This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at|http: //books .google .com/I
\
^iDr<i
MA /
V. 3
THE
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY
OP
NEW^ SOUTH W^ALES.
VOL. IIL
[With Twenty-seven Plates].
^Y Foster and J^'airfax, 14 ^arrack ^treet,
AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY.
1879.
\OOOS
•CONTENTS OF VOL. III.
PART I.
Page Description of a new species of Ptihtk from Torres Straits. By E.
Jr* Al^^lSA.X| J?aJ^aC>* ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ^
On an Australian variety of Meritina pulUgera, Linn. By the Rbv.
J. E. Tbnison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., <fec 3
On a new genus of Milleporidcs, By the Rbv. J. E. Tbnison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. With Plate 6
On a new species of Psammoaeris, By the Riv. J. E. Tbnison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c 8
Description of a species of Myiokstes from Fiji. By E. P. Ramsay,
JC • AJim O* ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• X^
Note on a species of Therapon found in a dam at Warialda. By
William Maclbay, F.L.S., with Remarks by the Rbv. J. E.
Tbnison-Woods. F.G.S., F.L.S., &c 15
On a new species of Deamophyllumf and a young stage of Cycloseris
Sinensis. By the Rbv. J. E. Tbnison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S. &c. 17 On the Geology of Yass Plains. By Charlbs Jbnkins, Esq., L.S.
Yass. With Plate 21
Descriptions of some new fishes from Port Jackson and King George's
Sound. By William Maclbay, F.L.S. With Plates. ... 33
Notes on List of Australian Birds. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S. ... 38 Notes on the Fishes of the Norman River. By Count F. de
v/AoX fiJijM^U • ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •«« .,, trX
On a new species of Mophc^Tialus from Sutton Forest. By William
Maclbay. F.L.S. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 52
On the Power of Locomotion in the Tunicata. By William Maclbay,
J? • Xj* o« •• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• Os
On some Australian Littorinidce, By the Rbv. J. E. Tbnison- Woods,
F.G.S., r.L.S., cfcc, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 55
Descriptions of five species of Birds from Torres Straits and New
Guinea, &c. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S 72
81
92
100 116 118
IT. OOKTlirTt.
PART n.
Page Descriptiona of seven new species of Terrestrial and Marine Shells
from Australia. By John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c. Plate 8. ... 77 On BuUmus Du/remii, By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S.,
r^.Jj*o<} otc* jrlate 7* ••• ••• ••• •••
On three new genera and one new species of Madreporaria Corals
By the Rev. J. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. Plate 10 Zoology of the "Chevert" Ornithology, Part 11. By E. P. Ramsay,
Mm m J-^« l^« • Ow V« ••• »•• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• «•
On two new species of Oerygone, By E. P. Ramsat, F.L.S., &c. ..
On the Ferns of Queensland. By F. M. Bailet, F.L.S., &c.
On two new species of Land Shells. By the Rev. J. E. Teihson
Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. Plate 12
On a new genus of Polyzoa. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods
F.G.S., F.L.S., <fec. Plate 13
On some Corals from Damley Island. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison
Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. Plates 9 and 11
On some new Extratropical Corals. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison
Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. Plates 12 and 13
On some Freshwater Shells from New Zealand. By the Rev. J. E
Tenkon-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. Plate 13
On some new Australian (chiefly Freshwater) Fishes. By Count F
DE Castelnau.
Proposed Zoological Station for Sydney. By Baron N. de
Miklucho-Macleat.
Lepidoptera having the Antlia terminal in a teretron or borer. By
R. B. Read, M.R.C.S. Plate 14
On the Trachese of some Australian Ducks. By E. P. Ramsat,
X?*XJ«0«y OwO» ••• ••• ••• •■■ ••• ••• ••• «.,
MoUusca of the "Chevert" Expedition. By John Brazier
V/. JXL.^.O., ObC ••« ••. ..« ••• ..« .,. ... ..
Drawings by Australian Aborigines. By J. 0. Cox, M.D., F.L.S.. &c.. Plates 15 and 16.
123 126 128 131 135 140 144 150 154 155 155
PART m.
P
Report of Committee on Zoological Station 1
On a new Ganoid Fish from Queensland. By Count F. de Cas-
xEIiNAU • Jt labe .L«7, ^x. ... ••• ••• ••• >•• ...
On a species of AmpJUaile, from the Palau Islands. By William liAOLBATy F.L.S. Plate 19, B
CONTENTS. V.
Page On Macrodontism. By N. de Mikluho-Maclat, Hon. Mem. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. Plate 18 169
On the Goshawk from Port Moresby. By E. P. RAMSiyr, F.L.S., &c. 173
Descriptions of Australian Microlepidoptera. By E. Meyrtck, B.A. 176 On the Geology of Yass Plains. Second Paper. By Charles
Jenkins, L.S., Yass Plate 17 216
Description of a new species of Vivipa^'a. By John Brazier,
vy.iXL.^.C>.| OuC. ••> ... ••• •». ... ... ... ••• A^A
On some Tertiary Fossils from Muddy Creek. By the Rev. J. E.
Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. Plates 20 and 21 222
Contributions to the Zoology of New Guinea. Mammals and Birds.
By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c 241
PART IV.
Page PlagiastomcUa of the Pacific. By N. de Miklouho-Maclat, and
William Maoleay, F.L.S. Parti. With 5 Plates 306
On an apparently new species of Penguin from Campbell Island. By
F. W. HuTTON, Professor of Zoology, Otago University 334
Notes on a small collection of Birds from the New Hebrides, with a
description of a new species of Merula. By E. P, Ramsay,
JD.J-J. C, CbC. •.. ... .. ... ... ... a.. ... i)00
Description of a new species of RMpidura from Lord Howe's Island.
By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c 340
On six new species of Annelida of the family AmpMnomidce in the
Macleay Museum. By William A. Haswell, M.A., B. Sc,
Edinburgh 341
Essay on the Ichthyology of Port Jackson, By Count F. de
Castelnau 347
Contributions to the Zoology of New Guinea, Part III. Description
of a new Marsupial allied to the genus Perameks, By E. P.
Ramsay, F.L.S., &c. ... ... ... ... ... 402
Notes on Puffinus cameipes of Gould. By E. P.Ramsay, F.L.S.,&c. 406 On two new species of Stenorhynchtis, By W. A. Haswell, M.A.,
^3« l^v* ••• ••• ••• «• ••• •■■ ••• ■•• ••• afc^/O
Notes on the Anatomy of the Brachial Plexua of Birds. By W. A.
Haswell, M.A., B. Sc. 409
President's Annual Address 414
INDEX TO VOL. III.
Acanthoperca Gulliveri . . Accipiter cirrhocephalus..
Achroea grisella
Acrostichum Pteroides .. Actitis hypoleucos Adeorbis acuticarinata . .
aster
Adiantum affine ..
capillus-veneris diaphanum ^gialitis Geoffiroyi hiaticula mongolus iEgotheles Bennettii Agenor modestus . . . 350, Ailurcedus Stonei . Alcyone affinis pusilla AUuterius variabilis Ammotretus rostratus Amphinome nitida
pr8elonga Amphisile Komis Anas castanea
gibberifrons punctata superciliosa Ancillana semilsBvis Anerastia mirabilella Anguilla Australis 355,
Antennarius commersonii pinniceps . . . Aphareus roseus . . . 350,
Aphritis Urvillei
Aplodactylus lophodon ...
obscurus 350, Apogon fasciatus ... 350,
NovsB HoUandise Aprosmictus chloroptems Aracana lenticularis 356, Arachnopora argentea ... Ardea sacra
|
Page 1 |
|
|
42,45 |
|
|
• « • |
247 |
|
• • • |
216 |
|
■ • • |
118 |
|
• • • |
297 |
|
• • • |
238 |
|
• • ■ |
238 |
|
• • • |
119 |
|
... |
119 |
|
• • • |
119 |
|
• • • |
297 |
|
... |
297 |
|
■ • |
116 |
|
• » • |
264 |
|
357, |
371 |
|
... |
268 |
|
258 |
|
|
• ■ • |
258 |
|
• • • |
399 |
|
355, |
359 |
|
• ■ • |
341 |
|
• • • |
341 |
|
• • • |
166 |
|
115, |
301 |
|
• • • |
38 |
|
• • • |
115 |
|
• • • |
301 |
|
• • • |
229 |
|
• « • |
213 |
|
360, |
400 |
|
353, |
362 |
|
353, |
362 |
|
361, |
373 |
|
351, |
358 |
|
350, |
357 |
|
357, |
374 |
|
357, |
370 |
|
350, |
357 |
|
• • • |
251 |
|
360, |
400 |
|
• f • |
8 |
|
• • • |
115 |
Page AiTipis truttaceuB 350, 357, 363
AristeuB Fitzroyensis 141
fluviatilis 141
Arius Australis 42,50
Arses Enado 269
telescophthalmus ... 114, 269 Artamus leucopygialis . . . 189, 276
Aspidium tenerum 120
truncatum 120
Asplenium maximum 121
sylvaticum 121
Astur cruentus 173, 248
leucosomus 248
Sharpei 173, 248
Atherina pmguis 353, 362
Atherinicnthys Duboulayi . . . 143
Jacksoniana 353, 359 Atypichthys strigatus 350, 361, 374
Atypus strigatus 375
Aulopus purpurissatus 355, 360, 364 AuxisRamsayi ... 352,858,382
BalanophyUia dentata 98
Balistes Jacksonianus ... 356,360
Batrachus dubius 353, 358
Baza Reinwardtii 246
stenozoa 246
Belideus ariel 243
Bellerophon acutuB 23
Belone f erox . . . 355, 359, 394
Krefffci 42, 60
Beryx affinis ... 349, 360, 366
Blechnum cartilagineum 121
nitidum 121
BlenniuB unicornis 363, 368, 384
Blepharis ciliaris ... 352, 362,383
indicus 383
BramaKaii 352,361
Bronteus ... - 217
BuceroB ruficoUis 263
Bulimus Dufresnii ... 81, 91
Butoroides flavicollis 299
Ji^vanioa .,. 116, 299
11.
INDBX.
Page
Bythinella coralla 136
Cacatua ^lerita 105
Triton 104,250
Cacomantis assimilis 256
dometorum 257
Caloenas Nicobarica 295
ferruginea 339
Calomis cantor 279
cantoroides 279
metallica 107, 279
viridescena ... 107, 279
Campephaga Boyeri 284
Marescotii 283
MuUeri 115
Sloetii 285
strenua 115
Canoellaria varicif era 231
Canis familiaris var. Papuensis ... 242
Caprimulgus macrouruB 264
Caranx georgianus . . . 352, 358, 364
macrosoma ... 352, 362
Carpophaga Mulleri ... 102,294
pacifica ... 292, 339
pinon 102, 292
rufigaster 292
rufiventris 292
spilorrhoa 103
VanWyckii 292
^lOccB ... ... £ijx
Centronotus Gardenii 381
Centropogon Australis ... 351, 358 robustus ... 351, 358
CentropuB melanums 110
Menbekii 258
spilopteruB ... 110, 258
Cerithium a][)heles 232
cribarioides 231
Ceroprepes almella 210
Cestracion Francis! 315
pantherinus 316
FhiUipi 309
Quoyi 316
zebra 309
Ceyx solitaria 259
Chalcites plagosus 110
Chalcophaps chrysochlora 104, 294, 339
Jobiensis 294
Mar^ritse 294
Stephani 294
Chalcopsitta chloropteras ... 254
GhalcopsittacuB scintilltuis ... 106 Chanos sahnoneus ... 355, 362
Ghatoessus Erebi ^, 61
Chsetodon ocellipinnis 33
Chaetodon sexfasciatos ... 350, 357
tetracanthuB 376
Cheilanthes caudata 119
Cheilodactylusannularis 351, 358, 377 fuscos 350, 357, 376 gibbosus 351, 358, 363 rabrofasciatos ... 140
vestitus 378
Cheimras insignia 217
Chibia carbonaria 109, 275
Chilo Parramattellus 178
Chironemos marmoratos 350, 357, 363 Chlamydodera cerviniyentris 102, 268
Ohloeiaflava 345
Macleayi 345
pulcheila 345
Ohrys^ena Correi 339
Chrysophrysaustrali8350, 357, 363, 373 sarba 350, 361, 373
Cicinnums regius 267
Cinnyris aspasiffi 288
frenata 102, 287
Circus Wolffi . 336
Cisticola lineocapilla 275
roficeps ... 108, 275
Clupea hypselosoma 355
moluccensis 355, 362, 395 sagax ... ... 355, 362
Cnidoglanis leptnros 355, 359, 393 me^toma 355, 359, 392
Collocalia spodiopygia 265
Collurioincla bronnea 280
megarhyncha ... 280 Conger labiata ... 355,360,396
Conopophila albogularis 285
Conradia 61
Couthoyia ... ... ... ... 61
Conus Kalphii 228
Coris lineolata ... 354,359,390
Corvina albida 42,47
Corvus orru 278
Cossyphus €k>uldii 354
unimaculata 354, 359, 389
Yulpinus ... 354, 359
Cracticus cassicus ... 109, 281
mentalis 281
Spaldingi 39
Quoyi 281
Crambus aurantiacus 184
bifractella 197
Crambus bivittellus 186
concinellus 18?
ouniferellus 18'
I dimidiellus ir
INDBX.
m.
enneagrammus
halterelluB
hoplitellus
invalidellus
latdvittalis
milvellus
opulentellus
pleniferelluB
recurvellus
relatalis
torrentelluB
trivittatuB
vivittellus Cristiceps antinectes
aurantiacus
Macleayi CiiscuB chrysorrhouB
Groldiei
orientalis
Cybimn commersonii Cycloseris Sinensis Cyclopsittacus suavissimns
Cylicia Huttoni
vacua
Dacelo Gaudichaudi intermedins Leachii Dactyloptems orientalis ... Daphnella s^racillima
Dayallia soiida
tripinnata Demiegretta sacra Dendrocygna guttata vagans Bendrogalus
Desmo^yUum qninarium Diacopus Bengalensis Dicaeum rabrocoronatum. . . Dichoroea Boletiformis ... Dicotylichthys punctulatos 357, 363
Dicksonia lanata .. 121
Youngia 121
Dicrorus carbonarius ... 109,275
Diodon hystrix 357,363
novemmaculatus 357, 363, 401
Page
. 194
183
188
193
183
181
192
187
186
191
184
185
185
353,358
353, 358, 386
353, 358, 385
... • • • Z4o
243
... 352, 361
17, 19, 20
... 252
... 132
... lt>4
... 261
... 261
... 261
351, 361
... 226
.. 121
... 121
. • • «jUU
... 301
... 301
... 244
17, 18
349,361
110, 276
... 96
I>onacola nigriceps Drillia Trevori Drymopbila alecto
carinata £!cheneis naucrates remora ... Elchidna Lawesi ... Eclectus polychloros Edoliosoma 6oyeri
• • • • • « ^OaJ
• •• •• • ^^/
• • • • • • XXo
• • • • • • X Xtc
362, 361, 382
... 352, 361
• • • • • • J^rXTX
... 105, 253
• •• ... XJ.0
Edoliosoma melas... plumbea Elacate nigra . . . 351,
Pondiceriana Elapocranium Eleotris adspersa ...
Australis... 353,
mogomda
planiceps
simples ...
sulcaticoUis Elops saurus Engraulis nasutns... Enoplosus armatus 349,
Eopsaltria nana ...
placens Eos foscata Ephestia elutella . . .
interpunctella Eromene bifractella
dilatella...
longipalpella
prsematurella Erytherura cyanovirens Etiella Behrii
chrysoporella sincerella ... Etromeus Jacksoniensis 36, Eucarphia ensiferella Yulgatella Eudynamys cyanocephala Eudyptes chrysocome chrysolopha FilhoU ... Enktimenaria ducalis Eulabes Dumontii
orientalis... Eomeda elon^ta ... Eupetes Goldiei . . .
nigricrissns Euphrosyne Mastersi Enrystomus crassirostris Fistulariaserrata ... 353, Flabellom rabrom
Fossarus
Fnsus funiculatus . . . Galleria mellonella Grallinala ruficrissa tenebrosa Gambetta pulverolentus Gasterosteus ovatus Grdochelidon macrotarsa G«ofi&oyius amensis cyaniceps
P»Re
115, 283
... 283
361,381
... 381
... 64
... 142
358, 384
363, 358
42,49
42, 49
... 142
355, 362 42, 51
357, 363
... o«f
... 272
... 253
... 215
... 216
... 197
... 199
... 196
... 198
... «jO«/
... 205
... 206
... 204
356, 360 ... 208 ... 207 ... 257
... Of^
... 335
... 004:
... 126
107, 279
... 279
... 144
... 303
... 277
.. . «>40
... 263
362, 388
... J.i54
... 61
... 225
... 216
... 298
... 298
... 297
... ooo
... .301
105, 252
... 253
IV.
IKDBX.
Page Geologv of Yam VUubm ; On the 21, 32
Geopeua hnmeniUM placida ... Gerres ovatos
subfasciatos Gerygone cinerascens flavida ... Igata ... inconspicoa insularius Glaucosoma Burgeri Glyciphila flavo-tincta subfasciata Gobius sauroides ... Goura Albertisi ... Gracula Dumontii ... Graucalus angustif rons . Caledonicus melanops plumbea strenua Gulliveria fasciata
fusca ... Gymnocorax senex Gyropleurodeus Francisci Halcyon albicilla ... Julias Macleayi...
sanctus
Haliaetus leucogaster Haliasturffirrenera
leucostemus sphenurus Haipya cepbalotes Heliastes nipsilepis Helicarion mmosa
Helix Bala
Bebias BeddomaB .. Mazee mucoides Nicomede .. Zebina Helotes sexlineatus HemiramphuB argenteus 355, 360, 394
breviceps 355
melanochir 355, 362, 364 regularis 355, 360, 394
Henicopemis longicanda 247
Henicophaps albinrons 104
Herodias garzetta 300
Heterocyathus hemisphericuB ... 9
Heterodontus Francisci 315
Francisi 315
293 ... 104, 293 354, 359, 391
OOrt, t50«7
274
• • • • • • Ov
117 ... 116, 273
117
... 350, 357
... ... OOi
286
42, 48 ... 104, 294
107
... 114, 283
... ... OvO
... 114, 283 ... 2oo
... 2XjO
42,46
42, 45
278
315
261
• • • • • • ^TlL? 4
261
261
• • • • • • mTXtJ
• • • • • ■ ^^eO
246
246
243
353, 359, 388
124
7o
>7Q
• • • • • • y ^7
• • • • • • Ov
79 ,,. ... liSO
■ • • • • • / 1/
• • • * I * * ^
350, 357
Pig«
Heterodontus galeatos 313
PhiUipi 309
Quoyi ..X ... 316
zebra 309
Heteroscarus Castelnaui 36, 354, 359
Himantopus lencocephalus ... 115
IJ ippocampus Novae Uollandise 356,360
tristis ... 356, 364
Hirundo Javanica ... 275
nigricans 275
Histiophorus gladius . . . 352, 362 Holocentrus heptodactylus ... 42 Homocosoma distichella . . . ... 215
vagella 214
Hoplocephalus Bransbyi ... ... 52
Hydrochelidon nigricans 275
lanthsenas idbogmaris 293
Isosillago maculata ... ... 34
Kurtus Gulliveri ... ... 42, 48
Labrichthys gymnogenis 354, 359, 389 mticlavius ... ■ 354, 359 luculentus ... 354, 359
35, 354, 359
354, 359, 389
.. . tK>0
... 285
... 256
... 256
... 265
... 283
... 209
... 42
363, 365
... 42
351, 361
... 239
... 239
351, 361
351, 358
350, 357
361, 372
42,51
... 236
... 60
... 296
... 122
... 129
... 12i
... 12^
nigromar ginatus parila Lalage pacifica
rufiventris Lamprococcyx lucidus Meyeri minutillus Lanius melas Lasiocera canilinea Lates calcarifer ...
colonorum 349, 357, nobilis Latris ciliaris LedaHuttoni
inconspicua ... Lepidotriglia papilio Leptoscopus macropygus Lethrinus chrysostomus
glipnodon
Leuciscus Australis
liotia lamellosa . . .
Littorina ...
Lobivanellus miles
Lomaria Capensis . . .
discolor ...
procera . . .
vulcania ...
Lorius Guliebni ... 73,
hypcenochrous 72,
Lotella callarias . . . 354, rubiginosa
350,
106, 254 106, 25^ 359, 3P 354, 3
INDEX.
V.
Machseramphus alcinus . Macropygia Amboinensis Doreya Maokinlayi . Macropteryx mystica Macropus crassipes Madreporaria tabulata Majaques Parkinsonii Malanichthys simplex
108,
101, 102,
• • ■
103,
• • •
116,
Page
247
293
103
339
265
244
7
39
350, 357, 363
tricnspidata350,357, 363
zonata 350, 357, 363
274 227 265 265 291 291 296 295 5 277 276 262 262 262 287 263 336 337 337 337 337 337 337 337 337 337 304
271 272 105 246 247 279 235 61
Malurus alboscapulatus
Mangelia bidens
Manucodia atra
Keraudreni ... Megaloprepia Poliura puella Megapodius Cuvieri
Duperreyi . . .
Melania oncoides
Melanocharis bicolor
unicolor . . .
Melidora collaris
Groldiei
macrorhyncha ... Melithreptus albogularis...
Merops omatus
Memla albifrons
poliocephalus
Pritzbuesi
ruficeps
sanguinolenta
Tempesti
Vanicorensis vinitincta...
Vitiensis
xanthopus Micrseca albofroutata fla^rigaster flavovirescens ... Microglossus aterrimus ...
Milvus affinis
striatus
Mino Robertsoni
Minolia strigata
Modulus
Monacanthus Ayraudi 356, 360, 397
brunneus 356
Gkinensis 398
convexirostris 356, 360
Damellii 356
granulatus356, 360, 398
guttulatus 37
hippocrepis 356, 360, 398
112,
Page Monacanthus maculosus 356, 360
megaluras 356, 360, 398 obscurus . . . 356, 360 penicilligerus 35€i, 362 Peronii 356,360,364, 398 platifrons ... 356,360 prasinus 356,360,364,400 rudis 356, 360, 399
spilomelanurus 356, 360 tomentosus 356, 262
Monarcha Aruensis 269
carinata ... 114, 268
' guttulatus 269
melanoptera 269
melanotus 269
tricolor 113
Monocentris laponicus 349, 360, 365
Mugil compressus 42, 50
dobula 42, 50, 353, 362, 387 grandis 353, 359, 364, 386
Peronii ... 353, 359, 387
Mursena afra
siderea Mursenesox bagio Mullus fuscatus Munia caniceps
355, 362 355, 360, 396 355, 362, 395
• • • • • • nJ i\J
• • ■ • • • ^O V
Muscicapa chalybeocephalus 113, 268
melaleuca Musicapa megarhyncha Mussa laciniata
solida Mycteria Australis Myelois cosmiella ... subarcuella Myiagra melamera nitida ... rubecula . . Myiolestes maximus
nigro^laris Myristicivora spUorrhoa
271 280 130 129 300 212 211 339 112 112 13 12 292
Myrophis Australis 355, 360, 396
353,
110,
Myxus elongatus Myzomela cardinalis
erythrocephala
obscura
Nasitema pusilla
Nassa Tatei
Natica Hamiltonensis
Wintlei
Naucrates ductor
Neoanthias Guntheri Neochsetodon vittatus Neosphyrsena multiradiata352, 358,363 Nephopteryx opimella 201
359 337 111 285 251 230 229 229 361
352,
349, 361, 367
350, 357, 375
VI.
INDBX.
354, 354,
355,
stenopterella
Neritina pulligera
sulcata
Ninox albomaculata dimorpha ...
undulata
NotbolsBna fragilia pumilio
Notopygos navus
parvus... Numenius cyanopus
uropygiaUs Nycticorax Caiedonicus . . . Odax balteatus obscuruB semifasciatus Olistherops brunneus
cyanomelas Om{)ax spatuloides Ophichthys serpens Ophideres Atkinsoni fullonica
Oriolus striatus
Ostracion concatinatus ...
diaphanus Pachycephala brunnea . . . collaris fuliginata . . . melanura ... Pagrus unicolor . . . 350, 357, Pandion leucocephalus . . . Paradisea Baggiana Pardachirus pavoninus ...
Parma microlepis
squamipiimis Parra Novae Guineae
Patsecus fronto
maculatus Pelecanus conspicillatus ... Peltops Blainvillei Pempelia rufitinctella
Btrigiferella ... Pempheris compressus 352, Pentaroge marmorata Perameles Broadbenti
Moresbiensis ...
Percis nebulosa
Periophthabnus Australis
Petrocirtes analis
variabilis Phalacrocorax melanoleucus Philemon Novsb GuinesB ... Phy llopora spinosa Phyllopteryx foliatus 356,
Page ... 200
... tS
... «> ... 249 ... 248 ... 249 ... 120 ... 119
... irrO
• • • tm
... 296
... 296
116, 300
354,359
359, 391
362, 390 36, 354
354, 364 ... 165
359, 362
... 151
... 151
112, 278
356,362
356, 362
... 282
74,281
74,282
... 281
363, 372 . 248
101, 266
355, 362 354, 359 354, 359
... 298
353, 358
. . . oOo
... 302
... 268
... 203
... 202
358,384
351, 361
... 402
... 244
351, 358
42,48
353, 362
353, 362
... 302
... Ill
... 97
360,364
Physa Guyonenfids
Hrata
Piezorhynchus Alecto nitidus Pisania tenuicostata
Pitta Macklotii
Novae Guineae Novae Hibemicae Placotrochus pedicellatus
Platycephalus Bassensis
|
... 138 |
|
... 138 |
|
. 113,268 |
|
. 113,268 |
|
... 224 |
|
. , ... 277 |
|
... 277 |
|
... 73 |
|
... 134 |
|
S 351, 358, |
|
} 363, 379 |
351,358
cirronasus . ,
fuscus 351, 361, 363, 379
laevigatus 351, 358, 363
Tasmanianus ... 379
Plectorhyncha stictocephalus . . . 304
Plectropoma annulatum 349, 357, 369
cyanostigma 349, 361
nigro-rubrum 349, 357
semicinctum 349, 361
serratum 349, 357, 368
Pleurotoma mumdaliana 226
Samueli 226
Plotosus elongatus ... 42, 50
Plotus Novae Hollandiae 302
Podargus marmoratus 264
Papuensis ... .. 264
Podiceps gularis ,302
Novae Hollandiae ... 302
Poecilopteris virens 118
Polynemus indicus . . . 351, 361
macrochir Polypodium nigrescens . . , Pomacentrus unifasciatus Pomatostomus Isidorii ... Porphyrio melanopterus . . , Priacanthus Bemmebari . . .
macracanthus 349,361,369
Prionophora ruptella 179
Psammoseris cylicioides ... 10
Psenes leucurus 352, 362
Psettus argenteus 352, 362
Pseudoambassis eloncatus 42, 44
Macleayi 42, 43
Pseudorhombus Russellii 354, 359, 391
351,
352, 358
... 120
354, 359
112, 280
... 279
349, 361
Pteris comans
Pterois volitans ... zebra
Pteropus conspicillatus
Ptilopus apicalis ... aurantiifrons coronulatus Correi Gestroi . . .
119
351, 361
351, 361
... 242
. . . Ow3
103, 290
103, 290
... 339
... 289
INDBX.
vn.
103,
103,
Page
289
290
290
339
291
266
111, 286
... Ill
2, 39, 285
111, 286
111,286
111, 286
111, 286
... 406
Ptilopus iozonus .. perlatus .. pulchellus Kivolii auperbus.. Ptilorhis magnifica Ptilotis analoga filigera Germana .. gracilis notata similis versicolor Fuffinus cameipes Pycnonotus stictocephalus
Rallina tricolor
Rectes ferruginea
Reinwardtsena Reinwardtii
RhinolophuB
Rhipidura ambusta
castaneothorax cervina gularis ...
isura
se uOsa ... ...
Rhombosolea flesoides . . . Rhytidoceros plicatua Xvisei-La ... ... ...
