem to have thought it a meritorious act, for we find their names recorded in a note attached to a photograph of their great achievement : — "We, the undersigued, a happy and obliged company, on the 11th June, 1866, desii-e to record our thanks and best wishes to Mi-, and Mrs. Manfield, on occasion of the initiatory restoration of the Helstone, Porteshani.— (Signed) Martin F. Tuppee, J. V. W. Vandeloue, John Nichols, H. de Bbauvoie TuPPEE, EoBEET Gambibe Sweetino, John Bull, and W. K. Tuppee." [As for the signatories to this curious and not unamusing record, Martin F. Tupper appears to be no other than the author of the " Proverbial Philosophy." He showed some interest in Ixxviii. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. the relics of antiquity in Dorset, and in 1873 wrote some lines upon the " Union of Hearts " Roman tesselated floor unearthed on the site of Dorchester Prison.] INIr. Warne evidently did not like this " restoration; " but for himself, proceeded Dr. March, he Mas not sure that it was not a good thing to attempt to restore one such dolmen to a perfect condition in a district where there were so many imperfect. The Hon. Treasurer enquired whether Dr. Colley March thought that perhaps " Helstone " was a name applied to the group from one menhir standing some Avay off, and forming the gnomon of an imaginary sundial, like the "Friar's Heel" at Stonehenge. Dr. Colley March answered that he thought that the circle was called Helstone from the flat covering stone. " Hel " or "heel" still meant a covering. There was an expression " heeling potatoes," meaning to cover them in. In Devon, the covering slabs of a grave are called hellan-stones. As for the " Friar's Heel," that was the only stone at Stonehenge which had not been touched by tools — and many careful observers thought that it had been placed there since the building of Stonehenge, and that it had a memorial intention. The Valley of Stones. After visiting a typical stone circle, in which 13 stones still remained, while three lay on the other side of a hedge close by, and a brief inspection of a collapsed dolmen, the drive was continued to a point from which the party obtained a splendid view of the Valley of Stones, with its nearly complete circle, and they observed the clear markings of the ancient rectangular enclosures with which the steep sides of the valley are covered — evidence of habitation and use by a considerable pastoral population in dimly-remote times, perhaps prehistoric, though it is hard to define any period, even approximately, for this most interesting occupation. 1. " The Valley of stones," and Stone circle. 2. stone circle on Hampton Hill, near portesham. The Long-Barrow, " The Grey Mare and her Colts, WITH the megaliths AT THE EAST END. iPORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. Ixxix. Dr. CoLLEY March pointed out to tlie party liow admirably this valley illustrates the tendency of the sarsen stones to travel down the steeper slopes and to congregate in the chalk valleys. The bottom of the Valley of Stones is dotted with them so thickly that it is possible to step from one to another for a long distance ; and in the street of Portesham there are upwards of 60 great blocks within a distance of less than 200 yards. Here in this valley, where they saw hedges for partition, the stones had been spared and left alone by man, instead of being broken up and built into the walls, as in other parts ; but even within the memory of some men still living many of the valleys in the district contained similar drifts of stones. Many of these valleys, too, through which streams once flowed were now dry ; but in some places they saw little patches of sand which marked vents out of which the streams gushed after heavy rains. These valleys, when Avell watered, were much frequented by ancient " small holders." As to the stone circle, it was a subject of great inteiest in regard to interment, ritual, and orientation. "The Grey Mare and her Colts." Dr. CoLLEY March described it as the remains of a fine long barrow. The two megaliths standing up at the east end— for the barrow was oriented east and west — were probably crossed by a third, constituting a trilithon, which was at the entrance into the gallery that ran along the middle to an interment at that end. There were other long barrows in the neighbourhood ; but none with so fine an example of the entrance. Probably the mound was originally much higher than now, and the stones which formed the gallery collapsed and let the earth in. The Members next walked to the Gorwell circle. It was, said their conductor, a very fine stone circle above 78 feet in diameter. He had been asked why the stones were so small ; and his answer was that it was a matter of using stones that came nearest to hand. He explained how the cuplike cavities in some of the stones were formed by natural agencies, such as rain and wind. ixxx. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICt. At Bridehead. The party then proceeded to Bridehead, where they were welcomed and entertained at tea by Colonel Robert Williams, I\I.P., and Mrs. Williams. After tea a short business meeting was conducted. In the absence of the President, for which regret was expressed. Lord Eustace Cecil, Past President, was voted to the chair. Two INIembers were elected, and two candidates nominated. Lord Eustace Cecil then expressed the Club's gratitude to Colonel and ]\Irs. Williams for the kind welcome which they had given them, and which had been much appreciated. Colonel Williams, in acknowledgment, assured the Club how great a pleasure it had been to Mrs. Williams and himself to receive them at Bridehead. It was, he believed, almost 14 years to a day since the Club was there last ; and the numbers were then comparatively so small that they were able to lunch in comfort. He hoped that it would not be 14 years before they found some other excuse for coming to Bridehead. The IMaumbury Rings Excavations. The Hon. Secretary took the opportunity of referring to the proposed investigation of the nature and origin of Maumbury Rings, Dorchester, reputed to be the amphitheatre of Roman Durnovaria, to be begun during the autumn. This important undertaking, from which results of the utmost value may not unreasonably be expected, is being promoted by a joint committee of the Dorset Field Club and the British Archaeological Associ- ation, with Dr. Colley March, F.S.A., as chairman. The work was to be carried out under the supervision of Mr. H. St. George Gray, of Taunton Castle, formerly chief assistant to the late General Pitt-Rivers in his important field work. The Hon. Secretary's chief object in mentioning the matter was to call attention to the all-important appeal for the necessary funds. Donations should be sent to Captain Acland, of the County INIuseum, Dorchester. PORTESHAM AND BRIDEHEAD DISTRICT. Ixxxi. Barrow Problems — Orientation and Secondary Interment. Dr. Colley March then gave an address, which appears as a paper in the present volume. On the motion of Lord Eustace Cecil, a hearty vote of thanks was passed to Dr. Colley INIarch for his address and for all his labours and valuable services in connection with the day's excursion. On the drive back to Dorchester the brakes were stopped near Bridehead lodge for a short space to enable the party to notice the stone circle called the " Devil's Nine Stones," and also, more euphemistically, the " Nine Ladies." Ixxxii. FOURTH SUMMER MEETING. MOXTACUTE, BRYMPTOX, AXD PRESTON. The Fourth Summer ]\rEETiNG was held on Tuesday, September 15th. The party, numbering about 120, met at Yeovil, and drove first to Preston Plucknett and viewed the INIanor House, of Perpendicular date, and the 1 5th century barn. Though the house is known as " The Abbey," the buildings are probably not monastic. MoNTAcuTE House. On arriving at INIontacute, the Members were welcomed by the owner, Mr. W. R. Phelips ; and the following paper on the house was read in the hall by Mr. Edavard Phelips : — Though there have been Phelipses at Montacute since the year 14S0, it is impossible to say when the site of this house first came into the family. We find towards the end of the 16th Century that Thomas Phelips, escheator for Somerset and Dorset, was a large landowner in both counties. He died in 1598, and was buried with his wife in the church at Montacute. Of his four sons, the youngest, Edward, seems, from his letters, to have been his favoxirite. He was sent to the Bar, and rose high in the f avom* of Queen Elizabeth and James I. Even at the time of his father's death he found himself rich enough to buy Montacute from his eldest brother John, who preferred to live on the Dorset estates at Corfe Mullen. Subsequently we find him Master of the Rolls, Speaker of the House of Commons, and Chancellor to Henry, Prince of Wales. His picture hangs in the dining-room. He it was who built this house. Tradition would have us believe that the architect was John of Padua ; but of this there is no proof, and it seems more likely that, as at Longleat Sir John Thj-nne was his own architect, so here Sir Edward did his own designing. However that may be, we are able more or less to date the house. You will notice in the dining-room the date 1599 over the mantelpiece. Sir Edward died in 1614. Neither Sir Edward's son. Sir Robert, nor his grandson, Colonel Edward, could have had the time or the money to do any building. The former, although at first in favour at Court — he attended Buckingham and Prince Charles iu Spain— soon fell into disfavour by his outspokenness in Parliament and his attacks on Buckingham, and he was finally confined in the Tower. In his portrait by Vandyke, which is in the dining-room, he is shown holding notes for the attack on Lord Bacon which he MONTACUTE, liRYMPTON, AND PRESTON. Ixxxiii. led. He died in 1G38. His son, Colonel Edward, whose portrait in armour hangs at one end of the hall, so far from addinpj to the house, in 1042 sold some hangings and tapestries, and rode off to join the King. He was in the sieges of Bristol and Exeter, and at the end of the war his estates were sequestrated, and he died in 1079. It seems clear, therefore, that the house must have been built between the years 1598 and lOU. This argument is also borne out by the fact that there is very little internal decoration. There is only one decorated ceiling, and oidy the chief rooms have any attempt at ornamental mantelpieces or friezes. Taking the rooms in the order in which you will view them, I would call your attention to the screen in this hall, which is entirely stone, although a later taste has painted and plastered it. The style of ornamentation was introduced into England from Holland in the year ]f,80. The interest of the room centres in the plaster work at the north end, representing the old custom of " Riding the Stang," or " Skimmity Riding." The story represents the master of the house helping himself to beer with one hand, while with the other he nurses the baby. His wife— an early example of the Suffragettes — (laughter) — is just about to chastise him with her shoe, while an interested neighbour is watching the proceedings from the background. The sequel is also shown, when the poor man is paraded round the village, exposed to public ridicule for his inability to keep his wife in order. The heraldic glass is also of the period, and displays intermarriages of the Phelips with the Spekes, the Comptons, and the Pigotts. Proceeding to the bilhard-room, formerly the dining-room, the panelling round the room is contemporary with the house. The curious frieze of animals, alternating with the Phelips' coat of arms, is also, doubtless, the work of the same period. The Jacobean mantelpiece, half stone and half plaster, has a Georgian head in the centre, said to be that of the Edward Phelips who between 1766 and 1790 carried out considerable alterations in the house, The drawing- room contains pictures by Sir Joshua and Gainsborough, as well as some Louis XV. furniture. The great chamber, now used as a library, has a fine mantelpiece, frieze, and ceiling. The great feature is, however, the heraldic glass in the windows, contemporary with the house, displajdng the arms of intermarriages of the family and the more prominent courtiers of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. The Long Gallery on the top floor extends the whole length of the house — ISO feet — and terminates at each end in a fine bayed window. The present ceiling was put in about 1830, when the main beams of the house were removed by John Phelips in order to make it suitable for a dining- room, his ideas of hospitality being on a lavish scale. In consequence of this the walls began to bulge, and the stone tiles had to be removed and replaced by slate. Last we come to the dining-room, formerly known as the Common Parlour, which was constructed as late as 1787 by the Edward Phelips of the day, with materials taken from Clifton Maybank. The panelling is of contemporary date with the house, and you will notice that the manteljuece is a fine bit of plaster work. May I also call your attention to the pictures of James I. and his daughter, Elizabeth of Bohemia. Ixxxiv. MONTACUTE, BRYMPTON, AND PRESTON. Let us now turn to the exterior of the house. The ground plan is that of two capital "E's" placed back to back. The centre in each case is a porch opening behind the screen of the hall. The east or garden side is the original front of the house. It is adorned with three lines of beautifully balanced windows. Under the lowest or gi'ound floor row are pairs of semi- circular seats let into the walls, while under the fii-st floor windows are circles in couples said by some architects to have been intended for busts. Between the windows of the top or gaUery floor are the statues of the "Nine Worthies of the "World," described by Dryden as : — Nine worthies were they hight of different rites. Three Jews, three Heathen, and three Chi-istian Knights. Last, dominating, but not overbalancing the whole, are the chimneys, so often a feature of English Renaissance work, and here most prominently brought into the scheme. The architect attempted Little decoration on the other three sides. At either end of the house only the bay of the gallery breaks the stem simplicity. On the west or present front, at a later time, the present screen, which, as you will notice, is early Tudor work, was added. In the diary of Edward Phelips, under the year 1786, he writes " 2nd May. My wife and self attended the sale of the materials of Clifton House, thenpuUing down. We bought the porch, arms, pillars, and all the ornamental stone, to be transferred to the iutended west front of Montacute ; " and ia 1787 he wrote " 31st March. Eetumed from Catstock Lodge to Montacute. On my return I proceeded briskly with my building of the west front, and on the 16th June I was enabled to pull down the scaffolding, and began the inside, particularly the new common parlour" (now the dining-room). On the 11th of August he writes "My common parlour was finished and painted." At Clifton Maybank the screen must have been twice as long as it now is, and consequently we cannot but feel that as it now appears it is rather over decorated, but in itself it is a very fine example of Tudor work. The Members were then conducted over the house, whose architectural features, furniture, and pictures were much admired. Montacute Church and Priory. The Club next proceeded to the church, where they were met by the Vicar (the Rev. C. F. PoAvys), who pointed out the chief features of the interior, notably the very fine Norman chancel arch (with modem capitals) and the richly-carved supports of the priest's chamber. The proportions of the tower, he said, were particularly good. On the south side the string-course running round the exterior had been cut away in two different places for MONTACUTE, RRYMPTON, AND PRESTON. IxXXV. the purpose of playing " fives " up against the tower, which they used to do in old days as soon as afternoon service was over. In order to put a stop to this use of the tower wall, the old cross which originally stood in the middle of the road opposite the publichouse was brought into the churchyard and placed in such a position that the players found some difficulty in continuing their game. The Rev. F. W. Weaver, F.S.A., Hon. Secretary of the Somerset ArchcBological Society, then, at the invitation of Mr. Powys, gave some account of the Cluniac Priory of IMontacute. He said he wished to impress upon the Club that the parish church of IMontacute had nothing to do with the Priory church and buildings, which were in a large field near by. The Cluniacs would not be likely to have anything to do with the parish church, except to present to it. The Cluniac monasteries were very interesting. This was the only one in the county of Somerset, and it had four cells, one of which was at East Holme in the county of Dorset. The Cluniacs, who were a branch of the Benedictines, were strictly a foreign Order, and never became popular in England. All the priors up to the year 1407 were Frenchmen ; and it was only from that date to the Dissolution that English priors ruled over the Cluniac houses in England. In those early days there was no enletiie cordiale ; Edward HI. was continually at war with France, and the Cluniac monasteries in England were often seized, because the idea was not relished of English tithes going to support French monks. There were 33 Cluniac monasteries in England — 20 houses and 13 cells. In 1399 the advowson of this Priory was handed over by the Crown to William de Montacute. Earl of Salisbury, and thence to the Dissolution Montacute remained a distinctly English house. Mr. Weaver then led the party to the Priory Gateway, a handsome building which, he said, was possibly the Prior's lodging and built by Thomas Chard, Bishop of Salubria, Thrace, about 1490. This Thomas Chard was not the same man as his contemporary namesake, the Abbot of Ford. Ixxxvi. MONTACFTE, BRYMPTOX, AXD PRESTON. Stoke-sub-Hamdox Church. Stoke Church Avas next visited, under the guidance of the Vicar (the Rev. R. E. W. Cosens) and the Rev. F. W. Weaver. It embodies a variety of architectural styles — Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular — and many structural peculiarities. Among the chief features pointed out were the Norman chancel arch, the beautiful north transept Perpendicular screen, which has been removed from its original position, the parvise chamber over the porch, now used as a vestrj-, and the t)Tnpanum, with its symbolical car\-ing of Sagittarius (as a Centaur) aiming at a lion ; while near by is the arbor vitcB with three birds upon it and an Agnus Dei. Bry:^iptox. By the kind invitation of Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane the Club were able to view the beautiful old Tudor house of Brpiipton and the puzzling building near, known variously as the Priest's House, the Church House, the Chantrj' House, the Old Rectory, &c. Sir Spencer regretted his unavoidable absence from home, but the Club were received by his son, i\Ir. John Ponsonby, the Hon. ]Mrs. de Grey, and other members of the family, who showed the Members over the house and gave information about the various objects of interest which it contains, and especially the fine collection of family portraits, among other masters, by Vandyck, Reynolds, Lawrence, and Romney. Brj'mpton Church was next visited, and the Rector (the Rev. C. H. J. Glossop) drew particular attention to its effigies and monuments, the Perpendicular stone chancel screen with stone benches, and the Elizabethan Communion-plate ; and a paper on Br}-mpton Church and Manor was read by the Rev, F. W. Weaver. MONTACUTE, r.RVMPTON, AND PRESTON. IxXXvii. Preston. On leaving Brympton, the IMcmbers drove to Preston, where they were entertained at tea by Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Whitby. A Business Meeting followed, under the presidency of Captain Elwes, in the regretted absence of the President (Mr. Nelson M. Richardson). The i\lE.MHERSHip. — Two INIembers were elected, and two candidates for mtMnbcrship nominated. The Hemsworth Ro:man Pavement.— I\Ir. H. Le Jeune gave a few particulars about the ver}' interesting work which has lately been done at Flemsworth, near Wimborne, in uncovering anew a fine space of richly-decorative Roman mosaic in a field belonging to Lord Alington. The tesselation was found and partially uncovered 77 years ago, and then happily covered up again, and so preserved. The excavating on this occasion has been much more extensive, and has revealed detail of rare interest and beauty. One of the main subjects, Mr. Le Jeune stated, was Venus rising out of the Sea (recalling the Greek myth of the origin of Aphrodite, so named from A0 t^ CD O O O O 't* i-H >-H (M O -»< n 2 'So • • • , *^ : be 3 "S t* CO - p § CO O O O t-l o o CO o t^ 00 CO lO frt ^ • ; , , p - -s .s '& a M s ^ ni 1 =« 1 1 2 p '^ .^ :; ; 42 c>i 1 1 P S is ,^ 6 a "o g ■^, s o 43 o OS S o p S °^ S o ^ Ti "^ "S ci ■^ ■^ « X w M It i-i ■M ^ « « P O »• ^ <«1 o r^ g • ♦-► ■^ ^ u ni e-> d w }^ ' :5 N ^ O O r-l o O O O CO 00 00 O O •-I . 2 Sj ;s ^ £ ^ f ^ NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A, ( Read May 12th, 190S.) Obituary. ^n^^- jp HOUGH I regret to have to begin my Address, as usual, with an allusion to the sad list of those who have passed from amongst us during the last twelve months, it is a matter of satisfaction that in it are to be found none of our original Members, who still number i8. The oldest Member whose loss we have this year to deplore is Mr. G. R. Crickmay, elected in 1879, a distinguished architect, whose name in that capacity is familiar to all of us. Mr. T. M. Pike, who joined the Club in 1886, was an excellent ornithologist, and his information is often acknow- ledged by our late President in his book on the Birds of Dorsetshire. IMr. C. E. A. George and Mr. Van Raalt^ will both be remembered as liospitable entertainers of the Club at their houses, when they contributed to our " Proceedings " much XCVl. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. interesting information about their districts. The former also at a recent meeting of the Club read a paper upon the Fleet and its peculiar tides and other phenomena, and will be greatly missed in the neighbourhood in which I live. Mr. W. E. Pearson was a frequent attendant at our meetings, and took an intelligent interest in many of the subjects with which we have to do, besides his special one of painting. Though seriously handicapped by his delicate health, he spared neither time nor trouble in doing what he could to help and improve others, and is greatly regretted by all who knew him. The latter may also be said of Miss Eileen Martin, who used occasionally to be with us. Colonel Bramble did not live in the county, but was a distinguished archaeologist, and will be remembered for his gift in 1893, to the Dorset Museum, of a valuable collection of antiquities from the neigh- bourhood of Weymouth. We have lost one of our oldest and most distinguished honorary Members in the person of Professor Alfred Newton, F.R.S., of Cambridge. Though not a frequent visitor to Dorset of late years, he was formerly much interested in the county, and used to study its natural history in connection with our V.-P. and former Treasurer (the Rev. O. P. Cambridge), and other friends. He is, however, best known for his ornitho- logical writings, "eggs being perhaps the branch in which he Avas most interested. The extinct birds, such as the dodo and great auk, were some of his favourites, and the Museum of Zoology at Cambridge owes its development very greatly to his knowledge and energy. He was a prominent feature of the University, and leaves a gap hard to fill. He was elected an honorary member in 1878. I do not generally allude to any who have not been connected with our Club, but I cannot pass over in silence the death of one of the greatest scientific men that the world has known, Lord Kelvin. It is impossible here to enter into any details of Avhat he accomplished, but he has been the acknow- ledged head of mathematical and physical science for many years, and his versatility and energy have been proverbial. I now proceed to review some of the more important scientific developments since my address a year ago. tresident s address. xcvu. Zoology. Kxperiments and discoveries continue to be made with regard to the minute organisms which arc associated with sleeping sickness and other similar diseases, in some cases, such as Malta fever, with great success. The use of atoxyl, an arsenical drug, on which at one time great hopes Avere built, has had, in experiments, the curious result of developing a race of trypano- somes which are not affected by it. This appears to take place by natural selection, the more weakly ones perishing in enormous multitudes, whilst the few survivors give rise to the atoxyl-resisting race of parasites. It is hoped, however, that in conjunction with other drugs, atoxyl may still be of Aalue. Another minute so- called latent form of this tr}'panosome has also been discovered, but whether there are sexual forms or not remains uncertain. The report by Professor Herdman on the Ceylon Pearl Fisheries has lately been published, and adds greatly to our knowledge of this subject ; the best pearls are formed round the bodies of a small parasitic worm, though grains of sand and other foreign substances also produce them. His investigations in those seas have made known no less than 575 new species of various marine animals. From investigations into the breeding of the common housefly, at times such a pest, it has been found that its full period of development varies from 10 days to five weeks accord- ing to temperature, the places in which it breeds being pits of stable manure (and doubtless ordinary manure-heaps), ashpits, &:c., so that, where such places can be cleared weekly, no flies will be produced. Fowls are recommended, as they scratch up and devour large numbers of larvae. The solitary Imperial Entomologist of India appointed to deal with the insect pests affecting that vast empire has lately brought out a report on the subject, containing much valuable information ; but it is to be hoped that the staff may be increased, as the pests in different parts of India would probably be quite different, and far beyond the reach of one individual. A paper published in the Smith- sonian Collections, Vol. 50, deals with the arrangement which XXviii. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. locks together the wings of hymenoptera (bees, wasps, &:c.) when in flight, and states that the flying powers are strongest in those species in which this is most developed. This may be so, but it is certainly not the case in lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), uith which I am more familiar, in which a structure (the frenulum) having the same object is usually found, as some of those in which it is wanting, such as the swifts and butterflies, are very strong fliers, and the powers of flight of others certainly bear no proportion to the development of the frenulum in the difl"erent species. Further researches in regard to eels, whose life history is now comparatively well known, show that after they have acquired scales, which is about two years after they reach fresh water, their age may be known by the number of concentric rings in their scales, of which one is added annually. INIales assume the silvery breeding dress and descend the rivers at from 4I to j^ years, and females from 6| to 8| years after they first enter fresh water. The age of plaice and perhaps other fish can also be determined by the number of rings on the otolith or ear-stone. I will begin my notes on birds with a record, for which my authority is the Borsef Comity Chronicle of February 6th last, of the death, by an accident, of a goose belonging to Mr. J. F. Hocking, of St. Cleer, at the age of 53, which had brought up a family the year before. It is stated that a careful record had been kept of its age. Parrots and doubtless some other birds are I believe very long lived. The haunts of the Californian condor {Gymnogyps caIifoniia?ius) have been visited and interesting details, with photographs, obtained. One eg^ only is laid in a season and the young develop very slowly. The old birds allowed a near approach without alarm. A golden eagle has been killed in Dorset. The rufi" has been observed to breed in Norfolk after the lapse of 18 years, and a specimen of the Sardinian warbler {Sylvia viclanocephala), a new species to the British list, has been killed at Hastings. Much has lately been written about luminous owls, and it is believed that the luminosity is derived from phosphorescent decaying wood sticking to their PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XCIX. feathers, which would be probable on account of their nesting in hollow trees. In an address to the Scottish Natural History Society, Professor Schafer has developed the theory that the object of the migration of birds from south to north is that they may have during the breeding season a longer period of daylight in which to hunt for food. The habit has been developed by natural selection. This appears to be a possible solution of this obscure subject, but his reasons cannot here be considered. In Africa a living specimen of the okapi, a young colt, has been seen by a European, and photographs were exhibited at the last British Association meeting ; whilst in America an attempt is being made to establish the bison in the Wichita reservation in Kansas, where it once roamed in countless numbers, from the herd confined in the Zoological Park in New York. The wild existence of this animal seems to be practically at an end. Another vanishing species is the Californian sea-elephant, of which two fine specimens have just been set up in the British Museum of Natural Histor}-. A suggestion as to the origin of the common domestic striped tabby cat is given by the fact that this is the form assumed by a litter of kittens bred from a male wild cat {Fell's sylvesin'RESIDENT's ADDRESS. CV, not, I believe, anything to support it amongst existing allied species. Visitors to the British IMuseum will be interested in an enlarged wax model of Eurypterus fischen, an arachnid of Silurian times ; and I will conclude my geological notes by refer- ence to two fossil insects and a mammoth find. The first is a wasp of the genus Paraliphia, from Colorado Miocene strata, characterised by the absence of a portion of a normal nervure in the wing. This apparent deformity has persisted to the present day, and characterises the numerous species of this genus of wasps, which occur in North America. The other insect, from the same Miocene bed, is either a tsetse fly or extremely closely allied to that genus {Glossina), and it is suggested that its presence may possibly have had something to do with the extinction of some of the Tertiary mammalia of America. Against this rather startling theory stands however, it seems to me, the fact that in Africa the tsetse fly does not injuriously affect wild animals. The mammoth remains were found preserved in ice in North-east Siberia, and an expedition has been despatched by the Russian Government to secure them for the St. Petersburg Museum. Astronomy. I have always felt in obtaining the very little knowledge that I have of astronomy that it was a most confusing science, and one which required a remarkably clear head, and the power of realising the result when one was told that the heavenly bodies were all moving with different velocities and in all sorts of different directions at any given moment. There are some people so constituted that, if you were to ask them to screw in a screw they would not realise that it was necessary to turn it round in the right way ; but, even if one can do that, one could hardly expect to be equally successful if there were a hundred screws, all of which required different arrangements. The inaugural address of the President of the British Association on the science of measurement brings this feeling forcibly to my CVl. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. mind, especially when he comes to speak of the parallaxes and proper motions of stars. The parallax, or the angle which the radius of the earth's orbit subtends at the star, is in most cases too minute for practical measurement, and in all exceedingly small. INIany of the stars have perceptible motions of their own, and it has been shown, and recently independently confinned, that at least for extensive parts of space there are a nearly equal number of stars moving in exactly opposite directions. By other methods we find the sun's motion in space to be about 19 kilometres per second, and it follows that, instead of the already immense base line of the diameter of the earth's orbit, we can utilise a base line of still more unlimited length by observing the positions of the stars after any inter\^al of time, allowing a length of 19 kilometres for each second. In consequence of the proper motions of the stars, this method cannot be applied to any particular star alone, but by taking a small group of perhaps 20 or more, of the same magnitude and proper motion, the average parallax obtained appears to be approximately correct, the motions of the stars composing the group being in different directions and neutralising each other for the purpose of this calculation. Further developments as to the distribution in space of stars of different magnitude and others follow from these results, but into these I must not attempt to tread. The result of the photographs of the asteroid Eros in 1 900-1, lately communicated, gives the sun's parallax within 2— i.oooths of a second of arc of the accepted amount. In 1 93 1 Eros will be much more favourably situated for this purpose, and it is thought that the sun's parallax should then be estimated within I — io,oooth of its actual value. At the recent transit of Mercury many observers noticed the nebulous ring surrounding the planet, which has suggested the presence of an atmosphere. At Bourges the bright spot on the disc was also noticed. Of this, if a real phenomenon, I believe no satisfactory explanation has yet been given. During the opposition of jMars in 1907, when he appeared so brilliant to the naked eye, a long series of photographs was taken at the Lowell Observatory, and also by President s address. cvu. an expedition sent thence to the Andes, showing with an extra- ordinary amount of definition the markings on the planet, especially the snowcaps at the poles and the so-called canals and oases as they went through their different phases of gradual formation and decrease. The canals had been thus shown less clearly in 1905, but the present photographs prove the correctness of observations made with the eye by showing certain canals double. Professor Lowell considers that the planet is at present the abode of intelligent constructive life, and that no other supposition is consonant with all the facts observed. The construction of the canals by intelligent beings is disputed, amongst others, by Dr. A. R. Wallace, who propounds as an alternative cause a highly complicated meteoritic theor}'. He has also endeavoured to prove that the probabilities are enor- mously against any other planet in the universe than our earth being inhabited. Hitherto spectroscopic observation has failed to show the existence of water in Mars, but this seems now to have been proved to be present, thus overcoming one objection to its habitability. It had been suggested that the so-called snowcaps might represent some other substance. On October 3rd last the earth passed through the plane of Saturn's rings, so that they were rendered invisible ; that is to say, they were seen exactly edgewise, and the thin edge they presented was too narrow to be visible in a telescope. Numerous observations of the rings have been made Avhen near this condition, including one of a supposed new external ring, but its existence requires confirmation. Three asteroids discovered close to Jupiter suggest possibilities of a group connected with the larger planet, but it remains a question for the future to determine. One of these or a similar body, discovered in January last, is probably an eighth satellite to Jupiter, but further observations are necessary to make this interesting probability a certainty. The enormous forces at work in the sun are well illustrated by a solar prominence which was obser\-ed on November 15th last to shoot up a distance of 140,000 miles in 14 minutes, or 167 miles in a second. We have nothing on the earth to compare to it, CVlll. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. the rate of meteors coming into our atmosphere, perhaps 30 miles a second, being the nearest that occurs to me. From observations during several years of the altitudes of meteor trains, it would appear that the layer of the air at a height of from 50 to 60 miles is especially favourable to their production. Daniel's comet, which appeared last year in its greatest brightness in August, was, I hope, seen by all our members, though it rose at the somewhat inconvenient hour of about 4.0 a.m. IVIany photo- graphs were taken of it showing tails up to 17 degrees in length (Juvisy, France) and 20 in number (Greenwich). In Spain the tail was traced for 25 degrees in length. I saw it well, more than once, with the naked eye and through a telescope, but though an interesting object, it did not display to me tails either in this number or magnitude. Meteorology. The earliest meteorological records kept in this country are contained in a MS. in the Bodleian Library, and extend from 1337 to 13+4 A.D. The most noteworthy advance in the past year is the daily report in the newspapers by the Manchester Univer- sity of observations, taken with kites or captive balloons, of the temperature, humidity, and the velocity and direction of the wind, at various heights from 1,000 to 5,000ft. These should add much to our knowledge of the upper strata of the atmosphere. On July 22nd — 27th last 25 balloons were sent up from various places in the United Kingdom, the instruments from 14 of which Avere found after their descent. One reached an altitude of i2| miles, the average height being 7J miles, above which the temperature remained almost unaltered. The temperature gradient varies with the direction and velocity of the wind and also with the amount of clouds, being greatest for a N,W. wind and on clear and fine days. It is also found that the direction of the wind alters at high levels, rotating from south towards west and so on. Up to an average height of 35,000ft. the temperature slowly decreases ; but at about that height the decrease usually suddenly President's addrej^S. cix. ceases, and the air sometimes gets a little warmer for a time, or loses its heat at a much slower rate. The cause of this isothermal layer has not yet been satisfactorily explained. The rainfall of the United Kingdom for 1907 was very near the average, the most striking feature in Dorset being the large fall in October, when my rain gauge recorded over nine inches in 28 days, or nearly a third of the year's rainfall ; but this was considerably exceeded elsewhere in the county, where the average rainfall is greater. September 6th— 30th was an almost dry period. An unparalleled downfall of rain occurred on August 8th — 9th, 1906, in Fiji, when in a thunderstorm about 41 inches of rain fell in 13 hours. How any vegetation or soil remained on the island I cannot imagine ! A hailstorm with hailstones up to about i|in. in diameter occurred at Cairo on October 21st, a rare phenomenon there. The snowstorm in the early morning of April 25th, 1908, was almost unprecedented, and though not so bad in Dorset, in Hampshire it fell to the depth of 2ft., blocking the railways and making roads impassable. It Avas emphasised by the extraordinary rise in temperature on May ist, when summer seemed to come upon us suddenly after a long cold spring. The mean temperature for 1907 in London was close to the average ; but a cold summer, with the beginning of Septem- ber about 30 degrees colder than in 1906, produced the impression of a very cold year. Eighty degrees was the highest temperature recorded ; but the number of hours of sunshine was much above the average, and the London death rate was the lowest on record. The sunshine for 1907 at Weymouth was only 2 J hours below its very high average of i786'6 hours. A curious observation has lately been published in Japan of the tilting of the land under the influence of a cyclone on two occasions, in 1904 and 1906, the tilting amounting to 3^ degrees and 2*87 degrees respectively. The general influence of the moon on the weather I am. not bold enough to discuss, but from observations at Potsdam extending over six years, it has been decided that the full moon has no effect in dispersing clouds. I must confess that it has often seemed to me to do this ; but this is explained by a statement G:{. PRESlbENT S ADDRESS. that cirrus and cirro-stratus clouds begin to dissolve at sunset, and the rising moon makes them visible again and that they merely continue to decrease as they would have done had there been no moon. Electricity. I have very few notes on electricity this year, but amongst them is the record of a step which will always stand out prominently in its annals — the sending of the first message across the Atlantic by the jNIarconi wireless s)'stem on October 17th, 1907, which has been followed by a regular and successful interchange, on a business footing. The French Academy of Sciences is consider- ing a proposal that a wireless signal shall be made regularly at midnight from the Eiflfel Tower, which would have a range of 2,000 kilometres. The distance could probably be doubled by increased power. This signal would be of great use in navigation. It is also suggested that from the top of the peak of Teneriffe signals could probably be detected over the whole globe. In the last few years we have heard much of the electron theory, in which the atoms of all substances were supposed to consist of vast numbers of still more minute particles of electricity or electrons, revolving at great speed in various ways. A serious blow has been dealt to this theory by the discovery that the number of electrons was of the same order as the weight of the atom in the terms of that of hydrogen as unity. It remains to be seen whether the electron theor}' will be merely modified or discarded ; but there is a strong inclination at the present day to endeavour to simplify chemistry by showing that all substances have a common foundation or origin. Chemistry. The exact origin of radium seems to be still a matter of uncertainty considering the diff"erent substances which have been assigned as those from which it is developed, and it is now found PRfesiDkXT's ADDRESS. CXI. that radium is not developed direct from actinium but from a new element, ionium, wliich is found mixed with actinium and has recently been separated from it. It is also shown that the life of radium is much shorter than had been thought hitherto — about 236 instead of 1,100 years. It has also been discovered that helium, neon or argon, is formed from radium emanation, according as it is dry, dissolved in water, or dissolved in a strong solution of a copper salt. A French publication gives the curious history of the so-called N-rays, which M. Blondlot con- sidered, a few years ago, that he had discovered. No less than 176 papers were written by different scientists on these rays, but great doubt was always thrown upon their existence, and finally, after the discoverer had declined a test which would probably have been conclusive, it is found that the rays are entirely imaginary, and that the supposed results were due to illusion. In time we may hope to get to the bottom of the facts about this illusive element, which has been chosen as the subject for the Cecil Medal for this year. The solidification of helium, lately announced, seems also to be an illusion, the solidification of a little hydrogen mixed with the gaseous helium being mistaken for the solidification of the helium itself. It must be exceedingly hard to be always accurate in these most difficult and delicate experiments. A great sensation was caused by the statement that diamonds had been made by a chemical process, of considerable size, and strong evidence of its truth was produced, but the case savoured of that of the alchemists who were always on the point of owning fabulous riches, and it seems doubtful if we have yet any artificial diamonds except the minute ones made by various unremunerative processes. The President of the Chemical Section at the British Association delivered an address on the subject of Flame, and insisted much on the little recognised fact that many substances, such as sulphur, arsenic, alcohol, ether, paraffin, and a Avhole host of other compounds become phosphor- escent as they approach their flame temperature, in exactly the same way as phosphorus. The application of the X-rays to ascertain the presence of pearls in the oyster without opening it CXU. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. has been known for several years, and is now practically carried out, those containing no pearls being returned to the water. Though instantaneous photographs have not yet been taken with these rays, the time of exposure has been greatly reduced, and it is hoped that before long the action of the heart and other organs may be shown by the cinematograph. The single plates from which a photograph can be taken in its natural colours, by one process, form the most prominent feature of the year's photographic advances. The plate is viewed as a coloured transparency, and cannot be used to print from in colours. The successful manufacture of crucibles and other vessels out of iridium, rhodium, and fused silica is a great boon to chemists in dealing with refractory substances which melt at very high temperatures. The two metals have hitherto been unworkable through impurities, but are now produced in such a pure state as to be malleable. Their melting point is ver}' high, and they are unaffected by acids. Silica also melts only at a verj- high temperature, and is fashioned when viscid into the forms required. ]\Iy last note under Chemistry seems to upset our ideas of the spectra of substances, inasmuch as it has been shown that caesium, rubidium, and potassium have two inde- pendent spectra totally different from each other, the new spectra being produced by powerful condenser discharges, instead of the electric arc. In this direction we can only await further developments. Engineering. Though the aeroplane cannot yet be said to be anything more than a dangerous toy, it has yet been successful in covering a kilometre, including a complete turn at half the distance, in a French public competition. Also at Issy les INIoulineaux on March nth last, an aeroplane traversed lo kilometres in gl minutes round a marked circuit. In private it has doubtless done somewhat more. Airships propelled by motors are more satisfactory, but not very reliable. A sensational achievement of PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. CXIU. the past year was the journey from Pekin to Paris in a motor car through countless difficulties, which shows the wonderful develop- ment of these machines in the past few years. The journey was made in 62 days at a rate of about 121 miles a day. The Chinese magic mirror, when a beam of sunlight is reflected from it on to a sheet or other light-coloured surface, shows in the white patch of light the pattern raised on the back of the mirror in casting it. That this is due to a slight deformation of the reflecting surface is confirmed by an accidental observation that, when a pane of glass was held by a pneumatic india-rubber holder and a film of silver deposited on it, the reflected image similarly showed rings where it was bent in a very minute degree by the suction of the holder. I have never had anything personally to do with boreholes, but have always felt that it must be an exceedingly difficult matter to keep them vertical. It was, therefore, with interest that I read the results of measurement in 22 boreholes in the Rand in South Africa. The average horizontal displacement amounted to no less than 440 feet in a depth of 2,000 feet, the greatest being 2,370 feet in a borehole 4,200 feet deep, and the least 160 feet in a borehole of 2,000 feet. In the first case the bottom of the hole, so far from being exactly below the top, would be in a direction making more than 45 degrees with the vertical, and the actual depth below the surface of the earth would be, I presume, not more than 2,000 feet, instead of 4,200, the nominal depth. The thickness of strata calculated from this borehole would thus have to be reduced by more than half. It reminds one of the enormously exaggerated depths which were formerly recorded in soundings, from the line being dragged far from the vertical position by currents during its descent. In a German publication attention is called to an Arabic book of the 13th centur}', where a compass is described, made by rubbing a steel needle on a natural lodestone and fixing it on a wooden fish. This, when floated on water, always points to the north, and is the earliest known reference to the compass, though it is not treated as a new discovery. A movement has been set on foot to provide CXIV. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. scientific works in embossed t^-pe for the blind, to some of whom they would doubtless be a boon. The Institute of ^Mining and ^Metallurgy desires, amongst others, to adopt a weight of a ton containing 2,ooolb., instead of, as at present, 2,240. It seems to me that, putting aside the question of a complete revolution in our weights and measures by adopting the decimal system generally, nothing but confusion can result from these scattered alterations, without a corresponding benefit. Geography. The address of the President of the Geographical Section of the British Association consisted of an explanation of a dynamical theory of the earth with regard to the distribution of continents and oceans. The theory chiefly rests on the supposition that the centre of gravity of the earth does not coincide with the geometrical centre owing to irregularities of compression or density ; it also considers modifications of form due to the earth's rotation and former effects of the attraction of the moon. By abstruse mathematical calculations, it produces a figure which indicates in a somewhat vague manner the general lie of the land, and thus gives to itself some locus standi ; but so many minor causes must have operated on the distribution of land and water (even if we leave out the sensational theory that Australia was a huge meteorite which fell into the sea and formed a new continent I) that it would be impossible for any theory of their origin to determine their present arrangement accurately. To come to facts — in this country' there are several societies which aim at the preservation of tracts of land containing special features of interest, such as special plants and animals or ancient build- ings ; one of the societies which has been brought more than others into contact with our Club, and whose secretary is one of our members, is the " National Trust for the Preservation of Places of Historic Interest and Natural Beauty." I have already alluded to this work in Germany, which is there carried out by PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. the State. Whether a similar plan would be desirable in England is perhaps doubtful, and is not likely to be adopted whilst these societies flourish. It is wished to rescue a part of Marlborough downs containing Sarsen stones, something like our Valley of Stones near Bridehead, as they are being broken up. Fortunately our example is quite safe so long as it remains in the hands of its present owner. The New Zealand Government proposes to set apart the small island of Kapiti for preserving, in their natural state, the rarer animals and plants of that unique country, as it has in the past other suitable islands, as well as immense tracts containing fine scenery or other special features. In this con- nection I might allude to the Photographic Survey which it was urged at the British Association that Field Clubs should under- take. Several clubs appeared, from the report of the discussion, to have done something towards this object ; but the one which had distinctly done the most in the matter, according to its worthy representative, Mr. Alfred Pope, who by no means exaggerated the facts in what he said, was, I am pleased to say, the Dorset Field Club. The Survey Committee has now been reorganised, and no doubt many useful photographs might be procured by our Members at the summer meetings as well as in their own localities. It is intended at the forthcoming Inter- national Geographical Congress at Geneva to bring forward the subject of geographical names in the hope that some Inter- national agreement may be arrived at in their spelling. It appears to me, in the first place, that each country has a right to spell its name as it pleases, and London, for instance, should be so spelt in France, and not called Londres. As to African and similar names, they present a serious difficulty which it is to be hoped that the Congress will surmount. Archaeology and Anthropology. My notes on this subject may fitly begin with a congratulation to Mr. C. S. Prideaux on his valuable work in preserving so CXVl. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. much of the histor}' of the extensive ancient cemeterj' on the propert}' of Mr. F. J. Barnes at Portland. The slightly raised barrow covered a large surface of ground destined for quarrying. It was surrounded by a ditch, and contained a large number, probably loo to 200, of urn burials. I look forward to having a paper on the subject next winter from ]Mr. Prideaux. In the same part of Portland a dene hole was uncovered, which it was suggested should be removed bodily and preserved for the museum ; but a difficulty having arisen about space, it is hoped that it may still be preserved in private hands, as the exigencies of quarrying would not permit of its preserv-ation m situ. The visible portion of this dene hole was only about 4ft. 6in. high, and 4ft. Sin. in diameter at the bottom internally, the top being about i5in. below the surface; but it appeared as if it were partly filled with earth. It was beehive-shaped, exactly like the illustration in Damon's " Geology." At Woolwich some dene holes have lately been found of far larger dimensions situated at a depth of 50 feet. An archaeological survey of Wales is projected, and such fresh ground should yield many interesting results. Explorations in Turkestan have discovered cities buried in the 3rd century of our era, and brought to light inscriptions of that date on frescoes, silk, and wooden tablets with clay seals, mostly from Graeco-Roman intagli. A German expedition to Java has met with implements and other traces of early man, but has not succeeded in finding any remains of the monkey-like man, or man- like monkey. Pithecanthropus, bones of which were discovered in that region some years ago. The Americans have been energetic in investigating the ethnology of the Philippines, but little is known of the aborigines, who were destroyed by the Spaniards, except from their pottery- and stone car\ings, which indicate considerable culture. Rough implements of stone and bone have also been found in Ceylon, made by the Veddahs, apparently of Palaeolithic date. An important discovery has been made in the Portel cave, of more than 40 paintings of Palaeolithic date on the walls, done in black or red, in line and flat wash. Amongst these are two men in profile. Others PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. CXVU. represent bison and reindeer, and a good many are of horses. A book of 176Q (Newbery's compendious history of the world) is quoted as containing one of the earliest specific descriptions of a Neolithic implement, a stone axe, found in this country. I should have thought that there were earlier ones. Perhaps some of our Members can refer me to one. In Egypt, that land of unending archaeological discovery, it has been decided to make an extensive dam at Assouan, which will increase the water supply, but will submerge the temple of Philas and many other important monuments of antiquity. It is proposed, therefore, first to make a careful archaeological survey, and to do such repairs and strengthening to buildings as may ensure their safety before the dam is constructed. Two interesting tombs recently brought to light are said to be those of two Queens, Tii and Ta-Usert, though considerable doubt appears to attach to the identification of the former. Queen Tii was the daughter of Yuaa and Tuaa, whose tomb, found some time ago, contained such remarkable treasures. In the present case the mummy of the celebrated Queen had, it is supposed, been removed under a subsequent dynasty from the place of her original burial about 1400 B.C. ; and the sepulchral furniture, as well as the mummy, had suffered much from the disturbance. In the second case, that of the tomb of Queen Ta-Usert, a quantity of beautiful gold and silver jewellery was found in the tomb. An ancient die used for coinage, of a date about 400 B.C., was some time ago placed in the Athens Museum, and is an object of the greatest rarity. It is made of very hard bronze. To turn to our own country, some pigmy flint implements have been found at Bungay in Suffolk, associated with a polished stone axe, which defines them as Neolithic, and an interesting chariot burial has also been met with at Hunmanby in Yorkshire. At the bottom of the grave was a wooden shield covered with thin bronze plates. Portions of the chariot, a bronze bit, and two teeth of a horse were recovered. At the Pre-historic Congress held in France last August, the orientation of megaliths for a set purpose was generally accepted, and the work lately done in England in that CXVUl. PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. connection was discussed. It is suggested that cromlechs were not, as has been supposed, originally made for burial places, but for habitation. This seems not improbable from their structure. A MS. has recently been discovered in the Bibliotheque Nationale of France which is supposed to be a portion of the Opus tertium of Roger Bacon, and indicates a clear knowledge of the compo- sition and explosive power of gunpowder before the middle of the 13th century. General. I hardly know in what section to mention the phenological results of the year, as meteorology, zoology, and botany all have claims on them. Fortunately, there is a refuge under " General." In regard to phenology, or first appearances of birds, insects, and flowers as regards the Biitish Isles, the swallow, cuckoo, and nightingale were all late in arriving in 1907, and wild flowers behind their average dates in appearing. Potatoes, apples, pears, and straAvberries were deficient, but most crops good. Proposals to improve and simplify the calendar by making one day in each year and a second day in leap year dies non, and by other re-arrangements, have been brought forward, but for many reasons it is to be hoped that they will continue to receive as little support as they appear to have already done. A sign of the growth of interest in the subjects dealt with by our Club is the extension of the British Museum buildings, the greater part of the money being provided by the nation, the foundation stone having been laid by the King last June. On the other hand, it is to be regretted that the number of visitors to the Museum has decreased. The opposite is, however, fortunately the case with our Dorset Museum, thanks to the excellent management of the Curator and the attractions of the exhibits. Lastly, I would offer my congratulations to all the Members of our Club on the fact that it has attained a roll of membership probably never dreamt of by its founders in 1875. 1 can only hope that, now it has reached the limit which has PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. CXIX. been placed upon its numbers, it will be the aim of each Member to improve its intellectual quality by carefully selecting the best amongst the candidates proposed, and still more by doing all he or she can personally to raise its position in the scientific world. THE LUTE REGINALD BOSWORTH SMITH, M.fi. The Dorset Field Club has, in common A^•ith the whole County, suffered a grievous loss in the death of Reginald Bosworth Smith, A just appreciation of his life and character is a task which only one of his OAvn generation, one whose knowledge of him had been close and intimate throughout life, could adequately perform. Yet to have known him as my nearest neighbour and ever warm-hearted friend for ten years past, may justify me in acceding to the Editor's suggestion, that I should write a brief sketch of his remarkable and attractive personality. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to remind the readers of these Proceedings that he was a son of Canon Reginald Smith, and was born (June 28th, 1839), at West Stafford Rector}-, the Old Thatched Rectory as it will henceforth be known to all readers of his delightful book on birds. In 1849 he went to Milton Abbas Grammar School, of which the Rev. James Penny, Avho still survives him, was headmaster. On the first occasion on which I ever met him at Bingham's Melcombe, this venerable preceptor was there too, and very touching it was to note the pride of the old man in his brilliant and successful pupil, and the close ties of affection and happy memories which still united them. From Blandford he passed to Marlborough, tHE LATE REGINALD BOSWORTH SMITH, M.A. CXXl. and from Marlborough to Corpus, as a Scholar, and later (1863), to Trinity College, Oxford, as a Fellow. His old school at IMarlborough was very proud of him, and, as a Governor, he had no small influence in the appointment of the present Head- master, Indeed, it was largely— though, doubtless, he himself was quite unconscious of the fact — through his own reputation as a loyal Churchman and successful schoolmaster, who had in his own person demonstrated that a layman may have just as deep and real a religious influence on his pupils as a clergyman, that in this last appointment to the Headmastership of Marl- borough the tradition that the Head should be in holy orders was, for the first time, set aside. After holding his Fellowship for two years he married, having accepted an appointment as a master at Harrow School under Dr. Butler, now Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Here he remained for 37 years, and during that period enshrined himself in the hearts and affections of a multitude of Harrow boys, noAv scattered all over the world. His house at Bing- ham's IMelcombe is a veritable museum of curiosities from all parts of the globe, many of them sent as tributes of affection and respect by old boys. Of this period of his life, however, I do not possess any knowledge at first hand, but I ha\'e been permitted to read many of the hundreds of affectionate letters from old Harrovians which his death called forth. These show that he left behind him a inonumejituni cere perennius in the hearts and affections of his old pupils. Let me (by kind permission) quote almost at random phrases like the following : — "Everybody loved Mr. Bosworth Smith, and I never heard anybody say anything that was not good of him." "When I had caught something of his enthusiasm for Nature, I learned to love birds and flowers far more than before." " He drew out all that was best in me. His character was such a wonderful combination of strength and tenderness that those who knew him could not help loving him." "During all the years that he was at Harrow," observes the writer of the full and sympathetic notice of his life in the Dorset CXXll. THE LATE REGINALD BOSAVORTH SMITH, M.A. County Chronicle for October 22nd, 1908, "he was wise enough not to allow his school work and the oversight of his house to absorb all his attention. He always had many wide outside interests. These years were years of great literary activity ; and, when one contemplates the number of the books, pamphlets, occasional articles, and letters to the public Press upon current topics that issued from his pen, one cannot but wonder how so busy a man found time to produce so much, and of such quality, and one recalls the paradoxical observation that ' the busy man has the time ' — or makes it." One of his old pupils writes that he might be called " one of the greatest of modern historians. His works, ' Mohammed and Mohammedanism,' 'Carthage and the Carthaginians,' and ' The Life of Lord Lawrence,' are classics." A few years before leaving Harrow he purchased the romantic old house in which he ended his days, Bingham's ^lelcombe. Here in " the rambling old Plantagenet and Tudor building, with its lovely oriel in mellow Ham Hill stone, its ancient bowling green with the immemorial yew hedges and culver," he made a new home for himself and his family— a home that with the passage of ever}' year became dearer. How great was his delight in Bingham's INIelcombe those can judge who have read that charming chapter of " Bird Life and Bird Lore," entitled " The Old Manor House." This book on birds was one of the principal fruits of his retirement, and the writing of it afforded him the keenest interest and enjoyment. It was the result of most careful and minute observation, and was, like all his literary work, clothed in that rhythmical and euphonious language which gives his style such a unique and striking character. His intense pleasure in watching the flight of birds was vividly brought home to me in a walk to Bagber Wood, a copse which lies between Bingham's Melcombe and Milborne S. Andrew, in which thousands of starlings were wont at that time of year to settle for the night. This walk bore fruit in his admirable description of the graceful evolutions of these homing birds. And his account of how he took his first THK LATE RF,GINAT,n ROSWORTH SMITH, M.A. CXXUl. raven's eggs from a nest in the fir-trees on the well-known local landmark of Badbury Rings " may prove, in time to come, comparable in historic interest with Gilbert White's description of the nesting of the honey-buzzard in the Selborne Woods." In 1902 he was elected a member of the Dorset Field Club and shortly afterwards a Vice-President, and it was in this, the later period of his life, that most of the members of the Club, like myself, became acquainted with him, and enjoyed his friend- ship. And what a privilege it is to be able to look back on such a friendship ! A very old friend observes of him : — "Few men have had so wide a circle of attached friends, for not many have the same gifts which so endeared him to all who knew him." Another lifelong friend recalls the " walks and talks and communings which make up the best of one's life." What, then, were those " gifts which so endeared him to all who knew him " ? To those who only knew him slightly, perhaps, the most attractive feature in his personality was his unfailing courtesy and kindness of manner ; to those who knew him more intimately it was that which underlay the courtesy, viz., his warm affectionate heart. And a special place in that heart was doubtless reserved for Dorset and everything connected with Dorset. " He had that wonderful gift which won all hearts," if I may quote from a memorial sermon, "of putting himself in touch with each one of us, and making even the humblest feel that he loved them. The labourer, for instance, felt as he talked with him that he was not separated from him by that indefinable barrier which too often, alas ! separates class from class. It was simply a brother man who entered so sympathetically into their lives." To show that this unique sympathy was felt and appreciated far even beyond the bounds of Christendom, I make another quotation from a letter just received by Mrs. Bosworth Smith, bearing the signatures of three distinguished negro gentlemen in West Africa : " Representing the Muslim community of Sierra Leone, the undersigned beg most respectfully to convey to you on its behalf CXXIV. THE LATE REGINALD ROSWORTH SMITH, M.A. the deep feeling of sorrow with which it has learned of the death of your beloved husband who has laboured so much and so successfully in the cause of the religion they profess. May God accept him and cool his resting place ! They had hoped that such a worker as your husband would have lived almost for ever in this world, but it has not so pleased God, and He has taken him just as he was entering old age." Again, from a distinguished Christian negro gentleman, Dr. Blyden : " A void has been left in the ranks of lovers of humanity that will not be filled in this generation." His great ability both as a speaker and a writer, which gave such force and lucidity, such charm and persuasiveness to all he wrote or said, so that he always, as it has been truly said, rivetted the attention of his hearers, might conceivably have excited admiration without awakening any deeper emotions. But there was something winning in the very sight of his loveable face. And a closer acquaintance with him deepened this impression. The secret was, as many have pointed out, that with all his intellectual power he combined the simple heart of a child. On several occasions he read papers on birds to the members of the Dorset Field Club, as e.g., last spring a paper on the " Cornish Chough and the Magpie." These papers, so charm- ingly written, and so full of accurate and sympathetic observation, of racy and humorous stories, and of apt quotations, reveal the student but without a trace of the pedant. The loss of such an enthusiast for the study of natural history leaves a sad blank in the ranks of our members, but it is to be hoped that others have caught something of that enthusiasm, and that these will continue to uphold the worthy traditions handed down to them by such ardent lovers of Nature as he in whose memory these lines are written. J. H. Wilkinson. Windows ir Cl<.r<5roTv) IsN.Aiyc 6r»\oK< Qj^rqaylt ' ST Mary's church, cerne "g^e JlrcrnfecfuraC ^bistovt) of t^e "^aris^ gBvtvcB of g>. "g^Tart^ at §exx\e. By the Rev. C. W. H. DICKER. (Lead 3rd Dec, 1907.) ^ERNE, anciently Cernel, enjoys a legendary' reputation dating from a traditional visit of S. Augustine to Wessex in a.d. 603. Its authentic history, how- ever, begins with the building and endowment of a monastery here by Ailmer in the reign of King Edgar (957-975), from which period the religious community then founded seems to have had an existence of continuous prosperity until its suppression in 1536. Frequently recorded grants of land and other gifts and privileges bestowed, upon "the Church of S. Peter at Cerne " prove its claim to be reckoned as one of the great abbeys of England. The Book of Cenie in the Cambridge University Library has long been known to antiquaries, and contains a number of Charters which throws valuable light upon English monasticism. From the Domesday Survey we learn that in Edward the Confessor's time the village was large and flourishing. Whether the settlement originally sprung up around the monaster)^, or the 2 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERXE. monks found a village and church tliere in the loth centur}-, we have no means of deciding. All that we can say is that from the 13th century onward a separate parish church of S. INIary has supplied the villagers of Cernc with a spiritual home ; and this we are able to read from the fragments of history told us in the old walls of brown stone described in the following pages. Early English Work. — It would seem probable that at Cerne, as was commonly the case in England, there was for the first 300 or 400 years one Church, used in common by both monks and people. As time went on many cases are recorded in which a certain part of the building became a monastic quire, and another part was reserved for the use of the parishioners— as in the case of the neighbouring Church at Sherborne. But some- times it was considered desirable to build a separate Church, to which the monks (or the secular congregation, as the case might be) should migrate and permanently attach themselves. Such an occasion evidently arose at Cerne, most likely in the 13th Century — a period marked by many new departures in conventual building ; the era of the erection of the great Church of New Sarum. A lofty chancel 19ft. wide, and still possessing a pair of large lancet windows of well-marked E. E. character at S. ^Mary's, belongs to this period. Thenceforward, for some 200 years, no traces survive of any further building upon the parish church. Abbots who were lords of manors had plenty to do with their money in meeting the demands made upon them for military service, according to the terms of their feudal tenure. During Richard I.'s time, and again in 1277, 1282, and 1297, Cerne was called upon to provide soldiers and munitions of war. This leaves a peaceful interval — in the " Inglorious Reign " of Henry III. — when sundry wants, perhaps long felt, might begin to find material fulfilment in the shape of new buildings. We may safely then suggest the years 1250 — 1277 as including the date of the new departure at Cerne, and the founding of its parish church. From this time it may be assumed that the two branches of service were entirely separated, the Monastic Offices and Liturgy being performed in Cerne. Portion of 13th Century Chancel. