Gc 942.3301 M 1^ D728d I ' ■*- V.41 I ■ . 1413090 a5r>JEALOGY CCLLECTiOM J ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 00731 0417 PROCEEDINGS of the DORSET NATURAL HISTORY and ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB From MAY, 1919, to MAY, 1920. Edited by J. M. J. FLETCHER. VOLUME XLI. DORCHESTER: Printed by F. G. Longman, at the Cornhill Press. 192L 1413090 CONTENTS. List of Officers of the Club since the Inauguration Rules of the Club List of Officers and Committees ... List of Members ... List of New Members elected since the Publication of Volume XL Publications of the Club... Societies and Institutions in Correspondence with the Club The Proceedings of the Club from May, 1I1L9, to Mat, 1920 :- First Summer Meeting ... Second Summer Meeting ... First Winter BIeeting Second Winter Meeting ... Annual Business Meeting The Hon. Treasurer's Financial Statement xxiii. xxvi. xxvi. xxvii. XXX. xxxiv. xxxviii. xlii. xlvi. \ Anniversary Address of the President ... ... ... ... ... 1 Dorset Volunteers during the French Wars, 1793—1811, by Henry Symonds, F.S.A. ... ... ... ... ... .'.. ... 22 Sandsfoot Castle, Weymouth, by W. C. Norman ... ... ... 34 Some Old Inns of Wimborne, by E. Kaye Le Fleming, B.A., M.B. . . 39 A Glimpse of Wcvmoutb and the War, 1802-3, by the Eev. W. Owen Cockcraft ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49 Tudor Houses in Dorset, and the Contemporary Life within them, by Vere L. Oliver, F.S.A. 5,5 Colour Sense in a Keyhole Wasp (Odynerus parietinus; Linn.), by Nelson Moore Eichardson. B.A. ... ... ... ... ... 92 Phenological Report on First Appearances of Birds, Insects, etc., and First Flowering Plants, in Dorset during 1919, with other Notes of Local Natural History, by the Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, M.A., M.B.O.U. 95 Return of Rainfall in Dorset in 1919, by the Rev. H. H. Tilney Bassett, R.D. lOS Index to Volume XLI ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 114 A General Index, Volume I— Volume XLI, by Harry Pouncy ... ... 115 INDEX OF PLATE. Sandsfoot Castle :— 16th Century Cannon-Pierrier facing trbe Dorset IRatuval Ibistor^ anC> Hntiquarian f ielD Club. Inaugurated Maech 2()TH, 18/ 1875-1902— J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1902-1904— The Lord Eustace Cecil, E.R.G.S. 1901 * Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. Vice-Presidents : 1875-1882— The Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S. 1875-1884— Professor James Bucltman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1880-1900— The Rev. Canon Sir Talbot Baker, Bart., M.A. 1880-1900— General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S. 1880-1917— The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 1885 * The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. 1892-1904— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1900-1902/, rpjjg ]^Q^.^ Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S. 1900-1909— W. H. Hudleston, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Past Pres. Geol. Society: 1900-1904— Vaughan Cornish, Esq., D.Sc, F.C.S., F.R.G.S. 1900 * Captain G. R. Elwes. 1902-1916— H. CoUey March. Esq., M.D., F.S.A. 1904 * The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A. 1904-1916— The Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A. 1904 * The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell, M.A. 1904-1908— R. Bosworth Smith, Esq., M.A. 1908-1909— Henry Storks Eaton, Esq., M.A., Past Pres. Roij. Met. Societij. 1909 * The Rev. Canon C. H. Mayo, M.A., Borset Editor of " Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries." 1909 * E. R. Sykes, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S., Past Pres. Malacological Society. 1911-1912— The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D. 1912 * Alfred Pope, Esq., F.S.A. 191S * Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A. 191S '• His Honour J. S. Udal, F.S.A. 1915 = Captain John E. Acland, M.A., F.S.A. 1916 - Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G.. D.Sc, D.C.L., F.L.S. 1918 ' The Rev. Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, M.A. 1918 ' W. de C. Prideaux, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.S.M. Hon. Secretaries: 1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1885-1892— The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. 1892-1902— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1902-1904— H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A. 1904 *' The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A. Hon. Treasurers: 1875-1882-The Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S. 1882-1900— The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 1901-1910— Captain G. R. Elwes. 1910-1915-The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell, M.A. 1915 » Captain John E. Acland, M.A., F.S.A. Hon. Editors: 1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1885-1892— The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. 1892-1901— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1901-1906 -The Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A. 1906-1909— The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A. 1909-1912-The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D. 1912-1917— Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A. 1917 " The Rev. Canon J. M. J. Fletcher, M.A. The asterisk indicates the present officials of the Club. Rules of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Object and Constitution. 1. — The Club shall be called The Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, and shall have for a short title The Dorset Field Club. The object of the Club is to promote and encourage an interest in the study of the Physical Sciences and Archa;ology generally, especially the Natural History of the County of Dorset and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It shall use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extirpation of rare plants and animals, and to promote the preservation of the Antiquities of the County. 2. — The Club shall consist of (i.) three Officers, President, Honorary Secretary, and Honorary Treasurer, who shall be elected annually, and shall form the Executive body for its management ; (ii.) Vice-Presidents, of whom the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer shall be two, ex officio ; (iii.) The Honorary Editor of the Annual Volume of Proceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ; (v.) Honorary Members. The President, Vice- Presidents, and Editor shall form a Council to decide questions referred to them by the Executive and to elect Honorary Members. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the incoming Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting. There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretaries, who shall be nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by the President or Treasurer, and elected by the Members at the Annual Meeting. Members may be appointed by the remaining Officers to till interim vacancies in the Executive Body until the following Annual Meeting. The number of the Club shall be limited to 400, power being reserved to the Council to select from the list of candidates persons, whose member- ship they may consider to be advantageous to the interests of the Club, to be additional Members. President and Vice-Presidents. 3.— The President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and have an original and a casting vote on all questions before the Meeting. In addition to the two ex officio Vice-Presidents, at least three others shall be nominated by the President, or, in his absence, by the Chairman, and elected at the Annual Meeting. Hon. Secretary. 4._The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work ; cause a programme of each ]\Ieeting to be sent to every Member seven days at least before such Meeting ; make all preparations for carrying out Meet- ings and, with or without the help of a paid Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field Meetings. On any questions arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary) and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary shall be final. The Secretary shall receive from each Member his or her share of the day's expenses, and thereout defray all incidental costs and charges of the Meeting, rendering an account of the same before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer ; any surplus of such collection shall form part of the General Fund, and any deficit be defrayed out of that Fund. Hon. Treasurer. 5.— The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and all other moneys of the Club received and of all Disbursements, rendering at the Annual General Meeting a balance sheet of the same, as well as a general statement of the Club's finances. He shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceedings for each year to Ordinary Members who have paid their subscriptions for that year (as nearly as may be possible, in the order of such payment), to Honorary Members, and to such Societies and individuals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint to receive them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting, containing the names of all Members in arrears, with the amount of their indebtedness to the Club. He shall also give notice of their election to all New Members. Ordinary Members. 6. — Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part m the Club's proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the published " Proceedings " of the Club, when issued, for the year for which their subscription has been paid. 7. — Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing by one Member and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be personally known. He may he proposed at any Meeting, and his name shall appear in the programme of the first following Meeting at which a Ballot is held when he shall be elected by Ballot, one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve Members shall iVn-m a quorum for the purpose of election. A Ballot shall be held at the Annual and Winter Meetings, and may be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive so decide, notice being given in the programme. In the event of the number of vacancies being less than the number of candidates at four successive Meetings, the names of any candidates proposed at the first of such Meetings who have not been elected at one of them shall be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be again proposed for election for at least a year after such withdrawal. Provided that if at any Meeting there shall be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted in estimating the above named four Meetings. 8.— The Annual Subscription shall be 10-;., which shall become due and payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. Subscriptions paid on election after September in each year shall be considered as subscriptions for the following year, unless otherwise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer. Every Member shall pay immediately after his election the sum of ten shillings as Entrance Fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscription. g_ — No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise any privilege as such until he has paid his Entrance Fee and first Subscription, and no Member shall be entitled to receive a copy of the '' Proceedings " for any year until his Subscription for that year has been paid. 10.— A registered letter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to any Member whose Subscription is in arrear at the date of any Annual Meeting, demanding payment within 28 days, failing which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club, but shall, nevertheless, be liable for the arrears then due. 11. — Members desiring to leave the Club shall give notice of the same in writing to the Treasurer (or Secretary), but, unless such notice is given before the end of January in any year, they shall be liable to pay the Annual Subscription due to the Club on and after January 1st in that year. Honorary Members. 12 — Honorary Members shall consist of persons eminent for scientific or natural history attainments, and shall be elected by the Council. They pay no subscription, and have all the privileges of Ordinary Members, except voting. Meetings. 13. — The Annual General Meeting shall be held as near the first week in May as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing President's Address (if any) and the Treasurer's financial report ; to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing year ; to determine the number (which shall usually be three or four), dates, and places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer, and for general purposes IX. 14, — Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about the months of December or February for tiie exhibition of Objects of Interest (to which not more than one hour of the time before the reading of the Papers shall be devoted), for the reading and discussion of Papers, and for general purposes. Tiie Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings shall be decided by the E.xecutive. 15. — A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to the following restrictions : — No person (except the husband, wife or child of a Member), may attend the Meeting unaccompanied by the Member intro- ducing him, unless such Member be prevented attending from illness, and no Member may take with him to a Field Meeting more than one Friend, whose name and address must be submitted to the Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive. The above restrictions do not apply to the Executive or to the Acting Secretary at the Meeting. 16. — Members must give due notice (with prepayment of expenses) to the Hon. Secretary of their intention to be present, with or without a Friend, at any Field Meeting, in return for which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card for admission to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member who, having given such notice, fails to attend, will be liable only for any expenses actually incurred on his account, and any balance will be returned to him on application. The sum of Is., or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may consider necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field Meeting, for Incidental Expenses. 17. — The Executive may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the Members upon their initative or upon a written requisition (signed by Eight Members) being sent to the Honorary Secretary. Any proposition to be submitted shall be stated in the Notice, which shall be sent to each Member of the Club not later than seven days before the Meeting. Papers. 18. — Notice shall be given to the Secretary, a convenient time before each Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or communication desired to be read, with its title and a short sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of these in the Programme is subject to the consent of the Executive. 19. — The Publications of the Club shall be in the hands of the Executive, who shall appoint annually Three or more Ordinary Members to form .with them and the Editor a Publication Committee for the purpose of deciding upon the contents of the Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original papers and communications written for the Club, and either read, or accepted as read, at a General Meeting ; also of the Secretary's Reports of Meetings, the Treasurer's Financial Statement and Balance Sheet, a list to date of all Members of the Club, and of those elected in the current or previous year, with the names of their proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be edited by the Editor subject to the direction of the Publication Committee. 20. — Twenty-five copies of his paper shall be presented to each author whose communication shall appear in the volume as a separate article, on notice being given by him to the Publisher to that effect. The Affili.'^tiox of Societies and Libraries to the Club. 2l._Any Natural History or Antiquarian Society in the County may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall be sent to such Society. Every affiliated Society shall send the programme of its Meetings to the Hon. Secretary of the Field Club, and shall also report any discoveries of exceptional interest. And the Field Club shall send its programme to the Hon. Secretary of each affiliated Society. The Members of the Field Club shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of affiliated Societies, and the Members of any affiliated Society shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of the Field Club. But any Member of an affiliated Society shall be eligible to read a paper or make an exhibit at the Winter Meetings of the Field Club at Dorchester. Any Public Library or Club, or School or College Library, in England or elsewhere, may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall be sent to such Library. Sectional Committees. 22. — Small Committees may be appointed at the Annual General Meeting to report to the Club any interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various sections which they represent ; and the Committee of each section may elect one of their Members as a Corresponding Secretary. New Rules. 23. — No alteration in or addition to these Rules shall be made except with. the consent of a majority of three-fourths of the Members present at the Annual General Meeting, full notice of the proprosed alteration or addition having been given both in the current Programme and in that of the previous Meeting. Ube Dorset IRatural Ibistor^ an^ Hutiquarian dfiel^ Club. INAUGURATED MARCH iT-i/i, ISTo. President : NELSON M. RICHARDSON Esq., B.A. Vice-Presidents : The Lord EUSTACE CECIL, F.R.G.S.. {Past President) The Rev. HERBERT PENTIN, M.\., i Eon. Secretary). CiPTAiN JOHN E. ACLAND, M.A., F.S.A. (Hon. Treasurer). C.\PTAIN G. R. EbWES, J.P. The Rev. Canon J. M. J. FLETCHER, M.A. (Hon. Editor). The Rev. Canon J. C. M. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, JI.A. The Rev. Canon MAYO, M.A. {Dot-set Editor of " Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries"). The Earl of MOR.A.Y, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., E.G. S. SiH DANIEL MORRIS, K.C.M.G., D.Sc, D.C.L., F.L.S. ALFRED POPE, Esq., F.S.A. W. de C. PRIDEAUX, Esq., F.S.A.. F.R.S.M. E R SYKES, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. {PastPres. Malacological Society). HENRY SYMONDS, Esq., F.S.A. His Honour J. S. UDAL, F.S.A. E.x ecu five Body : Nelson M. Richardson, Esq.", B.A. (President) The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., (Hon, Secretary), St. Peter's Vicarage, Portland Captain John E. Acland, M.A., F.S.A. (Hon. Treasurer) Dorset County Museum, Dorchester. Hon. Editor : The Rev. Caxon J. M. J. Fletcher, M.A., The Close, Salisbury. Publication Committee : The Executive, The Hon. Editor, and E. R. Sykes, Esq. Sectional Committees : Dorset Photographic Survey— The Members of the Executive Body ex officio C. J. Cornish Browne, Esq. (Hon. Director) Colonel and Mrs. W. D. Dickson The Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, M.A. Dr. E. K. LE Fleiiing C. H. Mate, Esq. A. D. MouLLiN, Esq. The Rev. J. Ridley Earthworks — Captain J. E. Acland (Chairman) Chas. S. Prideaux, Esq. (Corres- ponding Secretary ) The President F. E. Abbott, Esq. Lieut. J. G. N. Clift, R.E. Lieut.-Colonel F. G. L. Mainwaring P. H. Morton, Esq. Vhre L. Oliver, Esq., F.S.A. Alfred Pope, Esq., F.S.A. W. de C. Prideaux, Esq., F.S.A. The Rev. W. Rhydderch Miss E. E. \VOODHOUSE H. Symonds, Esq., F.S.A. (Corres- ponding Secretary) Captain John E. Acland, F.S.A. Captain G. R. Elwes Lieut.-Colonel F. G. L. Mainw.uung Numismatic— The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel- Pleydell, M.A. W. DE C. Prideaux, Esq., F.S.A. H. F. Raymond, Esq. Restored Churches- The Rev. A. C. Almack, M.A. (Corresponding Secretary) J. Allner, Esq.,A.R.I.B.A. It. Barrow, Esq. H. W. Cbickjl\y, Esq. The Rev. James Cross, iI..A. The Rev. Canou Fletcher, M.A. G. W. Floyer, Esq., B.A. The Rev. H. Hawkins R. Htne, Esq. The Rev. Canon Mayo, M..\. The Rev. G. C. Niven, B.D., F.R.G.S. W. B. Wildman, Esq., M.A. The Rev. A. C. Woodhodse, M.A. Xi6t of riDembers OF THE Dorset IRatural Ibietor^ anb antiquarian Jfielt) Club For the Year 1920. Honorary Members : Year of Election. (The initials " O.M." signify ''Original Member." o.M. W. Carkuthers, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum (Xat. Hist.), South Kensington, London. 1S89 A. M. Wallis, Esq., 29, Mallams, Portland. 1900 A. Smith Woodward, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S.. F.G.S., British Museum (Xat. Hist.), South Kensington, London. 1904 Sir Wm. Thiselton, Dyer, K.C.M.G., CLE., LL.D., Sc.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., The Ferns, Whitcombe, Gloucester. 1904 Sir Frederick Treves, Bart., G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D., Thatched House Lodge, Richmond Park, Kingston-on-Thames. 1908 Thomas Hardy, Esq., O.M., D. Litt., LL.D., Max Gate. Dorchester. Members : 1903 The Most Hon. the Marquis of Salisbury, M.A., C.K. The Manor House, Cranborne 1903 The Most Hon, the Marchioness of Salisbury The Manor House, Cranborne o.M. The Right Hon. the Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. (Vice-President) Kinfauns Castle, Perth, N.B. 1919 The Right Hon. the Earl of Eldon 43, Portman Square, W. ]. 1911 The Right Hon. the Earl of Ilchester 1902 The Right Hon. the Earl ol" Shaftesbury, K.C.V.O. 1884 The Right Hon. Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S. (Vice- President) 1912 The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Salisbury, D.D. 1892 The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Coventry, D.D., F.S.A. 1907 The Right Hon. Lord VVynford 1907 The Right Hon. Lady Wynford 1910 Abbott, F. E., Esq. 1893 Acland, Captain John E., M.A., F.S.A. (Vice-President ami Hon. Treasurer) 1892 Acton, Rev. Edward, M.A. 1907 Allner, Mrs. George 1908 Almack, Rev. A. C, M.A. 1920 Aston, Captain Harold 1920 Aston, Mrs. Harold 1907 Atkinson, George T., Esq., M.A. 1920 Atkinson, E. H. Tindal, Esq. 1902 Baker, Lieut.-Col. Sir Randolf L., Bart., D.S.O. 1912 Baker, Rev. E. W., B.A. 1919 Ball, Rev. H., B.A. 1919 Ball, Miss Evelyn 1906 Bankes, Mrs. 1912 Bankes, Jerome N., Esq., F.S.A. 1902 Bark worth, Edmund, Esq. 1904 Barlow, Major C. M. 1894 Barnes, Mrs. John lies 1906 Barrow, Richard, Esq. 1919 Barrow, Colonel, R.A.M.C. 1895 Bartelot, Rev. R. Grosvenor, M.A. Melbury, Dorchester St. Giles, Wimborne Lytchett Heath. Poole The Palace, Salisbury Bishop's House, Coventry Wynford House, Maiden Newton, Dorchester Wynford House, Maiden Newton, Dorchester Shortwood, Christchurch, Hants Wollaston House, Dorchester Wolverton Rectory, Basingstoke National Provincial Bank, Stur- minster Newton The Rectory, Blandford St. Mary Preston House, Iwerne Minster, Blandford Preston House, Iwerne Minster Durlston Court, Swanage 4, Essex Court, Temple, E.C. Ranston, Blandford The Rectory, Witchampton Tremel, Ferndown, Wimborne Tremel, Ferndown, Wimborne Kingston Lacy, Wimborne 63, Redclffe Gardens, London, S.W. Hillymead, Seaton Southcot, Charminster Blandford 5, Claremont Terrace, E.xmouth 3, Westerhall, Weymouth Fordington St. George Vicarage, Dorchester 1904 Baskett, Mrs. S. Russell 1913 Bassett, Rev. H. H. Tilney, R.D. (Hon. Editor of the Dorset Rainfall Reports) 1917 Beament, W. O., Esq., M.A. 1888 Beckford, F. J., Esq. 1908 Benett-Stanford, Major J., F.R.G.S., P\Z.S. 1920 Billington, E. R., Esq. 1920 Billington, Miss F. A. 1910 Blackett, Rev. J. C, B.A. 1917 Blathwayt, Rev. F. L., M,A., M.B.O.U, {Hon. Editor of the Dorset Phenological Report) 1919 Blomefield, Mrs. 1903 Bond, Gerald Denis, Esq 1903 Bond, Wm. Ralph G.. Esq. 1913 Bone, Clement G. Esq., M.A. 1889 Bower, H. Syndercorabe, Esq. 1900 Bower, Rev. Charles H.S., M.A. 1898 Brandreth, Rev, F. W., M.A. 1895 Brymer, Rev. J. G., M.A. 1907 Bulfin, Ignatius, Esq,, B.A. 1900 BuUen, Colonel John Bullen Symes 1907 Bury, Mrs. Henry 1905 Busk, W. G., Esq. 1905 Busk, Mrs. W. G. 1903 Butler-Bowden, Mrs. Bruno 1911 Butlin, M. C, Esq., M.A. 1919 Carroll, Mrs. 1920 Carroll, Lt.-Col. E. R. W. 1891 Carter, William, Esq. 1919 Castleman Smith, Miss E. 1913 Champ, Miss Edith 1897 Chudleigh, Mrs, Totnell House, Leiqh, Sherborne Whitchurch Vicarage, Blandford Beaminster Witley, Parkstone Hatch House, Tisbury, Wilts Wyke End, Binclcaves. Weymouth Wyke End. Bincleaves, Weymouth Compton Rectory, Winchester Melbury Osmond Rectory, Dor- chester Distaff Cottage, Sherborne Holme, Wareham Tyneham, Wareham 6, Lennox Street, Weymouth Fontmell Parva, Shillingstone, Blandford Childe Okeford Rectory, Shilling- stone, Dorset Buckland Newton, Dorchester Ilsington House, Puddletown The Den, Knole Road, ])Ourne- mouth Catherston Leweston, near Char- mouth Mayfield House, Farnham, Surrey Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dor- chester Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dor- chester Upwey House, Upwey 7, Westerhall Road, Weymouth The Warren, Glendinning Avenue, Weymouth Glendinning Avenue, Weymouth The Oaks, Parkstone The Close, Blandford St. Katherine's, Bridporl The Castle, Dudsbury, Longham, Dorset 1Q18 Chudleigh, Captain C. A. E. 1894 Church, Colonel Arthur 1905 Clark, Mrs. E. S. 1895 Clarke, R. Stanley, Esq. 1920 Cochrane, G., Esq. 1883 Colfox, Miss A. L. 1878 Colfox, Colonel T. A., T.D. 1904 Collins, \Vm. W., Esq., R I. 1920 Collins, W. P., Esq. 1912 Cooke, Rev. J. H., M.A., LL.D. 1903 Cornish-Browne, C. J., Esq. 1917 Corrie, E. Rowland, Esq. 1920 Cosens, Mrs. W. B. 1909 Crickmay, Harry W., Esq, 1884 Cross, Rev. James, M.A. 1914 Cross, Miss Florence 1885 Curme, Decimus, Esq.. M.R.C.S. 1896 Curtis, C. H., Esq, 1897 Curtis, Wilfred Parkinson, Esq., F.E.S. 1903 Dacombe, J. M. J., Esq. 1918 Dacombe, Miss 1914 Dalton, Mrs. E. E. 1907 Daniell, G. H. S., Esq., M.B. 1894 Davis, Geo., Esq. 1919 Dawe, Miss 1904 Deane, Mrs. 1910 Devenish, Major J. H. C. 1907 Dicker, Miss Eleanor H. 1919 Dicker, C. G. Hamilton, Esq. 1912 Dickson, Colonel W. D. 1912 Dickson, Mrs. W. D. 1911 Dillon-Trenchard Miss Margaret West India Regiment. Kingston, Jamaica St. Alban's. Rodwell, Weymouth St. Aldhelm's, Wareham The Ship Hotel. Crediton, Devon Athelhampton Hall, Dorchester Westmead, Bridport Coneygar, Bridport Stoborough Croft, Wareham Vellore. Overcliff Drive West, Bournemouth Shillingstone Rectory Coryton Park, Axminster Coombe Wood, Branksome Park The Gables, Dorchester 49, St. Mary Street, Weymouth Baillie House, Sturminster Marshall, Wimborne Lydlinch, Sturminster Newton 1, Nelson Road, Bournemouth Blandford Drake North, Sandringham Road, Parkstone 27, Holdenhurst Road, Bourne- mouth 27, Holdenhurst Road, Bourne- mouth Cerne Abbas, Dorchester Brentry, Blandford West Lodge, Icen Way, Dorchester Glaslyn, Carlton Road, North, Weymouth Badbury, 3, Park Road, Bourne- mouth Springfield, Weymouth Great Toller, Dorset Keble College, Oxford Southill, Dean Park, Bournemouth Southill, Dean Park, Bournemouth The Ridge, Durlston Park Road, Swanage 1908 Dominv, G. L.K.C.P. H., Esq., M.R.C.S 1919 Dominv, 11 ., Esq. 1912 Dru Drury, L.R.C.P. G, Esq., M.K.C.S, 1905 Duke, Mrs. Heniy 1907 Duke, Miss M. Constance 1908 Duke, Mrs. E. Barnaby 1910 Eaton, Rev. A. E., M.A., F.E.S. 1916 Edwards, Rev. R. D. St. G., M.A. 1913 Ellis, Henry, Esq., F.R.A.S. 1885 Elwes, Captain G. R. (T7tT- P resident] 1913 F^acey, C. S., Esq., M.B. 1886 Falkner, C. G., Esq., M.A. 1903 Fai-rer, Colonel Philip 1912 Ferguson, Miss E. M. 1912 Ferguson, Miss Constance 1904 Ffuoks, Mrs. E. Archdall 1904 Fielding, Thos., Esq., M.D. 1892 Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., M A. 1910 Filliter, Mrs. W. D. 1911 Fisher, Rev. J. Martyn, M.A., R.D. 1907 Fletcher, Rev. Canon J. M. J., M.A., (Hon. Editor and Vice- President) 1890 Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq. 1885 Floyer, G. W., Esq.. B.A. 1895 Forbes, Mrs 1897 Forde, Henry, Esq. 1910 Forder, B. C, Esq. 1893 Forrester, Mrs. James 1910 Freame, Major B. E. 1920 French, A. W., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 1895 Fry, Edward Alexander, Esq. 1903 Fry, George, S., Esq., C.B.E. 1896 George, Mrs. Burbage, Marlborough The Homestead, Cerne Abbas Corfe Castle, Wareham Manor House, Godmanstone, Dor- chester The Limes, Dorchester Maen, Dorchester Richmond Villa, Xortham, North Devon Longbredy Rectory, Dorche.ster Boat Close, Lyme Regis 3, Jarborough Road, Southsea The Elms, Chickerell, near Wey- mouth Ireton Bank, Rusholme, Manchester Binnegar Hall, Wareham Elwell Lea, Upwey, Dorchester Elwell Lea, Upwey, Dorchester Kingscote, Dorchester Genesta, West Hill Road, Bourne- mouth Sandford House, Wareham Arishmel, Parkstone, Dorset St. Paul's Vicarage, Wevmouth The Close, Salisbury Aldwick Manor, Bognor, Sussex West Stafford, Dorchester Culverhayes, Shillingstone, Blandford Luscombe, Parkstone Lyston, Branksome Park, Bourne- mouth Westport, Wareham The Chantry, Gilllingham Medical Officer's House, The Grove, Portland Sunnyside, Bulstrode Way, Gerrard's Cross, Bucks. 15, Walsingham Road, Hove Fleet House, near Wevmouth 1890 Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart 1912 Glyn, Mrs. Carr 1920 Gordon, Frank. Esq. 1906 Gowring, Mrs, B. W. 1920 Grazehrook, Lieut.-Col. G. C, C.M.G.. D.S.O. 1888 Greves, Hyla, Esq., M.D. 1920 Grimsdell, H. J., Esq. 1904 Groves, Major Herbert J. 1906 Groves, Miss S. J. 1912 Groves, Miss 1906 Gundry, Joseph, Esq. 1912 Haines, F. H., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 1920 Haines, C, Esq. 1920 Haines, Mrs. 1903 Hambro, Sir E verard, K.C.V.O. 1913 Hamilton, Miss 1894 Hawkins, W. Esq., M.R.C.S. 1903 Hawkins, Miss Isabel 1908 Hawkins, Rev. H. 1920 Haydon, Clement J., Esq. 1893 Hayne, R. Esq. 1911 Hellins, Rev. Canon, M.A., LL.B. 1911 Hellins, Mrs. 1899 Henning, Mrs. 1916 Hewgill, Chas. W. Esq. 1912 Hichens, Mrs. T. S. 1910 Hill, Miss Pearson 1902 Hine, R, Esq. 1902 Homer, Miss E. C. Wood 1907 Homer, Mrs. G. Wood 1918 Hutton, Rev. A. B., L.Th. 1903 Jenkins, Rev. T. Leonard, M.A. 1912 Jordan, Miss 1915 Kentish, G. C. A., Esq. 1920 Knight, Alexander, Esq. 1920 Knight, Mrs. Woodlcazc. Wimbornc Woodleaze, Wimborne 5, Lansdowne, Weymouth 49, High West Street, Dorchester The Verne Citadel, Portland Rodney House, Bournemouth 16, Brunswick Terrace, Weymouth Clifton, Weymouth Thickthorne, Broadwey, Dorset Blackdown, Weymouth Red House, Queen's Avenue, Dor- chester Winfrith, Dorchester Cranham, Glendinning Avenue, W^eymouth Cranham, Glendinning Avenue, Weymouth Milton Abbey, Dorset Affpuddle Vicarage, Dorchester Hillfield, Broadwey, Dorchester Ryme, Ehvell Street, Upwey 1, Westerhall, Weymouth Ben Veula, West Cliff Road, Bournemouth Spring Bottom, Osmington Marnhull Rectory, Dorset MarnhuU Rectory, Dorset Frome House, Dorchester Compton Lodge, Weymouth Flamberts, Trent, Sherborne Rax, Bridport Beaminster Bardolf Manor, Puddletown Bardolf Manor, Puddletown Loders Vicarage, Bridport Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne The Ridge, Durlston Park Road, Swanage Longcroft, Windsor Road, Parkstone Long Lynch, Childe Okeford, Shillingstone Long Lynch, Childe Okeford, Shillingstone 1895 Lafontaine, A. C. de Esq., F.S.A. 1876 Langford, Rev. Canon, M.A. 1919 Le Breton, Captain J. G. 1907 Lees, Rear-Admiral Edgar, R.N. 1907 Lees, Mrs. Edgar 1910 Le Fleming, E. K., Esq., B.A., M.B. 1900 Legge, Miss Jane 1902 Lewis, Rev. A., M.A. 1890 Lister, Miss Gulielma, F.L.S. 1905 Llewellin, W., Esq., M.A. 1892 Lock, His Honour Judge B. Fossett 1911 Long, Rev. H. R., B.A. 1888 MacDonald, P. W., Esq., M.D. 1902 Mainwaring, Lieut.-Col. F. G. L. 1920 Manning, H. C, Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. 1890 Mansel-Pievdell, Rev. Canon J. C. M., M.A., (Vice-President) 1883 Marriott, Sir W. Smith, 1904 Marsh, J. L., Esq. 1920 Marshall, Major E. T. Bart. 1918 Marston, Miss 1907 Mate, C. H., Esq. 1920 Maturin, Rev. M. P., M.A. o.M. Mayo, Rev. Canon, M.A., {Vice-President) 1912 McDowall, A. S., Esq., M.A. 1905 Morgan, Mrs. 1911 Morris, Sir Daniel K.C.M.G., D.Sc, D.C.L., F.L.S., (Vice- President) 1920 Morton, P. H., Esq. 1914 Moule, Rev. A. C, B.A. 1897 Moullin, Arthur D., Esq., 1919 Murdoch, Mrs. 1919 Negus, Rev. A, E., M.A. 1905 Nicholson, Captain Hugh 12, Park Lane. W. Southbrook, Starcross, S. Devon Loders Court, Bridport Springfield, Cann, Shaftesburj' Springfield, Cann, Shaftesbury St. Margaret's Wimborne Allington Villa, Bridport Highfield, Portishead High Cliff, Lyme Regis Upton House, Poole The Toft, Bridlington, East Yorks Tolpuddle, Dorchester Grasmere, Spa Road, Weymouth Wabey House, Upvvey 1, Royal Cresent, Weymouth 10, Clarence Terrace, Regent's Park, London, N.W. The Down House, Blandford White Cliff Mill Street, Blandford Notley Farm, Owermoigne, Dor- chester Corfe Castle Elim, Surrey Road South, Bourne- mouth Came Rectory, Dorchester Gillingham, Dorset Warmwell Mill House, Dorchester The Vicarage, Yetminster 14, Crabton Close, Boscombe High West Street, Dorchester Trumpington Vicarage, Cam- bridge Fermain, Rempstone Road, Swanage 3, Dunmarklyn Mansions, Weymouth Steepleton Rectory, Dorchester. Nettlecombe, Melplash 1920 1919 1906 1886 1908 1908 1904 1908 1911 1911 1919 1919 1914 1890 1908 1919 1907 1894 1918 1906 1909 1894 1907 1901 1920 1894 1908 1898 1908 1920 1920 1918 1908 Xiven, Rev. G.C., B.D., F.R.G.S. Norman, W. C, Esq. Oke, A. W., Esq., B.A„ LL.M. F.S.A., F.G.S. Okeden, Colonel U. E. Parry Oliver, Vere L., Esq., F.S.A. Oliver, Mrs. Vere L. Oliver, Weston, Esq., M.A. Orel, W. T., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.G.S. Ouless, W. W., Esq., R.A. Ouless, Miss Catherine Paine, Mrs. Paine, Miss Ruth Pass, Alfred Douglas, Esq. Patey, Miss Patterson, Mrs. Myles Patterson, Myles, Esq., B.A. Paul, Edward Clifford, Esq., M.A. Payne, Miss- Florence O. Peachell, G. E., Esq., M.D. Pearce, Mrs. Thos. A. Pearce, Edwin, Esq. Penny-Snook, S., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Penny-Snook, Mrs. S, Pentin, Rev. Herbert, M.A. ( Vice-President and Hon. Secretary) Peter, Mrs. Peto, Sir Henry, Bart. Phillips, Rev. C. A., M:A, Pickard-Cambridge, A.W., Esq., M.A. Pike, Leonard G., Esq. Pirn, W. Malcolm, Esq. Pim, Mrs. W. Malcolm Pinney, Brig. -General Reginald J., K.C.B. Pitt-Rivers, A. L. Fo.\, F.S.A. Sir Esq., St. Peter's Rectory, Dorchester S. Michael's Mount, Honiton 32, Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex Turnworth, Blandford Whitmore Lodge, Sunninghill, Berks. Whitmore Lodge, Sunninghill, Berks. Castle House, Weymouth 18, Littledown Road, Bournemouth 12, Bryanston Square, London, W. 12, Bryanston Square, London, W. The Warren, Uplyme, Lyme Regis The Warren, Uplyme, Lyme Regis Wootton Fitzpaine, Charmouth 185, Oakwood Court, Kensington, London, W. Conygar, Broadmayne, Dorchester Conygar, Broadmayne, Dorchester Eastbrook House, Upwey Rydal, Wimborne Herrison, Dorchester Ivythorpe, Dorchester F'ore Street, Taunton Netherton House, Weymouth Netherton House, Weymouth St. Peter's Vicarage, Portland Westdown, Weymouth Chedington Court, Misterton, Somerset Walton House, Bournemouth St. Catherine's, Headington Hill, O.xford Kingbarrow, Wareham Woodstock, Dorchester Road, Wey- mouth Woodstock, Dorchester Road, Wey- mouth Racedown House Rushmorc, Salisburv XX. 1904 Plowman, Rev. L. S., 1896 Pond, S., Esq., 1894 Ponting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A., o.M. Pope, Alfred, Esq., F.S.A. (Vice- President). 1906 Pope, Major Alfred Rolph, M.A., 1906 Pope, Mrs. Alfred Rolph 1909 Pope, Francis J., Esq., F.R.Hist.S. 1914 Powell, H. Holland, Esq., A.M.I.C.E. 1920 Prideaux, A. E. D., Esq., L.D.S. 1896 Prideaux, C. S., Esq., L.D.S. , F.R.S.M., F.R.A.I. 1900 Prideaux, W- de C, Esq., L.D.S., F S.A,, F.R.S.M.