Ruppelia prolongata Sauloprocta tricolor Saurida Australia nebulosa undosquamis Saurus myops Scatophagus argus
multifasciatus|*^^'^» |^
Schizea dichotoma
Fosteri Schoeniclus magnus Schoenobius imparellua Sci»na antarctica . . .
aquila 351, 361, 363, 381
Scomber antarcticua 352, 358, 364
nigra Scorpseua Bynoensis cardinalis cruenta... militaris Scorpis sequipinnis ScotophilusnigroOTseua
304 297 280 293 243 270 270
• • • • • • O^Ev
... 113, 270
... ... 11*5
... 113, 270
263
• • • • • • ^J A
... 353, 359 ... 113, 271 355, 359, 393 ... 355, 362
oOd, OOtf
... 355, 362 350, 361
121 121 297 176 381
351,
381
351, 358
351, 358, 378
351, 361, 378
... ... «5/o
350, 367, 376 243
Scythrops Novae Hollandi88 110, 258 Sebastes percoides 351, 361, 363, 379 Selligaea pothif oUa 119
Seriola grandis hippos Lalandii ... ium)fasciatus Serranus Damelii ... dispar gatfcatus ... guttulatus
Page 352, 358, 364 ... 352, 358 ... 352, 362 ... 352, 362 349, 357, 365 ... 349, 360
. . . o4«/, ooil
33, 349, 357 349, 360
... 237 355, 359 ... 384 ... 279 ... 279
363, *
merra
undulato-striatus 349,361,366
Sillago Bassensis ... 351,358, 380
maculata 351, 358, 363, 380
Terrse Reginaa ... 351,380
Solarium acutum 236
Wannonensis Solea microcephala Spams compressus Sphecotheres flaviventris Salvadorii
Sphyrsena Novae Hollandiae J oga 007
Squalus Phillipi ! 309
Squatarola helvetica Stenorhynchus brevirostris
fissifrons... Sterna anaestheta
anglica
Bergeri
melanauchen
Panayensis Sticharium dorsale Stigmatophora argus nigra Sti^atops albo-auricularis Stnx delicatula Sula cyanopus
. 297
, 408
409
302
301
, 301
302
302
353, 359
355, 362
355, 360
75, 285
248
303
303
242
260
128
personata Sus Papuensis Syma Torotoro Symphyllia hemispherica Synaptura quagga .. 354, 362, 392 Synancidium horridum ... 351,361 Syngnathus margaritifer... 356,360 argus ... 355, 362
Synoicus cervinus 296
Tachypetes aquila 303
Tadoma Radjskh 300
Talegallus fuscirostris 297
Tanysiptera Galatea 259
microrhynchus ... 259
minor 259
Salvadoriana ... 259
Taphozous 243
Tectaria 61
Vlll.
INDEX.
Page
Temnodon saltator 352, 362, 364
Tetrodon amabilis 356, 360, 401
firmamentum .. 357, 363
Hamiltoni 356
hispidus 356, 363, 364
hypselocenion ... 357, 363 immacmatos ... 356, 363 l»vigatu8 ... 357, 363
lunaris ... 356, 362, 400 Teuthis Javus ... 353, 362, 386
nebulosa 353, 362
Thalotia exigua 235
Therapon caudovittatus ... 42, 47
Cuvieri 350, 361
fasciatus ... 42, 46
servus 350, 361
Terraa Reginse ... 42, 47
unicolor... 16
ThynnuB pelamys 352, 361
Tigrisoma heliostyla 300
Todopsis Bonapaitei . . . 108, 274 c^anocephala ... 108, 274
Tomatina involuta 239
Totanus griseopygius 297
Toxotes Carpentariensis ... 42, 47
Trachichthys Australia 349, 357, 364 Trachinops tseniatus . . . 353, 359 Trachuras declivis 352, 358, 383
trachuras? ... 352, 383 Trachinotus Bailloni ... 352, 362 ovatus 352, 362, 383
Trichoglossus Massense 107, 255, 339
pahnanun 339
subplacens ... 255
Trichomanes iilicula 121
Javanitum 121
|
P««e |
||
|
Trichomanes pixidifemm |
... m |
|
|
Trif oris sulcata ... |
• • • |
... 233 |
|
Wilkinsoni |
• • • |
... 233 |
|
Triglia Kumu |
351, |
361,380 |
|
pleuracaHthica |
• • • |
351,358 |
|
polyommata |
351, |
358,363 |
|
Tringa crassirostris |
• • • |
... 297 |
|
Tripteiygium marmoratom Triton Kattii |
... 34 ... 223 |
|
|
TrochitA turbinata |
• • • |
... 238 |
|
Trochocopus rofiis |
• • a |
... 35 |
|
unicolor |
• • • |
354,359 |
|
Trochus supragranosus |
• • • |
... 155 |
|
Tropidorhy nchus NovseC TiirDo supragranosus |
luineml 11,287 |
|
|
• • • |
... 155 |
|
|
Tumtella platyspira |
• a • |
... 234 |
|
transenna |
• ■ a |
... 284 |
|
Upeneichthys porosiis |
■! |
350, 361 363. 371 |
|
Upeneus signatus 350,357 Upenoides Vlamingu 350, 361,^63, 372 |
||
|
Urospizias cruentus Vasilluni tuberculatum |
• a • |
... 173 |
|
a • • |
... tlo |
|
|
Vitia ruficapilla . . . |
• • • |
... 14 |
|
Vivipara Alisoni . . . |
• • a |
... 221 |
|
Voluta Bednalli ... |
• a • |
... 81 |
|
Xanthotis iili^era . . . |
• • • |
... 286 |
|
Zeodrius vestitus ... |
351, |
358, 377 |
|
Zeus Australis |
• • • |
... 352 |
|
ciliaris |
• • • |
... 383 |
|
Xclil/\?& • • • • • • |
352, |
361,364 |
|
Zosterops flavifrons |
a • • |
... 337 |
|
Gouldii... |
• • • |
. . . «> V |
|
mseonata longirostris |
• • a |
... 338 |
|
• a • |
... 288 |
|
|
Westemensis |
• ■ a |
... o\f |
•0-
THE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY
OP
NEW SOUTH WALES.
MONDAY, 28th JANUARY, 1878.
W. J Stephens, Esq., M.A., President, in the Chair.
MEMBER ELECTED.
Mr. Miskin, Qaeenslaud.
DONATIONS.
From La Society Entomologiqae da Belgiqne: — Gompte Rendu of the Society. Part 43 of Serie II. From the Royal Norwegian Society of Ghristiania : —
1. Index Sapplimentam Locorum Nat-alinm specalium Plan- taram nonnullaram vascnlarium in Provincia Arctica Norvegiffi sponte nascentiam quas observavit J. M. Norman.
2. Allelositismns af J. M. Norman.
3. Enamerantur mnscornm qnorandum rarioram sedes in Norvegia quas observavit R. Wnlfsberg.
4. Forstmeister J. M. Norman's Beretning til Departmentet for det Indre om den i Wien i September 1873 Afholdte Kongres af Land — og ForstmsBnd.
5. Bidrag til Knndskaben om Yegetationen paa Nowaja Semlja, Waigatsohoen og ved Jngorstrsddet Meddelt af A.Blytt.
2 THE PBOCKEDINOS OF THB LINNEAN SOCIETY
6. Ghristiania omegns Phanerogamer og Bregpier med Aogivelse af deres udbredelse samt en indledning cm vegetationens afhsBngiglied af underlaget af A. Blytt.
Prom Prof. Owen : —
On a new species of Sthenurus.
PAPERS BEAD.
Description of a new species of Ptilotis, from Torres Stxuits.
By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S. '
PraOTIS GEBMANA. sp. nOY.
Adult male* The front and sides of the head, lores, throat and chest, and the margins of the shoulders on the under side, yellow ; ear-coverts yellow, with a narrow stripe of black, commencing almost at the angle of the mouth, passing through them, and below which they are of a brighter yellow ; under wing-coverts pale buff; chest, breast, and remainder of the under surface pale yellow, indistinctly striped down the centre with dull brown, centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts citron yellow, the greater series of the under tail-coverts striped down the centre with brown ; back of the head, hind neck, and all the upper surface of the body dull brown, with a faint tinge of olive on the rump ; wings and tail dark brown all the feathers broadly margined on the outer webs with bright olive yellow ; bill black, legs brown.
Total length, 5*6 ; wings, S'l ; tail, 2'5 ; tarsi, 0*8 ; bill from forehead, 07 ; from gape, 0*75. Hah, Torres Straits.
This species comes close to P. omatus (Gould), on the one hand from the stripes of the chest, but has not the blackish lores of that species ; on the other hand it resembles P. flavescens of the same author, but may be distinguished from it by the dull brown of the back, and stripes on the under surface.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 6
On an Australian variety of Nebitina pulligera, Linn.
By the Rev. J. B. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., Cor. Mem.
Lin. See, N.S.W., &c.
The following new variety of Neriiina was obtained by Robert Johnstone^ Esq. (and sent to the Curator of the Sydney Museam) in the monntain streams of the Bellenden Kerr Ranges, Northern Queensland.
Neritina pdlligeba, var. sulcata, n. s.
N. t, calyptriformis, crassa, tumida^ vix ohliqua, marginem versus latiore, periostraca olivacea, parum nitida^ concolor^ haud erosa, concinne induta ; spira omnino occhisa ; anfr, 2 ? regulariter oblique^ conspicue, late sulcatis, sulds roitrndatis, Icevih, ; apertura politay amplay expansa, semilv/nari, luteo-aurantiacea, cceruleo-alha anguste marginata ; area columellaris planaia, intense cceruho- at/raia^ ad apicem conspicue, lateque callosa ; peristoma acutum, labro supeme canaliculato, retroque curvato ; lahio a^uto^ dentibus parviSf vnconspicuis, numerosis munitis. Operculum testaceum, olivac&um, politum, IcBve, vel tenuissime siriaiu/m, fasciis intensiorhus spiraliter omatum ; apice postico, marginali,
Maj. diam. 24-30, min. 18-24, alt. 11-15, millim.
Shell cup -shaped, thick, a little oblique, tumid, broader towards the margin, neatly covered by an olive, slightly shining, periostraca, which is not eroded ; spire altogether hidden ; whorls two, regularly, obliquely broadly sulcate ; sulci rounded, smooth ; aperture polished, ample, expanded semilunar, yellowish orange, narrowly margined with blueish white ; columellar area flattened, of an intense blue-black, with a conspicuous broad callosity behind ; peristome sharp ; labrum channelled above and curved back, lip sharp with many flne small teeth. Operculum testaceous, olive, shining, smooth, or very finely striate, and ornamented with dark bands ; apex posterior and marginal.
This shell is a variety of N, pulligera, Linnseus, but the differences are that our shell is yellow, not purple in the throat ; the aliform prolongation of the labrum is much less marked, in
4 THE PHOCEEDINOS OF THE LINNBAN SOCIBTT
fact is scarcely perceptible, and the shell is smaller. It most be admitted that these features are not more than slight, and from the fact that the flaviatile shells of Australia have a very wide range this may be a local variety. I have not, however, distinguished it as a species, and for those who think the characters sufficient it can stand as N» pulligera var. stdcatct, N. pulligera is common in the MoUuccas, Philippine Islands, and has been found in the Pacific Ocean, New Caledonia (?). There is a specimen in the Sydney Museum marked as from Guadalcanor. This variety is also closely allied to N. petitti, Recluz, to which it approaches in size, though it is smaller. The lip and columella differ in color and shape. In N, petitii it is of rich reddish brown, darker at the margins, but in this species it is light orange, &c., as described. There are four Neritma described from Australia, viz., JV. tritonensiSy he Gillon, densely reticulated ; N. auriculata, Lam. (as from New Holland), broadly auriculate at each side of the aperture ; N, haconi, Reeve, from Swan River, lineated or flexuously reticulated with black lines ; N, dringu, Recluz, spirally branded with yellow. All the above are smaller than the present species or variety.
N, pulligera was described by Linnaeus as a " smooth coarse shell with an excavated eye-like small spire ; inner lip smooth crenated." With the above named author it was a Nerita and came under his section G, meant for a division with imperforate shells and toothed lips. According to him it appears to have been figured by our countryman Lister (tab. 143) by Seba {Mus, 3. t. 41, figs. 23-26) by Rumphius {Mils, tab. 22). Gmelin gives other references, notably to Bom in his Catalogue of the Museum of the Empress of Austria in volume of plates, No. 17, figs. 9 and 10, and Chemnitz vol. 9, plate 124, figs. 1078, 1079. Gmelin also says that it inhabits the rivers of India and is from 14 to 16 lines long. He adds " shell hard, very finely striate transversly, pellucid black or brownish or reddish (sic in Turton's edit.) ; whorls two, one very large and terminating in an acute tooth ; throat glabrous, polished, with a fine blue or whitish bottom, near the margin a broad fulvous band ; inner lip ascending, glossy."
OF NBW SOUTH WALES.
BlaiDenbach (Nat. Hist p. 265) states that N. puUigera matures its offspring within the shell and carries them aboat with it, from which circumstance the name ^^pulligera** has been given. Miiller (Verm, Terr, et Fhw. vol. 2, page 196), says that " the yellowish white granules which frequently occupy the back of the shell are the young of the Nerite as Rumphius shows. I have counted 235 in one specimen. But for the authority of Bumphius I should have taken them to be the ovules of some wandering anamal- cule." The following is the passage in full : — " Orana quce dor- swm cochlecB frequenter occupant, esse vpsius Neritce puUos, Rimiphms docet ; horum d/ucenta triginta qumque m mio specimine numeram, ovaUa, convexa, extus luteo albida, wius alba, mohculis referta, cor- puscula JuBc scepe abstergv/ntur, remanente in testa circulo ovali albo' Nisi obstaret auctoritas exactissimi Rumphii ovula peregrini anim- alcuU putarem. "
Melania oncoides. n. s.
M. t. fusiformi iwrrita spira elata, decollata, periostraca palli- dissvma hitea aliquando induta, Imeis rufis, undulosis longitudina- liter insignita ; am.fr. 6, convexis, declivibus, Uris spiralibus quatuor regulariter cincUs, in spira Uris nodosis et obUque subplicatis, sutura bene impressa ; apertvra oblongo-ovata, a/atice effusa, labro acuto, labio calcareo.
Long. 20, lat. 10, long, apert. 9, lat. 7. Common in the creeks near Bourke, Darling River. James Ramsay.
Shell fusiformly turretted, spire produced, decollate, sometimes covered with a very pale yellow periostraca, marked longitudinally with red undulating lines ; whorls 6, convex sloping, regularly spirally girdled with four liree ; in the spire the liree are distinctly nodose and obliquely subplicate, suture well impressed, aperture, oblong ovate anteriorly effuse, labrum acute, lip chalky.
This Melania comes very close in form and coloring to M. onca, Angas, which is found in the fresh water streams about Port Darwin, N. Australia. The difference in this species are :- 1. It is much smaller. 2. Conspicuously lirate. 3. The plaits are almost obsolete and rarely seen, except on the upper whorls.
6 THE PB0CEEDIN08 OF THE LINKEAN SOCIETY
As, however, all our freshwater shells have a very wide range, this may be a variety, and the observed difiPerences are dae to climate. The lat. of Boorke is about 30", or nearly 600 miles N, W. of Sydney. The habitat of Af. onca is from 14' to 12° S. of the Equator. I should mention, also, that the tropical species is covered with a dark olive periostraca, while M, oncaides has scarcely any, and of a light straw color.
EXHIfilTS.
Mr. Ramsay exhibited two species of Pigeon, Ghryscena victor (Gould), and LavvproUa mctorioe (F. & H.), from Fiji. Also various Crotons, showing remarkable variations in foliage and color, from Duke of York Island, and two specimens of Hybrid Goleusy a leafy arborescent Ewphorhia^ and a remarkable example of Aralia JUicifolia (?) from the same locality.
MONDAY, 25th FEBRUARY, 1878.
W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., President, in the Chair.
DONATIONS,
The Secretary reported receipts from the Hamburg Society of Natural History of their " Verhandlungen des Veriens fur Natururissenschaftenliche Unterhaltung in Hamburg, for 1871-74 and 1875."
PAPERS RGEAD.
On a new genus of Milleforidje.
By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., Cor. Mem.
Lin. Soc, N.S.W., &c.
The family of Milleporidce were formerly included by zoologists amongst the Zoantharia in an entirely different class from the
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 7
Acalephs, to which they are now referred. They are solid and stony corals, as mnch so in fact as any of the reef-bnilding class. They generally have a smooth surface, and are always withoat any prominent calices, there being only very minute rounded punctures over the surface from which the animals show them- selves. Some of the principal reefs on the Carribean Sea are mainly composed of Millepore corals. The cells in the zoothome are divided parallel to the surface by very thin plates or tables, as in the PocilUporcB and Fa/vodteSy and they were formerly classed therefore with the other tabulate corals. The following was the arrangement proposed by Messrs. Edwards and Haime.
Madbeporabia tabulata.
Gorallum essentially composed of a highly developed mural system, and having the visceral chambers divided into a series of stages by a complete diaphragm or transverse dissepiment. Septa rudimentary, either uniting or at most represented by processes extending more or less into the visceral chamber. There are four families in this section. A. ccBnenchyma abundant. 1. Cellules or tubulae .foliaceous or massive MilleporidaB, 2. Senatoporida : compact in arborescent tufts. B. Little or no coenenchyma, the walls uniting with one another. 1. Fa/vositidoB : walls lamellar. 2. Thecida : wall thick and compact.
1st Family Millepobid^.
Gorallum composed of an abundant tubular or cellular coenen- chyma, distinct from the walls of the corallites. Septa, few ; dessepiments well developed and numerous.
M. Agasiz has proved that these animals are not corals, properly speaking, but an intermediate form of Acalephs between the embryo and adult state of Medussd. The Millepores afford, therefore, examples of coral-making by species of the class Acalephs. The corals are solid and stony, with a smooth surface without any prominent calices, there being only very minute rounded punctures over the surface frcan which the animals show themselves. They have no resemblance to true
8 THB PB0CBBDING8 OP THB LIVNBAK BOCIBTT
polyps. There is simply a fleshy tube with a mouth at the top, and a few small rounded prominences in place of tentacles, four of them sometimes the largest.
Abaghnopoba. New G^nus.
Zoothome parasitic spreading like a small thin web oyer other
corals.
Abaghnopora abgentea. n. s.
Zoothome spreading in a small extremely thin web, silvery white, and in parts quite transparent, which are sparsely covered with small silvery granules. The calices are all small very slightly raised, rounded, on which septa protrude as three or six broadly triangular teeth; calices irregular, but with a tendency to a quincuncial arrangement. Length of zoothome 7, breadth 3 mil. Calices like minute dots, barely discernable to the unassisted eye.
In this species the substance of the zoothome seems a quite transparent membrance, on which there is generally a very close arrangement of small silvery granules. It occurs parasitic on corals, filling up half of the calice and spreading from opposite septa just like a spider's web. It also spreads over the sides of the costaB, where it appears just like a snail's track on which some very fine white dust had been sparsely scattered. There are no calices on the outside.
On a Nbw Species op Psammoseris.
By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., P.L.S., Corr. Mem.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
Plate L
In 1848, Messrs. M. Edwards and J. Haime published in the Anncdes des Sciences Naturelles a definition of a new gen as named HeterocyathtbSf which was referred to the second section of the Turbinolian family of corals. The genus thus established was meant to include simple cylindrical corals with a broad attachment always to shells which the base often enclosed, with
OP NEW SOUTH WALES. 9
conspicnons ribs, circnlar calice, an essential colamella, exsert thick granular septa, and lobed pali. There were only two species in this genus, and one dependant upon a single specimen. They were always fixed npon a trochoid shell, which the tissne of the coral almost completely closed round in the course of its growth, and the only sign of its presence was the circular aperture which was always left for the mollusc thus imprisoned. Subse- quently Mons. M. Edwards discovered that one of the species, in spite of its pali and sub-entire septa which closely resembled the type of the genus in which it was placed, possessed synap- ticulsa, and should be separated, and placed in a distant family, the FtmgidoB. Here, however, it was also out of place, because no other genus of the family possesses pali. But the pali them- selves are doubtful. They are lobed, and so are the septa, and indeed hardly distinguishable from them. In 1850 Mr. J. E. Gray added what he considered a third species to the genus. This was Heterocyathus hemisphericus, described in the Annals of Nat Hist for 1850 (Second Series, Vol. 5, p. 410.) It was brought from the China Seas, and was thus described : — Corallum extremely short, four complete cycles ; septa unequal, primaries very thick, especially near the columella, the next in extent are the fourth order, then the secondaries, then the fifth order then the tertiaries, which are smaller than all the others, all very close, but little raised, and the border feebly arched. The two latter species have been erected into two genera. One Psammosens, which is thus characterised : Corallum of trifling height, fixed on a shell which it completely encloses, except at the peristome ; wall thick, bare, strongly granular, and scarcely striate beneath ; columella papillary, septa scarcely prominent, thickly covered with very projecting granules, penultimate cycle more developed than the last, and approaching each other before the last. I confess that this description does not appear very clear. The words in French are as follows : — " Gelles (chisons) de Vavant dernier cycle heaucowp phis developpees que celles d/w dernier et rapprochees enire elles au-devant de ces demieres.* It would seem as if the third cycle was larger than
10 THE PBOCBEDINGS OF THE LINKEAN SOCIETY
the fourth, bat this is exactly contrary to the description of the type species, Gray's Heterocyathtis hemispheiious, of which it is especially stated that the tertiaries are the smallest. If the orders were meant the description would be still more obscnre.
The species I have to bring before the notice of the Society appears to me to be one that shoald be referred to Psammoaeris, It is, however, very peculiarly distinguished by having the union of the fourth and fifth orders in front of the third, and the thickened lobate mass thus resulting unites again on each side in front of the secondaries. It also has pseudo-pali in the lobes, which spring from the septa, but they are many in number, and in fact the septa alone would incline one to refer the species to the AatroMgiaceoB, The union between the septa is effected by small processes like synapticnlas, but the granules themselves on the faces of the septa never seem to unite. The mode of junction and the inclination of the septa recalls Eupsammidce, but the wall is quite imperforate. There does not appear to be any other resemblance except the junction of the septa. There is the greatest difference between the various specimens in the thickness and granulation of the septa. Some are so thick and close that the granules almost touch, making the calicular fossa seem like a regularly paved cavity ; others are thin, wavy, and scarcely granular, having the rough fossa very conspicuously uneven from the lobes of the septa.
PSAMMOSERIS CYLICIOIDES.
n. s.
Oorallum in general fastened to the mouth of a turriculate shell (Mitra amanda, Reeve, M. hebes ^c, an unknown Terehra, and some shells, which are quite covered except at the aperture), base wider than calico, and more or less constricted between, and all the exterior irregularly covered with fine granules ; calice irregularly circular, fossa deep and wide ; septa exsert, in six systems of four cycles ; primaries with the two fourth orders and secondaries with the two fifth projecting above the edge in closely adpressed sets of three septa, the higher orders diverge from the first and second to meet before the third, and the
OF NEW SOrTH WALE8. 11
resulting tissae nniies at once to the second, which forms thence a confased mass, sending np almost perpendicular lobes like pali, which are very granular; columella only a few inconspicuous papillsd at the base of the fossa ; laminsB of nearly equal thick- ness, the primaries being free throughout, and only slightly thicker; costsB conspicuous and distinct, corresponding to the septa, and about equal for the three first orders, the fourth and fifth being equal, small, and in some specimens only represented by a line of granules ; intercostal spaces about equal, rather deep and smooth.
Alt. 6, diam. 7. Princess Charlotte's Bay.
There is a remarkable peculiarity in these corals, which is, that the granulations which cover the ribs sometimes extend a long way upon the spire of the shell on which they grow even far beyond other traces of the basal tissue.
Explanation op Plate I.
Fig. 1 . Corallum attached to shell, magnified 2 diameters.
„ 2. Corallum covering attached shell, magnified 2 diam.
„ 3. Calice of ^g. 1 ; 3 diam.
„ 4. One system of costaa ; 4 diam.
„ 5. One system of septa ; 4 diam.
EXHIBITS.
B. P. Bamsay, Esq., exhibited a very fine specimen of Osteoglosstim LeichardUi (Barramundi), from the Dawson Biver, Queensland.
MONDAY, 25th MARCH, 1878.
W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., President, in the Chair.
The Chairman introduced Captain Hutton, of the Otago Museum, New ^ealahd, to the meeting.
MEMB&BS ELECTED.
E. Meyrick, Esq.; and C. Lentzner, Esq.
12 THE PROCXBDIKOS 09 THE LINNEAN 80CIETT
DONATIONS.
From the Hon. W. H. Sattor, Minister for Mines : Maps of the Hartley Coal Fields, prepared by C. S. Wilkinson, Esq., F.G.S.
From the Melbourne University, Calendar for 1877-78. From the Societe Entomologiqae de Belgiqne, Compte Benda, Part 45 of Serie 11.
From Captain Hntton — Geology of Otago, by Hutton and XJlrich, and the following by the Donor : — Nest and Eggs of some New Zealand Birds ; Structure of Leaf of Phormium Tenax ; New Zealand Flax and its manufacture ; Mechanical Principles involved in the flight of the Albatross ; Sailing Flight of the Albatross — Reply to J. S. Webb ; Modifications of the Capsules of Mosses ; Moa Remains from the Knobby Ranges ; Geographical Relations of New Zealand Fauna ; New Zealand Sertularians ; Relation between the Pareora and Ahuriri Formations ; Contributions to the Ichthyology of New Zealand ; New Zealand DelphinidsB ; Cause of the former great extension of the Glacier in New Zealand ; New Starfishes ; Birds inhabiting the Southern Ocean ; Zoology ; New Genus of RallidsB ; New Tertiary Shells in the Otago Museum ; Geological Structure of the Thames Gold Field ; New Species of New Zealand Myriopoda ; Peripatus Novas ZealandisB ; Younger Formations of New Zealand ; Date of the last Great Glacier Period in New Zealand.
PAPERS READ.
Description of a species of Myiolestes, from Fiji.
By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S.
Myiolestes nigrogulabis. *
Adult male. Crown of the head, mantle, and chest, ashy
greyish-brown ; back, wings, and all the upper surface of the
* Since the above has been in type I have ascertained that this Myiolestes has been previously described by Mr. E. L. Layard, under the name of Lalaae nigrognlaris. I am sure ornithologists will excuse me for not anticipating that Mr. Layard's " Lalaae" of which I hsid not at that time seen a description, would prove to be a typical Myiolestes ! I leave the description as it may bo of use to ornithologists who may have been similarly misled ; Mr. Layard's name of nigroffularis must, of course, stand.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 13
body and tail, brown, of an olive brown on the outer webs of wings and tail, and slightly tinged with olive on the ramp and apper tail-coverts ; under surface of the wing and tail-qoills brown, the shafts of the feathers white ; the inner webs of the primaries and secondaries on the under side narrowly margined with pale reddish brown, lesser under wing-coverts and margins of the shoulder below black, axilliaries whitish grey ; ear- coverts slightly produced silky white ; lores, sides of the face and the whole of the chin and throat extending to the chest and to behind the white ear-coverts, jet black ; the black over the eye extends on the sides of the neck and sometimes across the nape, quite encircling the ashy grey of the crown of the head ; chest, breast, and abdomen, ashy grey ; flanks and under tail-coverts washed with olive or rufous brown ; the tips of all the tail feathers slightly, and the two outer more distinctly tinged with fulvous ; bill bluish horn color above and below, the inner margins white to the tip.
Immaini/re males have the throat and sides of head and the chest ashy white, a black line behind the ear-coverts in some joins a black superciliary stripe extending from the black lores ; the throat is mottled white and black. It is only in the fully adult ( (? P) that the black extends across the nape.
Total length 8'3 in., wing 4 in., tail 3*5, tarsus 1'05, bill from
forehead 1*2 in, from gape 1'3, height 0*4.
Measurements of immature species, all marked as males : —
Inches.
Total length 8*5 8*4 ... 8*1
Yv in^ ... ... ... ... ^B ^ ... 4
JLail o§ o'ij ., o*o
Tarsus 0*9 1 ... I
Bill from forehead ... 1*1 1*15 .. 1*2
„ „ gape 1*2 1 ... 1*25
„ „ nostril ... 0*7 0*7 ... 0*8
„ in height 0*4 0*4 ... 0*4
I am by no means certain that the young of this species may not
prove identical with Mr. E. L. Layard*s Myiolestes maxima, but as
14 THE PB0CEEDING8 OF THE LIVNEAN SOCIETY
the only speoimen obtained by Pearoe was purchased from him without his knowledge while he was at Levoka, I have, consequently, no means of ascertaining whether they are distinct or not. The y(nmg of this species would answer well with Mr. Layard's description of M. maxima as far as it gfoes, but Mr. Layard distinctly states his specimen to be a male ; now even the young males in M, nigrogularis show black on the throat, which is not mentioned in the description of 1/. maxima,
ViTiA RUFICAPILLA, Pcumsay,
In the same collection from which I obtained the above described Myiolestea I also found fine specimens of ViMa ruficapilla, which I observe has been inadvertently re-described by Dr. Finsch, under the name Drymochcera badicejps.
EXHIBITS.
Mr. Masters exhibited albino specimens of the Common Magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen^ Tropidorhyncus buceroides^ Olvmacteris scandens, and Orallina picata, all differing very remarkably iu plumage from the typical forms.
MONDAY, APRIL 29Tn, 1878.
W. J. Stephens Esq., M.A., President, in the Chair.
DONATIONS.
From La Societe Entomologique de Belgiquo : Compte Rendu
Serie II, Nos. 46 and 47 ; also, The Annals of the Society
for 1877. From Baron F. Von Mueller : Vol. X. Fragmenta Phytographia
Australise. Proai the Royal Society, Edinburgh : Proceedings 1875-76 and
1876-77. From La Soci^t^ Hollandaise des Sciences ^ Haarlem : Archives
N6erlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles. From the Auckland Institute, New Zealand : Report for 1877.
OF NEW SOtJTH WALES. 15
From the Rev. J. B. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., etc.: On some Australian Tertiary Corals ; Paleontological evidence of Anstralian Tertiary Formation; Tertiary Deposits of Austra- lia ; Some new Anstralian Polyzoa ; Census — with brief descriptions of Marine Shells, etc.