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERNE. 3 the Abbey Church, of which no trace now survives ; and the people's devotions maintained at S. INIary's. The Abbot would still be responsible, as Rector of the parish, for the appointment of vicars and (possibly) the care of the building. Perpendicular Woik. — As it now stands, S, Mary's looks like a 15th Century Church. It is 90ft. long ; tower, nave, aisles, window tracery, stone screen— internally, no trace appears of any earlier structure. On further examination, however, it becomes evident that the fabric is of a composite character, and belongs (in addition to the E. E. work already described) to at least four different classes or periods : — 1. Original work in the aisles. 2. The tower, completed somewhat later. 3. Work imported from other buildings. 4. The rebuilt nave, part of north aisle, and south porch. In various parts of England, the latter portion of the 15th Century was signalised by the great development of the wool- growing industry. The old common-field system of farming was generally falling into decay, and up-to-date landowners strained their powers to the utmost to turning the ancient " acres " into pasture, in many cases to great financial advantage. There was, to use a modern expression, a "boom " in wool, and some of the monasteries, as well as many private lords of manors, became by this means exceedingly wealthy. It is probable that this fact had a considerable bearing upon the development of the fashion for building and endowing chantries, Avhich became universal at the temiination of the Wars of the Roses. In the neighbourhood in which we are writing it is not easy to name any Church which failed to gain an aisle or a chapel at this period. Sometimes the old nave was left standing, as at Charminster and Bere Regis ; often it was replaced by a new structure. In Dorset, the Nonnan chancels disappeared ; a few Early English ones, as here and at Buckland Newton, were allowed to remain. Every- where, Perpendicular aisles were built. 4 ARCHITECTL'RAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERNE. The north aisle at Cerne retains its original west front, level with that of the tower* and some 40 feet of old work at its eastern end, the intervening work being perhaps mainly of the 1 7th centur}-. It is flanked on the north side by a doorway of a somewhat earlier type than the doorway in the same position on the south, which has traceried panel-work in jambs and soffit. The south aisle has also its original front and much of the old masonr)', together with a porch, which seems to have been rebuilt with ancient materials in 1626, according to an inscribed tablet over the doorway. These aisles have no buttresses beyond the polygonal ones at their western ends, which are decorated Avith grotesque gargoyles — heads whose mouths are being held open by small figures perched upon their shoulders. The tower may have been begun at the same time as the aisles, but on the whole its aspect suggests a somewhat later date. Its octagonal turret-buttresses and broad band of quatrefoil orna- ment recall the Magdalen Tower, built between 1492 and 1505. It has an effectively-designed doorway opening upon the street, with semi-circular steps, and a fine niche at the first storey containing a statue of the Virgin and Sacred Child. Curious pinnacles are bracketed out in front of the belfr}- windows. The arches supporting the tower on the inside are decorated with panelling, the tracery in which difters from that of the neighbouring church of Pydeltrenthide in having the "ogee" character. The Nave.—\l is not without some trepidation that I venture to express my firm conviction that in the nave of Cerne Church we ha\e a most interesting example of 17th century Gothic. AH the guide-books quote it as typical " Perpendicular " building ; even such an authority as Bloxam takes it so without question. And yet a careful examination of the worL shows (i) an unskilfulness in design and execution that separates it by a wide gulf from all genuine work of the Perpendicular period in the * This ground plan (with a flat front) is unique in the district, and here it was, no doubt, prompted by the exigencies of the site. Cerne. Nave Arcade. I Prohahhi temp. Charles I, ) ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT ClJRNE. 5 church and district; (2) a number of points of contact with work unquestionably of Charles I.'s time. As regards the former, it is observable that the builders of this nave arcade can never have learnt to set up a true arch on any large scale. They certainly did not share that magnificent adroitness which characterised the builders of the 15th century work in this neighbourhood ; the work is evidently that of inexperienced hands. Every one of these arches is unsyra- metrical to a marked degree ; in alignment, verticality, and A\-orkmanship generally there is a faultiness which (however ready wc may be to forgive it) contrasts strongly with the work of the Tudor masons. The same hands, again, are traceable in the Debased windows of the clerestory, and two in the north aisle, which may safely be assigned to the Stuart period. In 1611 the manor, vill, and lands of Cerne were granted to Henrv, Prince of Wales, from whom they passed to Sir Francis Bacon. In 161 7, however, they were once more a Royal possession in the hands of Charles, Prince of Wales, who held them until the fourth year of his reign as King. The date 1626 inscribed upon the south doorway indicates a revival of church building fostered, perhaps, in this case by Royal favour and munificence. As to the design of the nave arcade it may have been an attempt to reproduce previous Perpendicular work — perhaps destroyed by fire, seeing that no other buildings of Tudor date survive on that side of the street, whilst on the opposite side apparently contemporary houses are still standing. Or it may have replaced an older nave, in a style suggested by that at Pydeltrenthide or other neighbouring churches. In one particular the detail of the piers differs from these — the hollow moulding taken out at the angles is carried up directly into the arch, without any break at the capitals. (This is also found at Piddletown and other places in the county in conjunction with foliated capitals.) The capitals here are roughly rounded. A handsome screen of Ham Hill stone forms a striking feature of the interior —breaking the bay westward of the chancel. Its 6 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S, MARY AT CERXfi. st\le and workniansliip ha\c ob\iously no afllnity to those of the nave— it is thoroughgoing, accurate, Perpendicular work. Previously to the year 1870, a blank wall or partition rested on this screen, reaching to the ceiling. Old parishioners tell us that this wall, which bore painted upon it the Royal Arms and the Ten Commandments, consisted mainly of lath and plaster, and that the present cresting was placed upon it when the wall was taken down. There are in this neighbourhood two similar screens— one at Batcombe, which has a crest of much the same pattern, and one at Bradford Abbas, which is finished at the top with a moulding. It is difficult to form any opinion as to how this screen got here. It may have been in the original nave, previous to its reconstruction by the builders of 1626 ; or it may have been brought from some other building — perhaps the old Abbey. This idea is suggested by the fact that the great east window appears to have been the upper part of a larger window, its present sill being apparently a transom, through which the principal mullions pass and become visible on the lower side. Inside, the splay and soffit are panelled, and on one of the panels is carved the date 1639. Does this mark a stage in the demolition of the Abbey Church and the removal hither of half its east window } At that time the manor had recently been purchased by Sir Thomas Freke, to whose family it belonged until it came into the hands of the Pitts. What is more likely than that Sir Thomas followed the example of his illustrious predecessor, and lavished some of his wealth upon the church of his new home } Two later gifts deserve mention, for which Ccrne may be also indebted to him — a finely-carved pulpit, with a sounding-board, upon the back-piece of which is a good thistle and rose design having the date 1640 ; and a handsome brass candelabra of the pattern seen in some of our cathedrals. The church has an old (disused) Font-bowl resembling that of Pydeltrenthide — probably of the 13th Century. Tliere is a good piscina of Perpendicular date in the chancel, also two fine oak chairs of Tudor workmanship. CERNE, PULPIT 1640, SCREEN. AND MODERN CHANCEL ARCH. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF S. MARY AT CERNE. 7 Inserted in the south wall west of the Caroline porch is a quaint stone face, said to have been the orifice of a chimney, the smoke of which would issue from mouth, eyes, and cars. The belfry contains five bells, the tenor being cracked and bearing an iron plate riveted on it. Nos. i, 2, and 3 were cast in 1762 by Thomas Bilbie. No. 4 is dated 1747, and the tenor has the inscription " Come when I call to serve God all." The storj' of our old churches is the story of the English people. In their walls and arches can be found the best materials of history, for— with all its missing chapters, its puzzles, and its pitfalls— the true story of man is the record of work he has done in earnest and which he did at his best, " Si monumentum requiris, circumspice." ®Be ^onptt geCfars at '^ooZe. By W. K. GILL. (Ecad 3rd December, 1007.) >C^^b ^as^t jnHE long low stone building which stands a little back from Poole Quay, between the Harbour Office and the Custom House, and is commonly known as the Town Cellars, has always been a puzzle to the local antiquary. " Quo molcm banc statuere ? Quis auctor ? " are the questions that naturally arise as one considers the situation and peculiarities of this ancient edifice. Turning to the Histor}- of Poole written by a competent authority, and one, too, familiar with all the printed or written evidence that can be brought to bear as yet, we find the following :-^ "The large 'buildiug on the Quay, known as the Town Cellars, and which has been used for centuries as a place for the temporary deposit of goods brought to the town, is of considerable antiquity, but so mutilated by time, violence, and alterations that it is difficult to trace in the structure itself the characters of its original use. It has been conjectured that the general architectural features bear indications that the building was formerly devoted to ecclesiastical pui-poses, but no THE TOWN CELLARS AT TOOLE. 9 sufficient evidence can be adduced in support of this supposition, and it is more probable that the edifice was raised by the ancient lords of the manor as a hall for their accommodation when visiting this burgh of Poole, or as a storehouse for the deposit of goods imported here on their account, and of the corn and other merchandise taken by them as toll." This appears to the present writer a moderate and reasonable view of the matter, which is strengthened by further consider- ations. The building has quite recently been sold by Lord Wimborne, the Lord of the Manor, but up to that time appears to have always been manor property. The writer appealed to his lordship some ten or a dozen years since to know if there was any information on the subject to be obtained from the Canford archives, and Lord Wimborne courteously wrote a line himself to say that there was none. The earliest mention of the place by name is in the early years of Henry VIIL, when the dues of "the woolhouse" are granted in the fourth year of that King to one John Hunt for life. It should be noted that the names by which the building was known in the past are the Woolhouse, the King's Hall, and the Town Cellars. The town was made a port of the staple by Henry VL, and the special name of the Woolhouse would be likely to date from then, the building being then something like a bonded warehouse. The name seems to be well established in 15 13, and, as the property of the monasteries was not then confiscated, this appears to tell against the theory that the building is a portion of an ancient monastery. The appearance of the place is also somewhat in accordance with Sydenham's views. Before the mutilation of which he speaks— viz., the cutting of a street right through it — the building measured about 122ft. by 30ft. The plan is oblong and cjuite regular. All the doorways open on the Quay side. The small two-light windows are on the north and south and west; there is no east windo^\•. The style is late 14th century. The outside roof has been considerably altered from time to time, as various illustrations Icstify. At tlic cast end of the south face a large corbel may have carried an arch o\er the street. The Custom House opposite has been rebuilt. The iO THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE. comparati\-ely modern stone building abutting on the north side took the place of a small prison called the Salisbury, and the stocks were kept here down to the memory of persons living. If the building was a hall of the lords of the manor and cases were ever tried here, the prison would be aptly placed, and hence the stocks being here (which they were within a century and less) would be, as it were, traditional, otherwise one would have looked for them in Fish Street, where was the old gaol. The ecclesiastical appearance of the building is hardly ground enough to go upon, as, to quote PMward Freeman, " In all ages of good art men built their religious, their civil, and their military buildings in the same style " {^Norman Conquest, Vol. V., page 599). Of course, positive evidence would upset Syden- ham's theory, but no one has produced any. In fact, the absence of any hint of the existence of monastic property in the annals of Poole is the greatest objection to the theory advanced in a paper printed in the Proceedings of this Club for 1888. In the various papers given in Sydenham we have all sorts of references, lists of property belonging to the Guild of St. George, and so on, but no hint of monastic property. The Taxaiio Ecclesiasiica of Pope Nicholas (1291), a list of church property, on all of which the King was entitled to levy one- tenth for six years for an expedition to the Holy Land — a list drawn up by the orders of Edward I. and likely to be very complete — does not mention Poole at all, because, says Syden- ham, it was doubtless "included in the entries for Canford." Had there been so considerable a monastery as the above- mentioned paper suggests, it is likely that there would have been a special entry. Another famous list of church, or rather in this case monastic property, is the Valor Ecclesiasikus of Henry VIII., in which is the entry, " Bradenstoke Priory Canford and Poole in the County of Dorset. The rent of assize to the same £zz 13s. 4d. Without deductions." Poole was a dependency of Canford, and both had been granted by the Lord of the Manor to his priory of Bradenstoke. It will be noted, however, that the Woolhouse is distinctly specified as THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE. I I such before the date (1534) of the Valor Ecclesiaslicus of Hcnr)' VIIL At one time the present writer thought that perhaps the old building might have been used as a hall for the Guild of St. George, which held some property in Poole, but this property Avas taken by Edward VI. and afterwards bought for the Corporation ; and there is no mention of the Woolhouse as part of the properties conveyed, nor was the Woolhouse ever in the possession of the Corporation as freehold, which it would have been had it formed part of the property of the Guild. The idea of a monastery here certainly arose at one time from a misunder- standing of the transfer of the Guild property, as may be seen from Abbot Gasquet's note in the list of monasteries at the end of Volume I. of his Henry VIIl. and the English Monasleries. The entr}' runs thus : — Poole. "A friar)%" No friary : the grant 3rd Edward VI. seems to have been of gild-property. There can hardly be a greater authority than Abbot Gasquet on such a matter. It is of importance, too, to see what Leland has to say. Leland, first and last King's antiquary, travelled through England by the royal instructions with special reference to all antiquities relating to the monasteries and their relics, and in the course of his tour he came to Poole. He noted what antiquities there were — the town wall and so on — gave such account as he could obtain of the town, noted " a fair town-house of stone on the Kay," but has no whisper of any monastery. Would there not have been something at least of tradition to lead him to examine a building so noteworthy had it really been monastic ? Leland's silence is almost conclusive to the present writer. The paper referred to, however, tries to evade the difficulty by supposing a monastery, founded by the Countess Ela, mother of the famous Longsword the Second, who granted Poole its charter. The writer suggests that she gave up her position of Abbess of Lacock Abbey, which she had founded, and retired to Poole. 12 THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE, He was unaware of the entr}- in the book of Lacock that " she rested in the Lord and was honourably buried in the choir of the monaster}-." There is no idea of her having left the monastery and as to founding one in Poole ; as we have the mention of the two she did found — viz., Lacock and Hinton, in Somerset — would not the third be also mentioned ? This supposed monastery is got rid of by the device of imagining that the Black Death killed off the brethren, and it then fell into decay. The style of the Town Cellars is later than the time of the Bldck Death, so presumably it was rebuilt, but how did church property pass into lay hands ? The Church had a peculiar interest in such foundations, and was most unlikely to relax its grip, and we have already noted that before the Dissolution the Town Cellars were in lay hands. There is still the suggestion that the place might have belonged to an alien priory, that Henr}- V. might have seized it with other such property in 141 4 and granted it to the manor (as his son granted the land and revenues of S. Giles' Hospital of Pont Audemer in Sturminster ^Marshall to his Royal College of Eton), but this is, of course, pure conjecture with nothing to support it. Some record or some tradition would have survived at least to Leland's time, and one only mentions this possibility to show that it has not been overlooked. One or two points in the paper already mentioned must be stated. There is an old inn, called the St. Clement's Inn, very near the Town Cellars and an embattled gateway at the back of the )"ard, generally supposed to be a portion of the wall built by Richard IH. The gateway seems to have been for a water-gate, as the seaweed was found right against the wall in some exca- vations recently made. The writer of the paper suggests that this was really a portion of the wall of the monastery he imagines to have existed here and to have been continuous with, but at right angles to, the Town Cellars. Further, there was an old inn, The Ship, formerly called The Paradise Cellar, abutting on the east end of the Town Cellars, but quite disconnected, and, on pulling this down to make stores some twenty years ago, some THE TOWN CELLARS AT POOLE. 1 3 of the hammer beams had carved heads, which are figured in the Proceedings (1888). This building, again, he considers to have been a chapter house or a refectory, and that the Town Cellars were the church proper. The arrangement of these buildings is, however, somewhat out of keeping with this notion. For example, the refectory would then have been right against the east end of the church, and, as the doors are all on the south or open side, the brethren must have gone out somehow from behind and come round outside their church to get into it at all, and then under two low-arched doors. Nothing in the nature of a processional service was possible under these conditions. And all this on an open and very much exposed Quay, and in an age when no seaport was safe from foreign foes, for it was during the Hundred Years War with France. Taking the whole matter into consideration, the theory of Sydenham seems to fit in with all that is certainly known, and with the arrangement of the building itself. The name of St. Clement's may be only a survi\'al from other days like the St. Crispin's at Christchurch, and the carved heads are not of necessity ecclesiastical any more than the pointed doorways and the cusped windows on the Town Cellars. One word may be said as to a picture on which some stress is laid in the oft-referred-to paper. This picture existed most probably only in the fertile brain of the engineer who spoke of it. The accurate details reported by him are, to say the least of it, highly suspicious. Probably he saw a picture with some of the features mentioned and localised it with a few additional touches. The date 1612 and the full details so clear after 40 years do not give one an impression of critical veracity. As at present advised, then, the problem of the Town Cellars remains unsolved. When the Field Club made its all too short visit to Poole, two years since, the present writer proposed it to the members of the Club, and he still hopes that some far more competent enquirer will give us the solution. "glofes on f6c porscf grCora. By the Rev. E. F. LINTON, M.A. (Read Feb. 20th, 190S. ) ^ iA ^pHE corner of Dorset to which this paper chiefly ^^ '' " refers, of which Cranborne is the principal village, has not yet been worked out, nor its flowering plants fully recorded. In my paper of three years ago on Dorset Plants (Vol. XXVI., p. 75), some of the less common species from the neighbourhood were included ; but many more seem to be worth reporting or commenting on. The parish of Edmondsham alone, seldom mentioned in the F/ora of Dorset, supplies a good number, two or three of which have not hitherto been recorded for the county ; consisting of a large area of heath land and mixed soils and a good expanse of chalk, divided by a belt of London Clay, its varied geological character ensures a varied and interesting Flora. The names of the plants here mentioned follow the nomen- clature and sequence of the ninth edition of the London Catalogue as being in general use. The well-known districts (lettered A to G) of the Flora of Dorset are carefully obser\-ed ; only, as most of the localities are in District F, that letter may be NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 1 5 assumed as the rule where no other letter oceurs to mark the exceptions. I have drawn attention below, under Rhamnns Fraiigula, to the correct spelling of the name of my friend, the late ]Mr. F. T. Richards, who is not always recognisable on the pages of the second edition of the County Flora. Thaliciriim flaviim, L., Edmondsham. — Adonis, aidinnnalis, L., has been reported to me as having been found by Mrs. Head near (Zx'A.\\\)OX\\Q.,-^Ramcnciilus Lingua, L., near High Hall, Canon E. R. Bernard. — A', sardous, Crantz, Goatham, and Rumford, two outlying districts of Edmondsham. — Aconilum Napellus, L., in the borders of a field near the Deer Park, St. Giles', well established, but doubtfully native. A woman I was visiting near Poole once told me that her name for the jMonks- hood was " Old woman in her bed," adding, as she pulled the covering petals off, " with her shoes on," the feet being represented by the deformed anthers. Berberis vulgaris, L., occurs in a hedge near a cottage, Edmondsham. — Papaver RhcEas, L., var. strigosinn (Boenn.) occurs here. I have also seen var, Piyoni, Druce, in a garden in Parkstone, a form with the peduncle densely hispid with reddish bristles. The ordinary type and intermediate forms were also present.— P. hybridum, L., Kingsdown, near Badbury Rings. — Glaiuium flavum, Crantz. G. Chapman's Pool and on chalk clitfs in Swanage Bay. — Corydalis lutea, DC, a weed in Edmondsham Rectory garden at the foot of walls. — Fumaria Boraei, Jord., Shapwick. D. \\'areham. Several of the localities in the Flora for F. confusa, Jord., need to be revised and placed under F. Boraei. — F. densiflora, DC, Goatham. — F. parviflora, Lam. Cultivated field near Badbury Rings, Rev. R. P. IMunay. Nasturtium officinale, R. Br., var. microphyllum (Reichb.), perhaps no more than a state induced by drier situation, Edmondsham. — N. palustre, DC, \ar. pinnaiifidum, Tausch., shallow pond, Edmondsham. — Erophila vulgaris, DC, east of Aimer. D. Wareham. — Var. stenocaipa, Jord., down, N.E. of Handley. — E. praecox, DC, a form, on gra\el and on a dry bank, Edmondsham Rectory garden. — Cochlearia Armoracia, L., 1 6 NOTES OX THE DORSET FLORA. escape, Edmondsham. — Ervsimiim cheiranihoides, L., ven' scarce, Edmondsham. — Coronopus didyinus, Sm., alien, Edmondsham. — Lepidium ruderah, L., introduced, possibly as I have found elsewhere with chicken's food, INIount Pleasant, Horton. — Iberis amara, L., diminutive specimens, said to have been found wild near Edmondsham. — Raphamis maritimus, Sm. A. Charmouth. This record for the comity has been questioned, but I obtained a root from the locality and grew it, proving it cerrect. The plant grew very strong in my garden for one season, but was exter- minated by the turnip fly. Helianihemum ChaincBcishis, INIill., is said in the Flora to be common and generally distributed. This is true on the chalk, but on the extensive heath land of East Dorset it is absent. — Viola hirta, L., var. calcarea, Bab. ( V. calcarea, Gregor}-), occurred on the west side of Stubhampton Bottom, Cranborne Chase, in some quantity over a very limited area, with bright mauve-pink flowers, and has proved constant in the garden. It has also been sent me with violet flowers from near Swanage (G) by ^Ir. Bolton King. — V. laclea, Sm., Verwood Heath. — F. ericetorum x lac/ea, Broadstone ; between Talbot and Ensbury. — Polygala serpyllacea, Weihe, Goatham and Edmondsham. — P. calcarea, F. Schultz, Harley Down and Bottlebrush Down, near St. Giles'. Saponaria officinalis, L., Edmondsham. — Silene Cticnbulits, Wibel, b. puherula, Syme, near St. Giles' ; Shillingstone. — Cerasiium qiiateryiellum, Fenzl. {Moenchia), Talbot to Kinson ; in two or three spots near Edmondsham. D. Hamworthy. — Siellaria media, Cyr., \ar. Bonmna (Jord.), N. and S. of Park- stone. G. Studland. — 6. lunhrosa, Opiz., Edmondsham.— .V. uligitwsa, ^lurr., not so ver)' common, rare on heath land ; Edmondsham ; Corfe JNIuUen ; West floors ; Verwood. D. Morden Decoy. G. Ame ; Studland, Rev. W. M. Rogers. Malva vioschata, L., Edmondsham, also with white flowers. — M. rolutidi folia, L., Cranborne, ver}- scarce. — J/, pusilla, Sm., was well established for some years on waste ground, Edmond- sham, but a deposit of soil and rubbish has threatened its continuance. — Geranium pratense, L., under Hod Hill, — NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 1 7 G. columhinum, L., Blagdon Farm, Cranbornc ; Edmondsliam. — G. lucidum, L., in Edmondsham ; only one locality discovered. Rhamnus catharticiis, L., hedges near St. Giles' and near Pentridge ; near Cashmoor Inn. — R. Frangula, L., Goatham ; \'er\vood. A. Near Monkton Weald, the late /''. T. Richards. The name of ]Mr. Richards, who was a Fellow of Trinity Coll., Oxford, appears in the Flora under various disguises — Richard, Rickards, Rickard, and sometimes a wrong initial — misprints ^\hich the author attributed to a handwriting he could not always decipher. Genisla angh'ca, L., Goatham. — Ouonis spmosa, L., Edmond- sham, rare. — Melilotiis alba, Desr., abundant in a brickyard by Verwood Station ; also in Edmondsham. — Trifoliiivi subterranetim, L., Castle Hill, Cranborne. — T. 7)iedium, L., Edmondsham, very local. — T. striatum, L., Castle Hill, Cranborne. — T. glorneratujn, L., near Edmondsham, very rare. — T. fragiferum, L., Edmond- sham, rare inland. — Anthyllis Vulneraria, L., near Blagdon Farm, Cranborne ; Edmondsham ; Harley Down and Sovell Down, near the G\i'S,s,2i§,es.— Hippocjrpis comosa, L., Harley Down. — Onobrychis vidoe/olia, Scop. {0. sativa, L.), near Blagdon Farm, Cranborne, apparently native. — Lathyrus mo7itanus, Bernh., ^•ar. temiifoliiis, Reich, fil., near Edmondsham, but rare compared with the type. Spircea Filipendula, L., Harley Down and on a down just east of Handley ; Thickthorn Down ; Stourpaine Furze. Riihiis. The notes on the Brambles will not be of general interest, but it is desirable to place the localities, which are additional to the Dorset Flora, on record as a contribution towards a future edition of that work. —R. plicatus, W. and N. J^dmondsham ; Lilliput, Parkstone. D. Hamworthy ; fm. east of W'areham Station. — R. integribasis, P. J. JNIuell, about Broad- stone, Kinson, and Verwood. — R. affinis, W. and N. Lilliput ; between Bailey Gate and Foxholes Wood. — R. Lifidleiamis, Lees, Newtown ; Heatherlands ; Kinson ; Longfleet ; Edmondsham. — R. rhamnifolius, W. and N., Heatherlands ; Lilliput ; Foxholes Wood. — R, nemoralis, P. J. iMuelL, to which may belong some 1 8 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. Stations recorded under R. umbrosus in the Flora ; about Parkstone ; Branksome Park ; Heatherlands ; Longfleet ; Edmondsham ; Verwood. — R. villicauHs, var. Selmeri (Lindeb.), abundant between Talbot Village and Kinson ; Heatherlands ; Broadstone ; Verwood. — R. leucandrus, Focke, Parkstone ; Newtown ; Kinson ; Heatherlands. G. Creech. — R. Queslierii, Lefv. and Muell., Foxholes Wood, in some plenty ; very rare elsewhere. — R. miurotiaius, Blox., var. nudicaidis, Rogers, Lilliput ; Kinson ; Broadstone ; Corfe Mullen ; Foxholes Wood ; Martin Wood, near Cranborne. To this variety all the localities in the Flora of Dorset may be assigned ; the type is a Midland plant as a rule. — R. anglosaxonicus, Gelert, Corfe Mullen ; Foxholes Wood ; south of Hartgrove. — R. radula, Weihe, var. anglicanus, Rogers. To this variety probably should be assigned all the localities for R. radula in the Flora. I add Kinson ; Newtown ; near Poole Cemetery. G. Creech. — R. melanodei-mis, Rogers, near Coy Pond, Bournemouth, on both sides of the county boundary. G. Creech. — R. Lejeutiii, W. and N., var. ericelorum, Lefv., in Alderholt, not far from Fordingbridge Station ; not in the Flora and scarce in Dorset. — R. Bloxamii, Lees, well distributed in the east of the county ; Kinson ; Newtown ; Foxholes Wood ; Corfe Mullen ; abundant near Verwood Station and on the eastern side of Edmondsham. R. Kahki-i, Weihe. E. Piddle Wood; possibly the same spot as Mr. Rogers' "near Sturminster Newton." — Besides these Edmondsham can show a few of the commonest brambles — R. idcetis, L., R. pulcherrimus, Neuman, R. rusticanus, Merc, R. macrophyllus, W. and N., R. leucoslachys, Schleich., R. diimetoriim, W. and N., and R. aesius, L. — but it can boast of very few of the rarer species compar- atively. Geum rivale x urbanum (G. intermedium, Ehrhart), occurs on the verge of moist woodland in two places at Edmondsham half-a-mile apart, where both the species grow near together. There are only three localities for this hybrid in the Flora. — Potetitilla repians x silveslris, by the side of the railway more than half-a-mile north of Verwood Station, and also near the NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 1 9 field path from tlic station to Edmondsliam ; not in tlie Flora. — P. silvesln's, Neck., is the Common 'lormentil. — P. argenka, L., Castle Hill, Cranbornc. — Agrimonia Oikrala, Mill., in two or three spots in PMmondsham. — Poterium polygaminn, Waldst. and Kit., Edmondsliam, occasionally as a relic of cultivation. Rosa tomcntosa, Sm., R, ruhiginosa, L., R. micraniha, Sm., 7?. ohlusifolia, Desv., R. iomentella, Lcman, R. dii?nalis, Bechst., R. luletiana, Leman, R. urhica, Lcman, and R. syslyla, Bast., all occur in ICdmondsham, and the last also at Kinson, Longfleet, and Verwood.— ^. spinostssima, L. D. Trigon to Wareham. — R. dti?neloni77i, Thuill. D. A little north of the railway near Wareham. — Pyriis Aria, Ehrh., rather scarce, near Cranborne. — P. Malus, L., both varieties, Edmondsham. Ribes rubruni, L., and R. nignun, L., by the rivulet, Edmond- sham, possibly from garden seed carried down by the stream, or else by birds; The xzx.peixieum, Sm., of the former occurs about Corfe IMulIen. — Tilhea muscosa, L., Parkstone to Longfleet, abundant in sandy tracks, also north of Longfleet. D. Sandy hill north of Wareham Station ; perhaps the same place put in District G in the Flora. G. Studland. — Scdinn Telephiiim, L., Kinson ; Edmondsham. — S. album, L., on a cottage roof, Edmondsham. — 6". dasyphylliim, L., had spread in 1906 over cottage roofs near my original locality in Blandford, and looked very flourishing. — Calliiriche slagfialis, Scop., C. hamidaia, Kuetz., Ptplis Put tula, L., occur in Edmondsham. — Epilobium hirsutum, L., with white flowers was sent me by Miss Inglis from (C) east of Dorchester last year. E. lanceolaium, Seb. and ]Maur., was flourishing as a garden weed in Seldown, Poole, a few years ago. Apium inundaturn, Reich, fil., Goatham. — Carum segdum, Benth. and Hook, fil., seen on one hedgebank in Edmondsham, and therefore probably occurring on other banks of chalky fields. It is not easy to see in summer on account of its very slender stem and branches ; but its neat rosettes of graceful leaves may be detected in February or ^March before other herbage overgrows them. With 7-10 pairs of neatly serrate leaflets it 20 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. may easily be recognised, and should not be confused with S/son Aivomtim, L. (Edmondsham, Horton, «S:c.), whose leaves have only 3 or 4 pairs of more coarsely serrate leaflets. — CEnanihe pimpintUoidcs, L., Edmondsham ; Woodlands ; locally abundant in the county, but not generally distributed, absent, e.g., from all heath land. — (E. silaifolia, Bieberstein, still wants ascer- taining, I believe, for Dorset. The Rev. R. P. Murray and I have independently searched the meadows on both sides of the Stour near Shapwick and Sturminster Marshall without discovering it. (E. pimpinelloides is plentiful in some of the meadows, which, if judged by the root leaves only, is very deceptive. The roots need digging up for a safe character. (E. Lachenalii, C. Gmel., Parkstone, at or near Lilliput ; near Edmondsham. G. Stoborough meadows ; by the Corfe River. — Silansflavescem, Bernh., a troublesome weed in pastures, Edmondsham, deep rooting and not easily got rid of. — Caucalis arvensis, Huds., occurs in chalky fields, Edmondsham, now and again. Adoxa Moschatellhta, L., grows on suitable hedgebanks here and there in Edmondsham, and in more profusion near Cran- borne. — Galiu?7i Criiciata, Scop., frequent in most parts of Dorset, except on the heath land, is strangely scarce, if not absent, in the Cranborne neighbourhood, though it abounds in suitable ground. — G. uliguwsiim, L., near Edmondsham in the valley of the River Cran towards Holwell, and, strange to say, in a large field, known as Hiles, on the top of a ridge, where there is no water and only one or two slightly moist places. The plant usually occurs in marshy places. — G. tricorne, Stokes, abundant and very fine in the summer of 1907 in a chalky field near Barnfield, Edmondsham. G. Cornfield between Worth Matravers and St. Alban's Head. — Asperida odoraia, L., very plentiful in woods and hedgerows in Edmondsham. G. Creech Grange. — A. cy7ianchica, L., Stour- paine Furze Down ; Knowlton ; Harley Down ; downs near Cranborne and Pentridge. — Valeriana Mikanii, Syme, woodland, Edmondsham and Cranborne. — V. samhucifolia, Willd., common NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 21 on moist low ground, and known in Edmondsham as " Kiss me quick." — 11 dioica, L., meadows, Eldmondsham, Cranborne, and Verwood. — Vahrianella dentatct, Poll., in several cornfields, Edmondsham. The Common Lamb's Lettuce seems to be absent. — Scabiosa Columbaria, L., here and there on the chalk. Solidago Virgaurea, L., remarkably abundant in some of the woods on the clay ; the wood just south of Castle Hill is full of it. — Filago minitna, Fr., Parkstone ; on the eastern borders of Edmondsham. D. Near Wareham, a little north of the railwa}', and about Morden Decoy. — GnaphaUinn sylvatkian, L., West Moors ; by the Peat Moors Ri\er, near Verwood. In both cases this rare Dorset plant occurred in fields that had been left fallow, and would be in danger of suffering extinction under the plough. — Pulicaria vulgaris, Gaertn., was two years ago threatened with destruction, the ground being already then marked out for building purposes; the locality was very restricted. — Anthemis arvcnsis, L., Parkstone ; Edmondsham ; Blagdon Farm, Cranborne. — Chrysanthemum Parthejiium, Pers., Rumford. D. N.W. of Wareham Station. — Maliicaria ivodora, L., var. salina, Bab., shore of Poole Harbour, Lilliput to the Sandbanks. — ■ Tanacttumvulgare, L., Edmondsham.— /*(?/ai'?7^j vulgaris, Moench., St. Giles'. D. South of Bere Regis with huge leaves, 4ft. high and 4ft. broad some of them. — Carlina vulgaris, L., "Everlasting Thistle " locally, Edmondsham ; downs near Cranborne. — Cichorium Intybus, L., Edmondsham. D. East Morden. — Picris hicracioides, L., Chettle ; Cranborne. — P. echioides, L., borders of Edmondsham and St. Giles'. C. Osmington. G. Chapman's Pool. — Crepis taraxacifolia, Thuill., Edmondsham ; gradually spreading in the county. — Hieracium rigidum, Hartm., var. trichocaulon, Dahlst., on banks about Goatham. — Taraxacum udum, Jord., Kingston Lacy. D. Lytchett INIinster, on the side towards Wareham. G. East of Corfe Castle. This is one of the two marsh forms of Dandelion. — Tragopogon porrifolium, L., by the side of the railway on the Parkstone side of the Poole Station ; an escape. 22 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. Jasione montana, L., Goatham. — "\'ar. liiloraJis, Fr., on tlie sandbanks near the mouth of Poolc Harbour, a very dwarf procumbent form with small heads. — Wahlmhergia hederacea, Reichb., on peat banks both sides of the railway, West IMoors. — Ca77ipa?iula glomerafa, L., Gussage St. Michael ; Thickthorn Down. — C. Rapunctihis, L., given as C.pahila in the Flora, but corrected by the Rev. R. P. Murray, who rediscovered the plant at Corfe Mullen. — Specularia hyhrida, A. DC., Cranborne Farm. Vaccinium Myriillus, L., Sutton Holmes ; scarce in the district. G. Arne ; Studland, near the Coastguard Station. — Hypopitys Hfonoiropa, Crantz, in a copse by the way from Verwood Station to Edmondsham. G. Edges of woodland on the way from Kingston to Encombe. Limonuim bmervosum, C. E. Salmon {S/a/ice atiricidcE folia, Vahl. C. This is the plant which is recorded for Arish Mill (a fine form !), Lul worth, and one part of Portland, where it still survives. But the plant which has passed under the name of S. Dodartii, Gir., is shoAvn to be not that species, but a new one, by Mr. C. E. Salmon, who has named it Limoniiwi reciirvum (Journ. Bot., 1903, 67, where he has described and figured it). Mr. J. W. White, who has collected it in recent years, reported that in 1902 he found the locality, which was a mile or more away from the L. binervosum locality, had been broken up by quarr^-ing and that the plant had disappeared. It is to be hoped that it may be discovered again in some other part of the rocks, as Mr. Salmon in 1903 believed it was an endemic form, for which he knew no other station. Primula acaulis x veris (Common Oxlip), here and there in Edmondsham. — Lysimachia vulgaris, Linn., Anagallis cccrulea, Schreb. (cottage garden), Centunculus minimus, L., all occur in Edmondsham. — Blackstofiia perfoliata, Huds. {Chlora perfoliaia), not uncommon in Edmondsham, in one field very fine and abundant; Horton. — Ge7itiana Ptieuvionanthe, L., heaths near Broadstone ; Goatham, and still more abundant on moist heath about two miles further east, towards Somerley. — G. Amarella, L., NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 2$ Edmondsham ; Cashmoor Inn. The Compton Abbas locality in the Flora under C is near Shaftesbury and in District E. — G. campcsiris, L., occurs \\'ithin a few miles at Breamorc, but I do not find it within the county. Pulmonaria angustifolia, L., lias been brought to me from woods about Sutton (Woodlands). — P. offichialis, L., survives as a relic of cottage gardens which have disappeared on the borders of I^dmondsham and Cranborne, and is known locally as "Joseph and INIary." — Borago officinalis, L., Parkstone. G. Arne. — Myosolis repcns, G. Don, jlf. paliisiris, Rclh., i\I. collina, Hoffm., M. versicolor, Reichb., all in Edmondsham. D. The last also, frequent, half-a-mile N.W. of Wareham. — Liihospermum officinale, L., Edmondsham ; south end of the Hamildon Hill. — Z, arven^e, L., was found flowering in Eldmondsham as early as April, 1905. Cuscu/a Epilhyvmm, INIurr., frequent bet\\-een Wallis Down and Branksome ; Kinson ; Lilliput ; Broadstone ; Goatham. — C. Trifolii, Bab., Holwell, near Cranborne. The entries of C. europaa, L., "on vetches" and "on clover" look suspiciously like this species. Mr. Arthur Bennett has remarked not long ago that he never knew of C. etiropcia occurring on clover. — Datura Stramonium, L., Parkstone ; Edmondsham. Verbascmn nigrum, L., Boveridge ; Chettle. — Linaria Cymba- /a?7(7, Mill., Blandford; Wimborne; PMmondsham. C. Wareham; Osmington. G. Corfe Castle. — L. sjmria. Mill., Edmondsham. — L. Elatina, IMilL, Corfe IMullen ; Longfleet ; Edmondsham. — Z. viscida, Moench., Edmondsham. G. Norden Farm. — Antirrhinum Orontium, L., near Edmondsham. D. East IMorden. — Veronica viontaiia, L., frequent by the Edmondsham stream. — V. scutellata, L., Goatham. — Euphrasia neniorosa, H. Mart., Holwell ; Mount Pleasant, Horton. — E. curta. Fries. G. N. of Woolgarston. — Var. glabresceus, Wettst., Verwood to Horton ; Hilly Rimes, Edmondsham. — E. brevipila, Burnat and Gremli. G. Woolgarston ; cliff near Swanage, A. B. Jackson. — E, occidentalis, Wettst., PIcmsworth Down, N. of Badbury. G. Littlesea. — Bartsia Odontites, Huds., var. diver^ens, Balb., alon"- 24 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. tlic \Mmborne Road between Edmondsham and St. Giles'. — Rhinanthus major, Ehrh., in a cultivated field, Westworth Farm, Edmondsham. Only one specimen was found, while in the adjoining meadows R. Crista-galli was the common plant. Having met with a similar case at Shapwick, Somerset, it naturally occurs to one to consider whether the common species can be stimulated by cultivation into simulating, or being, the much rarer species we call R. major. The Continental plant is usually much more marked than any British plants of R. major I have seen. — R. stenophylhcs, Schur., on chalky turf, Knowlton. E. Melbury Hill, near Shaftesbur}-. — Melampyrum praiense, L., Edmondsham, and in one wood the var. latifolhim, Bab., occurs, which I have also seen at Witchampton ; in Westley Wood ; and (D) at East Morden. Orobajiche f?iajo?', L., Edmondsham, where only one specimen was found and brought me gathered. D. Strong clumps in a hollow on the heath between Hamworthy Junction and Lytchett Minster; between Morden and Lytchett Matravers. — C. minor, Sm., usually on clover, Edmondsham ; Longfleet ; but not unfrequently on Crepis virens, as near Shapwick and Badbury. C. On Crepis on a wall-top, Osmington. — O. amethystea, Thuill., was in great form at Seacombe when I saw it about five years ago ; also in smaller quantity at Dancing Ledge. C. Mr. J. W. White reported it from Chesil Beach, on Eryngium on blown sand near Weymouth (Journ. Bot., 1896, p. 432). — Pinguicula lusitanica, L., Goatham. — Vej-betia oficinalis, L., Horton ; Gussage All Saints ; near Cranborne ; between Hod and Hamilton Hills. D. East Morden. Mentha longifolia, Huds. (J/, sylvestris, L.), between Woodland and Manaton, on a bit of rough waste by a track. — M. piperita, L., var. vulgaris, Sole. G. On weedy allotment ground, Stoborough ; the same variety as the Tarrant IMonkton plant in the Flora. — M. gentilis, L., roadside, Edmondsham. — Calamintha arvensis Lam., very local in the county ; in the Flora noted for two districts. This, however, is under the mark. F. Talbot Village ; Edmondsham ; Blagdon Farm, Cranborne. C. Steepleton, NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 25 near Dorclicstcr, L. V. Letter GarJaiid, Esq. D. Between Warcham and Lytchett Minster. G. Seacombe. — C. officinal is, Moench, Pldmondsham ; Bailey Gate. D. East Morden. — Nepcta Ca/aria, L., ^•cry fine, fieldside, Edmondsham. — Melittis MelissophvUum, L., was brought me by one of my Flower Class from Sutton or Woodlands, — Marrnhium vulgare, L. Newtown ; Edmondsham ; not native in cither. G. Corfe Castle ; down between Ulwcll and Studland ; native in both. Galeopsis Ladanum, L., Wallis Down, where it was doubtfully native. This species, sensu siricto, is known for three or four localities in Britain. All the localities in the Flora may safely be referred to the following segregate species. — G. angnsfifolia, Ehrh., is fairly frequent, chiefly on chalk or limestone soils ; Edmondsham ; Cranborne Farm. G. Norden Farm. — Lamium amplexicaule, L., has been seen in Edmondsham, but seems very scarce in the whole neighbourhood. — D. Lytchett INIinster. G. Swanage. — L. hyhridum x purpnreiim, which may be the same as L. decipie7is, Sonder., occurred a few years back on cultivated ground by the railway one mile N. of Bailey Gate Station, and may be expected to occur in that neighbourhood wherever the two parents are close neighbours. — Ballota ruder alis, Swartz, often placed under B. nigra, L., has been reported for G (Studland) by J. C. Melvill (Journ. Bot., 1903, 217). Litiorella juiicea, Berg., in one of the two large shallow depressions, which form pools ih wet weather, on the W. side of the Salisbury line a little way N. of West Moors Station ; also in a similar hollow on the other side of the line at Three Cross. It has been noted, too, in Verwood by the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers. There is only one antiquated record for the whole of District F in the Flora, Chenopodium polyspcrmiim, L., Edmondsliam. — C. fici folium, Sm. C. Re-discovered by Messrs. D. Fry and J. W. White at Mr. G. S. Gibson's Weymouth locality in 1906. — C. ?>iurale, L., Longfleet ; Sturminster iNIarshall. — Atriplex liiioralis, L., Aar. serraia, IVIoq., reported to me by the Rev. W. M. Rogers from the salt-marsh, Parkstone. D. Growing near the type, near the 26 NOTES OX THE DORSET FLORA. disused Hamworthy Station. Mr. Lester Garland reports it from the mouth of Lytchett Bay. Atriplex patula, L., and var. angiisti folia, Sm., and A. hasiaia, L., Edmondsham. — Salicorm'a herbacea, L., var. siricta, Dum., Parkstone. G. INIouth of Corfe River. — Var. prociimhens, INIoq., Parkstone. D. Marsh near Hamworthy (disused) Station ; Lytchett Bay. — 6". appressa, Dum. D. Shore of Poole Harbour, W. of Lytchett Bay. — ^. radicans, Sm. (for which 6". fruiicosa, Linn., stands in the Flora, by a slip of the pen, I suppose). G. Is the locality " shore near Ouse," also a slip ? possibly for Arne, or more likely for Owre. Between these two I found it by the mouth of the Corfe River in 1897. Polygonum Bistorta, L., growing in nice quantity in a moist meadow, Edmondsham. — Fagopyrum escnlentum, ^Moench, casual, Branksome ; relic of cultivation (for pheasant food), Goatham. — Rumex pulcher, L., Avaste ground at the back of the stables, Edmondsham House ; Blandford towards Pimperne. G. Kingston to Chapman's Pool. — R. cn'spus, L., var. irigamilaius, a form with three more or less equal tubercles on the sepals ; Parkstone, on the shore by Poole Park. — R. cn'spus x ohtiisifolius {R. acuius, L.), near Broadstone. Daphne Mezereum, L. All the records but one in the Flora are old notices of Pulteney. The Badbury plant which ]Mr. Bell reported to me {Flora of Bounmnouth, p. 191), proved to be something else. Does this species survive in Dorset outside gardens ? — D. Laureola, L., hedgerows and Creech Hill Copse, near Cranborne. — Viscum album, L., ver}- fine and abundant in the grounds of Edmondsham Rectory on apple, thorn, lime, and Black Poplar, and of Edmondsham House on lime ; in plenty between St. Giles' House and St. Giles' Church ; on Black Poplars along the road from Cranborne to Handley. These localities may be included in Cranborne Chase of the Flora, which was more extensive in former days. E. The only spot where I saw mistletoe in the restricted Cranborne Chase of the present day was in Stubhampton Bottom on a large maple tree on the stem and branches of which the epiphyte had spread by suckers, is:OTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. iJy producing scores of separate plants. This mode of reproduction is well-known to botanists, but is, I think, not often seen on any but a small scale. — Theshnn hiimifumm, DC, Hemsworth Down and King's Down, near Badbury ; Bottlcbrush Down, near Cranborne. Euphorhia plalrphyUos, L., in a brickyard near Verwood Station. I'he Edmondsham locality, reported in my previous paper is on a farm in Goatham, where the species was in profusion in the summer of 1906. G. Cornfield between Worth IMatravers and St. Aldhelm's Head ; this would be a confirmation in recent years of W. Borrer's former record. — E. exi'gua, L., near the Lighthouse, Durlston Head, and at Seacombe, a curious prostrate form, pro\-ing that the plant may have been nati\'e before it became a weed of culti^■ation. — ]\fercunalis annua, L., Handley.— Var. ambigtta, L. G. In weedy allotments, Stoborough. Cannabis saliva, L., Hemp, an alien, Longfleet. — Parielaria officinalis, L., Horton ; Cranborne. C. Preston ; Osmington. It is interesting to watch the action of the stamens on maturing with a low power. Before exploding the filaments are strongly bent inwards, and the anthers are crowded together ; as each matures, the filament flies outward with elastic force to its full stretch, and simultaneously the anther explodes, and a cloud of pollen is puffed out. This remarkable process, which sencs to bring about the fertilisation of the pistilliferous flowers, should be looked for under full sunshine ; in the shade the filaments remain folded. — Carpinus Be/ulus, L., Edmondsham, one tree (planted no doubt) in the Park ; St. Giles' Park, a few trees toward the N.E. corner. — Castanea saliva, L., Edmondsham, in the Park and plantations. Salix Iriandra, L., Bailey Gate ; \Mtchampton ; Peat IMoors River ; Verwood ; Holwell. C. Dorchester. D. Lytchett Minster. G. Corfe Castle. — .S". dccipiens, Hofi'm., Parkstone, two bushy trees, which the making of a new road endangered, when I last saw them. — S. alba x fragilis {S. viridis, Fr.), two trees of some age by the rivulet, Edmondsham. This is new to the 28 NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. county Flora. — ^. purpurea, L., said to be common in the Flora. I think records are wanted. I know it for Shapwick ; Edmond- sham. D. Near Wareham and towards Trigon. G. Stoborough meadows. — »S. rubra, Huds., " frequent," Flora of Dorset. I have seen the usual form once, near Edmondsham, and var. Forhyana, Sm.. by the R, Stour, Tarrant Crawford. D. Wareham to Trigon. — 6". aitriia, L., Hampreston ; Corfe Mullen ; Uddens ; West Moors ; Edmondsham. D. East Morden ; Sherford Brook. G. Littlesea ; Swanage to Corfe ; Creech. — Populus alba, L., by the railway, Poole Park ; Wimborne ; Crichel. — P. canescens, Sm., by the Lodge, Edmondsham, one large tree, planted. — P. tremula, L., var. glabra, Syme, Kinson ; Parkstone ; Corfe Mullen ; Foxholes Wood ; Bailey Gate ; Blandford ; West Moors ; Edmondsham. D. Lytchett Minster. G. Studland. — Var. villosa, Lange, W. of Wimborne ; Lower Barnsley. E. Shillingston. — P. nigra, L. I have several notes of this, but cannot say now whether they should be referred to P. nigia or to P. canadensis, L., which is verj' like it, and occurs at Edmondsham. The latter tree is a more recent introduction, but during the last 50 years has been so freely planted that it is now perhaps the commoner species. Juniperus communis, L., St. Giles' Park, dotted about the turf in what seems to be a native station ; downs near Cranborne, toward Handley and toward Pentridge. My Notes on the Dorset Flora are in danger of running to the length of tediousness, and I avail myself of the permission of the Hon. Editor to bring the present paper to a close at the end of the Dicotyledones, which makes a convenient break. The notes that have been accumulated on the Monocotyledones, which include such interesting Orders as the Orchidece, Iridece, and LiliacecB, beside the Rushes, Sedges and Grasses, and the Vascular Cryptogams, which consist chiefly of Ferns, will with what may be observed during the season of 1908 provide material for a further paper in continuation of the subject. Any members who meet with flowers that are new to a district in the county, and are willing to contribute to these Notes, are invited to NOTES ON THE DORSET FLORA. 29 communicate particulars to the writer at Edmondsham Rector)', and, in the case of plants about whose name there is a possibility of doubt or suspicion, to dry specimens and send them in to him at the close of the season, with the locality attached. It remains only to mention that of the hamlets referred to above — Goatham, Rumford, and Westworth are in Edmondsham, and Holwell is in Cranborne parish. (To he continued.) Dorset ^Baitfries. By E. A. FRY. Read February 20th, 190S. Preface. fonner Volumes of the Proceedings, viz., \o\. XXVIL, p. 214-233, and Vol. XXVIII., p. 12-29, I gave a verbatim transcript of the Chantry Roll for the County, and though the information there given is very interesting, stating as it does what were the incomes of the Chantries, the value and amount ot the Plate and Vestments and the names of incmnbents or priests and the pensions allowed them at the Dissolution, yet there is no mention made of the founders or whence the incomes were derived or to whom the Chantry lands were sold. I must first mention that none of the Chantries, obits, &:c., included in the Chantry Roll belonged to the larger or lesser Abbeys or ^Monasteries in the county ; those were, no doubt, sold and disposed of to the purchasers of the Abbeys or ]\Ionasteries in Henry VIII. 's time. These now under consideration were the smallest of the ecclesiastical establishments supporting only one, or at most two or three chaplains, and were founded (where any foundations are on record) by individuals for the repose of their souls or other pious uses. They were for the most part Chantries in DORSET CHANTRIES. 3 1 parish churclics, or in some cases in separate buildings. It is quite possible that priests from a neighbouring- IMonastery per- formed the religious services in these Chantries, but they had their stipend from the income of the Chantry in which they officiated. It is not, however, till the Chantries were sold that one gets to know from whence their incomes were derived, and I venture to think that the details given in these sales will prove very interesting and will throw considerable light on a subject that has not hitherto been much investigated, at all events as far as Dorset is concerned. Hutchins made use of the Chantry Rolls and inserted under each parish where there was a Chantry, &c., some of the inform- ation contained in the roll, and he further in many instances seems to have had the Patent Rolls searched to ascertain to whom they were sold, but there he seems to have stopped, as no doubt the detail involved was too great, and it is left to the present day to record here the details whence the income was derived. This and other information is contained in four volumes of Sales of Chantries, Vols. 67 and 68 of the Miscellaneous Books in the Exchequer, Augmentation Office, and Vols. 258 and 259 of the Miscellaneous Books of the Treasury of Receipt, Exchequer, and from the Files of Particulars for Grants also in the Augmentation Office.* The four volumes before mentioned, though in different departments of the Exchequer, are all in the same handwriting, and do not overlap, and it is difficult to understand why they should not have been kept in one department. They were probably made up from the documents on the files as they came into the office and in no particular order, either county or chronological. The files have now been sorted under the names * The ludexes to Vols. 67 and 08 are in the Eound Room at the Public Record Office, and Vol. 260 is the Index to Vols. 2oS and 259. These latter have to be applied for. 32 DORSET CHANTRIES. of the purchasers and fastened together, which is a great convenience. It happens sometimes that words or names or figures are not clear in the books, whilst in the files they are, and besides this some particulars on the files are not given in the books, so it has been advisable to go through both sets and check one against another. A further process of checking was resorted to by examining some of the Patent Rolls, for all these grants were recorded there also. These rolls, however, do not give so much detail as the particulars for grants and files. At the end of each grant, which is signed by one of the commissioners or surveyors appointed by the Act of 2 Edward VI., and who in the case of Dorset was "John Hannam, deputy for Robert Metcalf, supervisor," the following conditions of sale are written, viz. : — To be paid all in hand (or, as we should say now, cash down). Occasionally some days' grace were allowed. The King's Majesty to discharge the premises of all incumbrances except leases and the covenants of the same. The tenure to be socage (or in the case of town proper- ties free burgage). The purchasers to have the issues (or incomes) from Easter (or some other quarter day) last. The lead and bells and woods, if any, to be excepted. I have arranged these sales in the same order as in the Chantry Roll, so that they can be followed more easily with reference to number of book and its folio, file, and the volume and page of the third edition of Hutchins' History of Dorset. The information in the Patent Rolls is much condensed, and those I have examined give no further details. Under the head of " Foreign " I have put such Chantries, &:c., as were not really Dorset ones, but had lands or tenements in the county. I cannot quite see for what reason these Chantries were included in the Dorset Chantry Roll, as some of them, such as DORSET CHANTRIES. 33 St. Stephen's College, Westminster, had possessions in many parts of the kingdom besides Dorset, and it would involve a tremendous search to gather together all the different properties belonging to each one of these Foreign Chantries. As will be observed, some of those here given are not mentioned in the Dorset Chantry Roll. I do not pretend, however, to have made an exhaustive search for all those Foreign Chantries holding Dorset properties, but have noted those only I came across in the various documents 1 went through down to the end of Elizabeth's reign. Early in her reign a survey of chantry and monastic lands was taken, which is now in portfolio 22 No. 67 of Rental and Surveys. It is dated 8 Elizabeth and would appear to be a list of those not disposed of in Edward VI. and i\Iar)''s reigns. Most, if not all, are included in the foregoing Particulars for sales, and, though an interesting document, need not be printed here. It may here be noticed that in Elizabeth's reign the properties were leased, not granted outright. As regards the discrepancies between the totals of the Chantry Rolls for obits, lights, &c., and those accounted for by the sales or grants, there can be little doubt that the lands were never sold, except in the instances recorded and owners of other contiguous property quietly appropriating them. Some few were "discovered" in Elizabeth's reign as concealed land given for superstitious uses, but the vast majority being only small parcels of land, were either ignored by the Commissioners or appro- priated without anything being said about them. Though many of the larger Chantries and Free Chapels appear in the Valor Ecclesiasticus, Vol. I., Diocese of Bristol, I have not encumbered these pages with the values there given, since, beyond affording a comparison between the Valor and the Chantry Roll, no useful purpose would be ser\-ed, no details of property being recorded in the Valor. In many instances the purchasers of the Chantries sold the lands almost immediately after buying them to other people, and often no doubt they merely acted the part of go-betweens. 34 DORSET CHANTRIES. Having now concluded the Chantry Roll which gave the totals of the incomes of the Chantries and also the Particulars for Grants showing whence the incomes were dcri\ed and the purchasers' names of these Dorset Chantry lands, there now remains, to complete the history of the Chantries, to ascertain their Founders and what lands were given at the time of their foundation or added subsequently. Chronologically this enquiry should have preceded the Chantry Roll and the Particulars for Grants, but I am not sure if the work will not be somewhat easier by knowing at the outset what the properties were with which the Chantries were endowed at the time of their dissolution. Hutchins in very many instances gives the Founders' names and dates, but it will be both useful and instructive to read the donor's Charter in full and to know who he was and any other interesting facts connected with the subject. Whether I shall find time to take up this enquiry and focus the results in a subsequent paper remains to be seen. I shall be very glad in the meantime to hear from anyone who may already have made investigations into the foundations of Dorset Chantries with the view to their publication. CONTENTS.* A Chantries iu the oi-der of The Chantry Holl. B Obits, lights, &c., a si^ecially mentioned on Chantry EoU. C ,, „ inot „ D Kins and Sheep. E Items in Chantry Eoll about -which fui-ther infoimation has not been found. F Chantries not mentioned in the Chantry Eoll. G Foreign Chantries. H Foundations of Schools, * The larger portion of Section A is printed in this Volume. The remain- ing portion of this first Section, together with Sections B and C, will appear in "Volume XXX., and the concluding Sections (D, E, F, G, and H), in Volume XXXI. of the Froceedbujs.—EmiQ-B.. DORSET CHANTRIES. 35 dorsf:t chantries. Sec/ ion A. Details of the properties formerly belonging to the various Chantries, Free Chapels, Colleges, Hospitals, Guilds, &c., at the time of their suppression in the reign of Edward VI., showing their incomes, and to whom they were granted, in the order in which they appear on the Chantry Roll. Vols. 67 and 68 are in the Augmentation Office, Miscellaneous Books. Vols. 258 and 259 are in the Exchequer, Treasury of Receipt, INIiscellaneous Books. Hies 1583, &c., are in the Augmentation Office, Particulars for Grants. Words within square brackets [ ] appear on the Files, which are sometimes fuller. — 1413078 Deanery of Dorchester. Chantpy of The Blessed Mary in Holy Trinity Church, Dorchester. Chantry Roll No. i (82) Income 615 2 less rents resolute i 3 Nett 6 13 II Grant to The Burgesses of Dorchester, i June 2 Edward VI. 1548. Vol 68. 55 and File 1583. Cantar. bte Marie infra ecclesiam St. Trinitatis de Dorchester, valt. in Firm, unius Burgage ibm in tenur. Johnis Barr}e als Flecher p. Ind. reddend. inde p. ann. 12 o Firm, alterius Burgag. ibm. dimiss. Johnis Fer}-at [Feriatte] p. Ind. red. inde p. ann. 10 o Firm, cujusdam hospicii [cum cama (camera) sive mansione dte cantiste] ibm. voc. Newe Inn cu 11 ac. terr. eidem pertinen. in tenur. Agnet. Norrys p. Inden. pro termino certor. annor. redd, inde p. ann. 400 36 DORSET CHANTRIES. Firm, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Rici Predie [Predye] p. Ind. (reddend.) inde p. ann. Firm, alterius Burgag. cii una Shopa ibm in tenur. Rici Wagland p. Ind. p. ann. Decayed tents at 10 yeres purchas £(ii 3 o Firm, unius claus pastur. dimiss. Rogero Andrewes p. Ind. p. annum At 24 yeres purchas ^300 6 8 6 Repris. Reddit. resolut. Ballivis Vill de Dorchester ut p'cell feod. firm, ejusdem ville p. ann. i 3 6 7 3 INId. There is no other lands nor tents. belonging to the said Chauntr}- other than is above declared. The clere yearlye value of the pmisses ;^6 7 3 which rated at the severall yeares pchases as above said amounteth to ;^66 o o Hutchins, Vol. II. 390, refers to this Chantn,-, but he seems to have added together the totals of the 2 chantries that the Burgesses bought and applied them to this one. It seems to have been founded by direction of John Syward i Henry IV. The Free Chapel of St. John's in Dorchester. Chantry Roll 2 (84) Income 913 2 Less rents resolute 228 Nett Income £"] ^0 6 Grant to John Churchill of Dorchester, draper, and William Samwissh 9 Feb. 3 Edward VI. 1549 Vol 67, 588. File 1500 DORSET CHANTRIES. 37 Lib. Capell. Sci Johannis in Dorchester, valt in Redd, domus dicti capelle in tenur. Thome Shimne [Chimney] p. ann 6 8 Reddit. unius Burgaf(. cum Stubul. et gardino eisdem ptin. in tenur. Johnis Churchell p. ann. 26 8 Reddit. altcrius Burgag. ibm cum gardin. et Stabulo eidem ptin. in tenur. Henr. Howe p. ann. 33 4. Reddit. alterius Burgag. ibm modo in HEE' tenur. Pauli Roberts r[eddend] p. ?^ ann. 5 o Reddit. unius Burgag. ibm modo in tenur. Johannis Weye r[eddend] p. ann. 8 o Reddit. unius alterius Burgag. ibm modo in tenur, Thome Belton p. ann. 2 o Reddit. alterius Burgag. ibm. modo in tenur. Rici Pridye p. ann. 5 o Reddit. alterius Burgag. ibm. modo in tenur Rogeri Andrewes p. ann. 5 0 Reddit. unius pvi. gardin. ibm. in tenur. Willim. Hallett p. ann. o 6 Reddit. trm. pec. terr. sup. quo tres domus construct, fuerunt et modo p. ignem combust, fuerunt p. ann. 12 At 1 0 yeres purchas £4.6 1 1 At 24 yeres purchas ;^i2o £4- 13 Firm, unius campi voc. Lowdes ac cert. terr. [3 fields and pastures, in Pat. Roll] in Farthington p. ann. 60 Firm, unius pastur. voc. Duddell in Puddeltowne p. ann. 40 £5 Reprisas Reddit. resolut Vic. Com. [Dorset] pro terr. voc. Lowdefield p. ann. 22 o Et in reddit. resolut. ad Turn. Vic. p. ann. 4 P2t in reddit. resolut. ad cur. dni Principi maner. dc Farthington p. sect. cur. p. ann. 6s. 8d. Rex exonerat 38 DORSET CHANTRIES. Et in reddit, resolut. Ball. Ville de Dorchester ut peel feoda firm. Ville de Dorchester p. ann. 6 8 Et in reddit. resolut. Dno. Regi ad maner. sui de Frampton in jure nuper Collegio Sci Stephan, Westm. p. ann. 5s. Extingat P2t in redd, resolut. Vic. Com. predict, pro terr. in Dorchester p. ann. 2 o £1 At 20 years purchase £^i The yearly value of the pmises ;!^9 1 3 2 less reprises i 1 1 o The clere yearly value of the pmises Which rated at the several rates above men- cyoned amounteth to [less reprises] £i3S n IVIemo. that the said free chapell w*'' all and singular the premises to the same belonging is given to Edward Weldon by the Kings Ltres patent *' bearing date the third day of August anno 32 nuper Reg. Hen. VIII. during his natural life as in the said Lres patent playnely appereth and that ther is no other lands belonging to the said Chapell than is above specified And also it doth apar by the presentment that thre of tents, above said have been destroyed by fire and yet remayneth in decaye And that ther is no wood growing uppon the pmises. This free chapel, or hospital, of St. John in Dorchester is referred to in Hutchins II., 415 and 416. It was founded by William Marischall, or Marshall, in 17 Edward II., 1323. The Fraternity of our Lady in St. Peter's, Dorchester. Chantry Roll 3 (87) Income 9 3 c Less rents resolute 6 6 £S 16 6 * Pat. Roll 32 Hen. VIII. pt. 2 m. 3. DORSfeT CHANTRIES. 3^ (i) Grant to The Burgesses of Dorchester. Yo\ 68, 54 and File 1583 Redd, trm Burgag. scituat. in villa de Dorchester diniiss. John Williiis p. Ind. [reddend.] inde p. ann. 5 8 * Redd. duor. Burgag. ibm in tenur. Johnis Churchill p. ann. 40s. f Redd, unius Burgag. in tenur. Willm. Savage p. ann. 26 8 Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Thome Winter p. ann. 16 o Redd, alterius Burgag. in tenur. Stcphani Pxlmonds p. ann. 8 o Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Rici. Quintcs p. ann. 8 o Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Johnis Holvers [Holvars] p. ann. 4 4 Redd, unius Burgag. in tenur. Nichi Car- penter p. ann. 5 4 Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Fabriani Canys p. ann. 6 8 Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Rici Fresw. (?) [Rogi Fryswyth] p. ann. 10 o Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Robti Snelyns, p. ann. 13 4 Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Rici Pain [Paine] p. ann. 4 o Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Henrici Kingman p. ann. 6 8 Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Nichi Smyth p. ann. 4 o Redd, unius Burgag. ibm. in tenur. Willmi Stone p. ann. 8 o Reddit. unius alterius Burgag. in tenur. ejusdem Willmi Paine p. ann. 3 4 Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Thome Lochar [Locher] p. ann. 5 4 Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Johnis Martin p. ann. 8 o Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Nicholai Over p. ann. 8 o This eutry is crossed out ; it was gi'anted to Rich Eandall see (2). t Md. That this Burgage is in decaye. 4-0 DORSET CHANTRIES. Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Robt. Hunte p. ann. 12 o Redd, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. — laborer p. ann. 8 o Redd, unius gardini ibm in tenur. Johnis Chinke [Shyncker] p. ann. 4 Redd, unius gardini ibm in tenur. Rogeri Andrew p. ann. 4 Redd, unius gardini ibm in tenur. Fabiani Sanyce [Canyce] p. ann. 4 (The real total of this is £S 12s. 4d., but both Book and File give) 8 13 8 Reprises Redd, resolut Balliis ville de Dorchester ut pcell. feod. firm. ss. p. ann. 6 6 The Clere yearly value of the pmisses ^872 Which rated at 10 years pchas amounteth tO;^83. II. 8 Memor. that there is no other lands or Tents, belonging to the said Fra'ntie other then is above expressed. A note at side reads : All decayed tents, and the towne poer. (2) Grant to Richard Randall of London, gent. Vol. 67. 589 File 1896. Pcella Fraternitate Bte Marie de Dorchester valt. in Reddit. duor. Burgag. ibm in tenur. sive occupac. Johanne Churchill p. ann. ^200 which rated at 10 yeres purchas amount to ;^20 o o The income as detailed above amounts to ( i ) 8 7 2 (2) 2 o o £^0 7 2 as against the Chantry Roll ;^8 16 6 Hutchins has a few remarks as to this Fraternity in Vol. II. 387 and 388. DORSET CHANTRIES. 41 The Free Chapel of Little Mayne. Chantry Roll 4 (85) Nett income £1 100 Granted to Thomas Boxley and Robert Roves. Vol. 68, 107^. File 1436. Libra Capella de Lytell Mayne in com Dors. valt. in Redd, unius acr. terr. arrab. cum decmo. tam maior quam minor unius firme sive capitlis messuag. in Littell Mayne predict, in tenur. Robi Beste et Wilhni Best fil. ss. pro termio quinq. annorum et sic duran. vita Willmi Baker, capellan. incumbent ibm prout p. Ind. dat 20 die Januar. anno 30™° nup. Regis Henr. VIII. plenius cont. 2 agn. and 31 Repris. Et in denar. solut. prebend, de Preston in Ecclia Cath. Sar. cum 2 agn. an" solut. eidem prebend Et rem. ultra 30 o At 24 yeares pchas ;^36 o o Memo, that this is all the possessiones belonging to the Free chappell abovesaid. Additional on File 1436. INIemo, that the Wooddes growing upon the Landes pteyning or belonging to the foresaid free chappell will not suffice to make the fences and hedges of the prmysses. Hutchins gives a few particulars respecting this Free Chapel, Vol. II. 503. The Free Chapel of Alrington or Alfring-ton, near Copfe. Chantry Roll 5 (86) Net Income ;^i 4 8 There does not appear to be any grant made of this chapel or its income until it was leased for 2 1 years to Robert Penruddock in I and 2 Philip and Mary as recorded in following lease; though an earlier lease is mentioned. File 32 No. 60. 25 June i and 2 Ph. and Mary 1569, 4-2 DORSET CHANTRIES. Pcell terrar. and possess, in manibus Dne Regne virtute actus Pliament p. dissol. Colleg. Cant, et alii h'modi. Decima in Alringten ptin nuper Libe. Capell. ibm valt. in Firm. omni. illar. duar. ptm omni and ommodo decimar. ant' et de tempo in tempus crescend. et proveniend. de et in tota ilia firma cii ptin in Alrington in com. Dors. nup. in tenur. sive occupacon. Thom. Hardie nup. libe capelle de Alrington nup. dissolut. dudum spectan. sic dimiss. Robto. Penruddocke ar. p. Itras paten, d'inor. nuper R' Phi. et Regine Marie dat apud Westm. 15 Decemb. Anno regnor. primo et scdo. ad termin. 