(Vice- Prcsideiit) 1905 Pringle, Henry T., Esq., M.D. 1905 Pringle, Mrs. Henry T. 1888 Pye, William, Esq. 1905 Ramsden, Mrs. 1912 Rawlence, E. A., Esq., 1919 Raymond, Major, R.G.A. 1919 Raymond, Mrs. 1886 Reynolds, Mrs. Arthur 1887 Richardson, N. M.. Esq. B.A. [President] 1920 Ricardo, Miss K. 1901 Ridley, Rev. J. 1911 Robson, Colonel H. D. 1911 Robson, Mrs. H. D. 1886 Rodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq. 1907 Roe, Miss M. M. E. 1909 Roe, Rev. Wilfred T., M.A. 1912 Romilly, Geo., Esq., M.A. 1907 Roper, Freeman, Esq., F.L.S. 1905 Sanderson-Wells, T. H., Esq., O.B.E., M.D.,F.R.C.S. 1905 Saunt, Miss 1905 Saunt, Miss B.V. 1910 Schuster, Mrs. \\\ P. 1883 Searle, Alan, Esq. 1919 Seward, Edwin, Esq., F.R.I. B.A. 1906 Shcphard, Colonel C.S., D.S.O. 1920 Sheridan, M. O., Ksq. Ibberton Rectory. Blandford Blandford Lockeridge, Parkstone, South Court, Dorchester Culliford House, Dorchester Culliford House. Dorchester 17, Holland Road, London, W. Hillsdon, Springfield Road, Parskstone Wadham House, Dorchester Ermington, Dorchester 12, Frederick Place, Weymouth Ferndown, Dorset Ferndown, Dorset Dunmore, Rodwell, Weymouth Meerhay, Beaminster, Dorset S. Andrew's, Churchfields, Salisbury The Croft, Wimborne The Croft, W^imborne Wyncroft, Bridport Montevideo, Chickerell, near Weymouth Berghmote, Wimborne Pulham Rectory, Dorchester Oswald, Lulworth Cove Oswald, Lulworth Cove Chardstock House, Chard Trent Rectory, Sherborne Trent Rectory, Sherborne The Grange, Marnhull Forde Abbey, Chard 16, Victoria Terrace, Weymouth The Cottage, Upwey The Cottage, Upwey Broadstone House. Broadstone Hawkmore, Paignton, S. Devon 1 2. Victoria Terrace, Weymouth Shortlake, Osmington, Weymouth Frampton Court, Dorcliester 1920 Sheridan, Mrs. M. O. 1884 Sherren, J. A., Esq , F.R.Hist.S. 1914 Sherring, R. Vowell, Esq., F.L.S. 1913 Shields, Rev. A. J., M.A. 1897 Simpson, Jas., Esq. 1920 Smerdon, E. Wilmot, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.S. 1916 Smith, Rev. Edward, M.A., R.D. 1919 Smith, Fredericlc W., Esq., F.S.A. 1899 Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq., L.R.C.P. 1909 Smith, Xowell C. Esq., M.A. 1908 Smith, Mrs. Spencer 1888 Solly, Rev. H Shaen, M.A. 1919 Sotheran, Miss Gertrude 1908 Stephens, A. X., Esq., 1919 Stephens, Major J. A. 1920 Stephens, Rev. A. M., M.A. 1918 Stote, Rev. A. W., M.A. 1920 Stote. Mrs. A. W. 1920 Streatfeild, C, Esq., I.C.S. 1895 Sturdy, Leonard, Esq. 1896 Sturdy, Philip, Esq. 1907 Sturdy, Alan, Esq., 1905 Sturdy, E. T.. Esq. 1914 Sturrock, J., Esq., CLE. 1920 Sugden, E. Percy, Esq. 1920 Sugden, Mrs. 1920 Supple. Mrs. 1898 Suttill, H. S., Esq. 1905 Suttill. Mrs. John 1903 Swaffield, A. Owen, Esq. 1912 Swinburne Hanham, J. C, Esq. 1893 Sykes, E. R., Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. (Vice-President) 1889 Svmes, Colonel G. P., M.A., "B.C.L., M.V.O. 1904 Symonds, Arthur G., Esq. 1904 Symonds, Henrv, Esq., F.S.A. (Vice-Presiileiit\ Frampton Court, Dorchester Helmslev, Pen Hill Avenue, Parkstone Hallatrow, Bristol Battleford, Axminster Brampton Kinlet, Canford Bournemouth CHff 38, Cornwall Road, Dorchester Hazelbury Bryan Rectory, Blandford The Manor House, Poyntington, Sherborne Mount Pleasant, Inkbarrow, Worcestershire The School House, Sherborne The Vine House, Sturminster Newton 5, Denewood Road, Bournemouth West The New House, Norden, Corle Castle Haddon House, West Bay, Bridport Hayden Lodge, Holywell, Dorchester Chaplain's House, Portland Colehill Vicarage. Wimborne Colehill Vicarage, Wimborne Champions, Beaminster Trigon, Wareham The Wick Cottage, Branksome, near Bournemouth Linden, East Lulworth Norburton, Burton Bradstock, Bridport 12, Greenhill, Weymouth Uplands, Wimborne Uplands, Wimborne The Governor's House, Portland Pymore, Bridport 24, West Street, Bridport Rodwell Lodge, Weymouth 106, Goldhurst Terrace, N.W. West Lodge, Iwerne Minster, Blandford Monksdene, Dorchester Road, Weymouth 10, South Street, Dorcheiter Staplegrove Elm. near Taunton XXll. 1912 1913 1901 1906 1920 1898 O.M. 1908 1890 1919 1910 1887 1916 1905 1904 1904 1917 1905 1908 1914 1903 1884 1908 1906 1910 1913 1913 1903 1906 1906 1920 1920 1902 1918 Symonds, F. G., Esq. Symonds, Wm. Pope, Esq. Telfordsmith, Telford, Esq., M.A., M.D. Thomson, Chas. Bertram, Esq., F.R.C.S. Thresher, Miss Maud Troyte-Bullock, Mrs. Udal, His Honour J. S., P^S.A. (Vice-President) Udal, N. R., Esq., B.A. Usherwood, Rev. Canon, M.A. Veitch, W. Hardie, Esq. Vivian, S. P., Esq. Walker, Rev. S. A., M.A. Ward, The Ven. Algernon, M.A., F.S.A., Scot. Ward, Samuel, Esq. Warry, Mrs. King Warry, Wm., Esq. Waterston, C. Esq. Watkins, Wm., Esq., F.R.G.S. Whitby, Mrs. J. Widnell, Edward, Esq., M.A. Williams, Captain Berkeley C. W. Williams, Colonel Sir Robert, Bart., M.P. Williams, Miss Rhoda Winwood, T. H. R., Esq., M.A., Woodd, A. B., Esq., M.A., M.R.I. Woodhouse, Rev. A. C, M.A. Woodhouse, Mrs. A. C. Woodhouse, Miss Ellen E. Woodhouse, Frank D., Esq. Woodhouse, Mrs. Frank D. Wentworth-Forbes, Mrs. Woodhouse, Major H. S. Wright, Rev. Herbert L., B.A. Yeatman, Miss The Firs, Sturminster Newton Newton House, Sturminster Newton The Knoll, Parkstone Romansleigh, Wimborne Corfe Hill, Weymouth Silton Lodge, Zeals, Bath 24, Neville Court, London, N.W. 8. Gordon College, Khartoum Bagdale, Parkstone Lullingstone, Wimborne 22, Royal Avenue, Chelsea, S.W. Charlton Manor, Blandford Sturminster Newton Vicarage Ingleton, Greenhill, Weymouth Hamilton House, Portland Westrovv, Holwell, Sherborne Bucknowle House, Corfe Castle Ethelburga House, 91-93, Bishopsgate, London. E.G., 2. Preston. Yeovil Royston, Wimborne Herringston, Dorchester Bridehead, Dorchester Bridehead, Dorchester Syvvard Lodge, Dorchester Heckfield, Milford-on-Sea, Hants 49, Porchester Road, Bournemouth Porchester Road, Bournemouth Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary 10, Greenhill, Weymouth Norden, Blandford Church Knowle Rectory, Corfe Castle The Redlands, Bishop Sutton, Somerset. Affiliated Liijk.\kies (Rule XXL). 1911 Central Public Library Bournemouth 1915 Sherborne School Library Sherborne 1920 New York i'ublic Library per Messrs. Stevens & Brown. 4, Trafalgar Square. W.C. 2. (Any omissions or should be nolihed to the Hon. Se 1Rew noeinbers. Electp:d since the Publication of the List contained IN Vol. XL. Nominee. The Kev. G. C. Niven, B.D., F.R.G.S., of St. Peter's Rectory, Dorchester. E. R. Billington, Esq., of Wyke End, Bincleaves, Weymouth. Miss F. A. Billington, of Wyke End, Bincleaves, Weymouth. Elected May 4th, 1920. Proposer. Alfred Pope, Esq. H. W. Crickmay, Esq. Nominee. H. C. Manning, Esq.,M.R.C.S. L.E.C.P., of 1, Royal Ores. cent, Weymouth. The Rev. M. P. Maturin, M.A., of Came Rectory, Dorchester. A. E. D. Prideaux, Esq., L.D.S., R.C.S., of Wadham House, Dorchester. W. Malcolm Pirn, Esq., of Woodstock, Dorchester Road, Weymouth. Mrs. W. Malcolm Pirn, of Woodstock, Dorchester Road, Weymouth. E. Wilmot Smerdon, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.S., of 38, Corn- wall Road, Dorchester. Elected Jdly 6th, 1920. Propoaer. C. S. Prideaux, Esq. Lt.-Col. F. G. L. Mainwariug. C. S. Prideaux, Esq. Miss M. H. Saunt. C. S. Prideaux, Esq. Frank Gordon, Esq., of 5, Lansdowne, Weymouth. Mrs. Peter, of Westdown, Weymouth. E. Percy Sugden, Esq., of Uplands, Wimborne. Mrs. Sugden, of Uplands, Wimborne. Mrs. Supple, of The Govern- or's House, Portland. Miss Maude Thresher, of Corfe Hill, Weymouth. Elected August 12th, 1920. Proposer. W. Pye, Esq. Colonel Arthur Church. Dr. E. Kaye Le Fleming. E. Chfford Paul, Esq. .\. Owen SwaflSeld, Esq. Seconder. The Rev. u. H. B. Woodd. Colonel G. P. Symes. >» Seconder. W. de C. Prideaux, Esq. Captain J. E. Acland. W. de C. Prideaux, Esq. J. Sturrock, Esq. W. de C. Prideaux, Esq. Seconder. A. Owen Swaffield, Esq. The President. C. .J. Cornish-Browne, Esq. The Hon. Secretary. Vere L. Oliver, Esq. Elected September 16th, 1920. Nominee. Mrs. W. B. Cosens, of The Gables, Dorchester. Lieut-Ooloiiel G. C. Graze- brook, C..M.G., D.S.O.. of The Veriie Citadel, Port- land. Alexander Knight, Esq., of Long Lynch, Childe Oke- ford, Shillingstone. Mrs. Alexander Knight, of Long Lynch. C. Streatfeild, Esq., I.C.S., of Champions, Beaminster. Propoaer. C. J. Cornish-Browne, Esq. Seconder. Captain J. E. Acland. Colonel C. S. Shephard. The Hon. Secretary. The Rev. Dr. J. H. Cooke. The Rev. A. J. Shields. The Rev. C. H. Syndercombe Bower. Alfred Pope, Esq. Elected Decembeb 7th, 1920 Lieut.-Col. E. R. W. Carroll, of The Warren, Glendin- ning Avenue, Weymouth. G. Cochrane, Esq., of Athel- hampton Hall, Dorchester. A. W. French, Esq.,M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., of the Medical Officer's House, The Grove, Portland. H. J. Grimsdell. Esq., of 16, Brunswick Terrace, Wey- mouth. Mrs. Haines, of Cranham, Glendinning Avenue, Wey- mouth. C. Haines, Esq., of Cranham, Glendinning Avenue, Wey- mouth. Major E. T. Marshall, of Notley Farm, Owermoigne, Dorchester. Miss K. Ricardo, of Bergh- mote, Wimborne. The Rev. A. M. Stephens, M.A., of The Chaplain's House, Portland. E. H. Tindal Atkinson, Esq., of 4, Essex Court, Temple, London, E.C. Proposer. Seconder. Miss Saunt. Colonel C. J. Russell. Myles Patterson, Esq. Mrs. Patterson. Dr. T. H. Sanderson- The Hon. Secretary. Wells. Major A. G. Symonds. A. E. D. Prideaux, Esq. Colonel C. J. Russell. M. C. Butlin, Esq. Major A. G. Symonds. Blyles Patterson, Esq. Dr. E. Kaye Le Fleming. E. P. Sugden, Esq. The Re V. J. Martyn Fisher. The Hon . Secretary. Mrs. George. Elected February 1st, 1921. Nominee. Mrs. Atkinson, of Buckland, Rodwell, Weymouth. The Rev. H. Basil Brown, of Affpuddle Vicarage, Dor- chester. G. B. Burgess, Esq., M.A., of Withleigh, Spa- road, Radi- polc, Wtyinoulh. Proposer. The President. The Rev. H. R. Long. The Rev. H. Hawkins. J. C. Swinburne Hanham, Esq. Seconder. 1 L. M. Groves. Miss Hamilton. Colonel H. J. W. Barrow. Nominee. Proposer. - Miss Crawford, of West HUl T. H. B. Winwood, Esq. House, Wyke Regis, Wey- mouth. Mrs. Hew Crichton, of Mrs. Patterson. Osmington House, near Weymouth. C. J. Girling, Esq., M.B., of Dr. C. B. Thomson. Cranborne. F. H. Newbery, Esq. (Knight Dr. G. Dru Drury. Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy), of Corfe Castle. The Rev. E. Victor Tanner, M.A., M.C., of The College House, Weymouth. Captain J. E. Acland. Seconder. R. Hayne, Esq. Myles Patterson, Esq. Dr. E. Kaye Le Fleming. Miss Marstou. The Hon. Secretary. PUBLICATIONS. Proceedinsrs of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Vols. 1- — XLI. Price 10s. 6d. each volume, post free. General Index to Proceedings, I.— XLI. Price Is. The Church Bells of Dorset. By the Rev. Canon Raven, D.D., F.S.A. Price (in parts, as issued), Gs. 6d., post free. By the Pbesident. Second Supplement to the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbsck. Compiled from the notes of Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is. The Volumes of Proceedings and General Index can be obtained from the Hon. Treasurer (Captain John E. Acland, Dorset County Museum) ; the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck, from the President. SOCIETIES ct INSTITUTIONS IN CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE FIELD CLUB. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Bournemouth Natural Science Society, 39, Old Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. Bristol and Gloucestershire Arch.S!0L0gical Society, Gloucester. British Museum, London. British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington, London. British Association, Burlington House, London. Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art (The Hon. General Secretary, care of Messrs. W. Brendon and Son, Plymouth). Essex Museum op Natural History, Stratford, Essex. Geological Society op London, London. Hampshire Field Club (care op Messrs. Gilbert, Southampton). National Library of Wales (Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru), Aberystwyth. Royal Society of Antiquaries, Dublin, Ireland. Society of Antiquaries, London. Somerset ARCHi;oDOGiCAL and Natural History Society, Taunton Castle, Taunton. University Llbraby, Cambridge. Wiltshire ARCHiEOiiOGicAii and Natural History Society, Devizes. Hhe proccebinge OF THE 2)or0et IRatural Ibistor^ anb Hntiqiiarian jftelb Club. From May, 1919, to May, 1920. FIRST SUMMER MEETING, Abbotsbury. Thursday, 19th June, 1919. This year the popular and enjoyable summer meetings of the Club have been resumed. Their abeyance for nearly hve years was due partly to the difficulties of transit and of food supply during the continuance of the war; but more especially it arose from feelings of patriotism, and from not knowing, from day to day, what sad tale the casualty Hsts might tell. The first of these meetings, after so prolonged an interval, was held at Abbotsbury on Thursday, June 19th. About 70 of the members and their friends attended, amongst whom were the President, the Hon. Secretary, the Hon. Editor, and Mr. A. Pope (Vice-President). Upon their arrival at Abbots- bury, the President welcomed the members of the club, and expressed his pleasure that so many were present and that the summer meetings had begun again. The party proceeded to the Parish Church of St. Nicholas, where the Rev. W. Owen Cockcraft, Rector of Langton Herring, acted as guide. He stated that: — XXVlll. FIRST SUMMER MEETING. The two stone coftuis, which had been discovered amongst the Alibey ruins, and which now lie near to the Church porch, are supposed to be those of abbots of the adjoining monastery; and within the porch, on its eastern side, is the grave slab of another abbot. The defaced stone crucifix, too, which is now above the church door, is thought to have been brought from the abbey. The building is of the late Perpendicular style of architecture, and dates back to the earliest years of the sixteenth century; though remains of earlier work are incorporated. The interior arcading, with arches of uniform size, is continuous to the east end of the chancel : — there being no chancel arch, although the roof of the chancel is distinguished from that of the nave by its division into compartments, in some of which as well as on the reredos the heraldic insignia of the Strangeways' family with various impalements are conspicuous. In the south choir aisle is a double piscina. The pre-Reformation glass (St. Catherine) on the south side of the church was brought from the abbey. The Jacobean pulpit shows two holes made by Cromwellian bullets in 1644. On the west face of the tower is carved a curious emblem of the Holy Trinity — a seated figure representing God the Father, with the Dove on His right shoulder, and a Crucifix between His knees. Outside the church were pointed out various monastic remains, and the base of a Cross, which Mr. A. Pope thought, judging by its matrix, must have been an unusually large one. The base is square, but it was octagonal above, and presumably would be 25ft. in height. Mr. Pope conjectured that it was of 15th century workmanship, and that it originally stood in the market place and not in the churchyard. The pinion end is all that now remains of the old manor house of the Strangeways. which was destroyed in 1644. The building, now used as a workshop, containing three pre- Reformation windows, is variously conjectured to have been, *the chapter house, the infirmary, or the refector3\ Some good fragments of the old gatehouse still remain, and the arch- way is interesting. The huge Monastic Barn, of 15th century work, measuring 276ft. by 31ft., was next visited with its interesting porch, its fine range of buttresses, and its hexagonal staircase tower. The decayed state of a portion of its thatched roof is to be regretted; and it is hoped that, now that more labour is available, it will be attended to. * D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. VIII, p. 44, FIRST SUMMER MEETING. xxix. Time did not permit of a visit to St. Catherine's Chapel ; but a move was made for The Swannery where there were about 750'swans. Usually live cygnets are successfully reared out of a clutch of five eggs. The natural food of the swan is the widgeon grass, Zostera iimrHiiiia. The four duck decoys were next visited, by means of which 500 wild fowl have been captured in two days, and on one occasion as many as 74 were taken in a bag at once. This portion of the estuary of the Fleet is a famous resort of wild fowl, including widgeon, mallard, teal, tufted duck, gadwall and sheldrake. From the Swannery the party walked to the famous Sub-tropical Gardens near Abbotsbury Castle, over which they were taken by the head-gardener, Mr. Kempshall. Thanks to the congenial soil, mild climate, and sheltered position, palms and eucalyptus, and manj' varieties of sub-tropical vegetation from China and Japan, Chili and Peru, India, Mexico, Brazil and Australasia, flourish vigorously in the open. Some 7,000 varieties of trees and plants have been actually catalogued, and in addition there are many which have not yet been included in the list. Amongst the items of special interest to which the attention of the members was drawn were the Villaresia mucronata, the only one in the country, a species of Peruvian olive, the magnolia (on which no fewer than 20,000 blooms had been seen at once), New Zealand daisies, the CaUistemon rigidus, cork trees and the swamp oak (Quercus ■paliistris). Before leaving the gardens, the President expressed the hearty thanks of the Club to Mary, Countess of Ilchester, for her kind permission to visit the gardens, and to Mr. Kempshall for his work as cicerone. After tea, which was partaken of at the Ilchester Arms, a short business meeting was held, at which six nominees for membership were ballotted for and elected unanimously. XXX. SECOND SUMMER MEETING SECOND SUMMER MEETING, WiMBORXE MiXSTER. The Second Summer Meetinj^ was held on Tuesday, August 26th. The party numbered between 60 and 70. The meeting place was Wimborne Minster. The Hon. Editor, Caxox Fletcher, Vicar of Wimborne. acted as guide during the day, and welcomed the members of the Club at the entrance to the Churchyard. Amongst the company assembled were the President, the Hon. Secretary, Mr. A. Pope (Vice-President), Col. and Mrs. W. D. Dickson, Capt. and Mrs. Carr Glyn, &c., &c. The Minster. After alluding to the *remains of an ancient Roman Temple, which had been unearthed during the great restoration of 1855-57, but had been covered up and still e.xisted beneath the flooring of the nave, Canon Fletcher traced the history of the Church from its first foundation as a |Benedict-ine Nunnery, by St. Cuthburga, sister of Ina, the great Saxon law-giver, sometime before the year 705; and to the period of the wars with the Danes, by whom it was destroyed in the early part of the 11th century. Some few years later it was refounded- -probably by Edward the Con- fessor, the founder of Westminster Abbey — as a College of Secular Canons with a Dean at their head. Its royal foundation would doubtless account for its having been for so many centuries a Royal Chapel. The College was dissolved in the reign of Edward VI, and its estates were confiscated. Some portion of its property, however, was restored to it by a Charter at the commencement of the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and by the same Charter the Minster was to be served by three % "Presbyters" or " Ministers," who had equal authority, and each with his own clerk. The Charter also provided for an organist and choir. For upwards of 350 years the Minster has had a surpliced choir and a cathedral service. For various reasons the triple control was not satisfactory, and under a scheme of the Charity Commissioners it was abolished in 1883, from which time the Minster has had its sole Vicars, of whom the speaker was the second. The § architectural features were next pointed out— the Norman lower * D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XXXIX, p. 30. t D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XXXII, p. 199, and Vol. XXXIX,- p. 31. i D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 98. § D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XXVII, p. xlvii, &c.; Vol. XXXI, pp. 126, 127, SECOND SUMMER MEETING. XXXl. stage of the central tower, the later upper stages, the transition, or late Norman, arches of the nave ; the Early English Chancel ; the J3ecorated extension of the nave; the Perpendicular clerestory and western tower. Various objects of interest were commented on: — *The tomb of Ethclred, elder brother of Alfred the Great, with its later brass, said to be the only brass existing to a king ; that of the f Duke and Duchess of Beaufort, (erected by their daughter Lady Margaret, mother of Henry VI 1) ; the Fitz Pierre (?) monument; the tomb of Sir Edmund Uvedale, symbolical of the resurrection; and the monument of | Anthony Ettrick, commonly known as "the Man in the Wall." The clock in the baptistery is said to have been constructed by Peter Lightfoot, a monk of Glastonbury, in 1325, — 200 years before the days of Copernicus. It showsthephasesof themoon and its revolution round the earth, and, in accordance with the Ptolemaic system, it marks the revolution of the sun also. The houselling cloths have, presumably, always been in use, although the benches on which they now lie are relics of Puritan aggression, having been made in 1655, when the Independents had obtained possession of the Minster, as seats upon which they sat for their Communion. The lectern is dated 1623. The glass in the east window is old Flemish, the subject ''The stein of Jesse." The crypt (Early English and Decorated), partly taken up by the Bankes' vault, accounts for the unusual elevation of the high altar. In the north transept are remains of a § fresco of the Crucitixion. The chained book in the church II is Bishop Jewel's Apology; The length and position of the chain, as well as its links should be compared with those of the ** chains, in the Library, attached to the 200 volumes on the shelves. The Quarter Jack on the north side of the west tower was placed there in 1613. The Minster is the only church in the county, or in the diocese, with a peal of ten bells. The three-faced sundial is unusual. Those present, at the vicar's suggestion, after his description was iinished, examined in detail, at their leisure, the various points of interest. Deanscourt, on the site of the old Deanery, was to have been visited; but, by the wish of I^ady Hanhani, the visit was deferred until another occasion. * D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XL, p. 24. t D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XXVIII, p. 219. X D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII, p. 26. § Somerset & Dorset Notes & Queries, Vol. Ill, p. 249. II D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XXXV, pp. 16, 25. ** D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XXXV, p. 21, xxxu. sf.cond summer meeting. The Leper Chapel of St. Marg-^ret and St. Anthony. A move was accordingly made for * St. Margaret's, the old Leper Chapel, dating back to the time of King John, and now- used as a chapel for the inmates of the adjoining alms-houses, where a paper, of which the following is a brief resume, was read by Canon Fletcher on the history of chapel. Leprosy is known to have existed in England in the 10th century, that is to say, more than a hundred years before the First Crusade. It was probably introduced by pilgrims returning from the Holy Land, or by traders or other travellers from the East. Its spread was due to insanitary conditions and to an excessive use of salted food. Leper Houses were religious establishments, designed for the care, rather than for the cure, of the afliicted— for the benefit of the soul rather than for the relief of the body. In" Dorset there were Leper Houses at Wimliorne, at Athlington near Brid- port, and presumably at Dorchester. The Wimborne Hospital was dedicated to St. Margaret of Antioch and to St. Anthony. It was in existence in the time of King John; and, according to entries in various Patent Rolls, was for ■ brothers and sisters,' lepers, who were permitted to beg for alms, and to whom protection was granted. Subsequently various gifts of land were bestowed upon them ; and, eventually, Redcoddes Chantry at the Minster appears to have been assigned to them — doubtless in order that they might have a priest of their own. After leprosy had died out of the country, St. Margaret's continued to be a home for the poor and infirm, although it was shown in 1548-9 that the endowments were insufficient for their maintenance without help from the inhabitants of Wimborne. In later years, according to the Churchwardens' Accounts, a portion of the moneys levied on the Churchwardens by the County Treasurer, towards the expenses of the County Gaol, were granted for the use of the Charity of St. Margaret. In 1685 it benefited considerably under the will of Rev. W. Stone.f The Chapel measures 38ft. by 13ft. The side walls of native brown heath stone, the lancet windows, and the circular ribs of the roof appear to belong to the 13th century; and the wall paintings (excepting those at the east end) are of a very early date. In the later part of the 17th century prayers were read by one of the inmates. But for many years the Chapel was used as a tool-shed by the alms people. It was re-opened for divine service in 1885. Tea followed in the Vicarage Garden, where the members of the party were the guests of Canon and Mrs. Fletcher. After tea there was a short business meeting, at which three new members were elected and live candidates were nominated. *D.F.C. Proceedings, Vol. XVII, p. 109. t D.F.C Proceedings, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 24-26. SFXOND SUMMER MEETING. Monmouth's Ash. A vivid address was given by Dr. Le Fleming on the capture of the Duke of Monmouth at Monmouth Ash, in the parish of Horton, not six miles distant from where they were assembled. He said that By sunrise on the day of the battle of Sedt^emoor, Monmouth knew that he would have to ffy for his life, and, accompanied by a few of his friends and some soldiers, he escaped from the field of battle. He first travelled northwards towards the Bristol Channel, apparently making his way for Wales, but appeared to have been persuaded by his followers to retrace his steps and make for the New Forest, probably with a view of reaching Lymington, where the Mayor was known to be one of his devoted followers. The first portion of his flight was shrouded in mystery, though it was known that he was somewhere in the direction of Shepton Mallet, and that on the Tuesday after the battle he was between Shaftesbury and Gillingham. Crossing Cranborne Chase he reached Woodyates, where he with his attendants, Lord Grey and a German named Buyse, abandoned their horses, burned their harness, and proceeded on foot. A reward of £5,000 was put upon his head, and the whole countryside was roused to capture him. Lord Lumley, with the Sussex militia, searched for him from Ringwood, while Sir Wm. Portman with the Somerset militia tried to cut him off from the coast. Doubtless, in Wimborne, sentries had been placed on Julian and Canford Bridges. The fugitives went towards Horton, and Lord Grey was captured at Woodlands with a guide whom he had picked up, Richard Holiday by name. During the course of the day Lord Lumley learned from a woman. Amy (or Annie) Farrant, that she had seen the Duke with a companion, the German Buyse, heading for Horton. And there is no doubt that the fugitives spent the night in a plantation, two miles from Horton, surrounded by troops. Almost at break of day, on Wednesday morning, Buyse was captured, and they extracted the information that the Duke was close by. Before long they discovered him, clothed as a shepherd, hiding in a ditch. He was searched by Sir Wm. Portman, and the Insignia of the Garter, which he wore, established his identity. At the conclusion of the meeting the President expressed the thanks of those present to Dr. Le Fleming for his paper, to Canon Fletcher for his services throughout the day as guide, and to him and Mrs. Fletcher for their hospitality. FIRST WIXTER MEETING. WINTER SESSION, 1919-20. The FIRST MEETING of the Club for the Winter Session was held in the Reading Room of the County Museum, Dorchester, on Tuesday, December 9th, 1919, at 12-30 p.m. The President, Mr. Nelson Richardson, took the chair, and was supported by four of the Vice-Presidents: the Rev. Herbert Pentin (Hon. Secretary), Capt. J. E. Acland (Hon. Treasurer), Canon Fletcher (Hon. Editor), and Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A. About twenty members of the Club were present. Five candidates for membership were elected by ballot, and ten additional candidates were nominated. BRITISH ASSOCIATION. Mr. Alfred Pope stated That he had attended the 87th meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Bournemouth, on Sept. 8th to 12th, as representative of the Field Club, on the Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies. Both the Conference of Delegates and the Meeting of the Association were largely attended and most interesting. In his Presidential Address at the Conference, on ' Roads and the Historv of Locomotion,' Lord Montagu of Beaulieu advocated the placing of all public roads, whether main or district, under one and the same authority, with a view to the bye-roads in the agricultural districts being kept in better repair, to the advantage of those residing in the country. Much interest was evinced in Dr. I. S. Owen's paper on ■ The Atmospheric Pollution of Towns," and in that of Mr. de Carle Salter on ' The Measure- ment of Rain.' At the Inaugural Meeting of the Association, held in the Pavilion of the Winter Gardens, the Hon. Sir Charles Parsons, K.C.B., D.Sc, F.R.S., in his most comprehensive and learned Presidential address, dealt with ' Engineering before and after the war,' ' the Science of War,' Submarines, Air Ships, 'Electricity as the future source of power and heat,' • Water power for generating Electricity,' and ' Our future supply of Coal ' upon which we had hitherto depended almost exclusively for heat and source of power. As President of the Botanical Section, Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., whom we have the honour of numbering amongst our Vice- Presidents, delivered an admirable address, which dealt with • the progress of Science as affecting the leading botanical enterprises of the empire.' These are now of the utmost importance in the work of reconstruction after the war. FIRST WINTER MEETING. XXXV. Mr. C. W. Hewgill expressed the opinion that the time and place of meeting were inconvenient, more especially for those members of the Club who came from the Bournemouth direction. He suggested that, instead of meeting at 12-30 and having a luncheon interval, it would be more advantageous to meet at 1-30, after an early luncheon, and that the meeting should occupy one sitting only. The President stated that the Winter Meetings had always been held at Dorchester and that the question of the time of commencement had frequently been discussed, but that no alteration had been made. The Rev. Herbert Pentin thought that the advantage of the present arrangement as to place was that Dorchester is fairlv central, some people coming from one direction and some from another. The suggestion had also been made that the second winter meeting should be held in January instead of in February. After further discussion it was decided that, for the present, at any rate, no alteration should be made. Capt. Acland stated that some little dissatisfaction had been expressed in consequence of the reduced size of the Annual Volume of the Society's Proceedings. He alluded to the great increase in the cost of printing and paper as well as of binding, and said that the size of the volume must depend upon the amount of subscriptions received. Exhibits. By the President : — (1). A reel of cotton, containing nest of the keyhole wasp iOih'iicnis), and some specimens of the insect. Mr. Richardson read the following note : — This small wasp makes its nest of a series of mud cells in any small hollow or tube, such as a keyhole. It often uses the groove in the sash of a window where the sash line lies, or any other similar place, such as the central tube in the reel exhibited. Its method is to make first a single cell, in which it lays an egg, and in which it also places a caterpillar, which it has stung in such a way as to paralyze it so that it can just move its tail, much as many caterpillars do when on the point of turning to chrysalises. The caterpillar remains in this state fnr a lung time,— (I have kept them for XXXVl. FIRST WINTER MEETING. as loni^ as two months without muclT cliange) — and furnishes food for the grub which hatches from the egg in the cell with it. The wasp makes as many cells as there is room for. — in this reel about three, — with thin walls of mud. Other species use spiders instead of caterpillars. This little wasp is very common, and may often be seen on windows and elsewhere, looking for a suitable nesting place. (2). A MS. of the 15th century, small 4to. A Service Book containing services to be used for a nun who is at the point of death and after she has died ; but it does not contain a burial service. The book contains a good deal of musical notation, and numerous initials in burnished gold and colours. The first page has a large initial letter, and a floral and scroll border in colours and gold. By the Hon. Secretary Rev. Herbert Pentin : — A musical cryptograph, upon which he read the following note : — This is said to be the original secret cipher communication sent by a lady to King Charles II. when at Boscobel, after the defeat of the Royalist army at Worcester in 1651. It is the property of Miss White, of Hamilton House, Portland, and came into possession of her family through a Mr. Port (the father of a Portland clergyman, the Rev. George Port), whose wife had been a lady-in-waiting to Queen Charlotte. The Port family obtained it through an intermarriage with a member of the Royalist family of Grenville. The cryptograph was exhibited at the Stuart Exhibition in London in 1887, at the request of the Earl of Winchelsea. To decipher the message it is only necessary to fold one of the lines of the bass stave on to one of the lines of the soprano stave and it will be seen that the hooks and slurs of the musical notes form themselves into the words " Conceal yourself: your foes look for you." Dr. John Wallis, who is reputed to have been the principal decipherer of such Royalist secret despatches as fell into the hands of Cromwellians. states that the art of secret writing had grown so common and familiar during the civil commotions " that now there is scarce a person of quality but is more or less acquanted with it, and doth, as there is occasion, make use of it." It is also on record that Charles I. and his Queen were adepts in the use of ciphers, so that without any doubt their Royal son would have been acquainted with every variety of cipher then in use, and it is known that among those in use was musical cryptography. By Captain Acland : — A number of Turkish bank notes, which had been brought from Mesopotamia by a soldier. FIRST WINTER MEETIXG. XXXVU. By Mr. Alfred Pope : — A silver coin, brought by his son, Captain Pope, from Mesopotamia. Papers. (1). Mr. Henry Symonds contributed a paper on " Dorset Volunteers during the Napoleonic Wars," which, in his absence, was read by Captain Acland. (Printed). As illustrating the paper, a drum, colours and head-dress, the property of the Dorset Museum, were exhibited, The Assistant Secretary, Mr. H. Pouncy, observed that it seemed a pity that some of the bright and showy uniforms originally worn, were not preserved in the Museum, as well as the colours and drum of the pld Volunteers. While these things were familiar objects, people did not realise how scarce they would become and