From J. Brazier, Esq. : List of Land Shells — Fitzroy Island.
From J. W. Taylor, Esq. (the Editor), per Mr. J. Brazier : English Quarterly Journal of Conchology.
PAPERS READ.
Note on a species of Therapon found in a dam near Warialda.
By William Macleay, F.L.S.
A few days ago I received from W. R. Campbell, Esq., of Trigamon Station, near Warialda, three specimens of a Percoid Fish of the genus Therapon.
Mr. Campbell states that they were taken from a dam a long way back from the river, quite unconnected with any water- course, and which had been dry a few months back, and he asks very naturally how did they get there. Instances of a similar kind are not uncommon. I recollect many years ago when the Merool Creek was first occupied by Squatters, that fishes of con- siderable size were found in newly formed dams and in ponds which had been dry for years previously. These reservoirs were, however, all in old watercourses, which had been at a former period well supplied with fish, as the remains of Aboriginal ovens testified, and it was thought probable that the fish so suddenly appearing in these newly formed and filled reservoirs, might have been preserved alive in the moist sand of the bed of the Creek. This supposition might no doubt be correct as far as Merool Creek is concerned, but it certainly cannot account for the fish found in the Warialda Dam, for it is not near a watercourse, and moreover the fish found in it are not of a kind capable of living in moist sand.
I see no difficulty myself in the far more likely hypothesis that the Ova of the fish are conveyed from one place to another by adhering to the feathers of ducks or other aquatic birds. The
16 THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
spawn of some fish float on the surface of the water, and the viscous matter in which the ova are enveloped would in that case inevitably cause some of them to adhere to the feathers of a bird swimming on the surface. I have observed too that after a heavy fall of rain following a dry season, wild ducks of all kinds will in one night entirely desert the rivers and lagoons to which they have been for months confined, and seek " fresh fields and pastures new*' in the newly filled ponds, dams, and lakes of the back country. It is a matter of almost certainty then, that, if it be the spawning season of any species of fish whose spawn floats on the surface of the water, ducks or other waterfowl will carry the ova with them, and if the distance be not too great the transfer will take place without desiccation or destruction of vitality.
The three specimens sent me by Mr. Campbell are evidently young fish (about 4s inches long), and are I have no doubt of the same species as is found in the waters of the Owydir, and of several others of the northern rivers of New South Wales, and of southern Queensland — Therapon umcolor Gunther, Catalogue of Fishes, Brit. Mus., Vol I., page 277.
The Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods observed that the sudden appear- ance of fish in surface water derived from rain was a matter well worth the attention of naturalists. In the south eastern district of S. Australia there is a small fish named lap-lap by the natives, which does not appear to have been described. It abounds in the swamps of that extensive district, where there are no watercourses properly speaking, but where the swamps drain from one to another in very wet seasons as the country is a dead level and in no place more than 300 feet above the sea. In this district there are extensive tracts of desert, with here and there grassy patches and swamps of water to which the sheep are taken to depasture in the winter. In summer these swamps are dried and the sheep are withdrawn to the home stations often 20 to 40 miles away. Re remembered in 1861 having crossed one of the desert places with a companion at the close of summer. They had ventured to make a short cut overland by the aid of some very heavy rains which had fallen during the same week. In crossing by an
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 17
abandoned hat where there was an extensive system of troughs by the side of a swamp, they foand the troughs one-third fall and literally swarming with Icup-lap fish about an inch or an inch and a half in length. The troughs had not probably been used for two or three months previously, and they could hardly doubt that they had been filled by the rain for there were no traces of any sheep having been there recently or of any visitors at all. He supposed that the ova of this fish would bear desiccation without perishing and that they had remained in the troughs until hatched by the rain. He had often observed also that when the immense flats of the Mosquito Plains, and the Muddy Creek heaths were inun- dated in winter, that dray tracks or any little indentation of the surface would become a channel along which the water slowly ran. These were always stocked with lajp-lap^ though in this case of course the ova or fry may have come from the swamps. He had come to the conclusion that the ova of these fishes would bear desiccation without perishing, and that they were often blown about and carried considerable distances by the wind, in dust storms, &o.
On a new species of Desmophtlltjm (P. qumaritm) and
a young stage of Gtgloseris sinensis.
By Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., P.G.S., Cor. Memb.
Linn. Soc.
BesmopJi/ylhim is a genus of Turbinolinas, which is specially distinguished by the presence of an epitheca and the absence of a columella ; the corallum is simple, generally fibted by a large base ; the fosette is very deep, and the septa are very much exserted, and stretch out like huge wings ; the last cycle is more developed than that which precedes, and are often united to their neighbours, of the higher orders, from which they slightly diverge as they approach the centre ; the wall is bare, smooth below, and presents some little crests in the neighbourhood of the calice. The genus was originally established by Ehrenberg for a species
IS TH£ PB0CBBDIKG8 OF THB LIKKSAK 80CIXTT
of Madrepora of Esper. There are six species enumerated by Messrs. Ed. and Haime, viz., D. cristagaUi^ Ehenb., D. Owningi, E. and H., D. costatum^ D, dicmthus, Esper., D ? Stohem^ £. and H., and P. tatmnense, Michelin. The latter is fossil. Prof. Doncan has reduced the four first to mere varieties of one species, for which he retains the name of D. crUtagdUi^ though it seems as if Esper's name (D, dianthua) should be the one selected^ as it has long priority (1797). The same author regards D. Stokem as an immature form of the other varieties. He says {Madre- poraria of the deep sea; Trans, Zool, 8oc, vol. 8, 1873, p, 321). '' If the variations of the typical form of this species are studied, it will be noticed that there are great difference in the position, size, and continuance of the costad, in the exsertness and granula- tion of the septa, in the height, compressedness, and size of the base of the corallam, and in the granular ornamentation of the outside of the wall in different specimens. The size, costal developement and granular condition of the ornamentation of the septa, and outside of the corallum, depend upon the age and nutrition of the specimen. Very thin septa are not so granular superiorly as those of corals, which have very thick walls, and dense septa, and the costsB of the latter kind are usually most prominent. At great depths, and where the Madreporaria appear to be very abundant, the specimens of Desmophyllum are usually very granular externally, moreover they become attached to compound forms of corals, and both have the same ornamentation, so that it is difficult not to believe in the Desmophyllum being part and parcel of the growing mass. One specimen is attached partly to broken specimens of dwarfed variety, with a small calice, and without costad. Other forms are finely pedunculate " (loc, cit),
I bring this character of variability prominently forward, so that it may be seen what claims the present species has to be regarded as distinct.
Desmophyllum quinabium, n.s.
Corallum much depressed, narrowed very slightly at the base, and twisted; epitheca, coarse and irregular, with the costss
or HEW SOUTH WALI6. 19
appearing Hke somewhat sharp keels or ridges ; but in the odIj specimen seen by me, the base is so incrosted with calareons algSB in thin lameU®, that yery little can be seen below the edge of the calicnlar margin; calice, sabpentagonal, bat irregular; septa, very high and falcate, concentrically nndalately striate, in fiye systems of three cycles, with the rudiments of a fourth ; secondaries, thin in long arched lobes, which very mnch oyerhang the edge of the calice ; primaries, tall and straight, not exsert, bat reaching more towards the centre of the fossa than any others; tertiaries, small, thin, nearly as mach exsert as the secondaries, and inclined or caryed towards each other outside the wall; fourth order present in two systems only as thin short exsert lamelliB ; tubercles representing a fifUi order in one system ; fossa deep and narrow ; wall diick and indented inwards by the side of the primaries. Alt 10, width from the extreme ends of the secondary septal lobes 15 milL Fiji 20 fathoms, from a bay near Leynka^ Dr. Bayner. In the Macleayan Museum.
From the incomplete character of the septa^ on whic^ few or no granules are yisiUe, it is eyident that this is only a young specimen. There is, howeyer, nothing in the coral to giye rise to the suspicion that the quinary arrangement is due to abortion. The form is peculiar and exceedingly interesting, and no doubt ' when other specimens Bre found, the cbancien of the adult will modify some of the diaracters which are now described.
Famify FusGiDje, Sub. Fam. Lofhoskbdub. Gemig Ctclosebis. This genua, which, in addition to Hying species, extends as fiur as the oetaoeoos rods as a fossil, is represented at pres^it by 0. qfdoUies, and 0. Juxagomdlu, and C. nmensis on the Barrier redT of north eastran Australia. Only the fost has hithoio been regarded as Australian. They ajre small ocmls, like mushrooms, disfangnished from Fmrngia by the wall being neyiligr perforate nor hi^id. In Offdcmens ihexe is no eptiheca. In C. eydoUlei ihe disk is yeiy high in fRfoportion to its diameter; in 0. hezagomdUs it is extiemdy thin, larger ^hsm the last, and hexagonal in the young stage. (7. sinensis is three times as'thick as the last, though nearly as large. I doubt yery much whetiier the two Bpeaen can be separated. They haye both from 7 to 8
20 THB PBOCSEDINOS OF THB LIKVBAN BOCIBTT
cycles, and are common on the coral rocks, and in sandy places at from 10 to 20 fathoms. So little is known of the yonng stages of any of these corals that I think it worth the notice of naturalists to describe a young (7. smemis,
Corallum very small, quite circular, somewhat raised or thick, base not quite flat but sloping very slightly to a circular flattened disk, about half the diameter of the whole ; costee very distinct, prominent, in cycles corresponding to the septa, and agreeing in point of size, all very granular, and becoming a mere set of detached granules in the central disk ; septa rather thick, projecting beyond the margin, increasing in height to the edge of the fossa, all closely and very prominently granular, and the edges dentate in six systems of ^e cyles ; primaries free to the fossa, and much thicker than the others ; tertiaries united to the secondaries at the fossa ; fourth and fifth order uniting with the tertiaries about half way ; all the orders of the fifth cycle present, but the two last much smaller, and all much serrated at the edge ; fossa small, columella represented by a few papillsB. Diam. 6, alt. 2 mil. Princess Charlotte's Bay, 10 to 20 fathoms Ghevert Expedition.
The flattened disk at the base of the corallum would seem almost like a point of attachment. If the young stage of 0, sinensis is pedicellate, it hardly leaves any traces of its existence in the adult state. The specimens under notice were found free, so that the fixed state must belong to a still earlier stage.
Oycloseris sinensis is said by Messrs. Ed. and H. to be a native of the Chinese seas, and there is no mention made of any central disk, which however is found on the lower part of every Australian specimen. I have not been able to compare with any type specimen, so that our Australian examples may after all be a diflerent species. But the similarity is so close in every other respect that I can hardly think this is the case.
EXHIBITS.
The Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., etc., exhibited seeds of various kinds of Eucalyptus, and directed attention to the fact
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 21
•
that Eacalypfns seed had frequently been sold under fictitious names, the seeds of common and inferior kinds having been substituted for the more valuable descriptions.
Mr. Brazier exhibited a collection of stemums of Fowls dis- playing the effect of different kinds of perches in modifying the shape and curvature of the ridge. Mr. Brazier showed that where the fowls roosted on a round perch the breast bone was normal ; but those that roosted on flat battens had the breast bone distorted.
Mr. Masters exhibited a Majaqueus Parhvnsoni or New Zealand Petrel shot near Sydney Heads, and remarked that it was the first recorded instance of this bird visiting the Australian Coast.
MONDAY, MAY 27th, 1878.
W. J. Stephens, Esq., President, in the Chair.
MEMBERS ELECTED.
Charles Jenkins, Esq., L.S., Yass, and T. Tenison-Woods, Esq., Sydney.
DONATIONS.
From La Societe Entomologique de Belgique : Compte Rendu, Series II., No. 49.
papers read.
ON THE GEOLOGY OP YASS PLAINS. By Charles Jenkins, Esq., L.S., Yass.
Plate VI. In offering an account of some years' labor in the fossiliferous strata around Yass, I must apologize for not giving at present all the detail that may be desired. I find it impossible to accompany this paper with the necessary plans and sections, the result of surveys I have made, vrithout which minute description would be unsatisfactory. I hope, however, in a future paper to supply the information I am now compelled to omit, accompanied by draw* ings of as many of the principal fossils as possible^
22 THB PB0CSBDIN08 OF THE LINNBUf SOCIBTY
It is chiefly of the beds exposed for three or fonr miles along the course of the Yass river after it reaches the town of Yass that I shall at present treat.
The Yass river enters the town of Yass on the east, then makes generallj- a westerly direction flowing alike over hard and soft rock, porphyry and shale, jnst as the dislocation of the strata had marked out for it a coarse, which it has deepened and widened as best it could.
Very interesting are the cliffs on each side. Now we have two hills of porphyry of very different composition, facing each other — the junction of the two porphyries being the bed of the river — then seventy feet of shale and limestone, every vertical foot of which will yield a rich harvest to the geologist. A little farther and we have the section of a hill in which the strata broken off* on each side are bent in towards the centre, making there almost as acute an angle as the letter Y. Again, a little further, and the strata are reversed, vertical, then contorted in the most varied curves, and the former impure limestone changed into marble, marked with pink and other colored stains in patterns of the sections of the shells and corals it formerly contained.
The main course of the valleys on either side show a somewhat different origin to that of the river. They are formed chiefly by the scooping out of the softer strata, leaving ridges on each side capped by the more indestructible rock. As the direction of the dip of the strata is from 20° to 40° south of west, these ridges that flank the valleys present to view in many places as you turn east steep encarpments, and gentle slopes as you look west. They bend round the igneous rock to the west of Yass, forming part of a great curve, not, however, by an uniform sweep, but by jumps, wrenched aside with a sudden twist and interrupted by faults. These faults and twists have given rise to smaller valleys and water-courses, which, in general, mark the limit of the broken and intruded strata.
Wonderful things are those hard rocks that cap the Humewood and Belle Yale ridges. In one place we have an ancient Coral Reef, rich in the most varied Paleeozoic forms,
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 23
and differing, I imagine, from the Coral Reefs now forming, only as PalsBozoic differs from recent Coral. A little farther, and if you are fortunate in cleaving the stone you will have a surface presenting a strange confusion, on which it will be difficult to find a spot not occupied by one of the fossil forms of the varied Ufe of the old seas. Another will yield hardly anything but Trilobites, jammed together heads and tails so thickly as to render it difficult to procure a perfect specimen.
I will now go back to our former starting point, and take the Yass beds in the order of their deposition. Standing at the edge of the igneous rock (a kind of syenetic porphyry) where the river enters the town on the east side, and turning westward, you will look straight aoross the fossiliferous strata, which here, with intervening Porphyry and altered rock, have a breadth of from four to six miles. The view across the strata is interrupted by the range west of the town. The mass of this range is Porphyry, This Porphyry naturally divides the sedimentary rocks into two parts — that portion to the east of the Porphyry bending in one direction to the south-east over the Yass Plains, and in the other marked by the coarse of part of the Bango and Fairy-hole Creeks, I propose to call the Yass Beds, That portion to the west of the Porphyry, and bending to the south- east over the Yass Plains, and in the opposite direction, west of north, along a course marked by part of the Derringullen and Limestone creeks, to about a mile above the junction of these two creeks, I propose to call the Hume Beds — these beds being so largely developed on the property that belonged to the late Hamilton Hume, Esq., our great explorer.
Starting then on the edge of the Yass Beds, following the river, we have first a few feet of altered strata, a thin layer of limestone, then two feet of fossil bearing strata. Of species obtained hence there are four Brachiopods, including a small Lmgula and an Atrypa ; three Ghbsteropods, including one very like Bellerophon a&atus ; an impression of a rather large Orthoceras, and a number of very small things not made out.
Then follows some black, slaty-looking shale, cleaving readily in the direction of the bed. These beds gradually become more
24 THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEUT 80CIBTY
micaceous and gritty, with an occasional thin band of limestone until they pass into hard compact grit, at a thickness of about 500 feet from the Porphyry. The upper and lower beds of grit are separated by strata of greenish shale ; the lower grit is in some parts thin, flaggy, and easily disintegrated, in others compact and rudely jointed.
The lower portion of the grit is in some places full of cubical crystals of oxide of iron. Some of the upper grit has been quarried for building. It exhibits, in many places, distinct ripple marks. The top course is, however, very hard, siliceous, coarse- grained, and sometimes almost conglomerate, with signs of altered condition. I have obtained no fossils from the grit.
The top of this upper bed affords a convenient means of dividing the Yass Beds into two parts, giving to the lower portions a thickness of about 700 feet.
The next division, the especially fossil bearing half, is best studied by starting from the rock just described at a point where it crosses the river, about a quarter of a mile further down. The strata, after some thin, not very coherent, gritty beds, gradually become calcareous, until they pass into a compact flaggy limestone, just above the Spirifer Beds. The fossils found lowest in this division were a Lingula and a TrochiMy succeeded occasionally by an Orthonotus, and some ribbed Spirifers, until at a thickness of about 135 feet we have a small band of black impure limestone, nine inches thick, loaded with fossils.
This band at first contains chiefly several species of Murchisonia and some of Loxonema, succeeded by a layer of Spirifers, and these by a thin mass of Ptervnea and Modiolopsis, Among the Spirifers we find here, however, there is no Spvrifer Yassenda, That Spirifer cannot be obtained nearer than the Devonian of the Murrambidgee, in which strata, at a distance of about twelve miles from Yass, it abounds. A Retzia, Orthis, and Orthoceras, were also found here.
I will now pass over some flaggy limestone ; two beds, from 3 to 4 feet thick, of compact sub-crystalline limestone, the latter though full of fossils, yielding little ; and some Calcareous gritty beds, to an impure limestone, from which many species have been obtained.
OP KEW SOUTH WALES. 25
The chief fossils obtained from this rock were several species of Spirifer and Atrypa, including Atrypa reticularis, and A, aspera — a Strophom&na (dorsal valve ccmvex), a Bellerophm, JSv/nema, EcculiomphulTM, Maclurea, and a large Heliz-like Trochis, Among the Conchifers, a large Area-like species is the most conspicnoas. Of Trilobites ; PhacopSf and OromiM, This limestone, at Mylora, is overlay ed by a flaggy unfossiliferons limestone. The whole thickness of the Yass Beds, near Yass, is about 1,000 feet. Dip from 30° to 40° lower division. Dip from 18° to 40° upper division.
We will now stop in our progress across the strata, and turn aside a little to the south. Near one of the lower limestone courses, beyond the town, I have obtained some very small fossils that help to connect together the different parts of the Yass Beds, and the Yass with the Hume Beds. A head of a small sized Bronteus was found here. Peculiar to this spot is a small, spherical, tuberculated Grlabella, having a very Devonian aspect.
Hume Beds.
Grossing now the Porphyry, separating the Yass and Hume Beds, and starting from where the latter cross the Yass Biver, and following the westward course of the river to a steep cliflf, then continuing in nearly the same direction across the beds, we shall take the strata as before in the order in which they were laid down.
These beds are naturally divided into four parts, which division will answer our present purpose well enough. The first, from the Porphyry to the river at the base of the clifl^ near the junction of Boonu Ponds with the Yass River ; the second, from the river to the top of the Coral Reef; the third, from the Coral Reef to the Trilobite Limestone ; in the fourth, I have not as yet found any fossils. We have first some laminated Porphyry, in which are various fossils, among others encrinital stems of a Lower Silurian type ; then a limestone, more developed and richer in fossils, at the Derringullen and Limestone Creeks ; then a mass of 3ub-crystalline altered rock, traversed in one place by igneous
26 THB PBOCBBDINGS OF THB LIWBAK SOCIBTY
rock; then a limestone, composed of thin courses of hard sab-crystalline nodules, weathering yellow, set in a blackish, less pure limestone ; then alternations of shale and limestone to the river. From this portion I have obtained the following fossils : — Trilobites ; Chevnmis (PI. VI, figs. 6, 6 and 7) ; Oalymene (PI. VI, fig. 4) ; Spherexochvs (PI. VI, fig. 2) ; HomdlonoUis, Acidaspis, Ororrms, and Encrinurus. Brachiopods ; Fentamerus, including (especially to be remarked) P. ohlongvs, (PL VI, fig. 3), Airypa, Ehynchonella, Spirifera, Orthis, Lingular and Discina, Gasteropods ; Mwrchisonia, Eiwrnphahis, and Bellerophon, Conchifers ; Orthonotus, Modiolopsis^ and Pt&rmea,
The Fentamerus ohlongua is confined to about the lower two thirds of this division. Ohewwrus becomes rare in the upper part ; Oalceola is found all through. Especially remarkable is it that near the top of this division are two bands of limestone of from six to nine inches thick, containing fucoids. Crossing the river at the bottom of a steep cliff, we have thin courses of nodules and flags of limestone, often concretionary, alternating with shale, which frequently shews the same concretionary structure, gradually becoming more calcareous until it passes into an absolute Coral Reef.
The shale of this division is the richest of any in variety of species. The lower part especially abounds in Pentameri; Atrypa is scarcely less abundant ; Atrypa desquamata especially plentiful. Spirifera and Oalceola are equally characteristic of this zone. Some of the Spirifers have a very sub-carboniferous look and are like Spirifer glaher. Orthia elegantulaf and canaU- culata, and a large Strophomena are only found here. The Strophomena, like most of those in the Yass Beds, has the Dorsal valve convex in the manner of Strophomena euglypha. Cup corals are everywhere here. Of the wonders of the Coral Reef at the top of this cliff, what shall I say P I have not yet made out one tenth of the species. Among others there are, however, Favosites Oothlandica, F. aspera, and Heliolites Inter- stinctus ; all Silurian species.
The next division is characterised especially by the Trilobites of the genera Ihonteus, Calymene, and SpherexochiLS, together
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 27
with a large Trilobite closely allied if not identical with Phacops longi caudatus which occurs in the top beds. One Oalymene is undoubtedly Oalymene dwplicata. The Spherexochua is almost identical with Sjpherexochus mvrus as figured by Murchison.
Size of largest Oal/ymene 2^ inches in length.
Size of largest Spherexochus 2 inches in length.
The Trilobite in the upper bed (PL VI, fig. 1), which is an impure limestone, is chiefly associated with a Fetraia Sofoe parts of this limestone literally swarm with segments of this Trilobite. I have, however, obtained one cast, rather mutilated, of the whole body, and another whole Trilobite doubled up. The head segment of this Trilobite is very like that of Dahnania plevroptyx as figured by Dana, both in its general proportions and the direction of the facial suture ; the furrows on the Glabella are straighter in Dana's figure than on any specimen I have. D. pleuroptyx is a Silurian species, though, like Phacops, Balmania is both a Devoni^^i and Silurian genus.
These Trilobites attained a size of 5 inches in length exclusive of the spinose caudal appendage.
As I have obtained no fossils in the next division and as after attaining a thickness altogether of 2,000 feet these beds by folds and faulls repeat themselves until they reach the Igneous Bocks, I shall not at present trace them farther.
In comparing the results obtained from the Yass and Hume beds, I think that there is sufficient evidence in the similarity of the fossils to shew that they must both be classed in one formation.
I cannot speak of the exact number common to both, but there are certainly among the Brachiopods — ^two species of Atrypa, including Atrypa reticularis — several 6f the genus Spirifera, including two plaited Spirifers, two of Strophomena, and one of Betzia. Of Couchifers I believe several, including an Orthori' oHs and a Ptermea ; a Murchisonia among the Gasteropods ; of the Trilobites Brontevs and Oromus, There is no doubt about the Oromus ; the Bronteus is, however, in the Tass beds so small, and the markings so indistinct, that it is not possible to speak with certainty, but what can be seen makes it probable that it is identical with that found in the Hume beds.
28 THB PBOCBBDIKOS OF THB LINNBAN SOGIBTY
In contrasting these beds litliologioally, the large proportion of grit dividing the Yass beds into snch unequal halves, and the absence of those large limestone masses which form so prominent a feature in the Hume beds, are the first things to attract atten- tion. Then we have in the Hume beds an almost entire absence of that somewhat symmetrically transverse jointed structure ex- hibited in most of the Yass grit and limestone, and instead, a preponderance of concretionary structure in limestone and shale.
Then as to the fossils — the absence in the Yass beds of large corals generally, and especially of those masses which are so remarkable in the Hume beds is also to be observed. The fossils of the Hume beds are further distinguished by the number of individuals, large size and variety of species and genera of Trilobites, the number and variety of Pentameri, and by the presence especially of Pentamems 6hlongu8 ; by the number and variety of the genus Orthis, and by two layers of limestone containing Fucoids ; also by their being distributed with an approach to uniformity through a great thickness of strata, whereas in the Yass beds all the fossils are collected in bands which, if taken altogether, would not be more than firom 10 to 20 feet thick.
The character imparted to fossils of the Yass beds is due to the great number and variety of plaited Spirifers, and the number of Mwchisonia, Bellerophon and Pterinea, Peculiar to these beds is also a Machirea, a large Helix-like Trochuts, an EcculiomphdkUf and a small Trilobite, with a nearly globular glabella covered with tubercles.
These differences of the fossils of the two series of beds cannot however, as I think, be considered as altogether marking the characteristics of the different geological periods. The local conditions under which these deposits have been formed have undoubtedly done much to produce the results we now see. When the Yass beds were being laid down, there must have been at least four principal changes of level, two of elevation and two of depression, as evidenced by the double series of bands of grit beds, separated by intervening shale. The waters were tolerably troubled too during the deposition of some of these beds, for some
OF KBW SOtTH WALES. 29
of the npper limestone is full of lumps of shale. These con- siderations may account for the absence of the larger corals, and together with the fact 'that many recent species of Trochus, AvicuLa and Oephahpoda are found between low water and 50 fathoms may explain why the first remains of the fauna of the seas that succeeded the sinking of the old shore — now represented by the grit with its ripple marks — should be such a group as we there find of Modiohpsis, Avicula, Mv/rchisonia, and Orthoceras. That the sinking was interrupted by periods of upheaval, seems probable from the thin layer of sandstone covered with Aviculidce that occurs above the strata of Spirifers and Ptermea. This thin layer seems to explain a rather notable thing connected with this Spirifer bed. Evidently, to my mind, these Spirifers were not buried in the order their fossil shells now lie. From a foot below the Spirifers to this sandstone layer everything appears sorted. First we have a layer of irregular lumps, then one of smaller lumps, often containing a Murehisonia, a Loxonema, and an occasional Spirifer ; then a layer of almost nothing but Spirifers as close together as possible, but scarcely an inch thick ; then Ptetnnea two or three deep, but not making a thickness of half an inch ; then smaller AvicuUdoB and sandstone. Does it not seem probable that the temporary rising of the sea bed brought the burial place of these moUusca within the action of the tide, whose ebbing and flowing has sorted them in a manner that no other agent but running water, as far as I know, ever does.
Now AS TO THE AgE.
It cannot be expected to establish in Australian geology the minute subdivisions it has been found necessary to make in the geology of other distant countries ; very unlikely, for instance, that the same breaks should occur here as in England and America. The division of upper and lower Silurian not arising from local arrangements has been made out in all countries where the Silurian system is at all developed. I therefore consider the terms upper and lower Silurian can be used here. The Yass Period, or the period of the deposition of the Yass and Hume
30 THB PBOCSBDlKas O^ TfiB LIKKBAN dOCIBTY
beds, I believe to be essentially upper Silnrian, and one portion at least to represent the equivalent to the lower part of the upper Silurian of other countries.
No fish bones have yet been discovered, so that at present the Yass Period satisfies the requirements of the Silurian formula : a Fanma represented by invertebrates, of which the Articvlata are chiefly Trilobites ; and a Flora by Fttcoids. To the Trilobites, however, we must look for the most decisive testimony. The fact of Oahjmene ranging all through the fossiliferous portion of the Hume beds, and Ghevrurus and Sjpherexochvs ranging nearly through — these being exclusively Silurian genera, is almost sufficient evidence in itself from which to class these beds as not newer than the upper Silurian ; while the absence of any Trilobites of exclusively lower Silurian genera affords a presumption that they are not older, which presumption is strengthened by the presence of 0. reticularis and Pentameri The presence of the large Trilobite closely allied, if not identical with Phacops cavdai/us and having no resemblance to the Devonian species of Phacops — and of tHe Homalonotus which is not of the characteristic Devonian type, all add force to the evidence afforded by the frequent occurrence of the other Trilobites. The only part of a Trilobite with a Devonian aspect I have found in the Yass beds is the Globular Glabella. The variety of Orthidoe, of Silurian species, as Orihis elegantula, helps to stamp these beds Silurian. While the abundance of Pentameri, especially the presence of Pentamerus ohlongus, support the inference that part of these beds may rightly be considered to represent the lower part of the upper Silurian . The presence of a Maclwrea must not be forgotten.
Pentamerus oblong us is especially relied upon by Sir Roderick Murchison as determining the strata in which it occurs, in Europe and America, to be the equivalent of the Llandovery of the British Siluria. The Cheirurus found in these beds is Oheirv/rus msignis, a Llandovery species. (Recherches, sur les fossiles, Paleozoiques de la Nouvelle Galle De Sud, par L. G. De Koninck). f
t The following is a list of fossils, which, in Professor Koninck*s work already quoted, are classed as Devonian, and said to be found in the
OF NBW SOUTH WALBd. 31
Among ihe corals we have rmqaestionable Silurian species, Favodtea Oothlandicay F, asper, Heliolites mterstincius.