21 annor. reddend inde p. ann. £1 4 8 A fine of 4 years rent. • IMake a lease upon surrender of the old lease to John Burges for 21 years. Guild OP Fraternity of St. Georg^e in Weymouth. Chantr}- Roll 6 (88) £6 14 10 Grant to John Bellow, of Gr}-msby, co. Lincoln & Edward Streitbur)', of London, gent. 12 Jan. 2 Edw. VI Vol 68. 108. File 1420. Guilde sive Fra'nitas in We}-mouth in poch de Bere * Regis in com. p'dict (Dorset) valet in Reddit. unius Tent, cum ptin. in Knoll ac qu3edam anualm. red. in eodem dimiss. Robto Gregorj-e p. ann. 18 o Redd, unius Tent, cum ptin, scituat in occiden. vico de Waymouth pd. voc. P}tts Howse cum 4 claus eidem ptin. ac quadam Terr. voc. Bassingboarns lands et mess, eidem ptinen. nuper in tenur. Robti Busshoppe in 3 Tething- lands ac quibusdam alt. Terr, et Tent, in Wike ac Northover dimiss. p. Ind. Thomo Samwise pro termo annor. 40 0 Mistake for Wyke. bORSET CHANTRIES. 43 Redd, mcssuag. Terr, et Tenti. cum ptin. nup. in tenura Rogcri Payne in Wike et Northover predic. voc. Paynes Place cum omnibz terr. cidem ptin. dimiss. p. Ind. Johni Symmes p. termino annor. 1 3 4 Redd, duorum messuag. Terr, et Tent, ac ptin. in Knighton dimiss. p Ind. Thome Valens pro termino annor. 8 6 Reddit. unius messuag. cm. ptin. in Black- more in tcnur. Henrici IMichell p. ann. 40 o Reddit. unius tent, cm ptin. in tenur. Johanne Harvest p. ann. 13 4 Reddit. unius Cotag. cm ptin. in tenur. Johannis Tomlyn de Corfehull i 8 £(i 14 10 Memo. The Inhabts. of Weymouth above said saieth that the said towne of Weymouth is distante from the Parishe Church in Wike a myle and more and that ther is nowe other chapell in the church of the said Towne of Weymouth but onely the said Chapell of St. George and that the said Towne of Weymouth is a Haven Towne and liethe veray daungerous for enemyes to envade the same so that if the said chapell or living of the priest to serve in the same shold be denied and that the Inhabitants sholde be enforced to go so farre to ther parish church in Wyke enemies in thabsence of the Inhabitants in Weymouth might invade the same to the greate losse and hinderaunce as in the certificat exhibited to the Kings Commissioners emongst other it doth apar' and that ther is no other lands belonging to the said guild or fraternitie then is above mencioned and that there is no wood growing upon the p'misses. John Hannam, deput. Robt. Metcalf, pticlerem, supvis. ibm. Sir Frauncis Russell Knte. by his father the L. prevye Scale hath obteyned the prefennent of the premises of my L. Grace and yet he gentillie offereth to let the Chapell remayne to thuse of the Towne hereof. I thaughte to make you prev}-e W. Cicell. The clier yearly value of the premises £(i 14 10 .'hich rated at 24 years p'chase amounteth to ;^i6i 16 The chapel of St. George in Weymouth beforesaid to be reserved from the purchaser to the Kings use. 44 DORSET CHANTRIES. Hutchins II. 445 states that this Guild was founded in 33 Henn- VI. (1454) by Henr}- Russell, who endowed it with lands in We}Tnouth, Knighton {i.e. West Knighton see II. 449), Wyke Regis and Wotton Glanvile (Blackmore mentioned in the above particular is in Wotton Glanvile). The Chantry of St, Martin in Winterborne St. Martin. Chantr)^ Roll 7 (83) Nett income £s 3 A- (i) Grant to Sir John Perient & Thomas Reve. I Dec. 3 Edw. VI. Vol 259. 247. File 1866 ;^3 6 8 Pcell Canter. Sti Martin in Winborne IM'tin. val in Firm. un. ten. [jacen] in Wiiitborne cm. ort. pomer. et gardino eiden ptin [modo vel nup.] in tenur. Johnis Stephens ad volunt. (reddend. inde p. ann.] 340 At 10 yeres purchas £^z o o Firm. di. acr. pastur. jac. in Charmist. [modo vel nup.] in tenur. Robti Stephens p. Ind. [p. term, annor. reddend. inde p. ann.] At 22 yeres purchas ;^2 18 8 £3 (> (2) Grant to Edmund Gierke, Nicholas Vaux and Thomas Grendon. 15 May 3 Edw. VI File 1506 only 6 8 Pcell Cantie Sci. Martin in Wyntborn INIartin in ecclie poch. ibm valt. in Redd, unius tenti cii ptinen. ibm dimiss. Johi White p. Indent, p. timo vite reddend. inde p. ann. at 22 yeres purchas ;^7 6 8 (3) Grant to John Churchill of Dorchester, Draper and William Samwisshe. 9 Feb. 3 Edw. VI File 1 50 1 only 3 8 DORSET CHANTRIES. 45 Pcell possession. Cantie Sci. Martin in ecclie pocliial de Wyntborne IMartyne Dom. mancois. die. Cantie val. in Reddit. domus mancois. die. Cantie cu gardino ct pomario eidcm ptin. p. ann. 3 g at 10 yeres purchas £\ 13 4 Memor, that there is no other lands in Wyntborne Merten belonginge to the sayd Chauntrye then is above specified and that the residue of the sayd lands being of the yerely value of looj. lyethe in other manors called Aysshton and Charmyster. The above grants do not account for the whole income as given on the Chantry roll. Hutchins Vol. II. 578 mentions its foundation. Free Chapel of St. Thomas a Beeket on the Green, Sherborne. Chantry Roll 8 (92) Nett Income ;^3 2 o Grant to John Dodington & William Ward, of London, gentlemen. 24 Dec. 3 Edw. VI. Vol 67. 18 &File 1582. Libra Capell. Thonioe Beeket de Laye Green infra Vill de Sherborne valet in * Firm. Capelle ibm cu pvo eimitor. continen. in longitud 52 ped. & in latitud 16 ped. q. valt p. ann. 13 8 Firm, unius Tent, sive Burgag ibm cum gardino eidem ptin in tenur. Robt. Winchell p. ann. 10 o at 1 6 years purchase ^8 * This is crossed out io File 1582. DORSET CHANTRIES. Firm, certar. p'cell terr. jacen. in coibus campis de Shirborne in tenur. Rogeri Smithe p. ann. 7 4 At 24 yeares purchase ;^8 1 6 Firm, unius Burgag. cum gardino eidem ptin. in tenur. INIargaret Blewe p. ann. Reddit. unius Burgag. scituat. in Shirborne cum gardino adjacens in tenur. Robti Genyns [Jennyns] de anno in annum ad voluntat Dni [redd.] p. ann. Firm, unius Burgag. cum gardino eidem ptin in tenur. Robti Talor [Taylor] p. ann. Firm, unius orrei scituat in [Villa de] Shirborne in tenur. Rogeri Smith ad vol. p. ann. Firm, unius Burgag. ibm in tenur. Johnis A^'ebb p. ann. At 16 yeares purchas £24. o o £^ 10 Total ^274 IMemorand. that there is no other londes appteyning to the presaid free chaple nor to the mayntenance of Jhus masse * then is above mencioned and that the tents, belonging to the said free chaple are ruinouse and in decay for lack of reparcon. The income of this Chapel is not quite accounted for The Chantry roll gives 320 And the Particulars of grants amount to 274 Leaving unaccounted for 14 8 Unless the Chapel rents 13s. 8d. were included in the total in which case the total is £2 is. od. Hutchins mentions this Free Chapel in Vol. IV. 257. 9 (— ) Diverse Obits, lamps, &c., in Deanery of Dorchester. See later on. * There is no further mention of this masse. DORSET CHANTRIES. 47 10 (— ) Collegre of St. Stephens at Westminster. Sec later on. II (— ) Stocks of money, cattle, &c. See later on. Deanery of Shaston. 12 (98) Free chapel of Thornton in Marnhull. To Free School in Sherborne sec later on under Foundations of Schools Chantry of St. Katherine in Marnhull. Chantry Roll 13 (93) gross income 9 17 less Rents resolute 2 8 nett income £t S 8 The lands and tenements belonging to this chantry seem to have been granted in the first instance to John Cheek and Walter Moyle, see Vol. 68.19 but the Particulars for Grants, File 1438, gives them to William Breton of London, gent, and Humphrey Luce, of London, leather seller, and a Patent Roll 3 Edw. VL pt 4. m. 2 confirms the sale to the latter. As the wording in the Vol. 68.19 and File 1438 differ a good deal, both are here given ; there was probably a re\aluation made for the sale to Breton and Luce, which agrees much more nearly to the Chantry Roll incomes. Vol. 68.19 (To Cheek and Moyle.) Terr, et possession, cantar. Ste Katherine infra eccliam ed Marnhull specans Villa de Marnhull val. in Reddit. domus mancois dci capellan ibm cii tribus pvis gardin. et pom. p. ann. 10 o Firm, trm tentor. cii ptin. ibm dimiss. Thome Sowthe p. Indentur. p. ann. 46 8 Reddit. unius tent, cu ptin. et un. claus. ibm dimiss. Willmo Joyes p. cop. 13 4 48 DORSET CHANTRIES. Reddit. unius tent, cu ptin in Kenelsworth in poch. de Marnhull predict, dimiss. Thome Forde p. cop. Reddit. unius acr. prat, cii 5 acr. terr. arab. ibm dimiss. Johne Harman p. ind. Reddit. unius claus pastur. ibm cum 4 acr. terr. sic dimiss. Edwardo Foxe p. inden. p. ann. Firm, unius al. cl. prat. voc. Longmede cum tribus acr. terr. arab. ibm dimiss. Johne Comage p. inden. p. ann. Reddit. unius cL pastur. cii 3 acr, terr. arab. ibm dimiss. Rico Lymmynge p. Inden. p. ann. Reddit. unius pecu terr. voc. Flexhay et pomar. voc. Flexeors gard. cii 3 acr. terr. arab. ibm dimiss. Agneto Keynell vidue p. inden. p. ann. Reddit. unius cotagii cum uno pvo. claus ibm dimiss. Xpofero Joyes p. inden. Reddit. unius Shope in Shaston dimiss. Rogero Yateman p. inden. Reddit. unius pvi Shoppe et un. solar cu duobus cam's ibm dimiss. Johni Fowler (? Fewell) p. inden. p. ann. Reddit. unius shope ibm cii 4 acr. terr. arab. in Marnhull dimiss. Nicho. Caylewey p. inden. p. ann. Ville de Barwike in com Wilts, val. in Reddit. unius tenti cii ptin. in Barwick St, Jacobi in com. Wilts dimiss. Waltero Curtis p, inden. p, ann. 2« 4 6 0 8 4 18 4 6 o 4 4 3 4 6 o I 6 9 17 4 Repris. Reddus resolut, Dno, Reg, p. terr. in Safton 2\ Extingat Denar. solut. R'cori de Toddebere virtute fundar. die. cantar 46^. 8^. Rx. exonat. Et reman, ultra ;^9 17 4 Which rated at 24 years purchas amounteth to ;^236 i6s, od. DORSET CHANTRIES. 49 From File 1438. (To Breton and Luce.) Cantar. de Marnehull infra pochiam de IMarnhuII. Firm, domus mancois die. cantie oil 3 pvis gardin. et pomcrio ibm p. ann. 10 o Firm, unius tenti, 6 (?) acr. terr. arrabili in campo de Marnehull and J ac. terr. in Brodemore, i claus voc. Hacsbrode haye annex, terr. Willmo Camell, poke (sic) pasturi vocat Edwardshaye in tcnur. Thomi Forde p. copiam cur. p. tmio vite s. reddendo inde p. ann. 28 4 Firm, unius tenti cu. uno le Tenyscourte, uno ort. et uno claus voc. Worthres cu ptin in tenur. Willi. Joyce p. tmio vite s. p. copiam cur. p. ann. 1 3 4 Firm, unius acr, pti. jacen. in Brodemore &: 4 acr. terr. arrabil. jacen. in australi campo ibm & i acr. terr. arrabil. jacen. in Whitwey nup. in tenur. Johnis Branker & modo in tenur. Johnis Harman, Alicie ux. ejus et Thome fil. s. reddend. inde p. ann. 6 o Firm, unius claus pastur. vocat Wood- crofte continen. 3 acr. in sepali ac 3 acr. terr. arrabil. in campo de Marnehull in tenur. Edwardi Foxe p. copiam cur. p. tmio vite s. p. ann. 8 o Firm, tocius unius pti voc. Longmeade jacen. in poch. de Marnehull inter rivolu. vocat Glower & Shortewood & 3 acr. terr. arrabil. jacen. in magno campo de Marnehull pd. cu omibz s. ptin. in tenur. Nichi Comage & Xpoferi Comage p. indentur. p. tmio vite eor. reddend. inde p. ann. 1 8 4 Firm, unius claus pastur. cu 3 acr. terr. arrabil. ibm in tenur. Rici Lymynge p. indentur. p. ann. 6 o Firm, unius pcell. terr. voc Flexehaye cii orreo vocat Flexehay orcharde & 4 acr. terr. arrabil. cu. eor. ptin. in tenur. Agnetis Kaynell, vidue, Edmundi Kaynell & Gilbti Kaynell p. tmio vite eor. reddend. inde p. ann. 4 4 50 DORSET CHANTRIES. Firm, unius cotagii adjacen. Cantie ibm ex boriale pte ac gardino & un, pcell. terr. eideni ptin. cont. p. estimac. | acr. terr. jacen. ppe. gardin. Willmi Joj'ce in tenur. Xpoferi Joyce fil. Willmi Joyce, Johnis Clement junior & Gertrud Clement p. indent, p. tmio vite eor. reddend. inde p. ann. 3 4 Firm, unius tenti cu una virgat. & di. terr. dco. tent, ptinen. ac omibz s. ptin. in Barwyke Sci Jacobi in com. Wiltes in tenur. Walti Curtes at Edith ux. suis p. tio. vite s. p. ann. 26 8 Firm, unius shope in Shaston in tenur. Rogeri Yetman p. indentur. p. ann. 6 o Firm, unius cellar 2 cannrs (? cam's) & un pu shope in vill de Shaston pdict in tenur. Johnis Fewell p. ann. 10 o Firm, unius Shope scituat. in Shaston nup. in tenur. Willmi Kaylwey & 4 acr. terr. arrabil. jacen. in magno campo de Marnhull ppe eccliam ibm in tenur. Nichi Kaylwey p. indentur. p. ann. 9 4 Firm. 3 tent, cia ptin. in Marnehull dimiss. Thome Sowthe p. indent, p. ann. 46 8 9 16 4 Repris. Reddu. resolut. dno. Regi p. terr. in Shaston annual. zs. extmgaf Denar. solut. Rtori de Todbeare virtute fundat. dco. Cantie in augment, sustentac. s. ac p. dius. dimmis. officiis celebrand. p. aniabus fundat. ut pps diet, fundat. 268 Et valet clare p. ann £"] 9 At 22 yeres purchas ^164 12 8 Memor. that ther was pticulars made of the pmisses to William Fylotte by [virtue] of a warrant dated 5 May 1548. The Woods and trees growing upon the prmysses wil but suffice to repayer the howses and matayn hedges and fences of the same, therefore not valued. Hutchins briefly mentions this Chantry, Vol. IV. p. 322. DORSET CHANTRIES. 51 Chantry of St. Katherine in Gillingfham. Chantry Roll 14 (94) Granted to Free School in Sherborne. See later on under " Foundation of Schools." Hospital OP Priory of St. John Baptist in Shaftesbury. Chantry Roll 15 (100) Nett Income £4. o o Grant to Randoll Burgh & Robert Beverley, gentlemen. Vol 68. 403d. & File 1457. 3 July 2 Edw. VI. 1548 Hospitle sive Forat Sci Johnis Bapti in Shaston val. in Firma sive reddit hospitlis pdca cii omibz domibz et edificiis tre. ten. prat. [pasc] pastur. redd, rention. et smo. ac omibus ali pficuis comoditas et emolum. qbuscuq. diet, hospitli ptinen sive aliq'* modo spectan. jacen. et existen. in Shaftesbury, Motcome et Gillinghiii in com, pdco dimiss. Robto Fooke p. indentur. dat in festo Sci Johnis Bapte anno 36 Rx. H. VIII p. tmino 21 annor. et redd, p. ann. £4. rated at 24 yeres purchas £g6 o o ]\Iemo their have been no pore peple releved by the said hospitall w'in the remembrance of man but a master or a prior only. On File 1457 is the following regarding the woods : — M. the woods growynge in and upon the p'misse be not sufficient for the repacions of the same. Hutchins mentions this Hospital Vol. III. p. 38. The Free Chapel of Milton on Stower in Gillinghara. Chantry Roll 16 (99) Nett Income ;^2 6 1 Grant to Sir Thorns Bell, of the City of Gloucester, Knight, and Richard Duke, of London, Esq. Vol 68.33 & File 1419. 5 July 2 Edw. VI. 52 DORSET CHANTRIES. Liba Capella de INIilton subter Stowere in poch. de Gillingham in com Dors. val. in Firm, sive reddit. diet. libe. capelle cum tribus claus. 13 acr. terr. arrabil & omibz decimis ac oblacoibus except quinq. inh'itant diiidum dimiss. p. nomen libe capelle de Milton subtus Stowere Johne IMathey (sic) p. tmio — annor. ut p, indenturam dat 1 6 die Marcij anno 35 nup. R. Henrici VIII reddend. inde p. ann. ;^2 6 8 which rated at 24 yeares purchase ;^56 10 o On File 141 9 is the following The Free chapel of Mylton under Stower w* certein landes ther in the pishe of Gyllingham now in the tenure of John Mathew (s/'c) There be growing aboute the scituaton of the same and in divers closses thereto appteigning 42 oks by estimacon of 60 and 80 yeres grow wich will but suffice to repayre the hedge of the same therefore not valued. Hutchins gives a list of the rectors of this Free Chapel, Vol. III. 627. The Chantpy of St. Katherine within the Monastery of Shaftesbury. Chantry Roll 17 (97) Nett income £6 13 4 As stated at No. 97. The sayd chauntr)-e hath no lands nor tents thereto belongynge but recea\'}1;h yerely his pencon by thands of the kyngs Receuor of the sayd late IMon. of Shaston. Vol 258. I. File 1998. 12 April 3 Edw. VI. Cantar. Sci Kat'ine in ecclesia nup. INIonast. de Shaston, val. in Firma domus sive maiisio. die. Cantar. cum uno pvo. gardino eidem ptin. in tenur. ]\Iarie Creswell reddend. inde p. ann 3 4 at 14 yers purchas £z ^ % Memo that there is no other londes apperteyning to the said chauntrie then is above specified forasmuch as the said chauntrie was founded w*''n the church of the late monastery of Shaston tDORSET CHANTRIES. S5 and received theire pencons yerelie at the Recevor of the Kings revenues of the Courte of the Augmentac. sens (since) the dissokicon of the said late Monastery of Shaston and that the mansion house apperteyning to the said chauntrie is very ruynous and in decay bi reason that after the death of tliincumbents it remayned in the Kings hands. Chantry of St. John the Baptist within the Monastery of Shaftesbury. Chantry roll 1 8 (96) Nett income ;^5 6 8 (i) Grant to John Cokke of Brokkesbout (? Brox- bourne) co. Herts, Esq. 2 Edw. VI. 1548 Vol. 67, 724, and File 1528 Pcell revent. Cant, sti Johnis Bapte. fund, infra eccliam nuper Mon. de Shafton in com Dors, pcd. Cert. terr. et tent, scituat et jacen. in Chesgrove infra poch. de Tysbury in com. Wiltes ptinen. sive spectans nuper Cantie Sci Johnis Bapte supdict. valt in Firm. om. illar. terrar. et tentor. prat, et. past, cil oibz aliis pfionis et comod. quibuscuq. de terre et tent, aliquo modo ptin sive spectans scituat jac. et existen. in Chesgrove infra parochiam de Tisbury in com. Wiltes modo in tenur. sive occupacio. Thome Mompesson p. inden. Willo Wassape nup. incum. cant, pdict. dat. in festo Sci IMichis Archi. anno regni nup. Rx. Henrici VIII. 26'" H'end et tenend. onia pd. terr. et tenta et als. premiss, cum oibz et singlis ss. ptinen. prefato Thome Mompesson et assig. suis a festo Sci Michis Archi. pd usq. fine, et termin. 40 annor. extunc px. sequent, et plenar. complend. et finit. reddend. inde p. anno, ad tcrminos ibm usual 40 o 54 DORSET CHANTRIES. Firm, certe terr. arr. cont. p. estim. 8 acr. jacen. infra parochiam pd modo in tenur. Johnis Lushe reddend. inde p. ann. At 2 1 yeres purchas ;^55 o o ;^2 10 0 (2) Grant to William Place and Nicholas Spakeman 3 Edw. VI. Vol. 259, 295, and File 1883 i^i 13 o Pcell Cant. Sti Johnis Baptist, in Shaston vocat Wassopes Chauntrie * val in Firm. duor. tentor. jacen. in poch. Seta Trinitatis infra villa de Shaston prcd. cum quoedam pcell terr. arr. jacen. in Can continen. p. estimac 8 ac. modo vel nup. in tenur. Thome Combe et Johnis James [reddend inde] p. ann. _ 8 8 Firm, unius tent, jacen. in pocha Scti Jacobi in Shaston pd. cu quedam peel ter. jacen. in eadem parochia in tenura Johnis Sawyer [Senyor] [red- dend. inde] p. ann. 6 o 14 8 Firm, unius tenti jacen. in pochia. Scti Jacobi pd. cii quoedam peel prat, jacen. apud Holmendevell in parochia predict, in tenura Rici Henbur}-e p. ann. 5 o Firm, cujusdam past, jacen. apud Wittingbridge in ejusdm pochia Scti Jacobi in Shaston predict, in tenura Johnis Foyle [Foyell] reddendo inde p. ann. ^3 ^ ;^i 13 At 22 yercs pchas £-}6 6 * William Walsop or Walloppe was the iucumbeut or priest serving this Chantry. DORSET CHANTRIES. 55 There be no other landes belonging to any of the premisses the[n] is above expressed. There is no woodes upon the premisses. (3) Grant to Silvester Taverner 12 ApL 3 Edw. VI. Vol. 158, I, and File 1228 ;^ 2 8 Cantar. Sti Johnis Bapt. in ecclia niiper Monat. de Shaston, val. in Firma domus mansionis dee Cantar. cum stabulo eidem ptin. jacen. in orient. parte cimiterii Sainte Trinitatis in villa de Shaston pdca modo in tenur. Johannis Cocke [Coke] reddend. inde p. ann. £ 28 At 14 yeres purchas £11"] 4 The ''Memo" appended to the Chantry of St. Katherine 17 (97) applies to this Chantry also. Chantry of St. Anne de la Gore in St. James Shaftesbury. Chantry roll 19 (95) Gross income 14 7 o Rents resolute 5 6 Nett Income £1^ i 6 Granted to Thomas Boxley & Robert Reves Vol 68. io6d. File 1436 12 June 2 Edw. VI. Terr, et possessiones Cantarie Ste Anne de la Gore in Shaston ptin sive spectan, Cert. terr. et tents in Shaston, Launceston, Todbere & MarnhuU valt. in Reddit. domus sive mansionis ibm scituat. in Cemiterio Sti Trinitat. de Shafton p. ann, 5 o rated at 14 years pchas £^ 10 o Redd, unius pastur. voc. Crete Gore in poch. St Jacobi in Shaston in tenur. Nichi. Nicholas p. Ind. dat 4 die Octobris anno 35 nup. R. Henr. VIII. pro termino vite ss. p. ann. 56 DORSET CHANTRIES. Redd, unius pastur. voc. Northgore in tenur. Willmi Colles p. Ind. pro termino certor. annor [reddend.] inde p. ann. Redd, pastur voc Ruddock [Rudcoks] Gore in tenur. Willmi Mayho p. ind. [reddend.] inde p. ann. Reddit. pastur. voc Piggs Hays dimiss. Johne Speicer [Spencer] p. ind. p. Ratedat24yearespchase^2o8 o o Reddit. unius Burgagii sive tenti. jacen. in poch. de Sci Petri in tenur. Johnis Barter p. ind. [reddend.] inde p. ann. Reddit. alterius Burgag. cum gardino et stabulo in poch. Sci Petri in tenur. Hugonis Jones p. ind. [reddend.] inde p. ann. Reddit. unius Shamell (Shambles) ibm in tenur. Johnis Yatman [reddend.] inde p. ann. Reddit. unius tent, cum gardino jacen. in poch. Sci Martini in tenur. Thome Dier p. ann. At 14 years purchase £e,o 8 o Reddit. unius Tofte terr. jacen. in poch. St. JMartini in Shafton in tenur. Hugonis Jones p. ann. Reddit. cert. terr. jacen. in Terrant Laun- ceston in tenur. Willmi Harvye p. ann. Redd, unius pastur. sive p'^tis jacen. in poch. Sci Jacobi in Shafton in tenur. pd. Hugonis Jones p. ann. Reddit. duar. acr. prat, in Marnhull dimiss. Johne Clements clico p. ind. p. ann. 13 4 £^ 13 4 £3 16 At 24 yeares purchas £ig 12 t>ORS£T CHANTRlfeS. 57 Quodam annual, redd. res. de Johni Pound pro uno clo. pastur. jacens apud Castell Hill in poch. Sci Jacobi in Shaston Annual red. res. de Thoma Atwaters pro cert. terr. apud Todbare p. ann. Annual redd. res. de Robto Eu'ard [Everyardel de Woodfield pro cert, terr. in Todbare p. ann. At 20 yeares purchas £4. o 4 o In Donyate INIarye & Bradford, co. Wilts. Reddit. unius tent, cum ptin. m Charlton in poch, de Donyate Marye in Com. Wiltes dimiss. Willmo. King p. Ind. p. ann. Reddit. unius tenti [cu. ptin.] in Bradford in tenur. {d/ank) Griflfythe p. ann. At 14 yeares pchas £1 : 13 4 3 o 16 4 Total ;^i4 7 o Repris. Redd, resolut Dno. Reg. pro dom. mancio'. ann. 4s. Exlmgat^ Ball. Burg, ville de Shafton 1 1 2 et Ball. nup. Monaster, de Shafton pd. 6s. Rex exonate In toto At 20 years purchas 19s. 2d. Ill 15 \\ Rem. ultra £\\ 6 o\ Hutchins gives an account of this Chantry in Vol. Ill pp. 36 & 79. Certain lands for obits, lamps, &e., see later on. 58 DORSET CHANTRIES. zoa stocks of cattle, &C., see later on. 21 Is a Hampshire Chantry, and although given in the Dorset Chantry Roll, really has no business there, though the lands happen to be in Dorset. Chantpy in Langton lon^ Blandfopd called Guldens Chantry. Chantry roll 22 (114) nett Income ^700 Granted to Thomas Boxley and Robert Reves. Vol. 68, 34, and File 1436 12 June 2 Edw. VI. 1548 Cantar. de Langeton als Lang Blandford voc. Gilden [Gylden] chantrie in eccl. poch. de Langton, val. in Firma domus mancion. cum gardino et pomar, eidem ptin. p. ann. 6 8 Firm. terr. d'mcalm videlt in terr. arrabil. 30 acr. prat. 2 acr. di. cum coim pastur. p. 60 ovibus, 4 bovus et uno equo [in Langblanford, Lyttelton, Caundell Mshe and Withy] dimiss. Johni Ryve p. Indr. [reddend.] inde p. ann. 40 o Firm, unius pastur. in Candelmsh voc. Wither [Whyther] in tenur. Robti Shiphurd p. Inden. pro termino 44 ann. 53 4 Annual Reddit suis exeun. de duobz. messuag. uno carucat terr. 7 acr. prat. 12 acr. pastur. in Blanford Martin p.ann. [quondam pcell terr. et possession. Stephi Derby milit. et Avicie uxis. ejus, put in fundacoe ejusdem Cantie apparet] 40 o £100 [Memo, that this is all the possessions belonging to the Chauntry above said and that there ys noe woods growing upon the same other then for necessary repa'cons] DORSET CHANTRIES. 59 The clicr ycarlie value of the premises ;^7 o o Which rated at 26 years pchas mounteth to ;^i82 o o The foundation of this Chantry is given in Hutchins Vol. I., 289, and it is evidently a mistake in the Chantry Roll to call it Gibbon's Chantry. There is, however, a Gibbon's Chantry at Litchet ]\Iatravers, No. 35 (76) on the Chantry Roll. The Free chapel of West Hemsworth (in Shapwick). Chantry Roll 23 (115) Nett Income ;^2 13 4 Granted to Silvester Taverner Vol 258. 3 File 1998. 12 Apl 3 Edw. VI. 1549 Liba. Capell de Hemesworth als West Hemesworth val. in Redd. 8 ac. di. terr. arrabil jacen. in Hemesworth & 10"""" agn. Ian. ac gran, in Hemesworth pd. modo vel nup. in tenur. Rici Skovyn r. inde p. ann. ;!^2 13 4 at 22 yeres pchas ;^58 13 4 Memo, there is no other lands apperteyning to the same Free chapell then is above expressed. This chantry is mentioned by Hutchins, Vol. III. 168. Wimborne Minster. The Collegiate Church or Royal Free Chapel of Wimborne with its office of Sacristan and its 4 Prebends or Stalls and including also The Great Chantr}-, otherwise the chantry founded by Thomas de Brembrc, Dean of Wimborn, 24 — 35 Edw III. (1350 — 1361) was all dissolved by the Chantry Act of i Edward VI., and though I cannot find any precise statement to that effect I presume its properties, which consisted principally of tithes (see the Valor Ecclesiasticus of 26 Hcnrj- VIII. 1535), went towards the endow- ment of the existing church of Wimborne iNIinstcr. There was, however, evidently other property belonging to the Collegiate Church, forming the subject matter of the 12 grants given below. 6o DORSET CHANTRllS. The Charter incorporating the Grammar School at Wimborn is set out in extenso in Hutchins III. 274 College or Free Chapel of Wimborne Minster Chantry Roll 24 (no) Gross Income 51 5 6 Less rents resolute 613 4 44 12 2 Less fees 6 6 8 Nett Income £$8 5 6 (i) Grant to Thomas Reve, John Johnson & Henry Herdson. Vol 259. 281. File 1904. I Feb, 4 Edw. VI. 1550 Pcell. possession, nup. Collegii sive Libi. Capelle de Wymborn aliorm. vocat Wymborne Mynster. Cert. terr. et past, in parochia de Wymborne predict, val. in Firm. om. et singlor. terr. et pastur. cm. ptinen. vocat " The Deanes Leases " continen. 70 acs. Ac etiam unius prati vocat The Deanes mede continen. 30 acr. Duo claus. prati eidem adjacen. unde un. vocat " Barne close " cu. orreo et stabulo eandem continen. 10 acr. terr. et altior. vocat " The Ponde Close " continen. 5 ac. Necnon un. acr. terr. vocat. " Catborough [Cutboro] acre" cii pertinen. in paroch. de Wymborne sic dimiss. Willmo. Wynce [ ? Wynne] et Rndo Walker p. Indent, dat. 16 die Februarie anno 32 nup. R. H. VIII pro termino 2 1 annor. reddend. inde p. ann. ^i i 1 1 4 at 22 yeares pchase ^254 9 4 IMemo that there is no wodds upon the pmiss sufficient for the reparacons thereof. (2) Grant to James & John Bysse. File No 1466 15 May 7 Edw. VI. 1553 DORSET CHANTRIES. 6 1 Pcell. nuper. Collcg. sivc Libe Capcllc regie in Wymborne predca val. in Rcddu. cert tr, jacen. ppe. Canforde bridge in tenur. Johnis Watman. p. ann. 6 Reddu, unius pvi claus. pastur. in Westrete niodo vel nup. in tenur. Robti Towneley p. ann. 2 o at 23 yeres pchas ;^2 17 6 Memo that this be the first pticlers that I have made of the premisses. There are no wooddes trees or underwooddes growing in or upon the premises or anie pte or pcell thereof other than maye suffice for kepinge and fencing of the same and therefore here valued at nill. (3) Grant to Thomas Reve. File 1898. 7 June 7 Edw. VI. Pell Decim. pertin. nup. Decano Colleg. de Wymborn, valt. in Firm, omi decim. in Bradford Briand in pochia de Wymborne pdict. dimiss. Johni Godard p. Indentur. dat. 4*° die Novembris anno regni nup. Rs. Henrici VIII. 20™° p. tmio 41 annor. reddend. inde p. ann. ;^2 3 8 At 22 yrs pchas ;^48 o 8 Memo that the pmisses is not pcell of any of the Kings mat'^^ manors nor lieth nere any of his graces forests parks or chases nor any of his Hghnes howses resved by a kp. by the distaunce of 4 myles. (4) Grant to Lord Clinton. File 1 5 15 27 May 6 Edw. VI. Pcell possess, collegii sive Libe Capelle de Wymborne alias Wymborne Mynster Firm, domus mancon. colleg. sive libe capell. Regie de Wymborne als Wymborne IMynster valt in 62 DORSET CHANTRIES. Firm, domus niano. collegii si\-e libe capelle pdict cum domibus stabulis edificiis structur. gardin. ort. pomar. eidm mane, ptinen. sive spectan. modo in occupacone Willmi Wynne reddend. inde p. ann. (No valuation figures.) (5) Grant to Thomas Reve & George Cotton. File 1 90 1. 20 Feb. 7 Edw, VI. PcelL possession nup. Collegii de Wymborne in com, Dors. West Preston als diet. Litle Preston infra pochiam de Wymborne, valt. in Firm, unius tenti cii ptinen in W^est Preston als diet, Litle Preston infra pochiam de Wymborne pdict, in tenur, Georgii Lovell reddendo inde p. ann. 8 0 at 25 yeares pchase £10 o o Memo that the pmysses abovesaid ar not pcell of eny of the Kings mat'^' manors nor lyeth w"'in eny of his Highnes honours and Keth from eny of his Highnes houses kept by a kep. forestes pkes or chaces the distaunce of 4 myles. (6) Grant to Thomas Reve & George Cotton. File 1902 7 May 7 Edw, VI 1553 Pcell. possession, nup, Colleg, sive Libe. Capelle Regie de Wymborne Mynster in com, Dorset. Wymborne INIynster, valt. in Redd, unius horrei apud Colhille cu cert, terr. in tenur, Isabelle Jerarde vidue nup. ux. Rici Jerarde p. ann, 5 i Redd. cert. terr. vocat " Fynchecombe " m° vel nup. in tenur. Robti Towneley p. ann. 3 4 Redd, unius pvi claus. contin, una acr. pastur. p, estimac. nup, in tenur, Thome Nele et modo in tenura Johnis Hannam armig, p, ann. i 8 Redd. cert. terr. arrabil. p. estimac. 12 acr. modo vel nup. in tenur. Agnet. Oringe vidue p. ann. 24 DORSET CHANTRIES. 63 Redd, sepalis. piscar. aque ibm m" vcl nupcr in tenur. Jacobi Wurseley p. ann. 3 4 Redd, unius claus apud Est broke contin. p. estimac. una. acram modo vcl nup. in tenur. Radd. Wurseley p. ann. 2 o Redd, unius pccll. terr. contin. p. est. dimid. acr. pastur. modo vel nup. in in tenur. Richi. Allen p. ann. i o £^ At 25 yeres pchase ^51 7 i Memor. that this be the first pticulares that I have made of this premises. Henr. Leke. There is growing in and upon the pre- misses 20 okes of 40 to 60 yeres growth valued at 6d the pece and all the residue of the woods growing upon the same premisses not here valued will barely suffice to repaire and maintaine the same 10 0 (7) Grant to Roger Bury File 213 1 5 May, 2 Mary 1554 Pcell. Collegii sive Libe Capelle Regie de Wymborne Mynster valt. in Redd. cert. terr. in Ligh in pochia de Wymborne modo vel nup. in tenur. Robti Rugyons p. ann. 14 8 Redd, unius pcell. terr. in Wymborne in tenur. Jacobi Wever reddend. inde p. ann. i o Redd, unius claus in Wymborn in tenur. Robti Towneley reddend. inde p. ann. zs — — IS 8 At 23 yeres pchase ;^2i 10 4 64 DORSET CHANTRIES. (8) Grant To Thomas Reve & Giles Isham File 2222 15 July 2 Mary 1554. 3 4 Cert. Pcell. terre jacen. infra pochiam do W3-mborne INIynster pcell. possession, nuper CoUeg. sive Libe Capell. Regie ibm. fundat, valt. in Redd. cert. terr. vocat. IVIilhiris jacen. et existen. infra, poch. de Wymborne pd. in ten. Jacobi Worseley p. ann. Redd. cert. terr. ibm. in tenur. Edmundi Rugions. p. ann. Redd. cert. tr. ibm in tenur. Johnis Psons p. ann. Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Alexandri Seniscall p. ann. Redd. cert. tr. ibm in ten. Thome Russell p. ann. Redd, unius curtil. sive cli. pastur. in Westrete cont. i acr. ; un. claus. past, voc. " Giles Croste " cont. 2 rods ; cert, puteor. pastur. ex pte occiden. regie vie ducen. vss. Gillian Bridge cont. di. acr. et un sepal, gurgit. in aqua dne Regine ibm sup^ Gillian Bridge, ac un claus pastur. in Rugsmyth lane jux. pt. Johnis Hannam modo vel nup. in tenura Johis Foster p. ann. Redd, unius pecii terr. voc. "a Howe" in tenur. Michi Dennys p. ann. at 23 yeres pchas ;^i6 19 3 14 9 (9) Grant to Robert Davy & Henry Dynne File 2329 10 Mch, 2 Eliz. 1560 Pcell. terr. spiialm in man. Dne Regine existen. racone actus (*) pliament edit, in anno pmo regn s. ac antea pcell possessions, nup. Collegii sive Libe Capelle in Wimborne Minster. * 1 Eliz. cap. 24. DORSET CHANTRIES. 6$ Porcio Decimo in Hampreston, valt in Firma porcone sm decimar. in Ham- preston pd. sic dimiss. Thome Kinge p. Inden. dat. pmo die Octobr. anno 33° nup. Rx. H. VIII p. tmio 24 annor. reddend. inde p. ann. £z o At 26 years purchas £^,2 I knowe not of any thing to be certified to you toucliing the said portion of tithe Thos. Hambery. (10) Grant to Edmund Downing and William Badbye. File 2336. — March 4Eliz. 1561. Collegm. de Wymborne Mynster. Pore. X™". in pochia de Kerchell, valt. in Redd, porconie x™". in pochia de Kerchell in tenur. Dm. Johnis S\ John solvend. inde p. ann. i o o At 32 ye res purchas ;^32 o o The auditor knoweth no speciall matter to be advertysed to y'' honors touching the porcyon of tythe. (11) Lease to William Goble for 21 years. File 31, 15. 25 July 16 Eliz. 1574. Pcella possession nup. Collegii ide Wimborne val. in Firma fonim. terr. et p^or. onerat. ut pcella terr. scdm consuetudinem manerii de Leigh pcella Collegii pd. nup. in tenur. sive occupacone Decennar. de Wimborne p. ann. £1 o o At 4 yeres rent. (12) Lease to Theodore Sadler for 21 years File 33, 41. 16 iNIay 27 Eliz. 1585 It is not stated to what College or Chantr)- the following lease of lands belongs, but from inspection it could be seen to refer to the College of Wimborne. Pcell terr. cantar. in manibz Dne Regin. virtute Actus Pliament edit, pro dissoluc CoUeg. etc. 66 DORSET CHANTRIES. Cert. terr. et tent, in Wpnborne and Leigh in co Dors. valt. in Firm. omn. illar. terr. et prat, cii ptin. jacen. et existen. in Leigh in poch. de Wymborne jMinster pd. in ten. WilU. Welsted, ann. redd. 20 o (Firm.) unius cotag. ibm et un. cH. pastur. vocat. "Le Backside" cont. h acr.; un. di. pastur. vocat. "Fursie House" cont. I ac. et di. ; un. cli. subbosci voc. "Copice Close" cont. |- acr. ; et 2 acr. terr. arr. jac. in coibz campis nup. in ten. Johanne ]\Ioncke ann. redd. 2 6 (Finn.) unius pci. terr. ibm voc. " Gravell Pitts " nup. in tenur. Walteri Mel- mouth ann. redd. 6 (Finn.) unius al. cotag. ibm ac un. cli. pastur. voc. " Le Backside " et 2 acr. terr. arr. jac. in coibz campis nup. in ten. Johis ^Morris ann. redd. 6 8 (Firm.) unius acr. et di. terr. jac. in le Heath ibm nup. in ten. Edi Vike ann. redd. 4 (Finn.) unius Cotag. in Wymborne INIinster pd. et unius pcelle terr. cont. di. acr. in ten. Willi Welsted ann. redd. 5 o (Firm.) unius tenti ibm cii ptin ann. redd, 6 8 ac 4 acr. terr. arr. jacen in Cud- borough feilde ann. redd. 8 4 nuper in ten. Johis Foster (Firm.) 4 acr. terr. jacen. in Redcotts nup. in ten. Willi Grey ann. redd. 8 o (Finn.) 1 1 acr. terr. arr. et 2 hamas pti jac. in coibz campis ibm nup. in ten. Johis Weylonde ann. redd. i 5 4 (Firm.) 3 acr. terr. jacen. in coibz campis ibm. nup. in ten. Johis Barnes ann. redd. 5 o (Firm.) 2 acr. terr. arr. ibm in tenur. Johis /"sicj Salter vid. ann. redd. 5 o (Firm.) acr. prati jacen. in Broadmeade in ten. Willi. Grey ann. redd. 3 4 (Firm.) i cotag. jacen. in Leigh pd. ac I cli. pastur. voc. "le Backside" ; i cli. bruer.voc."IeHowe"cont. 2ac. 3 acr. terr. arr. jac. in coibz campis ibm et I cli. pastur. voc. " le Pock " cii ptin. in ten. Thome Samborne ann. redd. 5 0 DORSET CHANTRIES. 67 7 (Firm.) 2 acr. terr. jac. in Redcotts et unius acr. prati jac. in Brodmeadc ann. redd. Ac 4 acr. terr. arr. jac. in Redcotts in ten. Willi Grey, ann. redd. 6 8 (Firm.) unius tenti ppe ecclie deWymborne cu gardino et al. ss. ptin. in ten. — Burgis ann. redd. i o (Finn.) unius horr. et 4 acr. terr. arr. in Leigh Feilde ppe " le Hermitage " et 3 acr. terr. arr. in Little Rowlands in ten. Jacobi ]\Iacham ann. redd. y o (Firm.) unius tofti terr. cu. ptin in Pava Pston [Little Preston] nup. in ten. Thome Townelie ann. redd. 4 o (Firm.) 8 gardin. in Wimborne pd. in ten. Thome Brayne ann. redd. i o (Firm.) unius pcelle terr, in Leigh pd. in ten. Henr. JMacham ann. redd. 8 (Firm.) unius Houe prope Longlane ibm cont. p. estimac. 3 acr. in ten. Johis INIackrell ann. redd. 4 (Firm.) unius Houe in Leigh pd. jac. apud jManswell in ten. Willi. Welsted ann. redd. 8 (Firm.) unius Houe voc. " Black Howe " ann. redd. 6 (Firm.) unius al. Houe apud Colhill cii ptin. in ten. Cicillie Hardinge ann. redd. 4 (Firm.) unius al. acr. terr. apud Colhill in tenur. Thome Willis ann. redd. 6 (Firm.) unius acr. terr. ibm in ten. Willi INIayke ann. redd. 6 (Firm.) 2 gardin. in ^^'ymborne pd un. jac. in West Streete et al. in Pillory Street, ann. redd. 2 o Ac (Firm.) unius gardin. ibm in ten. Willi Welsted ann. redd. 6 £6 14 Total on File is ^6 14 o Fine is 2 years rent ^13 8 o Compare Hutchins Vol HL 184. 68 DORSET CHANTRIES. OflBce of the Saepistan (Sextyne) in the Colleg:e of Wimborne. Chantr}' Roll 25 (io8) gross income £% 17 2 Rents resolute 3 14 10 Net income £s 2 ^ (i) Grant to Giles Kelway and William Leonard. Vol. 258, 103. File 173 1. 7 March 3 Edw. VI. 1549 Domus mans, offic. Sacrist, [cu ptin] infra Collegium de Wimborne, val. in Firm, domus mans, cum gard. et pvo pomer, eidm ptinen p. ann. ;£ 6 8 At 10 yeres pchas ^3 6 (2) Grant to James & John Bysse, gents. File 1466. 15 iNIay 7 Edw. VI. 1553 Cert. terr. in Wymborne Mynster pcell offic. Sacriste infra Colleg. sive Libam Capell Regia ibm, val. in Reddu. cert, terr [i acr.] in Lighe infra poch. de Wymborne pdca m° vel nup. in tenur. Arthuri Colles p. ann. £ 1 o at 23 yeres pchas £1 3 o Memo to the effect that there are no woods on the premises. (3) Grant to Roger Bury. File 2 13 1 5 May i Marj' 1553. Pcella offic. Sacriste infra CoUegm de Wymborne M)-nster fundat. val. in Redd, unius et di. terr. acr, in Wymborne pd. in tenura Johnis Hannam, armig. p. ann. i 6 Redd. 2 acr. pati in p"to ibm voc. The Deanes ]\Ieade in tenura Jacobi Fesaunte p. ann. 6 8 £ 8 2 At 23 yeres pchas £g 710 DORSET CHANTRIES. 69 Memo that the pmisses are not pcell of any mannor nor lieth nere any of the Kings (s/c) Mat""' Pk' forests or chases or any hous resued by a Kep. for thaccess of his Highnes by the distaunce of 4 myles ; and that thcs be the first (survey ?) I have made of the premises. The auditor. (4) Another grant to Roger Bury, on same File 2 1 3 1 . Pcell officii Sacriste in dco Collegio de Wymborne, valt. in Redd, unius tenementi cu ptinen. in Ligh in tcnur. Jacobi Wever redend. inde p. ann. £ 50 at 23 yeres pchas ;^5 15 o (5) Another grant to Roger Bury, on same File 213 1. Pcell officii Sacriste in dco Collegio de Wymborne. Decim. garb, feni in Preston als voc " Lytyll Preston " ptinen. offic. Sacrist, pd. valt. in Firma pore. omn. decimar. garb. & feni quadm. terr. decan. de Wymborne ptin jac. in Preston als voc. " Lytyll Pston " modo in tenur. Thome Harvye reddend. inde p. ann. £ at 22 yeres pchas £4. (6) Lease to William Goble for 2 1 years. File 31. 15. 25 July 16 Eliz. 1574 Pcella terr. et possession, nuper Collegii de Wimborne. Pcell. possess, nup. ptin. officio Sacriste Collegii pd. valt. in Firm, omn decimar. omn pastur. et terr. dmcal. nup. decanat. de Wimb. ptin et nup. in officio Sacriste ibm onat. nup. in ten. Jacobi Fesaunte p. ann. £ 13 Chantry called Radeottes chauntry. Chantry Roll 26 (107) Nctt income ^5 12 10^ «S:ii2 „ i;i 9 8 yb DORSET CHANTRIES. This Chantr}- is now merged in St. Margaret's Hospital, which is still in existence. An account is to be found in Hutchins III. 248 of the Hospital, and there are scattered references to Radcottes chauntn-, all which will be treated of if the " Founda- tions of the Chantries of Dorset" are ever taken in hand. In the Charity Commissioners Reports, 1836, Vol. 30, further interesting particulars are given. The great Chantry called Brembres Chauntpy in Wimborn Minster. Chantry Roll No. 27 (109) ^ s. d. £ s. d. No. 27 Gross Income 34 7 5 No. 109 34 7 5 rents resolute 10 2 4 12 i loj 24 5 I 22 5 6i tithes 2 5 6i (i) Grant to Giles Keylway and William Leonard. Vol. 258, 103. File 1731. 7 Mch. 3 Edw. VI. Un. Columbar cum pvo gard. eidm ptin pcell ]\Iagna Cantar. in Coll. de Wimbome, val. in Firm, unius columbar. cum pvo gard. eidem ptin jacen. infra scit.. mans, pdic. \J.e. Domus mans, offic. Sacrisi.] in tenur. Simonis Benyson p. ann. 3 10 At ID yeres pchas. ;^i 18 4 (2) Grant to James Bysse aud John Bysse, gents. File 1466 only. 15 INIay 7 Edw. VI. Pcell. i\Iagna Cant, in Wymborne pd. voc. Brembrisshe Chauntr}-e, val. in Redd, unius pvi. peccii terr. voc. a howe m^ vel. nup. in tenur. Walti Genyns p. ann. 4 At 23 yercs pchas ;^o 7 8 DORSET CHANTRIES, 7I Memo attached as to the Woods, One little pcce of land in Wynibornc a howc in the tenure of Walter Jenings pccll of the possessions of the late Great Chauntrie there called Branbrishe chauntrie. There are no woodes trees or underwooddes growinge in and upon the premises or anie pte or pcell thereof other than maye suffice for kepinge and fencing of the same and therefore here valued at nill. (3) Grant to Richard Were & Bartholomew Gibbs, File 2066 only, 28 Feb, 3 Edw, VI, Pcell Cantie voc, Brensbry's chauntrye infra Collegium dc Wymborne Minster, valt. in. Firm, domus mancione dee, Cantie cii. gardino & pomar. eidem ptin, modo vel nup, in tenur, sive occupacion. Johis Ace, Walti Mathewe & Johis Stone '^' p, ann, ;^i o o at 10 yeres purchas ^10 o (4) Grant to William IMorgan & Jerome Halley, gents. File 2199 only, 8 June i Mary 1554, Pcell Magna Cantie in Wymborne vocat Brembrish Chauntry val, in Firm, unius pastur, jacen, infra pochiam de Wymborne pdict vocat Est Walford dimiss. Rico. Goby p. indentur, reddend, inde p. ann. cu 6^ p, un, copic. ibm. 47 2 at 23 yeres £^6 iz o Memor, that the premisses are not letten to any pson or p'sons in fee tayle for term of lif or lyves or during the Queues pleasure to thauditors knowledge and that the same is not pcell of any of her Highness Honors, Castles, p'ks, forests or chaces nor of the lands de antiqua corona Regis Anglic nor of the Duchies of Lane, or Cornewall or therledom of Chester ne do adjoyne to any of her Mat""'' houses castells manors palacies or mancions res'ucd for thacesse of her Highness, * These were the o Chantry priests meutioued in the Chautry Eoll. yj DORSET CHANTRIES. (5) Lease to Robert Best. File 31. No 8. 7 June 7 Eliz. 1565. Pcell Cant, vocat. Brembrid's Chauntty, val. in Firm. trm. quart, ffri juxta ratam 10'* le bushell anu* exeun. extra R'coriam de Shapeweke modo vel nup. in tenur. Thome Claughton clic. et quondm pcell voc. Brembridys chauntry in Wimbome INIinster pd. £\ 00 Lease for 21 years (6) Lease to John Hannam, &c File 32. N° 15. 2 July 24 Eliz. 1582 Parcell. possess, in manu Dne Regine virtute Actus P'liament. &c. Parcell Cantarie vocat Brembre Chauntrie in Wimbome INIinster, valt, in Firma tocius illius medietatis sive halfendeele, tocius illius firme sive soli de West Walford in pochia de Wimborne Minster jacen. inter terr. Roberti Laristoke tenen. cantar. de Brembre predica in occidentli parte et regiam viani in orientli in tali modo prout ab antiquo dimiss. sunt, cum prat pasc. pastur. copic. bosc. et omibus eor. ptinen. tam infra copia ibm qm extra ac cum omibz profic. et comoditatibz eardm copie et eisdm spectan. Sic dimiss. Johiii Orenge et Agnet. uxor, ejus ad teniom et pro tmio 70 annor. per indent. Thome Erocte Sacrist, colleg. de Wymborne Minster predica, W^alter — , Thome Thorpe et Johne Ase cantarist. cantar. Thome Brembre predica dat 24° die IMartii anno 25*° nup. Rx. H. VIII et predcus. Johne Orenge et Agnie et eor. asssign. non succident. aliquid maer'em super terr. predict, nisi pro edificoe et repar. domor. posthac ibm edificand sine licens predict Sacrist et cantarist predic. vel eor. success, cum claus distrin et reintras. pro non soluere reddit. DORSET CHANTRIES. 73 infra spacm. sex septiman. post aliquod fest. solus ejusdm reddend. inde p. ann. ;^3 1 1 8 The fine rated at 2 yeres Make a lease of the premisses to John Hannam, Thomas Hannam and Amye Hannam sons and daughter of Thomas Hannam the elder for their lives. (7) Lease to Troylius Turberville. File 33 No 49 4 March 39 Eliz. 1596-7 Pcell possess. Magna Cantar. in nuper Colleg. de Wymborne vocat Brembris Chauntry, Rectoria et ecclesia de Shapwick val. in All the tithes there (no lands) ;^i5 15 4 These are all the grants, &c., relating to this " Great Chantry " the remainder no doubt forms part of the revenue of the existing church of Wimborne Minster. The Chantry of Mapgaret Countess of Richmond and Derby in Wimborn Minster. Chantry Roll No. 28 (106), gross income 11 17 4 less rents resolute 15 ^i nett income ;^i i 2 As stated by Hutchins Vol. HI. 191 and 271 this chantry was formed into a Free School and later on into a Grammar School and exists to the present time. The following grant approximating very closely to the amount in the Chantry Roll (the reprises being the same in both) would seem to be the property whence the income is derived. Grant to Anthony Mauxell. File 2434. 2 Feb. 2 Eliz. 1560 Cant, in Wimborne Minster fundat p. Margaret nup. Comtiss. Richmond et Derbye valt. in Redd, cert terr. in Curj-ryvall in com. Som. in tenur. Rici Claweye p. ann. 3 10 o Redd, unius tent, cii ptin ibm in tenur. Robti Nurse p. ann. 12 o 74 DORSET CHANTRIES. Redd, unius pec. terr. ibni in tenur. jMarmaduci Jennyngs p. ann. 6 Redd. cert. terr. ibm. in tenur. Thome Clarke p. ann. lo o Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Thome Fortie p. ann. i 6 Redd, unius tent, cum ptin ibm in tenur. Jhnis Woodde p. ann. i o o Redd, unius tenti. ibm in tennr. Willi. ]\Iore, p. ann. 15 6 Redd, unius tenti. ibm in tenur. Isabelle Robyns, p. ann. 6 8 Redd, unius tenti cii ptin. in Barworthe als Bageworth in tenur. Edith Weston p. ann. 19 7 J Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Phi. Sayi p. ann. 2 i j^ Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Alic Kinge p. ann. i 6 o Redd. cert, terr, ibm in tenur. Willmi Saye p. ann. i o Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Johnis Lyninge p. ann. i o Redd, unius tent, ibm in tenur. Thome Hardwell p. ann. 8 o Redd. cert. terr. ibm in tenur. Johnis Grove p. ann. 7 1 1 14 o Repris in redd, resolut p. ann. 1 5 3^ Et reman, dare p. ann. ^10 18 8|- @ 24 years pchas ;^262 0 o First Prebend of Stall. Chantry Roll 29 (no) Nett income ;^8 10 o Grant to Thomas Reve and Geo. Cotton. File 1 90 1. 20 Feb. 7 Edw. VI. Pcell. possession. Prima Prebend, infra Collegm. de Wymborn in com. Dors, fundat. DORSET CHANTRIES. 75 West Preston als diet. " Little Preston " infra poch. de Wimborn, valt. in Firm, unius tofti terr. cii ptinen. in West Preston als diet. ' Litle " Preston infra poch. de Wymborn pdict. in tenur. Thome Lacye reddend. inde p. ann. 4 o At 25 yeres pchase £s o Second Prebend or Stall. Chantry Roll 29 (no) Nett income £j 15 2 Grant to Roger Bury. File 213 1. 5 May i Mary 1553 Pcell Scd. P'bend in Collegio de Wymborne vocat "The Second Stawle " Decim. garb, feni in Preston als voc. " Lytyell Preston " ptin. Pbend pdict. valt in Firm. omn. decimor. garbar. et feni in Pston als voc. " Lytyll P'ston ptinen. p'bend pdic. modo in tenur. Rogi Frampton reddend. inde p. ann. 6 4 pat 22 yeres pchas ;^6 19 4 Third Prebend op Stall. Chantry Roll 29 (no) Nett income ^12 15 2 In Vol. 259.202, which is a grant with no name of purchaser, the lands of this Prebend are detailed in 6 lots. The Index says the purchaser was John Dodington but no portion of the Prebends property is to be found on File 1582 where the other purchases by John Dodington are enumerated. At the foot of the entry in Vol. 259. 202 the rate of purchase is given as 20 years; apparently by waiting the sellers got a 76 DORSET CHANTRIES. better price as the sales to the eventual buyers were at 23, 24, and 25 years' purchase. Details given in Vol. 259, 202 (? John Dodington). Pcell poss, liba capella regie sive nup. Collegii de Wimborne als Wimborne Mynster in com. pdc. Pcell terr. Pbend in Collegio pdco voc. The Third Stall, val. in * Redd, un orrei cum 2 acr. pastur. eidm ptin. in Leigh p. ann. 10 o (i) Redd, vestur. unius prat, in Leigh voc. Russheleigh p. ann. 8 o (2) Redd, unius pcell terr. in Russhel, in tenur. — Bull p. ann. 5 o * Redd, unius pcell terr. in Leigh in tenur. Peter Macham p. ann. 8 (3) Redd. un. acr. terr. in campo de Wimborne pd. voc. Cudborowefeld p. ann. 2 o (3) Redd, vestur. unius prat, in Prest- meade in Wimborne pd. p. ann, i 6 ;^i 7 2 (i) Grant to Thomas Reve & Giles Isham. File 2222 15 July 2 Mary Pcell Tercie Pbend infra Colleg. de Wymborne supd. fundat. voc. The Third Staulle, valt. in Redd, vestur. unius prati in Leigh vocat Russheleigh infra parochia de Wymborne Mynster predict, modo vel nuper in tenura Johannis Abrey per annum 8 0 at 24 3'eres pchas ^8 1 2 (2) Grant to Thomas Reve & George Cotton, File 1 90 1, 20 Feb. 7 Edw. VI Pcell possession Tercie Prebend infra Collegm de Wymborne pdict. in com. pdict. fundat. These two apparently disposed of. DORSET CHANTRIES. 77 West Preston als diet. Litle Preston infra pochiam de Wymbornc, valt in Firm, unius pcell cii ptinen. in West Preston als diet. Litle Preston infra pochiam de Wymborne pdict. in tenur. Thome Bull reddend. inde p. ann. c o at 25 yeres pchas ;^6 5 o (3) Grant to Roger Bury. File 213 1 5 May i Mary 1553 Pcell. Tercie Prebend, voc. The Thirde Stawle infra Colleg. pd. fundat, val. in Redd, unius acr. terr. arrabil. in Cudborough feld in Wymborne pd. in tenur. Johnis Haman (sic), Armig, p. ann. 2 o Redd, primie vestur. unius acr. sive. Me hime ' p''ti in Prestemede nup, in tenur. Petri Macham et modo in tenur. Johnis Abrey p. ann. i 6 at 23 yeres purchas ;^4 Memo that the pmisses are not pcell of any mannor nor lieth nere any of the Kings [sic) Mat'" Pks forests or chases or any hous res'ued by a Kep. for thaccess of his Highnes by the distaunce of 4 myles ; and that thes be the first (survey ?) I have made of the premises. The Auditor. The Fourth Prebend op Stall. Chantr}- Roll 29 (hi) Nett Income £j i i I have not come across any grants relating to this stall. ^ 78 DORSET CHANTRIES. Chantpy of St. James in Holte in Kingston Laey. Chantry roll 30a (113) net income ;^5 6 8 As explained at 1 1 3 in the chantr}- roll, there were no lands attached to this chapel, and the income was paid out of the possessions of the Monaster)^ of Christchurch, Hants. See Hutchins, Vol, III., p. 247. The Fraternity of St. Georg-e in Poole, Chantr}' roll 301^ Nett income £\ Granted to John Churchill, of Dorchester, draper &: William Samwisshe. 9 Feb. 3 Edw. VI. Vol 258. 34. File 1 50 1. Fraternitate Sancti Georgii in Poole val. in Reddit. unius gardin. jacen. infra vill de Poole pdict. p. ann. 3 4 Redd, unius mess, sive tent, ibm jacen. in quodam vico voc. Westreete p. ann. 4 o Redd, unius gardini voc. The ]\Iyll post p. ann. 2 o Redd, altius gard. ibm in tenur. Jacol^i Redhedd p. ann. 16 at 1 5 yeres purchas ;^8 o o Redd, unius pec. terr. ibm voc. Hungry Hill p. ann. at 24 yeres purchas £(> o o 10 8 Redd. duor. tent, ibm in tenur. Adam Harp-ill (or Harybill) & Hugonis Cocke p. ann. Redd, unius gardini ibm jacen. in alto vie. continen, p, estimac. una acr. p. ann Redd, unius gard. jac. apud Pidwins p. ann. Redd, unius gard, jacen. in West Streete p. ann. At 1 5 yeres pchas £ in West 7 6 12 2 6 I 15 2 'i I : 10 10 DORSET CHANTRIES. 79 Repris In redd, resolut. Edwardo Duci Somset p. capitli redd, exeim. de terr. pidct p. ann. 3 8 At 20 yeres pchas _;^3 13 4 Et valet clerc p. ann. ^i 7 Memo there is no other lands ptaining to the said fratin. and there is no woods growing upon the pmisses. Clere yerelie value of the premises. £1 7 2 Which rated at the several rates above £2S 7 6 less reprises 313 4 Nett ;^2i 14 2 Some interesting details of this Fraternity are given by Hutchins Vol. I. 58-60. 3 1 Obit Lands, see further on. 32 Stocks of Cattle, &c., see further on. {To be co?i tinned.) Porscf '^o^en^ of f§c an6 "§^Te6aCs of ^avioxxs "periods. By HENRY SYMONDS. (Bead 20th Feb., 190S.J PROPOSE in the following notes to continue the history of the token coinage of the county from the point reached by Mr. J. S. Udal in his paper on the seventeenth century issues {Proceedmgs, Vol. IX., p. 41), in which he gave us an exhaustive survey of that series. I then propose to touch briefly upon certain commemorative medals, and to exhibit, as far as I am able, some specimens of each class to illustrate the subject under consideration. From the year 1672 (when Charles II. forbade by proclamation the uttering of private halfpence or farthings) until about 1787 the country was more or less inadequately supplied with copper money by the Royal Mint, and these shortcomings, due perhaps to the strain of the wars, resulted in the producton of numberless counterfeits of the minor national currency. In the last named year the Government of George III. had so far neglected their duties in this respect that copper tokens began once more to find their way into circulation, and were freely accepted by the public DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 01 as being preferable to tlic spurious imitations of the King's money that flooded all the centres of trade. For a space of nearly thirty years these local remedies, although of course never legal tender, were tacitly permitted by the authorities, and it was not until 1817 that an Act of Parliament prohibited the making or circulating of tokens of copper or mixed metals after the ist January, 181 8. A period of grace was, however, allowed for the withdrawal of the pieces issued by the Overseers of Sheffield and Birmingham, on account of the hardships that a summary suppression would have caused, and the Act also preserved the rights of the holders to present these promises to pay to the original issuers. These tokens of the eighteenth century differed from the earlier examples of the Restoration period in that they approx- imated in size and weight to the regal copper money of the day ; indeed, many of them were intrinsically worth their face values, while their design and execution were frequently of high merit. The traders of Dorset confined themselves to halfpence and farthings, of which the best known varieties are recorded in the following list, mules * being omitted. All were struck in copper, and sometimes bear inscriptions upon the edges. Blandford. I. obv: " W. Sanger. Tea-dealer." A pair of scales above a tea chest or counter, oA which are sugar loaves and canisters ; on the latter the figures 5 and 4. rev: " Blanford. Halfpenny. 1798." "Pro bono publico," encircled by palm branches. (Plate I.) edge : Milled ; also plain. Struck by P. Skidmore. The Rector of Blandford was unable to find any information as to this issuer, but the surname occurs in the town and neighbourhood from 1700 onwards. * " Mules" = the name given to concoctions produced by the use of two odd 82 dorset tokens and medals. Poole. 2. ohv : " R. Allen, ironmonger. Poole. 1797-" Within a dotted circle the badge of the Prince of Wales ; " 75 " below, in an oval. rev : " Poole halfpenny payable in Dorsetshire and Devon. 1797," in six lines. edge: Engrailed. 3. ohv : As No. 2. rev : " Halfpenny payable in Dorsetshire." Within a circle of leaves "RA" in cipher characters. " I'jgj." (Plate I.) edge : As No. 2. 4. odv ; As No. 2. rev : An Anchor in a sunk oval Avithin a border of rope pattern. Nos. 2 to 4 are by P. Skidmore. In 1798 Richard Allen was Lieutenant of the Artillery Volunteers, a corps then recently formed in Poole. In 1784 Elizabeth Allen and Son traded as anchor smiths, which suggests the origin of the reverse of No. 4. 5. oh> : A female figure holding an anchor and cable, and an oval shield inscribed ". Ja'. Bayly, draper, Poole," in 4 lines, 7-ev : "Prosperity to the* Town of Poole, 1795." On a carved shield the Arms of the borough. (Plate I., rev: only.) edge : " I promise to pay on demand one half penny." The edge is sometimes milled. (See note as to the Anns on No. 16.) 6. oh> : and rev : as No. 5, but much smaller, for a farthing, edge : milled, sometimes plain. (Plate I., obv : only.) Nos. 5 and 6 were engraved by Arnold and struck by W. Lutwyche, J. Bayly was in Poole before 1790, and voted as a freeholder at the election of 1807. dorset tokens and medals. 83 Sherborne. 7. ohv : "A Sherborne halfpenny, 1793." An eagle displayed, with two heads. rev : " P. P. & W." in cipher characters, beneath a hi\-e and bees. edge : " payable at the Bank in Sherborne + Dorset." + 8. t>Z'i' ;" Sherborne token value one halfpenny. 1796. P. W. & S." in cipher characters. rev : " Stet fortuna domus." An eagle displayed, with two heads. edge : plain. 9. ok> : "Sherborne halfpenny." The front of the "Bank," above it an eagle as before and a riband inscribed "Stet fortuna domus." rev : " Prefer Pew & Whitty bankers Sherborne Dorset 1796." In six lines. (Plate I.) edge : " payable at the Bank in Sherborne + Dorset + ." Nos. 7 to 9 are by J. Westwood. Simon Pretor, the founder of the firm who issued the fore- going three tokens, was born at Lyme Regis in 1727. The house shown on token No. 9 was on the south side of Long Street, and was perhaps used also as the post office, as S. Pretor was postmaster in 1790, being followed by Samuel Whitty in 1809. An obituary notice in the Gentleman's Magazine of September, 1804, records the death of Simon Pretor in his 77th year, and adds that " The Sherborne and Dorsetshire Bank originally established by him was, it is believed, the first of the kind in that county." In 1784 the firm was S. Pretor and Son, then Pretor, Pew and Whitty, whose descendants continued the banking house until it became merged in the National Provincial Bank. In 1831 Samuel Pretor held a cornetcy in the Dorset Yeomanry. Samuel Whitty * was a native of Axminster, and son * See "The brothers , . . Pretor and Thomas Whitty," by John Bullar, 1821. 84 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. of the inventor of the carpets bearing the name of that town ; he died in 1833, aged 73. The partner named Pew was probably a relative of Dr. Richard Pew (if not the doctor himself), who was then living in Sherborne, and who was the author of sundry pamphlets on medical topics. NINETEENTH CENTURY TOKENS. These pieces were struck in silver only, as far as this county is concerned, and were confined to shillings and sixpences, with the single exception to be presently mentioned. The condition of the national silver currency at the beginning of that century was admittedly a scandal, and was constantly referred to in Parliament ; such English coins as were in circula- tion being so worn by use as to be generally illegible. This lack of necessary change moved the Bank of England to issue within a space of about twelve months nearly two millions sterling in silver tokens, made from Spanish dollars, which were in effect sanctioned by the Privy Council. From Bank of England tokens to private tokens was a very short step, and one that traders speedily took. In all parts of the country individuals and associations put forth the silver pieces that were needed for carrying out the minor transactions of everyday life, and very creditable productions many of them were. These tokens, however, had but a brief life of some three years. The great majority appeared in 181 1, and a smaller number in 18 12; in July of the latter year Parliament enacted that no gold or silver tokens, other than those issued by the Bank of England, should be circulated after 25th March, 1813. ]\Iuch alarm was caused by this prohibition, and the Government, owing to their continued failure to supply legal currency, were under the humiliating necessity of extending on two separate occasions the time limit originally fixed for the suppression of the local issues. ri.ATK 1. DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 85 Those tokens that relate to Dorset are as follows : — Blandford. 10. obv : "Payable by H. Ward, Blandford." Within a garter, three lions passant guardant. rev: "One shilling token. For public accommodation, 1811." 11. obv: "Blandford, 181 1." Within a shield. Arms similar to No. 10, but with a label of three points, in chief. rev: "One shilling token. H. Ward. For public accommodation." (Plate I.) The Arms shown on Nos. 10 and 11 are derived from those of the Duchy of Lancaster which at one time owned the Manor, but no grant was made to the borough by the College of Arms. Henry Ward was a well-known clock maker 1775 to 1820, The Society of Arts awarded to him in 18 14 a silver medal and a money prize for equation mechanism for clocks, to indicate the difference between true and mean solar time. (cf. Britten's " Old Clocks and Watches.") Dorchester. 12. ohv : A robed and mitred figure of S. Dunstan with pastoral staff in the right hand. In the left are tongs which hold the devil, who is seen over the Bishop's shoulder. Above, " Know thyself." Below, branches of olive. L D. near left foot. rev : " Cox Merle & Pattison. Dorchester Bank one shilling token Pure silver." In six lines, surrounded by scrolls. (Plate I.) Robert Albion Cox, William Merle, and Robert Pattison issued about 1811 this fine example of the die engraver's art. The two first named had established before 1790 a banking house in Cox's Court, Little Britain, where the family of Cox * had carried on the business of gold refining as early as 1760. * They were of Dorset extraction, being connected with Piddletreiithide, Gillingham, and Fifehead Magdalen. 86 DORSET TOKENS AXD MEDALS. R. Pattison, who was the only banker in Dorchester in 1790, afterwards joined hands with the London finn, and their lineal representative to-day is the Wilts and Dorset Bank. ]\Ir. Pattison died at Stratton in 1845, aged 83. The central device on the obverse of this token was doubtless borrowed from the Goldsmiths, of which Company S. Dunstan was the Patron Saint. In 1 8 1 1 W. ]\Ierle was Prime Warden of the Goldsmiths, and had been chosen in the preceding year to give evidence before a Parliamentary Committee on matters concerning his calling. In 1 8 18 R. A. Cox was Prime Warden of the same Compan}-, having previously filled the office of Sheriff of the City in 1801. The fable of Dunstan has been illustrated on only one other coin, viz., a farthing issued about 1660 at the "Devil and Dunstan " (a famous tavern near Temple Bar), a specimen of which accompanies the Dorchester shilling. The words "Know thyself" are possibly of INIasonic signifi- cance, as their Greek equivalents appear on the medal of a French Lodge. Poole. 13. olv. "One shilling silver token. Poole." Commerce, with attributes, seated on a bale ; a ship under sail ; K-S. on the ground near a discarded sword. rev: "One Pound note for 20 tokens. 18 12." Within a garter, " Payable by W. B. Best." 14. ohv: Similar to No. 13, but smaller. "Sixpence." rev: Similar, but "40 tokens." (Plate I., obv. only). By Kempson & Son. William Brewer Best was a linen draper in High Street. The Gentleman's iNIagazine records his death at Poole on INIay 5th, 1836. 15. ohv. "Town and county of Poole token 181 1." Anns of the borough on a carved shield within olive branches. DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 87 rev : "James Ferris. Silversmith. Poole, value one shilling." Olive branches as ornaments. (Plate I.) 16. ob?' : As No. 15. rev : Similar to No. 15, but "Poole " is straight, instead of curved, and there are other minor differences. Two varieties of No. 16 differ in the details of the branches and berries. James Ferris lived on the Quay. A trader of the same name appears in the directory of 1790. The field of the Town Arms on Nos. 15 and 16, viz., Barry of six sable and vert, differs from the field shown on No, 5, which is Gules, three bars wavy, or ; the latter rendering appears to be the correct one. Shaftesbury. 17. oh: " Shaftesbury bank. Licensed 14 March 181 1." Arms of the borough on a carved shield between branches of olive. rev : " Dorsetshire Wiltshire and Shaftesbury Bank Token value {m script) one shilling." A Staffordshire knot. There is a variety of this shilling differing in minor details. 18. ohv : and rev : Similar to No, 17, but struck in copper as a proof or trial piece. The knot on the reverse is omitted. 19. obv: similar to No. 17. rev : " Dorsetshire Wiltshire and Shaftesbury Bank Token value one shilling." "For the accommodation of the public." (Plate I.) 20. oh' : " Dorsetshire Wiltshire and Shaftesbury Bank Token." Arms on shield as before, but without the branches, rev : " One shilling at Shaftesbury or S. Lloyds Bucklersbury London." " For the accommodation of the public, 1811," (Plate L, rev, only,) S. Lloyd of 6 Barge yard, Bucklersbur)-, was an iron merchant who also carried on a clearing house for the exchange of tokens. 88 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 21. ohv : "Shaftesbury Bank, licensed 14 March 181 1," Arms as before, but without the branches. rev : " Dorsetshire Wiltshire and Shaftesbury Bank Token value {m scrip f) sixpence." A variety of this sixpence differs only in the size of " 14" on the obverse. 22. obv : Similar to No. 21, adding "For the accommodation of the public " round the shield. rev : Similar to No. 21, but "value" in Roman letters, and "Wiltshire " is curved instead of straight. The issuers of the foregoing six tokens have not hitherto been identified, but I think it is quite clear that Bowles Ogden and Wyndham, who circulated in 18 10 the one pound note now ex- hibited, were also responsible for the silver pieces. A banking house in Shaftesbury was founded by Edmund Ogden before 1790, and afterwards the firm extended the business to Salisbury. In 1 8 10- 1 1 the partners were William Bowles, Thomas Ogden, George Wyndham, and James Barrow ; subsequently the Bank passed into the hands of William Storey, who continued it for some years. He was mayor of the borough tn 1820, and pay- master of the Dorset Yeomanry in 1831. 23. ohv: "Shaftesbury Bank Token. Henderson and Co." Arms of the borough on a carved shield. (Plate I., obv. only.) rev: " XU." in Roman figures within a circular wreath of olive. 24. ohv: " Henderson & Co. — Shaston Bank Token." rev : " 3 " within a circular wreath of olive. (Plate I.) This threepence was the only silver token issued in England for so small a sum. Very few could have been struck, as it is now of the greatest rarity. Enquiries at Shaftesbury in several directions have failed to elicit any information as to Henderson & Co. The name, how- ever, appears at Poole in 1823 in the person of the stamp distributor, an office formerly associated with banking at Shaston. Apparently the firm existed for a short period only. The Arms Plate II. 5/6THS OF Actual Size. DORSET TOKENS AnD MEDALS, 89 shewn on Nos, 17 to 23 are those engraved upon a Corporation seal dated 1570, so that Shaftesbury may claim a title to them by use for more than three centuries, although no grant or confirma- tion is recorded at Herald's College. MEDALS COMMEMORATING PERSONS AND EVENTS CONNECTED WITH DORSET AND ITS HISTORY. John Evelyn, who wrote " Numismata : A Discourse of Medals" in 1697, engraves in his pages, and comments upon with approval, four of the examples to be mentioned in these notes, viz., those of Strangways, Shaftesbury, and Monmouth's Rebellion. His testimony as a contemporary critic and man of taste is useful as showing the estimation in which these medals were held at a time when they had just left the presses, and their reputation is not less to-day. Evelyn suggests some names of distinguished men who were " worthy the honour of medals," and among them are Sydenham and Boyle. The author's desire was fulfilled many years after his death by the issue of medals in memory of these two worthies, but their posthumous honours were not in either case, alas ! conferred upon them by their own countrymen. 25. obv : Portrait to the right, in Roman dress, " .^gidius Strangways de Melbury in com : Dorcestr : armiger." (Ian. R.F.) (Plate II., obv. only.) rev : The White Tower of London ; above, the sun. *' Decusque adversa dederunt." In ex : " Incar- ceratus Sept. 1645. Liberatus, Apr. 1648." In silver ; a few in gold ; size, 2*4in. Engraved by John Roettier, a native of Antwerp, who was employed at our Mint. Colonel Sir Giles Strangways was born in 161 5, and was buried at jNIelbur)- in 1675. This medal, struck after the Restoration, refers to the imprisonment he underwent for his devotion to Charles I. He was M P. for Bridport until deprived of his seat by Parliament, and was afterwards Knight of the Shire under Charles II. 90 DORSET TOKENS AN^D MEDALS. 26. obv: Portrait to the right. "Antonio Comiti de Shaftes- bury." (G B. F). (Plate II., obv. only.) rev : View of London and the Tower from South wark. Above, the sun. " Laetamur. 24 Nov 1681." Silver; size, i.6in. By Geo Bower, an engraver at the Mint. Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury, was born 1 62 1. He held several offices of State, and was appointed Lord Chancellor in 1672, The medal celebrates his acquittal on a charge of treason in advocating INIonmouth's claims to succeed the then reigning monarch, Charles II. Dryden satirized this memento in some well-known verses. 27. obv: Profile portrait to the left. "Thomas Sydenham." (Moltedo. F.) (Plate II., obv. only.) rev : " Natus Westimenstri. in Anglia. An. MDCXXIV. Obiit An. MDCLXXXIX." (MDCCCXXVI Durand. edidit.) Copper; size, i'7in. Issued in Paris among an international series. The statement that Sydenham was born at Westminster is incorrect, and may be due to the fact that the medal was engraved in France nearly 140 years after the great physician's death. He was born at Wynford Eagle, the home of his forefathers, in the year mentioned, and in his early life served with distinction in the Parliamentary army. Afterwards he studied medicine at Oxford, was married at his birthplace in 1655, and then settled down to practise in Pall Mall. A memorial tablet in S. James' Parish Church describes him as "Medicus in omne aevum nobilis," a fitting tribute by the College of Physicians. 28. obv: Portrait to the right. " Robertus Boylseus. 1690." rev : An incuse inscription. " Ingens Angliae Decor," &c. Bronze ; size, 2'4in. A medallion cast from an ivory carving, 1729. Robert Boyle, philosopher and man of science, was a son of Richard, Earl of Cork, and was born in 1627. He owned and lived at the IManor of Stalbridge, his house there being assessed t)ORSET TOKENS AXD MEDALS. 9t in 1664 for thirty hearths, ahiiost a palace in those days. After a life devoted to physical science and theology he died in 1691, having by Will provided for the establishment of a free school at Yetminster, where a portrait of the founder was, and perhaps still is, to be seen in the school-house. 29. ohv: Portrait to the right "Jacobus Dux Monumet : fid: et libert : defensor." (Plate III., obv. only.) rev : A Roman soldier trying to open a lion's jaws. " Parum successit, Feci sedulo. IMDCLXXXV." Silver and pewter : size, i-9in. By J. Smeltzing of Leyden. 30. ohv : Bust of James 11. upon an altar on which four sceptres lie. In front, the Royal Arms crowned. "Aras et sceptra tuemur. 1685." Around are the king's titles. In the distance are ships and Neptune. (R. A. Fee.) 7-cv : Justice, on a pedestal inscribed "Ambitio malesuada ruit," weighs three crowns against the emblems of rebellion. At her feet, the headless bodies of Monmouth and Argyle. "Jacobus de Mont- mout " etc. upon two blocks. Troops fleeing from Sedgmoor. Two heads on pikes above a fortress. (Plate II.) Silver : size, 2-4in. By R. Arondeaux, a talented French artist. Nos. 29 and 30 illustrate the closing of one of the saddest chapters of Dorset history. The former medal was obviously struck by those who sympathised with Monmouth, the latter by the supporters of the status quo. There are four other medals referring to the events of 1685 which are set out in Messrs. Franks and Grueber's " Medallic Illustrations," to whose work I am indebted for some particulars. 31. ohv: Portrait, three quarters face. " Johan. Churc. Dux Marlb." (J. D) rev : Victory standing amidst arms and flags. " Ubi aderat ibi Victoria." In ex: " ob. 27. Jun. 1722. nat. ann. 74." 92 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. Silver and copper ; size, r65in. By John Dassier, a Swiss. ■ Marlborough's age is inaccurately stated, He was born in his mother's home at Ashe in 1650, and therefore died in his 72nd year. John Churchill, the first Duke, was the second son of Sir Winston Churchill, whose family were seated at Wootton Glanville and Great Minterne. 32. ohv: Profile portrait in robes, to the right. " Guilielmus Wake Arch. Cant." (Plate II., obv. only.) r^jy; Dedicatory inscription by J. Dassier. " Illustrium virorum, etc." silver and copper. Size i-yin. William Wake, born at Blandford in 1657, was the son of William Wake, of Shapwick, and the grandson of a Rector of Holy Trinity, Wareham. The future Archbishop was educated in his native town, and subsequently at Christchurch, Oxford. In 1690 he preached a sermon at St. jMary le Bow to his fellow countrymen of Dorset who were then living in London. In 1705 Wake became Bishop of Lincoln, and was translated to Canterbury in 171 5. He died at Lambeth in 1727. 33. obv: Portrait of Coram, three quarters face to left. "In. memory, of. the. foundling's, friend. 1805." (J. Porter) r ;" Foundling hospital instituted 17th October 1739, Thomas Coram founder," in five lines. Above, three serpents interlaced. ("Plate III.) Silver and copper, the latter sometimes gilt ; size, i*5in. Captain Coram, of Lyme Regis, sailor and philanthropist, was born there in 1668. An interesting paper on his life and work by Mr. Morton Stuart is printed in Proceedings, Yo\. XIII. , p. 144; the writer does not, however, mention this medal, which was engraved from the portrait by Hogarth, referred to on p. 148. Coram died in 1751, and was buried in the chapel of the hospital he loved so well. 34. obv : Portrait of Sacheverell, three quarters to the right. " H : Sach. D : D." rev : A mitre. " Is : firm : to : thee : " (Plate III., obv. only.) Plate 111. DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 93 Silver; size, 1*35111. Cast in 17 10. This divine was a member of the Dorset family of Cheverel, or Sachevercl, of Chantmarle and East Stoke, of which latter place John Sachevcrell was rector in 161 5. Dr. Henry Sacheverell was impeached in 1710 for delivering two sermons (one at Derby, the other at S. Paul's) which aroused the hostility of the Commons. Suspension from preaching for three years followed this prosecution, to which we owe the medal. Sacheverell is here represented as the friend of the English episcopacy; another medal, with the same obverse, substitutes the head of Innocent XI. for the mitre on the reverse. 