how interesting to posterity; and he urged that some careful record of the last Volunteer movement should be prepared, and that "relics" should be obtained to be preserved at the Museum. The President expressed his opinion that it was an excellent idea which certainly ought to be carried out. Mr. Pouncy exhibited one of the original tunics, with the various badges and distinctions of rank, worn by the Volunteers in the early stages of the late war. (2). A Paper on " Sandsfoot Castle, Weymouth," which had been prepared by Mr. W. C. Norman, of Honiton, was, in his unavoidable absence, read by Canon Fletcher. (Printed). One of the stone cannon balls, together with the breech chamber, which had been presented by Mr. Norman to the County Museum, were exhibited. Mr. Vere Oliver also exhibited a series of early engravings and water-colour draw- ings of Sandsfoot Castle, representing it between the years 1773 and 1784. The President mentioned the fact that an ancient dagger had also been found at Sandsfoot Castle by a school-boy. (3). Mr. E. a. Rawlence read a paper entitled "A con- sideration of the true site of the Battle of Ethandun," which had previously been read before the Society of Antiquaries to the accompaniment of lantern illustrations. XXXviil. SECOND WINTER MEETING. SECOND WINTER MEETING. Tuesday, February 17th, 1920. The second Winter Meetint^ was held in the Reading Room of the County Museum at Dorchester, on Tuesday, February 17th, at 12-30. The chair was occupied by the President (Mr. Nelson Richardson), who was supported by four Vice- Presidents, — viz.: The Rev. Herbert Pentin, Captain John E. Acland, F.S.A., Canon Fletcher, and Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A. Thirty members of the Club were present. Ten candidates for membership were elected by ballot, and the Hon. Secretary read a list of three additional nominations. Annual Congress of ARCH^iOLOGiCAL Societies. The Report of His Honour J. S. Udal, F.S.A. , one of the delegates representing the Dorset Field Club, on the meeting held on November 28th, 1919, was read. He stated that Sir Hercules Read, in his address on ' The Relation of Archjeological Societies to Local Museums,' suggested the advisability of some closer system of organisation than generally existed at the present time between the various County Archa3ological Societies and their local Museums. He criticised at some length the work and duties of the curators of these local museums, and referred to the varying capabilities of local archaeologists entrusted with the carrying out of such work as excavations, between whom and the local museums there should be much closer collaboration than is usually the case. He mentioned the excavation work carried out in connection with the Taunton Museum as affording the best instance of what such work should be, and called attention to cases where important Roman pavements had been endangered by the spreading roots of newly planted trees. Mr. J. S. Udal expressed his disappointment that, in the eulogium jxissed upon some of the western museums, the County Museum at Dorchester had not been mentioned, situated as it is in the centre of many important excavations, and containing many interesting finds. By other delegates, the advisability was suggested of getting children to take an interest in their local antiquities, as had been done at Salisbury with marked success. Sir Hercules Read agreed that this would be most helpful. That there was a great and increasing interest taken in such matters was shown by the large number of people visiting ancient monumenls. SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXXIX. Dr. Philip Xorman, F^.S.A., speaking on the subject of ' The preservation of Ancient Cottages,' attributed the greatly increased interest in archaeo- logical matters to the recent presence of so many Colonials in England. The question was whether the old cottages should be repaired or demolished. In towns, a difficulty arose from the great value of their sites as well as from the need of widening the streets; but in the country it was different. The great difficulty to be met with arose from the action of local authorities, and there was a danger of altering or destroying unnecessarily their ancient and distinguishing features. Though some must go, others might be spared and restored at a great saving of cost. Helpful advice could always be obtained from the " Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings." Mr. Udal (Dorset) joined in the plea for the protection and restoration of ancient cottages, and spoke of the charming effect of the old thatched cottages in the village of Chideock, near Bridport. Their continued existence was probably due to the fact that they were, for the most part, the property of a single local landlord, who carried out piecemeal repairs as they were needed, and so avoided the arbitrary restrictions of the local by-laws. He quite recognised the danger that might arise to neighbouring buildings through fire; but sometimes great difficulty had been found in obtaining permission to place thatched roofs upon cottages standing in a more or less isolated position. Summer Meetings. The President brought forward the question of summer meetings, and asked for consideration as to how many meetings should be held and whether it would be advisable that a two-days' meeting should be included. The Hon. Secretary said that he was afraid that, with regard to a two-days' meeting, considerable difticulty would be experienced in arranging for hotel accommodation. It was unanimously decided not to hold a two-days' meeting, and that the arrangements with regard to dates and places, &c., of three or four single days' meetings should be left to the Hon. Secretary. Universities' Libraries. Captain Acland stated that the two great Universities of Oxford and Cambridge had in their Libraries complete sets of the Proceedings of the Dorset Field- Club, excepting that Vol. H was missing from the Cambridge set. It was an honour and pleasure to know that the Universities wished to have these volumes. The President expressed the hope that some member of the club would feel generously disposed, and would supply the Cambridge University with the" missing volume. xl. SECOND WINTER MEETING. Exhibits. (1). By the Rev. C. H. B. Woodd :— (a) A collection of flints, found on the pathway leading from Toller Porcorum to Toller Fratrum. Captain Acland said that the greatest experts continually differed on the subject of pateoliths. He did not claim to be an expert; but was inclined to doubt if the specimens exhibited had been " worked." Moreover their position on the surface of a pathway was against them. (b) An Elizabethan silver coin and two other coins found in the same district. These two were pronounced by the Hon. Secretary to be an Edwardian silver penny and a Georgian halfpenny. (2). By Mr. W. C. Norman :— (a) Two paljeoliths found at Honiton. (b) A minute urn of bone found at Jordan-hill. Mr. Norman said : — That the urn was given to him by Lieut. Ball, R.N., who was in charge of the Preston Coastguard Station alwut 55 years ago. By permission of Mr. Scutt, who then occupied the farm at Preston, of which Jordan-hill formed a portion. Lieut. Ball was allowed to remove some earth from the hill in order to make a flower border at his quarters. While so doing, in breaking up a lump of earth, the urn fell out. It was sent to the British Museum in 1886, and was pronounced by Professor PYanks to be of bone and quite unique. (c) A drinking cup of the 16th or 17th century. (d) Some coins found at Weymouth. (3). By Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A. :— Two sarcophagi, in the finest statuary marble. The larger one, measuring 22in. by 19in. is carved in relief at the four corners with ox masks, from wdiich depend festoons of flowers. The cover is carved to represent a roof of Roman • tiles. The smaller one, measuring 18in. by Hjin., is carved with rams' heads in profile and with laurels, ivy and other leaves. The cover is finely carved with acanthus leaxcs. SECOND WINTER MEETING. xli. Mr. Pope said that the only fact that he knew about the sarcophagi was that they were brought from Florence upwards of 70 years ago. He could not say whether they were copies or originals. They might have been crematoria, though neither appeared to have been used. (4). By Dr. Le Fleming : — A curious old medical work, entitled: — "A needefull, new, and necessarie treatise of Chyrurgerie, briefly comprehending the generall and particular curation of Vlcers, drawen foorth of sundrie worthy wryters, but especially of Antonius Calmeteus Vergesatus, and Joannes Jagaleius, by John Banister, Gent., practner in Physicke and Chyrurgerie. Hereunto is annexed certaine experimentes of mine owne invention, truely tried, and daily of me practised." Imprinted at London by Thomas Marshe, Anno 1575. Cum Privilegio. Papers. (1). "Colour sense in a keyhole wasp (Odynerus)," by the President. (Printed). (2). " Some old Inns of Wimborne," by Dr. E. KaVe Le Fleming. (Printed). (3). "'A glimpse of Weymouth and the War, 1802-3," by the Rev. W. Owen Cockcraft. (Printed). A paper which was to have been read by Mr. W. de C. Prideaux, F.S.A., in continuation of his series on " Dorset Brasses," was postponed. Xlii. ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. Tuesday, May 4th, 1920. The Annual General Meeting of the Field Club was held in the Reading Room of the County Museum, at Dorchester, on Tuesday, May 4th, at 12-30 p.m. The President (Mr. Nelson M. Richardson) was in the chair, and was supported by four Vice-Presidents — the Rev. Herbert Pentin, Captain John E. Acland, F.S.A., Captain G. R. Elwes and Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A. About thirty members of the Club were present. Three candidates for membership were unanimously elected by ballot, and six additional candidates for membership were nominated. The President delivered his annual address, the sixteenth since his lirst election to the chair. It will be found printed on pages 1-21 of this volume. Mr. Alfred Pope, in proposing a hearty vote of thanks to the President, said that his address, like the fifteen which Mr. Richardson had given in former years, had covered a wide i"ange of subjects with much interesting detail. The members of the Club were fortunate in having so competent and so accomplished a President. The vote was seconded by Captain Elwes and carried with acclamation. Presentation of the Mansel-Pleydell Medal. When presenting the Mansell-Pleydell medal, together with a prize of ;€10, to Mr. Vere L. Oliver, F.S.A., of Greenhill House, Weymouth, for his paper on "Tudor Houses in Dorset and the Contemporary Life within them," Captain Elwes compli- mented Mr. Oliver on the thorough way in which the essay had been prepared, on the lucidity of its expression, and on its exceptional value as a contribution to the literature of the Club and of the County. The President congratulated Mr. Oliver on his success in a year in which there had been consicler.ibic more competition than usual. He added that ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. Xllll. the judges had also given " honourable mention " to a very good essay which had been written by His Honour J. S. Udal, who was about to bring out a paper on Dorset Folklore. A general desire was expressed that Mr. Oliver's successful essay should be printed. The Hon. Secretary read his report for the year 1919-20, which was as follows : — As a result of the cessation of the war, the membership of the Club has slightly increased during the past year; but there are still a number of vacancies. The attendance at the winter meetings has improved, and the summer meetings which were held last year were a very pleasant revival. But the effects of the war are still with us; and it seems likely that some years will have to elapse before the work of the Club will be in full swing again. There has, however, been a distinct move forward during the past year. The Hon. Treasurer presented his account of the receipts and expenditure of the Club during the past year. It will be found on page xlv. The following was the report of the Hon. Editor : — It will be noticed that both Vol. XL, which should be in your hands during the course of the next few weeks, and Vol. XLI, which will, I hope, be published before the close of the year, will bear the name of a new printer. The early volumes of our Proceedings (Vols. I-VII) were printed at Sherborne. Then, for upwards of 30 years, they were issued from the Office of the Dorset County Chronicle. It is with much regret that, in consequence of difficulties caused by the war, our connection with that establishment has been severed. The forthcoming volumes will be printed by Mr. F. G. Longman of Dorchester. Vol. XLI will contain summaries of the Proceedings of the Club at the two summer meetings which we have been able to hold this year, as well as of those at the two winter meetings and at the annual business one. It will also contain the 16th annual address of the President; papers on '-The Dorset Volunteers during the Napoleonic Wars," by Mr. H. Symonds, F.S.A.; •• Sandsfoot Castle, Weymouth," by Mr. W. C. Norman; " Colour Sense in a Keyhole Wasp," by the President; "Some Old Inns of Wimborne," by Dr. Le Fleming, and '■ A glimpse of Weymouth and the War, 1802-3," by the Rev. Owen Cockcraft.* There will, too, be the Returns of Rainfall in Dorset, and the Phenological Notes for the year, 1919. The Volume should be slightly thicker than the one which was issued last year; but our members will be well aware that the great increase in the cost of paper and of printing will * By special request, Mr. Vere Oliver's Prize Essay is also included. Xliv. ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. make it impossible lor us, under present conditions, to be able to issue such bulky tomes as we were privileged to have during the years which immediately preceded the war. Captain J. E. Acland, F.S.A., the Curator, read the following " Notes on Acquisitions to the Dorset County Museum, May, 1919-20." Antiquities. (1). During the occupation of the Eastern slope of Pound- bury Camp, Dorchester, by German Prisoners of War, many traces of ancient burials were brought to light, due to disturbance of the soil for roadmaking and drainage. Stone and lead coffins have been found, and have been left in situ awaiting some future systematic investigation ; but we have here, on loan from the Council of the Duchy of Cornwall, to whom the property belongs, a bronze wire tore of simple design found in the grave of a child, and actually on the neckbone. (2). Major C. Stilwell has presented to the Museum a Roman Amphora of the ordinary dark grey ware, height eight inches, handles perfect, and with traces of the diagonal line ornament. It was originally in his father's collection, and came probably from the Swanage district. The Natural Science collections have acquired two specimens of Weaver Bird nests, given by Miss K. Kindersley who brought them herself, one from Ceylon, and the other from Simons Town, South Africa. The former is a fine example of these interesting nests, measuring 3ft. 4in. in length. I may also refer to the Key-hole Wasps' nest (Odynenis), found by Major Piatt in a reel of cotton on the window ledge of his house, Weymouth Road, Dorchester, and dealt with in the very interesting paper by our President read at the meeting in February last — entitled " Colour Sense in a Keyhole Wasp." We have received from the Earl of Ilchester two most interesting and and valuable additions to the Library. — (1) Henry Fox, First Lord Holland, his Family and Relations, 2 Volumes, written by the Donor, a welcome addition to the series of works on cognate subjects already on our shelves, written or edited by him, and (2) A fine folio Volume which should be carefully examined to be fully appreciated of which I give the Title page, and brief description — ^^ Lord Howard of Effingham, and the Spanish ''Armada, with exact facsimiles of 'The Tables of Augustine Ryther ' " A.D. 1590, and the engravings of the Hangings (tapestries) of The House " of Lords by John Pine, A.D. 1739, with an introduction by Henry Yates "Thompson. Printed for the Roxburghe Club, 1919." The introduction is followed by Ryther's translation of " A discourse concerning the Spanish Fleet invading England in the year 1588," written in Italian by Petruccio Ubaldini, with eleven charts prepared by Robert Adams, depicting the successive engagements in the Channel between the English fleet and the ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. xlv. Armada, from t!ie Invaders' first appearance 30 miles S.W. of the Lizard, on tlie 19th July, 1588: their progress from the Land's End lo Calais, and ending with the last and most damaging defeat of the Spaniards on 29th July, off Gravelines, and their flight into the North Sea. The 2nd portion of the Volume contains the ten magnificent plates of The Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords, engraved hy John Pine from designs by Cornelius Vroom of Haarlem, who is regarded as the founder of the Dutch school of marine painting. The weaver of the Tapestries, another Dutch- man, Francis Spiring of Haarlem, was as celebrated for his tapestries as was Vroom for his seascapes. For some years the tapestries hung in Arundel House, Strand: but in the year 1616, the Earl of Nottingham sold them to King James, and they were hung in the House of Lords, where they remained until they perished in the great fire of 1834. Election of Officers. Mr. Nelson M. Richardson was by acclamation re-elected President on the proposition of Mr. Pope, who spoke with appreciation of the admirable manner in which for sixteen years he had sustained the interest and membership of the club. The Rev. Herbert Pentin was re-elected Hon. Secretary on the proposition of Captain Elw^es, who said "A better they could not find. His diligence, energy and perseverance are beyond all praise." Mr. Pentin again nominated Mr. H. Pouncy as Assistant Secretary for the 19th year. Captain J. E. Acland was re-elected Hon. Treasurer, and Canon Fletcher was re-elected Hon. Editor. The following were also re-elected : — The Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, Editor of the Phenological Reports ; The Rev. H. H. Tilney Basset, Editor of the Rainfall Reports; and Mr. C. J. Cornish Browne, Director of the Dorset Photographic Survey. Summer Meetings. It w^as decided that three one-day meetings should be held during the summer months, viz.. At Portland, to inspect Pennsylvania and Rufus Castle, &c., and to ramble among the East Weares in search of botanical specimens ; At Porteshani, to visit the church and Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy's residence wath its relics, and to examine the Helstone, sarsens, &c. ; And at Pou^erstock, for the church, the great prehistoric entrenched hill camp of Eggar- don, &c. The Hon. Secretary was asked to fix convenient dates and to make the necessary arrangements, xlvi. £.5'ro ^ a> P «" K- ^ o 3 P •CO o O s a k o a ^ g to -a O § ' a S ir TlCC c: O O O 05 M ? ■ W m s s - - • ^- s i" P £.5' M w 2 £,W w "era - ^ ^el- ft> ?W: S: 25 O fD oE. ^ : o : ffi 5' «■ hJ w lo fte c: C5 t c? o 1 o o "O Hnnivcrear^ Hbbrcss of tbc pre0ibcnt< By NELSON MOORE RICHARDSON, B.A. (Read May 4th, 1920). N commencing this, my sixteenth Annual Address, I am glad to state that the losses by death amongst our members are much fewer than those mentioned in my last Address. Last year I had to record the loss of Dr. Frederick du Cane Godman, F.R.S., and I now with equal regret allude to the death of another distinguished naturalist, Lord Walsingham, F.R.S., who joined our Club in the same year, 1895, and for the same reason, namely, the beautiful plates of moths and larvae with which Mrs. Richard- son illustrated so many of my papers on lepidoptera which appeared in our earlier volumes, and which I used to send to him and other entomological friends and correspondents. He was, above all, an authority on the small moths, the micro- lepidoptera, one of which, discovered by myself at Portland, he kindly did me the honour to name after me. Besides entomology, he was well up in other branches of natural history, and famous as a sportsman. In 1910 he presented his immense collection of the microlepidoptera of the world to the 1 PUESIDEXT S ADDRESS. Natural History Museum, of which he was one of the Trustees. I also greatly regret the loss of Canon Hankey, who joined the Club in 1893, Miss Woodhouse in 1898, Mrs. A. H. Lock in 1900, Sir C. E. H. Chadwyck Healey in 1905, and Colonel Mead in 1914. Miss Woodhouse has been a very frequent attendant at our Meetings, and we shall miss her presence, especially at our Winter Meetings, in which she took great interest. Zoology. The developments in the science of medicine of late years have been to a great extent the developments of our know- ledge of those very low forms of life which are responsible for many of the diseases to which both man and animals are subject. Some of these are visible through the microscope and can be recognised in this way, wliile others, which analogy gives us every reason to believe are present, are invisible under the strongest magnification that we can use. About 30 of the latter kind are known, or rather suspected. Where these protozoa are conveyed to the victim through the bite of some insect in which they pass part of their existence, the preventive method is either to stop the insect from biting the patient, and so taking into itself the germs of the disease, or to destroy the insects wholesale. And there are of course, in many cases, preventive measures by inoculation with the microbes in a modified and less virulent form. During the late war these inoculations have been carried out to an extent hitherto unknown, with, as a rule, excellent results, especially in typhoid and tetanus. In influenza, the effect of inoculation was most marked in regard to the pulmonary complications which often follow an attack and the fatal cases, there being only one-tenth of the former among the inoculated and about one-twentieth of the deaths, whereas the improvement in the actual disease amounted only to one-third. Parasitic amcebcC, present especially in dysentery, have lately been much studied in this connection. These and similar discoveries are doubtless president's address. 3 partly responsible for the great increase in the average length of life, amonnting to 25 ijier cent, in the last 50 years. Observations of the plankton, or the mass of low and small animal life found in the sea, off the Isle of Man, shew that the bulk of it is composed of comparatively few species, though the number of individuals must be enormous. A new species of the crawling medusas, in which group the moditied tentacles are used as legs, is worth recording on account of the rarity of these small jellyfish. It was found in an aquarium at the Cape, and is onlv about oVin. in diameter. A large collection of Crustacea of the family Sergestidaj was made by the Danish Siboga Expedition, and has gi-eatly increased our knowledge of them. As is often the case, the number of species, founded on fewer specimens, has had to be reduced, in one genus from 12 to 3, as intermediate forms have been found. Observations of the common limpet have shewn that the small ones are nearly all males, and there seems reason to believe that a large proportion of these change their sex later on. A similar fact has been noted in the slipper limpet (Crepidiila fornicata), which has invaded so many of our coasts. It has been arranged in Staffordshire that, at the various flower shows, an exhibit should be made of the Hfe histories of some of the most troublesome insect pests as well as other things relating to plant diseases, which will help in spreading the knowledge of them through the county. This might well be imitated elsewhere. It would appear that the habits of the Aphis known as American blight are different in America from this country. Here there is no sexual generation, and the species lives all the year round on the apple tree, whereas there, the sexual generation is sustained on the American Elm, while for the rest of the year the insects are found on the apple. Plant lice are said to be comparatively scarce in the tropics, owing perhaps to the violent rainstorms and the greater number of insect enemies. The mystery of how the common housefly passes the winter does not seem yet to be solved. None have yet been seen hibernating, though many flies, some very like it in appearance, are common enough in this condition. But 4 president's address. larvae of the housefly (Mtisca domestica) are stated to have lately been found in mid-winter in snails, and this, if confirmed, is a simple explanation. A curious experiment has shewn that if two lights are placed in front of a fly, it will not go directly towards one of them, but in a line just between them. Whether it flew or crawled I do not know, but I should have thought the experiment very difficult to carry out with certainty, as flies by no means always fly straight to a light when there is only one, but often circle round it or indeed go in any direction, in spite of its attraction for them. The gaudy larva of the magpie moth ( Abraxas grossulariaia) is said to be distasteful to birds ; but an observer writes that he has found it in the stomachs of the song thrush, missel thrush, blackbird, great tit, white- throat, house sparrow, yellow bunting and cuckoo. He has also watched it being brought in large numbers to the nestlings of a pair of song thrushes. The Inle Lake is situated at a height of 3,000 feet on the Shan plateau, and has water of a remarkable transparency. A report has lately been issued under the direction of the Zoological Survey of India on its fauna, many of the species being new and of interest from its isolated position. A striking feature of the fish is an unusually large eye, and there is a carious new eel-like animal. The exciting story of a survival in Central Africa of one of the large extinct saurians — Brontosaurus — has turned out to be a hoax. I remember a friend once describing to me how he had watched for some time from a boat at the bottom of a very clear sea, off the S. African coast, an animal with all the characteristics of the Plesiosaurus. It may have been so; but things in the sea are deceiving, and one would like some con- firmation. Coming to birds, the Report of the Departmental Committee on the Protection of Wild Birds has lately been issued, in which they suggest, amongst other things, the formation of a permanent Ornithological Advisory Committee, which, considering the fact that the Wild Birds' Protection Acts have been administered in England without any expert help, is a great step. The Canadians are doing a good deal in the way of making bird sanctuaries in that country. They PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. 5 have also prevented the hunting of caribou with aeroplanes, which was proposed in order to increase the meat supply. The white egret and the roseate spoonbill are both ei^ciently protected in Louisiana, their chief guardian being an ex-plume- hunter ! The Peruvian birds, penguins, cormorants, gannets, pelicans, &c., which produce immense quantities of the valuable guano, are also protected; and from one island 22,337 tons were collected in three years, which I calculate, from com- parison with domestic fowls, must represent something like 4,000,000 birds, or more. In contrast to these useful birds is the little owl, an introduced species, which has greatly increased in some parts of this country, and is said to be very destructive to chickens and game, as well as to small birds. It destroys also, however, mice and beetles, so that it has some good quahties. Investigations of the contents of the stomachs of about 3,000 sea-birds, including 14 species chiefly gulls, have shewn that only in two, the cormorant and shag, do the destructive qualities outw-eigh the useful. In the rest the advantages to the farmer in the destruction of wireworms and other injurious insects is much greater than the damage caused by the consumption of edible fish, a great part of their diet consisting of small crabs, worms and shore refuse of various sorts. Swallows are rarely seen at . Madeira; but the captain of a ship reported that when near the Canary Island off Las Palmas, in October last, thousands of swallows, doubtless migrating, settled on his vessel and remained until early dawn. An interesting event in the Zoological Park at Edinburgh last October was the hatching of the egg of a King Penguin. These Antarctic birds make no nest, but carry the egg and the chick in a fold of skin on the foot. It has been observed in Natal that in the case of African sunbirds the brilliant scarlet in the plumage changes in captivity to a bright orange. This is parallelled by the fact that when crossbills are kept in aviaries, the red changes to green. A new field mouse has been described from the island of Foula, but it seems a little uncertain if it is entitled to specific distinction. A new British whale has also been recorded from 6 PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. Ireland. True's whale (Mesoplodon minis), a very rare species; and another specimen has since been identified in the Galway Museum, caught in 1899 in Galway Bay. Whales have become much scarcer both in the N. & S. seas, and are in need of such protection as has just saved the seals of Macquarie Island from extinction. A young live okapi, the first seen in Europe, was presented to the Zoological Gardens at Antwerp by a lady who had kept it in Africa as a pet for three years; but it has, I regret to say, lately died. A dissertation on the association of certain small glands of the human body W'ith various striking effects, such as growth and pigmentation, would seem to belong to Zoology, but was the chief subject of the Address of the President of the Anthropological Section of the British Association, who shewed their probable influence on the differentiation of mankind into Racial types. Botany and Agriculture. Our Club will have felt honoured by the election of our Vice-president, Sir Daniel Morris, as President of the Botanical Section of the British Association at its last meeting at Bournemouth. In his address, he gives an interesting account of what has been done in the development of varieties of sugar cane, wheat, cotton, and other plants of great economic importance, which will produce large crops of superior quality and resist the diseases to which they are subject. The report of the Empire Cotton Growing Committee has lately been issued, giving various suggestions, both theoretical and practical, to overcome the serious difficulty caused by the fact that English mills are chiefly adapted for American long-stapled cotton, which is now being much more manufactured in its native country and therefore not so available here. The cotton of India and some other countries is shorter stapled and not of such good quality. It is therefore desired to supplant this by varieties similar to the American. The recent experiments in flax growing in this country do not seem to have been very successful owing to the expense of PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. 7 the necessary labour in hai~vesling, which has made the cost too high; otherwise it should form a profitable crop. Another industry to which much attention has been drawn is that of Forestry, which it is proposed to carry on with Government help, as the results involve many years in which there is no return, though when the trees once begin to mature there will doubtless be a regular annual profit. In the Agricultural Section the President called attention to the fact that during the war more than 3,000,000 acres of grass land were turned into arable, leaving still about 30,000,000 acres of pasture, besides 16,000,000 acres of mountain pasture. The relative feeding values of different species of grasses constituting a pasture had only been very partially determined; but he put forward strongly the statement that phosphates, in the form of basic slag, were by far the best known means of improving poor grazing land, and very lasting in their effects. In Italy nitrate of ammonia has been extracted from surplus explosives, and found very good as a fertilizer. A paper of local interest at the British Association dealt with the Orchids of Hants and Dorset. Another described the desert flora of Western Egypt near Cairo, where the Author had been stationed during the war, the remaining papers being mostly of a more theoretical nature. A method of irrigation for fruit trees which has long been used in Sicily, and which, though perhaps not necessary in most places in this country, is said to save half the water in arid climates, is to insert drainpipes vertically in the soil above the roots on a foundation of brick bats or loose stones and pour the water down them. This method could doubtless be used with advantage for applying liquid fertilizers. Geology. The borings for petroleum which have recently been under- taken in this country are not yet in a sufficiently advanced condition to speak decidedly as to their successful issue, though some of them have produced a certain quantity of oil, especially a boring near Chesterfield which is nearer completion than the O PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. rest, and was some time ago producing about 400 gallons per day. But oil has been found here before in small quantities which have not fulhlled the hopes thereby raised. It is now- considered that petroleum has no connection with coal or organic matter, but is probably the result of the decomposition of carbides or compounds of carbon with iron or some metal. Borings for oil have also been commenced in Persia, where rich deposits are believed to exist. The export of coal from Spitzbergen is increasing, most of it of Tertiary formation and situated at considerable heights above sea level, though carboniferous and Jurassic coal are also found. A new source of aluminium, labrador stone, has been discovered in Norway, where there is no bauxite, from which it is usually extracted. Labrador stone is a white rock forming mountain masses and looking something like marble. On May 20th, 1919, the volcano Kloet in Java suddenly discharged a great quantity of hot mud in three streams, which caused much damage and loss of life. An earthquake took place near Florence on June 29th, causing much destruction, and is stated to be the most severe earthquake in that district since 1895. Those at Messina in 1908 and Avezzano in 1915 were however much worse. In Mexico a serious earthquake occurred on January 3rd, shocks continuing at intervals for more than a w-eek. From a study of some of the genera of plants common to the West Indies and the mainland of America, it is considered that these were probably continuous in late Tertiary times, as they have certain features in common. In connection with the Photographic Survey of Dorset, to which in the past the many volumes of valuable photographs in our Museum bear such splendid testimony, and which, now that the war is over, will, it is hoped, be resumed with energy, I may mention a series of photographs taken from an aeroplane, illustrating in this novel way the topography and geological features of Palestine. The President of the Geological Section of the British Association points out some of the important discoveries made by amateur geologists, such as that of the Piltdown skull, but fears that the passion for sport and amusements of all sorts which seems at PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. 