The occurrence of hollow encrinital stems, a lower Silurian type, gives additional weight to evidence in favour of one portion at least being the equivalent of the lower portion of the upper Silurian.
The presence of Oalceola and Atrypa desquamata cannot be considered to outweigh the evidence drawn from the mass of Silunian species among which they are found. Their presence there is not so remarkable as was the finding, in Bohemia, in the midst of Silurian species, of large-sized Ooniatites, supposed before to be no older than Devonian.
To these reasons I will add, that in the limestone of the Murrumbidgee, which in places is crowded with many plaited broad winged Spirifers, I have found Spirifer Yassensis, Lejptoena suhaequicostata, Loxonema anglicunif Niso Darwiniif species determined by Professor Koninck from specimens forwarded to him by the Be v. W. B. Clarke, to be established Devoniam fossils ; but I have not found a sign of a trilobite nor one shell common to both the Murrumbidgee limestone, and to the Yass and Hume beds. I will not conclude without some reference to the igneous rocks. They are all chiefly Porphyry, some very like Syenite, and presenting on the hill tops a very granitic arrangement of boulders. Other varieties are numerous, some with a pink felspathic base, and several with rather large crystals of felspar
neighbourhood of Yass, but which are certainly not to be found in the Yass or Hume beds. They will all, I have no doubt, be found where I found those marked with an asterisk {*), that is on the Murrumbidgee, in beds overlying uncomf ormably the Yass and Hume series.
Disdna Alleghania Orthoceras subdiminuatum
Chonetea Hardrensis Murchisonia Turris
LeptcBna nobilis Murchisonia VernvMana
JRhyncJionella Pleurodon Murchisonia Qran\fera
Spirifer multiplicatus Bellerophon convolutus
Spin/er Cabtdensis Pleurotomaria Subconica
Spirifer Lalisinuatus * Leptcena Suboequicostata
MUchella Striatula * Spirifer Yassensis
Nutica Cirriformis * Loxonema anglicum
Cyatoceras Woodsii * Niso Darwinii,
32 THB PBOCEXDIK08 Of THB UKirSUr 80CISTT
and Hornblende, and probably Pyroxene. That some of these rocks are newer than the sedimentary beds is evident by the altered conditions of some of the strata in contact with them.
Some may be of the same age, for in several places we have the Porphyry enveloping fossils, while in others it is studded with casts, which it has beaatifnlly preserved, while it has destroyed the shells.
Of metals I will merely mention the &ct that Gblena has been obtained in the Hume beds at Limestone Greek, near its juivction with the DerringoUen, and near the Derringollen Greek, about three miles from its junction with the Yass Biver.
In comparing the fossils of these beds with those of the upper Silurian of other countries, the absence of Graptolites is a marked peculiarity. There are, however, abundance of Bryozoan and probably Sertularian forms. It will also be noticed that there are wanting those large forms of GephsJopoda which are usually found in some of the beds of that age.
This last fact seems of itself to point out how small a portion • the Yass Period represents of the Silurian of New South Wales, and how impossible it would be to attempt to fix the exact position of these beds in the Silurian series, until other beds of the like age have been examined as carefully as these have been.
Explanation of Plate VI.
No. 1. — Phacaps from the Limestone (Belle Vale Limestone),
upper bed of 3 division Hume bed. „ 2. — Sprenochtcs from the Hume beds. „ 3. — Fentamerus ohlongvs. Hume beds, lower portion. „ 4. — Oalymene Dwplicata, Hume beds. (Lower Silurian,
Europe). „ 5 to 6. — Oheirwrus. Hume Beds. „ 7. — Oheinmis Insignia, Hume Beds.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 33
Descriptions of some new Fishes from Port Jackson and King
George's Sound.
By William Macleat, Esq., F.L.S.
Plates II, III, IV, V.
Family PERCID^. 1. — Sereanus guttulatus. PL II.
D. 11/15, A. f, L. lat. 96.
Body compressed ; the height one-third of the total length, the length of the head the same, profile slightly concave ; eyes, one and a half diameter apart, the same distance from the snout, and seven times in the length of the head ; maxillary bone reaching to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye ; prsBoperculum serrated on the posterior edge, and produced and strongly toothed at the angle ; opercular spines flat, the upper longest ; the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines longest, the third anal spine longest, the second thickest.
The general colour is a pale yellow, with numerous small pale red spots ; these spots are distinct on the head, but on the body they are so thickly placed as to give the appearance of continuous lines ; there are some whitish bars about the mouth and chin ; the caudal fin is rounded and of a yellowish black hue, as are also the ventrals ; the spinous dorsal is blackish ; the soft dorsal and anal fins are also dark coloured with a broad yellow edge ; the pectorals are yellow, and reach almost to the anus.
Length 14 inches.
A specimen of this handsome fish, the first I have seen, was taken by the hook in Port Jackson, a few days ago. It seems to have some resemblance in colouring to Serranus Awoara of Temm. and Schleg., a Japanese fish ; but the formula of fins is very different.
2. — Ch^todon ockllipinnis. pi. Ill, fig. 1.
D. 10/23, A. 3/19, L. lat. 50.
Height of body one-half the total length ; snout shorter than the diameter of the orbit ; mouth small ; prsBoperculum strongly serrated ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines longest, and
34 THE PBOCBEDINaS OF THE LIVNEAN SOCIBTT
nearly as long as the head ; soft dorsal and anal fins rounded behind ; tail long and forked. Colour pale brown with six black vertical bands, the first through the eye, the second behind the operculum to the ventral fin, the third from the spinous dorsal to the vent, the fourth from the beginning of the soft dorsal to the anal, the fifth near the tail, and the sixth on the tail ; under and a little in advance of the pectoral fin there is a large whitish patch ; and on the soft dorsal and anal a large black whiteedged ocellus, that on the dorsal extending from the third to the eighth ray, and on the anal from the second to the fifth. Length of specimen 3 inches, 4 lines. From King George's Sound.
Family TRACHINID^. isosillago. n. gen.
Body elongate, rather compressed ; cleft of mouth small ; eye lateral ; scales very small ; spinous dorsal with 13 spines, con- tinuous with soft dorsal ; ventrals thoracic ; lower pectoral rays branched ; teeth on the vomer and palatine bones ; prsdoperculum denticulated ; bones of the head with the mnciferous system well developed ; 7 branchiostegals, PseudobranchisB.
This genus difiers from Sillago in the continuous dorsal fin, smaller scales, and in having 7 branchiostegals.
3. — ISOSILLAGO MACULATA. PI. lY, fig. 3.
D. 13/20, A. 2/21, L. lat. 125, L. transv. 11/34.
Height of body eight times in the total length ; length of head nearly one-fourth of same ; head rather convex in front of the eye ; snout more than twice the diameter of the orbit from the eye ; dorsal spines feeble, the second, third, and fourth longest, the thirteenth short ; tail emarginate ; coloration pale yellowish red with numerous black spots above the lateral line, and with a few spots and a spotted interrupted black line below it ; fins spotless. Total length nine inches.
From King George's Sound.
Family BLBNNIID^. 4. — Tripterygium marmoratum. pi. Ill, fig. 2. D. 3/14/12, A. 22, L, lat. about 35.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Sn
Height of body one-tenth of the total length ; head large and nearly vertical in front ; teeth in front of lower jaw longer than the others ; eyes close together with a deep groove between exten- ding to the snout ; the first dorsal fin commences over the prsdo- perculum ; the pectorals extend to the sixth anal ray, lateral line not continued to the tail ; caudal a little rounded ; colour yellowish, much mottled with black, particularly on and above the lateral line; dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins with small brown spots disposed in rows. Length 4 inches.
Three specimens, King George's Sound.
Family hABRIDM.
5. — Labbichthys nigromaeginatus. pi. Ill, fig. 3.
D. 9/11, A. 3/9, L. lat. 27.
A posterior canine tooth ; height of body one-third of the total length ; head rounded between the eyes, slightly concave on the snout, and covered with granules, with a very narrow line of scales a little behind the eye, and a few large ones on the extremity of the operculum.
The color in spirits is a greenish yellow, with the fins yellow, the dorsal and anal narrowly edged with black, the pectorals broadly tipped with black, and the three first rays of the ventrals of the same hue. Length of specimen 11 inches.
Taken in Port Jackson.
6. — Trochocopus rufus. pi. V, fig. 3.
D. 12/10, A. 3/11, L. lat. 45.
Height of body one-third of the total length without caudal fin ; all the teeth conical and strong ; head convex above and below ; the eyes more than their diameter distant from one another, and from the snout ; prsBoperculum finely serrated behind and clothed with small scales excepting a narrow posterior margin, and a broad inferior one ; dorsal spines short, strong, and equal, shorter than the rays ; caudal fin truncate ; colour greenish brown on the head, and bright red on the body and tail ; the other fins reddish yellow ; the first three spines of the dorsal fin with their membranes, and the tips of the other spines black. Length 14 inches.
Two specimens from King George's Sound.
36 THE PROCBBDINaS OF THE LINNBAN 80CIBTT
In the serration of the predopercolnm, and the number of the anal rajs, this fish differs from the generic characters given of the genus Trochocopv^ by Dr. Ganther, but in other respects it so closely answers to it that I have not thought it necessary to form a new genus for its reception.
7. — Olisthbrops brunneus. pi. V, fig. 1.
D 17/10, A 11, L. lat. about 56.
Head entirely naked, the operculum terminating over the pectoral fin in a triangular skinny flap ; second ray of pectorals reaching as far as the sixth dorsal spine ; tail crescent shaped, the two outer rays elongate ; height of the body one fifth of the total length ; length of the head the same ; broad and flat between the eyes ; colour almost uniform olive brown. Length 13 inches.
Found in Port Jackson.
8. — Heteroscarus castelnaui. pi. V, fig. 2.
D14/9, A 3/11, L. lat. 36.
Height of body one-third of total length ; head scaleless, pitted, covered with small pores, and roundly pointed at the snout ; a few large scales on the posterior part of the operculum ; upper jaw protuding over the lower ; preBoperculum finely serrated ; the first four 'dorsal spines longest, and terminating in a filament, but not so long as in Heteroscai^us jUamentosus Casteln ; soft dorsal and anal fins, enveloped at their base in a scaley sheath ; tail slightly emarginate ; colour in spirits yellowish with some brownish patches ; there are three narrow blue lines on the head — one from the back of the eye to the angle of the operculum, another below the eye in the same direction, and the third from the mouth to the angle of the preeoperculum ; the soft dorsal and anal fins are spotted. Length 8 inches.
Taken in Port Jackson.
] have named this species after the founder of the genus, and the most distinguished of our naturalists — the Count de Castelnau.
Family CLUPEID^. 9. — Etrumeus Jacksoniensis. PL IV. fig. 1. B. 16, D. 16, A. 13,
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 37
Height of body one-sixth of the total length ; mouth small snont rather pointed and not the length of the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head ; a thin membrane entirely covers the eyes ; head with a broad depression, and with a central carina extending from the occiput to the mouth; anal fin very low, caudal forked, pectorals situated well behind the vertical from the dorsal ; back dark coloured ; sides and belly silvery. Length 6 inches. Caught by the hook in Port Jackson a few days ago.
I regard this fish as distinct from the Japanese species Etrumeus mtcropus. They differ inter alia in the number of the dorsal and anal rays.
Family SCLERODERMI.
10. — MONACANTHUS GUTTULATUS. PL IV, fig. 2.
D. 82, A. 30.
Skin very finely granular ; greatest height of body about one- third of the total length ; eye nearly six diameters from the snout ; prpfile straight ; lower jaw protuding beyond the upper ; dorsal spine above the middle of the eye, with four series of nearly equal barbs ; pectoral fin situated beneath the anterior margin of the orbit ; ventral spine very small ; tail rounded with four acute rather small spines pointing backwards on each side of the root — the spines yellow and placed on yellow spots ; the colour in spirits is of a yellowish olive, densely marked all over with small blue spots ; the mouth is black, and there are numerous blue streaks on the fore part of the body — somewhat vertical on the head, and horizontal on the thorax ; a raised black line near the base of the dorsal and anal fins, and on the base a black scaley sheath, with a yellow membranous line beyond. Length 10 inches. One specimen from King George's Sound. In some respects this species «eems to resemble Monacanthus Yagoi of Castelnau.
38 THB PBOCBBDIHaS OF THB LINIIBAK 80CIBTT
Notes on '^ List of Australian Birds," By B. P. Kamsat, F.L.S., Ac.
Anas oibberifronr, Mull.
Since offering some remarks on this species in my list of An^tralian Birds, published in a former number of these " Proceedings " (see Vol. II, pt. 2, p. 209), I have, through the kindness of Captain Hutton, Curator of the Ota^ Museum, N.Z., been enabled to examine a specimen of Anas gibherifrons (MuU.), shot in the Wellington district, in New Zealand.
At first sight there appears no appreciable difference between the New Zealand Bird, and the female or young male of our N. S.W. Anas castanea (A. punctata, Gk)uld. Bds. Aust., VoL Vil, pi. 11) ; in fact the birds might readily pass for one and the same species. On close examination, however, I find that the feet are smaller, the length of the toes being less ; the shield or flattened portion of the bill at the forehead is also smaller, narrower, and its lateral margins meet the culmen sooner, or at a greater angle, in the New Zealand Bird than in the Australian A. castanea. The width of the shield in A. gibherifrons is 0*3, width of culmen between nostrils 0*15 ; the shield in A, castamsa is 0*43 in width, and the culmen between the nostrils 0*22. In A. castanea the tarsus is 1*55, and the middle toe 1*85 ; in A. gibherifrons the tarsus is 1*25, and the middle toe 1*7. These proportions will of course vary in different individuals and sexes, and are therefore, on the whole, of little importance.
The only other difference I notice is the width of the white or buff margin of the secondaries, which is wider in the Australian than in the New Zealand species.
Perhaps when a large series of the New Zealand birds be examined these differences may be found to be constant, if not, then I am afraid the Anas gibherifrons of Muller and A, castanea, liJyton, are one and the same species. It is stated that the adult males of A, gibherifrons resemble the females in plumage, but so few have fallen into the hands of naturalists that this point has by no means, been satisfactorily determined. Although it is rare, even in districts frequented by our Australian Teal, to obtain
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 39
adult males in full plnmage, yet when the breeding places, and strongholds of the New Zealand bird be found, adult males in the summer plumage, resembling that dress of the N. S. W. birds, may nevertheless be procured. I trust some of our New Zealand ornithologists will give this matter the attention it deserves, for it will be important to note the form of the sierwwm, and i/racheay with its hvRa ossea, both in the male and female. In Anas castanea the hulla ossea is said to be found in both sexes. (See P.Z.S., 1871, p. 649).
Gerygone plavida, Bamsay. P,L.8,f KS.W., Vol, IL, jp, 53.
I have lately seen specimens of a Gerygone fipom the North East Coast, which seem to indicate that my Gerygone flavida is only the female of Mr. Gould's Oerygone personata ; but notwith- standing the great similarity in size and plumage, further proof will be necessary, as we have lately received the adults, male and female, of O, flcmda, shot on taking their nest and eggs, and three males examined are exactly alike in plumage to the female ; but it is not improbable that the young males of O. personata resemble the females in plumage, and breed before attaining the adult male livery. No specimens, however, in the plumage of the adult (^ of 0. personata have been obtained yet from Bockingham Bay.
Additional New Species, tScc. HdbUat.
CuAcrncus spaldingi, Masters. , P.L.S., N.S.W., Vol. n., p. 271 ... .
EoPSALTRiA NANA, Romsay., P.L.S., N.S.W.
vol. -LX*! T). 0/«> ... ... ... ... ...
PniiOns GERMAN A, Bamsay, P.L.S., N.S.W
V VM JLJL^S « f^* ^ ••• .••• »«• ••• •••
Port Darwin
Rockingham Bay
Islands of Torres Straits and S. Coast of New Guinea
Majaqueus parkinsoni, Gray., Voy. Ereb.
and Terr East Coast of Australia
ZosTEROFS WESTERNENSis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy.
Astrol., PI. 11, fig. 4, Zool. Ois., p. 215 ... West Australia
= ? Zosterops gouldU, from same Habitat
40 THE PBOCBSDINGS 07 THS LINKBAN 80CIBTT
Corrigenda. No. 190 for E. oriseooularis, OovMt* read E. guloris, Quay et Gcwmard, 191 ,, E. ouLARis, Qwoy et Ocum., read K georgiaiia,+ Quay et OainL 565 „ ** OFTHALMicns, " read ophthaknicas. 577 M "monarchus," read monachuB. 658 Foot Note.* For P.Z.S., 1871, p. 65, readp, 649. 703 for "ACQUiLUS/'reoc^aquiloB.
>> >» >» It tt
Memoranda.
No. 588 = Tringa crassirostris. Tern. <fc ScMeg.
595 = R. NOV-ffl-HOLLANDi^ VUiUoty N. Did. d'HUk Nai. III., p. 103 (1816).
606 = Falcinellus igneus, Lath.
607 = Carphibis spinicollis, Jameson.
,, 608 = Ibis -«:theopicus, Lath.
638 = HYPOT-fflNiDiA AUSTRALis, A. von. PelzelUf IbiSf 1878, pp. 42, Jfi, = H. philippensis, Bp. = Rallus pectoralis ; Oould, Bds. Au8t. VI, pi. 76.
668 See Coties, Proc. Nat. Hist. Phil., 1872.
685 = ? S. PARADiSEA, Brunn. == ? No. 681 (S. dougallij
704 = ? M. BQUiNOCTiALis, Linn.
it
»»
tt
tt
)> »»
EXHIBITS.
Drawing of Trilobites, from Yass Plains, by C. Jenkins, Esq.
Photographs of Brachiopods, exhibited by Rev. J. B. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S.
Lithographs of Fishes described by the Hon. W. Macleay, F.L.S.
Painting of Monacanthvs grcmulosvs by the Hon. W. Macleay, F.L.S.
Specimens of Anas gibherifrons, by E. P. Ramsay, Esq., F.L.S.
Mr. Macleay drew attention to a Paper read lately before the Linnean Society of London, by Dr. Manson, " On the Mosquito considered as a Nurse," in which it is shown that disease caused by a Filaria, not uncommon in hot climates, results from drinking
♦ Gould, P.Z.S., V, p. 144 (1837).
+ Q. et Gaim., Voy. L'Astrol. Zool., p. 175 (1830).
OF NEW SOUTH WAXES. 41
water containing the excreta of Blood-sucking flies ; and that one portion of the Life History of the Filaria is passed in the body of the fly from which, by one means or another, it makes its re-entrance into the human body.
MONDAY, JUNE 24th, 1878.
The Hon. W. Macleat, F.L.S., in the Chair.
MEMBER ELECTED.
Mr. Fbench, of the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.
Donations.
From the Boyal Society of N. S. W. : Journal and Proceedings
for 1877. From the New Zealand Institute : Transactions and Proceedings
for 1877. From Harward College, XJ. S. : Bulletin of the Museum of
Practical Zoology. From Dr. Schomburgh : Catalogue of the Plants in the Botanic
Gardens, Adelaide ; Report of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide. From La Society Entomologique de Belgique : Gompte Rendu
Serie II, No. 60. Phylloxera Vastatrix, by K. I. Staiger, F.L.S., Bsisbane. Pituri and Duboisia, by Dr. Bancroft By the authors.
PAPERS BEAD.
Notes on the Fishes of the Norman River. By Count F. de Castelnau.
The Norman River flows into the Gtdf of Carpentaria, and a small settlement has of late years been formed on its banks, about twenty miles from its mouth.
42 THE PBOCBBDINGS OF THB LfNNBAV 80CIBTT
Mr. Gulliver, who has resided two years in this settlement, and has done much for the zoology of that remote part of Queens- land, has sent me two collections of fishes from this river, and Mr. Staiger, the curator of the Brisbane Museum, has placed in my hands a collection he had also received from the same collector. I have thus been able to determine twenty-five sorts, the greater part of which appears to me to be new. They are as follows : —
Lates calcarifer, Bloch.
Pseudoambassis Mdcleayi, Cast. „ elongatiM, Cast.
Accanthoperca gulUveri, Cast.
Oullw&ria fusca, Cast „ fasdata, Cast.
TKerwpon fasdai/iis, Cast. „ terrcB-regincB, Cast „ caudovittatus ? Richard.
Oorvma albida, Cuv. Val.
Scatophagus mullifasciatus, Rich.
Toxotes carpentaHensiSf Cast.
Kurtus gvllwerij Cast.
Feriophthalmus australis, Cast
Gohius sauroides, Cast
Eleotris simplex, Cast. „ planless, Cast
Mugil dohula, Gunther. „ compressus, Gunther.
Ariua atistraliSf Gunther.
Ploto8U8 elongattis, Cast
Belone krefftii, Gunther.
Engraulis aasutus, Cast.
OhatcBsstLs erebi, Gunther.
Leuciscus australis, Cast.
Lates calcarifer. Lates calcarifer, Bloch., pi. 244. Lates nobilis, Cuv. Val., vol. II, p. 96, pi. 13. Holocentrus heptodactyhis, Lacep., vol. IV, p. 391.
OF NEW SOUTH WALB8. 43
The prsdopercle presents at its angles a strong acute spine and three others rather smaller helow this ; this fish has been known for many years, from the mouths of the great Indian rivers, but it is onlj lately that it has been discovered in some of the Queensland rivers. * It is found in the Fitzroy river, and is known at Rock- hampton under the name of Burrumundi, which name also has been erroneously applied to the Geratodus of the Burnett river. It attains enormous proportions and is second in size to none of the Australian fresh water fishes except perhaps to the Murray cod (OUgoTus macquariensis),
Mr. Gulliver has discovered this sort in the Norman river, and has sent a large specimen to the Brisbane Museum.
PSEUDOAMBASSIS.
I propose this name for some small fishes closely allied to Amhassis, but having no recumbent spine in front of the dorsal. They seem to be rather numerous in the northern parts of Australia.
1. — PSEUDOIMBASSIS MACLEAYI. sp, TlOV,
Upper profile high, and convex in front of the dorsal ; the two limbs of the prseopercle strongly serrated ; the upper one on the angle (three or four spines) and on the lower edge ; the lower one on all its length ; the spines of the inferior edge the largest, and directed backwards ; the lower edge of the opercle also lined with similar spines ; two lines of scales on the cheeks ; the height of the body more than one half the total length without the caudal fin ; scales large, numbering about thirty on the longitudi- nal line, and sixteen on the transverse one ; first dorsal with seven spines ; the first of which is very short, the second the longest, and nearly as long as the head ; the second dorsal with a very long and straight spine and ten rays ; caudal very strongly bifurcated, with the ends pointed ; anal with three strong spines, of which the third is rather the longest, and ten rays ; the colour, after having been in spirits, is of a uniform light brown, with the fins yellow.
Numerous specimens, the largest being under two inches^and a half long.
* P. Z. S., 1870, p. 824.
44 THE PROCBBDIVOS OF THS LIVNBAK 80CIBTT
I have mnch pleasare in naming this sort after Mr. W. Maoleaj, who bearing the name of one of the most illostrions natoralists of the century, has himself done so much for the zoology of Australia, and who most nobly devotes a large fortune to promote the knowledge of the productions of his adopted country.
2. — PSEUDOAMBASSIS ELONGATUS.* «p. flOV,
Form elongated; upper profile little convex ; two lines of scales on the cheeks ; upper limb of the prseopercle very finely serrated on the comer (four or five) and on the lower edge ; the lower limb only serrated on its lower edge ; the caudal strongly bifurcated with the ends pointed ; the general colour ms grey without any yellow tinge.
Several specimens not much over one inch long.
ACANTHOPEROA. nov, gen.
One dorsal formed of two equal parts and received in a scaley sheath on the back ; scales rather large ; opercle ending in an acute angle over the base of the pectorals ; prsBopercle having two ridges ; the upper one having two blunt spines at its lower angle, and the lower one being straight at its posterior edge, but strongly serrated at its angle and on its lower edge ; prssorbital strongly serrated ; teeth villiform in both rows, and a few very fine ones on the palatine bones ; mouth rather extensile ; max- illaries extending as far as the anterior third of the eye ; lateral line continuous extending on the base of the tail ; dorsal having its two portions about equal ; the spinous formed of seven strong spines, the first being very short, the second very long contained only about twice in the height of the body, the others going shorter ; the soft portion begins by a long, straight spine, nearly two-thirds as long as the second of the spinous part ; the rays number ten, and go on decreasing in height as they extend backwards ; caudal strongly bifurcated ; anal with three spines, the first of which is short, the second very large, flat, sword-like
* The Ambassut papuensis, Macleay Proc, Lin. Soc. of New South Wales, Vol. I, p. 226, pi. V, fig. 4, forms a third sort of this genus. It is very much like my first sort but quite distinct. The profile is less elevated ; there is only one line of scales on the cheeks ; the prseopercle has only one strong spine at its angle ; the lobes of the tail arc rounded ; it has a general orange tint on the dried specimen.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 46
and very pointed ; the third more slender and shorter ; the rays nnmber nine ; the ventrals have a very strong sword-like spine ; the pectorals are rather long.
This genus has mach the form of AmbassiSf bat there is only one dorsal.
ACANTHOPERCA aULLIYEBI. sp. nOV,
Form compressed, high, strongly arched on the upper profile behind the head ; the lower jaw longer than the upper one ; eye large, contained three times and a half in the total length of the head ; height of body twice in the total length without the tail ; lateral line arched and extending on the base of the tail, covering about forty scales, the transverse line of about twenty scales. The specimens are in a dry state, and I can say nothing of the colours except that there are on the back traces of longitudinal black lines.
My largest specimen is about eight inches long.
GULLIVBRIA. nov. gen.
Teeth on both jaws very numerous, short, conical, pointed, swollen and rounded at the base, placed irregularlyandcrowded; no canines ; tongue smooth ; an angular line of teeth on the palate ; prsBopercle either without any denticulations or with very feeble ones ; opercle with a flat soft spine ; two dorsals ; the first with six spines, the second with a long spine ; anal with two spines ; general form oval, compressed ; scales moderate or rather large ; lateral line continuous, not extending on the caudal ; maxillaries extending to the posterior edge of the eye ; opening at the mouth rather oblique.
This genus belongs to the Percid^.
1. — GULLIVERIA FUSCA. 5p. nOV,
Body oval, rather elongate ; contained nearly three times in the total length without the caudal fin ; head twice and three quarters in the same length ; eye three times and three quarters in the head ; snout as long as the diameter of the eye, obliquely truncated in front, shorter than the lower jaw ; upper part of the head with strong and deep impressions ; all parts of the head
46 THJB PROCEBDINOS OF THB LINNBjLN SOCIKTT
covered with scales ; lateral line nmDing over abont foriy scales ; these rather large and ciliated on their edges ; first dorsal placed over the middle of the length of the body, having six strong spines of which the first alone is very short, and the second the longest ; . the sec9nd dorsal is well separated from the first ; it is formed of one slender spine and ten rays; the caudal is rather long and truncated ; the anal has two spines, one very short, and one long and slender, and nine rays ; the ventrals have a strong spine and are situated below or a little in front of the pectorals ; colour entirely brown. Length a little over four inches.
2. — GULLIVERIA FASCIATA. Sp, TlOV,
Body a little more elongate than in 0. fusca ; lower limb of the praeopercle distinctly serrated ; back of a light brown colour, lower parts of silvery ; four black transverse bands extend from the back to the side ; one below the first dorsal, one below the second, another on the middle of the tail, and the last on the end of this organ. Length a little over three inches.
Therapon fascutus, Oast.
Thereupon fasciatus, Cast. Researches on Fishes of Australia, 1876, page 11.
I described this species from a specimen from the Sv^an river, but I find several in Mr. Gulliver's collection from the Norman river; these are preserved in spirits and in a much better state than those 1 had seen previously. I find that the dorsal has, apart from the twelve spines of its first portion, a long straight one belonging to the soft part ; the caudal has its lower edge black and three very faint transverse bands. The transverse bands of the body extend to about two thirds of its height.
Therapon terrji-regin^. Cast.
Therapon terree-reginoBy Cast. Proc. Lin. Sec. N. S. W., vol. II, page 227.
The specimen on which I formed this species is not now in my possession having been returned to the Brisbane Museum, so I cannot compare the specimens that I have from the Norman river with the type ; but 1 have very little doubt that they belong to the
OF NEW SOUTH WALBS. 47
same species ; the soft dorsal seems to be subject to considerable yariation in the number of its rays, as in a large specimen I find ten, in others nine, and in one only eight.
This species is nearly allied to Therapon a/rgenteus of Cuvier, on which this naturalist formed the genus Datnia.
Therapon caudovittatus.
There is a rather large specimen dried and in a very bad state that seems to belong to this species.
CORYINA ALBIDA, Owv.
Oorvina albida, Cuv. Val. vol. V, page 93. „ „ Gkinther Cat. vol. II, page 309.
I was much surprised to find this Indian and Chiuese species in a river of northern Australia. It attains a considerable size but this specimen is only twenty inches long. It is remarkable for the very large, sword-like spine of its anal fin.