35. obv\ Profile portrait to the left. "John Wesley, M.A., born 1703, died 1791." "The world is my parish." r(v : Portrait, three quarters to the left. " Charles Wesley, M.A. born 1708, died 1788." " Centenary of Wesleyan JNIethodism 1839." (Plate III., rev. only.) Silver : size, i-sin. The two brothers who founded the religious movement that bears their name, were closely connected with this county by family ties. Their father was born at Winterborne Whitchurch and educated at Dorchester Grammar School, while the registers of Lyme Regis and Charmouth contains many references to their kinsfolk. Cf. an article by Canon Mayo in S. and D. N. andQ. Vol. X., p. 271. 36. o6v : Portrait in naval uniform. "A. A. Hood Lord Bridport Admiral of the White " (P.K.) (Plate II., obv. only.) rev : Victory holding a naval crown and French flags. Ships of war in the background. In three semi-circles, " Off Port L'Orient," etc. In ex : " 23 June 1795." Copper, size rg in. By P. Kempson and J. G. Hancock. The double " A " in the obverse legend appears to be an error. Alexander, first Viscount Bridport, was born in 1726 of a clerical and yeoman family in the Western part of the county. In 1 664 94 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. Alexander Hood, of Little Winsor tithing, was taxed there for two hearths, and from him are descended the admirals and sea captains of that name, whose deeds are written on the pages of our naval historj-. There are also two small copper medals of Lord Bridport and his brother Admiral Lord Hood, which bear their respective portraits on the obverses, with a crown or anchor on the reverses, and the inscription " Promissory- naval farthing." 3y. obv : Portrait to the left, in wig and robes. "John Earl of Eldon Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain 1827." rev: Inscription in twelve lines; "Born 4 Jmie 175 1," etc. Silver and copper, size 1.9 in. By Carl F. Voight. (Plate IL, obv. only.) There is a variety of this medal, in silver, showing a wreath of oak on the reverse, without any inscription. John Scott, first Earl of Eldon, took his second title from his Dorset home at Encombe in the Isle of Purbeck, which he had acquired in the early years of the last century, and where he spent the autumn of his life. 38. ohv : Portrait, three quarters face. " R. B. Sheridan Esq. rev : " Resistless wit," &c., in six lines, within branches of palm and olive. In tin, by W. Lutwyche ; size, i"35in. (Plate III., obv. only.) R. B. Sheridan, statesman, orator, and dramatist, was the grandfather of the 'Squire of Frampton, who bore the same names ; the latter was High Sheriff in 1838 and M.P. successively for Shaftesbury and Dorchester. 39. obv : " Swanage Friendly Society 1785 " in four lines. rev : " Value two pence " in three lines. In copper; size, i*25in. This society, fovmded 30th December, 1785, must have been one of the earliest organisations in the county for the encourage- ment of thrift and mutual help. Lewis Cockram was the first treasurer, with Geo. Bonfield and Jos. Gover as stewards. In 1794 their rules were exhibited at Bridport Quarter Sessions in accordance with the Act passed in the previous year. DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 95 40. obv : Profile portrait to the right. " Georgius 111 Dei Gratia." (C.I) rev. : *' Visited Weymouth June. 30 : 1789 " in four lines. In copper ; size, '75. Probably by Chas. James, This little medal commemorates the first of those visits by Geo. III. that laid the foundation of the town's success as a watering-place. 41. odv : " Cerne Society. 1805." Countermarked with a horse's head. rev : The same. Countermarked " R.B " and " 83." In copper; size, rioin. (Plate III., rev. only, before counter- marking.) This Society was established on 6th June, 1785, at the Nag's Head Inn, Cerne Abbas, the initials being those of Richard Barnwell. The first President was John Cockeram, and the members Avere limited to 401. In 1819, when their rules were taken to Quarter Sessions, Sir John W. Smith and R. A, Cox were acting as treasurers. There is another copper medal or token issued by the " Cerne Union Friendly Society" in 18 17. 42. obv : Profile portrait to the right. " Pitt Rivers." ("David, 1834.") Bronze: cast; size, 6'3in. This medallion, the work of the celebrated French sculptor P. J. David, represents George, fourth Baron Rivers, who commanded the Dorset Yeomanry from 1856, until his death ten years later. I might here mention, in passing, the medal struck by the late General Pitt Rivers, and placed in the chief excavations made by him after 1880. The design is by Sir John Evans. 43. obv: Profile portrait of Q. Victoria, to the left, "Born ]May 24th, 1 819. Ascended the throne 20th June, 1837." rev: "Jubilee of her Majesty's reign 1887." "Borough of Dorchester, A. Pope, mayor," "In cordibus populi imperium." The Arms of the Town upon a mounted and draped shield, In silver and copper: size, i-4in. By J. Pinches. 96 DORSET TOKENS AND MEDALS. 44. ohv : Portraits of the King and Queen, to the right. "Edward VII. Alexandra. Crowned 1902. June 26." 7'ev : " Borough of Bridport." The Arms of the Town upon a square-topped shield. (Piate III., rev. only.) Copper; size, i*25in. Before bringing these notes to a close, I would add a reference to some colonial brass coins that are associated with the name and memory of Sir George Somers, of Lyme Regis. In 1609, Somers landed on those islands in the West Indies, that after- wards bore his name, and where he established a settlement or colony. (Now the Bermudas.) About 161 5, the Virginia Company, who were colonizing the islands under a charter from James I., issued the two coins now described : 45. obv : "Sommer Islands." A wild boar beneath the numerals "XII," rev : A ship under sail ; St. George's cross at each mast head. Brass ; to pass for a shilling. 46. The sixpence is similar but smaller, and reads "VI." There are also two little pieces for 3d. and 2d. without any inscription on the obverse ; the smaller denominations are so rare as to be practically unobtainable. -^^ DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. The accompanying page of photographs illustrates some of these small "hand- maids of history," which have been chosen to represent as far as possible all parts of the county. The numbers within brackets are those of Boyne's work referred to in the previous pages. 1. Samuell Miller in Abbots Burey. (B. 2) Although the surname of Miller occurs in the parish about 1650-70, I have ])een unable to identify Samuel the issuer. 2. Lancelot Cox of Beaminster, 1667. (B. 5) He was taxed for 2 hearths in 1664. 3. Daniel Shepheard in Blandford. (B. 24) See note under No. 24 ante 4. Ben : Devenish of Bridport. (B. 40) His name cannot be found in the register, but Thomas Devenish was a householder in 1642, 5. Alice Jones at Broadwinsor. 1667. (B. 44) In 1664 she was taxed for 7 hearths. 6. Henry Castell in Cranborne. 1666. See previous note under this town. 7. John Roy in Dorchester. 1660. (B. 76) As a resident of Fordiugton he was taxed in 1664 for 4 hearths, his house being then " voyd." See also tS. and B. N. and Q., Vol. III., p. 271. In l')88 John Roy married Margaret Stallington in Fordington church. 8. R. B. in Maide Newton (B. 100) See note under No. 100 ante. 9. Elizabeth Milledge in Poole. 1668. (B. 116a) See note under No. 116 ante. 10. Greorge OUive in Poole. 166.5. (B. 120) In a subsidy roll of 1661 Geo OUive, or occupier, is taxed 3s. 5d. for a tenement in Church Street valued at £3. 11. Edward Burd of Shaston. (B. 136a) See note under No. 136 ante 12. John Bushrod of Sherburne. 1668. (B. 158) 13. Gustavus Home in Sherborne. 1667. (B. 162) In 1697 administration was granted in P. CO. to Richard Wright, the guardian of Gustavus, son of Gustavus Home, deceased. 14. Theophilus Collins of Stalbridge. 1669. See previous note under this town. 15. Henry Harbin in Warhani. 1657. (B. 192) In 1664 " Mr. Henry Harbyn " was taxed for 7 hearths, and was apparently a defendant in an Exchequer suit dated 1653 concerning the tithes of the adjoining parish of East Stoke. 16. Francis Reed in Waymouth. (B. 202) See note under No. 202 ante 17. Thomas Flory in Winburne. 1670. (B. 222) IS. Mil : Webster in Wooll. (B. 224) This trader is not mentioned in the register of Wool, or in any of the more accessible records. The surname of Webster, however, occurs frequently in the neighbourhood of Poole during the period 1650 to 1700, and as there is no other parish of Wool, or any bearing a similar name, we may, I think, safely regard this as a Dorset token. SEM^XTEEXTH CENTURY TOKENS. J\66xfioiio to anb 3\ttieiT6ments of t^e porsef gtcctxoix of pr. "ptCCiamson'j @6tftoit (1889) of "p. ^oyytxc'xi " 'gra6e 'gfoRei'rs is^ue6 in {Be ^evcxxteent^ §eninvpJ' By HENRY SYMONDS. JTIWENTY years have passed since our meniber, Mr. J. S. Udal, contributed the chapter relating to Dorset in the above-named work, during which period some new Tokens have come to light and many varieties of those already known have been noted. During recent years a largely increased interest has been shewn, both locally and in other counties, in this branch of archseology, with the result that many more specimens have been available for examination or comparison, and that Boyne's list has been extended in some directions and curtailed in others, as will be seen in the follow- ing notes based upon examples in the cabinet of the writer. Some biographical details have been inserted where such are wanting in the original pages. 98 DORSET TRADE TOKENS. -My acknowledgments are due to the clergy of many parishes who have so kindly furnished me Avith information from their registers as to the issuers, or " tokeners," Avho lived in the Commonwealth and Restoration periods. The marginal numbers are those of the 1889 edition of Boyne's work, Vol. I., pp. 163 to 199. The abbreviation 0. is for " obverse " and R. for " reverse," while the sign " = " implies that what follows is shewn in the field or central portion of the token. Beaminster. 3. 0. Henr}' Brayne = The Mercers' Arms. R. Of Bemester. 1657. = H.B Henr}' Braine of Beaminster was assessed for 2 hearths in a hearth tax return for 1664, now among the Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodleian library. This return is very full, and covers the whole county with the exception of Poole. Blandford. 10. 0. Thomas Bridle = The INIercers' Arms. T) R. In Blandford. 1659. rp , j- The town name should read '' Blanford." In 1664, 3 hearths. 11. O. Richard Eabris ^ A crown. -^ g R. In Blanford. 1666. His half peny. The surname should read " Embris." In 1664, 2 hearths. Administration was granted in the Archdeaconry Court at Blandford 1692 and 1706; the later grant referring, perhaps, to a son of the issuer who bore the same name. 12. O. Henr}' Forrest = St. George and the dragon. R. In Blandford. 1663. = H.F. DORSET TRADE TOKENS. 99 I2A. A variety is struck in brass upon a largc-r blank. In 1 664, 1 2 hearths. Perhaps this was the chief Inn. 13. O. John Gould at the = A crown. R. Crowne in Blandford = I.G. The town name should read " Blandfor""." 14. O. Thomas Gould - A lion rampant. R. In Blandford. 1664 = T.R.G. conjoined. 14A. A variety in brass from a different obverse die, in which the letters are smaller and the lion is larger. Administration was granted in the Archdeaconry Court at Blandford 1674. 24. O. Daniel Shepheard - The Haberdashers' Arms. 3 R. In Blandford = r) T\r 24A. A variety from another reverse die in which the inner circle is smaller and the legend differently spaced. (Plate 3.) 29. O. Will Wolfereyes. =■ The Grocers' Arms. R. In Blandford = W.W. 29A. A variety in which the surname reads " Wolferyes," and the reverse legend ends with two stars instead of one. In 1664, 2 hearths, Bridport. 30. O. Rich"* Bagg. merce' = R. B. between two stars of five points. R. Of Bridport. 1657 = A stocking between two stars of five points. 30A. A variety in which the letters of the obverse legend are larger and the stars, or mullets, differ. In 1664, 2 hearths. The original register book of the Bridport INIeeting of the Society of Friends, now deposited at Somerset House, contains the following entry: "Richard Bagg dyed the 2. 10, 1676 and was buried in the burying place of Friends, the 5th of the same lOO DORSET TRADE TOKENS. month." This register also mentions (i), Thomas, a son of the above named Richard Bagg, whose Bridport token is No. 32, and (2) Daniel Taylor of the same town, a son-in-law of Richard Bagg, whose token is No. 43. 33. O. Rob : Bishopp ^ The Apothecaries' Arms. R. of Bridport = R.B. 33A. A variety of the reverse die. showing the legend differently spaced, and cinquefoils in the place of dots ; the ornaments in the field are also varied. In 1664, 3 hearths. 39. O. Thomas Dassell = A bull passant. R. of Bridport, 1669 = T.D. The town name should read " Bridporte." In 1664, 13 hearths. Dassell is described in another con- temporary document as " innholder." CoRFE Castle. 50. O. Richard Painter = A man holding a wool comb. R. Of Crofe Castle. 1666 ■= -j^^g In 1664, 6 hearths. On 31 Dec 1698 the Prerogative Court of Canterbury granted administration of his estate : Susan his widow is mentioned. Cranborne. 51. O. Robert Alner in = The Drapers' Arms. 7?. Cranborne. 1669 = R.A. two cloves. 5 1 A. A variety of the obverse in which the shield is larger and the spacing of the legend differs. O. Henry Castell = A castle of one tower. R. In Cranborne. 1666 = H.C between two mullets. This token was unknown to the Editor of Boytie in 1889, but is described in Somerset and Dorset Notes ami Queries Vol. III., p. 154. (Plate 6.) bORSfeT TRADE TOKENS. lol Dorchester. 53-7. The meaning of the initials H.D upon the Dor- chester town farthings was unexplained until the Rev. J. H. Ward, writing in S. &> D. N & Q. Vol. III., p. 104, suggested that " Hospital of Dorchester" was the true interpretation. This solution seems satisfactory. "Thomas Clench at ye hospital " was taxed for 5 hearths in 1663. 60. 0. Thomas Applegat at y^ = A crown. 7?. Crown in Dorchester. 69 = His halfe peny. rp -p This token should, I think, be transferred to Dorchester in Oxfordshire. It was first assigned to the county town of Dorset in the second edition oi Hutchins (1796), but there is apparently no affirmative evidence in favour of our historian's attribution. On the other hand, the name Applegate, with variants, occurs in the parish register of Dorchester, Oxon., from 1650 to 1700, and the Crown Inn still survives there. A search among Oxfordshire wills confirms the register, and a tax roll of that county for 17 Charles II. yields the name of " Thomas Applegath " as an inhabitant of the village on the Thame. 61. O. William Brock =^ The Grocers' Arms. R. Of Dorchester = W.B. This item must also be surrendered to the Oxfordshire parish, Hutchins was the first to annex it in 1796, but the register of Dorchester, Oxon., proves that Brock was a name well known there before 1700. The subsidy rolls point to the ^ame con- clusion, which is further supported by a grant of administration of the estate of Wm. Brock, mercer, in 1686 by the Peculiar Court of Dorchester, Oxon., to Ann his widow. 64. O. Richard Cheney = The Grocers' Arms. R. In Dorchester 1666 = R.C. 64A. A variety in which the letters of the legends, and the inner circles, are smaller. i02 DORSET TRADE TOKENS. " Mr. Richard Cheney" 2 hearths in 1664. He was Constable of St. Peter's parish in 1663. 66 &: 7. O. Dorchester. 1667 = Simon Eyre. R. Three quatrefoil leaves and a boot, filling the field. 67A. A variety shows an obverse from another die ; Dorchester. 1667 = S.E divided by an intertwined ornament ending in two cinquefoils. The register of Wool records that " Simon Eyre, of " Osmington, and Mary Woollfryes, of Winterburne Kyngston, "within the parish of Bere Regis, by vertue of a licence were " marr}-ed at Wooll, Feb. 13, Afio Dm, 1642." 68. O. Rich : Fellows in = three sugar loaves. R. Dorchester. 1666 ^ p c; Here again the author of our county history appears to have assumed in 1796 that the Dorchester mentioned on the token was in his county. The registers of the Oxfordshire parish, hoAvever, go to disprove this, and to show that the family of Fellowe, or Fellows, were resident there at the period in question, although Richard cannot be identified. A search among Oxon. wills establishes the fact that at least two Richard Fellowes Avere living not ver}' far from Dorchester about 1680. In the absence, therefore, of any evidence in favour of the allocation to the Dorset borough, I think that this token must join Nos. 60 and 61, and be restored with them to their true place of origin. 77. 0. lasper Samways . 1668 = The Grocers' Arms. R. In Dorchester . grocer = His half peny. I.S con- joined. 77A. A variety from another die reads "penny" on the reverse ; the letters on both sides are smaller. " Mr. Jasper Samwayes," 4 hearths in 1664. 81. O. Phillip Stansbie = The Salters' Arms. R. of Dorchester. 68 = P. S. conjoined. 8 1 A. A Aaricty from another reverse die shows a large cinquefoil on each side of the monogram. "Mr. Phillip Stansbie" 7 hearths in 1664. DORSET TRADE TOKENS. I03 EVERSHOT. 88. O. Jolin Ffishcr, 1658 = The Mercers' Arms. R. of Evershot. mercer = I.F. This member of an old Evershot family was assessed in respect of land there in 16 Charles I., and in 1664 his hearths were stated to be four in number. Fraimpton. 89. O. John Maynard, mercer = His halfe peny. R. of Frampton. 1667. = I.M. with a flower between the letters. I \'enture to think that the editor of Borne was wrong in assigning this token to Frampton in Dorset, where the surname is not to be found in any records whether parochial, testamentary, or exchequer. The register of Frampton on Severn, Gloucester, contains the baptism of a John INIaynard in 1634 and his burial in 1671 ; the same person was married in 1659, at the neigh- bouring church of Cam, to Anna Trotman, who was buried at Frampton on Severn a few months after her husband. I fear, therefore, that we must part company with John INIaynard as a Dorset tokener. Halstock. 90. O. William Clarke in =^ A packhorse saddled. R. Halstocke. Dorsetshir = , y ^ William Clark sen: was buried at Halstock 18 Sept 1700, and Grace Clark sen : on 13 Dec 171 5. A William Clarke was taxed for 3 hearths in 1664. Lyme Regis. 96. O. Amvell Hart = A heart. R. of Lyme. 1655 -^ A pot of lilies or roses. i04 DORSET TRADE TOKENS. 96A. A variety of the obverse die in which the heart is larger and the legend differently spaced ; a mullet takes the place of a cinquefoil. It would appear that the tokens of Amiel Hart (N"' 96-7-8) were not issued by the same person but by father and son. Amiel the elder was responsible for those dated 1655; he was buried at Lyme on 3 Oct.,, 1667, and his will is registered in P.C.C. 19 Hene. Amiel, the younger, issued those of 1668, and his will may be found in P.C.C. 33 Bok. In 1664 the father was taxed for 6, the son for 4 hearths. Maiden Newton. 100. O. Draper in = R.B. R. Maide Newton = R.B. looA. A variety of the reverse die in which the legend reads " Newtoon " only, with other minor differ- ences. The identity of R.B. is somewhat a matter of doubt. The only individual who corresponds satisfactorily with these initials is one Richard Bishop, who was a substantial householder at Maiden Newton during the currency of the tokens, and who was buried there in 1680. If he could be shown to have been a " draper " the probability might become a certainty. (Plate 8.) Melcombe Regis. 1 01. O. Thomas Hide in = A ship. R. Mely. Regis. Waymouth = T.H. This should read " Waymouth. Mely Regis" on the reverse. lOiA. A variety differs in the details of the ship and in the size of the letters of the obverse legend. I S 104. O. John. Swctnam. of ^ ^ I S R. Mclconb. draper = \ DORSET TRADE TOKENS. io5 104A. A variety reads as follows, the token being of poor workmanship. O. John Swetnam = j a R. of jNIelton. draper =j . IMiLTON Abbey. 106. O. George Cleeve in = The Drapers' Arms. R. INIillton Abby. 1669 ^ G.C. George Cleeves contributed 2d. to a church rate for Milton Abbey parish in 1670. He was apparently a stranger by birth, but was elected as churchwarden in 1679. His name occurs several times in the parish accounts, and the register records his burial on 19th June 1712, 107. O. Zanchy Harvyn of = The Grocers' Arms. R. Abby Milton. 1651 == Z.H. Harvyn, or Harbin, is an old Milton name. In 1637 "Sonkey Harbyn " paid 4s. 6d. towards the reparation of the Abbey, of which church he became warden in 1653-5. He was buried at Milton on 16 June, 1664. Poole. 116. O. Elizabeth Milledge = A hart passant. 7?. In Poole. 1666. = E.M. 1 1 6a. a variety is dated 1668 and differs in minor details of the reverse. The metal is brass, whereas No. 116 is copper. (Plate. 9.) In a subsidy roll of 166 1-2, Mrs. IMelledge, widow, is taxed 13s. 6d. for the " Antholip Inne " and another tenement which were assessed at £\2, and 6s. 9d. for her wine licence valued at;^6. Therefore, for ' hart ' read ' antelope.' 122. O. Richard Olliver = The Grocers' Arms. R. of Poole. 1650. = R.O lo6 DORSET TRADE TOKENS. I22A. A variety is dated 1655, I22B. A second variety is dated 1656. It is at least doubtful whether No. 122, dated 1650, exists in fact. The description is apparently derived from Hutchins' plate of 1796, which needs verification in many instances, and, perhaps, in this one. 123* O, George Phillips = A dolphin. R, Of Pool .1653= ^p^ The first word of the reverse legend should be "in," not " of." In a subsidy roll of 1661-2 the "widow of Mr. Geo Phillips" was taxed 2S. 6d. for her new built tenement in ^Market Street, which was valued at £1. 5s. 8d. per annum. 128. O. Edward Tizard . 1671 = His \ Token. R. Chandler of Poole = A man making candles. The obverse should read "|d." 130. O. Edward Tizard = A man making candles. T R, In Poole . 1665 = ^ -p This occurs in brass as well as in copper, the latter being the type. Shaftesbury. 134. O. Thomas Bricksey his = A hat and feathers. "p R. Halfpenny of Shaston = -j- -p The variety No. 135, in the British INIuseum, said to read " Bricksie," is, in fact, identical with the type. 135 should therefore be omitted from the list. 136. 0. Edward Burd = A lion rampant. ■p R. Of Shaston = £ t\t 13 6a. a variety in which both obverse and reverse are from other dies, the details showing many variations from 136. (Plate II.) In 1664, 4 hearths. DORSET TRADE TOKENS. IO7 Administration of the estate of Edward Burd was granted in the Archdeaconry Court at Blandfordin 1679. It may be a mere coincidence that a token of Col)-ton issued in 1657 bears the name of Edward Burd, and that the initial of his wife's name was also M. 137. O. Joseph Byles = A variety of the Tallowchandlers' Arms. R. In Shaston = y q 137A. A variety showing a larger shield on the obverse, and a larger inner circle on the reverse. The arrange- ment of the legends and the stops also differs. In 1664, 2 hearths. 150. O. William IMathew = A sheep. R. In Shaston. 1667 = W.M. The animal on the observe is a horse with a pack or saddle, the initials on the reverse should be Ty ^.r In 1689 administration was granted in P.C.C. of the estate of William Mathews, of Shaftesbury, who had died in London. 1 54. O. Alexander Weekes at y^ = Rose and crown. R. In Shaston. his half penny = A.W 154A. A variety reads " hapenny " on the reverse. Possibly this is the correct reading of 154, as the editor of Boyne had not seen the token reported to him as reading " half penny." " IMr. Alexander Wykes " was taxed for 8 hearths in 1664. Sherborne. 180. O. John Whetcombe = The Arms of the Whetcombe family ; paly, three eagles displayed. R. In Sherburne, 1657 = I.W. 180A. A variety in which the shield is smaller and the obverse legend differently placed, the mullet being omitted. to8 DORSET TRADE TOKENS. In 1664, John Whetcombe, sen. and jun., were taxed for 9 and 6 hearths respectively. In 1 70 1, administration was granted in P.C.C to Sexia, the relict of John Whetcombe, deceased. 181. O. Isack Williams = A mortar and pestle. R. At Sherborne. 1664. = I.W. The town name should be " Sheerborne." 182. This token of 1658, by the last named issuer, reads " Sherborne " as printed, but is varied slightly from No. 181 in the details of the reverse. 183. This token of 1666, also by the issuer of No. 181, should be " Sheerborne," and differs from the two former specimens in the shape of the mortar and in the details of the reverse. Stalbridge. O. Theophilus Collins = Three cloves. r R. of Stalbridge. i669 = rp^j- This farthing token has not hitherto been recorded, save by the writer in 5. & D. N. &= Q., Vol. XL, p. 37. The register of Stalbridge throws no light upon the issuer, probably owing to the fact that it dates only from 1690. The transcripts at Salisbury have not yet been examined. A tablet in the nave of Stalbridge church, mentioned by Hutchins, records the death of Temperance Collins in 1666. (Plate 14.) Stowborough. 186. O. Nicholas Northover = N.N. R. In Stoborr}- = 1657. At Stowborough in 1664 he was taxed for 2 hearths. He is also mentioned in Harl. MSS 788. dorset trade tokens. i09 Sturminster Newton. 188. O. Robert Porter = The IMercers' Arms. p R. In Sturmister Newton = o -p The final N in the town name should be omitted. In a subsidy roll of 16 Charles I., Robert Porter was taxed 6s. on lands of the annual value of 40s. Weymouth. 202. O. Francis Reed = The Grocers' Arms. R. In \Vaymouth= F.R 202A. A variety of obverse and reverse in which the cloves upon the shield are eight instead of nine in number, and the letters of the legends are larger throughout. The ornaments and stops also differ. (Plate 16.) 207. O. Thomas Tunstall = A ship. R. of Waymouth = ^^ 208. This token by the last named issuer, in addition to reading "in Waymouth 1667," is further varied from N° 207 by the omission of the inner circle on the obverse, by a different rendering of the ship, and by other minor changes. Wimborne. O. Roberte Ekins of = Arms within a shield ; a bend fusilly between two daggers erect. R. Wimburne. 1670. = t> j and an interlaced flower. A variety omits the last E in the Christian name on the obverse, and the E at the end of the town name on the reverse. no DORSET TRADE TOKENS. 221. O. John Farre of = A glove. R. Winborne. glover = I.F. The town name should be " Wimborne." A curious little item of rough workmanship, struck in lead or pewter, reads as follows : P.W. 69. 2^ Dorset. The reverse is blank. See S. & D. JV. & Q. Vol. X., p. 31. Hilton Church. With Illustrations by the Author. By the Rev, E. H. H. LEE, M.A. [Read 20th February, 190S.) ^•es — 'HEN I have to inform you that the name of Hilton is derived from the Saxon " Hell," and that the larger of the two streams which rise in the parish is called " the Devil," it might perhaps be con- cluded that there is something foreboding about the neighbourhood. On the contrary the people are a quiet and homely folk, living in one of the most lovely spots in a beautiful county, which, fortunately, can still lay claim to be an old-world place. In the character of its inhabitants " Helton " has probably not changed much since the time when the parish was given by King Canute to Ore, his house earle, who, with Dame Thole, his wife, gave it to " ye Church of S. Peter at Abbotsbur)'." The parish stretches from Milton Park, close by the Abbey, over the ridge of hill, culminating in Bulbarrow, then drops down into Blackmore Vale, and reaches on its westward side as far as 112 HILTON CHURCH. the churchyard of Bingham's Melcombe, its object of chief antiquarian interest being the Celtic encampment known as Rawlsbury Rings. The parish consists of three villages, Higher and Lower Ansty and Hilton, at the latter of which is the church, an interesting and fine example of late Perpendicular architec- ture. There are traces, however, of earlier workmanship, namely, a Norman font bowl, an Early English arcade between the nave and the south aisle, and a window of the Decorated period in the south-western angle of this aisle, besides fragments of stones (placed beneath the tower) of Norman and Early English work- manship. Two of the window arches in the north aisle suggest Transition Norman work, and internally they bear traces of colouring. The Church of All Saints consists of a chancel, 24ft. by i6ft. ; a nave, 35ft. by 21ft.; north and south aisles, each 50ft. by loft. ; and a western tower, 12ft. by iift. ; there is also a small vestry, about 13ft. by 9ft. 6in., at the north side of the tower. A remarkable feature of the Church is its width, the nave and the aisles together measuring 41 feet across, whilst in length the nave is only 35 feet. The side aisles are divided from the nave by arcades, each consisting of three bays ; both sides, however, differ in detail, that on the south being undoubtedly of older date than the other. The aisles have a common feature which is very unusual, for on both sides they are continued beyond the extent of the nave, without an archway, and are connected with the choir of the chancel by arches similar in detail to those in the nave. The piers of the south arcade are very slight, owing to the wall on this side of the church being very thin, only measuring ift. 8in., in comparison with the 2ft. 2in. wall on the north side. The lean-to roofs of the aisles are of open timber work constructed of oak, and the ribs which support the panelling are very elaborately moulded ; the roof of the south aisle having this curious feature, that the ribs of each square run alternately north and south, and east and west. The east end of this aisle was perhaps formerly used as a chapel, and has a priest's door with :T MiilllMl§M 16TH Century Inscription on south Wall. HILTON CHURCH. II3 several interesting details, and near it on the ontside, and plinth high, is a large slab of stone supposed to have been used as a " Dole Table." Two leaden plates which were formerly on the roofs of the aisles are now affixed to the walls of the vestry. They bear the I W xAI A initials S F and I D. 1722 1741 The south porch, which projects into the Church in a very unusual manner, has a beautiful groined Perpendicular roof of Ham Hill stone, in the fan-tracery of which are the arms of the Abbeys of ]Milton and Abbotsbury. The present position of the porch may probably thus be accounted for : — The aisle at some time has been widened since the porch was built, for at the time of the restoration of the Church in 1892 a short length of the moulding of the parapet was discovered which had been left inside the walls of the aisle at the west side of the porch. This moulding in every w^ay corresponded with that on the outside, and had evidently at one time been outside the wall, and the point where the moulding stopped against the former wall could plainly be seen when the plaster was removed. The effect produced by this projection of the porch into the church is very peculiar. I think it not improbable that the widening of this aisle took place in the year 1569, as high up on the outside of the wall are three sets of initials — W F, H W, T I, to the latter two of which this date is attached. If this is so, it is an inter- esting fact, as verj' little church building was done during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Hutchins thinks the initials H. W are those of Henry Williams, who was lessee of the manor in the time of Elizabeth. From the peculiar position of the porch it has been suggested that at some time it may have been a chantry, but this is untenable from the fact that it has wide doorway openings, both of which evidently exist as originally built, except that the outside opening was not intended to have any door ; and the double-moulded jambs and arch show that the porch was originally an open one. A niche and the pedestal and part of 114 HILTON CHURCH. the base of the bowl of the holy water stoup still remain in the north-east angle of the porch. The niche in its exterior face is of the 14th century. The pier on the south side of the chancel arch contains the steps which formerly led to the rood loft. Before the restoration of the Church the original openings at the bottom and top of the staircase were walled up (this was probably done at the time of the Reformation), and two more doorway openings formed — one on the south side of the pier leading from the south transept and one on the west side, the sill of which is about 3ft. 6in. from the floor. This opening probably gave access to the pulpit. All four openings — three at the bottom and one at the top of the pier — are now left open to tell their own story. The tower is a remarkably fine one and is in three stages finished with battlements and pinnacles and turret staircase. It is connected with the nave by a very handsome arch. Mr. W. J. Fletcher writes, " The panelled jambs and soffit of this arch bear a strong resemblance to the work at Sherborne Abbey and are very suggestive of the same designing hand." The belfry contains four bells varying in ^^•cight from 6 to 14 CA\t. A\ith the following inscriptions : — 1. IRon nobis, Boiniitc, won nobis. 2. N.H: C.W: T.P. Anno Domini 1684. 3. R. ^ P. 1637. Anno Domini. 4. O singe prayse vnto God. 1626. I.D. R.T. On the north and south walls of the tower, where it is open to the interior of the Church, are twelve curious panel paintings of Apostles with their insignia, eight feet high, the names of each on a scroll over their heads. The oak on which they are painted has been smoothed with the adze, pointing to the fact that they were painted prior to the invention of the plane, so that their date would probably not be later than the early part of the fifteenth century. Hutchins says "that the painting is not ill done, and in tollerable preservation. " HILTON CHURCH. II5 The six on the north side (from left to right) are : — I. Scus Matheus. 4. Sciis Symon. 2. 3. Scus Philyp. Scus Thomas. 5- 6. Sciis Mathias. Scus Petrus. The I. 2. 3- six in the south side are :— Sciis Judas Tadeus. Sells Jacobs Minor. Scus Paulas. 4. 5- 6. Sciis Johanes Sciis Andreas. Sciis Jacobs. euagelist. Quoting again from Hutchins, ** S. Peter is fine, Sancta Maria (one of those which are missing) that is also fine. In the former there is much expression of countenance," but not more than is found in some of the others to which he has given no distinguishing epithet. The others, also wanting, are S. Martin, S. Benedict, S. Bartholemew, S. Nicholas, and S. Sampson. Hutchins gives as the possible reason for these being laid aside, that except S. Bartholomew they were not Apostles, and that S. Paul was given preference to him. A closer examination of the paintings I think suggests a different conclusion. The panel representing S. Peter is made up of two figures : the upper half belongs to the original S. Peter, but the loAver part to one of the missing six; besides several of the panels remaining have defective parts made up presumably from portions of the missing panels. From this, I believe, the conclusion may fairly be drawn that at some time or another the missing six were used to repair those that remain. These paintings originally belonged to IMilton Abbey; and were removed at first to the chancel of Hilton Church some time after the year 1774 — probably at Wyatt's restoration of the Abbey in 1789. On the west wall of the north aisle there is a piece of inserted Perpendicular stonework like a parapet of five intersecting diamonds moulded in quatrefoils, at the centres of which are these amis, according to Hutchins: — "(i) A cross engrailed between four lilies, Cenie Abbev ; (2) A cross tau, on which is (?) a bird-bolt; (3) A lion rampant in a bordure bezant^, Earl of Il6 HILTON CHURCH. ConnvaUr As to No. 2, 1 am inclined to think this is a s}-mbolic coat, with the tau and a nail with the sacred heart super-imposed. In the east wall of the north aisle a coat of arms is inserted (owner unidentified). In the vestry there is an oak chest (with three locks) with the inscription — " jM. H. Anno Domini 1638 " — the initials of Martin He wet, vicar, who died or resigned in 1639. There are also two old oak coffin stools. Externally the Church has several features worthy of note. Besides the " Dole Table " already mentioned there is a sun-dial with the date 1690 at the south-east corner of the south aisle. In the angle between the exterior of the tower and the south aisle is a curious broken piece of masonry, which is difficult to account for. On the north aisle are some remarkable gargoyles, one representing a man blowing the bagpipes, of which I am told there is only one other instance in England, I believe, at Hereford Cathedral. The central gargoyle on the east side of the tower represents the devil flying out of a child after baptism. There was formerly much stained glass in the Church \\-hich was "destroyed by some idle persons about 1730." A very beautiful east window has recently been placed in the Church through the generosity of two of the parishioners. The list of vicars dates back to Hugh or Walter de Pankeston, March 6th, 1 3 1 3, and the Living has always been in the gift of the Bishop of Salisbury. The registers commence in 1 604, and there are two interesting entries about the time of the Commonwealth. One " Will Snoke " was the intruder, and he seems to have had trouble with the parishioners, for we find during 1649 the following note : — »' At MY FIEST COMING TO THIS PLACK. About this time ther wer som maried, that livid in the parish, others buried, and especially more that had their children Baptised, partly out of contempt, or by reason of ignorance or willfulness against me Refusing to be Examined of the poorer sort. Wliereof som ar living others are dead, the which they should live they would be made uncapable of any earthly inheritance this I note for satisfaction of any that do. Will Snoke. And so I left it in the dark's liberty." 17th Century sun dial. HILTON CHURCH. I17 Then in 1660 the returning Vicar entered a memorandum as follows : — " Memoraiid : Yt in ye time of Civill warre in England when King Charles ye first was miu-thered by his subjects I John Antram Vicar of Helton was by ye power of ye sword then prvaileiug violently kept out of my forcsd livinge from the yeare 1G4G in Jauuarie of tht yeare untill ye cominge in of Charles ye Second or gracious sovereine wch was in ye yeare IGGO being the 12th yeare of his reigne rtly about ^Michaelmas of yt yeare I was by law restored for yt in ye rumpasse of the times this register has been kept very imperfect." On first reading this memorandum I thought John Antram must have put the date 1646 by mistake for 1649, but on examination of the registers for the year 1646 I found that on January 31st, 1646, they begin to be kept in a new handwriting, though not in that of Will Snoke. Thus a very interesting point arises, as it would appear that three years before the death of Charles I. this part of the country was so completely in the hands of the Parliamentary party that it could expel the rightful vicar and intrude its own minister. Lionel Gardner, who succeeded Will Snoke, was apparently desirous but with ill effect to impress his knowledge of Latin on any who might inspect the registers, as in 1659 this entry appears : — " Hugh Pysing, the son of Hugh Pysing and Avis his wife, Natus ffuit ye 2-1 th December ett Baptizatis fuit ye 25th." When the parents of a child objected to its being baptised, this is the way the entry was made : — " Margarett the Anabaptist daughter of Richard Chacutt, Jan. 28, 1702-3." And then in the entry of the burial of poor little John Chacutt, who was born February 28, 1704-5: — "John, the Anabaptist son of Richard Chacutt, was put into earth Aprill 6, 1705." There are in all old Registers some rather remarkable entries. Robert Parsons, the parish clerk, who kept the registers from 1765 to 1804, in one instance signs himself as 'Rober' Parsons. Here are a few other instances of mis-spelling. For Amelia, we have INIcliar, INIclyar, IMelyear, Meliah ; Penelopcr (Penelope) ; Il8 HILTON CHURCH. Persilla (Priscilla) ; Miria, Meoria (jMaria) ; Haiot (Harriet) ; Keria of Daile ; Lettechea. Among curious names in 1624, a boy was christened ' Bruen ' ; and an unfortunate girl had to bear through life the title of Agnes Darkey Blagrave. In the time of my predecessor a man described himself as ' a proprietor of donkies ' ; and I should imagine that ' deceased ' is a record for the description of the rank or profession of a bridegroom. I need only add, as one who had nothing to do with it, that it is a matter of much thankfulness that such a beautiful Church was restored by such capable hands. It was a real restoration and not a mutilation. "giBc pt^triBuftott of c^ivixxc^ 'g^fanfs in 'fetation to t^e piffercitt ^eorocjtcaC giormatiotts in porsef/' {Being the Ilia nscI-Phy dell Prize Essay for IQO'/.) By Miss L. TOWERS. jpHE subject before us must appeal to any lover of Dorset since it calls for the expression of that deep interest which Nature awakens in the mind, when she displa3'S the wonders of her vegetable and mineral kingdom so profusely as they are to be found in this favoured county. When one gazes on the wooded heights in the full glory of sunlight, or, in the gloaming, feels the mystery' of her winding vales, who can but realise that Nature has many secrets to disclose to those who will woo her with earnestness and humility ? In searching for reasons for the great profusion and variety of plant-life in the countv, our attention is drawn to the * The writer wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to Mr. Mansel-Pleydell's invaluable work on The Flora of Dorset, which contains two maps, one of the geology of the county and the other of the divisions of the county for the pui-poscs of the Flora. 120 THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING PLANTS. remarkable number of geological formations ; these lead one to expect distinct differences of flora even in districts of the closest proximity ; but although the character of plants is largely influenced by the mineral constituents of the rocks in their immediate vicinity, yet the majority of plants is to be found on the alluvial soils composed of the debris of many other strata. As, when endeavouring to form a garden where every variety of bloom may please the eye and charm the senses, it is necessary to provide the soil in which each plant may find the environment best suited to its requirements, so Nature, revers- ing this process for each combination of earths, provides the appropriate plant, often of striking beauty and always possessed of the indescribable charm of appropriateness and perfect harmony with its surroundings, which places it on a difl"erent plane from the denizens of an ordinary garden. In thus assorting her plants to their proper habitats. Nature indicates the close relation between the mineral and vegetable provinces of her kingdom, so that the instmcted eye will discern through the vegetation the character of the underlying rock, and with equal certainty will predict, from a knowledge of the base rock, what flowers may be expected there in their seasons. In Dorset, with its manifold strata and its ample proAision of rivers and tributary streams, we find every condition realised for encouraging the growth not only of the more generally known wild flowers, but also of some species rare in many other parts of England. Carr)'ing our thoughts to the wide tract of chalk which stretches across the county from the extreme north-east to within a few miles of the south-west coast line, we find high downland with but scanty vegetation, except in the hollows AAhcre better soil has collected from the wastage of the hills. Turning next to the extreme south, we follow the chalk in a narrow tract visible along the coast at Ringstead Bay and Lulworth, from which point it strikes nearly due east till it forms the picturesque clifl"s of Ballard Head. In the hollows and hanging woods of this area may be found all the ordinary Spring flowers, also the THE DISTRinUTION OF LIVING tLANTS. Ill later blooming Hare-bcll {Cciiiipanu/a roliindifoUa), and the rare Hellcborine {Ccphalanl/uni etisifolia), with its pure white blossoms and long narrow leaves, and round about Evershot the even rarer Great Bell-flower {^Campanula laiifolia). Among the plants of larger growth may here be mentioned the Wild Service tree {Pynis /on/i/'/ia/i's) near the boundaries of Cranbome Chase ; and on the extreme south-west and south slopes of the central Dorset range will be seen the Musk Orchis {Herminium Monorchis) rearing its slender spike of yellowish green flowers. The Bee Orchis {Ophrys apifera) is commonly found at the base of the chalk downs in Purbeck, and many other species of Orchid may often be met with on the calcareous soil of the district under consideration. The Dwarf Gentian finds a suitable habitat in the short grass of the downs, as also the rare Chalk Milkwort {Polygala calcarea). Curtis' Mouse-ear Chick- Aveed {Ceraslha?! pumilum), though very rare, maybe found on the chalk downs. Common Centaury grows in open spots, whilst different species of Crane's-bill keep chiefly to hedge- banks, road-sides, and the borders of woods and meadows. Traveller's Joy {C/ema/is vHalba), though chiefly located on chalk, is also found on oolite, as in the Weares, Portland ; but not on the Tertiary bed in the south-east of the county, nor usually on the heav}^ clays of the west and south. The Wayfaring Tree, or Mealy Viburnum ( Vibiinium laniana), which gets its name from the soft mealy down covering its young shoots and leaves, occurs principally on chalk or limestone, whilst the common Guelder Rose may be found frequently on most soils other than the sandy beds. The Common Flax {Lhium usitalissimum) is somewhat rare, but has been found between Evershot and Cattistock, and also in the south-western Lias district around Bridport. There is, perhaps, no occasion to mention more than a few other plants, whose groAvth depends chiefly on the calcareous soil of this part of Dorset, such as : — The INIusk Mallow {iMalva moschata) with its crowded head of large rose-coloured and sometimes white flowers, the Milk Vetch {Ash-agalus 122 THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING PLANTS. glycyphylliis), a species more commonly found in the eastern parts of England, and distributing itself over the greater part of Europe, and into the far east of Russian Asia ; Common Sainfoin {Onohrychis saliva), Salad Burnet {Poteritnn Sangiiisorba), Wild Carrot {Danais Caroia), some species of Bedstraw, such as the Slender Bedstraw {Galium sylvesire), and the Marsh Bedstraw {Galium palusire), the Glabrous Oatgrass {Avena prafensis), and the Field Fleawort {Seiiecio campesiris), which grows very luxuri- antly on Ashmoor Down. In close local contact with the chalk comes the other member of the cretaceous group, known as the Wealden Beds, which causes the deep indentation of Swanage Bay, and extends thence westwards to Lulworth. These beds are not without some interesting plants, such as the Saw-wort, which may be found in plenty near Corfe Castle. Passing now to the east and south-east of the county, we find the district of Tertiary formation represented chiefly by the Eocenes, and forming high heath-lands and long low stretches of bogland — the latter area being the most productive of plant life. Here the Bog-Asphodel {Narthecium ossifragum) channs the solitudes with its slender stem of bright yellow flowerets, and the air is scented with wild Thyme {Thymus Seipyllum) and Bog INIyrtle {Myrica Gale). The Lesser Sundew {Drosera ifitermedia) grows here in turfy bogs and shallow water, and the Common Butterwort {Pifiguicula vulgaris), another insectivorous plant, though somewhat rare, may be found near Poole and in Purbeck. The Bog-Pimpernel {Anagallis tenella) is common not only in' this south-east district, but will be met with in most other boggy places of the county. On the drier margins of the bogs will be found the Bog Gentian {Gentiana Pneumonanthe), and some species of Orchis. The INIarsh Helleborine {Epipaclis palustn's) is uncommon, but has been found in such places as the boggy ground between Morden and Bloxworth. Wild Mignonette {Reseda lutea), frequents the more cultivated ground, as also do White Campion {Lychnis vesper Una), and St. John's Wort {Hypericurn ietrapkrum). On the higher ground will be found THiE DISTRIBUTION OF LiViNG 'PLANTS. 1 23 some species of Poppy, also some members of the Fumariacece family, such as Fiimaria con/usa. Smith's Dog Violet ( Viola lacfea), the Common Allseed, and the soft-knotted Trefoil {TriJoUiim siriatinn), with many others, make this part of Dorset a source of much interest. Erica ciliaris and E. ciliaris x Tctralix deserve notice, as especially characterising this district ; the latter has been found in comparative plenty in the neigh- bourhood of Parkstone. That rare plant, Simethis bicolor, has been observed in Branksome Wood. Taking now the extreme west of the county, we find a district (forming almost a square bounded by lines drawn from Chardstock to INIosterton, from INIosterton to Bridport, from Bridport to Lyme Regis, and from Lyme Regis to Chardstock) given up entirely to beds of Lias and Midford Sands, with the exception of a few elevated caps of cretaceous beds such as occur at Stonebarrow and Weald Warren and Eype and Blackdown Hill near Thorncombe. Among the rarer plants of the district may be mentioned Whitlow Grass {Draba muralis), Purple Spurge {Euphorbia Peplis), Spring Snow-flake {Leticojiim veniu7)i), the Hay-scented Fern {Las/nra ccmnJa), and the Heart- leaved Tway-blade {Listcra corda/a). The coast of this part of Dorset offers much to rouse our interest in the beauty and variety of the flowers which Nature has attracted there by providing for their special requirements. Here the Yellow Horned Poppy [Glaucium flavuni), the Purple Sea Rocket {Cakile maritima) and Sea Kale {Crambe maritima) find a home. A few other plants, rather rare on this shore, but found also in sandy and gravelly places on or near other parts of the coast, are the Sea-Stork's-Bill {Eroditim viaritimuvi), the Sea Pea {Lathvncs maritimiis) with its spike of bluish purple flowers and hairy pods ; and, on the cliff's between Lyme Regis and Charmouth, the sweet-scented white blooms of the Butterfly Orchis {Habeiiaria bifolia) may be met with. Among the shore- loving plants frequently found may be mentioned the Sea Pink {Armeria marilima), Sea-Milkwort {Glaux viaritimd), and Sea Beet [Beta viaritima). A few other more or less scarce plants 124 THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING PLANTS. growing in the cornfields, hedges and woods of this district are the Corn-Crow-foot, Green Hellebore, Common Barberry, Penny Cress, and the Blue Fleabane {Erigeron acre). The heath districts of this corner of Dorset may be taken, in conjunction with the other heath lands of the county, as of necessity producing similar vegetation, though the geological position of the sandy beds on the west differs widely from those on the east. We find the Sneeze-wort Yarrow {Achillea Ptarmica), Common Chamomile {^Anthemis nobih's), the Small-flowered Sweetbriar [Rosa mio'antha), and many others almost equally frequent in these parts. Whin, or Furze, is found in abundant profusion. It is interesting to mention here a few of the plants that have been naturalised from other countries, such as — (i) the Yellow Mimulus, whose home was on the banks of rivers in North-West America, but which has long been cultivated in our gardens and is now naturalised in many boggy places, as at Bourton and Houghton ; it has been found growing on the banks of the Wey and by the river side at Bradford Peverell — (2) the Water Thyme {Anacharis Ahinastriini) which floats entirely under water and was probably introduced from North America — (3) the Pheasants' Eye {Adonis aittiimnalis) at home in the cornfields of Central and Southern Europe and Western Asia, and — (4) the Tea plant {Lyciuin harharuni) for some time naturalised on our coasts and in some of the Eastern counties. We need not enter upon the interesting subject of the lower forms of vegetation, such as the mosses, lichens, and parasitical plants common to the county, but, before closing this paper, attention may be drawn to the chemical connection between the vegetable and mineral provinces of Nature's king- dom, and the existence of an ascending scale in plant life — thus, lichens and mosses decomposing the rock surface and extracting from it their means of sustenance, by their death afford the necessary provender for grasses, and these, in their turn, make way for plants of a higher order, and so we must recognise the economic value of many vegetable organisms that have in THE DISTRIHUTION OF LIVING PLANTS. 1 25 themselves little beauty or apparent use. Taking another step in the ascending scale, we see animate beings feeding on the herbage ; and they, by their death and dissolution, complete the circuit by giving back to the soil those intangible particles of silex, lime, iron, &c., with other constituent substances ; and Nature, in her invisible laboratory, will work up these materials into new forms of usefulness and beauty ; and so the endless chain of destruction and re-construction works on, without noise or respite, and though many of its links are out of sight, it may be hoped that even on these, further investigation may shed fresh and ever increasing light. As Nature awakens in our minds a constantly deepening desire to look into her mysteries, so shall we be the more imbued with a sense of the exceeding beauty and excellence of her handiwork. gafaCogue of §epuCc^raL* '^otiev'o in f§e Compiled by JOHN £. ACLAND, M.A., Curator. •HE Dorset County INIuseum is unusually rich in specimens of sepulchral pottery found in barrows within the county, and, although they have been referred to occasionally in papers read before the Field Club, I trust that the list which I have prepared — a complete list of all that we now possess— may be useful for reference and as an mterestmg county record. So much has been written on pre-historic burial customs that I need do no more as an introduction to this catalogue than make a few general remarks as an assistance to those who have not been able to study the subject for themselves. The pottery found in barrows is usually classified under four heads; — (i) Drinking Cups, now sometimes called "Beakers"; (2) Food Vessels; (3) Cinerary Urns; (4) Incense Cups. Drinking cups and food vessels are found deposited with unbumt bodies ; cinerar}- urns, as the name implies, form receptacles for the ashes of the dead; and incense cups are also associated SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. IZ7 with deposits of burnt bones ; but their use is still a matter of conjecture, and the name is merely conventional. The drinking cups, or beakers, arc considered to be the earliest, and arc on the whole the most graceful of the various types. The food vessels vary greatly in shape, but are never very large, while cinerary urns exhibit the utmost variety of construction, size, and design ; there are several distinct types, the height varying from 5 or 6 inches to 24 inches, or even more. The Dorset barrows have yielded very few specimens of drinking cups, and as a result our collection contains only two or three examples, Nos. 93, 1 1 1 ; but we are fortunate in having a considerable number of food vessels, such as Nos. 52, 64, loi, 1 14, and 115. Incense cups are represented by a few interesting specimens, but all more or less injured, Nos. 25, 71, 90, and 125 ; and out of the large number of cinerary urns it will be sufficient to refer to a few typical examples of the different varieties, (i) Those with overhanging or moulded rims, which may be said to consist of three members, an upper rim, a neck, and the body ; Nos. 2, 22, 37, 38, 78, and no. (2) Those which may be described as consisting of two truncated cones joined at their bases, barrel shape, and provided with loop handles or knobs ; Nos. 34, 87. (3) Those with straight sides, cylindrical, or nearly so, Nos. 4, 5, 46, 75, 79, and 112 ; and (4) globular, such as Nos. 8, 9, II, 42, 43, and 49. Although simple burial of the body in a contracted position appears to have preceded the custom of cremation, ]Mr. Bateman, in his book " Antiquities of Derbyshire," gives a table presenting the characteristic features of both kinds of sepulture, practised at the same period ; and to show how difficult it would be to draw reliable conclusions as to the relative dates of Dorset barrows merely from the character of the burial, I will refer to an excava- tion made by INIr. Warne at Dewlish. The barrow contained evidence of at least seven distinct interments, five of which were cremations, and two of unburnt bodies. The earliest, i.e., the lowest, burial was in a cinerary urn, elegantly shaped and of compact texture, "the most beautiful specimen," says ]\Ir. Warne, 128 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. " of all the fictile productions of the ancients it has been my lot to excavate, the mould and chalk around being entirely free from any admixture of ashes or bones." Above this primary burial was a child's skeleton, with a drinking cup. Still higher up was found an urn containing calcined bones, quite plain and rudely manipulated. In the upper portion of the barrow were three cinerary urns inverted, two close together, and the other at some distance, but all containing bones and ashes, while a skeleton unburnt was discovered in the highest stratum, at the same depth, but at a distance from one of the cinerary urns. Three of the urns from the barrow are in the INIuseum, numbered i, 3, and 31. Mr. Warne concludes his account of the excavation by saying that the urn of the latest interment was the rudest, both in material and construction, whilst the primarj- deposit exhibits the most graceful and tasteful embellishment. Again, at Rimbury, near Chalbur}- Camp, on the southern slope of the Ridgeway heights, a very- remarkable series of burials was discovered. Numbers of urns filled with cinerary remains, also a nimiber of cists containing unburnt bones. The different kinds of burials were interspersed without any apparent order or system, skeletons in their integrity being found lying beneath the urns. In the Museum there are several specimens from this great cemeter}', Nos. 15, 16, 17, 19, 36, 39, 40. The investigation of the Deverel Barrow, near Milborne S. Andrew, produced somewhat different results. It was opened by Mr. JNIiles in the year 1825, and is fully described in the book he published in the following year. He states that ever}- method of interment had been followed, after cremation had been used ; and, although each corpse had been consumed by fire, the ashes were variously deposited ; some of the remains were merely placed on the ground, some were in cists cut in the chalk ; some of the urns which contained ashes were in specially prepared cists under large stones, while others were enclosed by rude arches made of flints. There is only one urn. No. 79, in the IMuseum from this important burial place, described by Sir Richard Colt Hoare as " a family or general deposit, which must have been frequently SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 1 29 rc-opened to receive fresh burials," and he pronounces the urns found there to be of the earliest British manufacture. Thirty- three distinct interments were discovered by Mr. INIiles, and there were probably others, previously disturbed. These instances prove that if any explanation can be found for the diversity of the burial customs connected with the Dorset Barrows, it must be looked for quite apart from the actual date of the burials. It is more probable that the social position or rank of the deceased person was the deciding factor in each case, and the regard with which he was held by his surviving friends. The shape of barrows, and the character of objects found in connection with the burial, are the chief factors in determining the period. Round barrows may generally be referred to the Bronze age, and long shaped barrows to the earlier Neolithic period. There are two records, in the IMuseum, of Roman coins being found in barrows, one at Frome Whitwell, near Dorchester, and the other at Chcsilborne ; but, though unusual, it may be accounted for on the supposition that Roman residents made excavations into the burial mounds. It has been debated at different times whether these burial urns were ever intended for any other use, whether in fact they were originally made for domestic purposes. But the balance of evidence leads to the conclusion that they were specially con- structed for the funeral ceremonies. The shape, the coarse material with which (for the most part) they were made, and even the ornamentation seem to prove that they were ill adapted for everyday use ; and, moreover, vessels of sepulchral design are never discovered in connection with dwelling places, and possess little in common with the pottery which is found there. They are all hand made, showing no sign of being fashioned on a potter's wheel, and it is also safe to affirm that they were baked at an open fire, the larger vessels frequently having a tinge of black on the upper parts, caused by smoke from the burning wood, possibly only exposed to the heat of the funeral flames. The texture of the clay, as well as the colour, varies greatly, the larger vessels (especially the cinerar)' urns) having a considerable 130 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. amount of broken stone mixed with the clay, or sometimes pounded shells, while the finer vessels, such as drinking cups are made of clay tempered by the admixture of grit or sand, and some of these which are often of a red colour, must have been more carefully baked, possibly in a rudely made kiln of piled up stones. The ornamentation of the urns and other vessels is so varied that it is quite out of the question to attempt any detailed descrip- tion here ; moreover it will be far more satisfactory for those who are interested in the subject to study it for themselves. It has been produced in diiferent ways ; the rudest designs are made by simple indentations of a finger or thumb nail ; this is fairly common in the Dorset specimens. Another method was to use a pointed stick, or bone, and equally common is the ornament produced by the impression of a twisted cord, or thong. We have in the INIuseum two or three bone implements notched at the end, leaving six or seven teeth which exactly correspond with certain bands of ornament seen on some of the urns. If these bone combs had been drawn steadily round the soft clay the result must have been to produce the lines we now see. There are two examples, in the IMusemii, of urns having holes through the sides, with the object apparently of mending them ; the texture of the clay is so rough that cracks must often have appeared during manufacture or in the drying, and a simple tie would no doubt have preserved the urn for its allotted purpose. (Nos. 42, 53). The different shapes and sizes of the handles should be noticed. Some urns have four large semi-circular projections, others have knobs or bosses, either pierced or not pierced, and others again have mere excrescences just sufficient to hold a cord or thong from slipping, if it was intended to carry the vessel by that means. There is one shape of urn which is more common in Dorset than elsewhere. It has straight sides, the mouth being rather larger than the base. Dr. Thurnam describes it as " flower pot " shape. When the Deverel Barrow was opened, several of this description Mcre found, and Sir R. C. Hoare stated that although SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. I31 he had excavated hundreds of barrows in Wilts, he had only discovered 07ie of this upright form. It is certainly remarkable that there should be such variation of design in two adjacent counties. The Hon. J. Abercromby has published in Vol. 41, " Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland," an important article on " The Relative Chronology of Cinerary Urn Types," and he gives the name " Deverel-Rimbury " to one division of his classified list, Type III., but it includes urns of two very different shapes, one globular, the other cylindrical, or assuming the form of a narrow bucket ; and he states that they are found both in the East and West of England, south of the Thames. The geographical distribution of barrows is well shown in Mr. Warne's map of Dorset, dealing with the Vestiges of Antiquities (1865), where it is at once noticed that they are spread over the whole county with the exception of a strip to the north-west. They are, perhaps, most numerous along the south of the county, where the hills practically follow the line of sea coast, but we may be sure that the tribes occupied also the slopes bordering the Frome, the Puddle, and the Stour, for the central and eastern districts are well provided with these relics of the past ; and, although burial sites are found frequently in the open country and the moorland, they seem to have been invariably placed on the high ground if such a position were obtainable. The specimens of barrow pottery in the Museum were found in considerable numbers in the central part of the county, but by far the largest proportion are from the Ridgeway, and its out- lying spurs. This is not to be wondered at when we remember how Stukeley writes of that long and lofty range of open downs. " For sight of barrows," says he, " I believe it is not to be equalled in all the world." 132 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. LIST OF SEPULCHRAL POTTERY IN THE DORSET COUNTY MUSEUM FROINI THE BARROWS OF DORSET. A.D. 1908. The details in this list are entered as far as possible in the following order : — (i) Classification of specimen under one of four heads, viz. — Cinerar}^ Urn, Incense Cup, Drinking Cup, or Food Vessel. (2) Locality of the find. (3) Size — ist, height ; 2nd, breadth at top, outside measure. (4) Description of shape and ornament. (5) Name of donor. The numbers in this list correspond with numbers affixed to the specimens. 1. Cinerary Urn. — Lord's Down, Dewlish. lyin. by i2|in. Zig-zag ornament, one handle pierced, from a barrow containing six burials. Nos. 3 and 31 are from same barrow. This urn was found inverted in the second layer from the top. {Celtic Tumidi, p. 49,) Warne Collection. 2. CiN. Urn. — Bincombe. i6Jin. by i2in. Overhanging rim covered with ornament. {Celtic Tumuli, p. 52.) Warne Collection. 3. CiN. Urn. — Lord's Down, Dewlish. i6in. by 13 Jin., from same barrow as Nos. i and 31, being the uppermost of six burials. Two flat semi-circular handles. {Celtic Tumuli, p. 47.) Warne Collection. 4. CiN. Urn. — Winterbourne Whitchurch. 2ofin. by i6|in. Flower pot shape. The only ornament a line of dents, probably made with a bone tool. Shipp Collection. 5. Cm. Urn. — Winterbourne Clenston. 2i|in. by i4fin. Flower pot shape. Four small bosses ; a fillet with a row of oval indentations. Mrs. Michel. 6. CiN. Urn, — Worgrets, Wareham. 18 Jin. by isin. Frag- ments restored in cement, overhanging rim, two flat handles remaining out of four. Mr. Cunnington. SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 1^3 7. CiN. Urn— Pokeswell. A fragment, 8fin. by 710. It has pierced knobs, the holes ^in. diam. [Ccllic Tumid i, Plate III., 8.) Warne Collection. 8. From Whitchurch South Farm, Nr. Blandford. 8|in. by 6|in. One out of three handles remains. {Celtic Tumuli, Plate VI.) Warne Collection. 9. CiN. Urn. — Pokeswell Down. 6in. high. A mere suggestion of knobs. {Ccllic Tumuli, p. 34.) Warne Collection. 10. CiN. Urn. — Pokeswell Down. io|in. by 7iin. {Celtic Tufuuli, Plate III., 6.) One line of dents. Warne Collection. 11. From Whitchurch, Nr. Blandford. 11 in. by Sin. Two small pierced bosses remain ; 15 rows of moulding. {Celtic Tumuli, Plate VI.) Warne Collection. 12. CiN. Urn. — Bincombe. io|in. by Sin. Quite plain. {Celtic Twniili, Plate I., p. 51.) Warne Collection. 13. A rim of urn. Sturminster Marshall. Warne Collection. 14. Cin. Urn. — Bincombe. 7iin. by 6|in. One handle remains, having a vertical hole, which is unusual. {Celtic Tumuli, Plate I., p. 17.) Warne Collection. 15. Cin. Urn. — Rimbury. lojin. by 7iin. Rough make; ornamented on the rim. Warne Collection, Rimbury was an extensive burial place a little south of Chalbur}' Camp, near Weymouth. It was investigated by IVIessrs. Warne, Hall, and Medhurst, when nearly 100 urns were exhumed, a large number having been previously destroyed by workmen. There were also many unburnt remains. No bronze or other metallic objects were found. See Celtic Tinnidi, p. 63. 16. Rimbury. 8fin.by7in. One row of thumb-nail impression. Warne Collection. 17. Rimbury. 4in. by 4iin. Four rows of dents. Warne Collection. 18. Cin. Urn. — Pokeswell. 5^in. by 6in. No ornamention ; burnt bones within. Warne Collection. 134 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 19. CiN. Urn. — Rimbury. 5|in. by sin. One row of small dents. {Celtic Tumult, Plate V.) Warne Collection. 20. CiN. Urn. — Bincombe. 6in. by sin. A rough plain vessel. Warne Collection. 21. CiN. Urn. — Size, sfin. by 6in. Flower pot shape; three small knobs. Warne Collection. 22. CiN. Urn. — Sutton Poyntz. sin. by 4in. Ornamented Avith cord-pattern and rows of small dents. Warne Collection. 23. A fragment from Lord's Down, Dewlish. 24. Food Vessel. — Barrow near INIaiden Castle. 4fin. by 4f in. Covered with a variety of ornamentation, zig-zags, lines, and irregular patches of indentations. Found by R. Maclean in 1839. Warne Collection. 25. Incense Cup. — From Dewlish, near the old turnpike gate. ifin. by 2in. It has 46 holes and lines of fine cord- pattern. It is figured as the frontispiece of Warne's Celtic Tumuli. Warne Collection. 26. Pokeswell Down. 2jin. by 2jin. No ornamentation and of rough make. Warne Collection. 27. CiN. Urn. — Bincombe. 4|in, by sin. Found inverted under a flat stone ; burnt bones within. Warne Collection. 28. A Fragment. Pokeswell Down. Wavy bands of parallel lines and one pierced knob. {Celtic Tumuli, p. 34.) Warne Collection. 29. A fragment. Lines of moulding and small punctures. 30. Fragments. Woodsford. The pieces of pottery contain a mass of fine ashes mixed with roots of plants. The ornament consists of parallel lines of grooves. Warne Collection. 31. Cm. Urn. — Lord's Down, Dewlish. io|in. by 10 Jin. Same barrow as Nos. i and 3, being in the second layer from the top. The rim and hollow moulding are care- fully worked. {Celtic Tumuli, p. 49.) Warne Collection. 32. CiN. Urn. — i3in. by9in. Quite plain. Warne Collection. SEPULCHRAL POTTfekV. 135 33. Cix. Urx.— Sutton Down. i4in. by Shin. Two well- formed handles pierced horizontally. Warne Col- lection. 34. Cix. Urx. — Fordington Field. 9in. by gin. Quite plain, \\ith semi-circular handles, {Celtic Tumuli, Part III., p. 49.) Warne Collection. 35. Cix. Urx. — Roke Down, Bcre Regis. i3in. by iiin. At the widest part there is a slight ridge worked into four bold handles. {Celtic Tumuli, Part II., p. 2.) Warne Collection. 36. Cix. Urx. — Rimbury. i6in. by loin. Nearly plain, {Celtic Tumuli, p. 58.) 37. Cix. Urx. — Bincombe. iiin. by Sin. Cord-pattern ornament, both circular and herring-bone. {Celtic Tianuli, p. 52,) Warne Collection. 38. Cix. Urx. — Sturminster INIarshall. i2in. by Sin. Orna- mented with small dents ; urn much broken. Warne Collection. 39. Cix. Urx. — Rimbury. i2in. by yin. A row of diagonal short dents and t-liree knobs. Warne Collection. 40. Cix. Urx, — Rimbury. 11 in. by gin. With this urn and No, 39 is a slab of rag stone, which had served as a cover. A well-made notched rim. {Celtic Tumuli, p. 62.) Warne Collection. 41. A fragment. Bagber, INIilton Abbas, ]\Ir. IMansel- Pleydell. 42. Cix, Urn. — Bagber, INIilton Abbas, gin. by Sin. Orna- mented with shallow grooves and four remarkably small pierced bosses. This urn, like No. 53, was evidently cracked when first made, and mended by two ties, the holes for which remain. Mr. IMansel-PIeydell. 43. Bagber, Milton Abbas. 5^in. by 5Jin. Five shallow- grooves, the top one marked as if with a finger nail. One pierced boss remains, Mr, jMansel-Pleydell, 44. Cix, Urx,— Chesilborne. Sin. by Sin, One boss remains. Rev. C. W. Bingham. 136 SEPULCHRAL POTTERV, 45. CiN. Urx. — Chesilbome. Sin. by yjin. Contains bones. It was found with Nos. 44 and 58. Some Roman coins were also found with them. It has shallow grooves and knobs. Rev. C. W. Bingham. 46. Cix. Urn. — Found near Dorchester. 9in. by 8in., and the same diameter throughout ; two bosses and a row of indentations. Mr. C. Henning. 47. A fragment from same barrow as 61. Owermoigne. INIr. Cree. 48. A fragment found near Weymouth. INIedhurst Col- lection. 49. Cix, Urx. — Ridgeway. Qin. by 7|in. Contains bones. Near the base is a carefully-made oval hole. Dr. Pridham. 50. — Fragments in a mass of ashes and root fibre. Corfe Castle Collection. 51, — Fragment. Half the rim of a large urn. Corfe Castle Collection. 