9 present to dominate most people of all classes prevents the addition of new workers into this subject — or, I may add, any other rational subject ! Coming to fossils, a most interesting one has been found in the Isle of Wight, namely, an Iguanodon in such perfect condition as to shew the skin, which is finely granulated. The remains of small mammals, living and extinct, have lately been collected in caves in Cuba, many of the bones coming from the castings of the barn owl, which may explain the origin of similar accumulations of small bones in other parts of the world. Astronomy. The thing that has undoubtedly caused the greatest stir in the Astronomical world in the past year is Einstein's theory of Relativity and the observation of the bending of the ray of light from a star passing close to the sun during the eclipse of May 29th, 1919, as calculated in accordance with the theorv. As to the theory itself I have read a good deal, including several so-called explanations of what it is, both in scientific and other papers; but these explanations are all so involved and obscure that it is very difficult to understand, and I gather that in saying this I am in the same condition as many noted astronomers and others. One difficulty seems to be that the theory is a mathematical one, and depends on equations which deal with fourth dimensional space. This works out quite well in mathematics, and can lead to satisfactory and comprehensible results; but to grasp the idea of a fourth direction, at right angles to the direction of length, breadth and height, is more than the present human brain is capable of. As far as I can comprehend it, the theory assumes that a certain equation involving the three ordinary dimensions of space, with a fourth one representing time, will always hold good for the position of a particle at any moment, the terms of the equation being altered in accordance with the conditions prevailing. In other words, everything is in equilibrium, and any moving particle will so affect everything else in the universe that all will still 10 presidext's address. remain in equilibriuii). If I clip niv iinger into a pond, it moves every drop of water in that pond or only produces pressure perhaps on some of them without actual motion; but the whole thing takes up a new position of equilibrium which might be calculated for any one particle of water from Einstein's equations. From this equation three special results were calculated and prophesied. The first was a perturbation of Mercury, a very slow rotation round the sun of the perihelion of its orbit, which had long been known to Astronomers and which gravitation did not appear to account for. Einstein's theory shews such a movement. By the second calculation, the ray of light coming from a star and passing close to the sun should be bent by a minute angle, by the influence of the sun. The total eclipse of May 29th last afforded the opportunity of observing such a star, which would otherwise be invisible owing to the sun's brightness, and an amount of bending of its rays approximately equal to the calculated angle was seen to exist. It is right to state that various other explanations have been offered of this phenomenon, but nothing very conclusive. The third calculation is, that for light coming from the sun the positions of the minute lines in the spectrum would be different from those produced by the same sort of light generated on the earth. This has not been borne out by experiments; but these are of a very delicate nature (as indeed are all the tests), and I believe that the question is not as yet considered to be settled. In regard to other results of this eclipse, it was observed that wireless signals received in districts under the penumbra or partial eclipse were strengthened, the short duration of totality at any point not producing any further perceptible effect. A very hue prominence was observed during the eclipse, which rose to a height of more than half the sun's diameter at a rate of something like 50,000 miles an hour. In the middle of December last, six of the planets were within 26° of longitude, this near grouping causing much excitement amongst astro- logers and those who followed them. Some slight perturbations of Neptune have brought up again the question of a planet president's address. 11 still further from the sun, but, though its position may be indicated, it is expected that it would be too faint to be visible. From some faint asteroids discovered by photography at the Lick Observatory it is estimated that the total number above the 20th magnitude may amount to 57,000, whilst other con- siderations suggest 100,000. These figures however seem to do little more than shew that the number is probably very large. Estimates of the age of the moon, that is to say the length of time since it was thrown off from the earth, according to the received theory, by different methods of calculation vary from 60,000,000 to 1.200,000,000 years, shewing the great uncertainty of these estimates. A meteorite which fell on November 27th, was seen to descend into Lake Michigan; and several meteors of more or less striking brightness have been recorded, four at Bristol, on July 20th, October 22nd, November 27th, and December 25th, one on October 21st at Wimborne and elsewhere, another at Wimborne on November 2ud, one at London on January 16th, which left a trail which lasted 5^ minutes, and one on February 4th seen in various parts of the countrv, also on February 17th and 27th. The recent new star. Nova Aquike, which caused so much astronomical interest in 1918, had faded to the 6th magnitude in April, 1919. From a comparison at the Johannesburg observatory of recent photographic plates with those taken 20 years ago, it has been found that no less than 400 stars, out of the 20,000 shewn, have a measurable proper motion, the amounts in this case varying from 290", 179" and 167" downwards, only 75 being more than 20", all per 100 years. Comparisons lately made between the distances of stars, as calculated by spectroscopic and trigonometrical methods, shew very satisfactory agreement. The new lOOin. reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson has turned out very successful; and some beautiful lunar photographs have been taken with it, shewing very tine detail. An exhibition of early scientific instruments was held at Oxford last year, when various interesting astronomical and other instruments were shewn, the earliest being a Persian astrolabe dated A.D. 987 and a Moorish one of 1067. 12 presidext's address. Meteorology. During the War, Meteorology was utilized in many new ways, and large developments of the Meteorological Office were required in connection especially with Aviation. Under these circumstances it was decided that the work should be taken over by the Air Ministry. The chief danger in this is that they may use the office for Aviation purposes with a com- parative disregard of its many other uses; but the increased scientihc work which it is expected will be done may produce compensating advantages. The Meteorological Office, begun in 1854 as a Department of the Board of Trade, has now more than 5,000 rainfall observers. The rainfall in 1919 was slightly in excess of the average almost everywhere in England and in N. Wales and the N. and E. of Scotland, but was deficient in Central and S. Scotland and in Ireland. At my house, Montevideo, Chickerell, the rainfall was31"74in.,an amount well over the average of 18 years, 29'63in. Eight months in the year were exceptionally cold, those warmer than the average being May, June, August and December, so that much vegetation was slow of growth and late. The mean autumn temperature at Greenwich was 3° below the normal, which has only been exceeded three times in the past 100 years, in 1829, 1840 and 1887. And there have only been two autumns in the last 100 years with a smaller rainfall, 1834 and 1858. The except- ionally high velocity of wind at 180 miles an hour w-as recorded on January 9th last over the S. of England at an altitude of 25,000 feet. A fine Aurora was seen over the S. of England on October 1st, and was also visible from the Isle of Man. Electricity. A magnetic storm of considerable magnitude took place on August 11th and 12th last, and was probably felt all over the world. It caused much irregularity in telegraphs and other electric instalments; and the vertical force shown at Kew seems to have been greater than any previous record. One fairly pkesidext's address. 13 large and some small spots were present on the sun. The storm lasted rather more than 24 hours. Another similar storm occurred on March 22nd, accompanied by a hne Aurora visible at Stonvhurst. One of lesser magnitude was observed on March 4th. At Greenwich the magnetic dip, which had been decreasing up to 1913, when it reached a minimum, is now increasing and amounts to a little less than 67°. The improvements in the speed and otherwise of wire- less telegraphv have lateh- been so great that messages can be transmitted to America at a lower rate than by cable. Wire- less telephony can also be used across the Atlantic, and with aeroplanes. The stations that send out wireless time signals are now so distributed over the world that a ship in almost any position equipped with a suitable apparatus can pick up her time. The extraction of various metals by electrolytic methods from the ore has become not only an experimental fact, but is much practised commercially, and produces the metal in the purest form by fewer processes than smelting. It is also possible to use much poorer ores than before with profit. Thus a gold ore containing only 1 dwt. of gold per ton can be successfully worked, whereas the previous limit was half- an-ounce. The fact that most substances in a state of fine division are attracted to either the positive or negative pole of a battery, has been taken advantage of to refine clays, especially china clay, and separate them from foreign matter. It is found that a purer clay can be produced in this manner than by any other treatment. The X-rays are now not only extensively used in medicine, but in a variety of other ways, for testing materials, as they frequently shew internal flaws which could not other- wise be perceived, and other details of structure. The crys- talline condition of a substance is often shewn. Chemistry. The War, which is now happily over, has been to a great extent a chemical war; and I think that chemistry has risen in this country from the very low estimation in which it was held 1-f PRKSIDKXT S ADDRF.SS. before, to a much higher position. High explosives and poison gas have played a great part in the contest, far more than in any previous war; and were it not for our chemists the latter fiendish invention of the Germans might have overcome us. Even now the Germans have many dye works and other factories which were used for producing both these substances and could at very short notice be again diverted from their normal manufacture in the same way, whereas I believe that we are very deficient in such advantages, and should have to organize special factories for such a purpose. The employ- ment of scientific chemists (this name of "chemist" has unfortun- ately been perverted and used for people who keep shops and make up medicines, but who mostly know but little of the science of chemistry) has been much urged upon manufactur- ing chemists and others, and would undoubtedly be a most valuable aid to real progress and improvements in their pro- ductions. Germany was able to produce its own nitrogen from the atmosphere during the war; and there seems some hope that plant for this purpose will be established in England, where it is much wanted. A Committee was appointed in 1916 to consider this c|uestion, and has lately issued its report. In regard to the large number of synthetic drugs which used to be made in Germany and imported here before the war, the National Health Insurance Commission reported that 16, in which Germany had had a virtual monopoly, were now made here, and that many others seemed unnecessary and might be dispensed with. Synthetic rubber was made in Germany during the war, as the natural product was unobtain- able; but as it is far more expensive, it is not likely to be con- tinued. The gas, helium, w^hich was originally detected in the sun, and afterwards found on the earth, is now produced commercially and used for filling balloons and airships on account of its lightness and non-explosiveness. It is present to the extent of from 6 to 10 per cent, in the gases given off from springs in the Cote d'Or in France. Other formerly rare gases are utilized, such as argon for electric lighting purposes. Lead is a substance of which I believe there exist no less than president's address. 15 six isotopes, or forms differing very slightly in atomic weight and some other respects, but all sufficientlv like each other to he classed as lead. They are obtained in different ways, and it has now been discovered that the spectra of two of them differ slightly, namely ordinary lead and lead derived from pitch- blende residues. Engineering. The improvements which were made in aeroplanes during the war still continue, and many long Hights have been made which shew the endurance and powers of these machines and their pilots. The first was the flight across the Atlantic w^hich, as regards the direct flight from Newfoundland to Ireland, was first made in June last in 16^ hours, giving an average speed of about 120 miles an hour. Since then, amongst other long distances, flights have been made by stages from England to Australia, and Cairo to the Cape. The record height of 36,020 feet (nearly 7 miles) has also been reached. The direct trans-Atlantic trip has also been made by airship, the average rate being 33 miles per hour over the course of 3,100 miles, or little more than a quarter of the speed of the aeroplane. The airship also made the return journey, the speed being greater owing to the wind being more favourable. The commercial use of airships and aeroplanes has been much under consideration; but little has been practically carried out in this direction. The address of the President of the Engineering Section at the British Association was on the subject of Engineering and science during the war, and gave a very interesting account of the production and use of guns and ammunition and of tanks and aircraft, as well as of submarines and mines, and the means adopted for protection against them and for their destruction. A good deal was also said on this subject by the President of the Association in his Inaugural Address. The flame projectors invented and first used by the Germans with such horrible eft'ects, have since the war been found 16 president's address. useful iu destroying locusts, though I do not know with how much success. Other papers on special subjects connected with war engines were also read. A matter that has also been much discussed is the amount of water power in this country, in which unfortunately we are but poorly supplied, compared with some other countries, and its use to the best adyantage. This has been caused to a great extent by the consideration of the supply of nitrogenous products, the nitrogen being obtained most easily in large quantities from the atmosphere, for which purpose water power is extensively used elsewhere; the greatest example being Niagara, which is now being still further utilized. It has been lately proposed to use the water power from Dartmoor and from the riyer Dee for this purpose; but neither project has been carried out. One of the latest suggestions is to sink a borehole 12 miles deep with a yiew to obtaining a new source of power from the internal heat of the earth. Whether the result would be satisfactory is problem- atical; but as it is estimated that it would take 85 years to accomplish, it is only future generations who would be able to judge of its merits. Experiments haye been made which tend to shew that granite would not collapse and fill the shaft at that depth. Another estimate giyes only 30 years for the boring. The deepest shaft yet sunk is II mile. An ultra- rapid kinematograph has been invented in which the film moves continuously, the object being illuminated by electric sparks. In this way it is said that 20,000 photographs a second can be taken on the film. Geography. A new method of world survey has been proposed, viz.: — that by means of wireless time signals the exact longitude of three spots on the earth, say at Paris, Shanghai and San Fran- cisco, shall be determined, the latitude being found by ordinary means, and that from these, other points shall have their exact positions deduced, so that the surveys of different portions of the earth may be co-ordinated with each other. A geodetic t'RESIDKXT's ADDKKSS. 17 survey which has lon.^ been in pro.t;ress in the United States has lately been completed. Two lines were carefully measured as bases, one near the Canadian frontier in the North, the other in Mexico. The junction of these has been completed by a series of 68 triangulations, the resulting error being only 0.63in., shewing a wonderful degree of accuracy. A new form of survey, much used in a limited wav during the war, is by means of photographs from aeroplanes which shew the features of the country like a map. This has been carried out to a certain extent in Africa; but owing to the similarity of aspect of much of the country, it was found necessary to have a piece of a river or some striking feature, to enable the photo- graphs to be lifted together. A similar method has been applied to photographing portions of the sea bottom; but it is presumed that the water must be fairly clear. It is said that near Brest several points of rock on the sea floor which had before escaped notice were well shewn in the photographs. A large model, 14 feet in diameter, of the volcano Kilauea on Hawaii has lately been made for the Geological Museum of Harvard University. It has always seemed to me that one can so much more easily learn and realize important facts from models than from photographs or drawings, that they are very desirable articles in a Museum, but unfortunately they are expensive. Three new expeditions to the Polar regions are intended to be carried out this summer, viz. : — the British Imperial Antarctic Expedition, whose objects are to investigate the mineral deposits, localities for whales, and the meteorolo- gical and magnetic conditions in portions of the Antarctic regions and to circumnavigate the Antarctic continent. The other two are Arctic, one American, in which aeroplanes are to be used, the other English, with a ship only. Arch/Eology and Anthropology. Very little is known about man in his earliest forms; and I am not aware that any special addition has been made to our knowledge in this respect since my last address. Nothing 18 prrsidf.xt's addkess. further has been discovered at Piltdown; and the imperfect skull and mandible of Eanthropiis liaivsoni, with its ape-like characters, in which it resembles other early specimens, are al- most too fragmentary for drawing any very elaborate conclusions. Such early remains are usually imperfect; and verv few of them are known. Turning to slightly later times, a large Neolithic graveyard has been found in Vestrogothia, where two quad- rangular and ten circular stone enclosures covered with smooth slabs were found, containing burnt bones in urns. At Penmaenmaur a Neolithic factory has been discovered, where polished stone axes were manufactured of a fine-grained igneous rock. Axes in all stages were found, besides broken ones and wasters; and other specimens found elsewhere and made from this Graig-lwyd rock have been identified. A remarkable series of stone and terracotta remains are stated to have been discovered near the city of Mexico, including rough representations of Chinese, Egyptian and Negro faces, and seals and jade beads, apparently Chinese. If confirmed these will prove most interesting, as showing a former intercourse with the Old World which has been often suggested. The Mesa Verde Park, Colorado, has been reserved for the protection of ancient cliff dwellings, and these are being gradually excavated and repaired. One has a tower 40 feet high, built of masonry. A collection of 600 Sioux folk songs, obtained with the aid of the phonograph, has been published. It is stated that " some few of the songs appear to possess something of the nature of a tune; but that in others the sequence of notes is very much of the same chaotic character that is so conspicuous at modern recitals!" A valuable collection of antiquities has been brought to the British Museum from Mesopotamia, including a King's statue of about 3000 B.C., a copper plaque repre- senting a lion-headed eagle and a tine series of bricks. In Crete the site of a palace of middle Minoan period has been uncovered. Amongst the objects found w^ere numbers of small pieces of gold leaf, which are supposed to have been laid on wooden or bone articles which have perished. At Stonehenge some of the stones which are in a dangerous presidf.xt's address. 19 position are bein^tj put right under the supervision of the Society of Antiquaries; and the holes of an outer row of stones, now gone with one possible exception, have been discovered. In these holes have been found charred human and animal bones. Aubrey's map in 1666 shewed, in these places, depressions in the turf, and one stone. In " Stonehenge," by Inigo Jones, 1655, the author (p. 57) speaks of " The parallel stones on the inside of the Trench, 4- foot broad, and 3-foot thick : but they lie so broken and ruined by time that their proportion in height cannot be distinguished, much lesse exactly measured." It contains several plans. He also mentions two large stones just outside the ditch at each of the three entrances through it. At Mitcham the excavations have been continued and six more graves found, two with the bones of giant chieftains. A number of bodies of women, perhaps their widows, appear to have been thrown carelessly in the graves of the men. It is thought that they may date from the 5th Century. Excavations have also been made in Jersey and elsewhere, and a human figure has been found sculptured on the Dolmen of Dehus, Guernsey. A horse cemetery has, for the first time, been discovered in Egypt. There were four rows of graves, the horses having their chariot trappings and facing the south. General. A remark in a paper read at 'the British Association on Education struck me as expressing an important need at the present day, w^hen slang is so greatly in the ascendant in some quarters that the users of it seem to have forgotten that there is such a language as English. It is " that the plainest, most everyday speech should be clear, expressive, accurate, graceful whenever possible, and at any rate decent; that a child should learn to define and clarify in his mind the terms in which he thinks, to think in real English, not in jargon." I fear that the decision to make Greek voluntary at Oxford is a step in the wrong direction; for I can hardly imagine a Greek scholar 20 prksidext's address. speaking or thinking jargon I Science has not yet taken the place in public estimation which it deserves, and which is most desirable for the welfare of the country; and it has been suggested that an organisation of scientific workers should be formed for securing recognition and proper rewards for their work, a method which is not only fashionable, but usually successful in other walks of life. We owe much to our scientists; and it would have been hard for the bravery of our soldieis to have won the war without their help. A controversy has been going on between Museums and the Educational Authorities in consequence of a desire on behalf of the latter to transfer the Museums to the Board of Education. But the Museums say truly that they are not in the hrst place educational institutions, but receptacles for the preservation of all that is interesting and rare in Nature and Art. I have always myself thought that this should be their first and most important aim, but that suitable arrangements with full explanatory labels and guide books should make them, as far as possible, convenient for educational purposes. Personally I have found that really good labelling adds immensely to their interest, and in that respect I think our County Museum will take a good place. A good guide book or catalogue is useful, but much more difficult and lengthy to refer to. Museums generally must have grown very much in number and size in the last 40 years. Taking the department of Zoology alone, the number of specimens in the British Museum of Natural History has increased from about 1,400,000 in 1883, when it was removed to South Kensington, to about 6,000,000, and I expect that our Museum, would shew even a greater proportional increase. More organized collecting is now being done for the Natural History Museum, so that we may expect it to grow even faster in the future. For some years after that date our Club used to hold its Winter meetings in the Museum itself; but the gradual filling up made it inconvenient, and we migrated to our present quarters about 1890. As in most other things, the subscription for membership of the British Association has been raised by half; but we hope that president's address. 21 ill our own Club we may be able to get along without this increase, especially if we can raise our numbers again to our full complement ; but I fear that we shall not be able to afford any more of the thick volumes which we published in some past years of plenty. The subscriptions to the Linnean and some other Societies have also been raised. From experiments it would seem that industrial fatigue plays a considerable part in production, and that the output per hour is distinctly higher when the period of work is shorter, unless of course the worker limits his output to a tixed amount, in which case the amount is probably well within the margin of his powers, whether the hours of work be long or not. By the elimination of wasteful effort which has been found practicable in certain manufactures and trades the amount of work done has been greatly increased. Thus it is stated that the number of separate actions required to lay a brick have been reduced from 18 to 5, and the output thereby increased from 120 per man per hour to 350. How much special training an ordinary bricklayer would require to do this, I do not know. Two things are being urged forward in certain quarters; but I do not myself see the necessity for them or any great advantage. The first is that the hours of the day should be numbered from 1 to 24, as in astronomy, in which case all our clocks would require serious alterations. The second is that the calendar should be altered so that the same calendar should be correct for every year. This it is proposed to effect by a variety of methods; but it would be necessary that one day, or in Leap year two days, should be left out of the calculation, which seems very unsatisfactory; and the advantages, if any, are very small and not worth the general upsetting of all our ideas on the subject. The war has brought many changes, social and otherwise, and a great deal of unrest and discontent, especially amongst those who have benehted most by them. As regards our Club, we have suffered, as was almost unavoidable, by the loss of members by resignation; but we are gradually getting up our numbers, and shall I hope in a few years again reach our maximum. 2)or0et Dolunteere burina the frencb Wlare, 1793*«1814, By HENRY SYMONDS, F.S.A. {Read December 9th, 1919). HE early history' of the ////mounted Volunteer Corps in this county has yet to be written; but whoever ni;u' undertake the work will find that he must rely mainh' on the War OlBce records from which the foUowin^u extracts, now printed for the first time, are gathered. He will also find, I believe, in our citizen army at the end of the eighteenth century the same public spirit in face of danger which animated the Territorial troops when the call came five years ago. The material for this article has been obtained from the muster rolls and pay lists in the care of the Public Record Office, to which place the War Office has transferred its older chronicles. The documents are available down to 1837, but I propose to cite a part of the earliest return from each unit, thus indicating the locality in which the compan>- was raised, the names of the officers, and the number of non-commissioned- DORSET VOLUXTKKKS DURiXG THE FRENCH WARS. 23 officers and men. It is a matter of rej^ret to me that I was not able to transcribe and publish the names of all who served in 1798, but it was manifestly impossible in these pages; hence I must be content to follow the example of the Army List and conline myself to the holders of the King's commission. At the outset it will be convenient to review briefly the circumstances leading up to the first recognition of Volunteers as a separate militar3' force. The various Acts regulating the Militia had allowed a substitute to take the place of a man whose name was drawn in the ballot. Then single volunteers were allowed to enlist, who proportionately reduced the liability of the parish or town to furnish a given quota of men. Later on, entire companies of volunteers under their own officers were accepted for service, but they were merged in the Militia and so lost their identity. In addition, companies were formed independently of any Act of Parliament and were known as Fencibles; but no evidence is forthcoming of the existence of such Corps in Dorset. Then came the Act of 1794 (34 George III, cap. 31) as a consequence of the disturbed condition of France and the renewed apprehension of an invasion. This statute set forth the desirability of raising Volunteer companies in particular towns, more especially those on or near the sea-coast, the details of the scheme being described as " the plan." The minimum number of men in each detachment was to be sixty, with the usual complement of officers, while those who enrolled were exempted from any liability under the Militia regulations if they punctually attended the exercises. Here, then, we see the official inauguration of the Volunteer movement in this country. Among the measures recommended in " the plan " was the opening of subscrip- tion lists; to this the county responded by raising more than £2,500 at a meeting held in Dorchester in July, 1794, which was followed by adjourned meetings. Although the proposals met with general support, the activities of Bonaparte induced the Government to pass two more Acts in 1798 (38 George III, cc. 27 and 51) with the object of "applying in the most " expeditious manner and with the greatest effect the voluntary 24 DORSET VOLUXTEEKS DURING THE FRENXH WARS. " services of the Kind's loyal subjects." To this end the Lords Lieutenant were to furnish returns of men between the a^es of 15 and 60 years, not already in any Corps, who would be willing to be trained for the defence of the kingdom. There was a further influx of volunteers, as we shall learn, and the system, as amended, continued until the ratification of peace at Amiens in March, 1802, when the existing statutes expired and many companies were disbanded. War broke out again in 1803, however, and a series of Acts were passed authorizing the embodiment of new corps of Volunteers to meet the emergency (Cf. 44 George II L cap. 54). The total then raised in Great Britain and Ireland amounted to 463,000 men, a number which was said to check materially the flow of recruits for the regular army. In the course of the investigation I noticed that the Dorset companies of infantry and artillery were not formed until 1798, if the muster rolls were conclusive proof, whereas the Volunteer cavalry was raised in 1794 (as will presently appear), the year of recognition by the Government.* The apparent tardiness of the unmounted forces may be due, I think, to the loss of their earliest records. In this connection it may be mentioned that no muster rolls from Sherborne exist before 1803, and none at all from Lyme Regis; the latter town, being open to raids from the Channel, would certainly have enrolled a local corps on the first opportunity granted to it. There is the further point that two Weymouth officers were gazetted to their respective corps, vice two others who had resigned, on 9th June, 1795, but the War Office musters are silent until 1798. On the whole, therefore, it seems to be a fair inference that infantry and artillery were raised soon after they were authorized, and that their records are not complete during the first period. Let us hope that some of the descendants of the men who served at that time will be able to supply from private sources the information which is now missing. A welcome * It is possible that the transmission ot" rctm-ns of stren.^tli, through the General commanding the district, was not compulsory until 1798. DORSET VOLUXTEEKS DURING THE FREXCH WARS. 25 instance of snch unofficial information comes from Beaminster. I learn that a company was formed there in 1798, beinj* known as the Beaminster Loyal Town Volunteers. The officers were Samuel Cox, jun., captain, Baruch Fox and John B. Russell, lieutenants, Joseph Bishop, ensign. The total strength was eighty-four, and the arms were swords, firelocks and bayonets. The uniform was scarlet, with green facings and silver buttons, (cf. Mr. R. Hine's History of Beaminster). For several years the company was the administrative unit; but it appears that about 1803, when the Volunteers were recalled after the failure of the Peace of Amiens, the scattered units were organized as the 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions of Dorset Volunteer Infantry. The pay of a private was then, as in the previous war, one shilling for each day of exercise ; a captain received nine shillings and live pence, a lieutenant four shillings and fourpence, and an ensign three shillings and five pence. The uniform was presumably similar to that worn by the Portland Legion in 1804, which may be seen, as far as the size of the picture will allow, on plate xviii of old Portland views in Proceedings, Vol. xxxvii., p. 252. The Dorset County Museum possesses a few relics of the period under consideration — (1) A drum bearing the words " Evershot Volunteers," which can be attributed to the company mentioned on p. 27. (2) A flag of green silk, with a small Union Jack at the upper corner next to the staff; an inscription reads "First Battalion Dorset Volunteers"; in the centre are the Royal Arms with an escutcheon of pretence bearing Hanoverian quarterings; below are the rose, thistle and shamrock. The escutcheon was added by George III. to his armorial shield in January, 1801, and consequently the Hag was made after that date, which confirms my opinion that the 1st battalion was raised about 1803. (3) Several maps relating to the defence of the county and showing, among other things, the places of assembly of the troops. One of these maps, dated 1st August, 1804, is believed to have been drawn by Captain Jennings of the Evershot company. I can trace only two papers on this subject. One is by 26 DORSET VOLUXFEERS DUKIN'G THE FREN'CH WARS. Col. Sir William Watts (Proceedings, vol. xxxii., p. 70), who quoted a few extracts from a printed Army List of 1803, but did not carry his researches beyond that year. The other article was written jointly by Major J. A. Stephens and myself in May, 1910, for the Wessex DivisionalJonriial,n magazine which is now extinct. Our object was to stimulate recruiting for the Territorials in Somerset and Dorset by publish- ing a list of towns and villages in the two counties where corps had been raised in former days. The appended list of companies according to the War Office muster rolls is arranged in alphabetical order of place names, each unit being infantry unless otherwise stated : — Anderson and Winterborne. 