SCATOPHAGUS MULTIFASCIATUS, Bich,
Scatophagus muUifasciatiiSy Richard. Ereb. and Terr, or, p. 57, pi. 36.
In the specimens from the Norman river the spines of the first dorsal are alternately very broad or slender. I had for some time thought these formed a distinct species, but this fact is observable in several other fishes of the same family. If this distinction proves to be constant I propose to distinguish this sort under the name of 8. altermcms.
TOXOTES CABPENTARIENSIS. Sp. nov.
Resembles very much T. jaculator, and still more T, microlepis, but the dorsal is a little more forward, as by a perpendicular drawn from its base, the pectoral would be cut at more than one-fourth of its length ; this dorsal is much lower, the longer spines being contained three times and three-fourths in the height of the body ; these spines number six, all slender ; the third and fourth being the longest ; the rays number twelve ; the caudal is forked ; the anal has three feeble spines and sixteen rays ; the length of the snout considerably less (two thirds) than the space between the
48 THE PBOCEEDINaS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIBTT
orbits, or very little more than the diameter of the orbit. Having seen only one specimen nine inches long, preserved in salt, I can say nothing of the colours.
NoTB.— There are in the collection two very young epedmeng, about an inch long, that I believe to belonsr to this sort ; they are preserved in spirits and show distinctly four Inroad transverse dark bands on the body.
KUKTUS GULLIVERI, Cost
KwrtuB gulliveri, Oast. Proa Lin. Soc. of N. S. W,, voL II, p. 233. This carious fish was found by Mr. Gulliver in a fresh water pond near the Norman river.
Periophthalmus australis, Oast
Periophthalmus australis, Cast. Researches Austr. Fishes, p. 22. Several small specimens about two inches long ; having been in spirits, the colour is slatey gray, with the belly white.
GOBIDS ? SAUROIDES. 8Jp. nov.
It is with some doubt that I place this fish in the genns Oohvua, It has the form, and nearly the dentition of a Saurus. The body is elongate, its height being contained five times in the total length, without the caudal ; the head is three times and a half in the same ; the eyes are small and directed upwards ; the lower jaw is considerably longer than the upper one ; on this there are two lines of sharp, elongate, conical teeth, the inner one directed backwards, and the outer one formed of rather strong canines placed at some distance from one another ; on the lower jaw there is in front, a line of large, strong, curved canines, and on the sides a double line of them ; numerous depressions cover the upper side of the head, which is entirely naked, except on the upper part behind the eyes where the scales are small ; on the body there are thirty seven series of scales on the longitudinal line ; these are large, angular, ciliated, and covered with striee ; and also several series of small ones at the end of the tail ; first dorsal with six spines, second with eight rays ; anal with ten ; the second dorsal and the anal have their last rays prolonged ; caudal rather long, pointed ; the ventrals separate except at the base and placed on a disk ; pectorals extending to the twelfth line of scales ; the scales on the lower side in front of the ventrals
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 49
are very small. The colour, after having been preserved in spirits, is of a light yellow brown, darker on the upper surface ; the fins except the ventrals and pectorals^ have lines of small dark spots. The specimen is seven inches long.
EjjEOtbis simplex, sp, nov.
Enters in Gunther's division, characterised by scales rather large ; snout short, depressed ; general form a very long oval ; snout flat on its upper surface, shorter than the diameter of the eye ; aperture of the mouth rather oblique ; maxillaries much shorter than the anterior edge of the eye ; head entirely scaley except on the snout ; height of body contained four times in total length (without the caudal) and equal to the length of the head ; body scales large, about twenty-eight on the longitudinal line ; they are finely striated on their surface and ciliated on their edges ; first dorsal of six rays or soft spines ; second of one spine and ten rays ; the last of these are high, and extend considerably further than the base of the caudal, which fin is pointed ; anal having the same form as the second dorsal with one feeble spine and ten rays.
The only specimen is preserved in liquor ; it appears to have been yellow with the dorsal, caudal and anal marbled with brown. Three inches long.
Eleotris planiceps. sp. nov.
Belongs to the division characterised by scales large, snout broad and flat ; eight series of scales between the origin of the first dorsal and the anal ; height of body contained three times and two-thirds in the total length without the caudal ; head very flat, covered, except on the snout with minute scales ; the eye is small and contained nearly six times in the length of the head ; the lower jaw is rather prominent ; the maxillary extends to nearly the verticle from the posterior margin of the eye ; teeth villiform in broad bands on both jaws ; body covered with large scales, numbering thirty three on the longitudinal line ; the body is very convex with the tail long ; first dorsal low, of six rays ; the second dorsal higher of nine rays ; the caudal long and pointed ;
50 THB PROCBBDINGM OF THB LINNXjIlN SOCIBTT
anal with one spine and eight rays ; pectorals extending to the base of the anal ; preserved in liquor the fish appears black with the fins lightly marbled with yellow.
The specimen is three and a half inches long.
MUGIL DOBDLA, Quuth,
Mugil dohula, Gunth. Cat. vol. Ill, page 420.
Head moderately broad ; body of a long oval ; pectorals not extending to the perpendicular drawn from the base of the dorsal; an adipose eyelid. This species has been observed in several rivers in New South Wales.
Mugil compressus, Otmih,
Mugil compressus, Gunth. Cat. vol. Ill, page 49. Body very much compressed, very high at the base of the first dorsal ; head nearly pointed ; no adipose eyelid. Inhabits also the rivers of New South Wales,
Arius australis, Ounth.
Arius australis, Gunther Proceedings of the Zool. Soa 1867, page 103.
The largest specimen is about seven inches long ; the caudal is very strongly forked ; general colour silvery ; the upper parts scaley.
NoTB.— The specimen described by Dr. Gunther was much larger, and came from the Hunter river.
Plotosus elongatus, Cast.
Plotosus elongatus. Cast. Proceedings Lin. Soc. of N. S. W., '. vol. II, page 237.
•
Two specimens about eight inches long ; colour of a dark brown with the lower parts silvery.
Note. — There are also several very young and immature specimens of a SUuroid belonging, I believe, to the genus Plotosus but having the end of the caudal slightly rounded and not prolonged as in the preceding species.
Belone krefftii, Ounth.
Belone krefftii, Gunth. Cat. vol. VI, page 250.
A very large sort, remarkable for its compressed tail ; the head is contained twice and a half only, in the total length without the caudal fin. The largest specimen is over 22 inches long.
,y
OF NfiW SOlTTA WALES. 51
Engraulis nasutus. sp. nov.
Height of the body contained rather more than three times in total length without candal ; the head foor times and a half in the same length ; snont obtuse produced projecting considerably beyond the lower jaw ;* teeth very fine on both jaws ; maxillary considerably prolonged ; origin of the dorsal fin at the centre of the body without the caudal ; this fin is strongly forked ; there are twelve rays at the dorsal ; anal long, formed of 32 rays, extending considerably behind the dorsal ; abdomen compressed and entirely spiney ; I can say but little of the colours of this species, of which I have only seen one adult specimen seven inches long, but I have a small specimen preserved in spirits, which is silvery with the upper parts of a light brown, fins yellow.
Chatossus ebebi.
Ohato88U8 erehi, Gunth. Cat. vol. VII, page 207.
„ Oome, Richard. Ereb. and Terr. p. 61, pi. 38. Found in the Brisbane river and also in the rivers of northern Australia.
LeUCISCUS ? AUSTRALIS. sp. nov.
Body elongate, very compressed; its height contained four times in the total length without the caudal ; head nearly five times in the same length ; lower jaw longer than the upper one ; no teeth on the jaws nor on the palate ; eye rather large, contained three times and a half in the length of the head ; maxillary ex- tending to the exterior third of the eye ; lateral line continuous on the upper third of the body ; scales of moderate size ; dorsal fin placed in front of the middle of the length of the body of fourteen rays ; caudal bifurcated ; anal fin inserted a little behind the end of the dorsal, of eighteen rays ; the ventrals a little in front of the dorsal ; pectorals inserted below the opercle. The fish 18 of an orange colour becoming yellow on the belly ; the head is silvery no definite band on the side ; length of the type specimen about one inch and a half.
KoTB. — ^The 8p«cimen is very small and not in a very good state, and I may be mistaken about the palatine teeth ; all I can say is that I can see none.
* On the upper surface of the head extends a strong longitudinal ridge.
52 THI PB0CBIDIKO8 OF THE LIVNXAV 80CI1TT
On a new species of Hoplocephalus, from Sntton Forest,
By William Macleat, F.L.S.
I am indebted to G. S. Bransby, Esq., of Moss Yale, for a species of Hoplocephalus, lately captured by him somewhere in the Sntton Forest country.
I find it to be quite distinct from any of the species hitherto known or described.
I subjoin a somewhat detailed description of the snake, which I propose to name in honour of its discoverer.
Hoplocephalus Bbansbti.
General form rather robust and cylindrical, the tail tapering to a very fine point. Head scarcely broader than the neck, rather flat and short, and rounded at the muzzle ; vertical shield twice as long as wide and six-sided, the two anterior facing the posterior frontals, and nearly in a straight line ; the two posterior converging to a rather rounded angle, and those abutting on the parietal shields parallel. The posterior frontals are large, five- sided, and separated from the second upper labial by the nasal and anterior oculars, the side abutting on the nasal being very short. The anterior frontals are short (one third the length of posterior), form a very straight suture with the posterior frontals, and are prolonged into an acute angle between them and the nasals. Nasal shield twice as long as high, with the nostril small and in the middle, and the angle formed by the rostral and anterior frontals very acute. Rostral shield low, not reaching the dorsal surface of the head. The anterior ocular shield pentagonal and emarginate in front ; both posterior oculars small, the inferior one largest. The superciliary shields are nearly as broad as the vertical ; the occipitals are large and divergent behind. The fourth lower labial very large. All the head shields more or less covered with minute granules. The eyes are moderately large, pupils round. The scales of the back are in 15 rows before the middle of the body, and in 17 rows behind, and are all of elongate form with the apex a little rounded, except the two outer lateral rows which are broad and
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. ' 53
mnch rouDded at the tip. The abdominal plates are large and number 150. The anal plate is single ; the sabcaudals number 47. The colour on the upper surface is olive brown, with a narrow reddish yellow band rounded anteriorly behind the head, preceded by a still narrower blackish band, and a black vertebral line one scale wide along the whole length of the body from the neck. The under surface is yellow, each abdominal plate having a blackish margin, and the whole becoming darker towards the tail. The scales of the outer or lateral row are yellow, with a black mark on each side, forming two black stripes extending to the tail ; the scales of the next row have each a reddish spot near the base. The head is entirely yellow below the mouth, above only the labial shields and small portions of the anterior ocular and other plates are yellowish. The total length is 17 inches.
The number of species of this genus now known is about 25, varying in length from six feet to less than one foot, all highly venomous, and, as far as my experience goes, seeming to belong almost exclusively to the temperate regions of Australia. They are abundant in Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, and New South Wales. Several species also are found in Queensland, but not, I believe, north of Port Denison, and I have never in the many collections of snakes I have had from the Endeavour River, Cape York, and Port Darwin, seen'a single example of the genus. It is stated, however, by Mr. Krefil, whose work on the Snakes of Australia cannot be too highly praised, that Hoplocephahis curUia has been found as far north as the Qulf of Carpentaria.
On the other hand the genera Biemenia and PseudecJm seem to get more numerous in the tropical parts of Australia. Of the four species of the latter genus described, three, P. australis, scuiellattis, and Darwiniensia are intra-tropical, and I have a fourth species from Port Darwin of large size, over six feet long, with the vertical shield more elongate and triangular than in P. Bar^ wmiensia.
54 THE PR0CSBDIN08 OF THB LIKKIAH SOCIITT
I may mention here that I saw a few days ago a fine specimen of Dipsas fusca procored by Dr. J. C. Cox, firom the Mndgee (iistricfc, a very nnlikely place one would suppose for a snake of its habits.
I take this opportunity also of correcting a mistake of mine in a previous paper. In page 221 of VoL II. of our Proceedings, T gave the name of Elapocephalus to a new genus of snakes from Port Darwin. I find that Dr. Gunther had previously (Cat. Brit. Mus., Snakes, App. 2, p- 276) used the same name for a genus of South American Snakes of a very different family. I propose now to substitute the generic name Elapocraniwn for the Port Darwin Snake.
On the power of locomotion in the Ttmieata, By William Maclbat, F.L.S.
A few weeks ago I found the sandy beach at Elizabeth Bay, strewn at low water, with a number of large Ascidian Mollusks. In this there is nothing remarkable, the severe storm of the 2nd of this month, having no doubt torn from their hold on the rocky or sandy bed of the sea, these helpless masses.
Bat I have observed with some astonishment that these masses are, or seem to be, capable of a certain amount of locomotion.
What I have observed is, that these large Ascidians do change
their positions most undoubtedly ; that in doing so they leave
upon the wet sand a distinct track in accordance with the weight
and size of the mass ; and that these movements are not in any
way attributable to winds or waves. I at first thought it possible
that the movements might be due to the agency of some of
the animals adhering to the outside of the mass, but I found
that the only organic attachments, excepting a few small shells,
were clusters of simple Ascidians, utterly incapable therefore
of combined action, and much two small for their individual
efforts to produce; any effect.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 55
Notwithstanding, however, this apparently convincing evidence, I am indisposed to believe it possible that an animal so completely shat up in a thick ooriaceoas nnmnscnlar sac, can have any power of external movement, nor is it likely that such a power would be possessed by an animal whose whole life (except in infancy) has to be passed firmly rooted to the bottom of the sea. I hope that some one having the leisure and opportunity, will endeavbur to solve this problem.
On some Australian Littorinid^.
By the Rev. J. B. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., Corr. Memb.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W., &c.
We have in Australia and Tasmania certain coast shells which are variously distributed in several genera by difierent authors. They all resemble each other in this, that they are found for the most part on rocks which are seldom covered by the tide. They are not nacreous. They have a homy operculum, with a marginal nucleus and few whorls, and the animal has a small round foot which has never tentacular filaments like the Turbo, Trochus, or Phasianella. They are generally widely distributed, subject to very much variation, according to the locality where they are found. This has led to the same shell being regarded in different places as a different species, and the varieties also have been regarded as different species. In order better to understand the present state of our knowledge of these marine moUusca, it may be as well to state the history of the genus, or rather its classification. To LinnaBus all these shells were Turbos' and those which were known to Schrotter, Chemnitz, Gmelin, Favanne, Born, Humphrey, and Lamarck, came under the same generic appellation. In 1821 M. Baron Ferussac, in his large and expensive work on the fresh water shells of France (so large and so expensive that it was never finished), divided the genus Paludma into five sub-genera. He gave the fifth the name of Littorma (written also with one t, or two r's by various writers), and included in that the common perry-winkle Turbo liitor&ua of
56 THB PB0CBBDIN08 OF THB UNNBAK SOCIBTT
LinnaBos {Lit. vulgaris of Sowerby's Genera of shells). This division of M. de Ferassac was not well nnderstood, nor was it generally adopted. M. de Blainville (in his Hist Nat. de Vers testacees, Paris, 1822, vol. I, p. 347), made another distribation of the species indicated by his predecessor which he regarded as a section of his large genus Turbo. Latreille subsequently in his work on the animal kingdom {Families du Regne Animal, Paris, 8vo, 1825), only cites this genus and the relations given by its author, but ignores it in his classification. Although O. Cuvier was very slow in adopting new genera, nevertheless he adopted that of Littorina in the second edition of his Animal Kingdom {Regne Animal par 0. Baron Cuvier, 10 vols., Paris, 1828). But in doing this he hardly can be said to have understood the relations of the animals, for he placed the genus following the fresh-water genus PaUidina and next to Monodonta. I am quoting Deshayes on this matter, who adds (Hist. Nat. des Animaux s. vertehres, 2 edit, par Deshayes and M. Edwards, vol. IX, p. 200, note), " Unfortunately when Cuvier published the second edition of this work science was not in possession of facts sufficiently numerous or well enough established on the general relations of Linnceus* largo genera of Turho and Trochus, to decide on all the classification of those divisions which had been rightly or wrongly made. It is equally true that Lamarck allowing himself to be guided by his extensive knowledge of the characters of shells was much more happy in the classification of these genera than the most part of other zoologists or than G. Cuvier himself." M. Deshayes then goes on to indicate the changes that were necessary in the classification of Lamarck, arising from the observations which he (M. Deshayes) had made upon molluscous animals. He then adds (page 201, note) " In this matter for the genus with wliich we are now occupied, we have observed that the animal has characters which easily distinfyuish it from all known species, and which, while it removes them further from either the Turho or the Trochus genus, places them closer to Scalaridce, Thus the animal of Littorina crawls upon a small foot with thin edges, oval or sub-circular, and almost entirely
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 67
hidden by the shell. When the animal moves this foot bears on the upper part of the posterior side an operculum which is always homy, blackish, pauci-spiral and with a lateral nucleus. This operculum forms from two and a half to three whorls ; it is semi- circular, and has a straight internal edge like the same organ in the genus Natica. The foot is very slightly projecting in front, where it is rounded. The head is rather solid, prolongated into a conical muzzle and terminated by a longitudinal slit wherein is placed the mouth ; the head bears two long pointed conical ten- tacles behind, broad at the base and having at the external side of this base a rather salient, blunt, ocular tubercle. The shells of the genus Littorina are easily distinguished from either Turbo or Trochus because they are never nacreous, and besides the form of the aperture, the flattened and almost trenchant columella, they have peculiar characters of their own. The only difficulty there would be is in separating them from some species of the genus Phasianella, if one omits to observe at first that in the latter genus the shells are always very highly polished, and that the operculum is calcareous. Those Littorina which approach nearest to Phasianella have the columella almost straight and trenchant at its edge, which is never seen in the latter genus. Finally the animals are different ; the PhasianelloB in the ornaments of the head and the tentacles of the foot do not differ from the animal of Trochus, while the lAttorinoSy as we have explained, have characters peculiar to thiBmselves, and which approaches the animal of Scalaria, Between the opercula of the genus Littorina and Scalaria there is a good deal of analogy. The animal of Scalaria has the head probos- cidiform, the tentacles are more obtuse, shorter in proportion, and the ocular tubercles are a trifle more elevated.*'
Having premised these particulars, M. Deshayes defines his genus thus : — Gen. Liitorina, Ferussac. General characters : Animal spiral, moving on a foot thin oval or subcircular ; head proboscidiform, mouth terminal, anterior ; two conical tentacles, pointed, broad at the base ; eyes large, hardly projecting from the external base of the tentacles ; operculum homy, pauci-spiral
58 THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNBAN 80CIBTT
with lateral and submargiDal nucleus. Shell turbinate, not nacreous, thick, solid, oval, or globular ; aperture entire, slightly oblique to the longitudinal axis, angular at the summit ; columella large, curved or almost straight, without inner lip, and, as it were, denuded, and almost trenchant at its internal edge.
He adds that the Idttormm, as their name indicates, live almost always on the rocks which fringe the shore. They are almost always out of water, but they are placed so as to receive the surf which breaks over the rocks. They seem capable of resisting in their exposed position the burning heat of the sun, the torrents of fresh water from rivers, or the fury of the waves which break upon the rocks. I may add from my own observation that they are estuary shells, and flourish in brackish or almost fresh water. M. Deshayes remarks that two species of Lamarck's Monodonta, M. pagocbis (Indian Ocean), and M, papulosa (Timor), should both be removed to Littorina ; also a few of the species of Lamarck's Phasianella, With regard to the M, pagodua, which was brought to Europe from Capt. Beechey's voyage, Mr. E. Gray made it the type of a new genus, Fagodvs. The animal, however, as well as the operculum, are those of a true Littorina. M. Deshayes also removed into this genus three fossils of the Paris basin which he had formerly described as Phasianella, viz., P. tricostatay multisulcata, and melanoides. He was of opinion also that some of the secondary fossils regarded as Twho and Trochus should be considered as Littorina, notably T. ornatus and carinai/us of Sowerby's Mineral Oonchology, p. 240.
To these particulars of Deshayes may be added the following facts : The odontophore or lingual ribbon is long and narrow in the case of the Australian species, and I believe I have observed that it is a tube. The greater part is rolled up in a spiral coil at the back of the mouth. It has three simple teeth at each side of the central tooth, which is small. The lateral ones are long, curved, and the two outer ones being tricuspid and the four inner ones bicuspid. The teeth, as well as the
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 69
membrane on which they are placed, are colorless, transparent, and glassy. No other molluscan animal, as far as I am aware, has the odontophore coiled up at the back of the mouth.
The shells of the LittorincB are for the most part like the typical species, the common perry-winkle of Europe ; that is to say they are elongately turbinate with rounded whorls almost destitute of ornament. But there are some with tubercles and granules upon the spire, and with flattened whorls and angular base. These have been erected into other genera by different authors, as I shall show presently, but at present I am regarding as one genus all those shells which would come under the definitions of Deshayes with regard to the sheUs and the animals.
There is one peculiarity in some members of the genus to which, as far as I am aware, attention has not been drawn by any naturalist, and it is so very common and so peculiar that it must have some relation to the animal economy. I refer to a spiral white or yellow line which lines the interior of the shell, and arises from the anterior aperture, or at the lower part of the labrum or outer lip. I find this peculiarity on the following members of the genus : — L. grandis (Sea of Ochotsk, Reeve), Middenof ; L. Africana^ Philippi, Algoa Bay ; L. ziczac, Chemnitz, Monte Christo, West Columbia, and South Australia (Elangaroo Island ?) ; L, dnctay Quoy & Qtiimard ; L. luctuosa, Reeve, New Zealand ; L, neritoidesy Mediterranean ; L. granularis, Gray, Hab. ? ; L, striata, King, Canary Islands, ita Reeve ; L. NovoB Zela/ndia, Reeve ; * L, Knysnceensis, Krauss, Knysna River, Cape ; L, granO'Costata, Reeve, Brisbane ; L, Feejeensis, Reeve, Feejee; L. a/rauca/nay D'Orbigny, South America; L, mcmritia/na, Lamk, described as Phasianella (= L. Icevis, Reeve ; L, diema/nensiSf Quoy Sd Ghiimard, Chatham Islands ; L, unifasciata, Gray, Tasmania and S. Australia) ; L, melanostoma (Risella melanostoma, Gmelin, nana Lamk. ; vitiata and J/utea awrata^ plana, striolatd),
I shall notice presently what I consider will throw some light upon this curious feature. I now pass on to the manner in which
* The name and the habitat are Reeve's, but no such shell is kQowQ in New Zealand* 9ee Journal de Conehyliologie, 1878, p. 26 .
00 THS PBOCllDIVeS OF THX LUnrSAV aocxsTT
LUtorina has been sabdirided by different anthora. There aro aboat 200 species at present known. But many of theae will need redaction. The following very complete and ezoeDenf notice of the famflj is from Woodward's MftTm^l of the ^AHowia (Tate's Edition).
Family LrrroBiKD& Shell turbinated or depressed, never pearly, aperture itmnded, peristome entire; opercnlom homy, panci-spiral ; animal with a muzzle-shaped head and eyes sessile at the outer base of die tentacles ; tongue long and armed with a medium seriea ci braid hooked teeth, and three oblong hooked uncini ; fannchial phune single ; foot with a linear duplication in firont and a groove along the sole ; mantle with a rudimentary siphonal canal ; opercnlom lobe appendaged. The species inhabit the sea or brackish water and are mostly littoral feeding on algSB.
JiiTTORiNA, Ferussac. Shell turbinated, thick, pointed, few whorled ; apertnre immded, outer lip acute, columella rather flattened, imperforate ; opercnlom pauci-spiral ; lingual teeth and trilobed uncini hooked and den- tated ; 181 species. He adds. " the perry- winkles are found on the seashore in all parts of the world ; in the Baltic they lire within the influence of fresh wat^r and frequently become dis- torted ; similar monstrosities are found in the Norwich Crag. The common species (L. Uttorea), is oviparous ; it inhabits ihe lowest zones of seaweed between tide marks. An allied species (L. rudis), frequents a higher region where it is scarcely reached by the tide ; it is viviparous and the young have a hard sheD before their birth, in conseqnence of which the species is not eaten. The tongue of the winkle is two inches long ; its foot is divided by a longitudinal line, and in walking the sides advance alternately. The perry-winkle and the trochus are the food of the thrush in the Hebrides daring the winter. The lingual canal passes from the back of the month under the oesophagus for a short distance, then turns up the right side and terminates in a coil like spare rope resting on a plaited portion of the gullet. It is 2 1 inches long and contains about 600 rows of teeth, the part
OF NEW SOUTH WiXBS> 61
in nse arming the tongue comprises about 24 rows.'* Mr. Wood- ward subdivides the family into 9 genera, viz. : — Littorina, Solarium f Thorns^ Lacuna, Litiopa, Rissoa, Shenea, Truncatella and Lithoglyphus, This is not a natural arrangement for many reasons which cannot be entered into here. He arranges the following as subgenera under Littorma : —
1. — Tbctaria, OuvieTy 1827.*
Shell muricated or granulated, sometimes with an umbilical fissure ; operculum with a broad membranous border.
2. — Modulus, Gray, 1840.
Shell trochiform or naticoid ; porcellanous ; columella per- forated, inner lip worn or toothed ; operculum homy or few whorled.
3. — FossARUS, PhiUppi, 1841.
Shell perforated, inner lip thin, operculum not spiral.
4. — RiSELLA, Gray, 1840.
Shell trochiform with a flat or convex base ; whorls keeled ; aperture rhombic, dark or variegated ; operculum pauci-spiral« 5. — OoNRADiA, Adams, and Couthotia, Adams,
The two latter from small species in the Japanese seas which it is not necessary to refer to now.
This arrangement is nearly that of Adams Brothers, in their genera of Mollusca, only that the subgenera are suppressed and the genera are placed as subgenera with Swainson's Echinella and Adams' Isajpis excluded. ChenUj in his " Manual," follows the arrangement of Adams, but appears from the figures given to confound one genus with another, supposing him to accept the divisions given in the " G-enera of Shells."
I do not pretend to pronounce an opinion upon some of these genera. I confine my attention in the first instance to those which have reference to species existing on the Australian coast. And first with reference to the genus Bisella, The history of the genus has already been given by me in vol. I, p. 242, of the
* Thare is a diinpute about the priority of this name. Valenciennes is quoted by Adams, bat hlB name was TeetaritUt and Montfort's Teetua.
62 THE PBOCBXDIKOS OF TH< LIKKBAV SOCIltTT
'^ Proceedings " of this Society. It was erected orig^ally by Philippi for Littorinad with acate whorls, and those pecnliarities which have already been referred to.
It was noticed by M. Crosse, in the Jour, de Oonchyl. for 1865, that this diagnosis wonld hardly warrant a separation from Littormay bat he called attention to another feature that had escaped notice, that is to a basal thickening in a kind of thread about the middle of the aperture. He thought also that there were about nine species. In my paper I attempted to show that there is only one species, and since that time have made a careful comparison of an immense number of individuals from various parts of the coast, and having further observed that all the presumed species breed freely with one another, I make no doubt whatever that this genus, if it is to be preserved, can only be said to be represented by one species.* Now as to the basal funicular thickening we find that it does not hold good for all the individuals. It is present and absent on different specimens, but more frequently present on old shells. But it has not been remarked that always by the side of it there is a white or yellow spiral line on the outer and anterior angle of the aperture. This white spiral line or groove, for it is both, corresponds with the line I have called attention to in the turbinate lAitorincB, and I find that it is a groove along which the organs of reproduction are always exserted, whether they be male or female. I have before shown that this ofl&ce is variously assumed by different shells. It is not easy to explain why this portion of the shell is differently colored, unless it is in keeping with what is noticed in the coloring of certain flowers, butterflies, &c. The whole of the LittormcB have the aperture of dark color, though highly enamelled, and this whitish line is a conspicuous diversity on the appearance, though it would be a very narrow view of the operations of nature to say that its only purpose was to attract. Round the mouth of most Riselloe, and close to this spiral line,
* In the Annals of Nat. Hist, for 1862, vol. II, p. 76, Mr. W. Thompson writes that he had observed several examples of small Littorina rudis in coitu with L. littoralis, and in every instance the male was L. rudis. He suggested that perhaps a hybrid resulted, and this was L. paMiata, but that form did not frequent that part of the coast. The question has not, as far as I know, been followed. A few very simple observations in a small aquarium might lead to important discoveries in such matters.
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 63
there are generally a few diagonal yellow lines which make the spot still more conspicnoos, especially as the enamel of the rest of the shell is such a thick glossy lining of intense brown, almost like the varnish known as Brunswick black.
The shape of the species and varieties is very uncertain. Sometimes the shell is almost turbinate, and the whorls rounded ; in others it is depressed, the whorls ovately angular, smooth, and flat ; others again are more depressed, and the whorls almost keeled with tubercular undulations on the edge, which become almost spinous. At times also the spire is ornamented with coarse nodular protruberances. Now, seeing all these variations we are bound to enquire on what is the generic distinction to rest. Not on the shape or ornamentation of the spire, nor on the depressed or angular sharpness of the whorls. Not on the funicular basal thickening, for that is uncertain too. In any case it would be a genus with one species, but a species which in no respect can be divided generically, from typical lAttorince. The animal is the same ; the operculum is homy, pauci-spiral, with a marginal nucleus. The odontophore is the same, and curled in a coil at the back of the head; there are no tentacular appendages. The shell is not nacreous, and the habits of the animal are in all respects those of Idttorina, It lives almost always out of the water, on rocks exposed to the spray. It is found in brackish water, and can bear the extremes of heat and cold.