52. Food vessel. Bagber, Milton Abbas. 3in. by sin. The handle is uncommon, being placed diagonally. Mr. INIansel-Pleydell. 53. A fragment. Bagber, ]\Iilton Abbas. Breadth 6fin. This urn, like No. 42, has been cracked and mended, one pair of holes for the tie remaining ; ornamented with three sets of shallow grooves and two wavy or zig-zag bands between. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell. 54. Bagber, ]\Iilton Abbas. 4jin. by 4jin. From a group of burials. It seems to have had five little bosses ; finger nail indentations. Mr. Mansel-Pleydell. 55. Bagber, INIilton Abbas. 3fin. by4in. Contains ashes ; four small bosses. Mr. ]\Iansel-Pleydell. 56. Cix. Urx. — Rain-barrow, Puddletown. 6in. by 4^in. Contains bones ; roughly made. One handle remains. INIr. Porcher. 57. Cix. Urx. — Rain-barrow, Puddletown. Sin. by sin. Contains bones ; an irregular circle of indentations. Mr. Porcher. SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 1^7 58. CiN. Urn. — Chcsilborne. 3]in. by 4in. Contains ashes; has four bosses and a circle of indentations. The Rev. C. W. Bingham. See No. 45. 59. Found near Dorchester. yin. by 6|in. A rough circle of indentations. Mr. C. Henning. 60. Found near Dorchester. 6Jin. by 6fin. Full of earth, roots, and ashes. IMr. C. Henning. 61. Fragments restored. Owermoigne. 4|in. by 4in. Mr. Cree. 62. Fragment. 4-¥m. diam. Four small bosses remaining. 63. Milborne S. Andrew. 5iin. by 5jin. Circular, and rows of upright cord-pattern and indentations ; an amulet and bodkin found with it. IMrs. Michel. 64 and 65. Food vessels, Wynford Eagle. 6in. by 6in. and 4in. by 4in., found together in a cist in the chalk with bones, which cmmbled into dust on contact with the air. {^Celtic Tumuli, p, 36, and Gentleman s Magazine, 1827.) ]\riss Davidson. 64 is a plain upright vessel, with a well-formed open handle. 66. Found near Weymouth. 5|in. by 4-|in. Five small bosses. Colonel Bramble. 67. CiN. Urn, — Found near Weymouth, iifin. by loin. Has had three bosses ; no ornament. Colonel Bramble. 68. Probably a food vessel. Castle Hill, Cranborne. 3iin. and 4|in. No ornament. Dr. Smart, 69. Rim of Cin. Urn. Culliford Tree. 7in. Mr. Cunning- ton. 70. Incense Cup (probably). Culliford Tree. ifin. by afin. Elaborate ornamentation, but without the holes char- acteristic of incense cups. IMr. Cunnington. 71. Two fragments of incense cup. INIoreton. Size probably 2in. by 2iin. Part of rim, and base with holes pierced. IMrs. Frampton. 72. Steeple, i^in, by 2in, Found with some Kimmeridge shale dishes. Rev. J. Bond. 138 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 73. A Cover. — Chcsilborne. 4|in. diam, Mentioned by Canon Greenweld and in Archceologia, Vol. 43, by Dr. Thurnam. Rev. C. W. Bingham. 74. Cix. Urn. — IMilborne S. Andrew. 2fin. by 3in. Four knobs ; contained fine ashes. The Rev. W. W. Gresley. 74.\. Victoria Park, Dorchester, 1900. 4iin. Oval rim, sin. by 3iin. 75. CiN. Urn. — Barrow near "The Five ^Maries," Chaldon Herring. i4fin. by 9|in. Flower pot shape, five small bosses ; contained burnt bones, 76. Horton Heath. A fragment, apparently about i8in. by I Sin. The ornamentation is somewhat elaborate, but the vessel is most noteworthy, because it has been brought roughly to a polygonal plan. The surface has been flattened into vertical flat faces two to three inches wide. It is considered one of the most remarkable pieces of pottery in the INIuseum. Dr. Smart. 77. CiN. Urn. — Winterbourne Whitchurch, piin. by 6in. Two bosses remain. Shipp Collection. 78. CiN. Urn. — Winterbourne Abbas. i6Jin. by i2in. A fine typical urn with overhanging rim, ornamented with cord- pattern three rows of slanting lines ; contains a quantity of bones. Mr. INIanfield. 79. CiN. Urn. — Deverel Barrow, IMilborne S. Andrew. 9|^in. by 7in. Flower pot shape, plain except for one line round it of small dents. The barrow contained 24 inter- ments. (See introductor}' remarks, also Miles' account of excavation and Warne's Celik Tumuli, p. 9.) A stone cover adjoins. Mr. ]Mansel-Pleydell. 80. A fragment from Laurence Barrow, Dorchester, destroyed in 1885, when two bronze daggers and many worked flints were found. INIiss Davidson. 81. CiN. Urn. — From near the Cromlech, Portesham. ii|in. by Sin. This barrow Avas opened August, 1894. Wa\y lines made with a four-toothed tool and three shallow grooves below. Mr. Manfield. SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 11^9 82. CiN. Urn. — Lcwcll. ijjin. by lo^in. Five small bosses. Barrow opened 1890; contains burnt bones. Mr. Cunnington. 83. Cix Urn. — Milborne S. Andrew, iiin. bySin. Circles of small punctures and rough Vandyke ornament made with a sharp-pointed instnunent. 84. CiN. Urn. — Found near Weymouth. 95in. by 7|in. It has a slight moulding ornamented with cross cuts ; contains ashes. Mr. Cunnington. 85. CiN. Urn.— INIr. C. Mayo's Farm, Little Puddle. 8jin. by yin. Roughly ornamented, and has two knobs ; contains some bones. JMr. Cunnington. Nos. 85, 86, 87, and 88 were found in the same barrow. 86. CiN. Urn. — Little Puddle. Qin. by yfin. Plain flower pot shape. It has a suggestion of a pierced knob ; contains bones. INIr. Cunnington. 87. CiN. Urn. — Little Puddle. lofin. by 6 Jin. Has four well-formed handles, neatly pierced ; contains bones. Mr. Cunnington. 88. Cin. Urn. — Little Puddle, sin. by sin. Has four small knobs ; contains bones. Mr. Cunnington. 89. Cin. Urn. — Clandon Barrow, Martinstown. Sin. by yUn. INIuch broken and imperfectly mended. In the same barrow were the incense cup No. 90, the jet knob, gold plate, amber cup, and imperfect bronze dagger, which are in Case XIX. Mr. Cunnington. 90. Incense cup. Clandon Barrow. See No. 89. The cup is in fragments set up on a block of wood ; it is well ornamented and has pierced vertical openings, JMr. Cunnington. 91. Cin. Urn. — Little Puddle. 8^in. by 6in. Reddish ware; rude zig-zag ornament cut with a four-tooth tool. Mr. Cunnington. 92. Drinking Cup. — Frome Whitwell. Much broken, but arranged on a block ; was much ornamented. Mr. Cunnington, 140 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 93. Drixkixg Cup. — Small Clandon Barrow. INIuch broken and badly mended, fragments of another cup having been inserted. INIr. Cmmington. 94. Food Vessel. — Bradford Peverell. s^in. by 4in. Quite plain. Mr. Cunnington. 95. From a large barrow 2| miles West of Dorchester, on Bridport Road. Fragments restored in cement. Mr. Cunnington. 96. CiN. Urn. — Plush. Sin. by yin. Seven shallow grooves and three out of four bosses, not pierced, found under a large cairn. INIr. Cunnington. 97. CiN. Urn. — Chaldon Down. lo^in. yfin. Four bosses ; flower pot shape. Mr. Cunnington. 98. CiN. Urn. — Near Wool, iijin. by9in. No ornament, some small bosses. Mr. Cunnington. 99. CiN. Urn. — Duddle, Puddletown Heath, iiin. by yjin. This is one of twelve found in a round barrow, now destroyed. Dented with the end of a stick, and has four bosses. Mr. Cunnington. 100. CiN. Urn. — Duddle, Puddletown Heath. loin. by 9 Jin. Like No. 99. Mr. Cunnington. 10 1. Food Vessel. — Frome Whitwell, near Dorchester, sin. by 6in. A noteworthy specimen of porringer shape, having one handle of good size. It is well covered with ornamentation. A piece of Samian ware, figured, was found also. INIr. Cunnington. 102. CiN. Urn. — Came Barrow, being the eastern one of two barrows on the edge of Fordington Field. 6in. by 6in. With it were found under a stone weighing nearly three tons, the six beautiful flint arrow heads in a frame in Case XXn. Mr. Cunnington, 103. Food Vessel. — Friar's Waddon. 6 Jin. by 6 Jin. Found close to a skull. There was a double burial ; two bosses. Mr. Cunnington. 104. Cix. Urn. -Friar's Waddon. i5in. by i4in. Four mouldings. Mr. Cunnington. SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 141 105 and 106. From a cist in the natural chalk under a barrow on Ridgeway near Friar's Waddon. Another cist adjoining quite perfect, but empty ; round the two cists a ring of stones. No. 105, 3fin. by sin.; No. 106, sJin. by 4.Un. Mr. Cunnington. 107. CiN. Urn.— Near Ridgeway. sin. by 4in. Ornamented with cord-pattern ; four well-developed bosses. Mr. Cunnington. 108. Food Vessel. — Friar's Waddon. 5|in. by sfin. Quite plain, ]Mr. Cunnington. 109. Food Vessel. — Friar's Waddon. 4Jin. by sJin. Mr. Cunnington. no. CiN. Urn.— Hill south of Martinstown. i4in. by is^in. Barrow opened 1903. There were also two burials by inhumation. See Froc. Dorse/ Field C/ul), Vol. XXVL, p. 30. Mr. Prideaux. 111. Drinking Cup. — Site of Masonic Hall, Alington Street and Prince's Street, Dorchester, yjin. by 5jin. Well covered with bands of ornament made with a toothed implement. Found a.d. 1902 in a cist which had been under a barrow, in the arm of the skeleton. This is believed to be the only known instance of a Bronze age burial in ground afterwards occupied as the Roman Durnovaria. 112. CiN. Urn. — South of Came Wood. 11 Jin. by 9in. Found 1905. Flower pot shape; no ornament, four bosses. Mr. Foot and Mr. Prideaux. 113. CiN. Urn. — Quarry at Weston, Portland. loin. by yin. Found 1907. Flower pot shape; one row of finger indentations. INIr. Prideaux. 1 14. Food Vessel. — Hill south of ^Martinstown. 4fin. by 7|in. Found in 1903. It lay between the skull and knees, the body being greatly contracted. The stumps remain of the one original handle. Similar to Nos. 52 and 10 1. See Froc. Dorse/ Field CM, Vol. XXVI. Mr. Prideaux. 142 SEPULCHRAL POTTERY. 115. Food Vessel. — Same as No. 114. 3jin. by 3Mn. It lay with the remains of three infants on a slight ledge close to the primary interment. 116. CiN. Urn. — Weston, Portland. Same time as No. 113. pin. by 6in. No ornament ; two small knobs. INIr. Prideaux. 117. CiN. Urn. — Rimbury. 8fin. by 6fin. One row of thumb indentations ; slight traces of knobs. Loan, Messrs. Hall and Warne. 118. Ridgeway Hill. February, 1837. 7iin. by 7in. Deep pointed indentations divided by angular lines. There is a well-marked foot. Loan, Mr. Hall. 119. CiN. Urn. — Melcombe Horsey. i2in. by pin-. Flower pot shape ; one row of thumb indentations. Loan, Mr Hall. 120. sJin. by 6in. Two rows of clearly marked indentations made with a sharp point ; three pierced bosses. Loan, Mr. Hall. 121. Cin. Urn. — Ridgeway, February, 1837. 8fin. by 6fin. Ornamented with parallel lines, some straight, some wayy made with an implement of six teeth. Four knobs. Loan, Mr. Hall. 122. Rimbury. 3fin. by 4Jin. Quite plain; three knobs. Loan, Messrs. Hall and Warne. 123. Food vessel. 3in. by sin. One side broken. Loan, Mr. Hall. 124. Fragment. Diam. 6in. Loan, ]\Ir. Hall. 125. Incense Cup, fragment. — Near Martinstown. Original diameter about 2f in ; ornamented on base, as well as on side. See Dorset Field Club Proc, Vol. XXVL, p. 16. Mr. Chas. Prideaux. •^=5^ "glefttrtio of "glatx-tfaCC, &c., in por^Gct XXX 1907. By H. STILWELL. ^X!^>. JKHE mean amount of rainfall for the year 1907, as computed from the returns of the 55 stations in Dorset comprised in the following tables, is 33'23i in. The fifty-year previous average '~^°^'^f, ^^"^"^ 3 3*63 2 in. The amount of rain for 1907 is, therefore, less than \ in. (o"4oi in.) short of the yearly average. The predominant feature of the year was the very unusual amount of rain in October, the mean of the 55 stations being 9*44 ins. for that month. The heaviest fall occurred on the 1 6th, upwards of i in. having been recorded on that day at 38 stations. Falls of over I in. happened also on 8th October at four stations, on the loth at eleven stations, on the i8th at seven stations, and on the 29th at twelve stations. This heavy rainfall was no doubt much wanted, the mean rainfall for September having been only 074, and that of the two previous months, July and August, only I'zS and 1 72 respectively. Although the summer of 1907 was regarded as a very cold and wet season, these tables show that during the first nine months of the year the rainfall was very much below the a\erage. The records for April show a mean of 4*25 in. ; but no other month received half that amount. The total rainfall from ist January to 30th September — nine months — was i5'64in. ; but that of the three following months amounted to i7'59 in., the wet weather of October continuing during November and December, but to a modified extent. 144 RAINFALL IN DORSET. Very few thunderstorms occurred during the year, or any heavy rain during the first nine months, but upwards of i in. was registered on 12th April at one station, and on April 20th at three stations, also on 17th August at five stations. The heaviest rainfall recorded on one day was that on i6th October, which happened at East Lulworth, the amount being 170 in. At four stations it will be observed that no fall of i in. occurred on any day during the year. The following tables contain returns from 56 stations. Thanks to the courtesy of Dr. refill, the Editor of " British Rainfall," five new stations have been added to the number. They are situated at St. Giles, Wimborne (Stoneham), Broadstone, Bourne Valley, and Weymouth (Greenhill). Full returns for the year appear also for the first time from Chardstock Vicarage, Leigh Vicarage, and Evershot ; and partial returns from Warmwell House and Milton Abbey ; but the follow- ing have dropped out, viz., Winterbourne Houghton, Stoborough, Worth Matravers, Portland Bill, Melbur)' Bubb, and Chetnole. Thanks are given to all who kindly send returns to be included in this work. At the same time it is as well to point out that great care is necessary in keeping the daily record, especially in the necessity of an almost daily inspection of the gauge. In Table II. it will be noticed that some observers record from 30 to 40 days on which only 'oi in. fell, whereas others have recorded less than ten such days. The probability is that if these people had more often examined their gauges they would ha^•e found that a small amount of rain had fallen, although they had not been aware of it. In connection with this subject it may be as well to quote here the rule issued by the British Rainfall Organisation with regard to " Small Amounts." It is as follows : — " If the gauge contains less than one-hundredth ("oi) of an inch, but more than half that amount, it should be entered as 'oi, while if there is less than half that amount the few drops may be thrown away, and the day entered as if no rain had fallen." Some observers mark such days with an asterisk (*). RAINFALL IN DORSET. 1 45 The use of the 3rd decimal point should be avoided, as when only occasionally introduced it is very likely to cause mistakes in totalling the column. For the same reason in all cases the second point should be added, and ten or twenty hundredths should not be entered as 'i or "2, but as to or '20, &c. It is very desirable that there should be strict uniformity in the manner in which records are kept. Observers' Notes on Meteorological Phenomena, &:c. Shaftesbury. — 9th February, Aurora Borealis, exceptionally fine between 8 and 9 p.m. BucKHORN Weston. — The rainfall of the last three months in this year has been heavier than in any three months since 1894, when I first began to take the rain. The want of sun during the whole year has been very distressing. Fruit has not ripened, potatoes are tasteless and under grown, the hay crop abundant, but wanting all the properties of good hay. Very little thunder all through the year. Sturminster Newton (Mr. A. R. Hallett). — On January 4th I saw about 2.15 p.m. a large halo round the sun, Avith two very bright spots on either side, in which you could see the colour of the rainbow faintly. It was visible for over an liour. Sky quite clear, beyond the usual mist round the horizon. O S'l" Bright spots were at A A. At B it was difficult to trace complete circle. 146 RAINFALL IN DORSET. Shroton. — The driest January for 12 years. The wettest April for 12 years. The fall in September, 1906 and 1907, was exactly the same. The October fall was the heaviest monthly fall for 12 years. 6th December, xery heavy squall with rain at 12.45. Wind, hurricane force. East Lulavorth. — Februar}- 9th, brilliant northern lights. July 22nd, heavy thunder and vivid lightning in morning; •2iin rain in i| hours. October i6th, I'yoin. rain, heaviest fall for several years. Weymouth, Westham. — Climatological returns f6r 1907: — Barometer means, 29*992in. Extremes, 30*714 on January 17th, 28.960 on October 17th. Thermometer, means, 9 a.m., 5i'2'' / Max. . . 56.4 IMeans < Min. . . 44*8 ^ Range . . 11 "6 Extremes — ]\Iax. 78° on July 16, Alin. 22^ on Jan. 25. Relative humidity, 97 per cent. Bright sunshine, 1 784.1 hours, sunless days, 62. Chickerell. — Thunder noted on April nth, June 9th, July I St and 22nd (rather bad), October 8th, and November 27th (sharp). Amount of rain is recorded by an *' on days on which less than half a hundredth fell. When it is over this, and less than one hundredth, it is marked * "oi, and the day is counted as a day on which that amount fell. It will be noticed that the days on which the fall lies between o and "005 are very much more numerous than those with a fall of between '005 and oiin. (The numbers are respectively 17 and i). Upwey. — 1907 was wetter than the average by 2'72in. The first 9 months were very dry, followed by an exceptionally wet autumn. October, with io"48in., is the wettest month on record in this district, r58 on the i6th being beaten by the 29th with r62in. No rain fell from 8th to 30th September inclusive — a period of 23 days. Dew (-oi) was registered, however, on the 2oth and 23rd. rainfall in dorset, Beaminster, Fleet Street. — Theemometees, Means. January . February March . , April May June '47 Max. ill Max. ill sliade. Mill. sliade. Min. 43-2 34-4 July .. .. 67-2 48-1 43-0 30-1 August .. .. 67-1 50-2 51-8 34-6 September .. 6G-0 48-0 53-0 3S-1 October .. .. 5G-3 42-9 61-0 44-S November .. 50-S 38-6 63-0 4S-7 December .. 46-2 37-0 Means for year: Max., 55-8°; INIin., 4i"3°. ]\Iean temp, for year, 48*5° ; daily range, i4"5°. Snow fell on 10 days to a total of o'62in. There was a total drought of 23 days, Sept. yth to 29th, and 22 consecutive days of rain, October 8th to 29th. Although we had the largest number of " rain days " of the past 10 years, yet the rainfall was 2in. below the average. In the wet year 1903 we had i3Tin. more rain than this year, but falling on 6 less days. Chedington Court. — Our average for the past 10 years is now 36"34ins. A very mild autumn, not sufficient frost to check the growth of vegetation until December 27th. Dorchester, Wollaston House. — The 24 days, 7th— 30th September, without any rain were followed by 28 days in October, in which 10*50 ins. were measured, the average fall for October in Dorchester being 3.90 ins. It is also remarkable that in the three months October, November, and December exactly 20 ins. of rain fell here, the average fall for the whole year being 34*20 ins. Bloxworth Rectory. — The chief characteristics of the year 1907 in this district were its general coldness and ungeniality.. Fruit and flowers all late, and the former wanting in flavour. The excess of rain in April, October, November, and December was remarkable ; also the absence of thunderstorms, only two at all noticeable (on July 22nd and August 15th), and these not severe. 148 RAINFALL IN DORSET. i 32-33 32-17 31-30 3107 30-78 31-57 28-60 29-45 29-56 SO-26 30-23 31-19 35-70 33-25 35-05 29-71 27-44 32-05 29-60 29-87 29-54 33-54 1 111212? fe§S?S?|g|g|?^?|g^||||gg i CO CO CO CO CO CO CO S2pr;g§§2S?^SP?5SpS5§g?JpSS^ o 00 00 00 5D i X 00 bobbbobbobbbAHobbc-. oobboobb 1 cbobbob SilliiisliniisSilliilli -< gpsss?;^ gg^|^^gg^^^g^p5S£g?g?^g ^gsss^ss ^5?g55g2ggg|p^?§?2Spa§??S?lSg c IM il rH (N r-l r-HM S^S§Sggpfe§g§S38^S5^5S§SS2 1 rH rt rt r-. rH Oa ,^ -a; IIHIS^ ^-*coMco;j.coi-icocococo-*^;cM coeococoio.* o o o o o o o bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb ' ''^b>hhhb> ^ ^ t- QO lO C^ O t^ lO S^gS5Sp{^S??g^feSS§ il^^lJSSf? r-(r-l>-li-l«r-l— ( ^^^^.,,.,._,..^ „^.,-^„,-, ^^^r-,,-,r-. | 1-5 ggf^rrg^g SS5g88ggSSSg322?3|^g |2S?^g2S 1 1 Mr- lllifci u 1* 1 . . . 1=1 S 1 111 \& "si.ifJ«iii:li1llIt iiiii iiiiiiiiiii iiii 1 o O . . . Illfl -i t-S ::: b :::::::::::::::: fe ilt:|j:: :::P:|I:::::J ^ l«i^ii!iM!«^iilli RAINFALL IN DORSET. 49 S3 is 1 sliifs^sS'limiB^iiifil ^ ^^ « i '4i m^||J|g|gJ||g^||S|||| 1 1^ i i 0!t-t-05t-CSQ0Q0600!00C»O00OOO = od5OOO O OO b OOOOOOOOOOOOCOrlOrHOOOOOO O OO b si) Wil^tfMtrirf^tt,ttf,f,zi t If, S ?:'^f23i!S?3?5§SgiS^^p^SlSSSp?i S S^ S 1 rH ,1 IN C-l C-) Ol J rH (M (M !M CI C-l OJ O) -M !M (N 0>1 (N 5-1 M IM rH N &J 1 S?5S^3pSg?2i5?gp??;p38^pp§ ^ §8^ i •a < ?" 1 oocbbobooooi-ibortboooobbo b bb o s!2SSisS!i!ii2r^!i!S!^!^ ^ £1 s !!2b^S!^^^i!^^S!H'^^^^^^ ^ ^^ " s ijillr:^^iiiilil^ I1III.I |Sl|l|l=J.|l|| it Hill 1 ililfll 1 lill 1 1 "p. " is. 1 O :::|5.|i::||:l:i::::: J: : S||I^I|3||2||S#I|||1J|3| 1 Sit: ■HJll^li^i:;:15y^? 3 S RAINFALL IN DORSET. 1 at-Ci'-i o oovninc:t-oot~>--:^aiDt^fMOit:: ej o « -o •O CO O 1^ M CC t ff] oo-* to m t>i •sny 3^:D:0C0 O C-lC-lOOOO'MCO'M'-H^CCC^r-ICSC^i-i: 0'MOO(N < r-l — COC-IO O ClOinOOOOJt^I ■ 'l' IM M OOC •Xt!K loiocoooot^oto^u^iomt^co^coo amt~i-~c-. < •\i.idY >Of^ooc:ot^'>^^ocoo^inin5^ r^>o 00 00 oot lOi-lt-COCCCii-lr-IC»C5C O (Nl~ 00 r OC^CO'M'* C5 000500O'MC;OO^*-^Ot-HI-HC:00l-^C O C-3 C2 O •M (M )ccc;c!c^^:CBt^ot O M 1- CO -* - •Xino •miO- (M C-1 M CO sjcoeoeoeococo(N (NeotN(NQOOa50005«t~«>OCO»«5lOt-l-OOfflC!t.^ S •Snv S23233;2!SS223S3='2S22SSS;2;SS2S 5.1 •.X:; r < "'A'.(/7.-i/l A = •- > ""■'^W' tin P'-^' ^■■ Map of the Coast H\.st of Lyme Regls, from THE Ordnance Map, on the Scale of Six Inches to a Mile. Plate 1. at ^r^xxxe "glegis;. By A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, F.G.S. (Bead Julij 22nd, 190S.J |E\\'SPAPER reports of certain natural phenomena which have occurred at Lyme Regis have aroused popular interest ; but, unfortunately, most of these reports are more or less inaccurate. That given in the JVcs/ern Morni7ig News of June 12th, 1908, is, however, fairly correct, because it was based upon information given by Mr. A. C. G. Cameron, a retired officer of the Geological Survey, now resident at Uplyme. Thinking it would interest the members of our Club to have a more complete and connected explanation of what did take place, I have drawn up the following account, in preparing which I am also indebted to Mr. Cameron for some additional facts and for obtaining the photographs which illustrate this paper. This explanation will fall naturally under three heads : — (i.) The Structure of the Cliff Affected. (2.) The so-called "Burning Cliff" or Burning Mound. (3.) The Landslip of June loth. 154 THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. It should at once be remarked that the burning mound is a small affair, and has no connection with the landslip beyond the fact that the two are in close proximity. I. The Cliff and Its Structure. In the first place the exact locality of these occurrences must be indicated. This is a part of the cliff between Lyme Regis and Black Yen, commencing about a-quarter of a mile N.E. of Lyme Church. The site of the landslip is near one end of this tract, and the burning mound is on the surface of a small plateau or terrace near the other end. The position of each is indicated on the accompanying map. (Plate I.) At the place where the slip has occurred the actual seaward cliff is not much over loo feet high, but behind it are two terraces of varying width, each backed by a steep clifF-like slope, and the second of these rises to about 250 feet above the sea. These cliffs and slopes consist of a certain portion of the Lower Lias, and include the following series of beds in descend- ing order : — ft. fDark marly shales with much iron pyrites 30 Dark shales with large cement stones - 10 Dark shaly marls (small Ammonites) - 34 Two bands of cement-stones with shaly marls and limestones between - 17 Shaly clays with Ammo7iites Brookei - 35 Firestone-nodules ; a band of large cement-stones with Ammonites Birchi (chambers filled with calc-spar) - \\ Dark shales with thin layers of limestone 25 >^Dark shales with iron pyrites - -50 The Black Marl. Zones of Am. oxynotiis. and A7n. ohlusus. THiE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. 1 55 FT. riTard grey marl and shales - - 19 Blue Lias. -, Shales with 9 beds of limestone - 24 '■Beds of limestone and shale, seen for - 7 About 252 The Blue Lias and the overlying 50 feet of nearly black shale form the first tier of cliffs. The band of ferruginous cement- stones containing Am. Birchi is locally known as the " firestone nodules," and it can be seen in the lower part of the second tier of cliffs, the top of which is from 1 70 to 1 80 feet. The rest of the Black Marl beds compose the upper slope and cliff. Still higher and nearer to Black Ven there is a fourth cliff rising to 300 feet, above which the Lias is surmounted by the Cretaceous Beds, consisting of sandy clays (Gault) and soft yellow sands (Upper Greensand). These beds throw out springs where they rest on the Lias. 2. The Burning Mound. This is merely a mound or pile of debris which has slipped from the second tier of cliff on to the plateau below, which is here about 100 feet wide (as seen in the illustration, Plate 2). The materials composing it are shales, iron pyrites, and cement- stones, and they have come from the beds which include the " firestone nodules." This slip and the consequent formation of the mound took place early in January, 1908, and the mound began to smoke about January 19th, soon after which date reports of a volcano at Lyme Regis began to circulate in the new^spapers. Needless to say, no volcanic action is concerned in the matter, and the burning of the mound (as was the case at Holworth Cliff in April, 1827; is merely a case of spontaneous combustion due to the decomposition of iron-pyrites, or more accurately to 156 THE BURXIKG CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. the combination of the sulphide of iron with oxygen from the air to form sulphates, some oxide of iron and sulphurous acid gas being also formed. It is a well-known chemical fact that heat is always developed when oxidation occurs, and that when the pro- cess is rapid, the temperature sometimes rises high enough to produce actual combustion. In this particular case it is clear that circumstances were specially favourable to combustion. Iron-pyrites is abundant in the shales from which the mound came ; the whole mass was loose and saturated with the winter rains which helped the decomposition of the pyrites. Again, the dark colour of the shales indicates the presence of much organic matter, and INIr. Cameron informs me that some of them are sufficiently bitu- minous to ignite after pieces have been thoroughly dried in a kitchen oven. It is not surprising, therefore, that spontaneous combustion should have taken place in a heap of such materials. When smoke began to issue from this mound, it must have presented some resemblance to a volcano, and the combustion continued more or less vigorously from January to June, without any other change taking place. ^Ir. Cameron relates that on the morning of June loth, he and the Vicar of Lyme Regis were on the ground close to the burning-mound, which was smoking as usual ; but about half- past one on that day he was told that " the volcano had burst," and on going down he found that a landslip had taken place, and that the mound had been split in two by a fissure, so that its interior was exposed, looking like the inside of a brick-kiln, from the baked appearance of the shale and stone. 3. The Landslip. The landslip took place about 1.15 p.m. on June loth. As above stated, Mr. Cameron was on the cliffs about an hour before it happened, and he did not notice any signs of an impending change. No new fissures had appeared, and no mo^"ement was THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. 1 57 taking place, while boats were busy as usual taking stone from the limestone beds at the foot of the cliff. Eye witnesses stated that three minutes after the last stone- boat had left, a portion of the cliff suddenly gave way, and the large mass, weighing many thousand tons, fell forward on to the beach with a loud rustling and rumbling noise, which was plainly heard in the town, while a cloud of sulphurous smoke issued from the burning mound. Other slips and falls occurred either simultaneously or very soon afterwards, and when Mr. Cameron arrived on the spot he found that several changes had taken place. The movements were not all at one spot, but had occurred at several places along a tract which was about 500 yards in length. The main mass of cliff which had fallen onto the shore was not more than 230 yards long, and this now forms a long slope of debris which at high water projects into the sea and forms a promontory (see map). The terrace, or plateau, north-west of this fall was much fissured, and a large mass of black shale had fallen from the slope above and behind, forming a long ridge near the burning mound, which was itself split by a fissure. A little later on the same day large falls took place from the cliffs on the seaward side of this plateau, and one of these included the seaward part or peak of the split burning mound (see Plate 3). About 50 yards east of the mound, and rather lower down, a mass of clay and shale, from 50 to 60 yards long, moved forward over the more solid limestone beds, but did not fall onto the beach. No other extensive slip has yet occurred, though the whole cliff between this point and Lyme church is in an unstable condition. The causes which have specially conduced to the landslip and the falls from this portion of the cliff appear to be two, the abstraction of limestone from the shore below, and the soakage of water into the cracks which form on the slopes. Although there is no actual quarrying on the cliff itself, yet the beds of limestone, or ledges (as the workmen call them) which crop out on the shore below are quarried with pick and bar, and 158 THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. the stone thus obtained is taken aAvay to the cement works in boat loads. These ledges are followed up to the foot of the cliffs, and the removal of the stone must weaken the foundation of the cliff, and must also enable the waves at high water to break with greater force against it, for the tide here comes up to the base of the cliffs. This harmful practice of getting stone from the shore ought to have been forbidden long ago. Stone was formerly taken from below the Church cliffs ; but this has been disallowed for many years, and the Lyme Regis people will do well to put a stop to it everywhere. The second contributing cause is the land water flowing off the slopes above. This partly issues from springs a little above the contour of 300 feet, and partly runs as surface water after heavy rain. Above the tiers of cliff and the broken ground Avhich lies below the road to Charmouth, Timber Hill rises to a height of about 530 feet above the sea. After rain much water flows off the slopes of this hill, and Mr, Cameron informs me that there two lines of water-flow on its southern side. One of these watercourses comes down through the fields a little east of the house called Fairfield, and the water which runs along it in wet weather cascades over the cliff by the old Gasworks. Another waterway runs in a parallel line about 330 yards to the eastward and loses itself in cracks and fissures on the Lias cliff above the very place where the great fall has taken place. There can be no doubt that the soakage of water into these cracks and fissures, and its percolation downward along the joints and divisional planes of the Lias, would loosen the cohesion of the parts near the border of the cliffs. Again, when a period of wet weather is followed by a spell of dry and sunny weather the water lying in the fissures is gradually evaporated, and much moisture is drawn out of the Lias clays and shales, resulting in the contraction of the tracts below or between such fissures, with a consequent tendency to move in the direction of least resist- ance. This is, of course, seawards, just as a roofing-slate placed THE BURNING CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. 1 59 on a gentle slope will gradually move down it in consequence of alternating contraction and expansion caused by differences of temperature. There must come a time when the tension is strong enough to overcome the cohesion of some fissured mass to the rock at the back of it, and then a fall of cliff or a landslip takes place. The movement of one slip is likely to loosen other unstable masses, and even the vibration caused by a slip or fall is enough to start adjoining masses on a downward journey ; so that one fall is often followed, sooner or later, by other falls. It is possible, moreover, that in some cases a terrestrial tremor or small seismic wave may be the final and immediate cause of the severance of cohesion. Such earth-tremors are of very frequent occurrence, but most of them are of such small intensity that they are only perceived by the sensitive instrumentality of a seismograph. There is, however, every gradation between such feeble tremors and one which might be called a slight shock of earthquake. As the cliff-fall at Lyme seemed to have happened very suddenly and without any warning symptoms, the possibility of its having been started by an earth-tremor occurred to Mr. Cameron, and on his suggestion, I wrote to Mr. J. Milne. He informs me, however, that his instruments did not record any earthquake movement on the loth of June, and consequently the precise moment of the landslip cannot have been determined in this way. It is important to remember that this landslip took place during dry weather. April had been a wet month, but the latter part of May and the beginning of June were dry and sunny, so that I think we may infer that the final cause of detachment was contraction, owing to evaporation of moisture and drying of the material which forms the cliffs. It should also be pointed out that the geological conditions on the east side of Lyme Regis are very different from those existing between Lyme and Axmouth, where masses of Greensand and Chalk rest on Lias clays or Triassic marls. There the base of the Greensand descends to a lower level, so that there is a l6o THE BURXIXG CLIFF AT LYME REGIS. greater weight above it and more water flows through it over the surtace of the Lias. Hence on the west side of Lyme, landslips have generally occurred during periods of heavy rainfall, and have been due to the sliding of the Greensand and the super- incumbent Chalk over the surface of the clays below. East of Lyme the slips take place in the Lias itself : and if records of former slips had been kept, it would probably be found that most of them occurred during spells of dry weather. A view of the burning cliff at Hoi worth (Plate 4), from a contemporar}- print, has been inserted for comparison with that of Lyme Regis (Plate 3). Holworth is on the cost of Ringstead Bay, near Osmington, and the cliff there consists of Kimmeridge Clay. An account of the phenomena is given in Damon's Geology of Weymouth (edition of 1884, p. 57). Similar combustion is also said to have occurred in the Lias cliffs near Charmouth in 175 1 (Op. cit., p. 58). EXPLANATION OF PLATE A. •"is- 1. Ischnothijreus velox, Jackson. Upper side of male without legs or palpi. 2. Profile. 3. Eyes of male from above and behind. 4. Underside of abdomen of male. 5. Left palpus, male. 6. Underside of fore-part of abdomen, female, showing genital aperture. ,, 7. Liblemma Lonisthorpii, sp. n. Upper side of male without legs or palpi. 8. Eyes from above and behind. 9. Under side of abdomen, male. 10. Ditto of female. 11. Left palpus of male. 12. Fore-part of digital joint, right palpus, male, shewing palpal organ processes. 13. Underside (female) showing genital aperture. ,, 14. Leptyphantes angulata, Cambr. Genital aperture and process, female. 15. Ditto in profile. ,, 16. Hilaira pervicax, Hull. Profile of cephalothorax, male. 17. Right palpus, male in profile. 18. Left palpus in front. 19. Genital aperture, female. ,, 20. Centromerus probabilis, sp. n. Profile of cephalothorax, female. 21. Eyes from above and behind. 22. Genital aperture and process. 23. Ditto in profile. ,, 24. GongyUdium paganum, Sim. Genital aperture, female. ,, 2o. Typhocrestm digitatus, Cambr. Genital aperture, female. ,, 26. Maro minutus, Cambr. Eyes from in front. 27 and 28. Left palpus m two positions. ,, 29. Maro Falconerii, Jackson. Cephalothorax. 30. Eyes of male from in front. 31. Right palpus of ditto from rather behind. 32. Left falci. 33. Genital aperture, female. ,, 34. Oxyptila Blackwallii, Sim. Genital aperture, female. ,, 3.'i. Oxyptila nignta, Thor. Sternum, female. 30. Genital aperture, ditto. ,, 37. Epihlemwn affinitatum, Cambr. Genital aperture, female. 38. Left palpus, male from above and behind. 39. Ditto on outer side. V J Plate A. Free Dorset. NHS: A. F. Club. VoLXUKIBOS. 32. 33. 34>*^?^^ Rc).ard-Ciml.nd|e. id' " M'Farlane 4ErsI.iiit.L.ti Ea.; NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. g)n "gicip cinb "glare gSriftsB Jlrac§ni6a, Noted and Observed in 1907, By Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., &c., &c. Plate A. FAIR number of rare spiders, comprising two new to science and two* new to Great Britain, have come under my notice during the past year (1907). Others also, both new to science and before unrecorded in Great Britain, have been recorded and described by Dr. A. R. Jackson and the Rev. J. E. Hull, and are included in the following list. For these results I am greatly indebted to the friends mentioned below, my own work having been principally directed to the identification of new or rare species, the correction of synonyms, made possible by the obtaining of fresh examples, and by the more exhaustive examination of others of which some species had been either wrongly or * One of these, Erif/one spiiiosa, Cambr. , was received while the preseut paper was in press, May, 1908. 1 62 ox NEW AXD RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. tentatively determined in time past. One subject of great interest contained in the present commmiication is afforded by the Kst subjoined of a number of species of the Order Acaridea (or, as popularly known, INIites). The species alluded to are all of one famil)- — Oribalidce, or Beetle-mites. They are very small, many of them quite microscopic, living among moss, dead leaves, decayed and decaying rubbish, and under dead bark of trees, decaying wood and boards, stones, &c., and often looking like minute globular shining black or brown morsels. They are for the most part dull and sluggish in their movements, and are easily collected, having a more or less hardened coriaceous epidermis, and can be preser\-ed well in diluted methylated spirit like spiders, though for a completely satisfactory' working out of their structure, which is often ver}' curious, Some further manipulation is necessary ; and the objects also require prepara- tion in some other fluid besides, or in lieu of, spirit. I have myself never been able to find time for specially working (along with others of the Arachnida) at this group (nor indeed at any other group of the Acaridea), though I have at times collected many species. It requires someone who could give up the whole of much spare time to it, and it is a work greatly needed to be done, as, excepting two or three of its isolated groups, there is no British naturalist, so far as I know, who has attacked or who is working at the whole Order of Acarids. To recur, however, for a moment to the subjoined List of Oribaiida:, this consists of fifty-two species, forty-nine of which were found in September last by my old friend, ]\Ir. Cecil Warburton (]M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, and " Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England "), in the course of a few minutes gathering of moss in an old fir plantation (^Nlorden Park, near Bloxworth). No attempt at separating and collecting these little mites individually on the spot is necessar}-. The moss is placed in a tin box, and the contents can be shaken out and examined indoors at leisure. Mr. Warburton has a mechanical method of sifting out these little creatures from the moss, by which the whole contents arc revealed almost at once, thus sa\-ing a long ON NEW AND RARE HRITISH ARACHNIDA. 163 and often wearisome search among tlie moss itself. I cannot explain exactly this method, as indeed I hardly yet understand it myself; but, if any member of our Field Club were enthusiastic enough to take up the subject, I would gladly get instructions for him from Mr. W'arburton, who, I know, would be most glad to give them. Some interest also attaches to the occurrences (noted in the subjoined List of Arachnida) of several, no doubt imported, exotic Arachnids in greenhouses and hothouses at the Royal Gardens at Kew and elsewhere. From such importations we may possibly in course of time obtain by acclimatisation additions to our indigenous (or rather pseudo-indigenous) Arachnids. We have already two of such in the British list, Pholcus phalangioides, Fuess, a great pest in my own house and premises, and Theridion lepidariorum, C. L. Koch, an abundant spider in most green- houses in luigland, and now and then found among adjoining shrubs and in verandahs, &c. jNIy best thanks are due to all those friends who have kindly sent me Arachnids during the past year. Among them I would especially mention Dr. A. Randell Jackson, of Chester ; Mr. W. Falconer, of Slaithwaite, near Huddersfield ; IMr. Horace Donisthorpe, 58, Kensington Mansions, London ; Mr. Denis R. Pack-Beresford, Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Ireland ; the Rev, J. E. Hull, Ninebanks Vicarage, Northumberland ; Mr. \V. Ruskin Butterfield, Hastings, Sussex ; IMr. Robert Godfrey, Edinburgh ; ^Ir. F. P. Smith, 15, Cloudesley Place, Islington; Mr. T. Stainforth, The ^Municipal Museum, Hull ; and ~Slr. G. A. Dunlop, Stockton Heath, Cheshire. For further information connected with the Arachnida in the following list I would refer to " Spiders of Dorset," 1879-81, and subsequent papers- published by the Dorset Field Club in its annual "Proceedings," 1882- 1908, also to the "List of British and Irish Spiders," published by Sime and Co., 1900, as also to " Monographs on the British Phaiangidai or Harvest Men," 1890, and the British Chenietidea or "False Scorpions," published in the Dorset Field Club, " Proceedings." Dr. A. R. 164 ON XEAV AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Jackson has also published illustrated papers on Arachnida in the " Proceedings " (Chester Soc. Nat. Sc, Literature, and Art), 1907, and Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tyne, n.s., Vol. III., Part I., 1908. Two illustrated papers by Mr. F. P. Smith may also be mentioned (published in 1907 in the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club) " On British Spiders of the Genus Lycosa " and *' Some British Spiders taken in 1907. Also a recent paper by the Rev. J. E. Hull (Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tyne," n.s., Vol. HI., Part I.), on " Allendale Spiders." For reference to a work on the Orihatida, see " British Oribatidae," by Albert D. Michael, F.L.S., &c., &c., 2 vols. Ray Society, 1888. LIST OF NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Order ARANEIDEA. Family THERAPHOSID^. Sub.-fam. ATYPIN^. Atypus affinis, Eichwald. Two adult males of this spider ; the sole British repre- sentative of the family, were sent to me by Mr. H. Donisthorpe, from Woking, in October, 1907. The spider is found usually in colonies of greater or less extent in their tubular nests ; running down into the earth among the stems of dwarf plants and grass. The female probably never leaves the nest ; but the males, when adult, are usually, or at all events often, met with as wanderers. Though not a rare species, it is certainly a very local one, and one of the most striking in appearance of our British spiders. OK NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 65 Family DYSDERID^E. Sub-fam. OONOPIN^. Ischnothyreus velox. Pi. A, Figs, i — 6. Ischnothvrcus velox, Jackson, Trans. Nat. Hist. Society of Northumberland, Durham, and New- castle-on-Tyne, n.s., Vol. III., Part I., p. 5,. PI. iv., fig- 9-13- Adults of both sexes were found by Dr. A. R. Jackson in warm greenhouses in the Nursery Gardens at Chester, in November, 1907; others had been met with shortly before in a plant hot-house at Alnwick, Northumberland, by Mr. Bagnall ; it has also been recently found in a similar situation in the Kew Gardens, and sent to me thence by ^Ir. H. Donisthorpe. M. Simon, who has examined some of the examples, has decided them to be of an undescribed species, allied to Ischnothyreus aculeaius, Sim. (from the Philippine Islands). There can be but little doubt that the English examples of this and of the follow- ing species have been imported originally with plants or packing materials from exotic regions ; but, as I understand, there is no clue as to whence either of the species may have come. A Ceylon species, /. lytuphaseus, Sim., is known to to have come to the green-houses of the Natural History IMuscum, Paris, and in all probability were imported with plants from Ceylon. (See Bull, du ^Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, 1896, No. i.) The importation of Arachnids from abroad in packages of plants, fruit, or packing materials, appears to be of increasing frequency ; especially in con- signments of bananas, which afford just the kind of protection for soft-bodied creatures (like most spiders), required to bring them without injury. Entomologists should therefore be on the alert at markets, or in ware- houses, to await the unpacking of such consignments, and secure the immigrants, noting as accurately as possible the country whence they come. 1 66 ox XEAV AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Dip.LEMMA, gen. nov. Diblemma Donisthorpii, sp. n. PI. A, Figs. 7 — 13. Examples of both sexes received from Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, by whom they were found in the Royal Gardens at Kew. (For description see postea p. 188.) Family DRASSID^. Drassus minuseulus, L. Koch. A female of this species was received October 1907, from Mr. W. R. Buttcrfield, by whom it Avas found near St. Leonard's-on-Sea, and also an adult male in May, 1907, from Rye Sandhills. Drassus lapidosus, JVa/d: Drassus lapidicoltiis, Walck.-BL, Spid. G.B.I., p. 116; Cambr., Spid. Dors, and Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVI., p. 99, 1895. Drassus cupreus, BL, Spid. G.B.I., p. 114; Cambr., Spid. Dors., p. 461, and Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVI., p. 100, 1895. Drassus macer, Thor.-Cambr,, Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVI., p. 100, 1895, and Vol. XVIIL, p. iii, 1897. An examination of a considerable series of examples, com- prising the three forms included in the foregoing synonyms has led me to believe them to be only variations of one species. There is at times considerable variation in the development of the fakes, and in their dentition, as well as in the absolute length of the palpi of the male, and their different joints and structure but all endeavour to find any reliable rule for the separation of species from these variations seems to fail \\-hen brought to bear on a lengthened series of examples ; nor does their colour- variation seem sufficiently constant to help in their separation. The variation in size of examples of the above ON NEW AND RARE 15RITISH ARACMXIDA. 167 three forms is also xcry great, but afifords no reliable clue to the separation of species. Continental araneologists have never, I believe, considered the three forms to comprise more than the one species — B. lapidosus Walck ; though Drassus maccr, Thorell, has perhaps most claim to be con- sidered distinct. I confess that I have, myself, only recently and reluctantly arrived at the conclusion that all three are identical. Prosthesima electa, C. L. Koch. An adult and immature examples of this spider were received from Mr. W, Ruskin Butterfield, by whom they were found on the Camber Sandhills, Rye, Sussex. Prosthesima lutetiana, L. Koch. An adult female of this species was sent to me by Mr, G. A. Dunlop, by whom it was found under a stone at Port Erin, in the Isle of Man, in 1907. Ag"roeca inopina, Cambr. Se^-eraI immature examples were received from Beer, Devon, where they were found in June, 1907, by Dr. A. Randell Jackson. Agfroeca celans, Blackw. Two immature females found at St. Leonard's-on-Sea were sent to me by ]Mr. W. R. Butterfield in June, 1907. Micariosoma festivum, C. L. Koch. Agrocca cclcr, Cambr., Brit, and Ir. Spid., p. 13. After careful re-examination of all the recorded examples constituting this species {A. cclcr, Cambr.), and much consideration of their relation to iMicariosoma festhtim, C. L. Koch, I have reluctantly come to the conclusion that they are very pale immature examples of this last. An example recorded from Warwickshire in 1903 more nearly approached maturity than any others I have seen. (See Proc. Dors, F, Club, 1903, p. 151,, PI. A, Fig. I.) 1 68 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Clubiona neg"lecta, Cambr. Both sexes from Camber Sandhills, Rye, ]Mr. W. R. Butter- field, June, 1907. Though widely dispersed, this still appears to be a rare species. Family DICTYNID^. Dictyna variabilis, C. L, Koch. Adults of both sexes were found rather freely on the south coast near Sidmouth by Dr. A. R. Jackson in June, 1907. Hitherto this little spider has been of rare occurrence. I have received it abundantly from Guernsey. Ppotadia subnig-ra, Cambr. I found an adult male of this spider on the wall of the Rector}- House, Bloxworth, in June 1907. It appears to be still a local and rather rare species. Protadia patula, Sim, A female of this rare species was received in October 1907, from ]Mr. W. R. Butterfield, by whom it was found at Rve Harbour, Sussex, amonif flood refuse. Family AGELENID^. Coelotes terrestris, Wid. At p. 124, Vol. XXXVni., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club. An example was recorded as having been found in Northumberland by Dr A. R. Jackson. It should have been " in Surrey by Mr. Bennett." Teg-enaria Hibernica, Cambr. Adult males from Ireland, ]Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, November, 1907. This fine species appears to be still confined to Ireland ; and, so far as I am aware, to Dublin. OxM NEW AND RARK liRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 69 Family HAHNIID^. Hahnia Candida, Sim. An adult female was received from Portland in June 1907, where it was found by Dr. A. R. Jackson. No other record of this minute species has been made in England since its first discovery as a British spider at Portland by myself, in or about the year 1854. I have, however, received it once since, from Scotland. Hahnia pusilla, L. Koch. I have received from Dr. A, R. Jackson an adult male of this species from Delamere Forest, Cheshire. Family THERIDIID^. Theridion aulicum, Lucas. Adults of both sexes were found, and sent to me from the coast near Sidmouth, by Dr. A, R. Jackson, in June, 1907. It is a very distinct species, and must be reckoned as yet among the rarest spiders of this genus found in Britain. Theridion impressum, L. Koch. Dr. A. R. Jackson met with both sexes of this spider in some abundance at Delamere, Cheshire, in 1907. Theridion riparium, Bl. An adult female was sent to me from Woking, where it was found by i\Ir. H. Donisthorpe in a nest of an ant (Formica sangiiineaj in ^lay, 1907. Theridion Black wallii, Cambr. A female of this spider was found in Surrey (probably Richmond Park) by Mr. Bennett, and sent to me by Dr. A. R. Jackson in October, 1907. Adult males Avere also received from Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, by whom they were found at Belling, Northamptonshire. iyo ox NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHXIDA. Theridion varians, Hahn. Thcn'dion hononun, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F, Club., Vol. XIV., p. 151, Fig 4. There is no doubt but that T. hononnn Cambr., I.e., is an unusually dark form of the very variable, and, in some localities, abundant species. T. varians, Hahn. Crustulina sticta, Camb. I met with an adult female of this very local spider, running on the lawn railings at Bloxworth Rectory in ]\ray 1907. An unusual spot for this species. Eleven examples (males immature, females adult) were sent to me from Rye harbour by INIr. W. R. Butterfield, in [March, 1907. All these examples were of the black A-ariety ; as also was an adult female taken at Hastings by Mr. Bennett, and sent to me by Dr. Jackson, in October, 1907. Laseola jucunda, Cambr. Adults of both sexes were sent to me from near Pennsylvania, Portland, where they were found under stones and pieces of rock, by Dr, A. R. Jackson, in June, 1907. Laseola inornata, Cambr. Laseola d/'ssm/7/s, Cambr. (female, non male.) Both sexes found abundantly near Pennsylvania, Portland, by Dr. Jackson, in company with L. jucunda. The female of inornata had hitherto been confused with that of Z. dissimilis, as well as with that of L. jucunda, Laseola erythropus, Simon. Laseola erythropus, Sim., Arachnides de France, Vol. v., 1881, p. 141. L^aseola proxima, Cambr., Proc. Dors. Field Club, XVI., 1895. p. 102, PI. A., E. la, 3^. I ha\-e lately identified an adult male oi Laseola received from Guernsey, with L. proxuna, Cambr. M. Simon now identifies ON NEW AND RARE liRITISH ARACHNIDA. lyt the Guernsey example with Z. frv/Iiropiis, Sim. (l.c, supra), a species liitherto only known from a single specimen found in South France. There seems to be no doubt about the identity of the two spiders. The English example has also been examined by M. Simon, and its name proxima thus gives way to the one previously given by him. Eupyopis flavomaculata, C. L. Koch. An adult male was received from Mr. W. R. Eutterfield, by whom it was found at St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, in June 1907 ; and an adult female from Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Newton INIoss, Penrith, North Britain, in July, 1907. Enoplog-natha thoracica, Hahn. Enoplognaihd hispida, Camb., Brit, and Ir. Spid. p. 24. An examination and comparison of numerous examples, both English and from the Island of Guernsey, appear to show that E. hispida is a variety only of E. thoracica, Hahn. An adult female was received from St. Leonards-on-Sea, from Mr. W. R. Butterfield, in 1907. Robeptus neg-lectus, Cambr. An adult male from Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, November, 1907; also one from the Hull district from IMr, T. Stainforth. Leptyphantes Blaekwallii, Kulcz. Lcpiyphanics acccp/us, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, Vol. XXIV., p. 153 and 163—1903. pi. A., Fig. 4. From an examination and comparison of examples of this species from various localities I have come to the conclusion that Z. acccp/us is a variety, in which the chief and most obvious differential characters are the absence of any lateral pale spots or broken stripes on the abdomen, and the 172 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. indistinctness of the angular lines, or chevrons, on the hinder part of its upper side. There is considerable variation in the depth and distinctness of the normal abdominal pattern in individuals captured at different times of the year; as well as in the actual size of specimens. Leptyphantes Meng-ii, Kulcz. Adult males received from Ireland ; j\Ir. D. R. P. Beresford, 1907. Leptyphantes ericaea, Blackw. Leptyphantes inconspicua, Cambr., Brit, and I. Spid., p. 20, and Spid. Dors., p. 213. Having compared the type of Z. inconspicua, with numerous undoubted examples of L. ericcra, I feel but little doubt of the identity of the two spiders. When the former ^\•as described many years ago as distinct, I had not the ad\-antage I now have ot any good microscopical aid beyond that of an ordinary pocket lens. Leptyphantes ang-ulata, Cambr. PI. A., Figs. 14-15. An adult male received from Rev. J. E. Hull, by whom it was found in Northumberland early in 1 907. I have also since received both sexes from Mr. Hull. The female is new to science. Of the male I had only seen one previously (the type of the species) from the Cheviot Hills (Spid. Dors , p. 521 c.f. Rev. J. E. Hull's Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. North- umberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne., N.S., Vol. HI., part I., p. 7., PL 5., Figs. 5-9). Popphomma eg-epia, Sim. An adult female, found in a mole's nest at Blakenham, Suffolk, in IMarch, 1907, was sent to me by Mr. H. Donisthorpe. Popphomma meadii, F. O. P.-C. An adult female, Ireland, Mr, D. R. P. Beresford, 1907. ox NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 73 Hilaira pervicax, J. E. Hull. PI. A., Figs. 16-19. Hiloira pervicax, J. ¥.. Hull, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1908, N.S., Vol. HI., part i, p. 5, PI. V., Fig. 1-2, 2(7. This distinct, and new species, is nearly allied to the already known British forms, H. uncaia, Cambr., and H. excisii, Cambr., but, in the male at least, it may easily be distinguished by the form of the cephalothorax and palpi. The female, however, appears to be almost indistinguishable from that of H. e.xcisa, Cambr. A single male and numerous females were found among moss in a pine wood at Whitfield, in Northumberland, at an elevation of 1400 feet, in February, 1908, by the Rev. J. E. Hull. Gen. Centromerus. Tmetici/s, Mengi. -Cambr., ad par/em. Centpomerus fortunatus, Cambr. Tmeticus fortunatus, Cambr, Proc. Dors. F. Club, Vol. XVI., p. 123, PI. A., Fig. 6. An adult male was taken on the lawn railings at Warmwell Rectory in December, 1907, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard- Cambridge, and a female by myself at Bloxworth Rectory in June previously. CentPomeFus coneinnus, Thorell. Tmeticus conciimus, Thor., Cambr., Brit, and I. Spid., P- 34- An adult male ; taken on the lawn railings at Bloxworth Rector}- by the Rev. R. J. Pickard- Cambridge October 24th, 1907. I have also received both sexes from Hull (Yorkshire) from Mr. T. Stainforth, and from other localities. Whether the differences of structure between this species and 174 O-S NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. C. bicolor, Blackw,, are sufificiently reliable to justify their separation as species it is very difficult to decide ; at present, however, I am still inclined to keep them separate. Centpomepus ppobabilis, sp. n. PI. A., Figs. 20-23. An adult female sent to me from Northumberland in January. 1907, by the Rev. J. E. Hull, appears to me worth recording as a new species. In several respects it indicates a form yet undescribed. I know of none of which it might possibly be the female (not yet met with). Its leading character (the formation of the genital aperture) is of a very distinct and remarkable kind — for a more detailed description. (See post. p. 190). CentPomePus firmus, Cambr. Tmeliciis finniis, Cambr., Pro. Dors. F. Club. XXVI., p. 59, PL A., Figs. 1 3a- 1 3c. An adult female received from the Rev. J. PI. Hull, by whom it was found in Northumberland, in 1906. MaPO minutus, Cambr., PL A., Figs. 26-28. Maro minutus, Cambr., A. R. Jackson, I.e. infra, p. 14. PL I.V., Figs. 21-25. Several more examples of this exceedingly minute spider, including the male, have been found near Huddersfield, by Mr. W. Falconer, and an example of the latter sex has been kindly sent to me by him (1908). The sexes are much alike in general colour and appearance. MaPO Faleonerii, Jackson, PL A., Figs. 29-33. Maro faleonerii^ Jackson, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-on-Tyne, Vol. III., Part I., p. 15, PL IV., Figs. 16-20. Adults of each sex of this species were found at Delamere, Cheshire, by Dr. A. R. Jackson, in 1907. It is nearly allied to M. viiniitus, and is quite as small, but the male may easily be distinguished by the prominent tooth in ON NEAV AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 75 front of the falccs, and the female by the form of the genital aperture. The two sexes are much alike in general colour and appearance. Micponeta beata, Cambr. An adult male, found on the lawn railings at Bloxworth Rectory, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-Cambridge, in October, 1907. This is the first record of this species for Dorset- shire. Syedra pholcommoides, Cambr. An adult female on the lawn railings, Bloxworth Rectory, October 24th, 1907, by the Rev. R. J. Pickard-Cambridge. Gong-ylidiellum pa^anum, Sim., PI. A., Fig. 24. Gongv/idit'lliDn paganum, Sim. -Cambr., Proc. Dors. N. H. and A. F. Club, Vol. XXII., 1903, p. 155, PI. A., Fig. 7. An adult male and females, sent to me from County Carlow, Ireland, by Mr. D. R. P. Beresford. This is, I believe, only the second record of the species as British. Erig-one spinosa, Cambr. Erigonc spinosa, Cambr., Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 292, PI. XIII., Fig. 12. ,, vagans, Sim. (Non E. vagans Audouin in Sa\'igny.) Les Arachnides de France, tom. V., p. 530, Figs. 330- 331, 1881. It was a great surprise to me to find among other spiders received (^lay, 1908) from Mr. Stainforth, and taken near Hull, both sexes of the very remarkable form of Erigone — E. spinosa, Cambr. This little species is easily distinguish- able from all others of the forms yet known ; it was first found by myself at Cairo in Egypt, afterwards in Palestine, subsequently at Rome, and finally sent to me from Paris by M. Eugene Simon. Since that I have not seen nor heard of 176 ox NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. it until now. M. Simon (Arachn. de France, supra cit.) includes it as a synonym of Argus vagans, Savigny, described and figured in Savigny's great work on f^gypt. (\''ide Expli- cation des Planches, Vol. I. part 4 plate I. of that work ; by V. Audouin — date about A. D., 1826.) This description is very indefinite and might quite well apply to several other species of the genus, while the figures (PL i) could not possibly apply to E. spi?iosa, Cambr., the critical portions of the palpi being totally distinct. Baron Walckenaer (Ins. Apt. 11., p. 345, 1837) appears to have taken it for granted that the spider he records there as E. vagans Aud.-Sav. (and which Audouin says has been again found by Savigny in the en^'irons of Paris on the barriers of the little park of Versailles) was identical with Savigny's species, but this appears quite untenable in the face of Savigny's figures. What Savigny's spider may have been it is probably impossible to say ; the figures look most like E. longipalpis, Sund. E. spinosa, Cambr., agrees exactly with the French examples sent to me by M. Simon, and which were of a species, according to him, found in numerous localities in France. It is probably identical with Erigone vagans, Kulczynski, and, if so, this latter author would also appear to have, equally with M. Simon, overlooked the evidence of the strikingly different form of Savigny's E. vagans, furnished by Savigny's figures (I.e. supra). The figure given by Kulczynski of the female is different from that which I found in Egypt ; while the Yorkshire examples resemble it. The female described by Walckenaer (I.e.) is evidently that of another group of spiders altogether; he says: '■^ Le paipe defemelle termine panuionglet peciine,'' which is certainly not true of an Erigotie. On every account this addition to our List of British Spiders is of great interest. Epig-one long-ipalpis, Sund. Adult males sent to me in 1906 from Kirkby (Lancashire) and from Weston-super-Mare by the Rev. J. H. Bloom; and ON NEW AND RARE RRITISH ARACHNIDA, 1 77 both sexes in some abundance were received from Hull in September and October, 1907, from Mr. T. Stainforth, of the iMunicipal ^Museum, Hull. The specimens from Kirkby were the largest and best developed I have yet seen. E rig-one arctica, White-Cambr. Both sexes, found apparently in abundance, were received from Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, Ireland, 1907, also an adult male from Cheshire, found by Dr. A. R. Jackson. Lophomma laudatum, Cambr. An adult male received from Mr. W. R. Butterfield, by whom it was found at St. Leonards-on-Sea in June, 1907, and another of the same sex from Northampton from Mr. D. R. P. Beresford. Lophomma stativum, Simon. Lophomma stativum, Sim,. Cambr., Proc, Dors. N. H. and A. F. Club, 1905, Vol. XXVI., p.p. 50-64, PI. A, Figs. 19-21. An adult male was sent to me in October, 1907, from Ireland, by Mr. D. R. P. Beresford. This, so far as I know, is only its second record in Great Britain and Ireland. Typhoerestus digitatus, Cambr., PI. A, Fig. 25. Erigone digitata, Cambr., P.Z.S., 1872, p. 758, PI. 66, Fig. 14. ,, dorsuosa, Cambr., P.Z.S., 1875, p. 196, PL 27, Fig. 6. lyphocnstus digitatiis, Cambr., Proc, Dors., N.H. and A.F. Club 1894, P- 112. „ „ Annals Scottish Nat. Hist., January, 1894, p. 19. Typhoerestus dorsuosus, Cambr., Proc, Dors., N.H. and A.F. Club 1899, p. 8. „ ,, Brit, and Ir., Spid., 1900, p. 41. 1 78 ox XE-\\' AND RARE BRITISH ARACHMDA. Typhocrcstiis digi/a/iis, Cambr., Simon Araneides de France, Vol. v., p. 584, sed not T. dorsuosus, Sim. Owing to the temporary loss of the type of Erigone digitaia, Cambr., I had no opportunity to compare it with the spider which I described three years later as a distinct species under the name Erigone dorsiwsa, Cambr. Subse- quently examples found in England and Scotland were relegated, some to one, some to the other, of these two supposed species ; but more recently, having again found the lost type of E. digi/ata, a careful comparison of it with that of E. dorsuosus convinced me of their identity. A slight variation in the form and convexity of the caput mainly led at first to their separation. Typhocrcstus dorsuosus, Sim., Araneides de France, Vol. v., p. 586, is quite a different species. I\I. Simon most probably had two species mixed when he sent me the example which I described as E. dorsuosus, and which, as the type of the species, I still possess. At any rate the spider he describes and figures I.e. is evidently totally different from mine, and quite unknown to me. Although I have long possessed the females of Typhocrcstus digitatus, it has only recently teen figured by Dr. Jackson, see Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. in Northumberland as before quoted. For figure of this sex see PI. A., Fig. 25. The female described by M. Simon, I.e. is not, I think, that of this species. An example of this sex received from Nuremberg (Dr. L. Koch) is identical with my British specimens. An example of the female found by Dr. A. R. Jackson at Portland in June, 1907, is its first record as a Dorset spider. Entelecara Jacksonii, Cambr. An adult male received from Dr. A. R. Jackson, by whom it was found at Delamere in 1907. ox NEW AXn RARK HRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 79 Lophocarenum Mengii, Simon. An adult male from Ireland, Nov., 1907, sent to me by Mr. D. R. P. Beresford. Thyeosthenius biovatus, Cambr. An adult male from the nest of Formica ru/a, \\'e}bridgc, INFav, 1907 ; I\Ir. H. Donisthorpc. Araeoncus crassiceps, Wcstr. An adult male sent to me from Ireland by Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, July, 1907, and another of the same sex from Newton ]\Ioss, Penrith, Dr. Jackson. Styloetetor inuncans, Simon. Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, Vol. XXIII., p. 25, 1902. Adult males from Rye Sandhills, Mr, W. R. Butterfield. This is only the second British locality whence this very distinct species has as yet been received. StyloetetOF penicillatus, Westr. On tree trunks, among lichens, on Rectory Lawn, BloxAvorth, in ]\Iay, 1907, and also on iron railings. Tpoxochpus cirFifpons, Cambr. An adult male from County Carlow, Ireland, ]\Ir. D. R. P. Beresford, July, 1907. Cnephaloeotes intepjectus, Cambr. Adults of both sexes, rather abundant, Rye Harbour, Mr. W. R. Butterfield, October, 1907, among flood refuse. Tapinocyba insecta, L. Koch. Both sexes adult from Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford. This is only the second record in Gt. Brit, and I rid. See Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club. Vol. XXVI., 1905, pp. 52- 68, PI. B., Fig. 20-23. ISO ON NEAV AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Tapinoeyba prseeox, Cambr, Adult females sent to me by Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, Ireland, January and July, 1907. Panamomops bieuspis, Cambr. An adult male, sent to me from Hull, by IMr. T. Stainforth, 1907. Wideria melanocephala, Cambr. A male and female adult, Ireland, INIr. D. R. P. Beresford, October, 1907. Prosopotheea monoeeros, Wid. Widen'a siibiia, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N. H. and A. F. Club, Vol. XXIII, 1902, p. 26, Fig. 10, a, b, c, d, and XXVI., 1905, p. 53. Having recently been able to compare, the type of W. siihita with females of P. monoeeros, there seems no doubt of their identity. ' Prosopotheea monoeeros is a widely dispersed, but rare spider. An adult of each sex was sent to me from Rye Harbour in October, 1907, by Mr. W. R. Butterfield. Ceratinella seabrosa. Cambr. An adult male was found by myself on the Rectory Wall, Bloxworth, in June, 1907, and both sexes were received from Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, Ireland, in 1907. Fam. EPEIRID.E. Sub -fam. TETRAGNATHIN^. Meta Menardi, Latr. A female of this spider, received from Portland, where it was found by Dr. A. R. Jackson, at Pennsylvania, in June, 1907. This is its first record in Dorsetshire, ON NEW AND RARE 15RITISH ARACHNIDA. l8i Family THOMISID^. Xysticus Kochii, Thor. Adult females from Rye Sandhills, Mr. W. R. Butterfield, May and Jmie, 1907. Oxyptila flexa, Cambr. Adults of both sexes from Ireland, Mr. D. R. P. Beresford, October, 1907 Oxyptila nig-rita, Thor. Pi. A, Fig. 35-36. Xj'siicus nign'/us, Thorell., Tijdr., P^nt. XVIII., 1875, p. 24. Oxyptila nigriia., Thor.-Sim., Arachn., de Fr., II., p. 238. Adult female, length i^ lines. This little spider is of the ordinary general form and . appearance, and bears much resemblance at first sight to O. Blackwallii, Sim. The pattern, however, on the cephalothorax and abdomen differs when closely examined, and the form of the genital process is very distinct. (See figs. 34-36.) Like O. Blackwallii, Sim. O. scahriciila, Westr., and other allied species, the present one is also furnished with strong clavate hairs on the abdomen and other parts. An adult female was received from Mr. H. Donisthorpe, by whom it was found at Deal in 1907, an immature female having been received from near Dover, from the Rev. J. H. Bloom, in 1906. It is new to the British List. The spider now recorded seems to me to be identical with the female of Oxyptila Blackivallii Bosenberg, not, however, with the male. (See Die Spinnen Deutschlands W. Bosenberg, Stuttgart, 1903, p. 359, PI. 33, Fig. 529 A.) Oxyptila scabricula, Westr. Oxyptila scabriciila, Westr., Cambr., Proc. Dors. Field Club xxviii., 1907, p. 145, PI. B, Figs. 57-63. Adult males and an adult female were sent to me lately by Mr. H. Donisthorpe from sandpits at Chobham, and on the 1 82 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. same day I received adult males from jMr. J. C. Champion by A\hom they were found in a sandpit at ^^'oking. Philodromus lineatipes, Cambr. An immature female found by ?*Ir. Bennett, near Newstead, received from Dr. A. R. Jackson, 1907, Thanatus striatus, C. L. Koch. Adult males on the Lawn Railings, Bloxworth, ^^lay, 1907. Family LYCOSID^. Pirata knorrii, Scop. Pirata knorrii. Scop. Cambr. Spid. Dors., p. 543. This spider was included in the British List many years ago on the authority of Dr. Ludwig Koch, who reported to me that he had received it from the Isle of Arran. Subse- quent investigation and correspondence, howe\er, with Dr. Koch has made it certain that the first report of its occurrence was based on misapprehension. The Arran Spider he had received was without doubt Pirata piraticus Clk. Pirata knorrii therefore disappears from the List of British Spiders. Tarentula miniata, C. L. Koch. An adult female, Rye, Camber Sandhills, ^Ir. W. R. Butter- field 1907. Lycosa Farpenii, Cambr. Both sexes received from Wicken Fen, Cambridge, from ]\Ir. C. Warburton in July, 1907. Owing to a confusion of names and specimens L. Farrcnii was stated (Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, Vol. XXIV., p. 160) to be identical with L. ferruginca, L. [voch. This however is, I think, certainly not the case. ON NEW AND RARE 14RITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 83 Family SALTICID^. Epiblemum affinitatum, Cambr., PL A, Figs. 37-39. An adult male and female, received from Dr. A. R. Jackson, were found under old bark on trees in Richmond Park in 1907 by jMr. Bennett. This species is very closely allied to E. mutahile, Lucas-Simon, and its type specimen has been doubtfully referred to that species by Mons. Simon. I still, however, believe them to be distinct. Professor Kulczynski, who has examined the Richmond Park examples, thinks that it is Epiblemum (CaUkthcra) zehraneiim, C. L. Koch. A comparison, however, with typical specimens of E. zebranctim kindly sent to me by Dr. L. Koch, shows it to be quite distinct. The Richmond Park examples are only the second recorded occurrence of E. affiniia/uni, Cambr,, the first specimen having been found by myself on Bloxworth Heath in i860. Hyctia Nivoyi, Lucas. Adults of both sexes, found apparently in some abundance on the Rye Camber sandhills by Mr. \V. R. Butterfield in May, 1907, and an adult male by Mr. H. Donisthorpe at Deal, September, 1907. Gen. BiANOR, Peckham. Proc. Wise. Acad. Nat. Sc, 1885, p. 384, E. Simon; Hist. Nat. des Araignees II., p. 641. This genus is closely allied to Ballus, C. L. Koch. Bianop aeneseens, Simon. Ballus cctiescens, Simon, Arachn. de France, Vol. HL, p. 206. Bianor cenescens, Sim., A. R.Jackson, Trans. Nat. His. Soc, Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle- upon-Tyne, n.s. HL, Part L, p. 13, PI. IV., Fig. i, 2, 3, and 30. 