1798. John Shiftier, ^^^ captain. William Galpine, lieutenant. John House, ensign. 9 N.C.O., 4 drummers, 104 privates. Blandford. 1803. Two companies, Archibald Stuart and John Tregonwell King, *'^' captains. Thomas Roe and Robert Chisholm, lieutenants. Malachi Fisher and Charles Jacob, ensigns. 12 N.C,0., 4 drummers, 116 privates. Bridport. 1797-8. Henry Bull Way, captain. Thomas Carpenter, lieutenant. John Perham, sec. lieutenant. 6 N.C.O., 2 drummers, 94 privates. Brownsea. 1798. (Artillery). Charles Sturt, ^'''^ captain. Edward Allen and John Carter, lieutenants. 12 N.C.O., 4 drummers, 104 privates. (1) cf. Hutchins, I. 337. (2) Treasurer of the county. (3) Then the owner of Brownsea Island. dorset voluxteeks during the fkexch wars. 11 Dorchester. 1798. William Boyer, major. Gsor^e Stickland, ^•*' captain, Thomas Tapp and Robert Critchell, lieutenants. Richard Ring, sec. lieutenant. 12 N.C.O., 4 drummers, 117 privates. The same, but 1803. George Stickland, captain. George Frampton, lieutenant. Thomas Garland, ensign. 85 privates, Evershot. 1803. John Jennings, captain. Robert Deane, lieutenant. Giles Hayward, ensign. 72 privates. Mapperton and Wimborne deax. 1799- John Wickens, captain. James Forster Knight, lieutenant. William Hiley, ensign 4 N.C.O., 1 bugler, 50 privates. Piddletown. 1803. Alexander Cunningham, captain. William Neyle, lieutenant. Samuel Boswell, ensign. 60 privates. Poole. 1798. Two Companies (Artillery). John Jetfery, major, commanding. Young West, captain. Samuel Durnford and Richard Allen, lieutenants. Samuel Clark and John H. Lander, ensigns. 13 N.C.O.. 4 drummers, 103 privates. Portland Island. 1804. " Legion of Volunteers." John Penn, captam. Henry Lowman and Richard Lano, lieutenants- Henry Pearce, ensign. 8 N.C.O., 4 drummers. 103 privates. In May, 1804, the Legion was on permanent duty, "on a report of the enemy being about to land on the island." (4) Town Clerk. 28 DORSET VOLUXTEEKS DURING THE FRENXH WARS. PuRBECK, Isle of. 1798. John Cockram, captain. Joseph Willis, lieutenant. George Cull, ensign. In 1799 Peter Marsh was ensign. 9 N.C.O., 2 drummers, 2 lifers, 83 privates. Shaftesbury. 1798. Charles Bowles, captain. George Wilkins, lieutenant. Charles Hannen, ensign. 6 N.C.O., 3 drummers, 85 privates. Stockland and Dalwood. 1798. Thomas Knott, '•■^^ captain. Josiah Anstice. '^' lieutenant. James Stocker, ensign. 11 N.C.O., 6 drummers and lifers. 111 privates. Sydling St. Nicholas. James Hilbourne, captain. William Devenish, lieutenant. William Dunning, ensign. 93 privates. Upwey. 1798. John Gould, ^^'* captain. Thomas Compton, lieutenant. John Bevan, ensign. 6 N.C.O., 4 drummers and fifers, 63 privates. Warmwell, 1798. Thomas Billett, captain. John Ingram, lieutenant. John Style, ensign. 8 N.C.O., 4 drummers, 87 privates. Weymouth and Melcombe Regis. 1798. Samuel Weston, ^^^ major. Henry H. Tizard, captain. James Scott '^' and Nicholas Marder, lieutenants. Samuel Williams, ensign. 11 N.C.O., 4 drummers, 120 privates. (5) Of Broadhayes. cf. Hutchiiis, II. 247. (6) Of Fleet and Upwey. (7) Owner of Resoliifioii privateer in 1793. (8) Another owner of privateers. dorset volrxtkers durixg the french wars. 29 Weymouth and Wyke Regis. 1798. John Horsford, ''^' captain. John Wood hentenant. Thomas Richardson, ensign. 8 N.C.O.. 4 drnmmers, 85 privates. Weymouth " Loyal Artillery." 1798. John Puckett, captain. James Bower, lieutenant. Stephen Bryer, ensign. 6 N.C.O., 4 drummers and fifers, 60 privates. WiMBORXE. 1800. Jacob Downing Pickford, captain. James Drew, lieutenant, Henry Rowden, ensign. 8 N.C.O., 3 drummers, 52 privates. Wool axd East Stoke. 1798. James Seymer, captain. Thomas Will, lieutenant. Joseph Snell, ensign. John Seymer, supernumerary ensign. 11 N.C.O., 6 drummers and lifers, 80 privates. Woottox, Whitechurch axd Chideock. 1798. Samuel Fitzherbert, captain. William Juson, lieutenant. Thomas Cox, ensign. 9 N.C.O., 4 drummers. 88 privates. I have already said that the detached companies were probably organized as battalions in or shortly before 1803. Therefore the companies dated 1803-4 in the foregoing list (viz. : Blandford, Dorchester, Evershot, Piddletown, Portland and Sydling St. Nicholas) may be provisionally regarded as forming part of the 3rd Battalion, of which no separate records appear to have survived. Lt.-Colonel Pleydell commanded this battalion in 1804 when it was on permanent duty at Weymouth. Next follow the company officers of the 1st battalion, as commanded by Lt.-Colonel Lord Digby in 1806. (9) Owner of Achilles privateer in 1793, 30 DORSET VOLUXTEERS DURIXG THE FKEXCH WARS. Sherborne. Samuel Vowell. captain. John Chaffey and William Jeffer\-. ,, James Crutwell, captain. John Helyar, jun. Thomas Fooks, captain. Charles Winter and William Spooner. ,, Robert Gordon, captain. Thomas Thorne and Charles Mabar. ,, George Henning, captain. Isaac Slocombe and Edward Walter. George Mayo, captain. Thomas Tucker and Thomas Feaver. Gillingham. Charles Bowles, captain. William Bell and Joseph Read. The dating of the records of the 1st battalion is somewhat confused, and it seems quite possible that these officers or some of them were also serving in 1803. The 2nd battalion, under the command of Lt. -Colonel Jeffery, was quartered at Poole in 1803. The places in which the detachments were raised are not stated, but I have suggested the locality, within brackets, when a clue was available. B. L. Garland, captain. John Jeffery and Thomas Adey. [Poole]. Benjamin Linthorne, captain. James Seager and William Gregory. [Poole]. Thomas Salmon, captain. John Brooks. Samuel Durnford, ^^'^'* captain, George W. Ledgardand Richard Allen. [Poole]. J. D. Pickford, captain. James Drew. [Wimborne]. Richard Austen, captain. William Butt and William Dean. [Wimborne] . Thomas Bartlett, ^^^^ captain. John Christie and Thomas Swayne. [Wareham]. (10) Notary Public. (11) Town Clerk. DORSET VOLUNTEERS DUKIXG THE FREN'CH WARS. J) i Robert Du.L^dale, '^-' captain. Elias Du.s^dale and Edward Sqnire [Wareham]. (W.O. 13-4298. 4299, 4300, 4301). It will be noticed that the precedint^ details relate only to the infantry and artiller\-. The monnted arm, now repre- sented by the Yeomanry, has already found an historian in Captain C. W. Thompson, who published in 1894 the Records of the Dorset Yeomanry, the first portion of which is derived from a contemporary memoir written by Lt. -Colonel James Frampton. The narrative covers a period of twenty years, from the formation of the regiment in 1794 to its disbandment in 1814 on the conclusion of a general peace in Europe. During that space of time the corps was known as the Dorset Volunteer Rangers, the names of those who were enrolled in 1794 being given in appendix F of Captain Thompson's excellent book. It is fortunate that this list was preserved at Moreton House, seeing that the War Office muster rolls of the regiment do not exist for an earlier date than 1804. The scheme for removing live stock, etc., from the coast farms to inland districts in the event of invasion is fully discussed, and need not be repeated here. Another interesting book dealing with mounted volunteers is a small volume published anonymously, in 1799, but written by James Frampton. The title is Instructions for the corfs of Dorset Yeomanry or Volunteer Dorset Rangers, and a copy is in the library of the County Museum. In addition to being a manual of drill, it includes a muster roll of all persons serving in December 1798. The regiment then consisted of ten troops, with a total strength of 605, the names and places of abode of the members of each troop being printed in detail. A third literary item of Georgian days is a book of laudatory verse entitled The Honorable Britons, and dedicated in December 1797 to Lord Milton and officers of the Volunteer Rangers by (12) An Attorney. 32 DORSET VOLUXTKKKS DrKIXG TH K FRKXCH WARS. John Barlow, of Radipole. This effusion escaped the eyes of Canon Mayo when he compiled his Bihliotheca Dorselieitsis. A necessary adjunct to the work of our Volunteers when watching for Bonaparte and his armada was the telegraph or signal station established on several Dorset hills. A drawing of the apparatus on High Stoy, and a description of the method of working it, from the pen of the late T. B. Groves, can be found in Proceedings, vol. xi., p. 135. There were also, of course, the beacon fires on the coastal heights; but neither of the systems could overcome the vagaries of a Channel fog. I will recall for a moment an almost forgotten branch of the auxiliary forces in the maritime counties. The Sea Fencibles were raised and organized by the Admiralty for the immediate defence of the shore and harbours, its members being recruited from fishermen and sailors who were not liable to seizure by a press gang for the navy. For example, in 1798 Bridport and neighbourhood provided 53 men for such duties under Nicholas Ingram, who was probably identical with a cornet in the Rangers of the same name about three years earlier. The Sea Fencibles formed a chain round the shores of England, and may perhaps be regarded as the forerunners of the naval coastguard of to-day. The alarums and excursions of that troubled period are illustrated by a local incident related in the Western Flying Post in April, 1799— " Monday evening about ten o'clock an express arrived from " a neighbouring signal house to the commanding officer at " Bridport, stating that an enemy was actually landing in the " west, but their numbers and situation could not be ascertained " before the morning. The drums immediately beat to arms ; " the three companies of Bridport Volunteers assembled with " surprising alacrity', and remained steadily under arms during " the whole night, anxious to march w^herever their services " might be required. Two troops of the Somerset Provisional 'Cavalry, commanded by Major Rodber, displayed great zeal " on the occasion; Captain Travers's troop of Dorset Yeomanry DORSET VOLUXTEERS DURIXG THE FRENCH WARS. 33 "assembled from all quarters with the .s^reatest expedition; " Captain Prater and the Sea Fencibles were at the batteries the "whole of a very severe night; the neighbouring companies "were also in a state of preparation. The loyalty of each " corps cannot be too much applauded, and the anxiety to meet " the enemy could not be exceeded by any regular troops. " About seven in the morning intelligence was received that a " mistake had been made at the signal house." Was this an " exercise " ? Sanbefoot Castle, TKDIc^inoutb. By W. C. NORMAN. (Read December 91 h, 1919. J HAVE recently read with considerable interest T. B. Groves's "Note on Sandsfoot Castle," which appeared in Vol. III. (pages 20, &c.) of the Proceedings of our Club. This to a great extent is accounted for by the fact that my school days were spent at Weymouth, and naturally I was well acquainted with this ruin. For this reason, and because of what is related further on, I thought I might, without presumption, add a few remarks on the subject. My earliest recollection of the Castle reaches back to a period of over 60 years, and is, that it was then on the edge of the cliff. Indeed, most of the gun-room was gone, and its south-eastern and south-western walls projected over it considerably, as a result of being undermined by the disinte- grating action of the sea. At this time there was no way round the Castle and the sea cliff outside it, except the dangerous one of climbing round the overhanging ruins, which afforded a very precarious foothold, and from which to the rocks below was a sheer drop of 40 feet. There was a large fall of masonry from the south-front in 1835, and there have been others at various times since. 1413090 SANDSFOOT CASTLE. 35 I will brietiy refer to Mr. Groves's remarks in passinj^. From a plan of Sandsfoot Castle dated ] 789 (in m>' possession) and which I was, many years ago, (by the courtesy of an official) allowed to copy from one in the War Department Office, on Bincleeves, the dimensions of the Castle are there given as : — length, 100 feet; width, 50 feet. The east, north and west sides still have the protection of the ditch and rampart, and it is fair to assume that similar works defended the south side; but all traces of these must have been obliterated more than 70 .\ears ago, by the occasional subsidence of the cliff into the sea. That the opening in the east rampart was a gateway or entrance is, I think, open to grave doubts. On a map and plan of the Castle which I saw more than 50 years ago, and w^hich was then in the keeping of the War Department at their Office on the Bincleeves, that opening is described as being a magazine. Years ago there reposed in the ditch, directly behind the so-called " gateway," a massive door jamb of stone. The upper end of the jamb was turned, so as to form half of the head of a semi-circular door arch. When the corresponding jamb was in position it would accommodate a door measuring 3ft. by 4ft. 6in. in the rabbet formed for this purpose. A door of this size, although suitable for a magazine, would be totally inadequate for the general purposes of the Castle. When I last saw this jamb, it had fallen from the ditch on to the undercliff below. I searched for it in June, 1918, but could not find it. Possibly it was hidden by the rank growth of weeds, or had sunk in the soft earth. The grooves in which the portcullis moved are clearly in view, also the stone stairway leading to the chamber (over the main entrance) in which was the machinery used for raising or lowering this. There were two entrances to the cellars, one at the north- east angle of the Castle, the other a few yards to the south of this, 36 SANDSFOOT CASTLFi. When a school-boy. I, with three boy friends, resolved to clear the steps of the last-mentioned entrance from the earth which, in the course of very many years, had accumulated there. We devoted a half holiday to the object. We began at the top, and had nearly reached the bottom, when I found a small coin, which proved to be a Rose farthing of Charles I., 1635. This type is similar to the Harringtons', the difference being, that these bore the Rose on the reverse, in lieu of the Harp, which distinguishes the Harringtons'. It is evident that the old map showed the Castle as it was at some early date of its history, and not as it stood in 1859; as, at this time, not only had the rampart, ditch and intervening land between them and the Castle entirely disappeared, but also a considerable portion of the building itself had fallen into the sea. As I was one of the school-boys referred to in Mr. Groves's paper (Vol. III., p. 23) I feel quite qualified to give a few details relating to the finding of the stone shot. About the year 1855 I was walking, with two other bo\'s, on the sea-shore under Sandsfoot Castle, when we " spotted " the opening of a drain which a fall of the cliff had brought to view. It was directly under the south-west angle of the Castle, and about 30 feet above the shore. The opening was almost closed with earth. We had a strong desire to investigate ; but how ? It was not an easy matter at that time, as the cliff was then nearly perpendicular. I was deputed to make the ascent, and, by the aid of my pocket-knife and a pointed piece of wood, footholes were cut in the face of the cliff, and the upward journey began. At length I reached the drain, and cleared its mouth. Inspection revealed the fact that its bottom was covered by a few inches of earth, and that it extended about six or eight feet in a direct line, when it appeared to be choked by fallen masonry. This ended the first introduction to the drain; but we arranged to pay it daily visits in order to carry on the work, and, in order not to interfere with our school duties, these visits had to be made in the early morning. So, for some time, we rose with the lark, and reached the SANDSFOOT CASTLE, 37 scene of operations at 7 a.m. This gave just an hour for work, before we had to start for home, breakfast, and school. As our operations were carried on in semi-darkness, lying prone, and in a very confined space, our progress was not rapid. The earth had to be loosened and scraped forward; then the worker wriggled backwards, drawing the earth forwards until the outlet of the drain was reached, when the result was sent over the cliff. As the clearing progressed, the one working in the drain was occasionally quite hidden from view. One morning, when I was at work, and nearing the obstacle, I came upon something which for a time defied my efforts to remove it; but at last I loosened it, and took it from its bed, where it had probably been resting for centuries. I wriggled back to daylight with my unknown prize, when it was seen that it was a hollow cylinder of iron, open at one end, and closed at the other. There was a handle on one side. What it was I knew not then; but the heavy burden was cheerfully borne as, with light hearts, we trudged back to breakfast. Another visit sufficed to clear the floor of the drain of accumulated earth and rubble, and to enable us to see clearly the nature of the obstruction. I should state that in the roof of the drain and about six feet from the outlet, a perpendicular drain joined it; and down this had fallen a rectangular piece of stone measuring about 2 feet x lOin. x lOin., which was firmly jammed at the angle formed by the junction of the perpendicular and horizontal drains. To remove this was both difficult and dangerous. The working space was cramped; the prone position of the operator most uncomfortable. Moreover there was the knowledge that when the obstruction moved it would come with a rush; and then it would be a case of stand clear, or be crushed. The obstruction was at length removed without mishap, and when it came down into the drain, I found to my great joy, that three stone shots, which had lodged behind it, were now released. These I drew towards me, and wriggled back to the outlet with them. They were received with shouts of joy by my companions. The spoil was easily divided, as we 38 SAXDSFOOT CASTLE. each took one. We were a happy trio as we wended our way homewards. A few years later I found an iron shot, about 3in. diameter, 18 inches beneath the surface of the gun-room floor. Some years after this, when visiting the Tower of London, I found that the iron cylinder was a breech chamber of a 15th Century cannon in which the charge of powder was placed. It was then inserted in an aperture in the cannon and pressed forward in the direction of the muzzle, and secured in this position by a bar of iron which passed through holes in the sides of the gun and rested against the end of the chamber, thus preventing it from moving. There was a touch hole in the chamber. The shot was then inserted in the muzzle and rammed home, and the gun was ready for action. Formerly there was a tradition that when Henry VIII. built Sandsfoot Castle, he used some of the material which he obtained from Bindon Abbey (which, like so many other religious houses, fell a victim to his rapacity) for its construction; but there appears to be no proof of this. However, a close inspection of the Castle walls show that there are, among the rubble, many fragments of worked and carved stone, including two archaic corbel heads which evidently came from some ecclesiastical building. This appears to give a little colour to the report; but it is too slight for anything but the merest conjecture. My three " hnds " at Sandsfoot Castle referred to in the foregoing pages, viz., the breech-chamber, stone shot and iron ball, are in the Dorset County Museum. In writing the above I merely desired to place on record circumstances which are in my personal knowledge, and which otherwise might have been lost sight of. Since this paper was written I have received information from the Royal United Services' Institution, Whitehall, to the effect that this early breech- loading weapon, known as the cannon picrricr, was much used in the early part of the Sixteenth Century for throwing stone shot from small castles. The accompanying sketch, from a drawing by Grosse, in the Royal United Services' Institute shows the progress of loading the cannon picrricr. The small stone or iron balls were apparently inserted at the breech. (See middle gun). The large stcuie iialls. 6in. diameter, which we f(iuiid, would be used not in a picrricr, but in a howitzer. Some ®lt) 3nn6 of Mimbornc, By E. KAYE Le FLEMING, (Read 17th February, 1920). F it be true that the history of England is written on the walls of its parish churches, may we not also claim that much of the same history has l^een developed in its inns ? For in most towns it was ni the large market-room of some leading inn that most foregatherings of public import were held. From the antiquarian point of view, Wimborne has been lucky in that the railway never reached the old town proper. In the hrst Post Office Directory, 1848, we are told that Wimborne is situated half a mile from the station on the Southampton to Dorchester raihvay. The town grew towards the railway, and new buildings, instead of displacing old ones, sprang up in the direction of the new station. While we still have some of the old inns standing where they have stood for centuries, it may be worth while putting on record some of the interesting points in their history. The George Inn From the antiquarian point of view, there can be no hesitation in assigning ptide of place to the " George Inn," 40 OLD INNS OF WIMBORNE. situated on the south side of the little Corn Market, which was once the square and centre of the town. It may not be out of place here to remind those who only know modern Wimborne, that the present square was fully occupied up till about 1800 by the Kinj^'s Chapel of St. Peter, and the burial ground surrounding it, also that the streets, narrow as they are now, have been widened in various places from time to time, so that the only place that could accommodate a crowd was the Corn Market, even the Church-yard close by having a row of cottages standing on the north and east sides. Opposite the Inn, in the sixteenth century, stood the Guildhall, on the site now occupied by the Friendly Societies' Hall, and the Guild of Clothworkers had their Chapel in the North Choir Aisle of the Minster dedicated to their patron Saint St. George. There are many entries in the Churchwardens' accounts referring to the Guild and Guildhall. Rent was paid to the Church- wardens not only for the Hall itself, but for the use of weights kept there for weighing wool and yarn. There can be little doubt that the " George Inn " derives its name from the patron Saint of the Guild. The earliest item we can find refers to " Rent of a garden behind the ' George ' 12d in 1524;" and in the same year the entry " Received of an hermyt that died at the ' George ' for a grave. vis. viiid." gives a delightful stimulus to the imagination. In 1585 the " Comyssenors " of Edward VI. came to Wim- borne to take inventories of the Church goods ; and the following entries from the Churchwardens' accounts bear reference to their entertainment. It pd. " to Master Phyllypes to desyre hym for to hellpe us make ye inv^'tory for ye cherche goods " 20/-. "fore ye comyssenors dener at Duyes " (Deweys) 15/-. " for alle ther dener yt dyde hellpe them to make ye ynvytory " 2s. lid. "for 5 quarts of wvne and sawg (sugar perhaps) at Mr. Lovell's for ye com>ssernes." OLD IXXS OF WIMBORNE. 41 " For wyne at ye George " 8d. Of Mr. Lovell we only know that he was a " gent " and had charge of the Church plate. There is some ground for the conjecture that the Com- missioners were accommodated at the " George " during their stay. In 1663 there is a record of a Church rate for "repayring of the Parish Church and Organ of Wimborne Minster." " Mr. Lewer for the George 00. 10. 06." In 1693 " pd. for officials and other dinners and expenses at the George 01. 09. 00." This refers to the annual dinner, the "Visitation " dinner of later years, when the official or head of the Peculiar Court (appointed by the 12 Church Governors) with the governing body. Churchwardens and Sidesmen, dined together at the expense of the parish. We shall have occasion to refer to this custom later. In 1736 there was " pd. Leonard Martin expenses at last Visitation at the ' George Inn ' for himself and two Sidesmen, the small pox being near when the court was held. 5s." W^'imborne, as a Royal Peculiar, was outside the jurisdiction of the Bishop; but there was an arrangement by which the Bishop (of Bristol) "visited" once a year. The consistory court was held in the west end of the north aisle of the nave, which would be but a few yards only from the garden of the " George." The reference to small pox is interesting, and might imply that Martin and his two colleagues were the only members who cared to risk the infection for the sake of the dinner. In 1806 the annual vestry adjourned from the Church to the "George," probably for better accommodation; and later a portion of the garden of the "George" was taken into the Churchyard to improve the access to the west door. The "George" is now a comparatively humble inn, and harbours " hermyts "who are lodgers of another type to the one previously mentioned. It is a small but interesting 42 OLD INN'S OF WniBORNE. building, and the side which forms part of the west boundary of the Churchyard adds its share to the picturesque view from the Hi^'h Street. Almost adjoining the "George" on the west side of the Corn Market stands the " While Hart," a low two-storied building of considerable age. From its position we may surmise that its history goes back a long way; but I have been unable to find it mentioned by name in old records. It is probable that the " White Horse " mentioned in a Church rate of 1663 refers to this inn. If so, it was the third in importance in the parish, ranking after the " Crown " and the " George." The rooms in this inn are both numerous and quaint. The bar parlour, which used to contain high-backed seats on each side of the open lire, has a heavy beam supporting the ceiling. Where this runs over the windows it is supported from below by a square iron bar let into the window sill. To this massive iron bar, tradition relates, the Parish Beadle used to handcuff offenders who were waiting their turn to serve their sentences in the stocks outside. (The stocks themselves, in a fair state of preservation, are in the possession of the Lord of the Manor, at Dean's Court). In the north-west corner of the Corn Market stands a very old pair of cottages, which formerly as one building constituted the " Greyhound Inn." The central brick chimney-stack and the view of the building from the garden behind are worth noting, as the days of this structure are numbered. The late Mr. Symonds showed me the title deeds of this inn of 1643. Early in the 19th Century the business of the inn was removed to Cheapside, where in 1833 the business was bought outright by Mrs. Jeremiah Gasser and converted into a china and glass shop. The business was carried on by her daughter, Miss Gasser, till a few years ago, when, at her decease, Messrs. W. and M. Kerridge established themselves there as silversmiths and watchmakers. Passing down the narrow Cook's Row (the name of the street can be traced back to 1363) to the High Street, and turning towards the Square, we notice the ''Albion Inn" on our right. This is an insignilicant remainder of the " AV;c' Inn" OLD INNS OF WIMBORNE. 43 once the most famous coachin.q inn of the town. A casual glance is sufficient to show that the " Albion," the bookseller's shop (Riley), and Gush's well-known pastry-cook's and confect- ioner's premises, are all part of a single large building of red brick covered with painted stucco, with a fine roof and chimney-stack. The inside premises of each and all of the three parts are worth inspection, especially for the line stair- case and attics in the '' Albion," and the fine old panelled room on the first floor of the confectioner's ; but particularly interesting is the view from the back, obtained by passing under the arch to the stable regions. Here the fine colour of the old red brick in its many angles and projections, the heavy roof and quaint windows, and the unmistakable unity of the whole building is seen to the best advantage. Robert Higden, a well-known benefactor to the Minster and parish of Wimborne, in his will of 1681, bequeathes " All that messuage and tenements and bowling green called and knowne by the name of the New Inn " to his son of the same name. The name suggests a possibility of a previous inn of another name on the same spot, and also gives the approximate date of the present building. Until the middle of the 18th Century the room on the first floor was the principal meeting place in the town, although the new Friendly Societies' Hall in the Corn Market was then in existence. Here the Magistrates held their sittings; and on June 1st, 1756, the first meeting of the Poole Turnpike Trustees took place to administer the Act, with Humphrey Sturt in the chair, and such familiar names as Hanham, Bankes, Churchill, Erie Drax, Dugdale, Pitt, Pickard, Portman, Trenchard and Templeman among the original trustees. For the next 100 years the meetings of the trustees took place alternately here or at the " Antelope Inn," Poole. In 1850-51 the room was used as a school, while the present school was being re-built. In the large room now used as printing offices was held the weekly corn market. In January, 1838, the body of Lord Eldon of Corfe was brought on a hearse by stages from London, and lay in state in the room now a branch Post Oftice. The late W. Symmonds, who 44 OLD IX\S OF WIMBORNE. died in December last, has told me the room was draped in black, and mutes with white wands guarded the coftin, while the townspeople were allowed to walk in and gaze at the features of the corpse through a glass window in the coffin. Another old resident's grandmother, who lived to the ripe age of 103, saw George III. drive under the arch in his coach, en route to Weymouth. The stabling in the yard, now mostly used for other purposes, must often have accommodated 30 or 40 horses. Before leaving this inn we must not forget to mention the fine old Seventeenth Century ironwork which supports the degen- erate signboard of the " Albion." The present Church House stands on the site of another old inn of interest. Mary Gundry, in her will dated 1617, left among other bequests, to the Minister and poor of Wimborne, a house and tenement called the " Angcll Inny In a memor- andum of Church property, 1663, we read that " Peter Cox holdeth one tenement, being the sign of the Angle adjoining to the Churchyard at the east end thereof." Soon after this date the name was changed to the " Swan." Among the earliest records of the Churchwardens in 1403 and for the next 200 years we read of the revenue received from Church Ales, and many accounts of the brewing gear belonging to the Church, which was let out at a yearly rental to parishioners. From this custom, the arrangement by which any workman employed about the Minster was entitled to free beer was derived, a custom moreover continued long after the Church gave up its brewing interest. Indeed, up to 1860 at least, the Churchwardens provided beer at the expense of the parish to those who helped in putting out fires in the town. It is therefore probable that the beer was often obtained from the"Angeir' or "Swan" by reason of its proximity to the Minster, and as the claim of a tenant of the Churchwardens for such custom as they had to dispose of. The following extracts from the accounts may be given as examples : — " 1588 a iirkin of " beere " for ye ringers on ye Queene day." " 1642 Beere on powder treason da>' for the ringers 2s." OLD INNS OF WniBORXE. 45 " 1664 Beere for the masons and the ringers to try the tower 14d." " Beere to the ringers for a peale to see if the tower shook Is." It appears from the accounts that at this time the Church- wardens were much exercised as to the safety of the west tower which contained the belfry. We may feel confident that ]Mar\- Gundr\- would be well pleased to see the use to which her bequest has been put, in the handsome and appropriate Church House which now replaces the " Angell Inn." In the present Square stand two inns, now dignihed with the style and title of ' Hotel' — The " Crown Inn,'" bearing its interesting old sign — a large wooden crown suspended from an ornamental iron bracket — and the ''King's Head,'^ which was a picturesque two-storied red brick building till about 40 years ago, when another story was added and the old building incorporated in the new, and the front covered up with stucco. We find the " Crown " mentioned in a Church rate levied in 1664, for the purpose of buying a new organ for the Minster. Doubtless the damage done to the existing organ by Cromwell's soldiers, who tore down the organ pipes to procure metal for their bullets, was the main reason for the new organ. The amount of the new rate was £,1 16s. Od., and, compared with 10/6 levied on the "George," shows the relative importance of the two inns. The earliest mention of the " King's Head " is as follows — " 1726. A payment of 2/6 for tolling the great bell for a stranger that died at the King's Head." There are various records of public meetings at both inns. The " Crown Inn " has the distinction of being the last inn connected with coaching. In the Post Office Directory of 1858 we find the one and only coach, the "Gem," from Blandford, running daily between the towns chiefly to connect Blandford with the railway at Wimborne. On the north side of the Square the greater part of the present town lies within the old Borough of Wimborne. The 46 OLD IXXS OF WIMHORXE. Borout^h was a separate manor incorporated with that of Kingston Lacy and separate from the Manor of the Town, which formerh' belonged to the Deans, and now does to the owners of Dean's Court. In this large area there is only one inn, a great contrast to the large number in the town proper. In the middle of the west side of the East Borough stands an uninteresting modern inn, with the equally uninteresting name, to ^^•it — "The Smith's Arms." The " Smith's Arms" was erected in 1864, on the site of an old thatched inn which was destroyed by fire and bore the sign of the " Silent Woman." This title is considered by some authorities to be derived from the Headless or Heedless virgin or woman." The old signboard of this inn, like many others of the same title, bore the picture of a female form without a head. This inn, being the only one in the Borough, was naturally the centre of the affairs thereof, and we find that as late as October, 1886, the Court Leet of the Borough was held there with its accustomed business of election of Jury, Bailiffs, Aletasters and Hayward — the ■presentation of non-attendants, owners of pigs that strayed in the Borough without ring or yoke, and offenders who deposited rubbish on the highway. The inaccessibility of the records of this manor prevents the tracing back of this inn's history, which is doubtless of considerable antiquity. It is worth recording here that while Hutch ins traces the history of the Borough of Wimborne to the beginning of the 15th Century, there are several deeds of property in the Minster archives which mention the Borough as far back as 1273 and subsequent 3-ears. *The Sij^n of a headless man, or woman, bearing to-day such designations as ''The honest lawyer," or "The silent woman," were originally pictures of saints, such as St. Denys (represented in art as a bishop, holding his head in his hands), or St. Noyala, of Brittany, or the Cornish saint, St. Jutwara, whose body was translated to Sherborne Abbey about 700 A.D. Is there not still the inn sign " Ye Quiet Woman " at Halstock ? Editor. OLD INNS OF WIMBORXE. 