Messrs. Adams reminds us in the Annals of Nat Hist that no harm is done to science by the addition of a new genus, and this is quite true as long as it is founded on well defined and permanent features. But if a genus is erected on characters that are slight and uncertain, and if, moreover, they vary and pass insensibly into others, then it is an injury to science and to the student, who will be bewildered in trying to recognise them ; an injury also to any sound system of classification. For these reasons, therefore, I think most scientific men will agree with me that the genus Eisella ought to be suppressed. It has no permanent characters which can be relied upon to separate it
64 THX PEOCllDIVeS OF THB LINNXAN 80CIBTT
from IMorina, It is simply one of oar Anstralian LiUori/ncBt very determinate and characteristic, though within certain limits very variable. It seems that it has a very wide range, and though specimens from extreme portions of the continent wonld with difficulty be recognized as the same, yet they are all one species flourishing under different conditions. In thus suppress- ing the genus RiseUa we are really simplifying the science. I am aware that the principle of suppressing genera which graduate insensibly into one another must not be pressed too far. Thus it would be difficult to draw a distinct line between such apparently well established genera as Turbo and l}rochu8, M. Deshayes acknowledged this when he tried to distinguish them by the calcareous or homy operculum, or by their being nacreous or non-nacreous. But all these features are interchanged. A better distinction might be found to rest upon the odontophore or lingual ribbon, but even this is insufficient. But difficulties like these are not in question in the case of a genus with only one species, where the characters on which it is founded appear and disappear in different individuals. LUtorina melanosioma is, however, a very good and interesting species, and may be taken as one of those forms which give a character to the Australian fauna. It is said to extend to New Zealand, at Auckland, though Capt. Hutton says the locality is doubtful. This species has been re-described in the cruise of the Novara as B. Kielmanseggi. The following will be the synonomy of the species : — Trochus in fauce nigerrimuSy Chemnitz, Conch. Cabinet, t. 5, p, 20, jpl, 161, /. 1,526, a,b. (I cite this and the three following on the authority of Deshayes, in Lam. 2nd edit., though far from sure that they refer to the species, t) Trochus, Schrot, Evnl. I. 1, p. 682, n. 12. Trochus melanostomus, Gmdin, p, 3,581, No, 90. Dillwyn Catalogue, b. I, 2, p. 797, No. 89. Deshayes LamarJc, Vol. 9, p. 167, No. 78. Trochus nanus, ibid., p. 150, No. 67. Littorina luteola, Quoy., Voy, de V Astro, torn. 2, p. 477, pi. 33, /. 47. Bisella aurata, Quoy. ; Bisella nana, Quoy. ; B.
• } Risella varia, Hutton, is given by him as Adeorbis in Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 27, Vol. — . Marten considers it a Risella.
t It may be that the origin of the name is from Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1842, p. 185, RB Trochui.
OF NEW SOUTH WALB8. 65
plana, Qnoy. ; B, hitea, Qaoy. ; B, Bnmi, Crosse ; B, luteal Philippi, Adams ; B, vittata, Philippi ; B, irribricata, Gray, Phil., Adams ; Bembicium nanum, Philippi ; B. pictum, ditto ; Littorina Atistralis, Gray ; Trochus cicatricosv^, Jonas.
In addition to the above named Littorma we have the following cited by varions authors as occurring in Australia and Tasmania : L, mcmritiana^ Reeve ; L, unifasciata, Gray, Appendix 1. 2 vol. of King's Voy. in Australia, p. 483 ; L, paludinella, Reeve, Icon, pi. 16, fig. 84 ; L. Hisseyana, mihi, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tas., 1875 ; L. Philippi, Carpenter, Cat. Magallan Shells, p. 349 ; L. ziczac, Chemnitz, t. 5, p. 69, pi. 166, f. 1,600 ; L, diemanensis, Quoy. and Gaimard, Voy. de I'AstroL, t. 2, p. 479, pi, 33, f. 8-11 ; L. pyramidalis, Quoy. and Gaim., loc. cit. 6, p. 482, pi. 3, f. 12-15 ; L, undulata. Gray, loc. cit. ; L. Ausl/ralis, Gray in King, loc. cit.
Some of these shells call for no remark, as they are either.doubtful LittorincB, or too little is known about them. Littorina mauriiiana is, however, one about which there is much to be said. It is a rather elongated turbinated shell, with rounded whorls, the last nearly as long as all the others combined. It is generally of a bluish color, but ranges from pale blue to the faintest bluish white. It is also sometimes spirally banded with faint blue or white lines, or it is longitudinally striated with zig-zag lines of dull green, or reddish lines. At the base of the last whorl there is a very obtuse angle, scarcely perceptible in some shells — very visible in others. Some of the shells are globose, with a very short and acute spire, while the last whorl is immensely dispro- portioned to the rest. This variety has often the zig-zag dull green lines. The shell varies in size from 5 mil. to 25 in height. The small sizes are young, and of a smalt blue. All these varieties may be obtained from the same patch of rock. It is common everywhere on rocks above high water mark. I have found no difference in its characteristics in Guichen Bay (S. A.), Port Jackson, and the extreme south of Tasmania. Perhaps the South Tasmanian specimens are a little smaller.
I cannot see any specific difference between this shell and L, Africcma Philippi, and considering that our common shell is identified with the one that occurs at the Mauritius, it is easy to
M tBM nooxmnrcM ov ths iiurmuir tocsRr
iMlitfe that they are one and the aame. Indeed^ it la r&ej emj to bridge oyer any internal when we find aooh a deep and open lea as that whioh intervenea between Anatralia and the Manrituu bridged over bj the aame apeoiea. I beKeve it to be alao identical with LOiorma dimnammmt, Qoey (Vo^. ds VAmL i 2,p. 479, pt. 88,/. 8, 11/ Of thia apeoiea IL Deahajeaaaya, after qnotingtfie habitat of Quoji whioh is simply Van Dieman, '^The LUkfina of Dieman ia abadlately the blnidi Tmho of Lamardc,*' whioh ia a ZMorJHOi or aa now known L. ocmlMoaiw. It ia fimnd, he addSi in the MeditezTaneani and on the Bn^^iah OhanneL The only lUght di&renoe that IC. Deahayea oonld obaerve waa the preaanoe of oertain atri» whioh the Bnxopean apeohnena have not, bat I oan anawer that the Anatralian apeoiea are aa often without them. ** The indindnals are in general larger (he ia rebrring to the Anatralian ahella.) Shell shorty aUghtlj awoUen at tiie baiOy the apire ia pointed. The oolor is aky blnoi with an irregnlar band, rather darker in the last whorL The apertore is ronndedf a little angular, and of a sombre Tudet within. Its oolors are mndh more brilliant onder water than when eipoaedto the air. It is 11 millim. long, by 6 wide. So £ar with regard to the Tasmanian speoies. It is idso said to ooonr in N. Zealand. Oaptoin Hatton has sent me the shells which receive tibis name (£• diemanensU). They came from Donedin (neariy 46'' S. lai), a yery cold station for a shell whose finest and largest examples are found at Port Jackson, or even as feix north as lat. 80 S. Oonsequently, as we might expect, the Donedin specimens are sordid and dwarfed. The bands of color are far more definite, and the blue, or rather neutral tint predominates over the white, while at Port Jackson the white predominates. The mouth is much darker in the Dunedin shells, and the angle less marked at the base of the last whorl. This is the rule, but intermediate examples can be found at both places. The Port Jackson shells have the last whorl larger than the spire, which is short and tumid. The spire is longer and not tumid at Dunedin, but with rounded whorls. It seems to me that the Dunedin shells may be taken as an intermediate stage to LUtorina cmeta, Quoy, which is the common form on the Dunedin coast, and at the Bluff, N.Z.,
Of K«W SOUTH WiX<8. 67
and is synonyinoTia with L. hictuosa, Reeve. The most important difference between L, diemanensis and L, cmcta is in the oper- cnlnm. This organ in the former animal is pancispiral with the nnclens marginal. The whorls also are not only few bat oblong. The strisB are fine, and the appearance delicate. In L. cincta the opercnlom is many whorled, bnt not so many as in Trochocochlea AustraUs, They are circular, rugged, irregular and coarse, and the nucleus is nearly central. In this respect L, diemcmensis resembles it. In fact, L, cincta is only a large L, diemcmensis dark and sombre in color, ragged and sordid in appearance. The operculum no doubt partakes of the rugged character of the sheU. I do not say they are the same species, but I think it would not be difficult to find a series passing insensibly from one species to the other, and I strongly incline to the opinion that L, cincta is L, dLemamensis in a very much colder climate, on an exposed and rocky coast.
But is L. diemanensis the proper name for our Australian specimen P In a note on the Turbo coerulescens of Lamarck, Mr. Deshayes says (Lamarck, 2 edit.. Vol. 9, p. 217) — " This shell belongs to the genus Littorma, It is a species very common on the shores of the Mediterranean. It clings to rocks beaten by the sea, but above its level when calm. Naturalists must find it difficult to determine which is the Nerita littoralis of Linn6. Those who consult the quoted reference in Lister's History of the Animals of England, p. 164, cannot fail to recognize the Twho ccerulescens of Lamarck, but those who only consult the figures named in the synonomy of Linn^ will see that Nerita littoralis is the same species as Tv/rho neritoides. But the confusion increases when we read that it is very common and very variable in color on the rocks of the seas of Europe, and that a smaller variety frequents the fresh waters. It is evident that under the name of Nerita littoralis, Linne confosed three species at the least ; TfMrho ea/mlescens and T. neritoides doing double duty and probably Neriti/na Jluviatilis. G-melin simplifies Linne inasmuch as he suppresses the reference to Lister, p. 154, and reduces the synonomy to the figures which represent Turbo neritoides. Con- sequently Gmelin*s N. littoralis is a second employment of Turbo
68 THE PB0CBBDI9G8 OF THE LIK9EAK SOCIETY
neritoides, Dillwyn gives to the Turbo neritoides quite a different Bignification from even Linii6. He only admits one of the referenoes which is only Gualtieri, fig. F, plate 45. This figure would agree well enough with the Turbo coerulescens of Lamarck, but cannot in any way be referred to the Liunean species."
I have deemed it neceSsary to refer at length to this question of synonomy in case any of the older works on the citation of Linn6 should be consulted. Our L. diema/nensis should on M. Deshayes* authority be considered the same as L, ccerulescens. This also is the same asZr. mauritiaina, unifasdatay Africana, and a host of others. If we believe that only one species ranges between the Gape of Gt>od Hope and Australia then the synonomy will be something enormous.
But does it not seem strange that a shell should fringe our coasts on the Southern Hemisphere and be found quite as common on the north coasts of the Mediterranean, &c., while no sign of ifcs existence can be traced in the intermediate regions. It does soem somewhat unusual and singular, but we have similar facts in Botany. Every one knows for instance the showy purple fjooBestrife (Lythris salicariaX which is such a conspicious object in marshy places in Europe. With its companion I/ythris hyti/iopifoUum it is widely distributed in Europe. Well, when II. Brown landed in Tasmania and began to explore where Kiiropoan feot had surely never trodden before, one of the first things ho noticed in the marshy places was the purple Loosestrife of Europe. It was not long before he had found i. hyssopifolvfjmy growing with its companion just under its well-known conditions. Suoh instances might be multiplied, and probably they hold good in the insect world, and in the higher order of animals. It seems as if each country or each province has its particular fauna which is peculiar in its resemblances as well as its differences, and besides all this has a certain amount of features which are the samo for every portion of the earth's surface under similar conditions. And moreover it seems to me that the true clue to this fact is one which neither the evolution theory or the " station or dispersion '* theory will completely explain. Our Newton of natural science is yet to come, the zoologist of the future, who
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 69
shall discern the law which pervades all nature and reads it so that the anomaly of to-day should be the confirmatory fact of to-morrow.
In keeping with the above fact we have Littorma ziczac, which is a shell very mnch like oar L, ccerulescens except that it is streaked with nndnlating red lines. This is a common form in some of the West Indian Islands, at Monte Ghristo in West Colnmbia, and is not uncommon on Kangaroo Island in South Australia, and on other parts of the South Australian coast. My own idea is that it is only a variety of L, ccerulescens. T do not assert this positively, but I am inclined to think it. The extraordinary variations to which shells are subject in the matter of color makes one prepared for anything. 7}rocliocochlea australis is variegated light green and white, dark olive and yellow, reddish brown and yellow, and finally a uniform dull black or greenish black. T, constricta is dull white, dull yellow pale flesh color, or streaked a bright green and white, red and yellowish green, neutral tint and white, or black and white. Then the shape of these variegations are just as diverse. The streaks are sometimes three or four, or they are narrow pointed and numerous, or they are very fine zigzag lines, the angles of the zigzags being very acute and the lines long or few and obtuse, &c., <fec. In fact, within given limits, there is no form or pattern of color that might not find representatives in these most variable shells. If color then be the only difference, I think we should claim L, ziczac too as a synonym for our Littori/nay but the animals I have not examined and have only imperfectly examined the shell.
Next to L. ccerulescens, for such I shall always now designate our common coast perry winkle, we have a species called Littorina pyra/midalis, by Quoy. (Voy, de V Astrolabe, vol. 2, p. 482, jpl. 33, fig, 12-15). He states that " it was found in Jervis Bay, and is remarkable for its pyramidal form, with the last whorl much swollen, and seems a base from which the spire rises abruptly." It is rough girdled with a string of tubercles on the spire, and which is doubled on the summit of the last whorl. These tubercles are prominent, round and blunt. It shows some
70 TSB FBOOUBXHOS OV TBM tOntMAM tOOtllT
nregultf longitadinal folds oa the oater edge of tiha Up. The aperture is emally round, but eomewhat irreguler; ia higUj enamelled, a deep pnrple brown odLor, and ihere are two spiral yellowish lines ranning np the tiiroafe, one ai the base or anterior as already desmbed in other LUhrintSf and the other between the sntore and tiie posterior line of tnberol0% but jnst at the edge of the latter. The oolnmella is very nmoh depressed, sharp, as in all the genns, dilated and almost channelled at the anterior end. The oolor is a Uaish grey, the tnberdea whiUs and the spire reddish. In all matters of detail it is absolntely a LiUarina. . It is often spirally striated. The opeoranlnm is of foar neat orately ronnded whorls, and not quite so marginal as in onr other species, bat still almost posteriory and at the colnmellar e^^. The lingual ribbon lies in a ooQ at tha back of the head. The coil is Tory oonspicnons and round, whereas in L. ecervleseens it is not so easily seen when the animal is drawn out of its shell, as the coils are fewer, oval, and the membrane which coTcrs it is thicker. The teeth on the ribbon are like all the genus, but it seems to me that ^ radula itself is broader and longer. The organs of respiration and reproduction call for no espeoisl notice, except that they are on the typiosl plsn of LUUyrma Uttarea, The muscular tissue of the body is thin and transparent, and very favorable for microscopic examination. The nervous ganglia and the neural branches are very plainly visible by transmitted light with an inch objective.
With the exception of the shell there is nothing to separate the species firom the typical Idttorma, Messrs. Adams separates it, and probably also Gray, on the ground of the tuberoulations on the shell. They notice other differences, such as a callosity on the anterior lip generally, and a few-whorled operculum which has also a broad membranaceous edge. Whether these particulars apply to all the members of the genns except this one I cannot say. They do not apply to this. The operculum has four whorls, bat there is no membranaceous edge, such as is very visible in our Trochocochlea, and there is no callosity on the lip. And I respectfully submit that if they were there they are not sufficient as generic distinctions. They are at most sub-
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 71
generic, and considering how many are absent from onr species I don't think we are justified in going further than ^r. Woodward proposes, that is writing this species in fatore thus — LiUorina (Tectaria) pyramidalis, Qaoy.
The following LiUoriruB (Tectaria) are described in Reeve and Ghenn possessing tubercles on the spire. The type is L, pagodtu, which resembles onr shell in the grannies being disposed in a double line on the upper part of the body whorl, and in a single line on the spire. L. hicdlor is another very similar ;•!/. huUaia, Zanzibar, North Australia, and Reeve adds New Zealand, but this is an error ; L, coronaria, Phillip Islands ; L, tectum jpersicum, L, spinuhsa, Singapore ; L, lemniscata, Cuba, but with L. malaccana, Fulo-Fenang, so like our L. pyramidalis that the identity is strongly suspected by me. L. cumingi% Phillip Islands ; X. dtlatata, Cuba ; L. suhnodosa, Red Sea ; L, rmmcatOy West Africa, Cuba ; L, vilis, which Reeve gives as from New Zealand, but Capt. Hutton assures me there is nothing like it. It looks very much like a young specimen of our L, pyramidalis, and considering that Reeve misquotes Quoy, and gives New Zealand as the habitat of our shell instead of Van Dieman, we may certainly erase L. vilis from our lists. • L, feejeensis (?) Feejee ; L, natalensis, Natal ; L. trochoides^ hab. P L. gra/nosa, Guinea.
To sum up the results of this paper my conclusions are : —
1. That the LittormidoB of Australia so closely resemble the genus Littorvna of Europe that they cannot be generically separated from it.
2. That the genus lUseUa should be suppressed, as no perma- nent generic character can be defined in it, and there is only one species which is extremely variable.
3. That the species known to some authors as Tectaria pyramidalis is merely LiUorina^ with a double line of granules, which feature does not entitle it to generic distinction, since it shows it with many other species. If it be considered as belong- ing to the sub-genus, it should be remembered that it is destitute of many of the defined characters of Tectaria.
* There are many migtakes in the habitats of Reeve, which strongly dispose one to think that they arose from his regarding Van Dieman's Land as a part of New Zealand.
72 THB PB0CBBDIKG8 OF THB tiKKBAN SOCIBTT
4. That onr Littorina mawritiana is probably identical with the Littorina coBrulescens of Europe, and that L. ziczac, unifoLsdaia, and undulata are merely varieties.
5. That all of oar species have in the anterior apertare a groove or line, often conspicnonsly light in color, which is in some way connected with the organs of reprodnction.
Descriptions of five species of new Birds, from Torres Straits and
New Oninea, <fec.
By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S.
On a supposed new species of Lory, allied to Lorius hyp<eno- CHROUS of Gray, from Cloudy Bay, South Coast, New Guinea.
Lorius hyposnochrous (G. R. Gray) var.
Head and nape deep black, abdomen and a broken band across the interscapular region black, with a faint violet tinge ; a narrow line of crimson feathers round the back of the neck ; a black band across the interscapular region, the lower portion mottled with crimson feathers ; the back, rump, upper tail coverts, and the basal half of the tail feathers both above and below, the flanks, breast, chest, sides of the head and throat, and the under wing-coverts, rich crimson, the concealed parts of the breast and chest feathers becoming yellow near the base ; thighs and under tail-coverts deep violet blue, the apical half of the tail feathers olive yellow below, blackish violet-blue above. Wings above green, blackish on the margins of the shoulders ; the scapularus tinged with olive chiefly on their outer webs, the primaries and secondaries deep green on the outer webs, the former becoming blackish at the tips, the latter black on the tips of the inner web ; all the wing quills deep bright yellow on the inner webs from near the tip to the base, the yellow covering the whole of the under surface of the wing except at the end of the primaries. Fleshy skin saving the eye purple ; bare line at base of mandibles yellowish. Bill coral red, deepest at the base ; legs and feet black.
THB PBO0BEDIKG8 OF THE LTKNEAN SOCIETY 73
Total length, 10*4 in. ; wing, 6'7 ; tail, 4*5 ; tarsus, 0'9 ; bill from foreliead, 1*2 ; Gulmen, 1*3.
Hah,f Cloudy Bay, South Coast, New Guinea.
This species of Lory conies very close to Dr. Gray*s descrip- tion of LoriiM hypcenochrcmHy but differs in haying the whole of the abdomen black, and a black band across the interscapular region, and in the color of the under tail-coverts ; also in the concealed yellow spot near the base of the breast and chest feathers ; but notwithstanding these differences this may however hereafter prove to be only a very old male of Lorius hypcBnochrous ; shonld it, however, prove distinct, I am desirous it should bear the name of Loiius Oulielm% in honor of S. B. Williams, Esq., of the Paradise and Victoria Nurseries, London, who has so liberally equipped Mr. Goldie for his botanical explo- rations in New Guinea, from whom I have received this specimen.
Pitta nova^hibemicce. sp. no v.
From the Rev. George Brown's collection, obtained in New Ireland. and the Duke of York Islands, the Museum purchased a PittUy which, until lately, I considered to be a young female of Pitta macJeloti, of Temm. Signer D'Albertis, however, pointed ont that this conld not be the case, and showed me a fine series in his collection from the Fly River. I have also examined young of both Bexes in the Dobroyde collection, and in that of the Australian Museum, where the young of P. machloii distinctly show the black coloring on the throat and the black line which separates in the adult, the broad blue chest-band from the crimson of the breast and abdomen. The New Ireland bird, for which I propose the name of Pitta novce-hibemicce, resembles P. maclotii very closely, but the black on the throat, and the black band below the blue on the chest is not found ; the forehead and crown of the head are of a dull brown, washed with rust-red ; the occiput and nape are of a bright rust-red ; sides' of the head and throat dull rusty-brown, ear-coverts and narrow line of feathers over the eye blue, like the chest ; all the under surface crimson, but of not quite so deep in tint as in P. machloU; the back and remainder of the plumage, and the
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 71
white spots on shonlders and the primaries, the same as in that species. Bill, dark brown ; legs, brownish grey.
Total length, 6 inches ; wings, 3*2 ; tail, 1*5 ; tarsus, 1*55 ; bill from forehead, 1*05, from £^pe 1*15.
nah,y New Ireland.
Pachycephdla fidigmata. sp. nov.
Adult male. The whole of the head, lores, ear-coverts, sides of the neck, and a broad band across the chest, sooty black ; the throat, breast, nnder wing-coverts, abdomen, flanks and nnder tail coverts, and a narrow line at the base of the tail feathers on the inner web, white ; tail above blackish brown ; the centre two tail feathers margined and tipped and the remainder slightly margined at the base on the enter web only with bluish ashy- like the back ; brown below ; very narrow blackish shaftlines down the feathers on the back. Wings blackish brown above, the margins of all the feathers on the outer webs bluish ashy- grey ; lower part of the hind neck, wing-coverts, shoulders, back rump and upper tail coverts bluish lead-grey ; the basal portion of the wing feathers on the under surface, margined with white on their inner webs ; bill, black ; legs and feet blackish lead color.
Total length, 6 inches ; wing, 3'5 ; tail, 2*7 ; tarsus, 0*73 ; bill from forehead, 0*7.
The black of the ear-coverts is joined to that of the chest by a broad black band down the side of the neck.
Hah, South-East coast of New Guinea.
This species is about the size of P. rufiventris, and resembles P. leucogastra of Salvadori and D'Albertis, but has no trans- verse vermiculations on the back.
Pachycephdla collaris, sp. nov.
The whole of the head and nape black ; pectoral band black, narrow, joining the ear-coverts ; round the back of the neck from the breast a distinct deep yellow collar ; all the remainder of the upper surface olive ; quills of the wing blackish brown, margined on the outer webs with ashy-grey, on the inner at the base with white ; wing- coverts above blackish, broadly margined
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 75
with olive-grey; throat white, all the remainder of the under -snrface, and the under and tail and wing-coverts bright yellow ; tail olive-brown above, dull brown below ; bill black ; legs dark brown.
Total length, 6 inches ; wing, 37 ; tail, 27 ; tarsus, 0*95 ; bill, 0-9.
Hab, Gourtance Island, South-East coast. New Guinea.
Adult femaile. Grown, sides of the head, neck, and all the upper surface dull brown, of an earthy tint ; wings blackish brown, margined with lighter brown ; tail dull earthy-brown above, lighter below ; ear-coverts rich earthy-brown, which color becoming lighter extends to the sides of the chest, and forms an indistinct band across it ; throat to the chest white, breast and abdomen deep yellow ; under tail-coverts paler yellow, under wing-coverts white, washed with yellow. Bill, black ; legs, lead -grey.
Total length, 6-3 in. ; wing, 3-5 ; tail, 2 6; tarsus, I'l; bill, 0*9.
I have provisionally described this bird as the female of P. colla/ris. It may hereafter prove to be a distinct species.
Stigmatops alho'auricularis. sp. nov.
Adult male. All the upper surface of the body, head, wing and tail, dull brown, faintly, mesially shaded with darker tint ; the wing-quills above narrowly margined with olive, below the inner webs margined with white ; axilliaries white ; sides of the face, sides of the neck, chest, breast and upper part of abdomen, mottled with white and brown ; the feathers themselves brown, with white margins on either side, but give the appearance of a white ground with . rows of triangular spots of brown ; under tail-coverts and flank-feathers whitish, mesially shaded with brown; below the eye and the ear-coverts are covered with minute silvery-white feathers ; bill, black ; legs, lead-blue.
Total length to tip of bill, 5 inches; wing, 27; tail, 2*4; tarsus, 07 ; bill, 0-9.
This species comes near to GlycipMla Caledonica of E. B. Oray, but has no olive except on the wings ; the spots on the breast are continued on to the abdomen.
Hcib. South-East coast of New Guinea.
76 THE PBOCKKDIN08 OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
EXHIBITS.
Mr. Macleaj exhibited a beaatifal coloared drawing by Mr. Mnrraj, of a species of Medusa^ which had been lately abundant in Port Jackson. He stated that he had never seen the animal before, and that none of the fishermen of the port remembered having seen it ; but that he had no doubt that it was the Felagia pano- pyra of Lesson, a species abundant in the tropical Atlantic. He also remarked that the eight filaments attached to the outer rim of the umbrella were annulose, like an annelid, and capable of great extension and contraction. For some weeks they had been very numerous in all parts of the harbour, but had completely disappeared after the storm on the first and second of this month. Mr. Macleay also exhibited a specimen of Argotiauta argo with the animal, caught in Fort Jackson ; also drawings of Trilohitcs by Mr. G. Jenkins, from the Upper Silurian beds of Yass ; also coloured drawings of an Aplysia and two species of Monacanthus from Fort Jackson.
Mr. Ramsay exhibited a few rare birds collected by the Museum Collector (Mr. Alexander Morton) who accompanied Mr. Ooldie's expedition to the south coast of New Gruinea ; also some birds which he had lately received from the north-west coast of New Guinea, includiug the following species : — Parotia sexpennisy Tar- adisia raggiana, Loris hypcenochrous, (var.), Janthcenas RawUn- siynif Ptilopus perlatay Ptilopus cornulatus, Tanysipiera Galatea^ T, OarolincBy Pitta macMotiy Pitta NovoB-Hibemicay Pitta Novce-OuinecBy Oampephaga melasy Pachycephala fuliginatay Pachycephala collarisy also a new species of tortoise and some birds, believed to be new, from Mr. Goldie's collection, which will be described hereafter.
OP NEW SOUTH WALBS. 77
MONDAY, JULY 29th, 1878.
The President, W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., in the Chair.
MEMBER ELECTED.
The Secretary announced that Baron N. de Miklncho-Maclaj had been elected an Honorary Member of the Society.
DONATIONS.
From the Soci6t6 Entomologiqae de Belgique : Gompte Bendn
Serie 11., No. 61. From Baron F. Von MtQler : Organic Constituents of Plants, by
Dr. Willstein, translated by the Donor. From Dr. B. Schomburgk : Forest Tree Planting and its influence
on Climate, by the Donor. From Baron Miklucho-Maclay : Anthropoligische Bemerknngen ueber die Papuas der Maclay-Kuste in Neu-Guinea ; Ueber Brachyocephalitat bei den Papuas von Neu-Guinea ; Ethno- logische Bemerkungen ueber die Papuas der Maclay-Kuste in Neu-Gninea ; Do. do., Part II. ; Meine Zweite Excursion nach Neu-Qninea, 1874; Einiges iiber die Dialecte der Melanesischen Yolkerothafben in der Malayischen Halbinsel ; Ethnologische Excursionen in der Malayischen Halbinsel, Nov., 1874— Oct., 1875., by the Donor. Babon Miklucho-Maclat advocated the establishment of a Zoological Station, near Sydney, and explained the benefits to scientific research afforded by such institutions. The sug- gestion was warmly supported by the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S, <fec., and other members of the society.
PAPERS BEAD.
Descriptions of seven new species of Terrestial and Marine Shells from Australia. By John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., Corr. M. Roy. Soc. Tas^y <fec., &c.
7b THS pmocsxDnros of tu lutitb^k socibtt
* 1. Hilh Bebias, sew sp., pi. 8, fig. 1.
Shell ambilicated, depresslj-globose, thin, obliqnelj finely granulated, fnlTons, ornamented with one rather broad chestnnt band on the centre contigaooB to the antore, above the centre two thread like lines ; sntnre dark lined, crennlated ; spire sub-conoid, rather obtuse at the apex ; whoris 5^, rather convex, the last slightlj descending in front, rounded at the periphery, convex at the base, umlnlicus small, dark broad chestnnt band encircling it ; aperture nearly diagonal. Innately circular ; peri- stome bluish brown ; margins approximating, columellar margin broadly reflected concealing half of the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 17^, min. 18., alt 10| lines.