184 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. An adult female of this spider, new to Great Britain, was found near Hedley, in Surrey, by INIr. Bennett, and received from Dr. A. R. Jackson in 1907. It may easily be dis- tinguished from Ballus depresstis, Blackw., by its much darker colour, and the almost entire absence of pattern on the abdomen, which is of a uniform blackish hue, covered with grey pubescens. Neon retieulatus, Blackw. A\'on hvis, Simon-Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F. Club, XII., 1 891, p. 96, and ibid, XIV., 1893, p. 162. The adults of Neon hvis, which I had hoped to find where the immature types occurred (I.e. supra), have never, unfortunately, turned up ; numerous examples, however, of N. retieulatus, Bl. at different ages have been found there, and in the neighbourhood, and after much consideration I have come to the conclusion that the types referred to are immature varieties of that species. Euophpys sequipes, Cambr. An adult male, of a nearly black variety, received from Dr. A. R. Jackson. It was found at Richmond Park, Surrey, by ]\Ir. Bennett. Attus saltator, Sim. An adult female from the Rye Camber Sandhills, sent to me in ]\Iay, 1907, by INIr. W. R. Butterfield. Order PHALANGIDEA. Anelasmocephalus Cambridgfii, Westwood. The example of this curious arachnid, recorded in Proc. Dors. N. H. and A. F. Club, XXVUI., p. 135, was inadver- tently stated to have been found near Chester. It was captured by Mr. Bennett near Hastings. ON N£W and rare BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 85 Order CHERNETIDEA. Chelifer eancpoides, Linn, Received from Mr. R. Godfrey, September, 1907, from Glasgow, where it occurred in some abundance in stables. Also from Mr. G. A. Whyte (see " Zoologist," October, 1907, Ser. 4, Vol. XL, p. 388), and several from Edminton, found in a corn store by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in November, 1905. Thirteen examples of this species were also received from the late ]\Ir. A. J. Chitty, by whom they were found in London in the Holborn Granary. Order THELYPHONIDEA. Sub-order THELYPHONIDES. Fam. TARTARIDiE. Gen. Trithyreus, Kraepelin. Trithyreus Bag-nallii, Jackson. Trithyreus Bagnallii, Jackson. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon- Tyne, 1907, n.s. Vol. III., Part L, p.p. 28-30. A curious little arachnid belonging to a group of an exotic Order, about which little is really known. A few species only have been met with of this group. The first recorded species was of the Gen. nov. Nyctalops (Cambr.), of which I received many years ago examples from Ceylon, recording them as two species, Nyctalops crossicauda, andA'^. temiicorda, and as forming a new family, Tariarides, of the Order Thely- phonidea Ann. and Mag. N.H. s. 4. Vol. 10, p. i, PI. XXIL, 1878. These, however, proved subsequently to bethetwosexes of the same species. The group has since been studied by the late Dr. Thorell, also by Professor H. J. Hansen, of Copen- hagen, and others. The present species is nearly allied to Nyctalops, but differs in having eyes, whereas Nyctalops has none. It was found in a hothouse in the Kew Gardens by 1 86 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNiOA. Mr. Bagnall, and subsequently by Mr. H. Donisthorpe, from whom I have received several examples. It is, of course, an importation at some time or other from exotic regions like the other arachnids before recorded from Kew, and other localities, in a similar habitat. Order ACARIDEA. Family ORIBATID^. Excepting those otherwise noted all the species in the subjoined list were found by ]Mr. Cecil Warburton in September, 1907, in INIorden Park, near Bloxworth, among moss and heather. Pelops acromios, Herm., found by O. P. Cambridge in Bloxworth District, as well as in ]\Iorden Park by Mr. Warburton. Oribata OValis, C. L. Koch = O. punctata. Found also by O. P. Cambridge in the Bloxworth District. teeta, Michael. gracilis, Mich. avenifera, INIich. mollieoma, C. L. Koch. cuspidata, Mich. fusig-era, ^lich. g'lobula, Nic, also found by O. P. Cambridge in the Bloxworth District. setosa, C. L. Koch. lapidaria, Lucas, also by O. P. Cambridge in the Bloxworth District. ,, quadricornuta, O. P. Cambridge, Bloxworth District. Hepmannia scabra, C. L. Koch. bistpiata, Nic. nana, Nic. arrecta, Nic. ON NEW AND RARE ]{RIT1.SH ARACHNIDA. 1 87 Cepheus teg'eocranus, Herm, bifidatus, Nic. ,, latUS, Nic, also by O. P. Cambridge in Bloxworth District. Teg'eocranus latus, C. L, Koch. relatus, Mich. dentatus, Mich. Ciprabodes coriacetus, C. L. Koch. „ marginatus, Mich. elong-atus, Mich. femoralis, Nic. Notaspis tibialis, Nic. „ longfilamellata, Mich. „ bipilis, O. P. Cambridge, Bloxworth District. „ tpig"ona, Mich. „ splendens. C. L. Koch. „ pectinata, Mich. „ quadricarinata, INIich. „ Oblong-a, C. L. Koch. „ similis, Mich. „ lanceolata, IMich. „ clavipeetinata, iMich. „ SCUlptilis, Warburton and Pearce. „ • exilis, Nic. Damaeus ^enieulatUS, C. L. Koch ; also by O. P. Cambridge, Bloxworth District. „ clavipes, Harm. „ vertieillipes, Nic. Neoliodes theleprOCtUS, Herm ; also by O. p. Cambridge, Bloxworth Rectory. Nothrus monodactylus, Mich. „ spinig-er, Bloxworth District (O. P. Cambridge). ,, SegTliS, Herm. ,, sylvestris, Nic. palustri^, C. L. Koch. 1 88 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Nothpus bicarinatus, C. L. Koch. Hypoethonius rufulus, C. L. Koch. Hyploderma (Hophlophora) mag-num, Nic. ; also Blox- worth district (O. P. Cambridge). „ dasypus, Duges. Notes and Descriptions of Two of the FOREGOING ArACHNIDA. ARANEIDEA. Diblemma, gen. nov. Allied to Opopcea, Sim., which it resembles in general form and appearance; but differs from it (as well as from all other known genera of the OoiiopidcB) in having only two eyes. These are placed at the fore extremity of the caput, near together in a transverse line, and very close to the lower margin of the clypeus. The legs are destitute of spines, being furnished with hairs only. The abdomen has both dorsal and ventral chitinous plates or scuta. These extend, in some examples, quite to the spinners, in others not quite reaching them ; in some examples these plates are of equal length, in others of slightly different lengths. On each side of the sternum (which is oval, obtusely pointed behind) are three converging narrow indentations running inwards nearly half-way to the middle. They begin respectively from between the basal joints of , the first and second, the second and third, and the third and fourth pairs of legs. Possibly they may only be of specific importance. Diblemma Donisthorpii, sp. n. Adult male. length i-i6th of an inch. Cephalothorax, o^•al, obtusely pointed before, slightly hollow- truncate behind ; of uniform moderate convexity, and very slightly impressed on the lateral margins at the caput. The profile line ox NEW ANn RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 89 is very slightly curved, and inclines a little upwards from the eyes to the beginning of the hinder slope, which is abrupt and slightly hollow. The surface of the cephalothorax is shining and (under a lens) slightly rugose on the sides. On each side of the median line, from the eyes to the hinder slope, is a somewhat curved longitudinal line of minute tubercles, each bearing a short slender bristle directed inwards. The colour of the cephalothorax is a dull yellowish brown, rather darkest towards and on the lateral margins. Eyes two ; in a transverse oval line, rather obliquely placed, of moderate size, rather diaphanous, whitish, and separated by a small but distinct interval. The height of the clypeus is less than an eye's diameter. Fakes moderately strong, considerably convex towards their base in front (where there are a few prominent bristles), and in colour like the cephalothorax. Sternum pale yellow ; its surface is thinly covered with minute tubercles, each bearing a fine bristle, and marked with six con- verging indentations (see generic characters antea). Legs tolerably strong, of moderate and sub-equal length. The femora and coxae are especially strong. They are of a pale yellow- brown hue, clothed with fine and inconspicuous hairs only ; and the tarsi end with a small supernumerary claw-joint. Palpi short, the cubital and radial joints are about equal in length and strength ; the digital joint is very large, oval. Beneath its anterior extremity is the palpal bulb, which is small and scarcely defined. From this issue two long, strong, spiny processes diverging at their anterior extremities. One of these processes is sharp-pointed and both are yellow-brown, becoming blackish at their anterior extremities. Figures alone, however, can give any correct idea of their exact form. Abdovmi, elongate-oval, connected with the cephalothorax by a short chitinous pedicle. The dorsal scutum covers the whole or nearly so of the upper side, and is rounded at its hinder extremity. The ventral scutum reaches more or less nearly to the spinners, and is also rounded there. A narrow chitinous collar 190 ON NEAV AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. encircles the spinners on the under side ; the ventral scutum also includes the spiracular plates and extends to the fore-extremity of the abdomen, where it ends in a short rugulose collar receiving the connecting pedicle. The colour of both the dorsal and ventral scutum is like that of the cephalothorax, those parts not covered by the scuta being dull whitish ; the whole is furnished thinly with fine hairs. The female resembles the male in size, colour, and general appearance. The genital aperture appears to consist simply in a transverse slit marked by a dark yellow-brown marginal line, at the middle of which there is a very slight, narrow, transverse opening. Both sexes of this very interesting little spider were found and kindly sent to me from a hothouse in the Kew Gardens on the 13th of February, 1908, by Mr. .Horace Donisthorpe. Their domicile is among cinders, underneath flower pots on the floor. In company with the spiders were examples of a small West- Indian Ant {Wasmamiia auropunctata, Roger), of nearly similar length and colouring, and remarkably like the spider in general appearance. Whether the ant had been imported along with the spider, or whether the habitation of the one beneath the flower pot had taken place before the arrival of the other, are conjectural facts on which we have no evidence. If found together in a natural state one would conclude that a protective resemblance was pointed to by their similar appearance ; but whichever might be the one benefitted by this resemblance, it can hardly have been arrived at during their sojourn in a Kew hothouse. Perhaps some entomologist, if there be one, acquainted with the ant in its native country, might know of facts bearing on the point. Centpomepus probabilis, sp. n. PL A., Figs. 20-23. Adult female, length 2^ lines. The general form and aspect of this spider is of the ordinary kind. ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 191 The colour of the ccphalothorax and fakes is yellow, tinged with brown, that of the legs and palpi of a clearer yellow, and the abdomen dull yellow-brown. The eyes of the hinder row are of equal size, and are equidistant from each other, the intervals being an eye's diameter. The two rows form a transverse oval, the front row rather the shortest. Its central pair of eyes are separated by half a diameter, and each is a diameter's distance from the fore-lateral eye on its side. The four centrals form a trapezoid a little longer than broad, and narrowest in front. The height of the clypeus a little exceeds half that of the facial space. Legs, 4, 1,2, 3, the difference in length not being great. They are furnished with hairs, bristles, and not very strong spines, the latter chiefly on the tibiae of the second, third, and fourth pairs. The palpi have a few longish spines on the digital, radial, and cubital joints. The. fakes are tolerably long, nearly cylindrical, slightly diver- gent and furnished with a short row of 3 — 4 strongish teeth towards their extremities on the inner side. The sternum, which is heart-shaped, has it posterior extremity drawn out between the coxae of the fourth pair of legs, joining in with the connecting pedicle without any apparent break in its continuity. This character may possibly prove to be of specific importance. The abdomen is thinly covered with hairs, and the genital process is of very characteristic form. A single adult female received from the Rev. J. E. Hull from Northumberland. LIST OF ARACHNIDA (In the foregoing pages ivith references to page and Plate A). Order Araneidea. Atypus affinis, Eichw. p. 1 64. Ischnothyreus velox, Jackson p. 165. figs. 1-6. 192 ON NEAV AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Diblemma Donisthorpii, sp. n. P 1 66 . p. 188. figs. 7-13 Drassus minusculus, L. Koch P- i66 „ lapidosus, Walck. P- i66 Prosthesima electa, C. L. Koch P- 167 „ kitetiana, L. Koch P- 167 Micariosoma festivum, C. L. Koch P- 167 Agroeca inopina, Cambr. P- 167 „ celans, Blackw. P- 167 Clubiona neglecta, Cambr. P- 168 Dictyna variabiHs, C. L. Koch. P- 168 Protadia subnigra, Cambr. P- 168 „ patula Simon P- 168 Coelotes terrestris, Wid. P- 168 Tegenaria Hibernica, Cambr. P- 168 Hahnia Candida, Simon P- 169 „ pusilla, L. Koch P- 169 Theridion aulicum, Lucas P- 169 ,, impressum, L. Koch P- 169 „ riparimn, Blackw. P- 169 „ Blackwallii, Cambr. P- 169 „ varians, Hahn. P- 170 Crustulina sticta, Cambr. P- 170 Laseola jucunda, Cambr. P- 170 ,, inornata, Cambr. P- 170 „ erythropus, Simon P- 170 Euryopis flavomaculata, C. L. Koch p. 171 Enoplognatha thoracica, Hahn. P- 171 Robertas neglectus, Cambr. P- 171. Leptyphantes Blackwallii, Kulcz P- 171 „ Mengii, Kulcz P- 172. ,, ericaea, Blackw. P- 172. „ angulata, Cambr. P- 172 figs. 14-15. Porrhomma egeria, Sim. P- 172. „ meadii, F. 0. P. C. P- 172 Hilaira pervicax, J. E. Hull P- 173 figs. 16-19. Centromerus, fortunatus, Cambr. P- 173- ON NEW AND RARE RRITISH ARACHNIDA. 1 93 p. 190. figs. 20-23. Centromcnis concinniis, Thorcll P- 173- „ probabilis, sp. n. P- 174. „ firmus, Cambr. P- 174. INIaro miniitus, Cambr. P- 174. „ falconcrii, Jackson P- 174. IMicroncta bcata, Cambr. P- 175- Syedra pholcommoides, Cambr. P- 175- Gongylidicllum paganum, Sim. P- 175- Erigone spinosa, Cambr. P- 175. ,, longipalpis, Sund. P- 176. „ arctica, White-Cambr. P- 177. Lophomma laudatum, Cambr. P- 177. „ stativum, Sim. P- 177. Typhocrcstus digitatus, Cambr. P- 177. Entelecara Jacksonii, Cambr. P- 178. Lophocarenum Mengii, Sim. P- 179. Thyreosthenius biovatus, Cambr. P- 179. Araeoncus crassiceps, Westr. p. 179. Styloctetor inuncans, Sim. P- 179. „ penicillatus, Westr. P- 179. Troxochrus cirrifrons, Cambr. P- 179. Cnephalocotes interjectus, Cambr. P- 179. Tapinocyba insecta, L. Koch P- 179. „ prsecox, Cambr. P- 180. Panamomops bicuspis, Cambr. P- 180. Wideria melanocephala, Cambr. P- 180. Presopotheca monoceros, Wid. P- 180. Ceratinella scabrosa, Cambr. P- 180. INIeta Menardi, Latr. P- 180. Xysticus Kochii, Thor. P- 181. Oxyptila flexa, Cambr. P- 181. „ nigrita, Thor. P- 181. ,, scabricula, Westr. P- 181. Philodromus lineatipes, Cambr. P- 182. Thanatus striatus, C. L. Koch P- 182. Pirata Knorrii, Scop. P- 182. figs. 26-28. figs. 29-33. fig. 24. fig. 2i figs. 35-36. 194 O^ NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. Tarentula miniata, C. L. Koch P- 182. Lycosa Farrenii, Cambr. P- 182. Epiblemum affinitatum, Cambr. P- 183. Hyctia Nivoyi, Lucas. P- 183. Bianor senescens, Sim. P- 183. Neon reticulatus, Blackw. P- 184. Euophr}-s gequipes, Cambr. P- 184. Attus saltator, Sim. P- 184. Order Phalangidea. Anelasmocephalus Cambridgii, Westw. p. 184. Order Chernetidea. Chelifer cancroides, Linn. p. 185. Order Thelyphonidea. Trithyreus Bagnallii, Jackson. p. 185. Order Acaridea. See list of Oribatidse p. 186. "==5^ "g^e garfuCar^ of §evtxe JlB5e^, Con/ai'fied in the Liturgical MS. commonly known as THE BOOK OF CERNE, In the Cambridge University Library. (Class-mark LL 1-10.) Part II. (Continued from Vol. XXVIII., pp. 65-95.) [Ff. 9i to 15« contain copies of the Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest, which have been fully printed and translated elsewhere, and are omitted here.] Hec est perambulatio facta in comitatu Dorsetie coram H. de Neouile et Briano de Insula et magistro H. de Cemel. et W. de Moreuile et Johanne de Lanceleueie justiciariis per istos miUtes iuratos. SciHcet Hemicum Tuneii-e, Walterum de la Graue, Eobertum de port. Hem-icum de Stokes. Willelmum Cusm. "VVillelmum filium Hem-ici. Alexandi'um de Laverkestoke. Lucam Russel. Johannem Pulein. "Walterum de MelebLre. Walterum de Wike. Eobertum de Blokeswrde. Rogerum de sancto Eadwardo. Robertum de Wearmwlle. In primis dicunt quod Alanus de Neouile afforestauit omnia montana m Dorsete post primam coronationem Henrici Regis aui domini Henrici Regis que non debent esse foreste Et in hiis montanis habet domiuus Rex in dominico medietatem Boscorum pertineutium ad Bere SciUcet illam medietatem quam Rex. J. escambiauit de Galfndo de Neouile Et hoc est in uoluntate domini Regis. Habet 196 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. etdam in dominico Boscum de Porstoke similiter et eodem modo per escambium de Roberto de Nouo Burgo. Item Johannes Rex afforestauit totam Puibike que non debet esse Foresta nisi tantum warenna ad Lepores pertinens ad castrum de Corf. Hec sunt mete perambulationis que debent esse foreste. Parco de Gillingebam cum pertinentiis videlicet Huntingeford. Et sic semper iuxta aquam Cuntremunt usque ad marches Dorsetie et Wiltesii-e. Et sic procedendo sicut marche tendit inter dictos duos comitatus vsque a la Leghe. De la Leghe semper per diuisas comitatus vsque Pinperleghe. De pinperleghe vsque d la Hore Apeldure semper Cuntreval. De la Hore Apeldui'e inter Boscum de Mere et Boscum de Gillingeham vsque ad capud fosse de Kui-higge. De Km-higge uero Cuntremunt inter Motcumbe et Seghulle semper per diuisas comitatus usque Frengore. De Frengore usque ad Soulescumbe semper per diuisas comitatus inter dominum Regem et Abbatissam de Wiltune. De Soulescimibe usque ad Kaiagessetle semper per diuisas comitatus inter dominum Regem et Abbatissam de Wiltune. De Kiugessetle vsque ad sursum "WearmewDe semper per diuisas comitatus inter dommmn Regem et Abbatissam de Sancto Eauuai'do. De Wearmewlle per diuisas comitatus vsque ad vroggemere. De vroggemere vsque koggesmannestone cimti-eval De Koggesmannestune semper cuntreval vsque Radewlle. De RadewUe vsque a la Bitene semper per diuisas inter dominum Regem et Abbatem de Alcestre et Abbatem de Bee. De la Bitene cuntremunt semper per diuisas domiui Regis usque ad diuisas abbatisse de Preaws usque ad Dunkweie semper cuntremunt. De Dunkweie semper per diuisas domini Regis vsque ad Boscum Willelmi Cusin scilicet de Stures quod est de feudo Abbatisse de sancto Eaduuardo. De Bosco Willelmi Cusin cuntreval vsque a la Blakeuenne. De la Blakeuenne semper cuntreval Sete vsque ad diuisas inter dominum Regem et Priorem de Monte Acuto. Deinde semper per nam 1 paruam fossam cuntremunt vsque ad altum iter quod vemt de Sotingestoke. De illo uero itinere usque ad Pontem depeti-a. De ponte de petra usque ad Kingesbrigge. De Kingesbrigge cuntremunt aquam usque Huntingeford. Infra uero predictos fines habet domiuus Rex venationem suam sine regardo faciendo nisi in Bosco suo dominico de Gillingeham. Salua pastura communa illorum qui rectum habent in iUa vsque ad fossatum de parco. Omnes alios Boscos afforestauit Alanus de Nevuile post primam coronationem H. Regis Aui Domini H. Regis. Hec sunt mete de Foresta de Blakemore. A capite de Rocumbe ex occidentaU parte versus Boream inter Crockeresrewe et Boscum Et Holenhurste et Boscum Et sic Levre de Bosco ex orientali parte de Holenhurste usque Deoulepole iuxta aquam Et de Deoulepole usque Quemeford Et de Quemeford iuxta predictam aquam usque Bradeford sub molendiuo de Candel. De Bradeford per diuisas de Holewale vsque ad magnum iter quod uenit de la Wdebrigge Et de itinere illo semper per diuisas de Holewale usque ad truncum qui stat in tribus diuisis Et de trunco illo usque ad aquam de taleford Et de taleford usque ad domum "Waremanni in levre de Bosco Et a dorao "VYaremanni (r) Unam. THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 1 97 usque ad Graugias monachorum de Biuncduue Et a graugiis usque ad ecclesiam de Pulham semper iu Levre de Bosco ueisus austrum Et de ecclcsia de Pulham usque ad Saudhulle Et totum Boscuui de Sandhulle Et de Sandhulle per diuisas iuter Pulham et Duuethis usque Timberhurste Et de Timberhurste usque ad caput alneti quod uocatur Netelbede versus Boream Et inde usque Bissupes- bngge et de Bissupesbrigge per aquam usque ad molendinam do Heortleghe. Et de molendiuo illo usque la Rode Et de la Rode per magnum iter usque Staweius jwinde Et de Staweius jwinde uersus occidentem in Levre de Bosco usque ad caput dc Rocumbe ubi mete incipiunt. Infra has uero predictas metas debet domiuus Rex habere vcnationcm suam. Saluis tameu Boscis proborum hominum et communa et hcrbagio eorum qui ius habent Et hoc sine uisu forestariorum ct sine rcgardo faciendo nisi tamen in dominicis Boscis domiui Regi Litterc domini Regis de Cartis et Libertatibus tenendis per totam Angliam Et dc Pei-ambulatioue m Forestis et Boscis facta et teuenda. H. dei gratia Rex Auglie Dominus Hybernie Dux Normannie etAquitaunie comes Audegauie vicecomiti Dorsert' salutem, Precipimus tibi quod per totam Balliam tuam publico clamari et firmiter obseruari facias omnibus probis hominibus Bailie tue Omnes Libertates quas eis concessimus contentas iu maiori Carta nostra de Libertatibus. Clamari etiam facias publico et firmiter obseruari pev totam Balliam tuam omnes Libertates contentas in niinori Carta nostra de Libertatibus Foreste secundum perambulationem factam in Ballia tua per preccptum nostrum inter partes illas que Foreste romanebunt Et eas que deforestabuntur Et illud idem de perambulationibus non dum factis ex quo facto fuerint clamari facias et firmiter obseruari, Ita quod similiter publico clam- etur et omnibus communiter et districto precipiatur in fide qua nobis teuentur quod si qui - libertates predictas eis libere concessimus et precipimus et uolumus observari. Ita uniuorsi et singuli omma iura nostra et omnes hbortates nostras illesas conserueut per omnia tarn in forestis quam in aliis. Teste meipso apud "Westmouasterium, xii. die maii. Aluredus de Nichole pro duabus partibus j Mil' Johannes Russel pro v. parte vna virgata minus Willelmus de Hwitefeld pro. v. parte Robertus de Staford pro. xxv. parte Robertus do PaHtfi pro. x. parte Walterus do Ringstedo pro. x. parte Simon Kigelnot pro. xx. parte Johannes do dageuil'. pro. xx. parte Ten-icus de Wirdesford pro. iiij" parte Walterus de ISIuloburn pro. v. parte Rog' do Ver pro. v. parte quinte partis - ('r) Quas. 198 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. Eog' de dune pro. v. parte Walterus Ver pro. xl. parte Magister Henricus pro. xx. parte Henricus Marie pro. xxx. parte Auicia rel "> Reinni pro. x. parte Bartholomeus de Mari pro. x. parte H. dei gratia etc. Sciatis quod conuenit in Curia nosb-a apud luelcestr' coram ddecto et fideli nostro Willelmo de Raley et sociis suis justiciariis ad hoc assig- natis inter abbatem de Cern' querentem et abbatem de abbedesbyr' deforc' de libero tenemento Ipsius abbatis de Cern' in Hauekx vnde ass' nou' diss summonita fuit inter eos in eadem curia. Scilicet quod predictus abbas de abbedesbyr' cognouit diss' de predicto tenemento et illud teuementum Reddidit predicto abbati de Cem' per sic quod de Communa pastura in eodem tenemento et de vnius Garra de qua contentio fuit inter eos staret vterque eorum arbitrio quatuor milit' de communi assensu eorum electorum vnde predictus abbas de Cern' queritur quod predictus de abbed' non tenet ei concordiam illam et Ideo tibi precipimus quod sine dilatione concordiam illam inter eos teneri facias secundum f ormam predictam Ita quod si quis eorum contra earn uenerit tunc distringas eum quod sine dilatione earn teneat. Ne amplius inde clam' and' pro defectu tui. teste meipso apud Wodestok xiiij " die Nouembris anno regni nostri xx. Anno gi-atie M" CC° xxx "v" in f esto sancti andree contentio mota inter abbates et conuentus abbedesbir' et Cemel' super quadam pastura et toto wasto de finel' et Hauekx amicabili compositione conqiiieuit in hac forma videlicet quod predict! abbas et conuentus abbed' concesserunt predictis abbati et conuentui cemel' quod ipsi et eorum homines et tenentes de Hauekx habeant communam pasturam per totum wastum de fineleya et de Hauekx ad omne genus aueriorum suorum sine impedimento pro una libra cere annuatim soluenda deo et ecclesie Beati Petri de abbed' in f esto apostolonmi Petri et Pauli Ita etiam quod predicti abbas et conuen- tus abbod' et eorum homines et tenentes de finelej'a habebunt communam pasturam per totum wastum abbatis et conuentiis Cernel' in Hauekx ad omne genus aueriorum suorum extra bladum et pratum crescentia et non asportata. Conuenit etiam inter dictos abbates et eorum conuentus quod licebit eis et hominibus et tenentibus suis de Hauekx et de finel' libere et absque ullo impedimento tam terras quam wastum suum assartare colere fossare et claudere quamdiu bladum ibi fuerit cum voluerunt et sibi uiderint expedire ita quod post bladum asportatum habebunt communem pasture ut prius saluis utrisque abbatibus et conuentibus et eorum hominibus et tenentibus libero ingressu et egressu in illam partem pasture et wasti que culta non fuerit et inbladata. Ad hanc autem amacabilem compositionem f uturis et perpetuis temporibussineomni dolo et fraude obseruandam astrincserunt se prefati abbates suo et conueutuum suorum nomine iuramentis (r) Rel'. THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 1 99 corporaliter ex utraque parte prestitis. Ad maiorem etiam securitatera redacta est presens compositio in duas cartas ad modum cirographi conf ectas quarum vna residet penes monasterium de Abbedesbir' sigillis abbatis et conventus Cernel' cousignata altera uero penes monasterium Cernel' signis abbatis et conuentus abbedesb' signata. Hiis testibus. [The rest of f. ISa. is blank] Si frumentum f iierit uenditum pro sex solidis tunc debet panis vendi bonus et f . ISb. albus de quadrent.e et debet ponderare sexdecim solidos et panis de toto viginti quatuor sol'. Et tunc uendi debent galones duo de bona ceruisia pro vno denario. Si frumentum venditum fucrit pro quinque solidis et vj denariis albus panis debet ponderare viginti solidos. Et panis de toto viginti octo sol' et tres galones de bona ceruisia pro vno denario. Si frumentum uenditum f uerit pro v. solidis albus panis debet ponderare viginti quatuor solidos et panis de toto triginta duos sol' et tres galones de bona ceruisia pro vno denario. Si frumentum uenditum f uerit pro quatuor solidis et vj. denariis albus panis debet ponderare triginta solidos. Et panis de toto quadraginta solidos. Et quatuor galones de bona ceruisia pro vno denario. Si frumentum venditum fuerit pro quatuor solidis albus panis debet ponderare triginta sex solidos et panis de toto xl. vj sol' et quinque galones de bona ceruisia pro vno denario. Si frumentum venditum fuerit pro tribus solidis et vj. denariis albus panis debet ponderare xlij. solidos Et panis de toto lij. sol' et vj galones de bona ceruisia pro vno denario. Si frumentum uenditum fuerit pro duobus solidis et vj denariis albus panis debet ponderare liiij solidos et panis de toto Ixxxij sol' et octo galones de bona ceruisia pro vno denario. Si frumentum venditum fuerit pro duobus solidis albus panis debet [end of f. ISb.] [S. \9a-2da. contain a prayer of S. Augustine which is not copied here.] Anno Eegni Eegis Henrici filii Eegis Johannis tricesimo tercio die martis f. 23i. proxima ante festum sancte margarete venerunt Justiciarii domini Eegis Itinerantes apud SjTcbui-n' videlicet dominus Eog' de Tui-keby Gilebertus de Preston' et Johannes de Cobbeham et ibidem sederunt usque ad dominicam proximam post festum sancte marie Magdalene coram quibus motum fuit placitum ibidem inter Johannem de Cauz Priorem sancti Swithini Wynthon' petentem et dominum Eicardum de Siwell Abbatem de Cemelio defendentem de vna carucata terre cum pertinentiis in Melecumb' et dictus Abbas posuit se super magnam assisam et transiuit magna assisa pro dicto Abbate ibidem apud SjTeburn' coram prefatis Justiciariis et adiudicata fuit dicta ten-a cum pertinenciis suis dicto Abbati et successoribus suis in perpetuum. Nomina autem militum qui 20Q THfe CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. f uerunt in dicta assisa sunt hec domiuus Adam Schirard' Galfridus de Wermewell' Reginaldus de lullewrd. Willelmus de Boys. Ph' Germein' Willelmus de salebires' Laurentius filius Roberti Adam de Wudeton' Eobertus Chantemerle Robertus de Godmannston' Willelmus de Parisius Ricardus de Langeford'. Insuper coram prefatis Justiciariis apud SjTeburn' eodem tempore motum fuit placitum inter memoratum Abbatem de Cemelio peteutem et Willelmum de stokes defeudentem de xii. acris terre cum pertineiitiis in Garston' que est prope Wyuterbm-u' eiusdem Willelmi. Tandem petita licentia concordaudi a dictis Justiciariis et optenta conuenit inter memoratum Abbatem et dictum W. quod dictus W. et heredes sui retineant dictam terram in perpetuum et propter hoc dedit dictus W. dicto Abbati nomine concordie centum solidos sterlingorum. Reuerendo domino H. dei gratia illustri Regi Anglie Domiuo Hibernie Duci Normannie et Aquitanie Comiti Andegauie humilis et deuotus conueutus Ceruel' Salutem et orationes in chi-isto ihesii cum omui ueneratioue et reuerentia. Nouerit excellentia uestra quod pater et pastor noster. D. graui laborans infirmitate cure pastorali renuntiauit et in manus domioi Sar' episcopi abbatiam resignauit. Quapropter ne in dispendium tarn temporalium quam spii-itualium domus nostre nobis diutius desit cura pastoralis Regiam excellentiam prostratis genibus suppliciter exoramiis vt nobis liberam eligendi pastorem licentiam regia magnificentia concedere diguetur. Conseruet magestatem uestram per tempera multa ille per quem reges regnant. [A similar form in case of the death of an Abbot follows, the only variation being " quod pater et pastor noster D. uiam uniuerse carnis ingressus nos gregem suum non mediocriter desolatos dereliquit."] Reuerendo patri et domino Pandulfo dei gratia Norwicen' electo domini pape camerario apostohce sedis legato humiles et deuoti filii prior et conuentus Cernelien' Salutem et cum omni subiectione et reuerentia orationes in christo ihesu. Quoniam domino disponente vobis ecclesie Anglicane sollicitudo commissa est ad cuius libertates conseruandas uestra efficaciter intendit magnificentia ad pedes uestre excellentie quasi ad siugulare refugium confugimus pastoris solatio destituti supplicantes fusis lacrimis prosti-ato corpore quatiuus desolationi nostre paterno affectu compatieutes ita tempestiue per uestram diligentiam nobis hbertas eligendi pastorem a domini regis prestetur consilio ne per dilationem morosam bona domus nostre de quibus uiuere debemus et sustentari et hospitibus necessaria ministrari distrahantur uel dUapidentur. Nisi uero uestra paternitas cicius male imminenti prudenter occun'at proculdubio et religioni et hospita-litati graue imminebit dispendium et intollerabile. QuajiroiDter placeat sancte paternitati uestre tale et tam matui'um consilium quod bona domus distractioni non pateant et quod ecclesie nostre libertas seruetur illesa. Valeat paternitas uestra in domino. Thb CARTL'I.ARV OF CERNE AnBEY. 201 Roucreiido domino ct patri Paudulfo dei giutia Norwicen' electo domini pape camerario apostolice sedis l(?gato humiles et deuoti filii prior et conueiitus Cernelii Salutem et cum omiii subiectioiie et reiierentia orationes in christo ihesu. Pater et pastor noster iiiam uniuerse caruis ingi-essus nos gregem suum non mediocriter desolatos reliquit cuius solatio destituti atteiidentes certissime quod nobis tarn in temporalibus quam spiritualibus irremediabile immineat dispendium si nobis diutius pastoris desit subsidium mittimus ad pedes sanctitatis uestre de gremio ecclesie nostre monachos. N.N.N, et fratres nostros uiros probate religionis et integi-e opinionis ilium appellatione remota et sine contradictione in j^atrem et pastorem recepturi quem ipsi duxerint in presentia uestra nominandum. Quapropter sanctam pateniitatem uestram fusis lacrimis prostrate corpore suppliciter exoramus quatinus mediante discretione uestra cui auglicane ecclesie sollicitudo commissa est et que ecclesiarum uacantium indempnitati tenetur prospicere uigilanter ita nobis per dictos fratres in quos uota nostra contulimus in pastore prouideatur quod ex dilatione prouisionis periculum quod imminet uon incurramus. Valeat sanctitas paternitas uestra in domino. Dors'. Prior sancti Swithuni Win ton' per attornatum suum petit uersus Abbatem de C'ernelio vnam carucatam terre cum pertinenciis in Melecumb' ut jus Ecclesie sue Wintou' etc. et iude quidam Prior Johannes nomine predecessor suus fuit seysitus in dominico suo ut de feudo et jure ecclesie sue Win ton' tempore H. regis aui domini regis cap inde explet' ad valentiam dimid' marc' etc. et quod tale sit jus suum et quod ita predictus Johannes predecessor suus fuit seysitus offert etc. Et abbas venit et defendit jus ecclesie sue quando etc. seys' et totum etc. et ponit se in magnam assisam domini regis et petit ret' fieri vtrum ipse et ecclesia sua de cernelio maius jus habeaut in predicta terra an predictus Prior et ecclesia sua Vinton' et offert domino regi dimidiam marcam pro habenda mentioue de tempore H. regis in Breui etc. et recipitur etc. Omnibus sancte matris ecclesie filiis ad quos presens sciiptura peruenerit f. 25a. Humilis Conuentus Cerneliensis salutem in domino. Quoniam propter diuersas electionum formas quas quidam adinuenire conantur et multa impedimenta proueniunt et magna pericula iminent ecclesiis uiduatis Nos ecclesie nostre pastorali cura destitute secundum formam sacn coucilii prouidere cupientes inuocata spiritus sancti gi'atia omnibus in capitulo preseutibus et ad hoc rite uocatis vnanimitervota nostra super eligendo nobis pastore contulimus in dilectos fratres nostros scilicet. N, N. N. viros utique sicut credimus integre opinionis et commendabilis religionis eis plenam et absolutam coucedentes eligendi potestatem. Ita tamen quod nullus eorum per hoc a commodo electionis excludatur. Ilium autem de gremio ecclesie nostre quem dicti tres uel saltern duo illorum eligendo nominabunt nos omnes appellatione remota et sine tlilatione et contradictione in patrem recipiemus et pastorem. Et ne aliquo tempore contra banc copromissionem uostram et electiouem ab hiis tribus uel saltern a duobus ipsorum faciendam uenii-e possimiis banc cartam sigillo capituli fecimus consignari. Valete iu domino. ioi THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. Sciendum quod Prior sancti swithuni Winton' exigebat hanc terram apud Eedpole que est infra has bundas subscriptas quando traxit in placitum Abbatem Eic' Dionisium per breue de Recto videlicet per fossatum quod est inter Blake - manneston et seudun' usque ad fossatum iuxta ffemdun' et sic per fossatum illud usque ad Loddemore et inde per Loddemore usque ad EUenestub et inde per ripam maris usque ad Weymue. Iterum uero traxit in placitum Abbatem Willelmum primo per Breve de diuisis rationabiHbus postea i^er Breve quod dicitur precipe et accreuit demandam suam ad estimationem Ix' acrarum videlicet per has Bundas subscriptas de fossato quod appellatur Mersdich usque ad fossatum de Blakemanneslond et inde usque in Loddemore et sic per Loddemore usque ad EUenestub et inde per Ripam maris usque ad Wymue et hanc terram predictam appellauit in Brevi suo unam carucatam teiTe cum pertinencus in Melecumbe. Anno iiij. Regis Henrici filii Johannis. De termino sancti Michaelis anno quarto et incipiente quinto. Dies datus est Priori sancti Swithuni per attm-natimi suum pet et abbatem de Cernelio tenent' de placea ten-e in oct' sancti hylarii j)rece pai-tium. De tennino pasche sexto. Magna assisa inter priorem sancti Swithuni petentem et abbatem de Cemeho tenentem de vna carrucata terre cum pertinenciis in lAaka ponitur in respectum usque a die sancte trinitatis in. xv. dies pro defectum •* recognitorum quia tantum Jord' ohueri uenit etc. et duo se ess' et alii attachiantur. De termino sancto Michaelis sexto incipiente septimo. Magna assisa inter priorem sancti Swithuni petentem et abbatem de Cernelio tenentem de vna carrucata terre cum pertinenciis in wica. ponitur in respectum usque a die sancti hylarii in vnum mensem prece partium pro defectu recog- nitorum quia tantum decem uenerunt quibus etc. et vicecomes habeat corpora aliorum etc. Et prior ponit in loco suo Ricardum de Kusseburn' vel henricum foliot etc. Prior Winton' qui arainiauit magnam assisam uersus abbatem de Cernelio de manerio de Wica uenit per he' Justic' recedit de B'n' ^ suo et Ideo abbas de Cemeho inde quietus. Com' Dorset' In vigilia sancti Tiburtii et Valeriani anno Regni Regis H. xxj ad Comitatum istum uenit piimo Breve domini Regis de rationabilibus diuisis faciendis et preceptum fuit Simoni Balliuo de Tolreford quod preflctus abbas summoneretur. Ad alium comitatum scilicet die lune proxima post festum sancti Johannis [ad] portam latinam uenerunt Ada de Cernelio et J. Walens' dicentes se ess abbatem de Cernelio uersus priorem sancti Swithuni Wint' et audito ess' Oliuerus Senescallus dicti prioris protulit Breve domini Regis de attomato recip loco prioris scilicet Johannem de Basing'. i (?) Defectu. s (?) Breve. THE CARTULARY OF CERNE AP.P.EY. 203 Ad tercium Comitatum scilicet die lune proxima post festum Sancti Barnabe apostoli veiiit J. de Basing' attoi-natus prion's et optulit se uersus dictum abbatem Cem' comparantem ^ et dicentem se non esse summonitum cui Balliuus perhibuit testimonium et ideo Ballinus in misericordia. Et prouisum fuit quod abbas summonitus esset apud Redpol' per Balliuum de Sutton' quod ueniret super placeam de qua contentio fuit scilicet die dominica proxima ante Comitatum ad ilium diem uenit atturnatus prioris super placeam et abbas non uenit vnde atturnatus prioris calumpniauit eius defaltam et vicecomes ponit ei diem ad proximum comitatum. Ad quartum Comitatum scilicet die lune proxima post translationem beati thome martiris venit J. de Basing' atturnatus prioris sancti swithuui wint' et optulit se uersus predictum abbatem apparentem et narrauit uersus ipsum abbatem et petiit indicium super defalta et inde super afiiic. Ad Quintum Comitatum scilicet in festo sancti Laurentii optulit se J. de Basinges atturnatus prioris uersus abbatem apparentem petens recordum et judicium suum et maxime super defalta et quia Comitatus nesciuit quid actum fuit super placeam noluit inde facere recordum et tunc dictum est a Johanne de Baioc' sic quia abbas sii non uenit super placeam distringatur uenire ibidem et tunc exequatur mandatum domini Regis de rationabilibus diuisis faciendis et vicecomes cepit in manum distringere abbatem et datus est dies super placeam scilicet die beati Bartholomei. ad diem ilium uenerunt ambe partes et audito brevi domini Regis milites qui interf uerunt perrexerunt diuisas contra quos reclamauit atturnatus prioris dicens quod non ponit se super illos de diuisis faciendis. Tandem coram vicecomite monstrauit terram quam exigebat et per quas Bundas et narrauit uersus abbatem apparentem de iure suo et abbas defendit quando ubi et sicut debuit et proposuit duas exceptiones dicens quod prior non iuterfuit nee habuit sufficientem atturnatum quia etc. et dicit quod mandatum domini Regis executum fuit de diuisis faciendis et ideo ut uidetur ei non tenetur respondere et si uecesse f uerit dicet aliud. Comitatus sextus vigiba Natiuitatis beate Marie ess se J. atumatus prioris uersus abbatem per Robertum de Smalemue et hugonem cole et abbas comparuit et monsti-auit quod mandatum domini Regis executum fuit. Ad Comitatum vij . scilicet die lune proxima post festum sancti Michaelis abbas Cem' fecit se ess' uersus dictum priorem per Johannem Marescallum et Rad' Giffard et J. aturuatus prioris optulit se. Ad Octauum Comitatum scilicet die lune in crastino omnium sanctorum optulit se J. de Basinges aturnatus prioris querens ut supra abbate comparente et dicente quod datum brevis illius per quod facit se at fuit antequam plac' motum fuit in comitatu inter ipsum et priorem vnde tali at ut videtur ei non respondere tenetur. Et si tenetur respondere dicet aliud et ponit se super Comitatu si debeat respondere uel non. Judicium super afforc' Item dicit quod de cetero non debet calumpniare defaltam et quod ess' interuenerunt ex utraque parte. 8 (?) Comparentem. i04 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. Ad Nonum Comitatum scilicet die lune in crastino sancti Nicholai misit domiuus Rex Breue suum de aturnato domiiii abbatis recipieudo in loquela mota inter ipsum abbatem et priorem sancti Swithuni in Comitatu scilicet J. Girard. Idem Johannes eodem die post se ess' Eodem die aturnatus prioris comparuit. Ad Decimum Comitatum scilicet die lune proxima ante Epiphaniam uenit prior per J. de Basinges atturnatum et optulit se uersus abbatem Cernel' apparentum per atuniatum suum et exigit record' et Judicium suum et protulit Breve domiui Regis de recordo et judicio suo habendo et aliud Breve de atornatis recip' scilicet J. de Balinges ' et thomam de Winton clericum. Requisitus utrum uoluerit tenere ad primum Breve.de atornato uel ad ultimum dicit quod ad utrumque Item requisitus utrum uoluerit tenere ad capitale plac' uel ad defaltam dicit quod postquam recordum factum fuerit eliget et non citius et aturnatus abbatis de Cernelio posuit se super iudicium de prima. (The Cartulary ends here.) (;') Basinges. 'giBe ^evne ^axtnlavp. Translation by B. FOSSETT LOCK, Barristep-at-Law. Part II. [ff. 9 b — 15« inclusive contain copies of the Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest as re-issued in 9 Hen III., and geLerally in the form afterwards confirmed by the Confinnatio Charterum in 25 Ed, I. These have been frequently jDrinted and translated elsewhere.] *^l«^£^ jnHIS is the perambulation made in the County of Dorset before Henry de Nevile and Brian de risle and Master Henry of Cerne and WilHam de Morevile and John de Lan- celeveie. Justices, by the following sworn Knights namely Henry Tuneire Walter de la Grave Robert de Port Henry de Stokes William Cusin William the son of Henry Alexander of Laverkestoke Luke Russel John Pulein Walter of JNIelbury Walter of Wike Robert of Blokesworthe Roger de St. Edward Robert of Wearmewelle. In the first place they say that Alan de Neville afforested all the hilly parts in Dorset after the first coronation of King Henrj' the grandfather of our Lord King Henry and that these ought not be forests. And in these hilly parts the Lord King has in his 206 THE CERNE CARTULARY. demesne a moiety of the woods belonging to Bere to wit that moiety which King John exchanged with Geoffrey de Nevile : and this is at the will of the Lord King. He has also in his demesne the wood of Porstoke in like manner by an exchange with Robert de Newburgh. Also King John afforested the whole of Purbeck which ought not to be forest, except only a warren for hares belonging to the Castle of Corfe. These are the metes of the perambulation of the parts which ought to be forests."^ From the park of Gillingham with its appurtenances ; to wit, Huntingford, and so always alongside the stream along the hill to the marches of Dorset and Wiltshire. And so proceeding as the march between the said two counties stretches as far as Legh : from Legh always by the boundaries of the counties as far as Pimperlegh : from Pimperlegh as far as Horr Apeldure always along the valley. From Hore Apeldure between Mere wood and Gillingham wood as far as the head of the ditch of Kurhigge. But from Kurhigge along the hill between Motcombc and Seghull always by the boundaries of the counties as far as Frengore. From Frengore as far as Soulescumbe always by the boundaries of the counties between [the lands of] the Lord King and [those of] the Abbess of Wilton. From Soulescumbe as far as Kaingessettle always by the boundaries of the counties between the [lands of] of the Lord King and [those of] the Abbess of Wilton. From Kings- settle as far as Upper Wearmewelle always by the boundaries of the counties between [the lands of] the Lord King and [those of] the Abbess of Saint Edward. From Wearmewelle by the boundaries of the counties as far as Vroggemere. From Vrogge- meare as far as Koggesmannestone along the valley. From Kog- gesmanestone always along the valley as far as Radewelle. From Radewelle to the Bitene always by the division between [the lands of] the Lord King and [those of] the Abbot of Alcester and the abbot of Bee. From the Bitene along the hill always by * Some words seem to be omitted here, showing that the bounds of the Forest of Gillingham are being giveu. THE CERNE CARTULARY. 207 the boundaries of the [lands of the] Lord King as far as the boundaries of the [lands of the] Abbess of Prcaws as far as Dunkweic always along the hill. From Dunkweie always by the boundaries of the lands of the Lord King to the wood of William Cusin — to wit, of Stares, whieh belongs to the fee of the Abbess of Saint Edward. From the wood of William Cusin along the valley as far as Blakevenne. From Blakevenne always along the valley of Sete as far as the boundary between the [lands of the] Lord King and [those of] the Prior of INIontacute. Thence always by a small ditch up the hill as far as the high road which comes from Sotingestoke. And from that road as far as the stone bridge. From the stone bridge as far as Kingsbridge. From Kingsbridge up the stream as far as Huntingford. Now within the aforesaid bounds the Lord King has his hunting without making a regard except in his demesne wood of Gillingham. Saving the common pasture of those who have the right there as far as the boundary ditch of the park. All other woods were afforested by Alan de Nevile after the first coronation of King Henry the grandfather of the Lord King Henry. These are the metes of the Forest of Blakemore. From the f. 16* head of Rocumbe on the western side towards the north between Crockeresrewe and its wood and Holenhurst and its wood. And so by the edge of the wood of Holenhurst on the eastern side as far as Deoulepole alongside the water. And from Deoulepole as far as Querneford, and from Querneford alongside the aforesaid water as far as Bradeford by the mill of Candel. From Brade- ford by the boundary' of Holewale as far as the high road which comes from Woodebridge and from that high road always along the boundary of Holewale as far as the post which stands at the meeting of three boundaries. And from that post as far as the water of Taleford. And from Taleford as far as the house of Wareman on the edge of the wood. And from the house of Wareman as far as the granges of the monks of Binnedune. And from the granges as far as the Church of Pulham always on the edge of the wood towards the south And from the church 205 THE CERNE CARTULARY. of Pulham as far as Sandhullc and all the wood of Sandhulle. And from Sandhulle along the boundary between Pulham and Dunethis as far as Timberhurste. And from Timberhurste as far as the head of the thicket which is called Nettlebed towards the north. And thence as far as Bishopsbridge and from Bishops- bridge along the stream as far as the mill of Heortleghe. And from that mill as far as the Rode and from the Rode along the high road as far as Staweiusjwinde and from Staweiusjwinde towards the west on the edge of the wood as far as the head of Rocumbe where the metes begin. Now within these aforesaid metes the Lord King ought to have his hunting. Saving never- theless the woods of approved men and the rights of common and herbage for those entitled thereto : and this without a view of the foresters and without making any regard except in the demesne woods of the Lord King. f. I7ff. Letters of the Lord King concerning the charters and liberties to be observed throughout all England and concerning the perambulation in the Forests and Woods made and yet to be held. Henry by the grace of God King of England Lord of Ireland Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine Count of Anjou to the Sheriffs of Dorset, Greeting. We command you that you cause to be publicly proclaimed throughout the whole of your bailiwick and firmly observed by all good men of your bailiwick all the liberties which we have granted to them as contained in our greater Charter of Liberties. Also that you cause to be publicly proclaimed and firmly observed throughout the whole of your bailiwick all the Liberties contained in our lesser charter of the Liberties of the Forest according to a perambulation made by our order in your bailiwick as between those parts which are to remain forest and those which are to be disafforested. And the like matter you shall cause to be proclaimed and firmly observed with regard to perambulations not yet made from the time that they shall be made. So that it may be in like manner publicly proclaimed and generally and specially enjoined upon all by the fealty by which they are bound to us that we ordain and desire THE CERNE CARTULARY. 209 to be observed whatever liberties aforesaid we have freely granted to them. So may all and each preserve all our laws and all our liberties undiminished in all things as well concerning the forests as other matters. Witness myself at Westminster the 1 2th day of May. * Alured of Lincoln for two parts of i Knight's fee. John Russell for i-sth part less i rod. William of Hwitefeld for i-5th part. Robert of Stafford for 1-2 5th part. Robert of Paliton for i-ioth part. Walter of Ringstede for i - 1 oth part. Simon Kigelnot for i-2oth part. John of Dagevil for i-2oth part. Terry of Wirdesford for i -4th part. Walter of Muleburn for i-sth part. Roger de Vere for i-5th part of a fifth part. Roger de Dune for i-5th part. Walter Vere for i -40th part. Master Henry for i-2oth part. Henry [son of ?] Mary for i-30th part. Avice widow of Rennie for i - 1 oth part. Bartholomew de Mari for i-ioth part. Henry, by the Grace of God, &:c., know that in our court at f. 17J. Ilchester before our beloved and faithful William de Raley and his fellow justices assigned for this purpose a settlement was made between the Abbot of Cerne claimant and the Abbot of Abbots- bury deforciant concerning a free tenement of the same abbot of Cerne in Hawkchurch for which an assise of novel disseision * This table appears to refer to the apportionment among the tenants of the Abbey of the contributions payable to the Exchequer in respect of 2 Knight's fees out of ten such fees held of the Abbey. (See part 1. pp. 79 — 80 and 87 — 90.) The above fractions added together make about 2^. Possibly the Abbey charged a commission; but this explanation of the table is altogether conjectural, and there is nothing to show the basis of the apportionment. 2IO THE CERNE CARTULARY. was summoned between them in the same court. To wit, that the aforesaid abbot of Abbotsbury admitted his disseisin of the aforesaid tenement and restored that tenement to the aforesaid Abbot of Cerne on these terms that each of them should abide by the arbitrament of four knights selected with their common assent concerning the common of pasture in the same tenement and a strip of land concerning which there was a dispute between them. With regard to which the aforesaid abbot of Cerne complains that the aforesaid abbot of Abbotsbury does not abide by that agreement. And therefore we command you that without delay you cause that agreement to be observed between them according to the aforesaid terms, so that if either of them shall go counter to it you shall distrain him to observe it without delay. And let there be no more dispute about it through your default. Witness myself at Woodstock the 4th day of November in the 20th year of our reign. In the year of grace 1235 on the feast of S. Andrew the litigation raised between the abbots and convents of Abbotsbury and Cerne about certain pasture and the whole waste of Fineley and Hawkchurch was settled by a friendly compromise on these terms — namely that the aforesaid abbot and convent of Abbots- bury granted to the aforesaid abbot and convent of Cerne that they and their men and tenants of Hawkchurch should have common of pasture throughout the whole waste of Fineley and Hawkchurch for every kind of their beasts of the plough without hindrance in consideration of one pound of wax to be paid yearly to God and the church of S. Peter of Abbotsbury on the feast of the apostles Peter and Paul : but upon the terms that the aforesaid abbot and convent of Abbotsbury and their men and tenants of Fineleye shall have common of pasture throughout the whole waste of the abbot and convent of Cerne in Hawkchurch for every kind of their beasts of the plough except where corn and grass are growing and are not carried. It was also agreed between the said abbots and their convents that it should be lawful for them and their men and tenants of Hawkchurch and Fineley, THE CERNE CARTULARY. 211 whenever they might wish and see fit so to do, to dung dig and trench as well their lands as their waste and to enclose the same as long as crops should be there, provided that after the carrying ol the crops they should have their common of pasture as before saving to both abbots and convents and their men and tenants free ingress and egress over that portion of the pasture or waste which .should not be cultivated and sown. Moreover to the maintenance of this friendly compromise for all future time the aforesaid abbots bound themselves in their own name and that of their convents by corporal oaths on either side. Also for greater security the present compromise was reduced into duplicate charters made up after the fashion of a chirograph of which one sealed with the seals of the abbot and convent of Cerne is deposited in the monastery of Abbotsbury and the other sealed with the seals of the abbot and convent of Abbotsbury is deposited in the monastery of Cerne. The following being witnesses. [The rest off i8. a. is a blank.] If wheat shall be sold for six shillings [the quarter] then good white bread should be sold at a farthing and ought to weigh i6 shillingsweight * and wholemeal bread 24 shillingsweight. And then two gallons of good beer ought to be sold for one penny. If wheat shall be sold for 53. 6d., white bread should weigh 20s., and wholemeal bread 28s., and three gallons of good beer be sold for id. If wheat shall be sold for 5s., white bread ought to weigh 24s., and wholemeal bread 32s., and three gallons of good beer for id. If wheat shall be sold for 4s. 6d., white bread ought to weigh 30s., and wholemeal bread 40s. And four gallons of good beer for id. If wheat shall be sold for 4s., white bread ought to weigh 36s., and wholemeal bread 46s. And five gallons of good beer for id. * A shilliugsweight = 12 pennyweights = 3-5ths of the ounce ; indicated, like the shilling, by s. 212 THE CERNE CARTULARY. If corn shall be sold for 3s. 6d., white bread ought to weigh 42s., and wholemeal bread 52s. And six gallons of good beer for id. If corn shall be sold for 2s. 6d., white bread ought to weigh 54s., and wholemeal bread 72s. And eight gallons of good beer for id. If corn shall be sold for 2s. white bread ought .... [end of f. 18 3.] [ff 19a— 23a contain a prayer of S. Augustine, of which no copy has been taken.]. In the 33rd year of the reign of King Henry, son of King John on the Tuesday next before the feast of Saint Margaret the itinerant justices of our Lord the King came to Sherborne, namely, Lord Roger de Turkeley, Gilbert de Preston, and John Cobham, and there sat till the Sunday next after the feast of S. Mary Magdalene. And before them there a plea was moved between John of Caux Prior of St. Swithin of Winchester plaintiff and Lord Richard de Siwell Abbot of Cerne defendant concerning a carucate of land with its appurtenances in Melcombe and the said Abbot put himself upon the great assise and the great assise passed in favour of the said Abbot there at Sherborne in the presence of the aforesaid justices, and the said land with its appurtenances was adjudged to the said abbot and his successors for ever. Now the names of the knights who were in the said assise were as follows, Adam Gerard, Geoffrey of Wermwelle, William de Boys, Philip Germain, William of Salisbury, Laurence the son of Robert, Adam of Wootton, Robert Chantmerle, Robert of Godmanstone, William of Paris (?), Richard of Langford. Moreover at the same time before the aforesaid justices at Sherborne a plea was moved between the aforesaid abbot of Cerne as plaintiff and William de Stokes defendant concerning 1 2 acres of land with the appurtenances in Garston which is near Winterbourne of the same William. At last leave to settle was sought and obtained from the justices and THE CERNE CARTULARY. 213 an agreement was made between the said abbot and the said William that the said William and his heirs should retain the said land for ever and for this the said William gave to the said abbot on account of the settlement loo shillings sterling. To the reverend Lord Henry by the grace of God illustrious f. 2ic King of England Lord of Ireland Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine Count of Anjou the humble and devoted convent of Cerne Greeting and prayers in Christ Jesus with all veneration and reverence. Know your excellency that our father and pastor D, suffering from grievous sickness has renounced his pastoral charge and has resigned the abbacy into the hands of the Lord Bishop of Sarum. Wherefore, that we may not long lack the charge of a pastor to the detriment of as well the temporalities as the spiritualities of our house we suppliantly beseech your Royal excellence on bended knees that your royal magnificence may deign to grant to us free licence to elect a pastor. May he by whom Kings reign preserve your Majesty for many seasons. [A similar form in case of death of the Abbot, the only variation being] " That our father and pastor D. having gone the way of all flesh has left us his flock in no small desolation." To the reverend Father and Lord Pandulf by the grace of God bishop elect of Norwich chamberlain of our Lord the Pope, Legate of the Apostolic See, his humble and devoted sons the prior and convent of Cerne Greeting and prayers in Christ Jesus with all subjection and reverence. Since by the disposition of our Lord the care of the Anglican church is committed to you for the preservation of whose liberties your magnificence effectively strives, we flee to the feet of your excellency as to a singular refuge, being deprived of the solace of our pastor and with shedding of tears and prostration of body we entreat you as in your fatherly affection sympathising with our desolation that by your diligence there may be granted to us by the counsel 214 THE CERNE CARTULARY. of our lord the king the Uberty of electing our pastor in such good time that the property of our house on which we have to live and sustain ourselves and minister to the necessities of strangers may not be dissipated and destroyed by any vexatious delay. But unless your Fatherliness should speedily and providently grapple with impending misfortune there is no doubt that a serious and intolerable loss will hang over our religious observances and our hospitality. Wherefore may it please your holy fatherliness to take such prompt coimsel that the property of our 2ib. house may not be exposed to dissipation and that the liberty of our church may be preserved uninjured. ]May your Fatherliness fare well in the Lord. To our reverend lord and father Pandulf, by the grace of God, bishop elect of Norwich, chamberlain of our lord the Pope, legate of the apostolic see your humble and devoted sons the prior and convent of Cerne greeting and prayers in Christ Jesus with all subjection and reverence. Our father and pastor having gone the way of all flesh has left us his flock in no small state of desolation ; and deprived of the comfort of his presence we most assuredly expect that irremmediable damage threatens us as well in our temporalities as in our spiritualities, if we shall long be without the support of a pastor ; and we send to the feet of your holiness from the bosom of our church the monks our brethren N. N. N. men of approved religion and sound opinions, we being ready to accept as our father and pastor, without appeal or opposition, him whom they shall determine to be nominated in your presence. Wherefore we suppliantly beseech your holy fatherliness with shedding of tears and prostration of body that by the mediation of your discretion to which is entrusted the care of the Anglican church and Avhich is bound to take thought for the indemnity of vacant churches, such provision may be made for us in the matter of a pastor by means of the said brethren to whom we have confided our votes that wc may not through delay in arrangements fall into the peril which threatens us. May your holiness and fatherliness fare well in the Lord. THE CERNE CARTULARV. 2I5 [f. 24/7. is continued below, where a new subject is commenced.] To all the sons of holy mother church to whom the present f, 25^ writing shall come, the humble convent of Cerne Greeting in the Lord. Whereas by reason of diverse forms of elections which certain persons attempt to introduce, many hindrances affect and many perils threaten vacant churches, we desiring to provide according to the form of the sacred council for our church deprived of its pastoral charge and having invoked the favour of the holy spirit and all having been duly summoned for the purpose and being present in the chapter have unanimously conferred our votes for the election of a pastor for us upon our beloved brethren N. N. N., men as we believe of sound opinions and praiseworthy religion, giving to them full and absolute authority of election, but so that none of them be for this reason excluded from the advantage of election. Moreover that one of the body of our church whom the said three or at least two of them shall nominate for election we all without appeal or delay or opposition will accept as our father and pastor. And that we may not at any time be able to go against this our joint promise and the election to be made by these three or any two of them we have caused this deed to be sealed with the seal of the chapter. Farewell in the Lord, [continued from above], f, 2ib Dorset. The Prior of Saint S with in of Winchester by his attorney claims against the abbot of Cerne one carucate of land in Melcombe with the appurtenances as the right of his church of Winchester and of which his predecessor a certain Prior by name John was seised in his demesne as of fee and in the right of his church of Winchester in the time of King Henry the grandfather of our lord the King, taking thence profits of the value of half a mark, (Src, and that such is his right and that the aforesaid John his predecessor was so seised he offers, &c. And the abbot comes and denies the right of his church when cSrc. the seisin and all &c. and puts himself upon the great assize of 2l6 THE CERNE CARTULARY. our lord the King and claims a return whether he and his church of Cerne or the aforesaid Prior and his church of Winchester have the greater right on the aforesaid land, and he offers to the lord King half a mark to have mention in the writ of the time of King Henr)^ &:c. and he is received &c. f. 25«. continued. Be it known that the Prior of St. Swithin of Winchester when he engaged in his suit with the Abbot Richard Dionisius by a writ of right claimed the land at Radipole which lies within the underwritten bounds, namely — along the dyke which is between Blackmanstone and Seudown * as far as the dyke near Ferndown and so by that dyke as far as Lodmore and thence by Lodmore to Ellenstub and thence by the shore of the sea to Weymouth. But a second time he engaged in another suit against the abbot William first by a writ of reasonable partition and afterwards by a writ which is called a praecipe and he increased his demand to the extent of about 60 acres namely along these underwritten bounds : — from the dyke which is called JNIersditch to the dyke of Blackmanstone and thence as far as Lodmore and thence along Lodmore to Ellenstub and thence by the shore of the sea to Weymouth, and this aforesaid land he described in his writ as one carucate of land with the appurtenances in Melcombe. In the 4th year of King Henr}' the son of John. In INIichaelmas Term in the 4th year and beginning of the 5th. A day was given to the Prior of S. Swithin claimant by his attorney and to the Abbot of Cerne tenant concerning a parcel of land on the octave of St. Hilary at the request of the parties. In Easter Term in the 6th year. The great assize between the Prior of S. Swithin claimant and the Abbot of Cerne tenant concerning one carucate of land with the appurtenances in Wyke is respited until 1 5 days after the day of the Holy Trinity for default of recognitors because only * (r) Southdown. tHE cErne cArtulAry. iij Jordan [the son of ?] Oliver came, &c., and two essoined them- selves and others were attached. In Michaelmas Term in the 6th year and the beginning of the 7th year. The great assize between the Prior of S. Swithin claimant and the abbot of Cerne tenant concerning one carucate of land with the appurtenances in Wyke is respited until one month after the day of St. Hilary at the request of the parties for default of recognitors because only 10 came to whom &c. And let the Sheriff have the bodies of the others, &c. And the Prior puts in his place Richard of Kusseburn or Henry Foliot &c. The Prior of Winchester who arraigned the great assize against the Abbot of Cerne concerning the Manor of Wyke comes and by leave of the Justices withdraws from his writ. And therefore the Abbot of Cerne is quit of it. The County of Dorset. On the eve of SS. Tiburtius and This is in Valerian in the 21st year of the reign of King Henry there first of\btot comes to that county court the writ of our Lord the King con- William, cerning the making of a reasonable partition and direction was given to Simon the bailiff of Tolreford that the aforesaid abbot should be summoned. At another county court, to wit, on the Monday next after the feast of St. John at the Latin Gate, came Adam of Cerne and John Walens saying that they would essoin the abbot of Cerne against the prior of S. Swithin of Winchester, and after hearing f. 26b. the essoin Oliver the steward of the said prior produced the writ of the Lord King concerning the reception of an attorney in the place of the Prior, to wit, John of Basing. At a third county court, to wit, on the Monday next after the feast of S. Barnabas the apostle came John of Basing the attorney of the Prior and offered himself against the said Abbot of Cerne who appeared and said that he had not been sum- moned, for whom the bailiff gave evidence, therefore the bailiff is in mercy. And it was provided that the abbot should be sum- moned at Radipole by the bailiff of Sutton to come upon the place concerning which the dispute arose, to wit, on the Sunday il8 THE CERNE CARTULARY. next before the County Court. At that day came the attorney of the Prior upon the place, and the abbot did not come, Whereupon the attorney of the Prior challenged his default and the sheriff appointed a day for him at the next county court. ■ At a fourth county court, to wit, on IMonday next after the translation of the blessed Thomas the INIartyr came John of Basing the attorney of the prior of St. Swithin of Winchester and offered himself against the aforesaid abbot and demanded judg- ment on the default and then on the afforcement. At a fifth county court, to wit, on the feast of S. Laurence John of Basing the attorney of the prior offered himself against the abbot (who appeared) and claimed the record and his judgment and principally on the ground of default. And because the county did not know what had been done at the place it declined to make a record concerning it. And then it was thus said by John of Baioc (?) ' Because the abbot when summoned did not appear at the place, let him be distrained to come to the same place and there execute the mandate of our lord the King concerning the making of a reasonable partition.' And the sheriff undertook to distrain the abbot and a day was given at the place, to wit, the day of the blessed Bartholomew. At that day came both parties : and after hearing the writ of our lord the King the knights who were present marked out the boundaries. Against whom the attorney of the prior protested saying that he did not put himself upon them to make the boundaries. Afterwards before the sheriff he pointed out the land which he claimed and by what bounds and pleaded against the Abbot, who appeared, concerning his right and the Abbot denied it, when where and as he ought : and he put forward two exceptions saying ( i ) that the prior was not before the court not having a sufficient attorney because &c. and (2) that the mandate of our lord the King for the making of the boundaries was executed and accordingly, as it seems, he is not bound to answer as to that ; but if it shall be necessar)', he will say something further. A sixth county court on the \igil of the Nativity of the blessed ]\Iary, John the attorney of the prior essoined himself against THE CfiRNE CARTULARY. ii0 the abbot by Robert of Smalemue * and Hugli Cole and the abbot appeared and showed that the mandate of our Lord the King was executed. At a yth county court, to wit, on Monday next after the feast of S. Michael, the Abbot of Cerne caused himself to be essoined against the said prior by John JMarshall and Ralph Giffard, and John the attorney of the prior offered himself. At an eighth county court to wit on ^Monday the morrow of All Souls, John of Basing the attorney of the Prior offered himself and stated his plaint as above. And the Abbot appeared and said that the date of the writ by which he (John) was appointed attorney was before the suit between himself and the prior was commenced in the county, wherefore he was not bound, as it seemed, to answer to such an attorney ; and if he was bound, he would say something further ; and he put himself upon the county whether he was bound to answer or not. And as to the judgment on the afforcement, he also said that moreover the prior ought not to challenge his default and that essoins were admitted on either side. At a ninth county court, to wit, on Monday the morrow of S. Nicholas our Lord the King sent his writ concerning the reception of an attorney of the Lord abbot in the argument raised in the county between the same abbot and the prior of St. Swithin, to wit, John Gerard. The same John later on the same day essoined himself. On the same day the attorney of the prior appeared. At a tenth county court, to wit, on Monday next before the Epiphany came the Prior by John of Basing his attorney and offered himself against the Abbot of Cerne, who appeared by his attorney, and he claimed the record and his judgment and pro- duced a writ of our Lord the King as to having the record and his judgment, and another writ as to the reception of his attorneys to wit John of Basing and Thomas of Winchester, clerk. ('r) Smallmouth. 