47 On the south-cast corner of the Church-yard, the modern shop front of a furniture store hides the main body of an old building which was once an Inn of the name " Catherine Wheel.'" It appears thus in the title deeds of 1703, and its name recalls that of St. Catherine's Chapel, which once stood on the land still called St. Catherine's, situated south of Eastbrook bridge. By 1800 the inn had become a barber's shop (noted for a lady barber of reputed attractions); and a little higher up on the other side of the road we find the " Mail Coach Inn," at the corner of Chantry Lane. The " Mail Coach " is now no longer an inn, but is remembered as such by old inhabitants. The house bears the date 1706. As mail coaches did not exist till 1784, we may surmise that the "Catherine Wheel" was the predecessor of the " Mail Coach," and that the business of the former was transferred across the road to the " Mail Coach " about the beginning of the Nineteenth Century. Retracing our steps to the Minster we find, in Cheapside, a little below the Church House, " The Bell Inn." We have no record of this Inn earlier than 1801, when it goes by the name of the " Old Bell;" but the name, and its close proximity to the Minster and its famous bells, warrants us as recording it as an old inn. In the 500 odd years of Churchwardens' accounts there are many interesting items concerning the bells, and in 1629-30 the great bell was taken down and re-cast in Henry Allen's garden near the Church, by Anthony Bond the bell- founder. That an inn of this name and in close proximity to the Minster, existed in those times seems highly probable. The only other inn which I shall refer to in this paper is one that stood near the Eastbrook bridge and was called the " King's Anns." The premises are now in use as a cycle shop and motor engineering business, carried on by Mr. F. King. Old inhabitants remember this as a coaching inn, and doubt- less coaches taking the Ringwood, Wimborne, and Poole route, would be glad to avoid the narrow winding streets of the town by stopping here, their nearest point of call. In 1601 mentioned as belonging to Robert Higdenin his will. In 1703, Robert Temple raised a mortgage of ;^80 on the 48 OLD INNS OF WIMBORNE. house, etc., "in a streate commonly called ' Sluj^s Lane' known by the name of ' Kinj^'s Arms.' " The road from Eastbrook bridge into the town is now known as East Street. Doubtless " Slugg Lane " was a not undeserved title to a narrow street always wet by reason of its protection from sun and wind and then lying some feet lower than it does now. There is a good market-room on the first floor of this inn, and in the smuggling days it was the head-quarters of the local excise and preventive men. Perhaps I may add the particulars of a Visitation Dinner held here on July 31st, 1829 — the receipted bill for which is among the records of the Churchwardens. The items run as follows For dinners for 25 at 5/- each Beer, Porter and Cider 13 bottles of Port at 5/- 10 bottles of Sherry at 5/- ... 3 bottles of 6/- ... Dessert Servants dinner for 12 10 bowls of Punch at 5/- £ s. d. 6 5 0 9 0 3 5 0 2 10 0 18 0 3 3 0 17 18 0 1 4 0 2 10 0 £21 12 0 As these dinners were paid for out of the Church Funds, we can understand the pressure of public opinion, which, ten years later, led to an action by the Attorney General against some of the Governing Body, and the establishment of a more rigid control over the finances of the Church ; and it is, I hope, needless to state that Visitation Dinners have long been dis- continued. In conclusion I would make it clear that this paper is by no means exhaustive of the " Inns of Wimborne," and still less of the inns which might now be reckoned as in Wimborne, but which one hundred years ago were wholly outside the town. alimpse of Mcpmouth anb tbe TKIlar, 1802^3. By the Rev. W. OWEN COCKCRAFT. {Read 17th February, 1920). HE pages of an old record of Xaval Officers' Services would at first sight not seem likely to aftord a glimpse of Weymouth at the opening of the war with Xapoleon. But the troubles of Captain George Wolfe, as recorded in the pages of MarshalVs Xaval Biography, do give us some view of Old W^eymouth and its people of that day. Captain Wolfe was appointed in December, 1802, to the new-built frigate Aigle. Then, for his sins, the unfortunate man was sent, of all places, to Portland, and, of all services, to impress seamen and raise volunteers for the Xavy ! Captain Wolfe, good easy man, seems, however, to have had some inkling of what all this meant; for, on anchoring in Portland Roads, he went ashore and saw the Mayor of Weymouth in order to secure his assistance and support. The arrival of the frigate in the Roads seems to have caused an immediate alarm; for the mayor informs the captain that the seamen of the port had, to avoid impressment, got the quarrymen from Portland ready to help them to resist 50 WEYMOUTH AND THE WAR, 1802-3. any attempt to press them to serve on board his line frigate. The information proved correct. The hornets' nest was soon astir and humming. For the press gangs sent on shore were waited for, and attacked, and driven off Weymouth Quay into their boats in confusion. Captain Wolfe now feels he must make a strong and decided effort. At four in the afternoon of April 1st, 1803, — let us note the significant date — he lands on the beach foreshore where the stone breakwater pier was afterward built. Scarcely had he landed when a crowd of seamen of the port lires upon his party. The fierce fight that ensued may be imagined ! At first the navymen are succesful. Two prisoners are made, whose names are Porter and Way, the one armed with a poker, the other with a reaping-hook. The crowd runs off to take safety in Portland with their friends whose assistance they were expecting. And sure enough a very formidable mob of nearly 300 men from Portland arrives. They are armed with muskets, pistols and cutlasses, spoils from the wreck of a number of transports that had been driven ashore in the heavy gales some seven years before in Portland Road. The unfortunate fifty from the Aigle were attacked with fury, 16 or 17 being seriously wounded, nine of these having afterwards to be discharged from the service in consequence of the severe injuries received. Captain Wolfe himself seems to have been brutally knocked about, and would have nearly lost his life, had it not been for one of his seamen, a quartermaster named John Manning, whose cutlass was broken in parrying a blow at the Captain's head. This unfortunate officer seems to have refrained from serious retaliation as long as he possibly could. But at last, in consideration for the safety of his party, he gives the marines the order to fire. Four of the mob were killed, the rest bolting in such panic, "with such precipitation," the story says, "that only three could be secured." It must have been a very battered party that took themselves and their wounded back to the frigate. The Captain was clearly apprehensive of serious trouble, for his first act was to send one of his lieutenants in haste to post up and make report of the happening to the WEYMOUTH AND THE WAR, 1802-3. 51 Admiralty. Trouble soon came. The lieutenant was seized on landing along with the midshipman of the boat by a Wey- mouth mob, who dragged them before the Mayor. Terrorized by the mob, the Mayor signs the committal of the two officers to Dorchester Gaol on a charge of wilful murder of the four men who had been shot in the riot a few hours before. The authorities further yielded to the feeling of the mob by holding an immediate inquest on the four men, the Coroner agreeing to a verdict of murder against Captain Wolfe, Lieutenant Francis Hastings, Lieutenant Jeffrey of the Marines, and Mr. John Fortescue Morgan, Midshipman. Here then, with the French already molesting our shipping in the Channel, and only some weeks before war was formally declared, on May 18th, 1803, and while a formidable army, that of the Rhine, under General Moreau, was known to be preparing for a possible invasion, in the face of much national danger, one of our ships of war is held up by a factious charge instigated by a turbulent mob. The four officers indicted seem to have been all lodged in Dorchester Gaol for trial at the Summer Assizes. But the publicity arising from the affair, and the quick coming of war, appear to have worked some measure of common-sense and moderation. The four prisoners would seem, on the outbreak of war, to have been permitted to rejoin their ship on bail until the assizes came on. The unfortunate Captain Wolfe received some solace for his troubles by his capture during this interim of a very rich prize. Cruising in the Channel he took no less than six homeward- bound — and therefore richly laden — French West Indiamen. The subsequent trial ended in the complete acquittal of all the accused, the jury sensibly agreeing that the four parties indited had acted in self-defence. The chief fact this glimpse of the past gives us, is the extreme lawlessness of the district. The mob gathers rapidly, is dangerous and dominant. Its power is seen in the extreme subservience of the authorities. The Ma^'or of Weymouth, though anxious to run with the naval hare, is still more desirous of hunting with the hounds of the Portland and Weymouth mobs. He makes promises to 52 WEYMOUTH AND THE WAR, 1802-3. Captain Wolfe and agrees to furnish him with "a sufficient number of constables to assist him and preserve order," to quote the narrative. Evidently the worthy naval oflicer, thus assured, hoped to arrange everything quietly and peacefully. But when he lands, the only constables he finds are two special constables who are urging on the Portland mob! The Mayor stands aside and lets the lawless element do what it will, and does not dare to refuse to commit the men who fall into its hands. In fact, as a Weymouth man, he has more sympathy with the populace than with outer authorities, and probably had some little local axes of his own to grind and sharpen as well. At any rate there is some suggestion of this in the comment the Author makes in a final foot-note. " We should here state that the Court acquainted Captain Wolfe that he had done wrong in communicating with the Mayor of Wey- mouth when acting under an order from the King in Council." In like fashion to the Mayor's conduct is that of the Coroner, who told Captain Wolfe that his verdict of wilful murder " was given in consequence of his dreading the resentment of the fopulace had he acted more leniently." And he seems to say this as a matter of course, feeling sure Captain Wolfe would understand how very natural his behaviour was ! The whole neighbourhood, the Isle of Portland, Weymouth, Wyke, Rodwell and the coast villages near, all are concerned with the "free trade," in wrecking, and, now w^ar was coming, with the fitting out of privateers. And everyone concerned is determined he will not be interfered with in these paying pursuits. And here emerge two other facts — the strong vested interests of the neighbourhood, and the keen eye to private advantage of the local people. The Coroner, whose apology to Captain Wolfe I have mentioned, seems to have hurried on board the Aigle after returning his verdict against four of her officers, to solicit his employment by them in making their affidavits in defence ! This because he had heard that another local attorney had been engaged by them ! Similarly a Weymouth surgeon "waited upon Captain Wolfe and solicited him to entrust the Aigle's wounded to his care, stating that he WEYMOUTH AXD THE WAR, 1802-3. 53 had had the charge of aU the sick men belonging to the Navy who had come into Portland Road during the late war ; and if Captain Wolfe would comply with his request, he should be able to obtain a renewal of his former contract." It is not to be wondered at that by this time Captain Wolfe seems to have felt that he had better have as little to do with Weymouth folk as possible, and consequently refused. Anyhow, at the trial, this surgeon appeared as a hostile witness, and on the trial morning stated that a young girl who had been fatally wounded in the riot of April 1st "had declared to him before her death that she had been shot by Captain Wolfe." " The Grand Jury rejected his evidence in toto." This girl, it appears, was the sister of James Way, one of the two men impressed by the Aigle's party. The Captain, on learning this, released the man and sent two guineas to procure necessaries for the girl. This produced an application from the father for a further five guineas to pay the Surgeon's bill. This surgeon was the same who had so eagerly solicited the Captain's employment. When asked at the trial why he did not mention the girl's statement when visiting the Captain, he replied that she did not make the declaration till three weeks after. These instances illustrate the tone of the people at large. The Weymouth of that date was a small port containing a number of locally owned and built small coasting craft, doing a lucrative trade sometimes to the Mediterranean, but especially as colliers which plied between Weymouth and Sunderland. In war- time they boldly kept the sea, fought their way back and forth, and made excellent freights. The same family often built, owned, manned, and made a comfortable living out of, the same craft. They did not want their seamen taken off, and their trade hindered, by the Navy. The more adventurous built and fitted out vessels for privateering. These hated the idea of impressment more bitterly still. The fishing population also infinitely preferred the often excellent profits of smuggling, and the then well-paying fishing, to being forced on board a man-o'-war to endure the hardships and injustices such as caused the mutinies of 1797. 54 ■ WEYMOUTH AND THE WAR, 1802-3. Patriotism, the danger and need of their country, then entering on the Hfe- and -death struggle with Napoleon, did not appeal to them. Such considerations passed over their heads in their remote corner of Dorset and then out-of-the-way part of the Kingdom, removed as they were from wider national interests and clinging tenaciously to their lawless pursuits. It is not a pleasant glimpse we obtain. Let us be thankful that later times afford a pleasanter, finer, more patriotic spectacle! ^ubor Ibouses in Borset, AND THE Contemporary Xife witbin ^bem, (Mansel-Pleyclell Prize Essay for 1920). By VERE L. OLIVER, F.S.A. Period. HE period under consideration ranges historically from 1485 to 1603, while the throne was occupied by the five Tudor sovereigns, viz.: — Henry VH, Henry VHI, Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth. From an architectural point of view, however, 1450 should be taken as the date when the style first commenced ; and there was occasional survival through the reign of James I. Historical. With the termination of the Wars of the Roses, and the accession of Henry VII, the country became more settled, though that war did not touch Dorset. The great feudal families having been almost exterminated by civil strife, new men sprang into prominence, wealth accumulated, and the founding of new families led to a demand for additional houses of a more commodious character. Manv charming manor houses 56 TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. date from this early Tudor period, which commenced in the middle of the fifteenth century, and lasted until about 1540. Athelhampton, Wolfeton and Forde are the best examples in our county. The style was eminently indigenous, our isolated position tending to stamp our architecture with special national characteristics, unlike anything on the continent. Henry VIII, having inherited the enormous wealth (£1,800,000) accumulated by his father, was in a position to indulge his taste for splendour and magniiicence. The s^ile of confiscated church lands in 1535-40 also brought in sums equal to £15,000,000 of our time. The King invited over foreign artists and workmen, who, bringing with them the new style of the Italian and French Renaissance, were employed in erecting his numerous palaces, and the large mansions of the nobility. The first work was the tomb of Henry VII in Westminster Abbey in 1516. Screens in Winchester Cathedral 1525, St. Cross 1528, the Salisbury Chantry in Christ Church 1529, all visited by our club, are strongly Italian in their carving. The octagonal S.E. tower at Lay cock Abbey and the stone tables and tiles are dated 1540-53. At Bingham's Melcom'be is a charming gable of mixed English and Italian detail. It must be recollected that the old style went out of use gradually, not suddenly. With the close of the first half of the century we come to the end of the pronounced Italian and French detail. In the second half Dutch influence prevailed, and strap work, fruit, foliage, cartouches and caryatides were freely displayed. The smaller houses of the country gentry continued to be erected by local masons and builders, in the old traditional English style, the foreign fashion being more slowly adopted. In fact for many years the plan remained unchanged, only the decorations exhibiting foreign influence. The dissolution of the monasteries, having transferred some of the best lands and possessions, at moderate prices, to secular hands, led to a great development of domestic architecture. TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. 57 The monastic churches and Uving quarters were mostly pulled down, with the exception of the tithe barns and farm buildings ; and the ready-cut stones and ashlar were carted away, to be used in the erection of new houses and cottages. Each abbey unfortunately represented a veritable quarry. And at this day one may notice their carved stones built into some humble dwelling, as for example at Abbotsbury, Sherborne, Bindon, Shaftesbury and Upcerne. In exceptional cases the conventual buildings when in good condition were retained, though altered and adapted as at Forde Abbey. Plan. In early mediaeval times the hall occupied the centre of the house, with the buttery, pantry, kitchen and servants' quarters at one end, and the family apartments at the other. This simple plan seems to have been universal; but with the advance of taste and luxury the wings were extended, brew- house, bake-house, &c., added on one side, and parlours leading out of the hall on the other. A chapel was often included, and the courtyard enclosed, with entrance through a gate-house. A second quadrangle for stabling and farm outhouses often followed. Such an extension was carried out in the reign of Henry VIII at Parnham, though afterwards pulled down. Of the early complete plan there are scarcely any perfect examples in the county, so one must look for such at Oxford, Cambridge, Fulham, Hampton Court, St. Cross and Winchester. At Athelhampton there were certainly two, if not three, such quadrangles, but only two sides of one are now standing. Herringston, built 1582, has lost its quadrangle, gateway and chapel, and Wolfeton its quadrangle and chapel. Kip's Views and Thorpe's Plans give an excellent idea of the arrangement of various courts and enclosures. These latter were essentially English, and found necessary in our climate for giving shelter from the variable weather; but eighteenth century landscape gardening and classical rebuilding 58 TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. swept them away. Most of the ground plans will be noticed to be shaped like the letters H or H; but that has no reference to King Henr\' or Queen Elizabeth, the fancied resemblance being due to the central hall and extended wings. The disposition of the smaller manor houses is well illustrated bj' the plans of Melbury and Winterborne Anderson. Materials. Our ancestors wisely used the nearest suitable material for their homes, whether of timber, stone, chalk, flint or brick, resulting in that toning and harmonising with their surroundings which is so noticeable a feature. Here in Dorset the great stone beds of oolite and lias, more especially at Portland and Purbeck, with outcrops in the north, provided all that was needed. Ham Hill stone from Somerset, with its delightful warm tints, was also within easy reach. Caen stone from across the Channel was mostly reserved by the monks for interior church work. Carefully selected chalk was also serviceable for the same purpose. Flints from our clowns provided a pleasing change, and when properly laid, by the skilled descendants of neolithic workers, were imperishable, and by their glistening surface afforded a pleasing contrast, arranged in alternate layers or squares with stones. The monastic barn at Liscombe is built of flint, stone and large blocks of rock chalk. {D.F.C., XXVI, 5). The great barn at Cerne Abbas is supposed to have had 125,000 flints, each shaped by hand, used in its construction {Ibid, XXXIV, p. xl). The roofs were covered with heavy split slabs of stone; and as lichens and other plants covered them they became very picturesque looking. The stones were carefully graded, the smaller 6nes at the top and the larger below. The squire was often his own clerk of the works, picked out his timber and used the best materials. Mr. Moore built a handsome house at Loseley, in Surrey, in 1561-69; and his accounts, most minutely kept, have been preserved. Timber was bought or given by neighbours and cut up in his saw pit. TUDOR HOUSES I\ DORSET. 59 He made 120.000 bricks and tiles, burnt chalk into lime, quarried and carted stone "digging stone att Waverlye (Abbey) out of the rubbish." Total cost £1660. iArduvologia xxxVi). For humbler dwellings cob, consisting of a mash of clay, chalk and straw, was used. When slowly built up its thick walls of two feet, together with small windows and thick thatch, rendered the cottage warm and cosy in winter and cool in summer. The fireplace was roomy, with a roughly-trimmed tree above the opening. The capacious chimney was used for smoking hams; and a bread oven was constructed on one side. The buttresses and chimneys were of stone. Exterior. The older houses, although planned with certain attention to symmetry, were very irregular in grouping, the roof being of different heights, with lofty towers, turrets, gables and chim- neys. The parapets were also corbelled out and battlemented. The later houses were much more regular and formal, with ballustraded roofs, terraces and arcades. Down to the end of the fifteenth century the windows were usually cusped, then became curved and finally square headed. They were divided by muUions down to about 1530, the rooms being low and the windows small, with only one row of lights. This type, of which Purse Caundle is a perfect specimen, was very prevalent in Dorset. (S. iv, 289). The great hall was usually lighted opposite the dais by a bay window, an isolated commanding feature not occurring elsewhere, springing from near the ground, and carried up in the form of a turret, as at Athelhampton. The other windows of the hall were kept up quite ten feet from the ground. Oriels, a variety of the bay, were sometimes used on an upper floor, corbelled out, of which very pleasing examples are at Sherborne, Cerne and Clifton Maubank. Drip stones were often present; and the old string-courses were now exchanged for the heavy classic cornice, and pilasters introduced. Chimneys were most ornamental, twisted panelled or banded, but became simpler in Elizabethan houses. A good twisted 60 TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. one is at Toller Fratrum. {Goich, Early Renaissance Archiiccliire, p. 127). Gables were often curved, and from gable to gable extended a solid balustraded parapet. Mapperton and Bingham's Melcombe have each an early gable with angle shafts. Turrets were an occasional feature; and roofs, instead of being high pitched, were often flat leaded. The pointed arch of the doorway was now flattened and surrounded with a rectangular frame and the spandrils filled with tracery. There is an early one in South Street, Dorchester. A lofty protecting porch occupied the centre, the pilasters and arch receiving much carving, classic statues and busts being a favourite device. In stone houses the quantity of the detail depended on the hardness of the material, the harder the stone the plainer the work. Chapel. The larger houses often included a domestic chapel, the priest of which received a small stipend, fed with the house- hold, and attended to the library if one existed, or helped with the accounts. Such chapels were perhaps added as the owner increased in wealth, or acquired rank and importance; and they were built on one side of the courtyard and com- municated with the lord's apartments. In some cases the manor house stood adjacent to the parish church, as at Hinton St. Mary, Radipole, Sandford Orcas, Poxwell, Athelhampton, Hanford, Tolpuddle and many other parishes. At Gorton, a Domesday manor, the free chapel stands by itself a few yards from the house (illustrated before restoration. S. iv. 88). At Melplash the domestic chapel is now the dairy (D.F.C, XXXII, p. xl.) Those at Glifton Maubank, Herringstou and Wolfeton no longer exist. Woodsford had an oratory or chapel of which the piscina is in silu. (Hutchins' Dorset, Vol. I, pp. 451-2). Gatehouse. This feature was universal in the courtyard type of house, affording the oiil>' access over the moat by means of a draw- TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. 61 bridge; but in early Tudor days the moat was no longer necessary, though the gatehouse was still often retained as an ornamental feature. A light portcullis was also used, and massive oak gates hung, to ensure privacy and exchide beggars. Most of our local examples have been pulled down, as at Parnham and Athelhampton. At Wolfeton there is the customary pair of towers with conical stone roofs of about 1590. At Cerne Abbas is a beautiful example with line oriel of two stories built in 1509; and at Forde there is a magnificent one. At Sandford Orcas it is to one side of the house. At Pokeswell we see the evolution of the gatehouse, for here it has become merely an ornamental entrance to the forecourt. It is a charming little brick structure with a diminutive upper chamber dated 1634, later than the house. In Elizabethan times the porter's lodge opened into the base court, and later stood by itself, and was adorned with much heraldic work. Town Houses. In the towns architecture experienced but little change. The streets or lanes were narrow, with only width for one cart. The houses were mostly of stone below, with half timber above, each floor projecting on corbels or brackets beyond the lower one, until at the top people could almost shake hands across. Most of the old houses have been re-fronted; and it is only by examining the interior that we discover groined cellars and Elizabethan fire-places and ceilings. The wills of city merchants give the best details of their furniture and fittings. Sanitation. In plans of the end of the sixteenth century the isolation of garde-robes, or grouping of them together in separate towers, as at Corfe Castle, was no longer carried out. In such castles the ducts passed down in the thickness of the walls, either into the open air or the basement of a tower. Later the garde-robes were placed in large square projections, on the face of the wall, on each floor. 62 TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. At Woodsforcl, in the beacon tower, is the orij.,nnal sink, in the thickness of the wail; and adjoining, but walled off, is a latrine. (Hutchins' Dorset, Vol. I. p. 453). In 1542 it was laid down that the filth from the kitchen was not to descend to the moat, which was to be kept clean by a spring being conducted to it. The provision of a good water supplj- being of the first importance, a well was always sunk in every house, the water being drawn up by the usual windlass and rope. Where a good spring was within reach, tree pipes were often laid down to conduct the water to the house. Gardens. The Tudor gardens were treated as part of the design for the house, the two harmoniously blending and producing a homogeneous result. Very few perfect examples remain, the eighteenth century craze for landscape gardening having swept away the old enclosures. A house court or fore court formed the approach to the front door ; a balustraded terrace occupied another side, overlooking the pleasure garden; and the vegetable, herb and fruit gardens were walled in on the remaining sides. The flower garden was of very simple design, usually divided into four main plots, subdivided into smaller knots and squares often railed with low trellis work. If water were available, central fountains would be introduced ; and a banqueting or garden house or gazebo was a constant feature. Columns and pyramids, pergolas, arbours, pavilions, sun dials, seats, statuary and tanks were the usual accessories. There might be also a maze or labyrinth, a mount and bowling green. Pleached trees formed shaded alleys ; and shrubs were clipped into fantastic shapes, known as topiary work. A great deal of woodwork was utilised for trellis and other structures, which of course did not last many j'ears. At some ancient manor houses the sites of such gardens may still be traced, by means of the old walls and yew hedges; TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. 63 but with the change of fashion during four centuries, there have been so many re-arrangements that the original features have become obUteratdd. At Athelhampton new gardens in the Tudor style have been very skilfully laid out, which give a good idea of their appearance. Dove Cote. Pigeons were a useful addition to the larder, so that ''columbaria'" are often included in ancient deeds. The cote was usually of stone, square or octagonal, with a gabled roof and a cupola at the top. The circular type, however, seems to have prevailed in Dorset, as at Athelhampton (D.F.C. XXXII, p. Iv.) and Melplash. In the centre of the interior is a revolving ladder hxed so that it can be rotated for examination of the broods in the square nesting holes (Illustrated in Gardens Old and New I, 147). There are also good examples at Godlingston {Hutchins' 1, 669), Clifton Maubank {Ibid., IV, 425) and Bingham's Melcombe. At Woodsford the second floor of the central eastern tower wais used for pigeons, the holes for nesting remaining in the wall above, though the tower no longer exists {Ibid., I. 453). There was of course one at Shaftesbury Abbey {Ibid., Ill, 37). See a deed of 25 Eliz. at Marnhull {S. and D. N. & O. VI, p. 169) and 37 Eliz. {Ibid. 254), when four pigeon cotes were at Tolpuddle, though there is none there now. Later they were introduced in the garden design, merely as an ornamental feature. (See description of early one of 1326 in Ar-cJuvologta XXXI, p. 194). Fish Pond. Fish pools {''siagna") and stews {''vivaria") contained fresh iish for fast days, a welcome change from the diet of the salt or dried sort. After the Reformation they fell into disuse or became merged in the garden scheme. Bindon Abbey had extensive ponds fed by the river Frome. (Plan in H. I, 353). There were also some at Ower Moigne {D.F.C, XXX, p. xlix). 64 TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. CONYGAR. In a lease of 20 Henry VIII there was reference to "pasture or fedyintf of 200 female conyes " At Parnham ten acres were walled in for a warren. iHiiichins' II. 128). Friar MaN'ne had a warren for conies. The name often survives thout^h its use has been forgotten, In Melcombe Regis is "Conygar Lane" and near Came is "Conygar Hill." Gre.at Hall. The hall was in early times the principal common room of the house, the centre of family life, and varied in length from about 30 to 60 feet with a proportional width. Athelhampton 38ft. by 21ft. 6ins. by 50ft. high. Forde 56ft. by 27ft. It was entered from a porch at the end of one side, a portion of the hall being cut off by a screen, to form a passage through the house, from the front entrance to the back one directly opposite. On the side of this passage, opposite the screen, were doors opening into the kitchen, buttery, pantry, &c., and in the screen itself were two openings into the hall without doors. At the far end of the hall was the dais, raised a step or two above the floor, and lighted by a lofty window. Here the family sat at meals, with their backs to the wall, behind a long table standing transversely, a serving table being in the bay. In the lower portion of the hall were trestle tables, set lengthways, for retainers and servants. A door from the dais used to lead to the cellar and solar over it and later to the dining, parlour and withdrawing-room over it. Above the screen, which was elaborately carved, was the minstrels' gallery. On the walls was hung arras, with trophies of the chase, arms, armour and portraits. Sometimes shields of arms were painted showing the various matches. The stone floor was dailv strewn with fresh rushes. TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. 65 FiRK PLACE. The central hearth survived until the end of the fifteenth century and even later, and a louvre in the roof was provided for the escape of the smoke. In the newer style fireplaces and flues were constructed in the walls and the louvre was transformed into a lantern light. The late Perpendicular chimney pieces were usually of stone, of some plain geometrical design, as at Tolpuddle Vicarage (now in the Dorchester Museum). They then became elaborate and ornate, and were constructed of coloured marble, but more frequently of oak, with twisted pillars or figures as at Wolfeton (Gotch p. 195). In many of them panelled spaces above the fireplace were tilled in with shields of arms. Roof. This was open, of oak or chestnut; and the massive stone tiles rested on the rafters, which were supported on longitudinal beams called purlins, these being carried by principals spanning the hall from side to side, at intervals of about 12 feet, curved braces or struts being fixed where necessary for support. There are several varieties of such roofs, and one of the most picturesque forms is the hammerbeam type, where the main arch of the principal springs from a projecting piece of timber, called the hammerbeam, which again is supported by a curved strut, usually resting on a stone bracket in the wall. Walls. The walls were often left bare, or covered with a thin layer of plaster decorated with lines or simple patterns. Tapestry or arras would then be hung, such hangings being carried from house to house. Wainscoting or panelling with oak was very general, the earlj^ panels being small and of the linen fold pattern. With the Renaissance were introduced, about 1540, fantastic animals and human heads in circular frames, often with curved ribs set back to back. 66 TUDOR HOrSEs IX DORSET. After the hall fell into disuse, bedrooms were often con- structed in the upper portion, as at Winterborne Tomson. Gallery. In Elizabethan houses there were also on the first floor the Great Chamber of State and Lon,^ Gallery, the latter a characteristic feature which first came into fashion in 1540. As this room was lighted all clown one side, as well as at one or both ends, it must have been extremely clrau<^hty and cold in winter, and only suitable then for walking exercise. Ceilings. These were unknown until late in the fifteenth century. Before then the under side of the upper Hoors was divided into large deeply-recessed squares by heavily moulded beams. At Sherborne Abbey is a good timber one divided into such squares with flowers carved at the intersection {Parker 172). South Eggerdon, a sixteenth century house, has massive oak beams with good mouldings (H///c7;/;/s 11. 