Hob. — Garden Island, Rockingham Bay, Queensland. (Mr, 0. E. Beddome.)
* 2. Helix Zebina, kew sp. pi. 8, fig.2.
Shell imperforate, rather solid, somewhat globoselj-conical, whole surface transversely granulated with lengthened grains (as seen under the lens), towards the apex they become finer, pale straw-yellow with numerous spiral chestnut lines and bands ; suture ornamented with a rather broad band ; spire rather large, broadly conical, obtuse ; whorls 5^, rather convex, last large, dilated and produced in front, deflected above ; aperture diagonal, ovately-lunate, whitish within ; peristome straight, expanded and slightly reflected ; margins approximating joined by a thin callus ; columellar light brown thickened and expanded covering the whole of the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 19, min. 13., alt 13| lines.
Hab. — Ranges about the Douglas River, Queensland. (Mr. C. E, Beddome J
* 3. Helix Bala, new sp., pi. 8, fig. 4.
Shell umbilicated, conoidly semi-globose, moderately solid, nearly smooth, bright chestnut ; spire conoidly-convex, above light brown ; apex obtuse, suture slightly crenulated ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last large, roundly convex, descending in front ;
• The species marked with an asterisit are in my collecti«>T),
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 79
flattisb at the base, aperture nearly diagonal, roondly-lnnate ; peristome moderately thickened and reflected, interior flesh tinged ; margins approximating; columellar margin broadly expanded covering one half of the nmbilicns and joined by a thin callns to the npper margin.
Diam. maj. 17, min. 13|., alt. 11 lines.
Hob, — Castle Hill, near TownsviUe, Cleveland Bay, Queens- land. Also, Magnetic Island. (^Mr, 0, E, Beddome.)
* 4 Helix Mazee, new sp., pi. 8, fig. 5.
Shell with the nmbilicns nearly covered, globosely turbinated, rather thick, minutely granulated, obliquely striated, ornamented with spiral chestnut lines and bands, darker and more rugose at the suture ; whorls 5^, slightly convex, last large and descending in front ; spire conical, apex obtuse ; aperture diagonal, ovately lunate ; peristome thickened and rather broadly reflected, interior of aperture blue black, margins approximating and joined by a thin callus, the right deflected above near the centre ; collumellar margin rounded and expanded into a broad plate partly over the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 19, min. 14|., alt 15 lines.
Hab. — Waterview Scrubs near Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, Herbert River, Queensland. (Mr. 0, E, Beddome.)
The specimens of this species from the Herbert River run all very small ; those from the coast range scrubs are very large and conical, having very thick lips with dark chestnut behind.
* 5. Helix Nicomede, new sp., pi. 8, fig. 6.
Shell umbilicated, depressly globose, very thin, shining, distinctly obliquely striated and granulated throughout, light brown, encircled with one pale yellowish band just showing above the suture ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, moderately convex, scarcely descending in front ; periphery with faint keel, base convex, smoother than the upper surface, aperture diagonal, roundly lunate; peristome white, simple, straight, margins scarcely approaching, expanded and reflected anteriorly, colu- mellar margin rather broadly reflected on to the body whorl.
Diam- maj 18^, min. 15., alt. 12 lines.
80 THE PB0CBEDIKG8 OF THE LINNEAN SOCIBTT
Hah. — Gardwell, Rockingham Bay, Queensland, Gbnld Island in Rockingham Bay. (Mr, 0, E, Beddome,)
• Var. a. — Thinner, darker in color on the upper surface, gra-
nulation finer, light yellowish band following the suture spirally to the Apex. Diam. maj. 13, min. 10|., alt. 8 lines.
• Var. h. — Thicker, light straw yellow, upper surface granulated
obliquely rugosely striated, keel more distinctly seen on the periphery; peristome scarcely reflected at the columellar margin.
Diam. maj. llf, min. 9|., alt. 7 lines.
The two varieties come &om Grould Island, and are much smaller than those from the Mainland.
• 6. Helix Beddomj!, new sp., pi. 8, fig. 7.
Shell umbilicated, globose, inflated, very thin, distinctly obliquely striated, granulated from left to right, taking somewhat of a zig-zag form, smoky yellow, with a chestnut band under the suture, having a faint broad one above, giving it a darker color ; body whorl from the periphery, dark chestnut ; spine somewhat globular, suture smooth ; whorls 5|, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last roundly convex, descending a little in front ; aperture nearly diagonal, roundly lunate ; peristome below slightly raised somewhat in the form of a small obtuse callus like tooth, bluish white, very little expanded or reflected ; margins rather distant, joined by a thin bluish white callus ; columellar margin broadly expanded and reflected on the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 23, min. 18, alt. 17 lines.
Hah. — 20 miles north-west of Gardwell, Rockingham Bay, Queensland, in the ranges at an altitude of 3,500 feet. (Mr. G. E. Beddome).
This beautiful shell isfvery thin, the granulations on its surface are distinctly seen with the naked eye, some run straight, some oblique or zigzag ; the sculpture can only be compared to a fine double cross-cut file. The species is allied in color to Helix hipartita, Fer.
or NEW SOUTH WALES. 81
7. VoLUTA Bednalli, new sp., pi. 8, fig. 3.
Sbell ovately fhsifonn, longitudinaUj- distinctly striated, white, with four reddish brown transverse bands, the npper just beneath the sntnre, one above being much finer ; spire rather elevated, apex obtuse ; ornamented with rather broad waved longitudinal reddish brown lines breaking off in the centre in the form of blotches; whorls 6, convex, the last forming nearly the whole of the shell, aperture narrow, white within ; columella straight, covered with a thin callus, furnished with four plaits, the two upper being nearly transverse, the lower two nearly oblique.
Length 39, diam. 15 lines.
Hob, — Port Darwin, north coast of Australia (Mr, William Tompson BednalT).
Only a single specimen of this fine species has been obtained, its peculiar regular longitudinal thread-like strisa, and transverse and longitudinally waved reddish brown bands breaking off into blotches in the centre on the dorsal surface, mark a species that will never get confused with such species as 'piperita^ Macgillivrayi BnjLckeri, Kmg% Sclateri, Angasif VMd/ulata, Twmeriy voha, reticulata^ Beeveiy Lordsi, and ElUoti.
I take great pleasure in naming this after its owner, Mr. W. Tompson Bednall, a zealous collector of shells from North and South Australia.
On Bulimus Dufresnii.
By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., Hon. Cor.
Mem. Linn. Soc, N.S.W., &o., &c.
Plate VIL
The process of describing and cataloguing various representa- tives of our Australian fauna has proceeded so far that I think the time has come when we can commence to call attention to the many variations to which species are subject, probably also, to reduce considerably the number of species and even genera. No one can question that a very great number of our species will have to be reduced as observations are extended ; and in no department will this be more necessary than in ^ that of the land
82 THE PB0CEBDIN<]h8 OF THE LINNBAN 80CIBTT
shells. Yet it must not be imagined that this is due to a faolt in the observers or to any recklessness in the multiplication of species. In some cases, it has been from the necessary difficulties attending scientific observations in a new country. I don't mean as to synonomy, or the description by two persons each unaware of the other's labours, but the necessarily incomplete manner in which observations must be made in the first instance. Thus an explorer may find one or two specimens of a shell which is very common and subject to great variation. Another may find the variety and regard it a species. No one can blame the observer. He is doing what is best for the interest of science. He remarks certain difierences, and, if they are valid and important, he has no right to assume that the species with which he has to deal is specifically one with some other. He should in the interest of science state his suspicions and point out the resemblance, and when intermediate varieties have been found, but not until then, the group should be united, and the variation described. The material for doing this is rapidly accumulating in our hands. And perhaps as it does so, it may not be out of place to remark that the greatest consideration and respect should be shown to the pioneers of science. It is a great temptation to young observers to glorify themselves at the expense of the mistakes of their predecessors, or on the superior knowledge which has accumulated since their time. But they little realize how very large is the debt that we owe to those men, and how their labours, incomplete or faulty as they may have been, represent an amount of care, study, industry, and zeal that we cannot easily command at the present. Perhaps I may be pardoned for transcribing a remark of Dr. Philip P. Carpenter on this subject, which will have all the more weight as it comes from one of the most eminent conchologists of later times. He says, " An instructive lesson in candour and forbearance may be learnt by comparing together the works of any two naturalists of equal celebrity, or by comparing either of these with the types. With the best desire for accuracy and the greatest care, it is hardly possible for an author to describe so that his readers shall
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 83
see shells as he sees them. If this be trae of such fall and precise diagnosis as those of Adams and Ooold, how much greater must be the difficulty to foreigners of recognizing shells from the brief descriptions of Broderip, Lamarck, and the older writers generally."*
I make these remarks because in the species with which I propose to deal it will be seen that different authors have described differently even when those authors were of such high authority, as Quoy and Graimard, and Baron Ferussac ; and I trust, as our Australian sience advances, and as old errors are cleared away, the philosophers to come will as much distinguish themselves by modesty, patience, justice, and candour, as zeal industry, and self sacrifice have adorned those who have passed away.
The variations on the shell I now call attention to are
instructive in another way. They show peculiarities which mimic
even generic differences in marine shells. Shape, color, and size
are often relied upon as specific distinctions, and in many
instances no doubt they are. But in BuUmvs Dufrestdiyf the size
Taries in an extraordinary degree, and so does the color, but
within certain limits. If it were not for those limits, the shape
would lead us astray, for it varies from almost cylindrical to
globular. But the lip is at times sinuous to an extent which
would make it like a Daphnella among marine shells. All these
variations in what is undoubtedly the same species are not
dependent either upon climate or station, and they point to one
Tiaeful conclusion, which is, that land shells may vary so widely
and completely that there is no antecedent improbability that our
numerous species may be found to belong to a comparatively few
specific types.
The •shell now under notice belongs to the genus Bulimus (Bov\i/MUi great hunger or voracity) which was erected by Scopoli in 1786. J I need not give any reference to the host of
• BmHew of Prof. C. B. Adorns Cat. (nf the SheUs of Pcmama, by PhUip P. Carpenter, B.A y &c. ZooL Soc. Proc. June, 1863.
t Written B. Ihifrenii by Quoy and Oaimard, in order, J suppose, more completely to Latinize the name.
X In his Delieice Faunas tU Flor. Inmbr., according to Brugiere but more probably in the Introd. ad Hist Natur., Prague, 1777.
84 THB PBOCBBDIKG8 OF THB LUTKBAH SOCIETY
genera incladed under this name bat it was probably adopted from Adanson (Rist Nat, du Senegal, OoqmUages. Paris 1757), and incladed Zdmnea, BUhynia^ and Suednea, It is now restricted to ovo-viviparoas land shells, oblong and tarretted in form, and with the longitudinal margins nneqaal, toothless, or dentate, colamella entire, rerolate extemaUy, or nearly simple-; peristome simple or expanded. The species are very nnmeroas, and they are divided into many genera and subgenera by various authors. Some copy the etymology of Adanson and write " BuUn/us,** but Messrs. Adams restrict this to fluviatile shells as probably its author intended, and they define their Btdimas thus : " Shell solid sub-imperforate, or with the perforation covered, oval, or ovately oblong, last whorl ventricose equalling the spire; aperture oblong oval, columella rather straight, rarely plicate ; peristome thick, expanded, reflected and sometimes arcuate, the margins joined by a callus, the columella dilated, reflected.*" They thus restrict the genus to those species proper to tropical America. They make a genus named Flacostylus which they derive from Beckf in which they place imperforate shells, oblong-conic, rugosely striated, last whorl a little shorter than the spire, aperture oblong, oval, or irregular ; columella tortuous, arcuately plicate, peristome thick, reflexly expanded, the margins united by a shining tuber- culated callus, the columellar (margin ?) dilated, appressedj." The genus would seem to come very close to Auricula in ap- pearance. Its geographical range according to the authors is the Australian Islands, New Caledonia, and Australia. But none of the species enumerated by the authors occur in Australia. The sub-genus Oaryodes, Albers,|| was adopted by them from the author just named, for solid imperforate oblong oval shells with plaits at the suture, the last whorl equalling the spire, a rather straight columella and a simple obtuse peristome. They include in this section Bulimus Baconi Benson (Ann, Nat. Hist., vol. 13, p. 19, 1854) and B. Dufresnii. Dr. Cox, in his Monograph of Australian Land Shells,^ very properly removes B. Baconi from
* Oenera of Recent Mollvsca, vol. 2, p. 146.
t Index. Mollusc. Principis Christ. Fredericr, i-to, Hafn., 1837.
I Adams loc. cit., p. 163, pi. 75, fig. 5.
II Heliceeiij Albert, Leipzic, 1860, 2nd edit.y p. 228, Genus Buliminus. § P. 73.
OP KEW SOUTH WALBS. 85
ibe Bubgenns as it is perforate, but he includes in it another species BtiJmiTis Angasiantis, described by Pfeifier in the Zool. Soc. Proc, 1863, p. 628. I shall now proceed to notice the remarks of the more important authors on B. Dufresnii, It may be remarked in passing that Albers included his Oaryodes as a subgenus of BuliminvA Ehrenberg, which was for ovate or ovately conical thin land shells, whose ovate aperture did not reach or did not exceed the whole length, with a peristome ofben expanded, nnequal margins and a narrow simple columella.
Bulmvus DufresnU was originally described by Leach, in the Zoological Miscellcuivy, vol 2, page 153 to 154, and plate 120. Dr. Leach, as most readers are aware, was a curator of the British Museum, whose ability according to Swainson was equal to his zeal, and who in trying to bring order into the vast nnweildy collection over which lie was placed, fell a sacrifice to incessant labour. In trying to arrange some of the curiosities pouring in from the colonies, he described some of our land shellsy and BuUnvus Dufresnii was amongst them. I have not seen his diagnosis, but it is only of consequence now to observe that he classed the shell as a Eelia^, In 1827, when Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard visited Tasmania in the Astrolabe,* they met with this species and were able to make complete observations on the shell and on the animal which they characterize thus : ^* Helix, testa ovata, oleaformi, vmperforata, longitrorswrri tenuiter striata anfractihus qumis, convexis, tdtimo fasciis luteis et fuscis cincto; apertm'a ampla, suhsemihinata, lahro simplici.^^ — (Shell ovate olive shaped, imperforate reddish, finely striate lengthwise, convex, whorls five, last zoned with yellow and brown bands ; aperture ample, somewhat semilunar, labrum simple.)
To this description they add the following remarks : " The shell of this elegant species is of the size and shape of a little olive, solid, quite oval with a large and obtuse spire, the whorls of which are rounded, wide, the last larger than all the others together and ventricose. The aperture is rather large and a little semilunar; the peristome is simple, somewhat thick,' the
Voyage de F Astrolabe, Zoologie voL 2, p. 118 ; also, plate 10^ fig. 1 to 3.
g6 THB PSOCKSDINOS OF THB LINHBAK 80CIBTY
colamella slightly twisted and white.* There is only a very faint umbilioos. The shell is finely striate lengthwise. These strisB widen on the edge of the sntnres where they form little irregular folds. The general color is a greenish yellow, streaked with brown encircled on the last two whorls of the spire with a little chestnat brown band, bordered by yellow lines at the two sides; a wide brown band proceeds from the snmmit of the peristome, taras roand the columella, and is prolonged anteriorly on to the last whorl. The summit of the spire is brownish. In its young state the shell is globular, with a rounded aperture, in which the brown bands are perceptible. The animal has long posterior tentacles, while the«anterior ones are of medium length. The mouth is in the midst of a muzzle of two lobes. All the upper part of the body as well as the sides are brown or almost black, shot with reddish. The foot is yellow underneath and when fully extended hardly reaches behind the shell. This Helix inhabits the Island of Van Dieman. It is not very common. We found it hidden under stones on the hills around Hobart Town. Some individuals were provided with an epi- phragma.t Length 11 lines, thickness 5.
In Ferussac and Deshayes' Hist. Nat. des MoUusques, vol. 2, part 2, p. 76f we find the following synonomy and notice. Leach is referred to as above. Quoy and Qaimard, ditto. Ferussacu ProdomuSf pi. 48, n. 330, Bowditch Elements of Oon- chology,X pi. 8, fig. 21, Paris, 1822. Deshayes in Lamarck, vol. 8, p. 24j6, no. 54. Catlow's Oonchological NomenclatoTj p. 154, no. 112. Orthostylis Dufresnii Beck Ind.f p. 50, no. 9. Pfeiflfer Monograjph Heliceomm vi/uorum, t. 2, p. 168, no. 444, Reeve Icon., plate 37, fig. 219. Habitat : Van Dieman's Land. Shell oblong oval thick and solid with a somewhat elongated spire, convex, obtuse at the summit, five flattened whorls joined by a suture bordered by a slight plaited margin. Last whorl rather large, subcylindrical convex at the base and imperforate. The aperture is of medium size, oval, dilated at the base, attenuated
• All those detail show that the species would not enter into Ehrenbcrg's genus Buliminus. t I can hardly tell what is referred to here.
t A very meritorious work including the animals and fossil genera ; published in Paris, little known to English readers. It has become very scarce.
OF NBW SOUTH WALBS, 87
behind, its edge without being reflected, is not qaite trenchant. It is obtuse and in profile it shows lengthwise a convex sinnosity in front. The columella is short and rather conspicuously twisted on itself. A left margin rather thick is detached and abuts on the upper end of the opening. Coarse lines of growth ooyer the surface, but generally they are almost effaced. The surface is marked with fine punctuations which disappear insensibly towards the base. The color of this shell is a little variable. It is of a uniform maroon brown. The last whorls bears a cincture formed of a whitish band rather broad, parted into two equal portions by a narrow and very neat brown zona The interior is of a pale violet brown. There is a variety which is described as much smaller, narrower and subcylindrical. The large individuals are 37 millim. long, 20 wide and the variety is 29 by 13.
This description gives us an idea of how little is really gained by elaborate and minute details. From what will appear subse- quently, or by consulting the plate, it will be seen how few of these particulars of color and shape are definite. The specimens referred to would be nearer fig. 4 than any other, and that is rather an exceptional form. The figures in Ferussac's Atlas are highly colored, and would not readily be recognized.
The description of Reeve is very brief. He says, " Shell cylindrically ovate, olive shaped, obtuse at the apex ; whorls five to six in number minutely granulated towards the apex, crenu- lated along the margin ; columella slightly receding, lip simple ; yellowish green, banded and lineated with dark olive brown. The painting of this species is mostly represented by a conspicuous central band, with fine longitudinally waved lines above and below it." The coloring of Reeve's figure leaves much to be desired ; and, in general, I think such figures are better lefb uncolored.
I shall now proceed to examine the variations to which the species is subject. First, as to the shape. It will be seen from fig. 1, 6, of the plate that when the shell emerges from the egg, it is obliquely sub-orbicular, and that subsequently it is generally
88 THB PROCEEDINGS OF THE LIKKEAK SOCIETY
ovate. But the width of the oval varies considerably. In the three specimens selected from St. Leonards, near Launoeston, figs. 2 a, b, and c ; one (fig. 2 a,) is almost globose ; 2 b, is less so, while 2 c, is lengthened oval, much more attenuated at the apex than any other except fig. 5 b, a specimen from BothwelL* This globular habit is not due to age, for in fig. 6 a, we have 'a full gr6wn form from Ringarooma, which is even still more globose and tumid. In fig. 4, a specimen from Macquarie Harbor,t we have a globose form yet again differing from the preceding, and with a very obtuse spire. I have placed three shells side by side in the plate, namely fig. 3 a, 4, and 3 b, in order to show the contrast of the variation in shape. Figs. 3 a, and b, are from Port D&vejX, and fig. 4, as already stated, from Macquarie Harbor. In figs. 7 a, b, and c, we hav.e other specimens from Macquarie Harbor, which equally vary in size and shape. I draw attention also to the form of the apex, which is very obtuse in fig. 4, 6 a and b ; moderately so in 2 a and b, 3 a, 5 a, 7 b, aifid almost acute in 2 c, 7 c, 5 b. The form of the aperture is equally varied ; in 2 a, 5 b, 7 a and b, and 4 it is subquadrat-e, while in 5 b, it is narrowly pyriform, in 2 b, 3 a, and 3 b, a little wider but of the same shape. In fig. 5 a, the last whorl is produced so as to make the form oblique. The columella is also extremely variable. In 2 a, it is very much bent, contorted, and truncate, while the inner lip is reflected, giving rise to a false umbilicus. This reflexion of the lip is seen also to a smaller extent in fig. 2 b, but no trace of it remains in fig. 2 c, where the pillar is twisted almost to a plait. In figs. 3 a and b, from Port Davey, there is no perceptible reflexion of the columella. When the animal is taken fresh out of the shell, the whole of the aperture and part of the columella has a kind of silky enamel, which is quite transparent, and allows the coloring of the shell to be seen very clearly. But if the shell becomes dead, this enamel alters to an opaque chalk white, and quite conceals the color of the aperture, though it must be a lining of the most
• About 50 miles north of Hobart, and St. Leonards is about 120 miles. t Formerly a convict station on the west coast, but now uninhabited, i On the extreme south west of the island, now only occupied by a few timber sawyers and splitters.
I
\ I
, t
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 89
extreme tenuity. Generally the outer lip or labrum slopes away in a smooth acute edge. In figure 4 we have an instance of a distinct sinus near the suture very like what is seen in the marine genera Bwphnella, Bela, Mangelia, ^c. This is supposed to be connected with a slit in the posterior side of the mantle of the animal. In the shell figured, probably the animal had a mantle thrown more forward in the direction of the centre of the lips, and the apparent sinus is due to the secretion of the shell being more abundant in that direction. It affords a curious instance of an abnormal character being imitative and apt to deceive collectors who rely upon a single individual. The specimen, when handled, shows the sinus in a more remarkable manner than can be expressed in a figure. The plaits or rugose edges of the whorls at the suture are not visible on the larger specimens, while on the smaller they extend down the whole length of the shells. In some shells, and generally the small ones, the surface is shining and almost polished, but in the others, especially those which are globose, the surface is silky, and under the microscope has a decussated appearance like woven cloth. In these specimens the spiral strisB are close and con- spicuous, especially towards the summit.
I have mentioned already that the color varies but within certain limits, and were it not for these limits and a certain general resemblance in the pattern, I am sure many species would have been made of Bulimus Dufresnii. This general resemblance is| in the permanence of one or two spiral yellow bands on the basal whorl. The body color varies from light yellow (fig. 7a), chestnut brown (fig. 6a), rich deep maroon brown (fig. 4), and dull pale olive (fig. 6b). The last whorl has generally all underneath the spiral bands of a deeper color than the rest of the shell, and when the color is yellow or olive this is a deep rich brown. When there are two yellow bands the space between has a deep brown narrow band. There seem but few exceptions to this. Sometimes there are two of the brown bands. The width of the yellow band varies in every individual and its color. I have seen a shell of a pink white
90 THB PROCBEDINOS OF THE LTNKEAN SOCIETY
with only one deep purple brown narrow band and no other band or color. Generally the bands at each side of the darker band vary from almost dull chrome to almost white. In fact it would be difficult to imagine anything like the varied pattern which are produced by the moderate materials of brown and yellow spiral bands.
We might further enquire what are the purposes served by these bands of color. My own idea is that they are in some way connected with the organs of reproduction. I have called attention in a paper read before the Society at the last meeting to a similar feature in the LditorinoB, The same peculiarity is observed in many of the Australian BuUmi. In B, Baconi there are two broad conspicuous chestnut bands, though from what we have seen in B. Dufresnii, we might expect them to be one or two, or broad or narrow, according to the individual. Bulvmus AngasiantLS, Pfp., has two yellow bands; but we learn from Mr. Masters, through Dr. Cox, that there is a variety at its habitat (Port Lincoln, S.A.) which is of a beautiful bright yellow color with indications of a single spiral reddish line. In B. melo, Quoy and Qaimard, we ha^e another variable species with spiral lines. Dr. Cox says with reference to this shell that " it differs from B. Kingii in diversity of markings, conspicuously differs from it in the first instance by its greater solidity and less lengthened form. Menke specifies four varietes. Pfeiffer gives descriptions of six, and my own collection could furnish others.*" B. Bidwilli is another species with spiral bands. The three just named are from Western Australia, but banded forms of coloring seem to be peculiar to the South of Australia and Tasmania, and spreading westward. All the Bulvmi found on the east side oi the continent are of entirely different style of coloring.
It must be remarked that when it said that the pattern of the coloring is constant within certain limits, that is because naturalists have regarded those without any bands of color to be of different species. There is a Bulimus without bands in Tasmania, which
• Dr. Cox, loc, cit., p. 75.
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 91
is named B, Tctsmanicus,* It is a good deal different in shape from B. Dufresniiy bat we have seen that such a feature is not of value. It woald be interesting, to keep some of the live in- dividuals for some time, and see if the different species would breed together.
The egg of the B, Dufresnid calls for no particular remark » except for its size, which is disproportionately large to the animal which brings it forth. Just before breaking forth, the shell is very thin, amber colored, and almost developed into the form figured in the plate fig. 1 b. The shell as well as the egg is so exceedingly brittle that even an alteration of the temperature is sufficient to break it, and no doubt it is in this manner that the imprisoned animal escapes from its enclosure.
In conclusion, I must express my great obligations to Mr. W. Legrand, of Hobart, author of " Monogra/ph of Taamanian Land Shells.^* He placed his very extensive collections entirely at my disposal for descriptions, and I need scarcely say such a number of varieties could be got together by no ordinary observer. I have also to thank Dr. J. C. Cox, for the use of his collection.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7.
Pig. 1 a. — ^Bgg of BuUrnvs Dufresnii.
Pig. 1 b. — Shell just emerged from the egg.
Pig. 2 a.b.c. — Specimens from. St. Leonards, Launceston*
|
Pig. 3 a.b. |
do. |
do. |
Port Davey. |
|
Pig. 4 |
do. |
do. |
Macquarie Hairbor. |
|
Fig. 5 a.b. |
do. |
do. |
Bothwell. |
|
Pig. 6 a.b. |
do. |
do. |
Bingarooma. |
|
Pig. 7 a.b.0. |
do. |
do. |
Macquarie Harbor. |
Note. — ^All the figures are natural size.
* It is mttch thinner than B. Dvfremii, more acute and only found near the coast. I have very little douht that it is identical with B. Kvngii, Gray, of Western Australia, which bw the following synonomy according to Dr. Cott. Helix trUineata, Q. and 6., and VerasBac, and Deshayes; B. trilinecttus, Reeve; B, Sayi, Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1846, p. 114 ; B. melo, Var. B. Menke Moll. Nov. HolL, p. 7. Tlie species is fotmd in Western Aagtrtdia, hut no douht has intermediate stations.
t Printed and puhlished hy the author, 1871 ; and I regreji U> JKld, the first edition was niaU and is now out of print. Copies are exceedingly scarce.
92 THE PBOCEEDINaS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
On Three New Genera and One New Speoies of Madreporaria Corals, by the Rev. J. B. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c,, &c., Hon. Corr. Mem. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales.
The corals which I now describe T believe to be new, and are most interesting. Two are from Fiji (Nandi) and the other two are extratropical and Australian. The first belongs to the family TurhinolidcBy sub-family Tu/rhinolma, group (probably) Flahellacece. It is distinguished however in such a way from Flahellum proper, that in my judgment it should be made the type of a new genus. Flahellum, it yrill be remembered, is distinguished not only by its compressed calice of many septa, but also by the complete absence of pali and any trace of a columella. The septa are however often thickened and spread out on their interior edge at the base of the fossa, making what is called a pseudo columella by their contact. But though they frequently fill up the base of the fossa, yet the opposite septa do not unite. In the specimen to which I draw attention, the primary and tertiary septa which are opposite to one another do unite without any expansion or alteration beyond a slight thickening, and thus the spaces included between the primaries and secondaries become complete compartments, extending continuously from one side of the calice to the other. The form of the calice also is certainly not flabellate. It is broadly elliptical, and narrowed very little below until it suddenly rounds off to a small pedicel. The peculiar ornamentation of the base, and the general contour forcibly remind one of an urn or ornamental vase. The affinities of the genus are probably more with Sphenotrochys than Flahellum, and if the specimen were in a little better state of preservation, one could speak more positively as to the epitheca and the edge of the calice. From the general aspect of the corallum, I propose for the genus the name of Vasillum, The following is the diagnosis : —
Vasillum. New genus.
Corallum generally resembling Sphenotrochtis, but in place of a columella the septa of opposite sides of the calice unite to form separate compartments.
. OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 93
Vasillum tuberculatum, n. s., pi. 10, figs. 3, 3a, 3b.