220 THE CERNE CARTULARY. Questioned whether he would wish to rely on the first writ of attorney or the last, he says that he relies on either one or the other. Questioned also whether he would wish to rely on the principal plea or on the default, he says that he will elect after the record is made and not earlier. And the attorney of the abbot of Cerne put himself upon judgment concerning the first. (This is the end of the Cartular)\) NOTE ON THE CERNE CARTULARY. By the Translator. This cartulary, which was bound up with the Liturgical MS. known as the Book of Cerne, itself consists of five documents put together at some time, possibly when they were bound into the Book. The catalogue of MSS. in the University Library at Cambridge describes them as in the handwriting of the early 1 2th to the late 14th century. I am no expert in handwriting : and I have only had the opportunity of looking at the original MSS. for half-an-hour at Cambridge. The few comments I have to make are from internal evidence apart from handwritings The transcript has been furnished by Mr. Rogers, of the University Library, who has carefully revised it from time to time. The documents are respectively marked A B C D and E. A contains ff. i and 2 : B contains ff. 3 and 4 : C contains ff. 5 to 8 : D contains ff. 9-18 : and E contains ff. 19-26. They are not in chronological order, and not always even in the order of the events which they respectively chronicle. B for instance appears to be the latest, containing (i) a copy of the record of a lawsuit in 21 Edward IIL, and (2) a list of the Kings of England from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth. If B be transferred to the end, the latter half of A and the first half of C appear to be consecutive. For ff. 2 (in A) and 5, 6 (in C) all deal with the same question — viz., a dispute as to the amount of taxation of the Abbot's lands held on military service — which was settled in 54 Henry HL : and all the previous entries appear to be notes of earlier charters and records support- ing the then case of the Abbot. The earliest of these is of 2 Henry H. (the earliest date expressly mentioned in the cartulary) : but I infer that all the entries were made at or after the decision of the question at the end of Henry HL's reign. The rest of C deals partly with events of the following reign, 2 22 THE CERNE CARTULARY. D is wholly occupied with events of Henry III.'s reign : mainly with those of a general character not specially affecting Cerne, but on ff. 17 and 18 are entries relating to litigation berween the Abbots of Cerne and Abbotsbury. The undated assise of bread and beer on f. i %b may be later : it is not the statutory assise : and it is in a different handwriting from the rest of D. E appears to have been compiled chronologically backwards. On f. 23(5 we find a copy of a final judgment between the Abbot of Cerne and the Prior of S. Swithin of Winchester in 33 Henry III. : on f. 2\h comes an undated note of the plea commencing the action : then on f, 25^ a note of an alleged inconsistency between the present claim of the Prior and his claim in some previous litigation: and lastly on ff. z^b-iQ) notes of the proceedings in such earlier litigation (i) in the King's Courts in 4 to 7 Henry HI. and (2) in the County Court of Dorset in 21 and 22 Henry HI. Interspersed promiscuously with these are common forms of petitions for a conge cVelire on the resignation or death of an Abbot, and powers of attorney for the election, &c. It seems that the compiler of E may have been either a person interested in antiquarian research like ourselves : or a lawyer taking notes for further litigation : and in either case jotting down any interesting documents coming to his notice in the course of his research ; and using for the purpose of it the blank leaves of a document which already contained a copy of a long prayer of S. Augustine. All this, except perhaps the prayer, cannot be earlier than late in Henry III.'s reign. If these inferences be correct the only part of the cartulary which can be earlier than Henry III. is A f. \h. But out of 7 entries on this, 4 are of events in the 14th century, the dates being given — 13 11, 13 18 and 1396. There remain the 3 first entries relating to " T." Archbishop of Canterbury and Jocelyn Bishop of Salisbury. Now Jocelyn was Bishop of Salisbury in 1141-1184; a period covering Theobald (1139-1161) and Thomas (i 162- 1 170) Archbishops of Canterbury. If the undated first entry is of the early 12th century it must apparently relate to THE CERNE CARTULARY. 223 Theobald and not to Thomas ; it cannot be earlier than 1 139. As A also contains entries of 14th century events, there is — (apart from evidence of handwriting, which I must leave to others) — nothing to show that any part of the cartulary, as we have it, was A\ritten before the 14th century, and the Elizabethan entry must be late i6th, at the earliest. There is a fairly accurate summar}- of the cartulary in Hutchins : and in the last edition, the perambulations of the forests of Gillingham and Blackmore in Latin are added in a note to Gillingham. These are of considerable interest, as they are earlier in date than any others. With regard to these I should observe that I have translated the expressions " cuntrcmunt " and " cuntreval " into " along the hill " and "along the valley" as the most neutral expression. Without following the per- ambulation over the ground it is not possible to say whether in any particular spot the direction is "up" or "down" or " across " the hill or valley. Perhaps the most important document here is the record of the laAvsuit in the Exchequer, 21 Ed. III., in B : for the reason that the original record in the P.R.O. is or was missing or mislaid. I arranged for a collation of the copy with the original, but it could not be found. The proceedings in the County Court in E are also of exceptional interest : records of these are comparatively rare and have not yet been systematically dealt with. The dilatoriness and technicality of the proceedings as here revealed are a sufficient reason for the neglect and disappearance of the old County Courts before the reform of the last century. B. FossETT Lock. ■^^ 224 THE CERNE CARTULARY. COEEECTIONS TO PAET I. Page. Line. 60 For the Title to Part I. substitute the Title to Part II. Insert [f. 4b contains a list of the Kings of England from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth.] 88 20 Insert in margin, f 6a. 66 U For xxiij'' read xxiiij*'. M 41 , xiij° xiiij°. 71 7 , ct „ et. 75 17 , te „ et. ,, 23 , auimam , animam. 77 1 , Thomas ,, Theobald (probably) 79 5 , Nicholas ,, Lincoln. 80 26 . ports ,, parts. 87 7 , fees , Nichole „ fee. Lincoln. „ 28 , pola ,, gallows (probably). 89 1 36 , council „ ,, as „ convent, us. 91 lo , notice ,, vii-tue. 92 2 , occount „ account. 91 16 d el. ; §§e "glifuaC of '^axxoxvs axxb gircCcs. By H. COLLEY MARCH, M.D., F.S.A. (Bead 20th August, 190S.J 'T is strictly in accordance with the etymology of the term to say that a building is " oriented " when it faces the sunrise, at whatever part of the horizon this may be, between midsummer and midwinter. It is usual to extend this meaning, and to say of a building, mainly quadrangular, that it is oriented when it faces due south, so that its four sides are opposite the four cardinal points ; or when it faces south-east, so that its angks arc opposite the cardinal points. But it is altogether wrong to use the term orientation to denote mere direction, apart from sunrise and from the cardinal points. Either an orientation, or some other specific direction, was in the earliest times always given to sacred buildings. All the very ancient sacred edifices of the Romans were trapezoidal in form ; they were four-sided, but not rectangular ; and their acute angle was directed, not towards the east, but towards the Palatine Hill. Even the terramare villages on both 2 25 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. sides of the Apennines had the same shape and the same specific direction, for their sharp angle always pointed to the nearest hillside, as if in veneration of some long-vanished temple on high. A similar recognition was given by the synagogues of Palestine ; they were so constructed that the worshippers, when they entered and as they prayed, looked towards Jerusalem. In like manner at the present time Mohammedan mosques are erected with an intention, not always accomplished, to look in the direction of Mecca. It is remarkable, however, that the Birs Nimroud, of IMesopo- tamia — the traditional Tower of Babel, the Kaaba of IVIecca, the Temple of Jerusalem, the Parthenon and Stonehenge — all face to the north of east, to the summer sunrise. In the days of the Empire, all Roman buildings, secular as well as consecrated, were rectangular, and were oriented in the secondary sense, south and north. But in earlier times as regards sacred buildings, the correct official rules were well summarised by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Caesar's military engineer, who wrote 20 years before Christ. " If there is nothing to prevent it "he says, " and the use of " the edifice allow it, the temples of the immortal gods should " have such an aspect that the statue in the cella [the sanctuary] " may look towards the west, so that those who enter to sacrifice " or to make offerings, may have their faces to the east, as well " as to the statue in the temple. Thus suppliants and those " performing their vows seem to have the temple, the east, and " the deity looking at them, as it were, at the same moment. " Hence all the altars of the gods should be placed towards *' the east. But if the nature of the site do not permit this, the " temple is to be placed so that the greater part of the city may " be seen from it. " Moreover, if temples be built on the bank of a river, as " those in Egypt on the Nile, they should lace the river. " [Speaking generally the Nile runs north and south.] So, also, •' if temples of the gods be erected on the road side, they should THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES, 227 " be placed in such a manner that those passing by may look " towards them and make their obeisance." * The Chaldaeans were the first astronomers. Four thousand years ago they raised towers for the study of the heavens. They made a map of the stars, and differentiated the planets. They conceived the signs of the zodiac. They recognised the annual displacement of the equinoctial point upon the ecliptic. They determined the mean daily movements of the moon and foretold her eclipses. But was this pursuit undertaken solely from a love of science ? By no means. Cicero remarked that the astronomic learning of the Chaldaeans was acquired that they might be " able to predict what would happen to each individual, and with what destiny each person was born " ; f and they claimed ability to assign for him, before he undertook any important work, the hour in which his star would be in the best quarter of the sky, and in the most propitious relation with other stellar movements. All the buildings of these men, these Chaldaeans and Assyrians, whose desire was to " hitch their wagon to the stars," were oriented. Always rectangular, or even square on plan, it was sometimes the faces, but more often the angles, of their buildings that Avere turned to the four cardinal points, one corner in the latter case being directed to the north. Modern astronomical observatories face the true south. Far different from the wide and elevated plains of Chaldgea was the narrow land of Egypt, following the course of the Nile, and often walled in by cliffs. But the desire of the Egyptians was less to obtain from the stars a successful career in this life, than to link the destiny of their dead to the course of the sun, who sank every evening behind the Libyan chain. All the Egyptian cemeteries were placed, when practicable, on the left bank of the Nile, and all the known pyramids were built in the west. The mourners who followed a funeral procession * Lib. IV. c. 5. t DeDivinat. I. 1-2. 228 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. exclaimed : " To the West, to the West, O praiseworthy one, to the excellent West." But the sun rises in the east, and to the east was turned the door of the tomb ; and in IMemphis there is not a single stela that does not face the orient. Osiris was the god of the West, and Lord of Amenti, the Underworld. It was of supreme importance that the spirits of the dead should go down with the setting sun, should be permitted to embark on the solar ship that navigated the waters of Amenti. Here or there they might be left behind in one or other of the twelve regions of the night, where only for a single hour in the twenty-four could they enjoy the solar radiance. But they were provided with pass-words and magic formulae; they had learned from their priests what to say and how to behave as each obstacle was encountered. And as Osiris was the god of the West, so his only son Horns ruled the East. By him assuredly the Gates of the Orient would some day be opened for those who had followed his father and were possessed of the " Word of Truth ; " Horus himself would take them by the hand and lead them into the Light. Do not our own sacred books help us to understand this longing ? " Behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from " the way of the east, and the earth shined with his glory." * " For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even " unto the west, so also shall the coming of the Son of Man " be." t "Osiris est la divinite meme, ' le seigneur au-dessus de tout,' " ' rUnique,' dont la manifestation mat6rielle est le soleil, et " dont la manifestation morale est le Bien. Le soleil meurt, mais " il renait sous la forme d' Horus, fils d' Osiris ; le Bien succombe " sous les coups du Mai, mais il renait sous la forme d' Horus, fils " et vengeur d' Osiris. En efFet, de meme qu' Osiris est le type " de toute mort, Horus, fils et successeur d' Osiris, est le type de * Ezekiel xliii. 2. t Matt. xxiv. 27. TttE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 2ig " toute renaissance, et c'est sous son nom que le soleil reparait k "V horizon oriental du ciel, puisqu' on 1' appelle 1' Horus de 1' " Horizon, Har-em-Khour * Among the Hindus the heavens were divided into four quarters. The south belonged to ancestral spirits, the north to men, and the west to snakes ; while the gods approached mankind from the east. Among the Buddhists, Stupas are solid-built domes. They are of any size up to that at Peshawar, which is 400 feet in height. Their ringed enclosure possesses four entrances, which correspond with the cardinal points ; and within each of them is a pedestal for one or other of the four Buddhas. That opposite .the eastern entrance represents the first mortal Buddha, and contains a Reliquary. A little way within the enclosure is a railing which limits the processional path. Round this the worshipper walks " sunwise," repeating sacred sentences. The apparent path of the sun round the earth is from east, south, west ; the right hand, as it were, being always turned towards the centre, towards the earth. The " praying wheel " must be revolved sunwise, or dire misfortune will follow. A worn path is found encircling many of the holy-wells in Ireland. Those who tread it go sunwise. The solar disc, representing a supreme moral and material energy, encourages and sustains them. At Chapel Uny, in Cornwall, children afflicted with diseases were first dipped in the holy- well, and then dragged three times round its margin, on the grass, against the sun, whereby the influence adverse to evil was augmented, f In cathedrals which possess an ambulatory, the procession of clergy and choir passes round the altar sunwise ; and when a grave-yard is consecrated, the Bishop follows the sun's path. The English Pontifical, now at Rouen, directs that in the dedi- cation of churches the procession go round the edifice three times before it enters. * Paul Pierret. t W. C. Borlase, The Age of the Saints, p. 99. ±^0 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. The specific account of Daniel Rock * declares that the procession, singing all the while, first went out of the presb)i;ery [that part of the church which contains the altar] through its north door, then turned to the right, to the region of warmth, light, and brightness, so that it might follow the sun's seeming path in the heavens. For like reasons, on occasions of woe or sadness, the usage was to turn to the left, to walk the wrong way, the side of gloom and cold and darkness, to go, not along with but against the sun. And reference is made to the aggrieved monks of Winchester f who " processionem nudis pedibus contra solis cursum et morem ecclesiasticum fecerunt." When Penitential processions are made against the sun, the influence adverse to evil is perhaps increased. The Penitents would more easily tread down Satan under their feet. In fine, circumambulation is a ritual practice which can be traced in almost all the religious systems of the world. It is necessary to consider what early authors have said about the Druids. If Diodorus the Sicilian be included, who, though he wrote in Greek, lived for many years in Rome, there are ten Roman writers who mention the Druids of Gaul, but only two of them refer to the Druids of Britain The observations of Pliny, of Diogenes- Laertius, of Suetonius, and of INIarcellinus, though interesting, may be omitted from the present inquiry. Tacitus states that both Gaul and Britain have the same religious rites and the same superstition ; and that Suetonius, in his conquest of Anglesea, cut down the religious groves of the Druids, dedicated to barbarous rites. In those recesses the natives imbrued their altars with the blood of their prisoners, and in the entrails of men explored the will of the gods. X Suetonius himself describes the Druidic religion among the Gauls as one of terrible cruelty. Ch. of our Fathers, 1850, III. ii. pp. 181, 182. t Annal., Eccl. Wintou, A.D., 1122. + An. XIV. 30. THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 23 1 Strabo declares that the Gauls augur from human victims and never sacrifice without the Druids. And Caesar says that the Druids offer human sacrifices because of a belief that the immortal gods can be appeased only by the life of man. But he adds that criminals are a more acceptable oflfering than the innocent. In view of such statements as these, it is well to recall the charges laid against the Jews by Roman and mediceval writers of killing Christian children on every Easter Day. INIatthew Paris, who lived at the time of the incident, relates that a Christian child, eight years of age, was stolen and crucified by the Jews of Lincoln in 1250, and that Semitic deputies came from all parts of England to be present at the ceremony. And it appears that for this asserted crime eighteen persons were hanged. Surely such misconceptions must have been engendered by racial, religious, and other antipathies. But, in addition, Suetonius and Caesar were waging war against the Druids, and the extent to which evil deeds can be provoked by armed hostility we know by the career of Napoleon, who poisoned his own soldiers who lay wounded in his own hospital rather than be burdened with their care. It must be considered, too, that the Gauls and Britons had no gaols or penal settlements, and that the only punishment for the worst offenders when fines were inadequate, and the only way of dealing with prisoners of war, was by mutilation or death. And it is not unlikely that in the fury of a nation unjustly invaded the haruspices took advantage of such executions for the purposes of augur}'. But even their traducers speak well of the Druids. Caesar observes that the judicial institution of the Gauls, by which an assembly met once a year in a consecrated spot to settle disputes, was thought to have been introduced from Britain, and that those who wished to become better acquainted with it generally repaired thither for the purpose.* The Druids' knowledge of the motions of the heavens and the stars is attested by both Caesar and * De Bel, Gal. vi. cc. 13 et seq. 232 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. Pomponius, Avho, together with Strabo, speak of the Druids' belief in the immortality of the soul ; while Pomponius relates that the Gauls along with their dead burn and then bury things which belonged to them when living, because they believe that there is another life after death. * And Cicero, who, on the whole, justified divination and declared that nearly everyone had recourse to the entrails of animals — " extis enim omnes fere utuntur " — f observed that " the Druids in Gaul are diviners, among whom I myself have been acquainted with Divitiacus ^duus, your own host and panegyrist "^hospitem tuum, laudatoremque cognovit qui et naturae rationem, quam physiologiam Graeci appellant, notam esse sibi profitebatur, et partim auguriis, partim conjectura quae essent futura dicebat. J A Druid who was the companion and fellow-guest of Cicero, in the house of Cicero's friend, can have been no dabbler in human blood. It was hard for early races to believe that a gallant and sagacious chieftain perished at the moment of his death. They sorely missed him by day, and at night he appeared to them in dreams. The Cult of the Dead was the beginning of the hope of a life to come. But inseparable from this hope was the persuasion that by all means, at whatever cost, some portion of the dead body must be preserved from utter decay ; and, it may be that not yet are the minds of men free from the subconscious influence of similar opinions. We must possess relics of our saints. Have we lost a child, then it is the face of a little one that we remember ; or a mother, then we long to see again the lineaments of a woman perhaps well stricken in years. It does not cheer a sorrowful heart to be told about forms of energy ; it is not encouraging to learn that a * De Situ Orbis, III, 2. t De Divin. I. 10. t Ibid. I., 41. THE RITUAL OP BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 2^3 spirit, escaped from a fleshly incarceration may appear as a luminous, pulsatory, rapidly revolving system of electrons. That would be less alluring than hands, and lips, and eyes. We could not caress a rapidly revolving sphere, how tender soever the thoughts it might express by etherial undulations. And so, like those of long ago, we visit the sepulchre with our flowers and our prayers ; and we treasure at home a priceless reliquary. The Parentalia and the Feralia are repeated on All Souls' Day. The method of rendering a portion of the body incorruptible by incineration is so simple and satisfactory that it is strange it was not earlier conceived and more widely practised. The wealth and resources of the Egyptian led on the contrary to embalmment, entombment, and the triply coffined mummy. Elsewhere and for the most part it was thought sufficient to preserve the skeleton from which putrescible matter had, in various ways, been removed. This led to what has been called " dual interment," but the more comprehensive term, dual disposal of the dead body, is to be preferred. Among the Patagonians the flesh was stripped from the bones, which were then hung up on trees to dry and whiten in the sun. At the end of a year, they were carried off" and interred in the ancestral burial ground, and sometimes a cairn of stones was raised over the grave. Among the Iroquois the bodies of the dead were fastened to a scaff"olding or to trees, and when only the bones remained these were removed either to the former abode of the defunct or to a small adjacent house specially prepared. After the lapse of a number of years it was customary to collect such skeletons from the whole community and consign them to a common resting-place. Among the Correguajes the dead body was carried to the woods, and was left there until the flesh had been removed by beasts of prey. The bones that remained were then taken home, the next of kin carrying the skull. Among the Society Islanders, dead bodies were placed on a platform, railed in with bamboo. When the flesh had vanished, 2 3+ THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AXD CIRCLES. the bones were buried, sometimes within a pyramidal stone structure not unlike a long barrow. In Guiana the dead body, secured in a net, was lowered into the river, where the flesh was removed by fish. The skeleton was then dried, painted red, and set up inside the dwelling- place. Among the New Zealanders, the dead were either buried in a contracted posture or exposed for a while on platforms. In either case, when the flesh had decayed away, the bones were washed and enclosed in a small box, which was generally raised on a pole, in or near the village. As regards the Esthonians, whose lands bordered the Baltic, it is related by Paulus Orosius, who wrote in 417, that when a man is dead he lies in his house unbumt for one or two months, and, if he be a man of high rank, for half a year before he is burned. From this it would appear that after cremation had been intro- duced the practice of " dual disposal " was not abandoned. And even when incineration had become the primar}- method, a secondary burning was followed, so strong had the tradition become. For among the modern rearers of megaliths, the Khasis of Bengal, the final disposal does not take place till long after the body has been reduced to ashes on the pyre. These are then placed in a vase within a small stone cist, which, at the end of a year is opened, and the contents subjected to a secondary, slight, ceremonial incineration, and after which they are finally inumed with the ashes of the ancestors ; and in some places, in former times, vessels for offerings of food were laid upon the lid of the receptacle. It is related by Giles Fletcher, who wTote as the envoy of Queen Elizabeth, that in Russia, " during the winter when all is covered with snow, so many as die are piled up in a suburban hovel, like billets on a woodstack, till the spring-tide, when every man takes and inters his dead friend." And it appears that among the Chinese, at the present day, dead bodies are stored in open mortuaries for years, awaiting interment with their ancestors. THE RITUAL- OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 235 A Parsi cemetery, " the tower of silence," is a circular area, enclosed by a high wall of brick or mud, within which dead bodies are exposed until their flesh has been removed by birds of prey. Indeed, on our own Continent, the ancient practices of dual disposal are still followed. In some of the isles of Greece, primary receptacles, built of brick, are occupied by an endless succession of bodies, and are cleared out at stated seasons, when a grand funeral takes place, accompanied with much processional ceremony. In some parts of Italy, more particularly at Naples and Casamicciola of which I speak from personal observation in 1889, ^ dual disposal of the dead is thoroughly carried out. Just beyond the Neapolitan walls are three Campi Santi. One of them is occupied by a number of private mortuary chapels, belonging to aristocratic or rich families. These buildings are not oriented. Within each of them, opposite the entrance, is an altar. A flight of stone steps leads to a crj'pt which is much larger than the chapel above. The floor of the crypt is covered, to a considerable depth, with pozzolana, a volcanic dust which has the property of absorbing flesh from bones. The surface of the pozzolana is marked out into oblongs and a dead person is buried in one of these divisions, and a little stick is pushed in which bears, on a label, the initials of the name of the defunct. All round the crypt, against the wall, are small metal receptacles which rest on shelves, presenting the appearance of a colum- barium. At the primary disposal after the usual service at the church, the body is borne in a shell on which are spread the dead person's garments, which sometimes clothe his efiigy. Until recently it was the custom to carry the body on a bier, exposed to the gaze of all ; but this was forbidden by law. At the end of an indeterminate time, but usually of two years, it is the duty of the next of kin, after mass has been said at the altar of the chapel, to exhume the body, to take up the now bare bones zui7/i his hand, and to deposit them in one of the metal receptacles, to which is attached a suitable title and description. This is the secondary disposal. 236 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. A large number of the people belong to Burial Societies each of which has a chapel of its own, and all the funeral rites are performed by the officials of the guild. Besides this, there is, for other persons, a vast area, and to the walls that encompass it are fixed shelves and depositories for the bones of the deceased, whose primary interment takes place in the ordinary earth of the enclosure. This is marked out into a number of gardens, as it were, in which are planted flowers, It resembles, on a very large scale, the grave-plots in a cloister. Last of all, for the unhappy poor, is a smaller cemetery in which are caverns, 366 in number, each covered with a huge stone slab. Every day one of them, in rotation, is opened and closed. Each contains the bodies of those paupers who have died on the day it was opened, thrown in one over the other ; and the bodies that have been removed, and that have rotted there for one year, are cast through an orifice, perhaps four feet square. Its sides are stained and smeared with corruption. This orifice, which is closed by a stone door, leads straight down into an unfathomable gulf, perhaps the galleries of an abandoned tufaceous quarry. How great must be the force of habit and heredity when men are driven, in the face of the twentieth century, to continue such arduous and revolting practices. Some very ancient customs persist in Brittany. There are cemeteries in which the horizontal stone that covers the grave has a little cup hollowed in it, like those on many a prehistoric megalith, and into this is poured once a year milk or rice. Many of the churchyards in Brittany contain well-built ossuaries. That at St. Th6gonnec is so large and handsome that it has been converted into a chapel. After the dead have been interred for some years, relatives, who still care for the deceased, dig up the skeleton and place it in the ossuary, the long bones arranged together with those of ancestors, but the skull enclosed in a special wooden case with an aperture or window, through which its contents can be seen, and with a memorial inscription, such as "Chef de Mile Jne Mar6e, 1867;" "Ci git THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 237 le chef de Jo'''' Gousard." A similar custom is followed in some of the Swiss cantons. Apart from such unsubstantial traditions as a royal " lying-in- state," or as the persistent visitation and decoration of graves, is there any evidence that a dual disposal of the dead was ever practised in the British Isles ? As regards the Channel Islands, Mr. Lukis has pointed out* that " the quantity of human bones found within the chamber [of the dolmen L'ancresse] was great, and corresponded with the number of vessels of all sizes discovered with them. The bones were, from their position, brought to their final resting- place after the flesh had been removed by burning, or by some other means." " It was easy to perceive that the various heaps of human remains which lay scattered on the floor of the dolmen had been deposited there at different times." INIr. Arthur Evans recalls that " by a succession of archaeo- logical explorers it has been shown how the galleried chambers of the oldest barrows in England present phenomena recon- cileable only with the hypothesis that the bones had lost their fleshly covering and become partially detached from their ligaments previous to interment. In other words these chambers of the dead are ossuaries." Of the round barrows of Yorkshire Canon Greenwell mentions one 70ft. in diameter and i^ft. high. After noting later burials in the same mound, he says, of the original interment, "it was the skeleton of a strongly made man in the middle period of life, laid on the left side, with the head to S. E. The hands were up to the face. The sacrum was close to the left scapula, and there were no vertebrae between the cervical and the lumbar region of the backbone. A well-chipped flint knife was found in association, but no metal. It would seem that the body had been interred in some other place, and had afterwards been removed to this barrow." f * Arch. Jour. I. 149. t British Barrows, p. 225-6, 238 THE RITUAL OF BARROW'S AND CIRCLES. Of a large round barrow, looft. in diameter and 9ft. high, Canon Greenwell,* after mentioning late burials, writes, " the original interment was that of a child, scarcely a year old, on its left side. Close to this were some of the bones of a young woman, possibly the child's mother. The head was on its left side, but without its lower jaw. There was no left femur, and none of the bones of the amis except the left humerus. The portions of the skeleton that remained were sound as to show that those which were wanting could not have perished by decay." Of a barrow 56ft. in diameter and 6ft. high which contained pottery and flint implements, but no metal, the same writer says, " The number of interments here discovered was large. Some bones of the skeletons were wanting, and others were displaced. There was no reason for supposing that these evidences of disturbance had originated in any opening made, whether from curiosity or other motives, in modern times. The appearances may be accounted for on the supposition that the barrow was an ossuary." " Similar conditions with regard to the bones have been met with in other barrows." f ]\Ir. W. C. Borlase X after remarking that " the remains of as many as five bodies, all of them being in a disjointed condition, have been found upon the central area of long barrows in Yorkshire," adds that "this phenomenon is not confined to barrows of the ruder sort, but is observable also in the elaborate chambered tumuli of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, and Somerset." The peculiar crouched position of the skeleton, with the knees drawn up to the chin, is to be found both in long barrows, and in the circular tumuli of the Bronze Age ; and not in Britain only, but in all quarters of the globe. It is the position in which Greenlanders sleep : in which, perhaps they die. But the fact that barrows contain crouched skeletons, lying on the left side, * lb. p. 26. t lb. p. 22L X Dolmens of Ireland, p. 454, THE RITUAL OF BARROAVS AND CIRCLES, 239 does not preclude the possibility of a previous disposal of the body. Mr. Cyrus Thomas, in his report on Mound Explorations in North America^ says: "From personal examination, I conclude that some, if not most of the 'folded' [contracted] skeletons found in mounds were buried after the flesh had been removed, as the folding, to the extent noticed, could not have been done with the flesh on ; and the positions in most cases, with the knees brought up against the breast, and the heels against the pelvis, were such as could not possibly have been assumed as a result of the decay of the flesh, or of the settling of the mound. In other cases, the partial calcining of the bones, in vaults [cists] and under layers of clay, where the evidence shows that fire was applied to the outside of the vault, or above the clay layers, can be accounted for only on the supposition that the flesh had been removed before burial." Some archaeologists have adopted the view that the primary disposal of the dead was by way of cannibal feasts. That before burying their chieftain his followers devoured his flesh, and the flesh of slaughtered members of his family. And that this was done, partly from a relish for the food, and partly from a notion that the admirable qualities of a defunct person are acquired by those who eat him. And reliance is placed, by these archaeologists, on the words of Diodorus the Sicilian, who had travelled in parts of Europe and Asia, and wrote his history eight years before the Christian era. And these words are : "The Gauls that live towards the north, and bordering upon Scythia, are so exceeding fierce and cruel that, as report goes, they eat men like the Britons that inhabit Iris [Ireland]." It is certain that Diodorus never went to Ireland, and he wrote these words, as he admits, merely from rumour. But as regards the inhabitants of Britannia itself, he says " They are of much sincerity and integrity, far from the craft and knavery of men among us ; contented with plain and homely * Bureau of Eth. 1890-1. p. 674. 240 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. fare, strangers to the excess and luxury of rich men. The Island is very populous, but of a cold climate, subject to frosts, being under the [constellation of the] Bear." * Strabo, too, speaking of Ireland, says " the inhabitants of lerna " are more savage than the Britons, feeding on human flesh, " being enormous eaters, and deeming it commendable to devour " their deceased fathers." f And here also, Strabo, who had never visited Ireland, expressly excludes the Britons from his charge of cannibalism. Of the existence of this practice, there is however one decisive test — the presence of human bones that have been split, to get out their marrow which (together with the thimibs of children) is considered to be the most delicious part of the body. Such split bones have been found on the shores of the Baltic, and I have seen them in the island of Gotland, in circumstances that make it certain that such feasting prevailed until after the birth of Christ. But no split human bones have been discovered in the barrows of England. Something must be said about a statement by St. Jerome, or Hieronymus, who was born in Pannonia, travelled in Gaul, and, whilst living at Bethlehem, wrote his \iolent tract against Jovinian in the year 400. " Quid loquar," he says, " de caeteris rationibus, quum ipse adolescentulus in Gallia viderim Atticottos, gentem Britannicam, humanis vesci carnibus." :j: These men, the Atticotti, whom St. Jerome saw devouring human flesh, are said by Ammianus Marcellinus, the historian, who visited Gaul in 355, to have " harassed Britain in conjunction with the Scots and Picts." They left their split bones on the shores of the Baltic, they effected a lodgment in the extreme north of Scotland, and invaded Ireland in a.d. 56. But these men were not the builders of our barrows. * V. ii. 21. t IV. V. 4. J Adv. Jovin, lib. ii. THE RITUAL OF l^ARRO'NVS AND CIRCLES. 241 Many archaeologists, like Dr. Thurnam, have dwelt upon the fact that inteniicnts often contain cleft skulls, and have main- tained that it points to the immolation of victims at the burial of a chieftain. It is well to remember that the bones of aged persons are hardly ever discovered in tumuli. Men, in those days, did not die of old age, but met a soldier's death. What were stone axes for, or weapons of bronze, if not to cleave the heads of the foe. During a midnight raid, a whole family might be butchered as they lay, before the invaders could be driven off. It has been amply proved that a dual disposal of the dead was practised throughout western Europe, and in this country — and that in many places the custom is continued. But there must have been in early days, some safe and easy method of carrjang out the primarj' disposal, during which the flesh was removed from the bones : some secure places where bodies could be exposed. The surface-dolmen was one of these means. In the case of some of the earliest long-barrows, besides the under- ground galleried chamber, there exists, on the summit, an uncovered dolmen. The West Kennet barrow, and others in the neighbourhood of Avebury, as shown by Stukeley, are examples. On the summit of round-barrows " sometimes of elevated outline, and often with concentric circles on their slopes, dolmens are of frequent occurrence." * And other dolmens are to be seen, notably in Brittany, on the top of conical but natural hillocks, that could never have been covered by earth. Doubtless such erections were used for the required exposure. But surface dolmens are rare and dual disposal was almost universal. There must have been other secure enclosures for the primary treatment of the dead. What are the characters by which such structures can be recognised } They should be found in the neighbour- hood of barrows and places of interment. They might well be circular in form and strong enough to keep out beasts of prey such as the wolf, the fox, and the bear, f They should display * A, J. Evans, megalithic monuments, kc. t Cf. Ecgbert's Peuitentials. 242 THE RITUAL OF BARROAVS AND CIRCLES. some obvious relation to a Cult of the Dead and to a growing belief in a life to come. They might show signs of orientation, to correspond with the fact that barrows for the most part are oriented either by their construction or by the attitude of the buried bodies that they contain. And they might possess some indication of ritual uses; of assemblies, processions, and circumambulation. " Stone circles," it would seem, supply all these requirements. Apart from the significant fact that the majority of circles present some indication of an entrance, it is the case that in a large proportion of those that are met with on moorland, the remains of a continuous wall, of the circular vallmn that once enclosed and united the discontinuous megaliths, actually exist. * It can be traced, for example, at the " Nine Ladies " in Derbyshire, a circle with a central moimd, and at two circles in Cornwall, without central mounds, one near Kenidjak and one near INIulfra Quoit. The same thing was observed by Anderson who wrote in 1777 when many antiquities existed that have since disappeared. He gave the following account of what he had seen " in some hundreds of places." " The circle is about forty- six feet in diameter. The stones that compose it are usually ten or twelve feet high. The area within is smooth and somewhat lower than the ground around it, and a smooth bank carried quite round between the stones is still a little higher than the ground about it." f Sometimes the ring-fence was made of megaliths placed in actual contiguity, as at the Circle of Tredinek, thirty feet in diameter, figured by Borlase in 1754. + Zennor Circle, which is seventy-two feet in diameter, con- sisted § of a close ring of stones, some larger and the rest " small * This, and other passages are quoted from a Paper by the present writer, read in 1887, called a " New Theory of Stone Cii-cles." A copy of it is in the Dorset Museum Library, t Arch, V. 246, + Plate XIII. fig. 1. § Plate XIII. fig. 4. THE RITUAL OF nARROWS AND CIRCLES. 243 Stones thrown loosely together in a circular ridge ; at the entrance one large stone " remained standing. Borlase also described and figured *' an oval enclosure at Kerris, made of a continuous ridge of stones of all sizes, ^hich contained an area of fifty-two paces by thirty-four. In South Brittany the circles are composed, not of rude blocks like the stones of the alignments, but of thin slabs which, says Mr. Lukis, f " are designedly contiguous, as though to make a perfect enclosure impervious from the outside, and only accessible from some point where they are in contact with the head-stones of the avenue lines." Sometimes the circle is composed, to all outward appearance, of a rampart of earth only ; as the Giants' Ring near Belfast. Here, the wall, probably not less than twenty feet high, is eighty feet thick at the base, and encloses an area of ten acres, where stand an uncovered dolmen and a few remaining monoliths. And there are multitudes of earth- circles, all over Britain, the remains, no doubt, of substantial enclosures. They are often marked "camps" on the ordnance maps, but for such a purpose they are too small. Lastly, there are the stone circles that are themselves ringed in by vallum and fosse. Examples can be seen at Arbor Low in Derbyshire, at Avebury in Wilts, at Blisland in Cornwall, where the ditch is eleven feet and the wall ten feet wide ; at Stennis in the Orkneys, where the wall is three feet high ; and at the neighbouring Ring of Brogar where the ditch remains but the wall, which may have been only a stockade, has vanished. In by far the greater number of such cases, the fosse is on the inside of the vallum, and it is obvious that such a work had no military intention. But an inside ditch would be good against the predatory wolf. For if the wolf scaled the wall, pushed through the frieze of thorns, crossed the ditch and seized his prey, in the ditch he would have to leave it on his retreat, and in * Plate XV. fig. 2. t Chambered BaiTovvs, &c., of S. Brittauy, p. 35. 244 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. the ditch it might presently be found by those whose duty it would be to visit the spot. ■ It is needless to insist upon the fact that where round-barrows abound, there also may be seen circles of earth and of stones. But owing to the great and constant destruction of megaliths in this country-, it may be well to point out, more particularly, the association of circles with lines, alignments, or avenues of stone. The remains of such circles and such alignments are to be seen near Shap, in Westmoreland, where the rows of megaliths are more than a mile in length and where " the whole aspect of the country is that of a district used as a burying-place."* There are avenues on Dartmoor, and one of them, which is 600 yards long f " bends round the brow of a hill, so that neither of the ends can be seen from the other, nor indeed from the centre," and there are indications that it was terminated by a circle. Mr. Fergusson remarks that this avenue is only three feet wide, and therefore was "not a procession path," forgetting that a procession might circumambulate the whole. It is in Brittany, however, that the relation of avenues to circles can best be studied, because there, large stones have always been abundant and agriculture has not yet devastated pre-historic monuments. There, "the alignments are narrower at the eastern ends, and the dimensions of the stones are greater at the western ends, where is found the terminating circle. The lines were erected according to a plan which is nearly uniform and with an orientation which corresponds in some measure with that of the dolmens." J " The lines of Kerlescant are thirteen in number, and form twelve avenues which are about a thousand feet long." At Kermario the lines, ten in number, are about four thousand feet long, but the terminating circle has vanished. At Menec the lines, eleven in number, measure 3376ft. in length, and the terminating circle is 300ft. in diameter. Rude Stone Monuments, p. 1 t Ibid p. 56. Chambered Barrows, &c., pp. 17, 35, I'HE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. 245 And James Milne ,*- after observing that the orientation of the alignments varies from east to E.S.E., says that at " the head [the western end] of the alignments of Menec and Kerlescant, large menhirs form a cromlech " [stone circle]. Other uses have been assigned to stone circles. It has been thought that they were employed for astronomical observations. But the orientation that they possess is too variable to support this view. The case of Stonehenge is unique and would require to be dealt with at length. It is oriented to the summer sunrise and if the central line of the earthen avenue that stretches in that direction, and passes down hill till it is out of sight, corresponds to the point where the sun rose at the date of the construction of this monument, Sir Norman Lockyer would give B.C. 1680 as the year of its birth. But according to Prof. Petrie the avenue's point of departure is not exactly opposite the middle trilithon. And it cannot now be decided what part of the solar disc constituted an effective sunrise — the first glimmer of its edge, its centre, or the appearance of the complete orb. Professor Petrie himself prefers the Heelstone, as a gnomon, to the A^•enue, and considers the true date of construction to be A.D. 730. But, unfortunately, " he overlooked the fact that the change of the ecliptic is taking place in the wrong direction, and that the sun now rises farther south than it has done for the last 10,000 years. He applied the correction with the wrong sign."f Again, speaking of the Heel-stone, Mr. Lukis regards it " as belonging to a later date than Stonehenge." In his opinion " it was erected as a sepulchral monolith upon consecrated ground, perhaps long after the purpose for which the circles were designed had been discontinued. All the sarsen stones com- posing the monument, without exception, have been shaped with a tool, whereas no tool has touched the Friar's-heel. It is a very ugly and rugged block, and it is in its native condition.":]: * Kesearches in Brittanj% pp. 92, 95. t Arthur E. Hiuks, Camb. Observatory. I Proc. Soc. Autiq. 1881, p. 118. 246 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. The large horizontal blocks that are often found in stone- circles have, with much satisfaction, been called altars. " On this stage the priest officiated " ; " hereon were victims immolated " ; " here offerings were burnt." What Prof. Petrie has said about the so-called Altar at Stonehenge may be applied to most, if not to all other cases. " Its sacrificial intention is strongly contradicted by the absence of all traces of fire or calcination, and by its ver}' low position, almost flush with the ground." * Indeed, the history of the slaughter-stone theor}' does not inspire confidence. M. Troude, the learned author of a Breton Dictionary (1876), says that the cap-stones of dolmens " paraissent avoir ser\i d' autels aux Druides. lis y faisaient des sacrifices humains ou autres, ainsi que semblent I'attester les petites haches et les coins [axes and celts"] trouves sous ces monuments, ainsi que les rigoles trac^es sur les pierres horizon- tales pour r ecoulement du sang." In 1 845 Dr. Henr}- Earth visited portions of North Africa, and on the elevated plateau of Tarhuna, a hundred miles south of Tripoli, discovered a number of trilithons. Two of his figures were reproduced by Fergusson in 1872. In 1885 Mr. Arthur Evans spoke of "the great trilithic monuments of Tripoli, with altar blocks before them." f On the 5th Dec. 1895, Mr. Swainson Cowper, who had care- fully examined these " megalithic temples," read an account of them to the Society of Antiquaries. He said that "the remains consisted of a large number of rectangular enclosures which were surrounded by high walls of dressed stone. Within the enclosures, and generally close to the boundar)^ wall, were large trilithons, two upright pillars and a lintel ; and in front of each, lying on the ground, two large stone altars, with grooves forming a channel roimd the edge of the slab, with a spout leading outwards. There were indications that the Romans not only countenanced the religious practices for the performance of * Stonehenge, p. 31. t Trans. Lane, and Ches. Antiq. Soc. III. p. 9. THE RITUAL OF RARROAVS AND CIRCLES. 247 which these structures were erected, but actually in some cases, restored the buildings. He was of opinion that the worship was akin to that of Baal or Moloch." In 1897, Mr. Arthur Evans and Mr. Myers visited these " Senams," as the trilithons are called, and came to certain con- clusions which were expounded by the latter to the Society of Antiquaries, on loth January, 1899. He said "the Tripolitan Senams, with the channelled and morticed stones which accom- pany them are oil presses of a type which may have been intro- duced in pre- Roman times, but which cannot be shown to have developed anywhere earlier than the fourth or third century B.C."* Perhaps reference should be made to the prostrate block at Stonehenge, which lies between the Friar's-heel and the circles. Mr. Lukis says, this, which "has received the preposterous appellation of ' the slaughtering stone ' is a dressed sarsen, and consequently belongs to the monument. It is 22ft. in length and resembles, in form and dimensions the uprights of the outer circle, but it does not possess tenons on its squared end. That it originally stood erect has been proved by the discovery of the excavation which it occupied, and then it must have entirely concealed the Friar's-heel from persons standing in front of the central trilithon."f And now, in conclusion it may be suggested that horizontal stones in other circles were depositories on which was laid the dead body, perhaps loosely fastened in a case of wicker-work, to await the disappearance of the flesh ; that circles in general, whether of earth or of stone, were secure enclosures for a primary disposal of the dead, by exposure or by a shallow inhumation ; and that if Stonehenge, and other structures, were used for astrological divination, at any rate one purpose Avas the discovery of auspicious seasons for the secondary disposal, which was accompanied with imposing and prolonged processional ceremonies, when clans gathered and priests administered, inspired by the hope of a life that was to come. * Proc. Soc. Autiq. XVII. 293. t Proc. Soc. Antiq. IX. 14S. . 1170-1260 i. 288 ii. 288 . 152 148 . 167 115 . 198 lOi 248 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. APPENDIX. Table of Appeoximate Diameters in Feet. When a circle is not concentric, the two chief diameters are given, joined by a hyphen. When a circle is double, the two diameters are given, joined by the plus sign. Vallum. Circle. I. Stone circles surrounded by a vallum and fosse («) The fosse outside the valliun Stonehenge, WHts ... 300 106 (b) The fosse inside the vallum Abury, WHts - Blisland, Cornwall Arbor Low, Derbyshire Ring of Stennis, Orkney (c) A fosse only, at present Ring of Brogar, Orkney . - 366 340 Ring of Bftkan, Orkney (No monoliths) 136 (The trench is 44 ft. wide and 6ft. deep.) (d) A fosse with a ramp on each side Near Arbor Low, Derbyshire - - 243-156 II. The stones of the circle placed in actual contiguity Wendron, Cornwall ... 50 Tredinek, Cornwall ... 30 Trescaw, Scilly Isles ... 36 (Many circles in Brittany.) III. Circular ramp of earth or stone Giants' Ring, Belfast ... 580 (Contains surface dolmen and monoliths.) Fumess, Lancashire, not concentric - 315-350 (Contains nine radiate compartments and annular centre.) Kerris, Cornwall - - - 102-156 Kirby Moor, Fumess - . . 75 Mayburgh, Cumberland - - 287 Little Salkeld, Cumberland - - 300 Baildon Moor, Yorks ... i. 50 ii. 50 iii. 50 Wadsworth Moor, Yorks . . i. 39 ii. 120 THE RITUAL of barrows AND CIRCLES. 249 Ciixle. Rorabald's Moor, Yorks - - ^ i. 40 (All examined for iatermeuts, but none found.) IV. Megalithic Cii'cles with Remains of a Wall still existing between the Stones Zeunor, Cornwall ... 72 Nine Ladies, Derbyshire - - 38 (Contains a central mound). Fiddes Hill, Scotland ... 46 "In some hundreds of places in Scotland are circles like the above." V. Circles containing au Elevated Natural Rock in their Centre Trescaw, Scilly Kammenelez, Cornwall VI. Double Concentric Circles of Megaliths Fumess, Lancashire Gunnerskeld, Westmoreland Crosby Ravensworth, Westmoreland VII. Megalithic Cii-cles Stanton Drew, Somerset Guidebest, Caithness Callernish, Lewis Tormor, Arran Penmaenmawr, Wales . Hawksworth Moor, Yorks Brackenbyr, Westmoreland " Standing Stones," Westmoreland Bampton-Pooley, Westmoreland Long Meg, Cumberland Keswick, Cumberland - Eskdale, Cumberland - Swinside, Cumberland - Hakpen HHl, Wilts Winterbourne Bassett, Wilts Wet Withens, Derbyshire Didoe, iir. Liskeard, Cornwall Stripple Stones, Hawk's Tor, Cornwall - 36 - 35-5 . 90 + 30 . 105 + 52 - 60 + 30 . i. 129 ii. 96 not concentric iii. 345.378 - 170 - 1 i. 60 t ii. 100 - 60 - 80 - 43 - 400 - 25 - 100 . 360.305 - 107-97 - 103-15 - 92 - 120 - i. 90 ii. 90 . 90 . 36 . 148 ^50 THE RITUAL OF BARROWS AND CIRCLES. Circle. Femacre, Cornwall ... 140 Tregaseale, Cornwall - - - i. 66 ii. 78 Kosemoddress, Cornwall - . 75-8 Boskednan, Cornwall ... 69*4 Boscawen Un, Cornwall - . 68*2 Wendron, Cornwall ... 50 VIII. Dorset Circles. Gorwell Stone Circle ... 90-79 (Thirteen megaliths above surface of ground, all prostrate. Bench mark altitude 627*2 feet.) Circle in "Valley of Stones" - - 77 (Manj of the stones in this cii-cle are still contiguous.) Stone circle on Hampton Hill - - 46-5-36'5 , , at Rempstone, near Corfe Castle 87 ,, at Pokeswell - - 14 Earth -circle near AskersweU - - 83 ,, ,, Bridehead - - 93 ,, ,, Dorchester to Bridport Uoad, opposite the turning to Compton Valence - - 66 (Contains a U-shaped mound, not central.) Earth- circle enclosing barrow by the four cross roads on Upwey ridge - 234 , , enclosing barrow near Eggardun 192 With Illustrations by the Author. By R. G. BROCKLEHURST. C Bead 10th December, 190S. ) I ^(££2 — HOUGH bridges are most necessary and useful, few people give a thought to their architectural features. The modern ideas of bridge con- struction do not tend towards beauty and grace in design, or picturesque effect, as traffic now-a-days requires steel bridges to be safely supported. However, in Dorset we still have some fine old imposing stone bridges in an excellent state of preservation ; and in this paper I propose to illustrate some of those which span the rivers Frome and Stour, and also a few others. " Grey's Bridge " over the Frome at the Fordington side of Dorchester is a plain structure dating from the middle of the eighteenth centur}', and is of a Renaissance style and character. It has three semi-circular arches, the central one being larger than the others. There are small arch stones and a moulded hood around. Above is a plinth and then a bold plain parapet. This bridge is best seen from the meadows and towpaths, with Fordington Church tower in the distance. 252 SOME DORSET BRIDGES, At Wool the same river is crossed by the Elizabethan " Wool- bridge " (as it is called), which, standing as it does in the open, with the Turberville Manor at the side, is very prominent. The Frome here is wide and fast, and the bridge large in proportion. Five arches span the river, semi-circular in shape, and strongly ribbed underneath. Dividing each arcade is a triangular buttress, fonning at the road level a recess for foot passengers, and the walls at the sides run well up on the banks. There is a good looking bridge, known as " Holmebridge," midway between Wool and Wareham. It spans the river on the road leading to Lulworth, but though it is situated near the main road, few people notice it. It is similar in design and construction to that at Wool, and has semi-circular arches. These are six in number, and are built in two planes. The stones are alternately brown and white, giving a pleasing appearance, age having mellowed the tints, whilst the spandrils of the arches are similarly built. On the Wool side of the bridge, there are five triangular-shaped buttresses, forming recesses to the road above, but on the down- stream side there are only two. The parapet above the road level is built of bricks and finished with plain coping. The river here is not wide, but the marshy land necessitates the bridge being carried well on to the banks at each side. This bridge is famous as being the scene of an exciting episode during the Civil War, when a small body of Royalists held at bay a large force of Roundheads for a considerable time, ulti- mately beating off their opponents when assistance arrived. At Wareham the Frome, which flows by the south side of the town, is crossed by a five-arched bridge, the road having a steep gradient to the centre, giving it a rather humped appearance. And as the remains of a quay are to be seen alongside this bridge, the arches were probably built high, so as to allow barges and other craft to pass under. They vary in size from the central one, the arch stones being prominent, and the key stones projecting from the face. To each side of the central arch are buttresses of semi-octagonal shape, forming recesses at the road level. These buttresses have a plain plinth a few feet above the river level, and Plate •m. w^ wk^M-'^ ^ Plate 11. i^^;%./-.^f/ ^mMmmrn SOME DORSET BRIDGES. 253 below this they are constructed in triangular shape. The other arches are divided by triangular buttresses, crowned about the level of keystones of the arches with plain cornices, and splayed water tabling. For centuries a bridge must have occupied this spot (as the river is too deep to ford, and the " walls " are stopped), forming one of the four original entrances into old Wareham. The other bridge at the north of the town is smaller, and spans the river Piddle. The Wareham bridges are the last over the Frome and the Piddle, as from here the two rivers run almost side by side into Wareham Channel, a branch of Poole Harbour, and thence to the sea. Over the river Stour, which runs through the north-east portions of the county, and into Hampshire, there are also some interesting bridges. At Fifehead Neville, a small village two miles south-east of Sturminster, is a ver}' quaint foot-bridge spanning a stream which crosses a lane. This bridge is supposed to be of Roman origin ; and in the field alongside, important remains of Roman habitation have been discovered. The bridge is strong, of two arches, triangular in shape, and of flat stone slabs, and the central pier is strengthened with a heavy triangular buttress. The footway winds over, and at the sides are wooden rails. The bridge is not likely to be of later date than the 1 3th century, and the core of it may be Roman. At the other side of Fifehead Neville there is a comparatively modern bridge, interesting as having been erected in memory of one Selkerk, of Indian INIutiny fame. The bridge at Sturminster Newton is situated immediately at the junction of the Blandford and Sherborne road with the one from Sturminster, and is consequently well known. It has six equilateral pointed arches, ribbed underneath, and has large buttresses to the upstream side, with recesses at the road level, but only one large buttress to the other side. The buttress is small, and triangular in shape, at the base, and is corbelled out just below the road level to form a recess to the road. A hand- some cornice runs along above the heads of the arches, deeply 254 SOME DORSET BRIDGES. undercut, and the whole is crowned by a moulded coping. Between the side arches are small triangular pilasters, finished above the cornice, and under the coping, similar in shape, but smaller in size. The road, running as it does at right angles to the bridge- road, gives one an excellent opportunity of studying this bridge without the necessity of standing in meadows ; and the roadway down to the water, the trees, and distant country all make a good setting. At Blandford the Stour is crossed by a good bridge of six arches, plain and high. The arches are semi-circular with slightly projecting key stones, and at the base there are small buttresses only a few feet above highest water mark. The position of this bridge is relatively the same as at Stumiinster Newton, and a fine belt of trees runs along the sweep of one bank. The bridge at Spetisbury, known as " Crawford Bridge," is of verj' strong construction, being long and narroAv, giving it a low appearance. It has nine arches of grey stone to carrj- it. On the upstream side there are strong and particularly heavy triangular buttresses, each alternate one forming a recess to the road level, and the others finishing with splayed water tabling, under the coping of the parapet. The other side of the bridge is quite plain, having no buttresses whatsoever. The main Blandford road runs parallel with the river at this point, and some fine views are obtained of this bridge from the higher ground. In the year 1500 it was in a ruinous condition, but through public contributions it was renovated. St. Julian's Bridge at Wimborne is handsome and large. The river is wider here, and eight slightly depressed pointed arches span it. These arches are carefully worked underneath, and the spandrils are of stone. A moulded cornice runs along over the heads of the arches, and the parapet above is of bricks with bonding stones at certain intervals, and at the angles, made by projecting buttresses. These buttresses are three in number to each side, triangular, and carried on circular moulded corbels of four courses each. The cornice is continued round the buttresses, and the parapet has a plain stone coping. The Plate 111. m>'^^' ^ /'./'■ y/"- .; '|1 *'-}i nim:^ m. 'm^ ^^ SOME DORSET BRIDGES. 255 central buttress has two stone slabs fixed to the exterior, the date 1636 being on one and 1844 on the other. These dates seem to indicate the probable time of erection, and the time when considerable renovations were made. There are other bridges on the Rivers Frome and Stour, but the afore-mentioned are perhaps the best worth illustrating. The rivers in West Dorset are quite small, and the bridges generally are not worth much attention ; but the two small ones at Charmouth may be mentioned. The larger is single arched and simple, with plain cornice and parapet, but with panelled and moulded piers at each end. The other bridge (which is illustrated) is very similar to the former, and is nearly overgrown with ivy and shrubs. In South Dorset the small foot-bridge at Preston, near Wey- mouth, deserves mention. It is usually described as " Roman," but it is more likely of mediaeval date. §nfcrtm "glepovf on i^e Excavations at ^autnSurj? "gltngs, porcBesfcr, 1908. Committee : H. CoUey March, M.D., F.S.A., C/iairi J. G. N. Chft K. H. Forster C. E. Keyser, F.S.A. E. E. Leader N. M. Richardson H. Pentin G. R. Elwes H. Pouncy Representing the British Archwological Association. Representing the Dorset Field Cluh. John E. Acland, Hon. See. W. Miles Barnes H. B. Middleton Alfred Pope, F.S.A. C. S. Prideaux W. de C. Prideaux ^^Eh. iii^^ report which follows has been prepared by Mr. H. St. George Gray, who conducted the investigation, and to whom the Committee are greatly indebted for the care and skill with '"^"^'^f, which he superintended the work, lasting from the 15th to 29th September, 1908. It will be seen that several important discoveries were made and much valuable knowledge acquired, but until further excava- tions have been completed it would be unwise definite solution of the problems of this much It is felt, however, that an interim report should be issued at once for the benefit of the Members of the Dorset Field Club and of other subscribers to the fund, in order that they may learn what has already been accomplished. to attempt a debated site. EXCAVATIONS AT 3MAUMBURY RINGS. 257 Interest in the work as it proceeded was very general, and indeed at times was somewhat embarrassing, and means should be adopted when the excavations are resumed to ensure more privacy, and avoid the incessant interruptions of visitors. Financial support has been sufficient for the present, but further contributions will be necessary to meet the cost of another period of digging and for the preparation of the final report with plans and illustrations. The thanks of the Committee and subscribers are due specially to INIr. C. S. Prideaux, who devoted himself with the greatest assiduity to the work, both in the preliminary and concluding stages, and for the valuable assistance he rendered to Mr. St. George Gray. Mr. Prideaux also gave the use of tents, and made the arrangements for camping on the ground, thus to a considerable extent relieving the funds. In the same category mention must be made of Mr. Foot, Mr. Slade, and others, for the loan of appliances needed during the work, and to the Dorchester Town Council for the use of hurdles. The plan and sections of the earthwork made for the Committee by Mr. Feacey previously to the excavation were carefully executed, and deserve special recognition. The excellent photographs taken by Mr. St. George Gray, illustrating the progress of the work, have been mounted and described by him for the Committee, and will prove a valuable record of what was done. They are now in the hands of the Hon. Sec. at the Dorset County Museum, who will also retain the objects of antiquarian interest found during the investigation, pending the decision of the Duchy of Cornwall as to their final disposal. The whole of the cuttings have been filled in, and the turf relaid, care having been taken to conform exactly to the original contours of the ground. Signed on bclialf of the Committee, Hy. Colley March, Chairman, 258 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. SHORT REPORT ON THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1908. By H. ST. GEORGE GRAY. In considering the area of ]Maumbury and the height of the encircling bank, it is undoubtedly the largest and most important structure of its kind in Great Britain. It is, moreover, one of the rarest types of ancient monuments remaining in our countrj^ and I feel it a privilege to have had the direction of these excavations placed in my hands by the Excavation Committee. The prefa- tory note to this interim report has already acknowledged the great assistance rendered by ]Mr. C. S. Prideaux, to which I wish to add my personal thanks. The Excavation Committee, too, are to be congratulated in having such an enthusiastic Hon. Secretary as Captain Acland has proved to be. On the selection of a suitable staff much of the success of an investi- gation of this kind depends. The amount of interest taken in these excavations, not only by. antiquaries, but also by the general public, was remarkable, and it is evident to every close observer that archaeological field-work is not only steadily on the increase, but is gradually being regarded as a serious science for the further upbuilding of the annals and histor)' of the world. Until now nothing was known of the inner structure and origin of INIaumbur}', but it has been regarded as a Roman amphitheatre by the great majority of those competent to judge. Somewhat similar ancient sites in Britain have also been sometimes recorded as "amphitheatres." I refer, among others, to circular or oval depressions, generally surrounded by a bank, at Caerleon, Caerwent, St. Alban's, Colchester, Cirencester, Silchester, Wroxeter, London, Richborough, Borcovicus, Castel (Anglesey), DC 2 CO C^ CO 0 z 0 H < h- ;> z < OJ U X z < CQ UJ Q Z tu < X H CkT s 0 Itj Qi in u- U 0 z < Q f- 00 co" O o z O^ 5 >- D UJ fc < UJ S CO U- o 0 z ^ UJ Q > J < a m z u O EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 259 Aldborough, Leicester, Charterhouse-on-Mendip, Uffington ("The Manger"), Woodcuts ("Church Barrow"), &c. Very few of these have even been partly examined, a fact which the late Mr. Thos. Morgan, F.S.A., bewailed when he wrote : " It would be well if more attention were paid to the investigation of traces of amphitheatres in Britain." It is indeed surprising that INIaumbury has for so long escaped the spade of the antiquary, but the year in which the immense Stadium at the Franco- British Exhibition sees its birth marks also the time in which the first series of extensive excavations have been conducted in Britain on the site of a so-called Roman amphitheatre. What is more likely than that the Rings should have been regarded by most people as a Roman amphitheatre ? Here the site is a quarter of a mile from the walls of a Roman town, and close by the turnpike road to Weymouth, which is said to be formed on the causeway of a Roman vicinal way given oif by the J 7a Icem'ana, as it passed through Diirnovaria, and is continued straight over the Ridgeway Hill to the shore at Radipole. But Maumbury has also been regarded by a comparatively few scientists as a solar temple of prc-historic origin. The authors of " Neolithic Dew-Ponds," among others, regard this site as a sun temple. They say that " the opening in the embankment allows the rays of the rising sun to pass along the long axis of the structure, and to strike upon the rising floor at the opposite end." Careful observations recently taken prove this suggestion to be incorrect ; but of course this fact does not invalidate the hypo- thesis of the possible pre-historic origin of the great embankment. Formerly a large stone existed on the surface on the western side of the entrance, and by some it has been regarded as a sighting-stone in connection with the observation of sun, moon, and stars. This stone, which appears to have been of consider- able dimensions, is stated to have been buried quite near the surface early in the nineteenth century. In 1846, still being an obstruction to agriculture, it is recorded that its position was lowered to a depth of 3ft.; but digging carried out in 1879 to recover it was not attended with success. 2 6o EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. Before turning to the excavations it will be necessarj' to make a few general observations on the site. We are indebted to Sir Christopher Wren for first noticing INIaumbury with an archceological eye, when on his frequent journeys to Portland about 1674 for the selection of stone for St. Paul's Cathedral. Stukeley writes at some length on the Rings, and other observa- tions were made by Hutchins and Warne ; but it was overlooked by Leland and Camden. Mr. Feacey's plan (with 5ft, contours) shows the grass-clad arena on the long axis from N.N.E. to S.S.W. to be from 213 to 220ft., and the transverse axis 162ft., which compares favourably with certain Roman arenas abroad ; the length of the entrance way, 58ft. ; width, 40ft. The outside dimensions of the earthwork are 345ft. on the long axis and 333ft. transversely. The maximum height of the bank (above the centre of the arena) is 29* 17ft. on the W., and the minimum 2r6ft. on the E. The Rings have passed through various vicissitudes, none more alarming than its proposed demolition by the London and South- western Railway Company ; but that company had to relent, as did the Great Western Railway Company when permitted only to tunnel under Poundbur}' Camp. Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, F.G.S., informs me that Maumbur}* Rings belongs to the highest zone of the Chalk Formation in Dorset, the zone of Belemnitella mucronata, and there are probably 900 feet of Upper Chalk below it before reaching the Chalk Rock. Culling I. was made across the middle of the entrance, 42ft. by 7ft., at right angles to the long axis of the arena, from N.N.W. to S.S.E. At the extreme E. and W. ends the solid chalk was reached at a depth of o'Sft. (a length of io*5ft. in all). The remaining length, si'sft., in the middle, was found to extend much deeper, the solid chalk by which it was bounded being followed downwards at a gradual slope ; in the middle the chalk floor was reached at a depth of 6' 8ft. from the surface. On the E., at a depth of 4*ift., a level ledge was met with, 4'3ft. wide ; then there was a second drop to the 6'8ft. level. Along the Excavations at maumbury rings. 261 chalk floor a shallow and irregular trench or gutter was observed (slightly cur\'ed and oblique to the border of the cutting), varying in depth from 2in. to 6in. Modern shards were plentiful in the first foot of material removed, including a Victorian half-penny, 1861 (depth ift.). The finding of mediaeval and later shards soon ceased, except on tiie site of the ledge on the E., where they extended to a depth of 4ft. Here it was observed that the material was of a different character from that found elsewhere, and the faces of the cutting revealed the outline of a secondary trench, 4'ift. deep, lo'sft. wide at top and 5'3ft. at bottom. Of the latter width 4"3ft. was represented by the solid ledge, the remaining foot (on the W. margin) consisting of a thin layer of rammed chalk resting on the silting of the deeper part of the cutting. In the secondary trench the silting formed what is geologically termed a synclinal bend, showing that the material had fallen in from both sides. It is doubtless a continuation of the trench, or trackway, re-exca- vated in late years in the same line in several other places towards the town. Although the ledge forming a bottom for the later trench is regarded by some, and, perhaps, rightly so, as a part of the original construction of the entrance and of contemporary date, there are certain points which militate against such a conclusion, which must be reserved for the present. It is a question if the entrance was so wide originally as now. In 1723, a writer says "the plough encroaches on the verge of the entrance every year." It is quite probable that the banks extended inwards up to the margin of the deep excavation, which would make the original entrance 26ft. wide at the present turf level, and 22ft. wide on the chalk floor. If this is the solution of the problem, then the ledge would obviously be of much later date than the deeper part. However, whether the constructors of the recent trench (presumably of the Civil Wars period), excavated the solid chalk to form a ledge, or whether they found the ledge already made, it is evident that they did not find it quite wide enough for their purpose. 262 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMP.URY RINGS. In the deeper excavation in the middle, the sequence of the soils was puzzling, and will be described hereafter. The most important " finds " at depths below 3*5ft. were : — Two pieces of red Samian and four other pieces of Roman potter}', one on the chalk floor. At a depth of 3ft. were found coins of (i) Carausius, A.D. 287-293, and (2) Constantine I., a.d. 307-337, of a type not often found, with horizontal inscription on the reverse only. Cutting IX. w^as slightly to the S. of Cutting I., measuring 13ft. E. and W., and 4ft. N. and S. It revealed the " modern " trench in more attenuated proportions, width at top about 9*3ft., depth 27ft. (against 4-ift. in Cutting I.). The width of the bottom of the trench (minimum 4*7ft.) extended on the W. just to the margin of the deeper excavation, the bottom of which was 7ft. from the surface. These dimensions showed the trench to be getting smaller and shallower as it approached the arena, in which direction we now dug. At 4ft. to the S. the ledge was found at 2'ift. from the surface, diminishing to i'25ft. at loft. to the S., where all traces of it disappeared. The sloping chalk wall of the trench on the E. also gradually tapered out. In this area several fragments of glazed earthenware, of a kind common in the seventeenth centur}-, were collected. If this ledge has an early origin, it would be expected to present a worn and slightly concave surface, but, as a matter of fact, it was flat throughout, which certainly does not indicate prolonged use. The ledge and the trench above it, therefore, can only reasonably be supposed to have ser\-ed a temporar}' purpose — possibly during the Civil Wars of Charles I. On the other hand, the fact that the ledge runs in a straight line on the edge of the deeper area towards the so-called pathway and " ramp " on the top of the arena-wall (see description of Cutting II.) must not be lost sight of. Arena Cuttings III. to VI., each loft. by 4ft., with an interval of I oft. between them, were situated on the line of the long axis of the arena between the entrance and the central picket. Their object was chiefly to ascertain whether the level chalk floor found in Cuttings I., II., VII., and VIII. was continuous across the arena. It was found that the floor was actually level, and that a EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBUR"i^ RINGS. 263 large accumulation of mould, &c., had become deposited since the floor was exposed to the air. In these cuttings the floor was stained a uniform light reddish-brown colour, which may probably have been caused by continuous exposure to sun and rain, although at first it was suggested that it might possibly be the result of spilt blood. Perhaps the most interesting feature about the arena floor was the fact that in most places it was co^'ered with a gravelly substance, or " shingle," which no doubt took the place of the sand, &c., used by the Romans to dress the floors of their amphi- theatres, to fill up uneven patches, to prevent the slipping of gladiators, and probably to absorb the blood of combatants, ]\Ir. Jukes-Browne has kindly examined this material, and although his full report is reserved, it must be stated that the chief constituents are chalk-fragments, quartz, flint, hornstone, and land-shells including Helicella virgata, Hygromia hispida and Vallonia pulchcUa. Among other places given for its probable origin is in a combe crossed by the road to Bradford Peverell, about a mile W.N.W. of Dorchester, and as this is regarded as an ancient way and is called " Roman Road " on the ordnance maps, it is very likely that the Romans knew of the tract of valley gravel and chalk-Avash which occurs there. Dr. Colley March informs me that by the river near Bradford Peverell is a bank containing a conglomerate of small pebbles and chalk somewhat resembling the material found scattered on the arena- floor. The shards of pottery and other objects of Roman and later date were found to be very much mixed up, not only within reach of the plough near the surface, but also for 2ft. or 3ft. down. It appears probable that the greater part of the mould now covering the arena-floor was brought there. Only thirteen years ago about a hundred loads of soil were hauled to the middle of Maumbury from Cedar Park, Dorchester — a place known to teem with Roman shards and other relics. So that it is seen that these surface " finds " are of no dateable value in the interpretation of the results of our researches at IMaumbury. 264 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMRURY RINGS. Arcfia Ciil/ifig XI., 12ft. square, was made round the central picket of the arena. It revealed no objects of importance, and the chalk floor was found at a depth of I'Sft. Many scars existed in the surface of the ground here until soil was brought from Cedar Park. Ctitiings VII. and VIII. were situated in the inner half of the entrance-way and on the line of the long axis. No. VII. measured 7ft. by 4ft. and No. VIII. 6ft. by 4ft., with an interval between them of 5ft. The deposits here resembled those in Cutting I. ; they will be described hereafter. The chalk floor, as was expected, was reached at an average depth of 6'6ft. In Cutting VIII. little was found, except a piece of rim of a red Samian vessel, depth 2' 5ft., and a Nuremberg counter of the sixteenth century by Hans Krauwinckel, depth ift. ; in Cutting VII. a piece of red Samian, depth 2ft., and a fragment of New Forest ware, depth 2" 8ft. On the chalk floor the following briefly were found : — Part of an iron spearhead, tang and base of blade of an iron knife, several pieces of Roman and Romano-British pottery, and an iron nail. Animal remains were also found, identified by Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., as repre- senting the pig, small dog, and raven. Cutting II. and Exlejiswn to the East, — This was firstly a cutting like the other arena-cuttings, measuring loft. by 4ft., the middle of its N. margin being looft. N.N.E. of the central picket. The chalk floor Avas reached at an average depth of 6*2ft. A fragment of red Samian and other pieces of pottery of the Roman period were found at a depth of 4*5ft. and below ; also an iron washer, depth 5"6ft. (of which two others were subse- quently collected), and a disc-shaped polisher of Portland stone, depth 4*5ft. A hole (No. V.) at the S. end was found to penetrate the chalk floor to the extent of •9ft. ; dimensions, r4ft. by rift., lined with nodules of flint. Along the E. side of the cutting slabs of Purbeck limestone were met with ; their position determined me to enlarge the digging to the E., the extended area ultimately measuring 28ft. from E. to W. and 20ft. from N. toS. EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 265 Dealing with the W. half first, it was found that the chalk floor was practically level, but at Hole IV. there was a sudden drop in the floor of about •6ft. towards the S., the reason for which was unaccountable. In working in proximity to the limestone before mentioned a group of stones was found to exist, consisting of twelve large slabs measuring from Sin. to 2oin. long and averaging 3in. thick. In plan they occupied an almost circular area, 2*6ft. in diameter. A broad oval depression, 2ft. by rSft. and ^ft, deep, in the chalk was found in a central position beneath the group. With the slabs and below them were found four iron nails, chippings of red tile, six flint chippings, a piece of ferruginous sandstone, &c. The significance of this mutilated group of stones is not yet understood. To the N.N.E. two small holes in the chalk floor Avere uncovered, No. IV. being basin-shaped and shallow, and No. III. of a flattened oval outline, similar to Hole V. Still further to the E., a line of six post-holes was revealed, practically in a straight line from N.N.E. to S.S.W., and covering a distance of i8ft., the intervening spaces varying from 2'6ft. to 3"4ft. There were clear indications that a trench, I'sh. wide and I •2ft. deep, had been dug into the chalk floor for the reception of the posts, which were packed round with rammed chalk. ]\Ieasurements of all the holes have been preserved. The S. stake- hole was placed in the filling of a circular pit possibly of earlier date. This hollow was in the shape of an inverted cone, diameter 3ft. at the mouth, and 3 '3ft. below the chalk floor. The pit proper contained chalk rubble only, but in the post-hole were found traces of charred oak (identified by Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., and probably the remains of the stake which once filled the hole), and twelve iron nails and fragments, some having distinct traces of wood attached to them. The presence of iron has an important bearing on the age of the wooden barrier or palisade which existed here. Traces of rough wooden piles supported in a chalk trench by nodules of flint, Avere found in Wor Barrow (long-barrow), Handley, Dorset. Post-holes re- sembling those at IMaumbury, and of about the same diameter, 266 EXCAVATIONS AT :\rAUMBURY RINGS. have recently been found at Castleshaw, near Dclph, where the smaller Roman fort was built entirely of wood. The plan of the Roman fort at Ardoch, in Scotland, was traced by locating lines of post-holes. Near these post-holes were found several fragments of Roman pottery, including two pieces of red Samian, one piece of New Forest ware, and a large part of a Roman fcgiila or tile. The pottery included twenty-nine fragments of a pot of Roman ware. But the most important " find " was a dupoiidius or " second brass" coin of Claudius I., a.d. 41-54, found close against Post-hole III. at a depth of 6.1ft. Pallas is seen on the reverse brandishing a spear and holding a buckler. The shaped solid chalk uncovered in the E. section of this excavation provided much food for reflection. A high barrier, or wall, of chalk was discovered, on the top of which a ridge, or " ramp," was found to extend, serving apparently as a boundary to a slightly hollowed pathway running up the chalk towards the S.S.E. (possibly a track by means of which spectators might take their places on the E. bank). The little ridge was found to be almost straight and about 14" 5 ft. long. It was found that the arena floor in proximity to the line of post-holes was bounded on the E. by a solid chalk wall, almost vertical in its lower parts. Its height averaged 4*6ft. above the chalk floor. Little signs, if any, of weathering w^ere observable in the lower two-thirds of the wall, and little flint was seen in its face. It was evident that it must have been protected from the ravages of climatic changes, the means of protection being evident when we discovered post-holes in the line of a trench at the foot of the wall. From the N.W. to the S.E. the wall presented a rounded face, not an angle, into which two semi-circular recesses had been cut. On the floor in these parts was a confusion of recesses, hollows, and trenches. The seven post-holes were found 3ft. apart, covering a length of i8ft. The stakes no doubt carried a palisading of fine hurdle-work or other substance to protect the wall, and it must have been kept in constant repair to be eflt-ctivc. One post-hole, No. X., at the rounded corner of the wall, was the EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 267 deepest found, being a'Sft. deep below the floor ; it was clean cut as though the post had just been removed. Small traces of the stake were found. At this end of the excavation few relics were found, besides a " third brass " coin of Carausius, and at a depth of 5'8ft. two iron nails, including a yin. spike-nail, bent almost at a right angle as if by clenching. Nothing undoubtedly pre-Roman was found in any part of this large excavation, and no object of post-Roman date below the surface deposits. The coin of Claudius I. and much of the Roman pottery must have become deposited upon the arena-floor before it became covered, firstly from natural causes, followed by the surface deposition of soil previously referred to. Cutting X. over the Emhankment on the N.N. W. and Dis- coveries at the Foot of the Interior Slope. — The chief object in beginning this cutting was to ascertain if any tiers of seats for spectators were traceable under the turf of the encircling embankment. Here the bank was 20ft. above the turf-level at the foot of the inner slope. From the crest down the slope to the terrace we excavated to a depth of about 3ft. along the S.W. face, the cutting being 6ft. wide. At the N. margin of the terrace the digging, carried to a depth of 3"5ft., revealed the highest point of the undisturbed chalk at about the same level as its natural level on the sides of Cutting I. Under the embankment a seam of dark mould was traced, almost horizontal for a distance of 4ft., which may be found hereafter to represent the old surface line on which the great embankment Avas thrown up. No relics were found here, and there Avere no indications whatever of tiers of seats or of ledges for seats of any description. Of course, the banks may have been fitted up with some wooden structure, but as yet we have not the slightest evidence that sucli was the case ; and the banks are ver}- steep for such a purpose. According to Valerius Maximus, it was forbidden by a decree of the Senate, under the influence of Scipio Nasica, for any person in or near a town to place benches, to witness games in a sitting posture, since it was the recognized manly habit of tlie Romans 268 EXCAVATION^S AT MAUMBURY RINGS. to take even their rest on their legs. Scipio incurred popular dislike because he assigned separate places to the Senate and the common people, when it had been the custom during hundreds of years for all classes to witness the games promiscuously. The fonnation of the terrace proved to be of great interest. It soon became evident that it had been added to the earlier structure, the old turf-line of the latter following the general slope of the embankment, and then turning at an obtuse angle towards the arena. INIuch glazed potter}' of late date, including pieces which can be ascribed to the seventeenth centurj', was found in the material forming the terrace at depths varying from •8ft. to 5ft., most of it on the surface of the turf of the old embankment. Digging at the foot of the terrace-bank we expected, if not to find the chalk wall of the arena, to reach the arena-floor at the usual level, for which purpose the cutting was extended towards the S.S.E. In this extension we found the solid floor at a depth of 4ft. below the turf. It ceased abruptly, however, but we traced it further towards the bank as a thin layer of rammed chalk. On penetrating this artificial floor, it was found that soft material extended downwards for a considerable distance, revealing relics of pre-Roman date only. We then fully realised the fact that those responsible for forming the level arena-floor had in the course of their work met with the upper deposits of a deep hollow. The large amount of mould Avhich had accumu- lated over the arena-floor must have done so during Roman times, and from then till the building of the terrace, and in it several Roman objects were found mostly resting on the rammed chalk floor or just above it. They include iron shears, an iron javelin-head, and a large bronze fibula. The brooch is about 3iin. long, the pin (now deficient) and axis being of iron ; it shows evidence of prolonged use, and is precisely similar to one found in the Romano-British Village of Woodcuts. The javelin-head and shears are similar to others found in the S.W. counties. Romano-British pottery was fairly plentiful, and EXCAVATIONS AT I\rAUMl?URY RINGS. 269 a piece of red Roman /egula was found on the rammed chalk floor. Prc-his/on'c Pit. — Having removed the Roman deposits, we were confronted with some deep digging, which at once disclosed indications of a period long anterior to the Roman age. Firstly, we met with a marly soil or rainwash, derived from the subaerial detrition of the Chalk. In it a quantity of flint flakes and chippings were found, the remains apparently of a flint workshop of Neolithic times. Flint flakes ranging in size from fin. to 4in. long, were very plentiful ; nodules of flint, cores, hammerstones bearing evidence of much use, and balls of flint probably selected for hammers, were collected ; also specimens of Belemnitella Diucronata and Echinocorys scutatus, fossils common in the Upper Chalk. With the flints at depths down to i ift., were found a few quartz and hornstone pebbles, which Mr. Jukes-Browne says were originally derived from the Eocene gravels ; also pieces of a reddish-grey sandstone, which Mr. H. B. Woodward, F.G.S., believes to have come from the Wealden beds of South Dorset. Only six of the flakes bear any signs of secondary chipping. On the embankment side the gradual slope of the solid chalk face at the top of the shaft was at an inclination of 37°, after which it became suddenly steeper (inclination 74°). At a depth of 1 7" 5ft., a narrow ledge on the N.N.W. side was met with, and it was at this level we found the solid chalk on the N.E. and S.W. sides also. On the N.E. face the chalk revealed itself in the form of a wide ledge. At about i2-sft. deep, the filling was not so fine, but began to assume the general character of chalk rubble, and it varied but slightly from here to the bottom. From a depth of i7'5ft. to 23-5ft., the size of the shaft lessened from a maximum diameter of 6" 5ft. to 3' 8ft. It was then thought that the bottom could not be far off; but the N. face began to fall back, and at a depth of 25*5ft., the diameter increased to 4*1 ft. From here to the bottom at 30ft., the N. face proved to be almost vertical, while the S. face sloped in more considerably than elsewhere. The bottom was basin-shaped, 2^0 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. measuring I'sft. by I'aft. The sides were smoother in the lower than in the higher parts of the pit. When a depth of 24ft. had been reached, the work of re-excavation was considered to be safe no longer, so that the sides had to be shored up and a wooden tripod erected over the shaft to haul the remainder of the filling to the surface by means of pulley, rope, and bucket. It was noticed that the lowest 6ft. of filling was much damper than above, which suggested the mere possibility that prehistoric man had endeavoured to find water here. This theory, however, has little or nothing to support it, seeing that the wells of the immediate neighbourhood are very deep, and that water was obtainable from the river within half a mile. Below 13 or 14ft. worked flint was not found plentifully. Between i4"5ft. and 21ft. the following were recorded: — Ten flint flakes, two burnt flints bearing marked e\-idence of calcina- tion, a hammerstone, three cores, and traces of charcoal. Other evidence of fire was recognised in the charred handles of two antler picks, and other fragments of burnt antler. Atiller Picks. — Portions of two red-deer antlers, one having a worked tine, were found at from 12ft. to 15ft. deep ; and below that, from i6"2ft. to the bottom, no less than nine picks, more or less complete, were discovered. Some of them were much broken before discovery ; others fractured in removal owing to their frail condition. Since then, however, they have been carefully restored by !Mrs. St. G. Gray. Some of the antlers are extremely massive, one having a circumference just above the burr of 8|in. Only two could be identified as being taken from the heads of slain deer, the great majority having been shed. The brow-tine was generally utilized for digging purposes, but when set at a very obtuse angle with the beam it was removed, and the bez-tine was used instead. In two cases the handle was found to be polished and partly charred — features noticed in examples from elsewhere — including Avebury and Grime's Graves. IMost of the INIaumbury picks bear clear indications of prolonged use, the burr-ends having been considerably battered by hammering, the tines and shafts showing various scratches 1 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. 27 1 and scorings. In all cases the trez-tine has been reduced to a stump. Beyond the antlers, animal remains were not plentiful ; but at a depth of 1 1 ft. part of the skeleton of a small ox (Bos lofigifrons) was found. Pig or wild boar fSns scrofaj was found from 1 8ft. to 26ft. deep. From depths of i4"5ft. and 2r5ft. respectively IMr. E. T. Newton identifies the field-vole (Mkroliis agreslisj and the water-vole (Microius amphibmsj. Among the land-shells found in the shaft, Mr. Jukes-Browne identifies, Helix aspersa, Helix nemoralis, Helicella itala, Vitrea ceUaria and Hygromia hispida. Here, then, in this pre-historic shaft, we uncovered, layer by layer, evidence of one of the chief industries of Neolithic man — flint-mining and flint-chipping. Here we found at the lower levels the very picks of antler with which the shaft was dug. Here we obtained further evidence of the methods adopted by pre-historic man some 4,000 years ago for extracting from the bowels of the earth materials suitable for his needs. (In considering this, however, it must be remembered that flints are much scarcer in the zone of Behmnitella mucronata than in the underlying zone.) Elsewhere shafts have been found to be sunk in close proximity to each other, and it is possible that other similar workings exist at Maumbury. In regarding the pit from this point of view we naturally recall to memory the well-known flint-workings at Cissbury and at Grime's Graves ; and when considering the excellent preservation and the massiveness of the picks, we recollect the seventy-nine specimens from Grime's Graves, those from Cissbury, and those which the writer had the pleasure of uncovering in the great fosse of Avebury last IMay. The whole appearance of the INIaumbury shaft favours the opinion that it had become gradually filled in in the upper half. The finer work of chipping, judging from the heaps of small splinters discovered, must have taken place when the pit had been filled up very considerably. Probably flints were worked in this hollow, advantage being taken of the sheltered position. 272 EXCAVATIONS AT MAUMBURY RINGS. There are reasons for thinking that the lower half of the shaft became filled up much more rapidly, in the process of which the picks became deposited and covered up. It is just possible that the hole may originally have been a natural " pipe " in the chalk, formed by solution beneath a tree or some other conductor of acidulated water. Early man might have been attracted by such a natural pit and dug out its original contents in order to get at the chalk on its sides in search of fresh flints, in which way it would become considerably enlarged, with a probability of irregularity. The original intention of the shaft, whatever it was, does not alter the fact that the lower parts were rapidly filled up, and that the upper part was used as a flint workshop. When the Romans came upon the scene they found the soft filling, or silting, and rammed chalk on its surface to continue their arena-floor. This is undoubtedly one of the deepest archaeological excava- tions on record in Great Britain ; but one of the shafts at the Grime's Graves, Norfolk, was 39ft. deep and 28ft. in diameter. A fuller report of the 1908 work will be published in conjunction with future work, together with a number of illustrations. This report contains compar- atively brief accounts of the various cuttings made, and the opinions expressed may requii-e some modification as the work proceeds. Personally, the writer would for some reasons have preferred to withhold a report at this stage of the operations ; but such a coultsc would naturally not meet with the approval of the majority of the subscribers, and would be detrimental in acquiring further subscriptions— a necessity on which the success of the futui-e explorations mainly depends. iB ^^ "gi^e Jlttctenf By W. de C. PRIDEAUX, L.D.S. Eng-., F.R.S.M. (Read 3rd Dec, 1907.) Part V. LITTON CHENEY, PUNCKNOWLE, SWYRE, THORNCOMBE, OWERMOIGNE, and CORFE MULLEN. Litton Cheney, St. Mary. HAINES mentions no brasses in his list of 1847. There are four inscribed brasses, three of which, formerly on the floor, are now affixed to south wall, and a palimpsest,* having, very unusually, three inscriptions to its credit. This latter is not fixed, but is taken great care of by the Rector. Inscriptions. — **1bere Ii^etb tbe l)o&^ of IRfcbarO Ibenvil of Xool^e, QtwX. son of IRalpb, wbo l^etb on tbe left, ant) brotber of IRalpb, IRobart, Hnna, wbo l^tb at tbe bea&, wbo &eparte& ^s ufe Sept ^e 14, 1691, in tbe ^eare of bis age 79/* * These appropriated and converted brasses are popularly called "palimpsests," but " retroscripts " would describe them more accurately. — Editoe. 274 ANXIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. II. " Ibearc Ivcth the bo^\? of Bnna Ibenvill bauobtcr of IRicbarC) IfDenviU of %oo\\c in tbis Countv, (Bent m\t> /Ibaroaret bis wife, wbo cjcbanoeb tbis life for a better tbe 8 t)a\> of Septemb. Hnno H)om. 1681. Sn tbe 25tb ^eare of ber aoe." ** 3Beneatb tbis stone in a C>arhe &usti5 be&, lamented niucb a viroin rests ber bea& ; anb sucb an one wbo (^^ino) batb bereft tbe \vorl5 of tbat wortb as scarce in it is left ®f a sweet face, but of a sweeter min^e, an& a sweet fame (&^ino) sbee left bebinbe. Smitten bp &eatb even in ber blooming age, an& beiobt of beauty, sbee went off ^^ stage Of tbis frail worl5; tbis witb grief wee see tbat sucb rare creatures selt)ome age5 bee. 3for wb^, tbe Bngels want sucb company to jo^ne witb tbem in beavenl\? melob^, Mitb wbom in Ibeaven sbe &otb now possess tbe fruit of vertue's lasting bappiness." III. "Ibere Iv^etb tbe Bot>ie of IRalpb fbenvill of %oo]\e (Bent wbo &ecease& tbe ninctb of H)ecember Hnno Bomini 1644 baveing issue Sije Sonnes d XTbree H)augbters. /IDemcnto fa skuii) mori." IV. **1bere lies tbe ho^^^ of Ubomas ipope, /Ib.a., anb sometime IRector of tbis parisb, nat. 1664, ob. 1726." ANNA HENVILL, LiTTON CHENEY. 1681. ii.u# (0 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 275 Those on the palimpsest arc as follows : — " Ibic jacet Sobcs CF^apman ffvscbinoocr ct aiicia ujor eius Qui qln^m 3obcs obiit Septimana pascbc Hnno &ni /lbocC(ICoX|*i*3o ciuor' alab3 ppicietur &eu5 amen." *'1bic 5acet HlcjanOnam Marnb\? qui obiit iiiio Me mes mci ■- Hnno b'i /lbo(rC(ICXJ*il*lDi cui' ale ppiciet Deus." ** ©rate p aiab3 Gobi's IRewpton et XTbonte neupto. qo' aiar' ppiciet' &'5." PUXCKXOAVLE, Sx. MaRY. " W'" Nappcr, Esq., brother of Sir Robt. Napper, in armour, by his wife Anne, dau, of W"" Shelton, Esq., of Ongar Park, ho had 6 Sons. Engraved c. 1600, before his death, mural, south aisle. — Hahies. The brasses are upon a freestone monument, ha\ing an arch at the top. Size. — Effigy, loin. by pin. ; heraldic shields over, the lower 7in. by 6in., the higher 3in. by 3in. The inscription below is lyfin. by 4in. Description.- W™ Napper, dressed in Elizabethan armour, very similar to Nicholas INIartyn, of Piddletown, kneels before a prayer desk. His sword on right hip has elaborate guarded hilt, and his cuirass is of the pointed paunce type. His ruff is large and carefully drawn, being nearly as large as that of Nicholas IMartyn's ivife, INIargaret. There are two heraldic shields above. * Mouth of March ; the former word has the old 6, the latter is sj^elt as given, but apparently has a second t, or perhaps a ":* — See Mi-. Mill Stephenson, F.S.A., on Palimpsests, Trans. Monumental Brans Society, Vol. IV., p. 319 — "A curious plate altogether." 276 ANXIEXT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. The inscription below in old Plnglish type is as follows : — *' Ifxre X\>etb Milliam IRapper, ifiSrotber unto Sr IRobert IRapper Ikn^obt vvbo after jvi i^ears travell in tora^ne lanbes marieD Bnne Sbelton tbe Dauobter ot Milliain Sbelton of ©ncjer parfte in Bssej Bsquier, b^ wboni be Mb vi Sonnes, an& nowe bis soule be^noe witb (5o^, bis bo^ie bere restetb in 3esu Cbrist be^nge of tbe age of ^eres. Beceaseb tbe ba^c of Hnno 2)omini 16 — " William Napper died in 1 61 6 — some years after his brass was cut. Heraldry. — On the shield immediately above the effigy are the arms of Napper, als. Napier. Argent, a saliaire behveen four roses gules (the saltaire should be engrailed), with a crest above, a lap- wing. The crest otherwise given for Napier is, a dexter arm couped at the elbow, vested gules, turned up argent, graspirtg a crescent proper. The arms above, on a small escutcheon, are a little puzzling, but plain enough if read as being a shield belonging to a monument to William Napper's grandfather and grandmother: they are, Napper, impaling, ^r^^///, a lion 7-anipant gules, on a chief sable ^ escallops of the first, Russell of Berwick, and no doubt were engraved for James Napier, Esq., who settled at Swyre temp. Henry VII. (son of Sir Alec. Napier, Kt., of Merchiston, Scotland, by a sister of Robert Stewart, Duke of Athol), and married Anne, daughter of John Russell of Berwick, Esq., and his wife, Elizabeth, nee Frocksmer (see Swyre brass). The brother mentioned on the brass was Sir Robert Napper, als. Napier, of Middlemarsh Hall, Dorset, Knt., Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland 1593, High Sheriff of Dorset 1606, died 1 61 5, and buried at Minterne, who by his will endowed and founded the Dorchester Almshouses, known by his desire as " Napper's Mite," 20th August, 161 5, "tending only to the glor)- of God and to the relief of the poor." Ancient memorial brass£s of Dorset. 277 SwYRE, Holy Trinity. Haines makes no mention of any brasses here. On grey marble slabs, within, on each side of the north door are two plain inscriptions in old English characters with separate shields of arms over, each sin. by 6in., inscriptions, i8in. by ^ih}^. respectively, to John and James Russell and their wives. Itiscriptioiis. — I. • '* Ifjcre X^etb 5obn IRusscU Bsquier anC) leiisas* bctb bis w^fe ^auGbter of 'ioA'ixx J'rocftsinei: Esquiec wbicb Oecess^t) tbe it ^ere of Ikino Ifjenr^ ^e pit Ho 1505." II. ''U^ere X^etb 3ames IRusseU Bsquier an& ai^s b^s w^fe &augbtec of 5obn Mise Bsquier wbo ^ecess^t) tbe first ^ere of Ikino IfDeur^ tbe viii Ho Heraldry. — Over John Russell : Argent, a lion rampant, gules, on a chief sable, three escallops of the first, Russell, impaling. Sable, a griffin segreant betiueen three crosslets fitchee argent, Frocksmer. Over James Russell : Russell as before, impaling, Sable, three chevronels ermine, a crescent for diffei'ence, or. 'Wise. John Russell of Berwick, K.G., created Baron Russell of Cheneys, Bucks, 1538-9, son of the above James Russell, was born at Kingston Russell. In his younger days he resided some time in Spain, and when Philip, Archduke of Austria, and Joan, dau. of Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castile and Arragon, were driven into Weymouth by stress of weather in their passage from Flanders to Spain, acted as interpreter for these guests when entertained by Sir Thomas Trenchard {see indent from his despoiled altar tomb at Charminster) at Wolfeton, and subsequently accompanied them to London to the Court of Henry VH, 278 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. III. George GoUop of Berwick, tenth son of Thomas Gollop of Strode, Dorset; brass, c. 1787. Long inscription only to many of this family. Thorncombe, St. Mary (formerly in Devon) ; Haines speaks of this under Devonshire as follows: — " Sir Thos. Brook [1417-8] not in armour, and wife Joan, dau. of Simon Hanape, of Glouc, and widow of Robt. Cheddar, of Bristoll [1436-7], both with SS. collar, marg. inscr. nearly all gone, loose, large." Knights were almost invariably engraved as in armour; this brass is one of the two exceptions, of this period. The effigies are two of the most distinguished to be found remaining of that period. Sir Thomas is clad in a long gown, with deep dependent sleeves, guarded with fur around the skirt and collar, and pulled in at the waist by a belt studded with roses — within the gown a second garment appears, with four rows of fur around the skirt. His hair is polled and his feet rest on a greyhound couchant, collared. Lady Joan wears a long robe fastened across the breast by a cordon with tassel, over a plain gown. Her hair is dressed in semi-mitre shape, and confined by a richly jewelled net, over which is placed the cover- chief, edged with embroidery, and dependent to the shoulders. At her feet is a little lap dog collared and belled. Both wear the collar of SS., their arms are in tightly-fitting sleeves, and the hands are raised in prayer. The inscription has been partly restored ; the shields are bare, but should show, Gules on a chevron, argent, a lion rampa^il sable. Brook. " Ibere l^tb Sir Ubomas 3Brool? I^n^te tbc wbicbc bv^e& tbe wSx ^a^ oX 5anuar. tbe ^erc of cure lor^e /lOCCCC «X Jli* anC) tbe tit'te ^ere of Ik^nae 278 ANXIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. III. George Gollop of Berwick, tenth son of Thomas GoUop of Strode, Dorset; brass, c. 1787. Long inscription only to many of this family. Thornxombe, St. IMary (formerly in Devon) ; Haines speaks of this under Devonshire as follows: — " Sir Thos. Brook [141 7-8] not in armour, and wife Joan, dau. of Simon Hanape, of Glouc, and widow of Robt. Cheddar, of Bristoll [1436-7], both with SS. collar, marg, inscr. nearly all gone, loose, large." Knights were almost invariably engraved as in armour ; this brass is one of the two exceptions, of this period. The effigies are two of the most distinguished to be found remaining of that period. Sir Thomas is clad in a long gown, with deep dependent sleeves, guarded with fur around the skirt and collar, and pulled in at the waist by a belt studded with roses — within the gown a second garment appears, with four rows of fur around the skirt. His hair is polled and his feet rest on a greyhound couchant, collared. Lady Joan wears a long robe fastened across the breast by a cordon with tassel, over a plain gown. Her hair is dressed in semi-mitre shape, and confined by a richly jewelled net, over which is placed the cover- chief, edged Avith embroidery, and dependent to the shoulders. At her feet is a little lap dog collared and belled. Both wear the collar of SS., their arms are in tightly-fitting sleeves, and the hands are raised in prayer. The inscription has been partly restored ; the shields are bare, but should show, Gules on a chevron, argent, a lion rampant sable. Brook. '* llDere I^tf3 Sir TTbomas Brook \\\\^Xc tbe wbicbe bv^e5 tbe jjiii ^ap ot 3anuar. tbc ^ere of oure lorOe /IDCCCC S, J*li* ant) tbc fittc ^erc ot Ix^wqc Sir Thomas Brook, 1419, ANCIENTT MKMORIAL HRASSES OF DORSET. 279 fbavve tbc ID. also bcre Ivtb ^aIne ^obait Brool? tbe w\)fc of tbc snvbc ZTbomas tbc wbicbc Me& tbc r ^av? of Bpr\>n. Hbc \?crc of our lorbc /IDCCCC (X rnvij auD tbe jv \>crc of ffv^noc If^arr^ tbe vn : on wbo Soules ooD bave inerc^ «J^ pite tbat for us ^\>e^ on tbe IRoDe tree. Bnie." Sir Thomas Brook, of Holditch, Knt., is included by Pole among "the men of best worth in Devon," during the -reigns of Rich. II., Henry IV., Henry V. (1377- 141 3.) In him we reach the most important member of the family ru/n7e resident in the West (see Cohham for their glories elsewhere), owing in large measure to his marriage with the wealthy widow of Robert Cheddar, which gave him considerable influence in the counties of Somerset and Devon. He was sheriff of Somerset, 1389, and of Devon, 1394, Kt. of the Shire for Somerset, 10, 11, 15, 20, and 21, Rich. II. He appears to have had two sons by Joan: Thomas and IMichell. The former having married Joan, only sur\'iving child and sole heiress of Joan de la Pole, Lady of Cobham, moved to baronial Cobham, where his name and posterity, enobled and otherwise greatly honoured, flourished for several generations. OwERMoiGXE, St. ]\Iichael. Haines mentions no brasses here. One inscribed brass remains, 4in. by 23in., to John Sturton, Esq., and is unusual of the period, inasmuch as it states that the deceased caused " this wyndowc to be made." "Ibere Ivietb 5obn Sturton, esquier, tbe wbicb becess\?& tbe i\\\ ^ay of Januar^^ tbe i?ere of our Xor5 /IIM)ci^5 ; tbe wbicb 5obn caused tbis w^n6o\vc to be lna^e tbe v^ere aforesai&. ®n wbose soul 3esus bave nierc^." 2So ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. This brass is now loose, but is, I am informed, shortly to be refixed. There was, Hutchins states, a loose brass, but now lost, to the memory of a Cheverel, as follows : — ** H^ere li^etb tbe l)o^i^e of IRicbolas Cbcverel, esq. ait& 3ane bis vvitc, tbe wbicb 5ane ^ecess^b tb^s l^ffc tbe i'sviii M^c of IRoveinber, in tbe ^ere ot our %ov^ 6o^ /llMDcj*XD535, anC) tbe satC) IRicbolas ^eceaseb tbe 6econ& t)aye ot January, in tbat same l^ete, ®n wbose souls ma^ ailemiobt^ 3esus bax>e merc\?. Hmen/' He was the son of John Cheverel (ob. z Henry VH.), of Chantmarle, and grandson of Christian, daughter of John Russell, of Berwick (see Swyre, ante), and he died without issue. His brother Roger is commemorated by a brass still left to us in Piddletown Church, and if this latter brass is in its original position, which is doubtful, Nicholas {above) had a much finer monument than his brother, for Hutchins speaks of "a large carved altar-tomb of Purbeck marble which once stood in the middle of the chancel, but was many years ago taken down, and now forms part of the pavement." CoRFE Mullen. Haines mentions no brass here. On a small slab is a figure probably of a civilian, bareheaded, in a loose gown with large sleeves, it is very much worn ; below is a small rectangular brass having a portion missing and bearing the following inscription : — *' 1l3ic jacet 1Ricar&us Birt S. aiicia ujor ejus, qui IRicar^us obiit i*J*Do t>ie jfebruarii Bo Dni /in)oCCCCo|*J*J*lD35 quoc . . . "Report on t£}e gtirsf 3\ppcarances of ^ir6js, gnsecfs, &c., an6 giirsi gifowerirtg of "g^Canfs In Dorset during 1907. By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A. j^«^ jpHE names of those Avho have this year sent in returns are as follows ; they are denoted in the Report by initials : — (N. M. R.) Nelson M. Richardson, I\Ionte- video, near Weymouth. (E. R. B.) Eustace R. Bankes, Norden, Corfe Castle. (E. S. R.) E. S. Rodd, Chardstock House, Chard. (W. H. D.) Rev. W. Hughes D'Aeth, Buckhorn Weston Rectory, Wincanton. (J. R.) Rev. J. Ridley, Pulham Rectory. (G. R. P.) Gerald R. Peck, Darenth, Parkstone. (S. E. V. F.) Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, All Saints' Rectory, Dor- chester. 282 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. (E. F. L.) Rev. E. F. Linton, Edmondsham Rector}-, Salisbury. (J. U. J. F.) Rev. J. M. J. Fletcher, The Vicarage, Wimborne Minster. Several other contributors send notes, and the Rev. James Cross contributes the continuation of the list giving particulars of the cultivation of barley and wheat published last year ("Proc," XXVIII., 270-5). The accession to our small list of observers of such an excellent botanist and general observer as the Rev. E. F. Linton is a subject for congratulation, especially as there was no one representing his part of Dorset, in the neighbourhood of Cranborne. The Rev. J. M. J. Fletcher has also sent in a very full Botanical list. I hope that all observers will read carefully ]Mr. Linton's note on the Spotted Orchis. Notes on Rare and other Birds in 1907. No new bird to the county of Dorset is recorded, the most interesting being the confirmation of the occurrence of Buffon's Skua, which had hitherto rested on one specimen seen by Mr. G. R. Peck in the summer of 1905 near the breakwater on S. Haven Point, Studland Bay (" Proc," XXVIL, 261). Pied Flycatcher {JMuscicapa airicapilla, L.) — On April 25, 1907, I had the pleasure of watching for some time at very close quarters a beautiful male specimen at Norden, Corfe Castle. In the course of my life I have seen four other individuals of this species at Corfe Castle, but it has been rarely observed in Dorset, and, so far as I know, only when on its spring migration north- wards. (E. R. B.) Golden Oriole {On'ohis galhida, L.). — An immature specimen was seen at Corfe Castle by Mr. J. Neale and INIiss Neale, of Bournemouth, on September 28, 1906. (E. R. B.) Dipper {Cificlus aquaticus, Bcchs.). — Colonel F. W. INIain- waring describes a nest, in which young were hatched in June, placed in the wall of a long tunnel through which the river runs FIRST APPEARANCkS OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 283 at Upwc}', about 3 feet above the water and 15 feet from the entrance. (N. M. R.) Dartford Warbler {Melizophilus imda/us, Bodd.).— A pair seen on the Sandbanks, Poole Harbour, first on March 28 and subsequently. (G. R. P.) Haavfinch {Coccfl/Jiraiisfes vulgaris, Pallas). — One seen February' 24 at Pulham. (}. R.) Rook {Coitus fn/gilcgus, L.). — Twice in one week I watched a Heron {Ardca cincrca, L.), worried by a couple of Rooks. The bird screamed with fright at every attack. That drew my attention first. (J. R.) Swallow {Hinuido rustica, L.), and Swift [Cypsclus apus, L.). — In spite of a strong gale (N.E., veering gradually to E.S.E.), that raged throughout May 5, an immense immigration of Swallows and Swifts was in progress all day long at Corfe Castle. They were all coming from the south ; that is from the direction of the English Channel, which lies about four miles away, and heading northwards, mostly at a low elevation, past my house, which was in the direct line of flight. Large numbers of Swallows and moderate numbers of Swifts, together with a single House-martin, were obsen-ed, but all merely passed by, intent on their journey, without showing any inclination to loiter on the way. It is quite likely that other House-martins were among the immigrants, though whilst I was watching them only one came near enough for certain recognition. (E. R. B.) Lesser Spotted Woodpecker {Dcndrocopus minor, L.). — Seen March 4, at Pulham. This bird seems to breed here every year now. (J. R.) Partridge {Pcrdix cincrea, Latham). — Very scarce in Sep- tember at Chard, the wet cold summer having drowned and killed many of the young birds. (E. S. R.) Whoibrel [Xumefiiiis phiropus. L.) — Parkstone, April 29. (G. R. P.) Glaucous Gull {Lams glauciis, Fab.)- — A specimen was seen and watched for a considerable time at the distance of only a few yards, near Portland Breakwater, by Lieut. C. E. 284 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. Hammond, R.N., whilst on board H.M.S. Griffon, on February 26, 1907, and was recorded by him in " The Field " of i\Iarch 2, 1907 (p. 355). (E. R. B.) Buffon's Skua {Lcs/n's Biiffonii, Boie). — Three were seen flying low over the water towards the S.S.W., \ mile S.E. of Poole bar buoy, on August 29, 1907. (G. R. P.) Spoonbill {Platalea leucorodia, L.). — Three specimens, which proved on dissection to be two males and one female, were shot in Poole Harbour, by a Poole gunner, on October 27, 1906. The bird-stuffer who preser\-ed them, believes that one male and the female were mature birds, and that the second male was immature. INIr. W. Parkinson Curtis examined them, and kindly supplied me with this information. (E. R. B.) General Zoological Notes. Lizards. — It was so warm the first fortnight of Januarj' 1907, that lizards were out sunning themselves on the heath near Wareham, on January 11. (S. E. V. F.) Small Red Viper {Vipera rubra, Leighton). — On June 10, 1907, Mrs. Eustace R. Bankes killed at Norden, Corfe Castle, a remarkably small pale reddish viper. Believing it to be the true small red viper {Vipera rubra, Leighton), I forwarded it to Pro- fessor Gerald R. Leighton, INLD., who informed me that it was undoubtedly a male example of this species. Of this interesting and scarce reptile, the only other Purbeck specimen that I have ever seen occurred at Corfe Castle, on May 18, 1905. (Pro- ceedings XXVn., 262). (E. R. B.) Smooth Snake [Coronella Aiistn'aca). — In June, 1907, on the heath near Norden, Corfe Castle, I came across a recently killed specimen of the smooth snake. This species appears to be rare in this district, and I only know of two other individuals having been met with in Purbeck, viz., one at Norden and the other at Holme. (E. R. B.) Abundance of Queen Wasps. — Queen Wasps were recorded by Mr. T. Alexander as being in extraordinar)- numbers in FIRST APPEARANCES OF RIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 285 early May, but in the cooler climate of Norden they were later in leaving their winter quarters, not beginning to appear commonly until towards the end of INIay, and continuing plentiful throughout June. The individuals that were netted and killed belonged to the three species ]^espa riifa, V. germanica, and V. vulgaris, the first-named being more numerous than either of the others. I left home on August 28, up to which date, doubtless owing to the abnormally cold, moist, and sunless apology for a summer, wasps had been only conspicuous by their apparently complete absence ever since the disappearance of the queens about two months previously, and I was informed that they were very scarce during the autumn. (E. R. B.) Plague of Gooseberry Sawfly {Nematiis grossidaria). — Notwithstanding the fact that countless multitudes of the Goose- berry Sawfly in its earlier stages have been gathered on my gooseberry and currant bushes in each of the three preceding years and destroyed, this irrepressible pest again reappeared on them in as great abundance as ever, and enormous numbers of its eggs and larvae were collected by hand from the beginning of April, when the earliest larvae hatched out, until the end of July. (E. R. B.) Plusia onchalcea, F. — Mr. A. Morgan records the capture of a specimen of this moth at light at Puddletown on Aug. i. (N. M. R.) Notes on Lepidoptera.— Great press of indoor entomo- logical work, combined with the persistently wet, cold, and ungenial weather throughout the spring and summer, resulted in my doing comparatively little collecting in Dorset. My experience, however, was quite sufficient to show that it was an extremely backward, and, on the whole, a remarkably bad season for both ^lacro and IMicro-Lepidoptera. But, even in the most disappointing years, some species, however few, will always appear in unwonted numbers, and 1907 formed no exception to this rule, in proof of which it may be mentioned that some friends, who " sugared" energetically in East Dorset during June and July, found Agrolis lunigera, Stph., in the utmost profusion, 286 FIRST APPEARANXES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. and Triphana orbona, Hfn. {subseqiia, Hb.\ in plenty. I had the pleasure of meeting: with various species, both large and small, in new localities, besides adding Motiopis weaverella, Scott, to the Dorset List and securing a specimen of Pancalia latreillella, Curt., of which only a single individual had previously been taken in the county. (E. R. B.) A bad year for blights and insect pests at Pulham. (J, R.) Shelled Slug {Teslacella viaugei). — I\Ir. C. A. INIorgan, of Puddletown, records this species from that locality. It has also occurred at Weymouth and Corfc Castle (" Proc," V., 136). The other species {T. haliotidea) has been found at Blandford, Stalbridge, and Chickcrell, and one of the species at Charminster. (See " Proc," XXVI., xxvi.). (N. ]M. R.) Plague of Snails. — As was the case in 1904, we suffered in 1907 at Norden from a perfect plague of the common large Snail {Helix aspersa), which abounded everywhere in my garden, and particularly amongst the ivy growing on the house, and in the fruit trees on the garden walls. In this latter situation, to my surprise and annoyance, they did considerable damage to the plums, even when quite hard and unripe, gradually devouring some almost entirely, and ruining others by gnawing into their flesh here and there. Large numbers of these snails were collected and consigned to destruction. (E. R. B.) Botanical Notes. Spotted Orchis. — March 24, April 20, and ]\Iay 27 are given as the earliest dates for the first appearance of the spotted orchis in the Dorset Table for 1905. (Proc. XXVIL, 267). There are two species (or sub-species) of spotted orchis ; viz., O, macidata, L., and a segregate which I published in 1900, which occurs chiefly on moist ground on heaths and moors, O. ericelorutn, Linton. The latter flowers first, towards the end of May and through June in the S. of England. The older species O. viaculata rarely begins to flower before the i oth of June, and is rather a July than a June species. Some error has, therefore, FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 287 occurred with the two earlier dates of 1905. Two or three other British orchises have spotted leaves, notably the " PLarly purple orchis " {O. fnascu/a), which is probably what was obser\^ed on March 24 and possibly on April 20, tliough the latter might have been {(). morio). (E. F. L.) I hesitate to question the statement of so good an authority as the Rev, E. F. Linton, and have little doubt that mistakes as to the identity of Orchis macidata have, as he suggests, occurred in several years, including 1905. May it not, however, be irregular in its dates, like many other plants, and earlier in some localities ? Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, in "Flora of Dorsetshire," 1895, p. 257, gives April-June, and his records in our volumes of " Proceed- ings " support this — April 19, 1893 ; April 20, 190 1 ; June i, 1899; &c. I would ask observers to be careful to make no record unless they are quite certain of its correctness, and especially to avoid recording Orchis mascula and O. inorio for 0. macidata. (N. M. R.) Flowering Trees, &c. — There was a wonderful profusion of blossom in Purbeck on the apple, pear, plum, blackthorn, hawthorn, and other wild and cultivated trees, but the grand promise of garden and orchard fruit was very poorly fulfilled, plums alone being plentiful, and even apples being in general decidedly scarce. Gorse bloom was irregular in the time of its appearance and poor as a rule, the bushes having been appar- ently injured by the intense frosts of the previous winter. (E. R. B.) The autumnal tints were as rich and beautiful in colouring as I ever remember them, and lasted till towards the end of November. (E. S. R.) (Chard.) The oaks have been in full leaf for some time, but the ashes still only just show the least sign of leaves at the tips of their branches. Chickerell, May 27, 1907. (N. M. R.) Notes on Weather, &c. The weather in January and February' has been very various. Frost and snow in abundance, with 20° of frost on some nights. 288 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. On the night of Februar}- 9 a beautiful Aurora was observed here and generally all over these islands, the atmosphere being highly charged with electricity, as usual, during the time of observation. March was dr}- and fine, perfect weather for tilling and sowing farm and garden. The weather before and after Easter was lovely, bright and warm for many days. June and July remarkably wet and cold. A ver}' fine warm dry September. A drought generally and a great shortage of water in wells, springs, and ponds, for, although the summer has been a wet and cold one, yet there has been no bulk or flood of rain for a long time, and the springs ever)-where are very low. October was one of the wettest months for a long time, with heavy rainstorms. December was a verj' wet month, and we had floods ever}'- where. The year closed with severe cold weather, frost and deep snow. A late year all through. (E. S. R.). (Chard.) Thunder, &c., at Pulham. — April 14, with very heavy rain. April 16, two peals of very heavy thunder. June 29, very heavy in distance. July 21 and 22, long storm in distance; \ery hot. August 15, slight. October 8, lightning in evening. Nov. 27, storm in early morning. December 3, lightning in evening. The year has been marked by extremes. A long drought of 26 days in September, late frosts in May, ver)^ mild days about Christmas. I gathered a large bunch of roses on Christmas eve of several varieties. Within a few days the thermometer had sunk to 12° above zero. A few days after, it rose 27° in less than 24 hours. There has been little thunder. One flash of lightning split an oak tree into shreds not far from here. (J. R.) FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 289 Feb. 28 Jan. 22 May 22 Ap. 7 May 9 May 9 Ap. 7 May 13 May 20 June 10 Aug. 31 July 21 July 7 Way 1 (6) June 15 Miiy 16 July 31 July 15 July 31 Mar. 3 Ap. U June 10 May 13 1-5 3 •53 's^'d^ • i^ir ^ ' ' ' ' "■ ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1' 1^ i ^ S"? a.S 0.0. '^ si WO §32. :.J - - - = i ■dialed ■ "d-SlIt 'I" l^" '-B ■ ■ "tl^ • • -l? • "p. • -d 00 g :.^o2 1 •g 5 S S S dd^d-S "- '^^H^-i ^-3 3^1 ^ il 1 §'|'9 il"! H i d-S d J : : : : ij : s ll 1 ' 1 ' ^ mil II J J : -"^ : — ►J ::::::::::: :j 1 rj ^ In 1 1 '^3uA 1 J 1 Sail III 1 UsiSsUMsk 1 290 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. ^.1 Kg Ap. 4 Feb. 8 Ap. 22 Ap. 29 May 1(3) Ap. 24 Ap. 24 Ap. 24 Ap. 22 Ap. 6 ::: :::: " :^^ ^'1 4 1 ll III lltl^l • '^ •■•■-■■■■■ '^ ■ • ■ • 'd "d ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ '1 • ^ ■ ■ ■ • ■ ■ 'I" • • -d 'I 'dl • • 'd "d -ds" "1 'I ■ 1" si ^1 S S ° .S! . S g^ig .S2 . . .g 1 ^^i di a p di i P.P.ii^d^t4i e-g-d^ s-l'^^l'l'l'.* o d ll iili! 1 liiii^iliii I" ?5_. g^_2 . z^ ■H ■Sg'2.='S S'3 Ji -y'g-<« or o » c c — . 4|J ."".a 5 "*!i 2 S' ^fi";;^iB- ^ifegxH aj — a; ^ -5 .p .^- :?i I ^ |l=x| « £S ^" 5 S 5 13 £ o-a ■" ".2 = r ^ ci. tS" . ti 4) a> i; -tJ P'S 5s>>s- :ii FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 2()I «d . o .* ,-H O -M O T»l t! "3 rt ^ sg-<;3 1^ .Ttit-otOfMiOOt-OOOCDi-lT*' :::::::: :^ j^ :::::::: Beetle"" ! veBee(A) '. i Butterfly ! Butterfly . Butterfly wn Butterfly . y(;0 .. . .th th pliiliiitlSllliil -^ ^u cE-^ c o « E o a^ o .J 1, go rt •§>" o g 2 S !"«'' Sg g;i::ogc«Mj3s g Si^ Sr »>''=" O "3 " £ -s 3 ^^ a S--S § Q^o .eu M 3 ^, == S rt-S.> a 1^1 S -"-.^ J= >" -^ s -^ !C ^ o ■> -i^ s" c ^ ft t, _C •" 2J ■'^= s 1st Prize and Champion 2nd Prize 3rd Prize •pqsnji drai lad g fS : When cut. Aug. 17 Aug. 20 Aug. 17 1 Mar. 1 . . Feb. 22 . . Mar.l i t P i Hallett's, 2 bus. . . Halletfs Pedigree. 2J bus Arc'ier's Chevalier, 2jbus 1 Clover .. Oats Oats t Clover .. Clover . . Rotation Grass 1 Sand and Gravel Sandy Loam, Gravel Sandy Loam, Gravel 1 Woodsford AfFpuddle Bere Regis Exhibitor. % c * '■ S G ^ 1 =a « 1 1 ^ ^: 1 H b n ■1061 '61 -g-io 'aajsaqojoa I coo o r> s O *i .- ; •S '■' £: .0 ^ S" >> 3 5 W 3 o 3 SOME RECENT AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS, &c. THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF DORSET. Edited by William Page, F.S.A. Vol. II. With illustrations and maps. Contents : Ecclesiastical History. Religious Houses : the Abbeys of Abbotsbury, Cerne, Milton, Sherborne, Shaftesbury, Bindon, and Tarrant Kaines ; the Priories of Cranbome, Horton, and Holne or East Holme ; the Preceptory of Friar Mayne, the Dominican Friars of Gillingham and of Melcombe Regis, the Franciscan Friars of Dorchester, the Carmelite Friars of Bridport and of Lyme, the Austin Friars of Sherborne, the Priory Hermitage of Blackmoor, Wicheswood Priory ; the Hospitals of St. Mary Magdalen, Allington, of Long Blandford, of St. Mary and the Holy Spirit, Lyme, of St. John the Baptist, Bridport, of St. John the Baptist, Dorchester, of St. John the Baptist, Shaftesbury, of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, Sherborne, of St. Thomas, Sherborne, of St. Leonard, Tarrant Rushton, of St. Margaret and St. Anthony, Wimborne, the Hospital or Lazar House, Dorchester, the Hospital of Wareham ; Wimborne Minster ; the Priories of Frampton, Loders, Povington, Spetisbury, and Wareham. Political History of Dorset. Maritime History. Social and Economic History. Agriculture. Forestry. Sport, ancient and modern. Industries. (Archibald Constable and Co, London.) 1908. THE MUNICIPAL RECORDS OF THE BOROUGH OF DORCHESTER. Letters Patent and Charters from the Crown ; the Dorchester Domesday ; Minute and Account Books. Edited by Canon C. H. Mayo and A. W. Gould. 2os. net. 1908. THE STORY OF FORD ABBEY from the earliest times to the present day. By Sidney Heath. Illustrated with plan, photographs, drawings, &c. (F. Griffiths, 34, Maiden Lane, Strand, W.C. 10s. 6d. net.) In the Press. NELSON'S HARDY : his Life. Letters, and Friends. By A. M. Broadley and R. Grosvenor Bartelot. (John Murray, Albemarle Street, London.) In the Press. DORSET PARISH REGISTERS. Marriages. Vol. IV. Contents : Litton Cheney, Burstock, Charmouth, Stalbridge, Chedington, East Chelborough, Bettiscombe, South Perrott, Maiden Newton, Wootton Fitzpaine, Pilsdon. (Phillimore and Co., 1'2-t, Chancery Lane, London. 10s. net.") In the Press. POEMS OF RURAL LIFE in the Dorset dialect. By William Barnes. Complete edition, containing the three collections. (Kegan Paul, Trench, and Co., London. 6s.) THE WESSEX OF ROMANCE. By Wilkinson Sherren. New and revised edition. With 16 illustrations. Contents : The Wessex People, their character, customs, superstitions, and folk-lore ; A biography of Thomas 294 SOME RECENT AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS. Hardy; Some Wessex towns and places; The Wessex Novels; Ihe Pageantry of the Past; The dialect, and a glossary; "Wessex Place-names identified ; and a Bibliography of Thomas Hardy. (F. Griffitlis, 34, Maiden Lane, Strand, W.C. fs. net.) 1908. BADDELEY'S GUIDE TO SOUTH HAMPSHIRE AND SOUTH DORSET. (T. Nelson and Sons, Paternoster Row, London. 3s. 6d.) In the Fress. SELECT POEMS OF WILLIAM BARNES.— Chosen and edited, with a Preface and Glossarial notes, by Thomas Hardy. Contents: Lj-ric and Elegiac poems ; Descriptive and Meditative poems ; Himiorous poems. (Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, London. 2s. 6d. net.). 1908. OLD SWAN AGE, OR PURBECK PAST AND PRESENT. A collection of articles, topographical, historical, antiquarian, biographical, and anecdotal. By William Masters Hardy. With 20 illustrations. ("Dorset County Chronicle " Printing Works, Dorchester. 2s. 6d. net.). 1908. A HANDBOOK TO THE WESSEX COUNTRY OF THOMAS HARDY. With an Introduction by Hermann Lea. Hlustrated with 32 photographs and 3 sketch maps. (Kegan Paul, Trench, and Co., London. Is. 6d.) WARD LOCK'S GUIDE TO WEYMOUTH AND SOUTH DORSET. With maps and plans and 70 illustrations. (Ward, Lock and Co., London. Is.) WONDERFUL WESSEX— Wilts, Somerset, and Dorset.— From SaUsbury Plain and Severn Sea to the English Channel. By a Dorset writer. With 200 illustrations. (G.W.R. Co., Paddington Station, London. 6d.) 1908. OLD PORTLAND TRADITIONS AND FOLK-LORE. By C. King Warry. (Warden and Co., Portland, 6d.) 1908. ST. MARY'S CHURCH, PUDDLETOWN. By William Gover. With 5 plates. ("Dorset Cormty Chronicle" Printing Works, Dorchester. 6d.) 1908. FOLK SONGS FROM DORSET. CoUected by H. E. D. Hammond, with pianoforte accompaniment by Cecil J. Sharp. (Novello and Co., London. 2s. 6d. net.) 1908. PRAISE O' DO'SET. Words by William Barnes. Music by Boyton Smith. (Weekes and Co., 14, Hanover Street, Regent Street, London, 4s.) DUMOURIEZ AND THE DEFENCE OF ENGLAND AGAINST NAPOLEON, By J. Holland Rose, Litt.D., and A. M. Broadley. Illustrated with numerous portraits, maps, and facsimiles. (John Lane, The Bodley Head, London. 21s. net.) 1908. ANNE SEYMOUR DAMER. Sculptor and Woman of Fashion, 1748-1828. By Percy Noble. With 35 illustrations and a coloured frontispiece. (Kegau Paul, Trench, and Co., London. 12s.6d.net.) 190S. SOME RECENT AND FORTHCOMING ROOKS. 295 PASSAGES FROM THE DIARIES OF MRS. PHILIP LYBBE POWYS. 1756-1808. Edited by Emily J. Climenson. (Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Cs.) THE ABBEYS OF GREAT BRITAIN. A selection. By H. Clairborne Dixon. With 23 illustrations. (T. Werner Laurie, Clifford's Inn. 6s. net.) YEAR-BOOK OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND LEARNED SOCIETIES of Great Britain and Ireland. A record of the work done in Science, Liter- ature, and Art during the session 1906-7 by numerous Societies, Field Clubs, &c. (Charles Griifin and Co., Exeter Street, Strand, W.C. 7s. 6d.). 1908. NOTES AND QUERIES FOR SOMERSET AND DORSET. Edited by the Rev. F. W. Weaver, Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, and Canon Mayo, Long ■ Burton Vicarage, Sherborne. Issued quarterly to subscribers only : the subscription, 5s. per annum, payable in advance, may be sent to either of the editors. THE ANTIQUARY. An iUustrated Magazine devoted to the study of the Past. (62, Paternoster Row, London. 6d. monthly.) ^ INDEX TO VOL. XXIX. By E. W. YOUNG. Acland, Captain, xxviii., xxx., xxxiv., xxxix., xl., Ixxxvii., 126, 25S Ag:glestoiie, Ivi. Algeo, Rev. F. S., Ivi. Alington, Lord, Ixxxvii. Amphitheatres, 258 " Amphora of Fecundity," xxxii. Arachuida, New and Rare British, xliii. , 161 List of, 164, 191 Notes on, 188 Archaeological Societies, Congi-ess of, xxviii. Athlete, Statuette of, xxxii. Balch, Mr., lix., Ix. Bankes, Eustace R., liv., 281 Barley and Wheat, Dorset, 292 Bame-', F. J., xliv. Rev. W. Miles (Vice-Presi- dent), xxvui., xxxiv. Barrows and Circles, The Ritual of, 225 Cannibalism, 239 Circumambulation, 229, 242 Cult ofthe Dead, 232,242 Druidical Rites, 230 Dual Disposal of Bodies, 235, 237, 241 Incineration, 233 Orientation, 225, 242 Relics, 232 Stone Avenues, 244 Circles, 242 Surface Dolmen, 229 Trilithons, 246 Ringed, Ixxiv. Bartelot, Rev. R. G., xl., xlix., lii., 293 Beetles, British Water, xxix. Benett- Stanford, Captain, Iviii. Birds, First Appearance of, &c., 281 Buffon's Skua, 284 Dartford Warbler, 283 Dipper, 282 Glaucus Gull, 283 Golden Oriole, 282 Hawfinch, 283 Partridge, 283 Pied Flycatcher, 252 Rook, 2S3 SpoonbiU, 284 Birds, First Appearances of — continued. Swnllow, 283 Table, 290 Whimbrel, 2S3 Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted, 283 Blandford, Tokens, 81, d.o, 98 Blashenwell, Burial at, xxxix. Bond, F. Bligh, Ixix. Nigel, xxix. Books, Recent and Forthcoming, 293 Botanical Notes, 286 Orchis Spotted, 28^ Trees, Flowering, &c., 287 Bojme's "Trade Tokens," 97 Bramble, Colonel, xcvi. Brasses, Memorial, of Dorset, xxxiii., 280 Bridehead, Ixxiii., Ixxx. Bridges, Dorset, xxxiii., 251 Blandford, 254 Charmouth, 255 Fifehead Neville, 253 Grey's (Dorchester), 251 Holme, 252 Preston, 255 St. Julian's (Wimborne), 254 Spetisbury, 254 Sturminster Newton, 253 Wareham. 252 Wool, 252 British Association, xxvii. Broadley, A. M.. 293, 294 Brocklehurst, R. G., xxxiii., 251 Browne, Balfour, xxix. C. J. Cornish, xlviii. Brympton Church, Ixxxvi. House, Ixxxvi. Bulleid, Arthur, Ixv., Ixvi. Burning Cliff, The, Lyme Regis, 153 Cambridge, Rev. O. P. (Vice-President), xliii., liv., xcvi., 161 Philosophical Society, xlviii. Cameron, A. C. G., 153 Cecil, Lord E. (Vice-President), xxxv., Ixxx. Cerne, Abbey, The Cartulary of, 195 Translation of, 205 Note on, 221 St. Mary's Church, xxxiii., \ 297 Chantries, Dorset, xxxiii., 30 Alrington (or Alfriiigton), 41 Dorchester (Holy Trinity), Blessed Mary, 35 St. John's, 36 Dorchester (St. Peter's), Our Lady, 38 Gillingham, Milton on Stower, 51 St. Katherine, 51 Kingston Lacy, St. James in Holte, 78 Langton Long, Guldens, 58 Little Mayne, 41 Marnhull, St. Katherine, 47 Poole, St. George, 78 Shaftesbury (St. James), St. Anne de la Gore, 55 St. John the Baptist, 51, 53 St. Katherine, 52 Shapwick, West Hemsworth, 59 Sherborne, St. Thomas a Beckett on the Green, 45 Weymouth, St. George, 42 Wimborne Minster, 69 Brembres, 70 Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, 73 Prebends or Stalls, 74, 75, 77 Eadcottes, 69 Sacristan, Office of, 68 Winterborne St. Martin, 44 Cheddar, Caves, lix. Chough, Cornish, The, xlviii. Coins, Roman, Mould for Casting, xxxvi. Colfox, Mrs. T. (the late), xxxiv. Corfe Castle, xlix. Cosens, Rev. R. E. W., Ixxxvi. Crickmay, G. R., xcv. Cross, Rev. J., 282 D'Aeth, Rev. W. H., 2S1 Dicker, Rev, C. W. H., xxxiii., xli., Iv., 1. Digby, F. J. B. W., xxxvi. Dorchester, Tokens, 85, 95, 101 Dorset County Museum, xxx., cxviii., 126 Eaton, H. Storks (Vice-President), xlviii., Iviii. Elwes, Captain (Hon. Treasurer), xxix., XXX., xliv., xlv., Ivi., Ixxviii., Ixxxvii., Ixxxviii., Ixxxix. Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., xxxii., xxxv., xxxix., xli., 281 Financial Statements, xciii., xciv. Fish, Transportation of, xliv. Fletcher, Rev. J. M. J.,282 Flints, Palaeolithic and Neolithic, xxxis. Flora, Dorset, Notes on, 1 4 Folklore Society, xxix. Fordington, Roman Incised Stone, Found at, xl. Fry, E. A., xxix., xxxiii., 30 Geological Society of London, xxix. George, C. E. A., xcv. Gill, W. K., xxxii., 8 Glastonbury, Abbey, Ixix, Lake Village, Ixv., Ixvi. Glossop, Rev. C. H. J., Ixxxvi. Goddard, Rev. C. V., Hv. Goose, Grey Lag, xxxix. Gorwell Circle, Ixxix. Gray, H. St. George, Ixiv., Ixv., Ixvi., Ixxxix., 256, 258 Grey Mare and her Colts, The, Ixxiv., Ixxix. Hansford, Charles, xxviii. Hardy, Thomas, xxix., xliv., Iviii., 294 Hayne, R., xxxix. Helix Aspersa, xxx. Helstone, The, Portesham, Ixxiii., Ixxv, Hemsworth, Roman Pavement, Ixxxvii. Hilton, Church, xliii.. Ill Incised Stone, Roman (Fordington), xl. Insects, First Appearances of, in Dorset (1907), 291 Jay, The, xlviii. Jex-Blake, Dean, Ixii. Joceline, Bishop, Ixi. Jukes-Browne, A. J., civ., 153, 260, 263 Kelvin, Lord, xcvi. Landslip and Burning Cliff at Lyme Regis, The, 153, 156 Lee, Rev. E. H. H., xliii.. Ill Le Jeune, H., xl., Ixxxvii. Lepidoptera, Notes on, 285 Limoges Enamel, xxxix. Linton, Rev. E. F., 14, 282 Lock, B. Fossett, 205 Lockyer, Sir Norman, Iv. Malva BoreaHs, xxxi. Mansel-Pleydell, J. C. (the late), xl., 119 March, Dr. H. CoUey (Vice-President), xxxii., Ixxiii., Ixxv., Ixxix., Ixxxi., 225, 256 Martin, Miss E., xcvi. Maumbury Rings, Excavations at, Ixiv., Ixxx., Ixxxix, 256 Meare, Lake Village, Ixvi. Medals, Mansel-Pleydell and Cecil, XXXV., xlvi., 119 Dorset, 89 2J*8 Meetings, Annual, xliv. Summer, xlviii., xlix., lis., Ixxiii., Ixxxii., Ixxxix. Winter, xxvii., xxxiv. Members, Honorary, xi. List of, xii. New, xxiv. Memoi-ial Brasses of Dorset (Part V.) Corfe Mullen — Birt, 280 Litton Cheney — Chapman, 275 Henvill, 273 Newpton, 275 Pope, 274 Warnby, 275 Owermoigne — Cheverel, 280 Sturton, 279 Puncknowle — Napper, 275, 276 Swyre — Gollop, 278 Eussell, 277 Thorncombe — Brook, 278 Moutacute, Church, Ixxxiv. Cluniac Priory, Ixxxv. House, Ixxxii. Moule, Henry (the late), xxxiv. Museum, Dorset Countj-, xxx., cxviii., 126 Newton, Prof., xcvi. Oak, Buried (Picket Farm) , xxxviii. Officers of the Club, xi., xlviii. Oliver, Vere, xlvii. Orientation, 225, 242 Pearson, W. E., xcvi. Peck, G. R., 281 Pentin, Eev. H. (Hon. Editor and Secretary), xxviii., xxix., xxxv., xxxix., xlv., Iv., Iviii., Ixxx. Perkins, Rev. T. (the late), xxviii., xxxiv. Phelips, Edward, Ixxxii. W. R., Ixxxii. Photographic Surveys, xxvii., xxxiv., xlviii. Pike, T. M., xcv. Plants, Living, in relation to Geological Formations in Dorset, 119 Earliest Dorset Records (1907), 289 Plush, Church, xxxiv. Ponsonbv-Fane, Sir S., Ixxxvi. Poole, Tokens, 82, 86, 105 Town Cellars, xxxii., 8. Pope, Alfred, xxvii., xlvii., Ixviii., cxv. Portesham, BaiTOWs, Ixxiii. Pouncy, H. (Assistant Secretary), xlviii., 1., Ixxv. Powys, Eev. C. S., Ixxxiv. Presidential Address, xliv., xcv. Archaeology and Anthro- pology, cxv. Astronomy, cv. Botany, c. Chemistiy, ex. Electricity, ex. Engineering, cxii. General, cxviii. Geography, cxiv. Geolog}-, cii. Meteorology, cviii. Obituary, xcv. Zoology, xcvii. Prideaux, C. S., cxv., 257, 258 W. de C, xxxiii., xlviii., 273 Publications of the Club, xxvi., 293 Pydeltrenthide, Orthography of, xli. Rainfall, &c., in Dorset (1907), 143 Observers' Notes, 145 Steepleton Manor, tempera- ture. Sec, 152 Tables, 148—151 Raleigh, Sir W., xxxvi., xxxvii., xxxix. Raveuhill, Canon, xxxiv., xliv. Rawlence, E. A., xxxvi. Eeid, Clement, xl., civ. Eempstone, Stone Circle, liii. Reports, Hon. Editor's, xlv. Hon. Secretary's, xlv., xciv. Hon. Treasurer's, xlvi., xciii. Richardson, N. M. (President), xxvii., XXX., xxxiv., XXXV., xxxix., xliv., xlvi., liv., Iv., Isviii., Ixxxvii., xcv., 281 Ridley, Eev. J., 281 Rivers, Pollution of, xxxv. Rodd. E. S.,281 Rose Nobles (Edward III.), xxxvi. Rules of the Club, vi. Alteration of, xlvii. Sepidchral Pottery in Dorset County Museum, 126 Cinerary Urns, 126, 132— 142 Drinking Cups, 126, 139, 140, 141 Food Vessels. 126, 134, 136, 137, 140—142 Incense Cups, 126, 134, 137, 139, 142 Shaftesbury, Abbey Excavation Fund, Iviii. Tokens, 87, 106 Sherborne, Castle, xxxvi. Flints, found at, xxxix. Human Remains, found at, xxxviii. Tokens, 83 Smith, R. Bosworth, xlviii, , cxx. Spencer- Smith, Eev. S. C, xl, Stilwell, H., 143 Stoke-sub-Hamdon Church, Ixxxvi. Stone Circles, 242 Cornish, Iv. Dorset, 2oO Gorwell, Ixxix. Rempstone, liii. Stuart-Gray, Hon. M. (Vice-President), 92 Studland, xlix. Church, Ivi. Sykes, E. R., xxxi. Symonds, Henry, xliii., 80, 97 Tokens, Dorset, xliii., 80 Commemorative Medals, 89 Boyle, Robert, 90 Bridport, Admiral Lord, 93 Cerne Society, 95 Coram, Captain, 92 Coronation (Bridport) (1901), 96 Eldon, Earl of, 94 George III. (Weymouth), 95 Jubilee (Dorchester) (1887), 95 Marlborough, Duke of, 91 Monmouth Rebellion, 91 Rivers, Baron (1834), 95 Sacheverell, Dr. H., 93 Shaftesbury, Earl of (1681), 90 Sheridan, R. B., 94 Somers, Sir G., 96 Strangways, Sir Giles (1648), 89 Swanage Fi-iendly Society, 94 Sydenham, Thomas, 90 Wake, William, 92 Wesley, Charles, 93 John, 93 Trade, Beaminster, 93 Blandford, 81, 85, 98 Bridport, 99 Corfe Castle, 100 Cranborne, 100 Tokens, Trade— continued. Dorchester, 85, 101 Evershot, 103 Frampton, 103 Halstock, 103 Lyme Regis, 103 Maiden Newton, 104 Melcombe Regis, 104 Milton Abbey, 105 Poole, 82, 86, 105 Shaftesbury, 87, 106 Sherboi-ne, 83, 107 Stalbridge, 108 Stowborough, 108 Sturminster Newton, 109 Weymouth, 109 Wimborne, 109 Tombstones, Inscriptions on, xxix. Towers, Dorset Church, xxxiii. MissL., xlvi., 119 Tupper, Martin, Ixxvii. Udal, Hon. J. S., xxix., 80, 97 Valley of Stones, The, Ixxviii. Van Raalte, C, xcv. Weather, Notes on, &c., 287, 288 Weaver, Rev. F. W., Ixxxv., Ixxxvi. Wells, Bishop's Palace, Ixi. Cathedral, Ixii. Vicars Choral, Ixiii. Whitby, Joseph, Ixxxvii. Wilkinson, Rev. J. H., cxxiv. Williams, Colonel R., M.P., Ixxx. Woodhouse, Miss Ellen, xlvi, Worbarrow, Bui'ial at, xl. Zoological Notes, 284 Lizards, 284 Sawfly, Gooseberry, 285 Slug, Shelled, 286 Snails, Plague of, 286 Snake, Smooth, 284 Viper, Red, 284 Wasps, Queen, 284