175). So has Barneston {Ibid. 1, 581). After the great hall with its open timber roof became out of date, all the principal chambers w'ere ceiled, and the plasterer executed most varied designs in geometric or flowing patterns, with pendants and ribs, figures, animals and birds. Herringston has a notable coved plaster ceiling {GoicJi, 193). At Wolfeton the long parlour on the first floor, now divided into four bedrooms, had formerly a lofty coved ceiling of which three pendants remain {Ibid. 195). The present drawing- rooms on the ground floor have the usual Jacobean flat type. At Winterborne Clenston and Tomson are also good examples, the former distinctly Renaissance. Toller Fratrum has a good circular ceiling on the upper floor. tudor houses in dorset. 67 Staircases. The early ones were in. small turrets, the steps windinj^ around a central newel, and the treads of stone or oak as at Woodsford, Winterborne Clenston and Tomson, Athelhampton and Wolfeton. These were then replaced by wooden stair- cases with short runs of steps from landing to landing. The newel posts were tall, and often surmounted by heraldic beasts, and balusters or fretwork used, all elaborately treated. Doorways. These were treated to match the mantel pieces and panelling. One of the finest and most typical is in the drawing-room at Wolfeton (Gotch). Kitchen. On account of the large exercise of hospitality, this room was of ample dimensions, and the fireplace extremely wide, as at Canford. At Melplash the bread oven in the wall, the smoke jack and ancient settle may still be seen. Window Glass. In the fourteenth century shutters only were used for the windows as at Stokesay. In 1567 Queen Elizabeth granted a licence to certain Frenchmen for establishing a factory of broad or window glass. Sussex, on account of its woods, had been an early centre of local manufacture. In 1623 Abraham Bago had a glass house in Purbeck where Mansel's works had failed. The Renaissance subjects embraced foliage, vases, candelabra, scrolls and animals; but for houses heraldic work predominated. It was customary for ancient families to insert in the windows of the great hall, presence chamber and long gallery as large a number of shields as possible, displaying their matches and quarterings. In the Harl. MSS. is a list of such heraldic glass existing in Dorset houses in 1600; but very little of this has survived. See an illustration of such shields 68 TrDOK HOUSES IX DORSET. formeiiy at Wolfelon {H nidi ins, II. 549). At Little's Farm in Winterborne Kingston there are a few specimens, one of 1500, another of 1601 {S. and D. X. & O. IX, 201). At Parnham is a fine window with the ro>'al Tudor arms brou.^ht from Nonsuch. (Garner & Siraiioii plate clxxxi). • Aubrey wrote that before the Reformation there was no county or j^reat town but had glass painters, but that old Harding of Blandford was the onl\' country glass painter he knew, and Harding died in 1643 aged 83. Table Glass. In 1549 eight Italian glass-makers were enticed here, who revived, and improved the local art. King Henry VIII encouraged the manufactm'e, and owned a large collection of fine pieces, all foreign. Specimens are of the greatest rarity. A dated drinking glass of 1586 is in the British Museum. A factor>- was established in 1576 at Buckholt Wood, Hampshire, where fragments have been unearthed. Such glass was at first confined to royalty and the nobility, silver, horn, leather and wood receptacles being used by other classes. Metal Work. Lead. There were lead mines in the Mendips worked by the Romans, who not only exported this metal, but freely used it for their water-pipes, coffins, &c. In Tudor days it was largely employed externally for certain flat portions of the roof, gutters, domes, and rain water pipes and pipe-heads. The latter were very ornamental, and decorated with monograms, crests and arms, Tudor roses, Heurs-de-lis, &c., and sometimes dates. Windsor Castle and Haddon Hall have noteworthy specimens of the early and Knole Park of the late period. A lead pipe-head dated 1579 with battlemented cresting is TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. 69 at Sherborne (illustrated in Gotcli p. 132); and at Anderson are shields of arms of the year 1622 {Garner & St ration pi. cviii). Rain water cisterns have become very scarce, and no sixteenth century one seems to be known, though there are several of the seventeenth century. Being more accessible than the water heads, they have suffered greater destruction, and been melted down. In the churchwardens' accounts at Wimborne occurs in 1587: — "for a ton of lead att Mendipp £8. Carriage home of the same lead 20s." {Hntchins III. 262). At Wild Court in Hawkchurch is a rain water pipe dated 1593 {I bid. IV. 46). Lead glazing assumed a variety of patterns (See Garner & Stratton, pi. clxxx). Iron. The local forge provided most of the smaller utensils and implements, such as were found in the house or farm. Vanes afforded much scope for the craftsman, and those at Cranborne were dated 1647. The various fittings of doors, such as locks, scutcheons, hinges and latches, were most artistically fashioned. Great wrought-iron gates replaced the portcullis of early times. Other metals in use were copper, tin, brass, latten and pewter. The implements attached to the lire-place were at first simple and few, such as: — Apayre of tongys and a payre belwys 1463; spytts, rakks, cobernys, andernnys, trevettes, tongs, 1504; tier pany, yryn chymney and a poor 1552; paire of potes, rachyncroke 1562; her shoel spette, bake, gibcroke, racks 1564; gallows of iron with four crocks 1567. The "gallows" was the bar of iron projecting across and hinged and so swung round, from which the crooks or chains with hooks for suspending pots were hung. There were also brandizes, skillett, ladell, skoomer, gridirons, drypping pans, cullenders and chaffing dishes. The andirons or hre-dogs were most ornamental. The tire- back, being cast, usually had the family coat-of-arms or figures with initials and dates. i'he iron works of the Weald of 70 TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. Sussex turned out larj^e quantities of fire utensils, before the woods became exhausted. There are some notable sixteenth century specimens in the S. Kensington Museum (See Garner & Stratton plate clxxix). Of pewter there is a fine collection in the museum at Taunton. A fine bronze standard bushel measure, inscribed "Elizabeth Reg." and dated 1601, is in the museum at Dorchester. Household Furniture. The furniture was usually of oak, as being most durable and readily procurable. It was first Gothic in style, frequently painted in bright colours, and ornamented by strips of carpet and hangings. The linen-fold panel was the favourite design. The hall was sparsely furnished in the early period, and the fittings rudely constructed. The lord's table on the da'is was a "dormant" one. Such tables were framed or joyned, often called "refectory" tables. Later, the ends of the top were ingeniously made to draw out ; hence the term "draw tables." The rougher type — the trestle table — consisted of boards laid on trestles, which were easily removed after supper, so that the men might sleep on the floor around the fire. Sometimes the chair or settle was convertible into a table by the hinged back folding over. Settles were placed near the fire to protect the occupants from the draughts. On the da'is on one side stood the buffet with its carved shelves, resting on four legs, open below and canopied above, on which was displayed the gold and silver plate. Chairs were scarce, and only provided for the lord and perhaps his lady. Other persons sat on long forms or joyned stools covered with carpet, strips of Turkey work, or cushions. After the great hall fell into disuse, a smaller room, the "privie parloir," leading from it was fitted up for the family use. The bufl'et had now developed into a court cupboard on four legs, open below or with a shelf, the canopy gone. It contained several recesses enclosed by panelled doors with the frame work richly carved, and was used for storing apparel, armour, &c. TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. 71 The dresser, livery or service cupboard, was in much request for holding the meats on the way to the tables. It consisted of three stages standing on four legs, with perhaps a drawer for table linen. They were not at first enclosed, but the drinking vessels were hung on hooks, and a ewer and basin provided for cleaning them. Later the upper division was enclosed with folding doors and locks, and the panels were replaced by balusters for \-entilation. The bedroom livery cupboards were smaller, being used for containing the nightly liveries or rations. After 1550 gorgeous cabinets were introduced; but they are now excessively scarce. Chairs became more numerous and comfortable, and w^ere either X or box shaped, or triangular and turned. Mirrors which used to be of steel were now made of glass. Walls were no longer painted in fresco, but decorated with framed pictures of the Holbein school. The four-post bed, an object of great family interest, was usually carved and set up by local craftsmen, and ornamented with the arms or initials of the owner. The head board above the level of the pillows was elaborately panelled, likewise the frieze and tester or square canopy, as well as the two columns at the foot. (A dated one, of 1593 in the S. Kensington Museum, has been illustrated in Macquoid 76, Litchfield 80 and Hayden 66). The truckle bed for the use of the attendant was very low, and could be pushed under the great standing one in the day time; and at the foot of the latter was a coffer or chest to contain valuables and clothing. These chests, sometimes styled linen or dower chests, were in general use in most rooms. The three front panels were richly carved, the ends and lid as a rule plain, a small tray called a till being often fixed inside for trinkets and small objects, and there were sometimes drawers underneath the chest. With the lid down they made useful seats, and with the addition of a back were more restful. Small portable boxes for deeds or a bible are often met with. 72 TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. V^ery ornate iron treasure chests with compHcated locks and bolts were in frequent use, the iiner make being usually foreign. Dealers call them Armada chests; but they are too numerous to have been all derived from that source, though a fine specimen belonging to the Commissioners of Customs at Weymouth, said to have been taken out of a Spanish flagship which was captured and brought into the town, may be genuine. It was loaned to the Armada Tercentenary Exhibition at Plymouth in 1888 {Western A ntiquary VI 11 , 1 .) See illustration of another Spanish one left at Wolfeton in 1506 by Philip King of Castile {D.F.C. Proceedings XXXV, 5). Another specimen is in the Museum at Dorchester. In later times chairs and settees were often richly upholstered. The inventories attached to wills, or made by the owner in his lifetime, give one the best idea of the furniture and rooms. And of these I will select four, viz., those of a great prelate, a poor priest, a squire and a yeoman. The inventory of the household goods of Archbishop Parker, deceased, taken at Lambeth House in 1575, was written on a roll of skins 17 feet long, each item priced ; but I have omitted the hgures. The following are the chief rooms and buildings : Great chamber Chamber by chapel Hall Grene gallery Great parlour Schole house Waiting chamber Vestrye Chamber of presence Kitchine Chapel Store house Gallery Chaundrie Compting chamber Wine seller Middle chamber Granary My lord's chamber Pantrie Pantry parlour Laundrie Chamber over waitmg Stables chamber The furniture generall\- consisted of standing and truckle beds, joyned tables or boards on trestles, joxned forms and TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. 73 stools, court and livery cupboards, presses, chests, coffers and a few chairs. Old Turkey carpets were numerous, also carpets of Bramage and window carpets; but these were strips used for covering tables, stools and cupboards. There were no floor carpets; even Queen Elizabeth's presence chamber was daily strewn with rushes. There were many sets of hangings, quyshions of velvet or damask and richly embroidered. Other materials were sattin of bridgs [Bruges], dornix [Tournay], grene sale (sagum, fine woollen cloth), grogram [silk and mohair] and tapistry. Of lynen and napery there were table cloths of various sizes from 1 to 12 yards in length, napkins and hoUand shetes. There were fether and straw beds, matresses, bolsters, pillows, white and red blankets, and coverlets. Clothing included the usual gowns, doblets. cloaks, chymmers and a parliament robe of scarlet faced with mynever. Andirons of latten, iron chests barred or plated, basons and ewers, buckets of leather are all listed. In the kitchen were a great cistern of lead, and the usual utensils. [See under Metal]. In the chaundrie were candlesticks and torches. In the wine seller 5 ton of Gascoyne wine and a butt of Sacke. Fish comprised 16 great linges, 221 lesser linges and 400 haberdines [salt cod cured at Aberdeen]. There were only 1 hour-glass and 1 clock, and but 2 coaches, one covered with lether [introduced in 1564] and 10 saddells. Of musical instruments there was a pair of organs in the chapel, and several pairs of virginals about the house. The pictures were mostly portraits of sovereigns, nobles and worthies of the Reformation. Maps, but no names of books, occur. Armour included : — corslets, almain rivets, pikes, long bows, sheaves of arrows, steel caps, black bills, harquebuts, salletts, calyvers, morians, brigandines and skuUes. The plate was gilt and parcell gilt and included a lyverie pott with cover of 91 ozs., many bouUs and standing cupps, trencher plates, saltes, and several dozen spones. The total sum was £2766. [ArcJucologia XXX, pp. 1 — 30]. In contrast to the above is the inventory in 1568 of John Ace, priest of Wimborne, £44. iHulcliiiis III, 261]. \Vm. More, Esij., of Losely in Surrey 74 TUDOR HOUSES I\ DORSET. made a careful list of his property in 1556. The rooms were haule, parlere, children's chamber, chamber where I lye and my wyfes closet. He had a good stock of plate, books, and furniture, chessebord, base lute, pair of virginals and gittorne [cittern or guitar], glass and jugs of stone garnished with sylver and gilt. He built a line mansion in 1561 still standing. lA rchcvo login XXXVI ] . An inventory of 1597 is that of the estate of a yeoman at Loders with a stock of 30 beasts, 10 oxen, 140 sheep, and the accommodation included a hall with chambers over it, a parlour with a chamber over it, a lower parlour, a chamber over the entry and the new chamber. All the furniture very simple, the whole estate, including £195 for leases, totalling £4S5. [Hutchins' Dorset, H, 307]. Other inventories are one of 1537 [Ibitt IV, 367] Will of Margaret Russell last Abbess of Tarrant 1567 [lb. Ill, 356]. Sir Geo. Somers of Whitchurch Canonicorum {_S. ami D. X. & Q. XI, 99]. Goods at Bingham's Melcombe temp. Eliz. \_Archcvologicai Journal, XVIl]. Beechen roundells in sets of 12 were used as trenchers for fruit and sweet meats. The upper side was bare; but the under side was painted black or gilded and ornamented with figures, flowers and short epigrams called posies [Art of English Poesie 1589 quoted in Gciil. Mag. Library and Arcluvologia XXXII, p. 225]. There are several such sets in the Tudor gallery of South Kensington Museum. Mazer w.is a drinking bowl of birds-eye maple with silver band, foot and cover. About 50 are known. \_Ibid. L, p. 129]. Pottery was very coarse, covered with a brown or green glaze. Beer was drunk out of pots, the covers and handles of silver or pewter. Other vessels were goblets, pitchers, jugs, bowls, bottles, t>"gs and cups. The shapes did not alter, so that it is difficult to fix dates. Some of the stoneware jugs had bearded heads impressed under the spout. [Chaffers]. A puzzle-jug dated 1571 is illustrated in Early Eiig. Pollcry by Hodgkin, p. 1. TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. 75 Porcelain was not made in England, but imported from China. See illustration of two line oriental bowls which were mounted in silver in 1549 in the Renaissance style ^D.F.C. Proceedings XXXV, p. 4]. Civilian Costume. Men. In the last quarter of the 15th century the hair was worn long, the gown assumed a cassock-like appearance, and the pointed shoes were becoming moditied. From the girdle hung a g)'pciere with rosary, and a hood was added in the form of a cap with a long scarf. In the last decade shoes were broad toed; and the fur-edged robe w^as turned back clown the front with broad fur collar and cuffs. This continued to the middle of the 16th century, when the gown then acquired long false sleeves. Beneath w-as a square skirted doublet. The hair was worn long; but the face remained clean shaven. In Elizabeth's reign the hair was kept short, and moustaches and pointed beards became the fashion. The doublet was shorter and fitted tightly, having a short skirt below the sash. Over the long hose was trunk hose stuffed out. The sleeves of the gown were reduced and the shoes round toed. Ruffs and lace frills were worn at the neck and wrists. A short cloak and rapier often displaced the gown. [See tine example of 1598 in Williamson's jV/;//Vi/;/;rs, p. 28]. About 1490 the butterfly head dress gave way to the pedimental, and the strip bordering the forehead became wider. The caul or cornet w-hich enveloped the hair developed into a kind of bonnet at the back of the head. The frontlet framing the face and falling to the shoulders was of velvet or fur. The gown had tight-fitting sleeves, fur cuffs ^d TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. and border ; the aperture for the neck was cut square, and a broad girdle with rosary and pomander worn. About 1525 short wide furred sleeves came in, with a linen partlet at the neck, and the ends of the front lappets of the head dress are turned up. In the reign of Edward VI the Paris head and close-fitting cap depressed in the centre came into vogue. The gown was opened below the waist, exposing the embroidered under gown ; puffed sleeves covered the shoulders, and the partlet was surmounted by frills. During the latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign the lappet was turned over the top of the head. There was also a hood, the ruff grew large and the skirt was distended by a farthingale. Hats were of the Welsh type. In Queen Mary's reign white lace came in, and it became still more popular in her sister Elizabeth's time; but it was all foreign, and really good English lace was not made until Anne's reign. Huguenots having introduced it. \Cosiiimc on Brasses by H. Druitt]. See also portraits by Hans Holbein (1497-1543), Nicholas Hilliard (1537-1619) and Isaac Oliver (1571-1617). Embroidery. Before the Reformation this was as a rule confined to ecclesiastical work and was of a very high quality, of which there are some exquisite specimens in the South Kensington Museum and a piece from Bindon Abbey in the Museum at Dorchester. After that epoch the splendid costumes and household hanging curtains and covers were lavishly worked. In Henry VIII's reign gloves were much worn, and a pair of his used for hawking is at Oxford. Elizabeth was also very fond of them and accepted them as official gifts. Edward Vere, I7th Earl of Oxford, first introduced embroidered gloves and perfumes from Italy. {Hone's Year Book IV, 362). Dainty shoes covered with fine petit point work, caskets, book-covers, and pocket books, all wonderfully worked, are still preserved. TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. 77 Black or Spanish work was introduced by Catherine of Aragon, an indefatigable needle-woman. Many of the so-called Stuart stump pictures are undoubtedly Tudor. A sampler of 1546 has been noted. [IV. Antiquary III, 29]. Besides tine needlework much spinning was carried on ; and there was in most houses a hand loom for weaving cloth for the household. [Illustrated in Wright, 483]. The West of England was noted for its cloth, and many of the present gentry are descended from clothiers. A school of tapestry was established in the reign of Henry VIII. Jewels and Trinkets. A great deal of jewellery was worn with the magnificent costumes; and the same precious stones as now were used. Some of the Renaissance examples of setting are very beautiful, and often combined with enamelling. An enseigne or badge was a jewelled gold medal worn in the hat. A pomander, or perfume case, hung from the girdle. Gold chains were of the broad flat type. There is a unique collection in the British Museum; and many examples may be noticed in miniature and other portraits. Holbein designed many jewels for the Court. Social Life. The hours of meals underwent few changes. Breakfast was served at 7, dinner at 11 or noon, and supper between 5 and 6, the intervals being about 4 hours. Sometimes there was refreshment between meals called a " bevei"." No forks being employed until the reign of James I, there was much washing of hands before and after feeding, hence the saying "lingers before forks." In early days two persons helped themselves from the same dish, then four formed a " mess." Ale and wine were the customary drinks, tea and coffee being unknown. Banquets or " rere-suppers " took place after supper, choice wines, 78 TUDOK HOUSES IN DORSET. pastry and sweetmeats being consumed and toasts or pledges drunk. On retiring to their bed-chambers liverves were served out. The gates were shut at each meal. At a certain wedding feast at Losely in Surrey, in 1567, of which the costs were carefully kept, besides the usual meats the following presents were consumed : Deer, hyndes, hares, conyes, swan, capon, partridge, wodecock, crane, hernshaw, curlew, duck, mallard, teel, plover, bytter, knott, stynte, godwytt, fesaunt, lark, synatt, geese, snyght, hethcok and turkye. There were also : Fish, oysters, sawsags, byscett, spices, almonds, prunes, currants, dates, olyves, sugar, merme- lade, &c. Sack, Gascon and Renysh wines were drunk. (Arcluvolooia XXXVI, ?,?>). By Act of 5 Eliz. for the encouragement of lishermen and mariners, Wednesday and Saturday were made fish days. {Chronicles of Cranborne, p. 299). A bill of fare for the Mayor of Norwich in 158,8 gives various prices. Geese 4d., leg of mutton 3d., guinny pig 6d., eggs 34 a shilling, hen 3d., 18 loaves of wheaten bread 9d., 16 oranges 2d., 2 gals, white wine or claret 2s., 1 qt. sack 9d., 1 qt. Malmsey 5d. {Western Antiquary VIII,' 18). When ale was the universal beverage at all meals, it was essential that it should be of good quality, and Henry VIII is stated to have introduced the use of hops in its make. The ale-taster, ale-conner or ale-founder, was an office of remote antiquity, and it was his duty to assay the ale. {Ibid. I, 134). Every manor, farm and parsonage had a brew-house, for making beer and cyder. Dorset merchants traded exclusively with Newfoundland, whence they took salt fish to the South of Europe, returning with wines and other luxuries from Spain and Portugal. Houses were lighted with rushes, candles, torches, cressets and moons. A " candlebeme " was a rude chandelier. Then there were low, high and bell "canstykes" usually of latten, an alloy of brass. Spiked stands were also used as now for altars. The cresset was carried on a pole, also the moon, but covered in with horn. (Upright, pp. 376, 454). TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. . 79 The primitive measurement of time was by candle, hour- glass and sun-dial. The 16th century was remarkable for the great advance in the art of clock-making, and watches were introduced. An early lantern-shaped clock 1570-90 for domestic use is in the British Museum, and this type prevailed during the whole Tudor period. Ladies had their household pets, such as dogs, monkeys, squirrels, parrots and other birds. With more elaborate toilet many foreign customs were introduced. Tubs had been used for ordinary bathing in private houses; but in^ towns public hot or sweating houses of eastern origin were now established. These w^ere mostly frequented by women for gossip and company, to which they also brought their refresh- ments. (Illustration, circa 1541, in WrigJiL p. 492). Sports and Pastimes. Henry YII encouraged the practice of military exercises by his courtiers. Henry VIII, in his young days a great athlete, also interested himself in the militia, of which the muster rolls for the 30-34th years of his reign have been preserved. Bills and bows were the common weapons, with a certain quantity of armour. There were about 4,500 able-bodied, fighting men in Dorset [S. V. 251]. Archery, though declining, was still fostered; and " Shotinge with the standarde or brode arrowe, at the twelve shore prick (a mark of compass) and the tarthe: lepping, runninge and wrastlinge, throwing of the sledge and pytching of the barre " are all named in a Sunday hcence of II Eliz. [Gent. Mag. Library, 245]. For shooting at the butts in 1592 at Blandford, see H. I. 221. Horse-racing, hunting, hawking, coursing, fowling, fishing, tilting were especially indulged in. Cranborne Chace within a circuit of 100 miles contained over 1000 wild deer, and there were also Holt Chace and Gillingham Forest. City folks had their stage plays, pageants, masquerades and processions, muscians and dancing. There were bowling alleys and greens, bull, bear and badger baiting, cock throwing and duck hunting. so TUDOK HOUSES IN DORSET. quoits, skittles, tennis, paille-maille, golf, cricket and football. A bull ring was in the square at Shaftesbury, where the town hall stands. A description of a skittle frame of oak with the rules cut on it and dated 1486 is in the Gent. Ma^. Lib. p. 255. There were also numerous indoor games, such as dicing, carding, shovel board, billiards, chess, draughts, dominoes, backgammon or tables. Country folk had numerous fairs, attended by strolling players and puppet showmen, of which Hutchins enumerates 47 [I. Ivi]. Hiring of labourers and servants took place, as well as the sale of horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, cheese and toys. On May Day the maypole was decorated, as at Shillingstone, and the dancing around it was a relic of pagan Floralia. At Shrove-tide Lent-crocking was still kept up in 1830 in some of our villages. Parties of boys armed with a good stock of potsherds visited the houses in the evening. Their leader pronounced the following lines : — " I be come a shrovin, Vor a little pankiak, A bit o' bread o' your biakin, Or a little truckle cheese o' your own miakin. If you'll gi' me a little, I'll ax no more. If you don't gi' me nothin, I'll rottle your door." The broken pots originally signified that as Lent was begun they were of no use; and the cessation of flesh eating is understood in the begging for pancakes and bread and cheese. (Communicated by W. Barnes to Hone's Year Book IV, 1599). See p. 1172 for a further letter of his on Dorset Customs, including Harvest Home, Haymaking, Matrimonial oracles at Midsummer Eve, Fairs and Perambulations. Hocktide was kept on the Monday or Tuesday following the second Sunday after Easter Day, when the women on one day roped in passers by and obtained coins for pious uses; and on the other day it was the men's turn. At Whitsuntide Morris dancers performed. [Hiiichinsl. 121]. Midsummer Day. On the eve of 24th June bonfires were lighted in West Cornwall, perhaps a survival of a Druid festival. TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. 81 Sheepshearing and harvest were times for merriment and feasting. For Dorset Harvest Home see N. & O. 4s. XH, 461. At Christmas the Lord of Misrule and his followers were chosen. See "The Anatomy of Abuses A"- 1583" in Gent. Mag. Lib. p. 77. The words of the drama acted by the Mummers were given by Mr. Udal in S. and D. N. & Q. IX, 9. There was wassailing the old apple trees in cider districts, and burning an ashen faggot on the Eve, besides the Yule log on Christmas Day. [_W. Aniiq. I, 143]. During the last quarter of the 16th century, stage plays took the place of the old passion, miracle, and mystery plays of the friars; and we find that various companies of players acted in the Town halls. [Bristol Past and Present, I, 234]. Travelling. The ancient British track-ways and Roman roads over the downs were hard and good; but in the valleys the roads were often impassable, and there was consequently but little wheel traffic. Everybody rode on horseback, and the women on a padded cushion or soft saddle called a "pillion" behind a man. (Illustrated in Wright p. 496). The " upping stock" or " mounting block," an erection of stone steps for their use, may still be sometimes seen outside churchyards, inns and farmhouses. Goods and mails were conveyed by carriers, with trains of pack horses. Long or short crooks were attached to the saddles, the former for sheaves of corn and bulky materials. Crubs with projecting crosspieces were for heavy articles. Tradesmen rode with great bags, hence the term " bagman." Smugglers slung their casks in similar fashion {Devon N. & G. Ill, 31, and Devon N. & 0. Ill, 60). An illustration of a horse with its loaded crook {W. Antiquary VI, 136). One sometimes notices old halter paths and deep narrow lanes leading down to a paved ford (S. and D. N. & Q. V, 169) or else over a pack horse bridge {Ibid. VII. 283; VIII, 289). 82 TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. Communication being so bad, neighbours did not go far afield, and we find families much intermarried within a 10 mile radius. ("Stay at homes" in S. and D. N. & Q. IV. 208). Many of the county families owned a house in the nearest town, to which they resorted in the winter for the sake of company. Shaftesbury, Sherborne and Dorchester afford examples. In 1599 there was a regular post between London and Plymouth, with stations at Shaftesbury and Sherborne, which was maintained until 1611, re-established in 1620 and has been carried on ever since. (5. and D. N. &. 0. X., iii.) Schools and Education. Before the Reformation the priests taught what little book- learning was considered necessary; but after the destruction of the monasteries a good many grammar schools were founded. Certain rules of the Free School at Saffron Walden, Essex, were drawn up about 1545, and they were typical of the period. There were six forms as now; and the daily lessons for each form as set out for the week show that practically nothing but Latin was taught. {Archa'ologia XXXIV, p. 37). The following schools in Dorset include some of the best known ones. Sherborne. Founded 4 Edw. VI, 1550, and Abbey adapted. {D.F.C., XII, p. 105; Hnlchins, IV. 284). Wimborne. Free School 1 Hen. VIII. Grammar School 5 Eliz. {Hiiichins, III, 191; D.F.C., XXVIII, 20). Dorchester. Built 1567, rebuilt 1618. {Hntchins, II, 367; S.andD.N.&0.,VlU, p. 178; Municipal Recoyds,p. 563). Gillingham. Founded 1526. {D.F.C., XXXII, p. xlvi). Milton Abbas. Free School 12, Hen. 8. {Hntchins, IV. 396). Netherbury. Free School, 1548. (Hntchins, II. 108; S. and D. N. & Q., X. 2). Punishments. Apart from prison, the wheel and gallows, the following were used for minor offences : — Cage for a short confinement. Tumbril for carting offenders about the town. Ducking stool TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. 83 for immersing a scold in a pond. Women as well as men were severely whipped through the town at the cart tail or tied to a post. Stocks were used for drunkards, the delinquent sitting on the ground, with his hands and feet confined. Specimens are in the town halls of Weymouth and Shaftesbury and Dorchester Museum. The last has also hand stocks. Every village was formerly bound to provide them. In the pillory the offender stood up with his neck and wrists confined. [Western Antiquities, I]. Hospitals. Poor law dates from the reign of Eliz. Almshouses, leper hospitals and maudlin or mad houses had been founded in monkish times, and these were now placed under official supervision. LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. Abbreviations used. D. Dorset Field Club Proceedings. (Annual Volumes). G. & S. Tudor Domestic Architecture by Garner & Stratton. H. Hutchins' History of Dorset. S. Somerset and Dorset Notes & Queries. ABBOTSBURY. The largest barn in the county. Good W. gable and porch with turret stairs. H. II, 722 ; Buck's view of 1733 ; 3 engraved views after Prout. ASKERSWELL. S. Eggardon. 16th cent, house with good beams. H. II, 175. ATHELHAMPTON. Great hall & porch, 14th cent, screen and oriel, 16th cent, additions, dovecote. H. II, 587 ; G. &S. plate, LXXIII, ground plan fig. 143; gatehouse fig. 144; oriel fig. 145; D. XX, 122, XXXII, liv; Parker 172, 178; Heath 3; S, VII, i. Gardens Old and New I, 144. 84 TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. BARNESTON. Early 16th cent, hall, oriel, ceiling and moulded beams. Gatehouse. H. I. 581. BEMINSTER. Parnham. 15th and 16th cent. 2-storied oriel, good finials. H. II, 128; D. XXI, p. 229 and XXXII, p. xU ; Heath 157; G. & S. plates of E. front and porch, liii, ground plan p, 97, glass, plate clxxxi, and fig. 360, porch door fig. 233 and 333, door fittings plate 177. BERE REGIS. Early Tudor house destroyed; but drawings preserved. H. I, 140. BINGHAM'S MELCOMBE. Gatehouse and Hall oldest. Oriel with Renaissance details. Bowling green and fish ponds, heraldic glass. H. IV, 371; G. & S. grotesque on angle shafts plate xii ; Heath 23. BLOXWORTH. Gabled house 1608 Elizabethan style. Gardener's cottage 1560. H. I, 180; Heath 37. CANFORD. Tudor Kitchen. H. Ill, 285, 300; Heath 48. CERNE ABBAS. Gatehouse with oriel 1509. G. & S. plate cxliii. Refectory and oriel 15th cent. Late Tudor manor house. Abbey barn.. H. IV, 27; D. XXXIV, p. xl. CHANTMARLE. Early Tudor house rebuilt 1612. Central Jac. block remains. H. IV, 7; G. & S. East front and porch plate Hii. Ground plan and external door plate 175. TUDOR HOUSES IX DORSET. 85 CHILCOMB. Quadrangular 1578 with church. H. II, 739; Treves, 252. CLIFTON MAUBANK. One wing with oriel of 1586. Porch and facade at Montacute, bowling green and dovecote. H. IV, 425; G. & S. plate Ixix; Heath 75 ; S. V., 193; D. XXXIV, p. IH . COMBE KAYNES. Wool. Late Tudor manor house. H. I, 348; D. XXVII, p. 39; Heath 231. CORSCOMBE. Toller Whelm. House on site of grange of Ford Abbey. H. II, 93; S. IV. 174. CRANBORNE. Thirteenth and early 16th cent, S. front with 2 towers. Hall of justice and dungeon, kitchen with groined ceiling, circular stone stairs, arcaded porches 1612. Gatehouse and church. H. Ill, 380. Chronicles of C. with plate p. 74-79. Gardens Old and New II, 235. FORDE ABBEY. Gatehouse with oriel, hall, cloister and chapel of 1525. Jac. additions. H. IV. 528; G. & S. plate x; Pulman; D. XXVIII, p. Ixxix and vol. IX, p. 136. HAM MOHUN. Early l7th cent. Front transition from Gothic to Classic. H. I, 272; D., XXXV, p. xl. HANFORD. Gabled house. Lead pipe dated 1623. H. IV, 62. HAWKCHURCH. Wild Court. Elizabethan. Lead pipe dated 1593. H. IV, 47. 86 TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. HERRINGSTON. House of 1582 was quadrangular, but mostly pulled down. N. front rebuilt Jac. Drawing-room has coved Renaissance plaster ceiling. H. II, 527. LONG BRIDY. Bridehead. Built Jac. Parlour wainscoted with fret ceiling. H. II, 185. LONG BURTON. Dairy house late Tudor. S. VI, 127. LULWORTH. Cube with angle round towers 1588-1609. H. I, 374. Buck's view 1733. MAPPERTON. Front and N. wing 16th cent. Jac. rebuilding. H. II, 159; Heath 125; D. XX, p. 167; Gardens Old and New II, 151; G. & S. plate cxxxv, ground plan fig. 272, plaster ceiling plate clxix and fig. 274, heraldic finials plate cxli., chimney piece fig. 322. MAPOWDER. S. portion older. E. part rebuilt 1564. H. Ill, 725. MELBURY SAMPFORD. Lantern tower, &c., 1504-47. Parlour with oriel and heraldic glass 1602. H. II, 672; Heath 133; G. & S. plate Ixix and fig 138, finial fig. 281, window 207. MELCOMBE HORSEY. Chapel desecrated. Small portion only of house remains. H. IV, 367; G. & S. panelling, plate clx, door, plate clxxiv. TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. 87 MELCOMBE REGIS. In Maiden Street is an ancient house now the Ship Inn and Fire Station. Across the road is another old gabled house. In Lower Bond Street is a corner house with 2 gables on each face, now the White Hart Inn. Door in -Church Passage of 1580. MILTON ABBAS. The Abbots' Hall of 1498 is all that remains. H. IV, 393; D. XXIV. Buck's view 1733, shows octagonal tower. NETHERBURY. Melplash Court 1604. H. II, 116; D. XXXII, p. xxxix. POKESWELL. Gabled Eliz. house. Brick lodge 1634. H. I, 408. PORTISHAM. Friars W^addon. Desecrated chapel. H. II, 764. PUDDLETOWN. Cottage of 1573 recently pulled down. D. XXXII, p. 184. Lower Waterston manor house. Garden front 1586. W. front pilasters and figures. S. side circular porch and classical features. Fine barn. H. II, 620; Heath 117; Nash. PUNCKNOLL. Transitional Eliz. to Jac. H. II, 769; D. XXXI, p. liv. PURSE CANDEL. Early Eliz. H. IV, 148; S. IV, 289. RADIPOLE. Eliz. H. II, 479. SANDFORD ORCAS. House in style of Athelhampton. G. & S. Grotesques on finials plate l.xxiv, ground plan p. 123. S. IV, 193; V, 54; X, 86; Ditchfield 51. 88 TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. SHAFTESBURY. Avishayes. Small Tudor town house, quite perfect. SHERBORNE. The Lodge. H plan with 4 towers 1594. Wings and 4 more towers 1660. H. IV, 277; Baronial Mansions II, 43. STALBRIDGE. Three-storied gabled house pulled down 1822, but drawing preserved. H. Ill, 673. STINSFORD. Kingston Maurwood 1591. H. II, 563; G. & S. plate cvii, ground plan p. 165, panel of arms plate cxxxix. STURMINSTER MARSHALL. (At Corfe Mullen). Now a farm house. H. Ill, 356. SWANWICH. Godlingston. Ancient pigeon cote. H. I, 669. SVVYRE. Berwick. Quadrangular 2 turrets, gateway, chapel and hall with heraldic glass. H. II, 783. SYDLING St. NICHOLAS. Tithe barn 1590. H. IV, 500. TOLLER FRATRUM. Front and E. wing 1585. H. II, 701. G. & S. chimneys plate cli. TOLPUDDLE. Front late Tudor. H. II, 601. TRENT. From CO. Som. 1896. Heath 175; D. XXXIV, 36; S. X, 86. TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. 89 TYNEHAM. 1567 and 1583. Hall destroyed. H. I, 618; D. XXII, 68. UPCERNE. Built of Abbey stones, good stucco. H.IV, 156. WARMWELL. Jac. the N. side older. H. I, 430. WEST KNIGHTON. Friar Mayne. Preceptory of Knights Hospitallers 1305. H. II, 501. WEST STAFFORD. Binghams' porch, wings and gables altered 1720. H. II, 512. WEYMOUTH. In Trinity Street, a small 2-gabled house. Opposite, another with porch. N. Quay, a gabled house with porch. WIMBORNE. Deans' Court, hall and fishpond, heraldic glass 1550-82. H. Ill, 232. In the town is a gabled house of stone and flint, good ceiling (in the occupation of Mr. T. Coles). [Visited 26th August, 1919, with Dr. Le Fleming]. WIMBORNE St. GILES. E. part oldest— before 1600. H. Ill, 598. WINTERBORNE ANDERSON. Stone and brick 3-gabled front and porch 1622. H. I, 160; G. & S. plate cviii. WINTERBORNE CLENSTON. Walls of stone and flint layers, 15th cent. hall. Renaissance ceiling, outside stair turret, good barn. H, I. 191; D, V. pp, 16-19, and XXXI, p. xxxvii. 90 TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. WINTERBORNE TOMSON. Early Tudor ground floor of sandstone with Jac. brick above. Outside staircase turret. Renaissance ceilings. H. I, 195; D. XXXI, 39. WOLFETON. Gateway and part of S. front 1477-93. Eliz. additions. Fine fireplaces, doors and ceiling. H. II, 546; Heath 209; Parker 172; Gotch 195 ; G. & S. newel staircase fig. 319, windows fig. 114. WOODSFORD. 1350 with Hen. VII additions. 1 Tower, staircase, turret and oratory remain. H. I, 449. Heath 223. WOOLLAND. Eliz. H. IV, 416. WOTTON GLANVILLE. Round Chimneys, 1590-1600. H. Ill, 744. AUTHORITIES. Early Renaissance Architecture The Growth of the EngHsh House Tudor Domestic Architecture Elizabethan Architecture Manor Houses of England Ancient Domestic Architecture Some Dorset Manor Houses Glossary of Gothic Architecture ... Open Timber Roofs History of Dorset „ Corfe Castle Somerset and Dorset N. & Q. Devon N. & Q. Notes and Gleanings for Devon & Cornwall Archaeologia Western Antiquary Dorset P'ield Club's Proceedings Gotch 1901 1909 Garner and Stratton 1909 Richardson 1837 Ditchfield 1910 Dollman and Jobbins 1861-3 Heath and Prideaux 1907 Parker 5th edition ... 1850 Brandon 1849 Hutchins 1849 Bond 1883 Weaver and Mayo ... 1890 Amery & Rowe 1900 Cotton & Dallas 1888 Society of Antiquaries Wright ... 1882 TUDOR HOUSES IN DORSET. 91 Chronicle of Cranborne ... 1841 Baronial Halls Hall 1881 Wells wills Weaver 1850 Bristol wills Wadley 1886 Half-timbered houses ... Sanders 1894 Carved oak „ 1883 English Leadwork Weaver 1909 Stained Glass Saint and Arnold 1913 Old English Glasses ... Hartshorne 1897 Early English Pottery Hodgkin 1891 Illustrated History of Furniture Litchfield 1907 Costume on brasses Druitt ... 1906 Chats on old clocks Hay den 1917 „ „ Cottage and Farmhouse Furniture Hayden Society in the Elizabethan Age Hall 1886 History of Domestic Manners Wright ... 1862 Every Day and Year Books Hone 1825-32 Sports and Pastimes Strutt 3d. ed. 1838, History of Portrait Miniatures Williamson 1904 ,, ,, Gardening ... Amherst 1895 Country Life Old English Country Cottages ... Holme ... 1906 Cottages and Country Life Ditchfield 1912 Henzey Family (Glass makers) Grazebrook 1877 Gardens Old and New Highways and Byways in Dorset Treves ... 1906 History of English Furniture Macquoid 1908 Strange Survivals Baring. Gould 1892 Colour Sense in a Ike^bole Masp, {Odynerus parletinus, Linn.) By NELSON MOORE RICHARDSON, B.A. Read 17th February, 1920. HE little wasps belonging to the genus Odynerus, which are the subject of this note, must be well known to everyone, as they are very common and much given to coming into houses, where they may often be seen on the windows or elsewhere during the summer. They are a good deal like an ordinary wasp in appearance, but much smaller and slimmer. The nest of the species under consideration {Odynerus parietinus, L., but until the perfect insects emerged, it might have been one of three or four species, which have similar nesting habits) is made in any convenient hole, such as a keyhole, or, as in the present case, the hole in a cotton reel, and consists of several cells, one above the other. The cells are made of silk, with a thin coating of mud; and in each is deposited an egg and some small cater- pillars, generally smooth green ones. The caterpillars are first stung by the parent wasp, the effect of which is to paralyse them, so that they can only wriggle slightly. In fact they get into the state which many larva; assume just before they cast COLOUR SENSE IX A KEYHOLE WASP. 93 their larval skin for the last time and become a chrysalis. In this paralysed condition they will live for a long time with bnt little change. I have kept them for two months or more, and they thus serve for food for the wasp grub while it grows to maturity. It then assumes the pupal state and emerges later on as a perfect insect. In the present case, which was brought to my notice by Captain Acland and Major Piatt of Dorchester, the latter gentleman had a cardboard box about 15 by 5 by Sin. in size, containing 32 reels of variously coloured cottons with a few silks, including six green, four red, three yellow, two brown, one grey, four mauve and twelve blue of different shades. The box was kept on a chest of drawers near a window facing S.S.W., the window being almost always open, and as the top of the box fitted badly, there was no difftculty about the ingress of the wasp. The reels were used with a sewing machine, which caused the paper at one end of the reel to be removed and the other to be broken, thereby allowing the wasp's entrance to the hole in the middle. The reels were in any and all positions, as they were very frequently turned over in looking for the special colour wanted at the moment, so that it is extremely improbable that three reels of the same colour would be so placed as to be specially convenient for the wasp's attack. In the late autumn of 1919 Major Piatt noticed that three of these reels had their holes filled up with mud (cells); and one, with some light blue cotton still on it, was sent to me by Captain Acland for the purpose of identification. This I exhibited at the December Field Club Meeting. Later on it was observed that all the three reels which were tenanted by the wasps were of the same colour and shade, U^ht blue, shewing a striking and extra- ordinary preference for that colour and shade, there being only five or six light blue reels out of the whole 32. There would probably be a little light in the box through the badly fitting lid, which was often left partly open, as the box was well filled up with reels, and without a little arrangement some would project. I am not aware that anything is known about the preference of these wasps for any particular colour, or 94 COLOUR SKXSK IN A KEYHOLE WASP. indeed of any of the solitary species of wasps and bees, so that this observation of Major Piatt's seems to be unique, and is of extreme interest. The late Lord Avebury, when Sir John Lubbock, made most careful experiments on the colour sense of bees and gregarious wasps, and came to the conclusion that bees possessed more than wasps, and had a decided preference for blue. Of wasps (i.e. gregarious wasps, Vespa) he says, " I satisfied myself that wasps are capable of distinguishing colour, though they do not seem so much guided by it as bees are." ["Ants, Bees and Wasps," Lubbock, 1882, p. 316]. Full details of these interesting experiments are given in this work. The fact that blue appeared to be the bees' favourite colour supports the conclusion that the keyhole wasp or wasps — there is no evidence to shew whether more than one individual was concerned — chose the three light blue reels because of a colour preference, and not from some peculiar smell of the light blue dye, or by some accidental coincidence. It would be worth while making a more extensive experiment by exposing a larger number of reels painted with different colours — several of each — on the chance of attracting these keyhole wasps, and noting the result. Dr. Haines, of Ower- moigne, to whom I wrote on the subject of the specific identity of this wasp, tells me that he has found 13 out of the 17 British species of Odynerus in Dorset, most of them commonly; and that four of these build in similar positions to the present one (0. parietiun, L., picttis, Curt., parieiiiiiis, L., and antilope, Panz., a large species). The identity of the present species cannot therefore be stated with certainty until the perfect insect emerges, which it will probably do in the early summer. Note. August, 1920. Major Piatt very kindly gave me one of the reels of light blue cotton containing cells of Odynerus, and from this I bred on July 18th and 19th, 1920, two female wasps, which Dr. Haines pronounces to be Odynerus parietitnis, Linn., thus fixing the species which was the subject of this interesting observation. In another reel, which Major Piatt presented to the Dorset County Museum, Dr. Haines found a dead male wasp of the same species, the other cell in this reel being empty. pbenoloGical IReport on first appearancee of 16irb0, 3n6cct6, dc, an^ first flowering of plants IX Dorset during 1919. Mitb ©tber IRotes on Xocal IRatural Ibistor^. By the Rev. F. L. BLATHWAYT, MA, M.B.O.U. GOOD deal of interesting material on local Natural History during 1919 has been forwarded to the Honorary Editor of this report; but, as space is still being limited, the task of selecting the more important records for publication is a difficult one. The following notes refer only to Birds and Macro-lepidoptera, and judging from the reports sent in, these comprise the branches of most general interest. Records in the other branches are few, but Dr. Haines of Winfrith has sent notes on other orders of insects, particularly Dragon-flies. These have not been incorporated in this report, but the notes suggest that a paper on the Dragon-flies of Dorset would form a useful article for the Proceedings. 96 FIRST AI'PKARAXCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. The editor is trying to work out the range, in Dorset, of some of the more local species of birds in the breeding season, and would be glad to receive notes, bearing on the subject, on the following species : — Wood-lark, Grasshopper Warbler, Wood Wren, Whinchat, Lesser Whitethroat, Marsh Warbler, Redpoll, Dipper, Grey Wagtail, Tree Sparrow, Cirl Bunting, Red-backed Shrike, Redstart and Stone Curlew, and any others of special interest. The distribution of birds over an area is of far more interest than the record of the slaughter of an occasional rare visitor. Notes have been received from: — (F.L.B.) The Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, Melbury Osmond, Dorchester. (W.P.C.) W. Parkinson Curtis, Esq., Drake North, Sand- ringham Road, Parkstone. (D.D.) D. G. bru Drury, Corfe Castle, Wareham. (S.E.V.F.) The Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, Sandford House, Wareham. (J.M.J.F.) The Rev. Canon Fletcher, The Close, Salisbury. (Until recently of The Vicarage, Wimborne). (F.H.H.) Dr. F. H. Haines, Winfrith. (F.G.P.) Dr. F. G. Penrose, Belmour, 26 Marlborough Road, Bournemouth. (N.M.R.) Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., Monte Video, near Weymouth. (J.R.) The Rev. J. Ridley, Pulham Rectory, Dorchester. (E.S.R.) E. S. Rodd, Esq., Chardstock House, Chard. (E.E.W.) Miss Ellen E. Woodhouse, Chilmore, Ansty, Dorset. And some others whose names are given in full. Notes on Birds. Port la mi. F.G.P. and F.L.B. stayed near Portland Bill from April 28 — May 3 to study bird migration. Permission had been granted them by the Trinity House Brethren to be in the Lighthouse at night to observe species attracted by the lantern; but unfortunately the weather at the time was very FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 97 unfavourable for bird migration, and the result of observation at the lighthouse was practically nil. Many interesting notes on the resident and migratory birds of Portland were however made, of which the following is a short summary. Skylarks and Corn Buntings were conspicuously numerous and in full song. The latter species was in such numbers that the fact points to a recent immigration. \Vheatears, both races, were passing in good numbers, some of the smaller race apparently staying to breed. Redstart, Willow Wren, Chiff-chaff, Black-cap, Meadow Pipit, Pied Wagtail, Cuckoo and Corncrake were observed on migration, also a Whimbrel, and Common Sand- pipers in little parties among the rocks by the Bill, sometimes as many as 17 in a party. Other birds observed included House Sparrow, Linnet (in fiocks). Yellow Bunting, Hedge Sparrow, Rock Pipit, Song Thrush, Blackbird, Stonechat, Greenhnch, Goldfinch, Starling, Jackdaw, Carrion Crow, Rook (a rookery of some 80 pairs). Kestrel, Sparrow Hawk, Stock Dove, Partridge, and a single Hooded Crow. Herring- gulls, Guillemots, Razorbills and Puffins were in good numbers at their breeding stations on the S.W. side, a few of the gulls also breeding on the E. side below the prison; and there were on the island one breeding pair each of Raven and Peregrine Falcon. Other sea-birds seen, but apparently not intending to breed there, were Oyster-catcher, Cormorant, Lesser and Greater Black-backed Gulls, Kittiwake, Gannet and Manx Shearwater. No Swallows and Martins were observed during the visit, but they were both reported on May 5th; and on the night of May 11-12 with a south wind and thick fog a Sedge Warbler killed itself by striking the lantern. Wheatears, the ' Snalters ' of the Portlanders, do not now pass through Portland in the numbers of former years. An old resident told F.L.B. that regular snaring of these birds had been discontinued for some 20 or 30 years, but that he could remember an old woman, who lived near Pensylvania Castle, who received them from the trappers at 9d. a dozen, to be sold in Weymouth, to which town one man used to take half-a-bushel of birds three times a week at the end of July and during y» FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. August. (See also Dorset Field Club Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII. p. 251). While on the subject of Portland it may be remarked that from reports from the lighthouse keepers and others it appears that the Turtle Dove frequently enters the County by this route, and that in the autumn the Tree Sparrow, a scarce species in Dorset, consorts with the vast flocks of roaming linnets, greenfinches and other species on the stubbles near the Bill. F.L.B. identified a number of Tree Sparrows among the 'finch-flocks' on October 10th, while on September 18th a very large number of Swallows were all over the ' Isle ' gathering for departure. On this latter date Yellow Wagtails, Whinchats and Wheatcars were also travelling. The Common Terns were present at their breeding station on the Chesil in good numbers in 1919, but left unusually early, not one being seen there by F.L.B. on August 1st. It is believed that the colony was raided by rooks, owls and foxes; and these apparently by carrying off eggs and young caused the birds to leave earlier than usual. A keeper at Abbotsbury told F.L.B. that he had actually found young Terns in the nests of tawny owls in the woods ! Sii'aiiaoe and District. F.L.B. was at Swanage for most of the time from June 16 — 29. ' Rock-birds ' were breeding in good numbers between Durlston Head and St. Aldhelm's Head, Guillemots decidely the most numerous, but Puffins also in large numbers, and Razorbills rather less common. The chief colonies of these three species on this part of the coast are at Tilly WHiim, Dancing Ledge, Seacombe, and from W^inspit to St. Aldhelm's Head, especially along the S.E. of the Headland. The chief colonies of Herring Gulls were: — on the chalk face of Ballard Down, West of Anvil Point, East of Dancing Ledge, and especially along the cliffs from Seacombe to St. Aldhelm's Head, where some 250 pairs were breeding. Both species of Black-backed Gulls may be seen in summer; but positive proof of breeding is still wanting, though a pair or two of the Lesser species very possibly nest ■ with the Herring Gulls. A pair or two of Shags appeared to FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 99 be breeding near Anvil Point, and a few Cormorants on the E. side of St. Aldhelm's Head, while Jackdaws were numerous along the cliffs and Kestrels were also present, and both Raven and Peregrine Falcon have more than one eyrie each, the exact positions of which it is perhaps safer not to publish. On June 26th a Little Owl flew from Tilly Whim Caves. The Heath from Arne to Studland is a very interesting bird resort. On June 18th some 60 pairs of Black-headed Gulls were breeding on Littlesea, but only about 30 pairs were seen on the Rempstone Heath Gull Pond, where formerly there was a vast colony. Apparently, this year, a raid had been made on the eggs, though the owner carefully protects the birds as far as possible; and many of the birds had in consequence removed elsewhere. In two or three colonies on the East side of Arne, as at Patchin's Point and among the rice-grass S.E. of Grip Heath, were situated the main colonies, consisting in all of perhaps nearly 1,000 pairs, while a considerable colony breeds also on Morden Heath N.W. of Wareham, and odd pairs in many other spots in the district. The Dartford Warbler still exists on the heath, and F.L.B. had the good fortune to see it, and also breeding pairs of Nightjar, Redshank and Curlew, and he only just missed seeing Montagu's Harrier, which was observed by a friend; Sheld-duck were breeding; and there is some evidence that Teal were breeding as well, while, on June 18th, F.L.B. saw three Wigeon on Littlesea which were possibly pricked birds remaining to breed, as, from evidence received from good observers, the species has abnormally hatched young in the locality. On Arne is the largest Heronry in the County, situated in lir trees, and consisting of perhaps 40 pairs of birds, though some put the numbers higher. The Cirl Bunting, a local species, was not uncommon between Swanage and Studland. From the Mel bury District: — The chief note of interest in 1919 was of a very fine show of duck, on the large lake in the Park, at Melbury Sampford, on Feb. 12th, during a 'cold snap.' The water was nearly 100 FIRST APPEAKANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. frozen over; but in the open space and on the ice were some 500 wild-fowl, consisting of about 150 Mallard, 220 Teal, 12 Wigeon, 18 Shoveler, 6 Pintail, 50 Pochard, 20 Tufted Duck and 10 Coot, all genuine wild birds in splendid plumage, a sight worth going a long way to see ! Siskins and Bramblings were more abundant at the end of the year than usual, a good number of each being observed from November onwards, and this was also noted from other parts of the county. Among the most interesting bird notes sent in from other observers are the following: — Stone Curlews breeding nearly as far west as Beaminster (R. Hinc) ; the same species observed on the chalk, Central Dorset (F.L.B.); Long-eared Owl (2 eggs May 24) nesting at Arne (D.D.); Common Buzzard seen at Encombe Nov. 13th (D.D.); same species on several occasions at end of year, Melbury Park (F.L.B.); Peregrine Falcon breeding in W. of County {A. B. Huiioii); Marsh Warblers breeding in some numbers in Blandford district (IF. /. Ashfonl); 76 Pochards and a few Tufted Ducks in Poole Park Dec. 8th (F.G.P.); about 6 Terns which S.E.V.F. saw and thought were White- winged Black Terns (but possibly were Black Terns) in a bog for several days near Wool in early May — a very interesting record, as these ' Marsh Terns ' were probably visiting an ancient breeding haunt of the species. S.E.V.F. also reports 15 Little Owls killed near Wareham, and answers the question on Whinchat breeding in Dorset* (see 191S Report) by stating that he used to find the species nesting on the Ridgeway between Dorchester and Weymouth. Dr. J. H. Salter, of Verwood, a first-class field naturalist, also sent a very interesting report on birds in his pine and heath district, the most important of which perhaps refer to the existence of the Dartford Warbler and Woodlark, the common breeding of the Lesser Redpoll in small trees in pine plantations, and the sad announcement of a pair of gibbeted Hobbies, on the estate of a county nobleman who surely cannot have been * Doysci Field Club Proceedings, Vol. XL, \\ 69. FIRST APPEARAXCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 101 aware that his game-keepers had murdered these useful and rare httle falcons, violating thereby the law of the land ! The end of the war has been the reverse of a blessing to many rare and beautiful species of birds, which, in the absence of keepers on service, were beginning to increase. The slaughter of a pair of Hobbies in the breeding season is deserving of the severest censure. The species visits the county to breed in very small numbers, and does no harm to game. On June 26th F.G.P. saw one flying over a large wood in the middle of the county. 1920 Note. Wall Creeper {Tichodroma miiraria). Two seen, one at very close range, on April 24th, at Chilfrome by Mr. E. P. Gnndry. Recorded by F.L.B. in 'British Birds' vol. XIV, p. 40. The first record of the occurrence of this bird in Dorset. LEPIDOPTERA. Colias cdiisa. Aug, 15th, 3, Tincleton, and Sept. 6th, 1, East Stoke (F.H.H.); a var. Aug. 26th, Studland (W.P.C); Sept. 9th, 1, Evershot (F.L.B.) Liminitis sibyUa. July 8—31, 20 seen Purbeck (D.D.) Vanessa polychJoros. Apr. 13th, 1, in Melbury Osmund Church (F.L.B.) Argyiinis paphia var. valczina. Aug. 11th, near Wool (F.H.H.) Mclitaea anrinca. May 24th and onwards in several spots near Yetminster (F.L.B.). June 2nd, out, but getting worn, Hod Hill, specimens large and somewhat pale (W.P.C.) Thecia W. album. A female on a bramble blossom seen, in the W. Dorset locality, with the white lines a little broader than usual, and, on one of the hind wings, the top end of the line finished in a large irregular white blotch (A. R. Hayward). Lycaena aegon. Emerging June 18th, Studland (F.L.B.) 102 FIRST APPEARANXES OF BIRDS, IXSECTS, ETC. L. adonis. 3 males and 1 female aberrations with obsolete spotting, June 2nd. Hod Hill (W.P.C.) Adopaea aciaeon (in numbers) and Melanargia galatca (out), June 18th (F.H.H.); and these two species with Argynnis aglaia on wing, June 28th, Lulworth Cove (F.L.B.) Hemaris bombyliformis. May 18th, Parkstone (W.P.C.) Dryiiionia chaonia and D. dodonca (larva), Dorset boundary- near Misterton {A. R. Hayivard). Acronyda leporina. July 11th, Melbury Osmund (F.L.B.) Triplioena fimbria. June 29th, Swanage (F.L.B.) Acontia luciuosa. Female, Aug. 6th, Hod Hill {A.R. Hayward). Mesotype virgata, several Aug. 6th, Hod Hill (F.L.B. &A.R.H.) 1920 Note. Toeniocampa opima at light, April 6th, Melbury Osmund Rectory, (F.L.B.), apparently the first record for Dorset. THE APPEARANCES OF THE SCHEDULED INSECTS, 1919. 103 s t. t-- >> : r, ; 1 ^ : : ew ^ <3 -fl < <3 • : : • 1 1 o 3 CO 1 : .q 1 ; : a I i ?. rt S : ^ e^ 1 -, m ^ 1 % u ■ . Oh -^ s ^ S < ; >^ . . . >> 1 1 , 2 1 o « 1 1 P. n s 2 1 o 3 1 J > II « n s S ^^ 11 o g 1 s5 s II 1 S,5 -^3 c5 a .11 s 1 § i 114 1 1 3 0 ^ o s ^ ^E o° 3 S ft i c3 ca s' S 5 f1 71 ^ .s^ >^ a ^ s § g c "3 S 1-] ■«! > Ph o < -" ^, C-. -. u, nc ^ '•"- C-. s s s r-. - 104 FIRST APPKARAXCKS OF BIRDS, ETC., 1919 - ,_; CO CI "9 ~' -g s : : 'S^ -" o -5' CO i-ji ^ : . d § 3 S I'ss ;^ § 8 ?? 00 g5 o _^ c> Sc&; 2 i ^ = •< '^ s < 3 S" ^ fe o S . s S 3 : : "S K a ,^^ <- m I? c ^> w "S - . : : ^ -i: . Q K W H 5 a ^ 1 d 1 CO 1 -< S § S ^^ -. fc ?.^! CO O : : : : s : : (/) Ui •^-J2 < o < |l -. : '. = 2 "CITS < "S jj 3 to ■s 1 ll 33 IS S o s fe d 1 o K li i 5 2 02 1 & a o a ;m 14 s I 1 03 oS S =• g G 2. S ? £ g o o FIRST APPEARANXES OF BIRDS, ETC., 1919. 10: o 3 O) '^-A ■s ■ScO • • ^-^ >1 : i^ p>-i < < ^ " ^ 3 _^ s o 3 ■5 a Sx : •^ ■r; : : ;>, a S Sa ■< a < ^ S >"^ ■ 'O ij gg» ^ ^^ o o o -~ 00 ^ < a~ < 5 >S 13 .a a cr. Uj sM CN Ol o • h 1^ ■ ^ a • 5" • 1 1 ^ ■ s S 5 a" i a a < " a < i 1 \A 5w ^ 04 ■-1 --1 o m _ Ci f^ S3 "Sw ^ ^ •"2 >> E>.-?' >, c*^ S, a a cS cS^ cS c3 $f^ < , s S §" g s ^ s .d 'JH '3 CJ 'S a S" : p< 0) ft ft ft ft ft 3 i2 (In < fe < > a 1 < 1 : i a t c; H Q a ft < ft < 1 CO a 0 1 1 < C2 a a C5 a I- ft §1 i 1 '^1 i -r 0 ?, OI f-, ^ r^l 0 00 « LO ■^^ Q a a: 1 •3 ft <5 ft < ft < ft < 1 <5 a a 1 < 3 •-5 1 a 2 c3 a Sfe „ -r S SI s S g •^ s S^ b^ %\ a: Si^' '^.'S -^ rt _.^ .-H :^ . rH _.^ 0 ^ . 0) . H •^2 002 'S 'S '•-I : 'S '>H ft gg ^ ft ft ft a ft ft ft ft b 3 0 ■< ? bi O %■ is ^r 2 J3fe a o E J fe o o rS *s si a CD a « is a a ?r 0 U 1 f 0 a5 3 i %, 0 > s o s 2 "'3 1 « £ 3 il 1 g m If .51 If 11 s 0 n ^0 II 3 JO p 3 s s 'ft .a 1 1 a 5 .a ep 0 3 no 1 "a O 3 5 ■3 |a 3 .0 1 1 i 3 i 1 1 1 1 •^ « 0 0 CC > s 0 >■ £ M 0 n 0 cc „ ^ ^ _ „ ^ ^ _ _^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ - " - - 10 " - 2 £ s s § s = C g FLOWERING OF THE SCHEDULED PLANTS, 1919. 107 M» -f 01 -. . . s '-' S 31-S Ph <1 > 1 1 1 >^ 1 a "3 "3 1-5 a < S '3 1 s 0 S 0 § fi ?^, t. S § -K (^ ;,. CO >> 1-5 ^ a B 1-5 a 3 1-5 p. < a 1-5 & 1 •3 a ^5 a a" c3 a <1 t^ .0 § ^ : s i ft : r 1-5 1-5 1-5 >-5 ►-5 ^ H5 t^ < ^ tM H « 1 .2 ■J a 1 Is 3 II 1 4 "3 a i ft a 4=' ■s 2 1 1 3 a '3 5 g 0 r 1 1 0 ^ a a 4x a 2 3 a 5 1 i 1 1 Q .2 1 c3 1 a 1 1 % 11 1^ a 0 s a c3 a "3 a a _2 M 0 0 EH < 0 HI 0 0 s ;zi 0 PL, ^ — So S' 0 ;r; %\ cc ^ in s p — P ^ '- ~ ~ ~' "^ 1Return6 of IRainfall in Dorset in 1919, By the Rev. H. H. TILNEY BASSETT, R.D. XCESSIVE rainfall was the marked character of the year 1919. The winter months on the whole were very mild ; bnt there was an exceptional cold snap at the end of April, snow falling heavily during the evening of the 27th, and snow lay on the ground over an inch deep on the morning of the 28th; and in Wiltshire over half-a-foot was measured in places. But perhaps a feature of the year to be noted was the almost total absence of thunderstorms. The longest spells of rainless weather were from May 15th to June 19th, July 22nd to August 16th, October 2nd to 11th. During the long drought between May l5th and June 19th a number of birds perished. The average rainfall for the year calculated from 17 stations marked with an asterisk in -the tables was 34"531in. The average for the 64 years 1853 to 1919, 34726in. The heaviest fall in the 24 hours throughout the county occurred on August 27th, the greatest fall being registered on that day at 19 stations. Eight observers record the greatest record on December 1st; three observers, October RAINFALL I\ i:)ORSET. 109 24tli; three observers, January 3rd; three, February 16th; and two observers, July 19th. The heaviest fall in the 24 hours was registered at Winterborne Whitchurch, August 27th, 2'Olin. Days with fall of one or more inches in the 24 hours : — One station records 7 such days; two stations, 6; six stations, 5; ten stations, 4; twelve stations, 3; three stations, 2; one station, 1. The maxima of wet days were recorded at Sherborne, 193; Wimborne, 192; Toller Porcorum, 190; Beaminster, 186; Turnworth, 184. The minimum, Blandford, 126. Observers' Notes. Beaminster, Hamilton Lodge. — The average yearly rain- fall here is 38'34. The rainfall of 1919 was therefore 3"48 above the average. January was the w-ettest month ever recorded here, 7'80 in. (the record commenced in 1873), and the w^ettest month since December, 1915. Bradford Peverell. — On November 9th there was thunder and lightning with heavy rain between five and six in the evening with the temperature 38°. Chickerell, Montevideo. — November 10th — 16th, rather hard frost, all tender plants cut. March 28th and November 9th, thunderstorm. May 18th — June 18th inclusive, an exceptionally long drought of 32 days, during which no record of rain was made. A few drops fell on June 4th, but much under '01 of an inch. In spite of this and many other shorter periods of fine weather the total fall, 31*14 inches, w'as above the average (29 '63 inches) for 18 years at this station. Dorchester, Wollaston House. — The year passed without any record of a thunderstorm over Dorchester. I only once heard a clap of thunder some miles away. Gussage St. Michael. — Feb. 18th, water registered was from snow. September 9th, a heavy dew. November 12th, "08, a snowstorm lasting under the hour. HoRTON Vicarage.— January 14th, bright solar halo seen. 110 RAINFALL IX DORSET. WiNTERBORNE Whitchurch. — JaiiiKuy. Rain fell on 22 days; on two occasions over an inch fell in the 24 hours, 4th and 19th, rOl, r05. The highest temperature was registered on the 15th, 5rO°; the lowest, the night of the 24th, 20'0°; the coldest day was the 31st, when temperature failed to rise above 29.0°. The warmest night was that of the 14th, 48'0°. Snow fell lightly during the whole of the 31st. February. Rain fell on 15 days, the heavest fall in the 24 hours occurred on the 16th, r04; total rainfall for the month, 4'01. The warmest day was the 20th. 52"0° in shade; coldest night, the 7th, 2 10°; coldest day, the 10th, the temperature did not rise above 33'0°; warmest night was that of the 20th, 45-0°. March. A very cold month. The highest temperature was registered on the 2nd, 55'0°; the lowest, the night of the 30th, 27"0°. Rain fell on 19 days; the heaviest fall in 24 hours was 075 inches on the 4th. Total, 5 "36 inches. Snow fell heavily for short periods on the last two days of the month. April. Rain fell on 14 days ; the heaviest fall in the 24 hours was registered on the 13th, 0'55 inches. The hottest day was the 19th, when the temperature rose to 71 0° in shade. The coldest, the night of the 2nd, 25 '0°. Snow fell fast from 6 p.m. and onwards during the night of the 27th; snow to the depth of 2 inches lay on the ground the morning of the 28th. Total rainfall, r97in. May. This month was remarkable for the commencement of the great drought which began on the 15th and continued without a break till June 19th, a period of 35 days. Rain fell on 7 days; the heaviest fall occurred on the 14th, 0"25 inches. The highest temperature was registered on the 30th, 78'0°; the lowest, the night of the l7th, 34"0°. Total rainfall 0"90in. • Distant thunder heard between 4 and 5 a.m. the 15th. June. Rain fell on 6 days; the heaviest fall in 24 hours occurred on the 20th, 0'41 inches. A feature of the month was the remarkable number of cold nights, the temperature falling on no less than seven nights considerably below 40°; the RAINFALL IN DORSET. Ill coldest night was that of the 14th-l5th, when the temperature fell to 35'0°, the maximum for the 14th having been 73'0°, a range of 38°. The highest temperature for the month was reached on the 10th, 79"0°. Total rainfall, 079 inches. July. Rain fell on ten days; the heaviest fall occurred on the 19th, r04 inches. The highest temperature reached was 76'0°; the lowest, 37'0°, the night of the 30th. The thermometer also fell to 38° on the night of the 3rd, exceptionally low readings for the time of the year. Very distant thunder was heard to the N.W., at 5 p.m., on the 5th. Total rainfall, 2'52 inches. August. Rain fell on eight days; the heaviest fall in the 24 hours occurred on the 26th, 2'01 in. Hot and summer-like weather prevailed during the lirst 17 days. The hottest day was the 9th, when the thermometer rose to 85° in the shade. The coldest night was the 8th, when the temperature fell to 41 "0°. Total rainfall, 3'39 inches. September. Rain fell on nine days ; the heaviest fall in the 24 hours occurred on the 3rd, 0'61 inches. The hottest day was the 11th, when the thermometer rose to 82"0°. The coldest night was the 28th, when the temperature fell to 27'0°. Total rainfall, 175 inches. October. There was a bright display of Northern Light the evening of the 1st, to the N.W. Rain fell on eight days; the heaviest fall in the 24 hours occurred on the 24th, 0'95 inches. The highest temperature was registered on the 6th, 66'0°; the lowest observed occurred during the night of the 16th, 25'0°. Tota rainfall, 1*88 inches. November. On the 9th there were several peals of thunder about 5 p.m., followed by a snow shower. Rain fell on 16 days. The heaviest fall in the 24 hours was registered on the 28th, 0'92 inches; snow and rain fell on the 27th. The highest temperature occurred on the 22nd, 55'0°; the lowest during the night of the 29th, 20'0°. Total rainfall, 2'98 inches. December. A very stormy and wet month, rain falling on 22 days; the heaviest fall in the 24 hours occurred on the 1st, r05 inches. The warmest day was the 23rd, 54'0°; the coldest night, that of the 16th, 25 0°. Total rainfall, 6"22 inches. Rainfall i\ Dorset. "3 ._, 1^ 1 .^. I'c CD ih ds is ih ^ I- o i'- o -^ Jo ih I'c 'X> i. i) CO CO is CO fc ih ilsiiiliiliiiii i o mmmmBsmmmm O fz'^M.%^W^%lf.tvMWs,W^^^-, EsSiimSEIi^i s 1 t^vM^^2^f3i^.f.tWM^tzif^fT c-1 -^ m cl:--rO!OOa3CD03000j-HDOCOCT:81; XVI, xxxiv. Stickland, XXXI, xxxvi. „ Tomson, XXXI, xxxix. Whitechurch, XXXI, xxxviii. Wise Bird, Pagan-Christian Overlap, with Dorset Illustrations, XVIII, 116. Witchampton, XXXV, xxviii. Witchcraft and Sorcery, V, 1. in Dorset, XIII, 35. Wolfeton House, Relics of Philip and Joan, XXXV, 1. Wood, Memoir of the late Rev. Henry Hayton, V, xiii. Woodbury Hill, VII, xxiv and 93. Woodlands House, Gillingham, XX, xlii. Woodsford Castle, XX, xxxix and 161. Wookey Hole, XIX, Ixxiii and 176. Wool, Woolbridge, Bindon Abbey and, VII,54; XX, xxxix; XXVil, xxxix. Worked Flints, II. 97. Worm. New Britisli — Allnrits tflrudiiis, X, 139. 138 GENERAL INDEX. Worth Matravers Church, XIV. xxxiv; XXX, Ixxv. Wraxhall, XXIII, liv. Wyke Grange, XXXIV, xxxvi. Regis Church, XXIII, xxxviii. „ ,, supposed Roman Villa, XXXI, xxix. Wynford Eagle, XXIII. lii. Yetminster Church, XII, xxvi and 146. Zoophytes, British, I, 5.