Corallam am shaped, attached by a rather small cylindrioal pedicel ; apparently no epitheca ;* the costaa broad and flat, divided by slight grooves which correspond with the primary and secondary septa ; at the base of the ribs, but not at the base of every one, there is a blunt, prominent and conspicuous tubercle, symmetrically placed, so that there is one at each end and two at each side (six in all, corresponding to the systems) of the major axis ; calice broadly elliptical and rather everted ; ends of major axis somewhat lower, from which the edge curves upwards to the minor axis in a zigzag line ; angles of zigzag very obtuse ; the apices corresponding with the primary and secondary septa, and therefore with the grooves between the costsB ; fossa shallow except at the centre where there is a deep groove ; septa in six systems of four cycles, but the third and fourth, though always present are merely rudimentary ; primaries aud secondaries equal, salient, but not exsert, thickened at their point of union ; the primaries at the end of the major axis of the calice do not unite with the secondaries which meet in front of them; all highly granular. Alt. 10, major axis 9|, minor 7, mil. Port Phillip or Bass Straits. The specimen was forwarded to me by Prof. McCoy, from examples in the Melbourne National Museum.
I may mention further that when the base of the fossa is ex- amined by a lens and with a good light, there is a kind of calcareous deposit in the centre underneath where the septa janite, and at the end of the major axis, one of the secondaries se^ds forth a process to unite with a primary. I should say that the individual was not very young even though the third and fourth cycles are so rudimentary. It has many analogies with a fossil described by me from the Muddy Creek beds, in Proc. Boy. 8oe. tl. 8. Wales, vol 9, (1877), p, 189, and named Placotrochnis elegans. I think also there is a fossil found still more nearly allied, but which has not been described, nor is it just now accessible to me for comparison. Its form was similar though smaller, and as far as I remember it would belong to the same genus.
* The speciinea is rather worn, and the details of the epitheca, costse, &c., could not be wall mad« out.
94 THB PBOCBEDINaS OF THE LIKVXAV 80CIBTT
The new ooral to which I have now to draw attention is a very remarkable instance of the appearance in the present epoch of characters which belong to long-extinct forms of life, nnited to others which are our commonest forms of zoophytic life. Most geologists are familar with a certain fossil ooral which goes by the name of Microaolena, It is a zoothome of a dense tissae with rather deep calices, without paU or distinct walls, with confluent septa very much perforated or trabecular, and the whole mass of the calices surrounded by a strongly marked epitheca. The most marked feature amongst them is their confluent calices, which renders it difficult to distinguish them from ThamnastreiB and Oroseris when they are not in a good state of preservation. They are all lower Mesozoic fossils, the most of them having been found in the Tipper Jura of France, or in the Great Oolite of England. Lamouroux (^Exposition metho- dique des genres de Vordre Polypiers, Oaen 1821, p. 65,) and subsequently Blainville (Marmel d*actvnologie, 18B4, p. 423), regarded the fossil which served as the type of the genus, as near to the TuhuUporos, (wbich are Polyzoa,) because they mistook the trabecular portions of the septa as tubes which had been filled up by a process which was then supposed to happen in the case of Oeriopora. Mons. H. Michelin {Iconographie Zoophyto- logique. Description des poly piers fossiles de France et des pays ewoironna/nts fig. par L. Michelin and J. Dela/rue, 1841-1847, p. 227, 1845) was the first to recognize the true character of tbese corals, but he mistook the genus and named them Aheopora, In reality says Milne Edwards {Hist. Nat. des Oorallaires voUd, 1860, p, 196,) the genus Microsolena differs very little from Goscinarcea, and is only distinguished by the lax tissue, the complete epitheca, and the more scattered trabecular septa.
The genus Microsolena belongs to the second family of Madrb- PORARIA PERFORATA, the PoRiTiDiE, a division which is characterized by the reticulate, trabecular and porous sclerenchyma ; the individuals always closely united together either directly by thin walls or by the insertion of a spongy ccenenchyma ; they increase by gemmation which is ordinarily extracalicular and submarginal.
OF NEW SOUTH WALSS. 95
The septal apparel is always more or less distinot, never oompletely lamellar, and formed only by a series of trabecules, which constitute by their union a sort of loose and irregular trellis-work. The walls present the same porous and irregular structure. The visceral chambers contain at times certain rudi- mentary traverses, but are never divided by floors* {plcmchers).
This family of Po&itid^ is divided into two groups. 1. Poritin^ = no canenehyma; 2. MoNTiPOBiNiB = oBnenchyma, well developed ; and it is among the 1st. group that the MieroaolevuB are found. This group contains nine genera; the first two (Pontes and BhodarcBo) distinguished by pali, and the other seven (Ooniopora, Litha/roea, ProtaroBa, Aheopora, Meandraroea, OotinarcBa,) destitute of those organs.
As already stated, Microaoleiui is distinguished by having all the individuals enclosed in a strong or compact epitheca, and the septal apparatus confluent. The zoothome thus resulting is massive, turbinate, gibbous, digitiform, dendroid or spread out in plates. There are about twenty fossil species known, and they appear as late as the later mesozoic rocks.
The coral which I am about to describe is a Microsolena, in which the septa are not confluent. It would belong to the iiorbinate division, but must be placed in a genus by itself, for the septa are not only trabecular irregular and distinct, but the gemmation is most peculiar, being intracalicular and in congeries of individuals, rising one above another. The walls are also entire above, and form more or less complete partitions above with none of that open spongy tissue which occurs in Aheopora, neither could I see any of those horizontal partitions across the cells, which gives to the genus just named that tabulate character of the ancient Favosites.jc From these peculiarities of the walls, septa, and mode of gemmation, I propose the erection of a new genus, to which I give the name Dlechoraa (from S^eyo) to stand apart in allusion to the non-confluent septa). The ofenus is thus characterized : —
• Hist Kat. dee Cor., Vol. Z, p. 172. t On aotoiint of this tabulate structure, a related species of unknown locality has been ntide the ^jrpe of new genus called Favoritipcra by Mr. W. S. Kent (see Ann. Nat. Hist., 1870X bat Mr. Dana had already called attention to the structure.
96 THE PB0CBEDING8 OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
DiECHOR^A. New Genus. Poriti/ruB with the individuals enclosed in a common and conspicuous epitheca like Microsolena, but with the septa not confluent, apart and trabecular ; gemmation intracalicular.
DiECHORiEA BOLETIFORMIS, N. 8., PI. 10, fig. 4, magnified
4s diam. fig. 4a, calice, magnif. 6 dia.
Corallum small, turbinate, elliptical, spreading rapidly into a broadly flaring undulating disc. Peduncle wide, but not so wide as the summit.* Calices numerous, polygonal, irregular in shape and size, and all very minute, but some so much longer than others that they appear to result almost from the confluence of two. Septa, an irregular series of sharp needle-like points of every length, sometimes almost stretching from side to side, and making the interior of the very deep fossa bristle with their transparent projections ; wall thickly studded with short stout and very conical points, swollen at the base and always pointing towards the interior of the fossa. Epitheca in very thick folds of yellowish, shining, fibrous-like tissue completely covering the exterior and projecting 'as a thin lamina above the edge. Inside this there are, in the only specimen I have seen, other raised rings of epitheca enclosing a number of calices, but only very slightly (half a millimeter) above the parent. This raised ring enclosed another circle, also slightly raised, but in this circle the calices appear incomplete, for they are closed com- pletely across by a kind of transparent membrane, on which a few spiculsB like septa are lying, and the walls are more roughly granular. The whole calicular surface is convex, broadly elliptical, the ends of the major axis being depressed. The appearance is very like a small dry Boletus such as grow upon dry or withered branches Alt. 7, major axis 7, min. 6, mill. Taken from the side of a dead coral on a reef off" Nandi, Fiji Group.
We may suppose in this very interesting species that the real septa upon which the animal rests are the granular points on the summit of the wall, and that the spiculso or pseudo septa in the
* The specimen was broadly attaclied to a coral, and it seems as if in breaking it off, some of the points of attachment had been broken as well.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 97
fossa are the sapports for the base of the animal. The calices themselves are quite microscopic, three or four of them occapjiDg no more than the space of a millimeter.
I now have farther to introduce to science a very interesting coral of the tabulate section of Madreporaria (Madreporabia tabulata). In the third family, the SEBiATOPORiDiB, we have arborescent corals with an abundant and compact ccenenchymaj few traces of tabulae, and the visceral chamber filling by the continuous growth of the walls and columella. The family is divided into four genera, the first, Seriatopora, remarkable for the hispid surface and the almost complete absence of septa. They are all nearly very small corals with exceedingly minute calices. The septa are more visible in the next genus, Bhabdopora, which is a Paleozoic (carboniferous) fossil with prismatic branches. Dendropora has the calices scattered, with a raised margin and a smooth ccBnenchyma. This is also a Paleozoic fossil as well as the next genus, Trachypora, which has the casnenchyma striate.
The species I propose to describe does not come under any of the foregoing genera, but appears to occupy an intermediate place and nearest to Seriatopora. It has thin cylindrical branches, very hispid, with scattered calices and exsert septa. I propose from the latter character to name the genus PhfUopora, which is thus described ; —
Phyllopora. New genus.
Ocenenchyma, hispid, compact ; tabulaa, rarely visible ; calices, distant ; septa, exsert, distinct, and in cycles.
Phyllopora spinosa, n. s,, PI. 10, fig. 2, 2a.
Oorallum very small, tufted, much branched; branches generally at right angles or sloping upwards, and bifurcating ; surface very granular, the granules supporting long, fine, branched, and subdivided projections ; calices in a linear, rather distant, projecting series ; systems six, cycles^ two always present with the rudiments of a third ; septa hispid, exsert ; primaries projecting into the calice ; secondaries and tertiaries smaller,
98 THE PBOCEBDINGS OF THE LINNBAN SOCIETY
and lying upon the margin ; columella siyliform, prominent, central. Dimensions: tnfts 20 to 25 millim. high, diam. of branches 1 to 2.
There are about 32 calicos in about 10 millim. of a branch, arranged in four lines on opposite sides and alternately, so that the series is quincuncial.
From a block of dead coral from Fiji. One very small tufL Museum of Hon. W. Macleay.
Section Mad/r&porcma ferforata. Family Madreporidos, sub- family Eupsamrnvna,
Balanofhtllu dehtata, n. 8., PI. 10, fig. 1, la.
Corallum, moderately tall, very slightly spreading towards the calico which is broadly elliptical, very deep, and with a thick honeycombed margin, upon which the groups of three septa project to form a regularly coronate edge ; calicular fossa wide and deep, septa subequal projecting very little from the wsJl, and therefore osly slightly salient into the fossa, all highly granular, and with regularly dentate edges, the teeth on the third, fourth, and fifth orders being long and neat near the margin, becoming coarse tubercular and granular near the cohimella ; four cycles in six systems ; primaries thick and secondaries nearly equal to them ; fourth and fifth orders uniting in front of the tertiaries close to the wall, the saone orders closely adpressed to the primaries and secondaries at their origin and projecting above the edge of the calico ; columella, loose, spongy, small and inconspicuous ; costsa, distinct, broad, flat, very finely granular ; no epitheca visible.
The only specimen seen by me is so encrusted with Polyzoa? as to make the epitheca doubtful. As however this organ is a mere secretion for the protection of the coral, this function no doubt was effected by the Polyzoa. The coral itself was parasitic upon an Eschara from the South Coast, which is probably lichenoides, M. Ed. I am not sure of the locality, but as the Polyzoa are known to ihe as from the South Coast, the coral must have come from the same locality. Amongst them was what T take to be D*Orbigny's Vtscoporella Novcb Hollandice, which
OF NEW SOTTTH WALES. 9d
has not bee& identified since the author's description as far as I can learn. The coral itself was completely embedded in the foliations of the Eschara which had to be broken away in order to extract it. It is 14 millim high, major axis of calice 9, minor 7.
In the depth of the fossa, smallness of columella, granular septa and absence of epitheca, this species comes nearest to the tertiary fossil from Muddy Creek B, tubuUformis, Duncan, but in that species the higher orders do not unite.
I am not aware whether any other instances are known of corals growing on tufbs of Polyzoa, but as this has been found, collectors will probably make a more diligent search, as the specimen of Eschara has been a long time in the Macleayan Museum, and had been many times handled by me before the existence of the BalaaiophylUa was observed. The Eacha/ra in question grows on rocks and stones in comparatively shallow water, and the growth is very rapid. A specimen grew to a tuft about 6 inches high, and spread about 9 inches in every direction on the anchor chain of a vessel that was exactly three months in harbor.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10.
Fig. 1. — BalanophylUa dentata, slightly enlarged.
Fig. la. — ditto ditto calice
Fig. 2. — Phyllopora spmosay nat. size.
Fig. 2a. — ditto ditto part of branch magnified.
Fig. 3. — VasUlwn tuberculatrmif slightly enlarged.
Fig. 3a. — ditto ditto calice.
Fig. 3b. — ditto ditto base.
Fig. 4. — LHechoraa boletifomvis, enlarged 4 diameters.
Fig. 4a. — ditto ditto calice.
»
100 THB PBOCEEDINOS OF THE LINNSAN SOCIETY
ZOOLOGY OF THE "CHEVBRT.
ORNITHOLOGY. Paet U.
By E. P. Ramsat, F.L.S., &o., Ac.
Having been requested by Mr. Macleay to examine and determine the beautiful collection of Birds obtained in New Guinea during the voyage of the " Chevert," I have much pleasure in laying before the meeting this evening a list of the species, with a few remarks on some of those which appear to me to be of interest.
I find among the Paradisiidce two species of Manucodes, one Bower bird (Ohlammfdodera) and one species of Paradisea (P, raggicma). The Oohrnihae are particularly well represented by thirteen species, four of which are Australian. One of the most interesting is a spirit specimen which I have, with some doubt, assigned to Hemicophaps albifrons, of G. R. Gray.
The Pditacidm contain a fine series of carefully sexed specimens of Eclecl/us polychlorusj two species of White Cockatoos, beautiful skins of Geoffroyi/u8 aruensis, Ohcdcopsittacus scirUillatvs, and a fine specimen of Lorms hypoenochrotis, G. R. Gray, with the inter- scapular region black. Some fine specimens of Todopsis cyanocephala (Quoy et Gaim ?) * males and females ; the latter sex I believe has been described under the name of Todopsis honapartei by Dr. G. R. Gray. The Muscicapidce are represented by seven species, including beautifully prepared skins of Peizcn'hynchus (Drymophylla) alecto, Temm., (the P. nitidus of Mr. Gould,) and Arses enado, Less., usually known under the name of Arses telescopthahnuSy Less., which is the male of the species.
Among the Gamphephagidoe I find Graucalus angustifrons (of R. B. Sharpe), a species closely allied to the Australian Chraucalus hypoleucos, Gould, best distinguished by its whiter forehead and jet black frontal band ; EdoUisoma hoyeri, Quoy et Gaim., and ii/, Tnelas, S. Mull ; also the female and a species of Gampephaga. slightly dijQTerent from G. jardinii, which is probably G. millleriy of Salvadori (^Ann, Mus. civ. nat. Genov., VII, p. 927 ; 1875).
* I can find no difference between the Port Moresby birds and those from the Am Islands, Tlio females of both a^'ree with the figure in the Voy. do I'Astrolabe, pi. 5, fig. 4.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 101
The MeUphagida are represented by six species, which include Myzomela erythroce^hala, Goald ; and FtilotU cmaloga, Reich., which I find varies mnch in size.
One species of DicsBum was obtained, the beautifal Dico&wm ruhrocoronatmn of Mr. R. B. Sharpe.
Among the Plovers are Gharad/rius mongoli(yu8, of Pallas, and Hvmantopus leucooephalusy and among the Anatidoe, Anas castanea of Ejton, the A, pimctata of Mr. Gould's Birds of Australia.
The whole collection contained about 400 specimens represen- ting 53 genera and 68 species, all of which have been carefully sexed and the localities noted by Mr. G. Masters, Curator of the Macleayan Museum, who accompanied the expedition.
I must acknowledge valuable assistance obtained from Count Salvadori's numerous papers on Farpuan Ornithology^ (Ann, Mus. Ovvic, Genov.) which the learned author has so kindly forwarded to me, and also from Mr. R. B. Sharpe's valued " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guvnea,^^ Journ. Linn, Soc. Zool. vol. XIlL I regret I have not yet seen Sharpe's Cat. Birds, Vol. III.
Family PARADISEIDiE.
1. — Paradisea raggiana, Sclater,
Paradisea raggiana, Sclater, P. Z, S, 1873, p. 659.
Two specimens in spirits, adult <? , ? .
Loc, Adjacent coast, opposite Yule Island, on the Ethel River.
2. — Manucodia ati^, Less,
Less, Toy. Ooq. Zool, I, pt, 2, p. 638. (1828). Sahad, op, ait. iZ, p, 189 ; Sharpe, op, cit. XUI, pp, 317 and 500.
The collection contains a fine series of beautifully preserved specimens of this fine species. The trachea is simple, not con- voluted as in Af. gouldii, from Cape York. The youug are destitute of the beautiful purple reflections so conspicuous in the adults and have not the recurved feathers on the head.
This appears to be very common all along the south coast ; it is the most common of Port Moresby species.
Loe, Hall Sound, Katau (Masters) ; Port Moresby fMorton, Broadbent).
102 THE PS0CBSDIKG8 OF THB UKNBAK SOCIBTT
8. — ^Manucodu kbbaudbbni, Less 8f Ga/m,
Voy. Ooq. pi, 13.
The trachea of this species is convoluted as in the Australian species, to which it is very closely allied. It is a rare bird on the south coast of New Guinea.
Loe. Hall Sound.
4. — ChIiAMTdodbra OBRvmivBNTRis, Oould,
Gould, P. Z. 8, 1050, p. 201 ; id. Bds. of Av;&t, fol Supp, pt. -, pi. - ; id. Handbk. J, p. 445 ; Ba/msay, List, Aust Bds, sp, 812.
Several specimens in no way differing £rom the Gape York examples. A bower was obtained by Mr. Masters among the Mangroves on the margin of a scrub within the influence of Spring tides.
Log. Hall Sound.
Family GINNYRIDuE.
5. — CmNTRIS PRBNATA, S, MuU,
Shelly, Mon. Cvn/n. pt, JTI; Gould, Bds. Ami, Supp. I, pi, 45 ; id, Handbk. Bds. Aust. I,p, 584; Bamsay, List. Aust Bds. p, 191 ; sp. 403.
Common on the South coast of New Guinea and on all the wooded islands in Torres Straits.
Log. Hall Sound, &c.
GOLUMB^.
Family CARPOPHAGID^. 7. — Carpophaqa pinion, Qtioy and Gaim.
Q. ^ G, Voy, TJran. Zool. p. 118, pi 28 (1824) ; Sharpe, Jowm. Linn. Soc. Zool. XIII, p. 319 ; id, t. c. p,, 502 ; Sahad. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. IX, p. 202, sp. 52.
Tolerably common on South Coast.
Log, Hall Sound.
8. — Carpophaga mulleri, Temm.
PI. col, 656. (1835) ; Sahad. Ann. Mus. Gwic. Gen. IX. p. 402, sp, 51.
Several specimens of this fine species. Loc. Hall Sound.
OT VBW SOUTH WALBS. 103
9. — Qaspophaoa 8PIL0BBH0A, 0. B. Qray.
G. B, Gray, P. Z, 8., 1858, p. 186 ; Bamsay, P. L. 8., N, S. If., vol. L p,p 372, 394 ; id. t. c. U. p. 195, 372-3-4 ; id. t c. 1876, p. 115 ; Oould, Handbk Bds. Aust. 11. p. 144 ; Sahad. t. c. IX. p. 202, sp. 55.
Common eyerywhere on the Sonth Coast, and all the wooded Islands of Torres Straits.
Loc. Hall Sound, Katau, Yule Island, &c.
10. — Meoaloprepia puella. Less.
Less. £uU. Umo. 8c. nat. X. p. 400. (1827) ; 8ahad. t.c. IX. p. 193.
This species is closely allied to M. assimiUs Gould, of which I have seen specimens differing bat little in size, from Cape York.
Loc. E^tau.
11. — Ptilopus supbrbus, Temm.
Temm. Knip. Pig. P. 75, pi. 33. (1108-11) ; Sahad. t.c p. 199 ; Gould. Bds. Aust, Ha/ndbh. IL j? 108.
Several fine specimens, males, females, and yoang. Loc. Hall Sonnd.
12. — Ptilopus ooronulatus, G. R Gray.
G. B. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 185. pi. 138 ; Sha/rpe t. c. pp. 320, 503 ; Sahad. t. c. p. 190.
Two specimens. This species was not found to be common. Hoc. Hall Sound, Ethel River.
13.— Ptilopus aurantiifbons, G.B.Gray.
G. B. Gray, P. Z. S., 1858, p. 185. pi. 137 ; Sahad. t. c. p. 197. Tolerably plentiful all along the South Coast. Loc. Ethel River, Hall Sound.
]4. — Ptilopus ionozonus, G. B. Gray.
G. B. Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 186 ; Sahad. t. c. p. 198. Loe. Hall Sound, Katau.
Family COLUMBID^ . 15. — Macboptgia dobeta, Bp. Bp. Oonsp. Av. I., p. 517, (1854).
104 THE PSOCEBDIVaS OF THE LINNEAK 80CIEY
One specimen which I beliere is referable to this species, it is closely allied to M, phasiamUa of New South Wales. Loc Katao.
16. — GE0PBL14 PLACIDA, Gould.
Hcmdbk. Bda. Aust 27. p. 145.
Apparently the same as the Gape York individuals, tolerably common.
Loc, Hall Sound.
Family GOURID^.
17. — Chalcophaps chetsochlora, Wagl,
Wagl, Syst Av, Cohimba, sp. 79, (1827) ; OouM. Bds. Austfol. vol. V, pi, 62 ; id, Handhk. II, p. 118. Loc. Hall Sound.
18. — Henicophaps albipbons, G, R, Ora/y,
G. B. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 432., pi 47 ; Sahadari, t. c, p, 207.
One specimen in spirits. Loc, Hall Sound.
19. — Goura albertisi, Sakad,
Sahad, AtU. R, Ac, Sc. Tor. XL, p, 680, t VIL (1876).
This fine species appears to be very plentiful all along the South Coast of New Guinea, where during the drought of 1877-8, they appeared in great numbers.
Loc, Hall Sound, Ethel River, &c.
Order PSITTACI. Family PSITTACID^.
20. — Caca'I'UA TRITON, Temm.
Temm, Oov/p d^ceil les possess. Neerland dans *llnde Arch. Tom, III. (1849)., p. 405. (Nota); Finsch. Fapag. I. p. 291; Sahad, t. c.,p. 24.
Mr. Masters informs me this species was found tolerably plentiful, and feeding on the green cocoanuts. Specimens were brought alive to Sydney.
Loc. Hall Sound.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 106
21.— Cacatua qalerita, Lath.
Lath, Ind. Om., p. 109, 1790.
Undoabied specimens of this species were obt-ained by Mr. Masters, who notices that the crests are slightly longer in pro- portion to the size of the bird than in the N.S. Wales individuals. The natives keep both species for the sake of the yellow crest- feathers, which they plnck out for ornamenting their heads, <&c.
Log. Hall Sound, Katau.
22. — MiCROGLOSSUS ATEREIMUS, Om.
Grth, Syst Nat L^p, 330, n. 93, (1788) ; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool, X.IIL, p. 491 ; Salvad. Ann, Nat. Mvs, Oivic. Gen. X., p. 25.
I find this a very variable species as to size, some, apparently adult birds, are much smaller than others from the same locality, this and a slight difference in the contour of the bill and elongation of the crest feathers led me to believe that there were two distinct varieties, if not species* — M. aterrvmus and if. goliath. I have every reason to believe now that the differences are merely individual.
Log. Hall Sound.
23. — Geopproyius aruensis, G, R. Gray.
G. /.'. GroAf, P. Z. 8., 1858, p. 183 ; Sharpe, op. dt, 1878, p. 309 ; Sdl/oad. Ami. Mus. Givle, Genov. X. p. 29 ; id,, op. dt. IX. p. 810.
Fine adult specimens of this beaatiful species were obtained.
Log. Hall Sound, E^tau.
24. — BCLECTUS POLTCHLORUS, Scop.
Scop, Del. Fhr. and Fawn. Insuhr. p. 87, ti 27, (1786); Salvad. op. dt. IX,, p. 31 ; id. Sharpe op. cit. XIII., p. 491 ; Ramsay, Ihis 44h, Ser. II. p. 379.
A fine series of adults, male and female, carefully sexed by Mr. George Masters. The red and blue birds are undoubtedly females. and the green birds males. Mr. Alex. Morton, who has lately' returned from New Guinea, informs me that the same distinction
* See list of Aust. Birds, P. Z. S., N. S. W., II., p. 193, also, op. cit. I., p. 394.
106 THB PB0CBBDIN08 OF THX LIMMBAN 80CIBTT
holds good with the nestUngs — females and males, which are red and green respectively. Mr. Masters informs me the adnlt birds are frequently found feeding on the young cocoanuts (cocos nucifera).
Family TRICHOQLOSSTNuE. 26. — LoEius HTP<EN0CHB0U8, 0. B. Qray, List PsiU. Bnt Mus., p. 49, (1859).
LoRius HYP(ENOCHROUS, Var, Gulielmi.
Bamsaj, P. L, 8., N. S. W., vol III., p. 73.
A very fine specimen which I refer to this species has a distinct black band across the mantle and interscapular region, and the centre of the abdomen black, the under tail-coverts blackish violet. Specimens referable to the same species from the Duke of York Islands have no black on the upper surface, and the abdomen of a duller, lighter, and more indistinct tint of reddish violet, just as figured in the plate in the " Voyage of the Ouragoa.'*
Lnc. Katau.
Family OARPOPHAGID^.
26. — Chalcopsittacus scintillans, Temm.
Tonmt, pi, col. 569 (Jva).') 1835 ; Sahad, Arm, Mus. Ovoic, Genov. X. p. 34.
Found to be plentiful, but no specimens were obtained of the smaller species so common at Port Moresby, 0. chloropterus of Salvadori, and of which I have lately examined a very large number, the young only of G, chloropterus have the under wing-coverts all f^reen, the adults have crimson foreheads like C. ruhrifrona {G, R. Gray) , and always more or less crimson on under wmg-coverts. They are slightly smaller than Aru Island examples, which I believe to be G. ruhrifrons of Gray. The present species, C. sciniUlams^ is altogether distinct from G. chloropterus (Salvadori) being a much larger bird. T re^^ret I have not a larger series of the Aru Island birds to compare them with, but I do not think there can
*
be any doubt of there being two distinct species on the South Coast of New Guinea.
Loc. Hall Sound, Katau, &c.
or HFW SOUTH iriLBS. 107
27. — Trichoolossus massbnx, Bp, Bp, Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 157 ; Finach die Papag, IL, p.
834 ; Salvdd. Ann. Mus, Oivic, Oenov, X. p. 35.
Several specimens obtained, varying slightly in the tint of the
red coloaring of the under surface. Loc. Hall Sound, Katau.
Order PASSERES. FamUy STURNID^.
28. — Oalornis metallica, Temm.
Bamsay P. L. S, 18, p. — ; Oould Handhk, Bds, Aust. vol, I., p. 477 ; 0. vwidiscens^ G. B. Gray ; SJiarpe, Joum. Linn, Soc, Zool, Xin, p. 318.
These specimens are undoubtedly the same as the Cape York birds and idejitical also with those from Rockingham Bay and the long tailed species from Port Moresby, but whether it be the true metalUca or not, 1 must leave to those who have an oppor- tunity of examining the types to decide. Mr. Sharpe remarks (op. cit. p. 318) that '' the Yule Island bird agrees better with 0, viridescens, with a Dorey specimen of which I have compared it, and it agrees with the latter in wanting the purple shade upon the flank, so conspicuous in the true 0, metallica.^* I have examined some hundreds of specimens from Rockingham Bay, Cairns, Cooktown, Cape York, Yule Island, Hall Sound, Katau, and Port Moresby, without finding any difference between any oi' them.
Like the Australian examples, they breed together in hundreds, constructing their flask-shaped nests together in clumps, occupy- ing whole trees of immense size. I have myself counted over 300 nests on one tree in Australia. Mr. Masters informs me that on one large tree on Yule Island, the mass of nests completely covered and bore down the branches, and must have weighed oyer twenty tons.
Loe, Yule Island, Hall Sound, Katau.
29. — BULABBS DUMONTH, LesS,
Sharpe^ Joum, Linn. Soc. Zool. XIII., p. 378 ; p, 501 ; Gracula damoBtiiy Bamtay, P. L. JS., N.S, W,y vol, 1, j>. 392.
108 THB PK0CEEDING8 OF THE LINNEAlf SOCIETY
Common everywhere. A noisy and pagnacions species. Loc. Hall Sound, Katan, Yale Island.
Family MALURIDiE 30. — Malueus alboscapulatus, Meyer.
Sha/rpe, op, dt. XIL p. 316 ; id. t. c, 494.
Several specimens obtained. This species is common at Port Moresby. The young have the wings brown, the sexes alike in plumage.
Loc. Ethel River, Hall Sound.
31. — ToDOPSis CTANOCEPHALA, Qiwy et Qaim.
Todopsis bonapartii, 0. B. W., Sharpe op, cit. XII. p. 498.
In the first place I know many ornithologists will not agree with me in placing this bird among the MahiridcB. However, from a knowledge of its habits and actions, and after an examination of several spirit specimens, I am fully convinced I am right in keeping it close to the genus Malvrtts. Now as to the species — I have examined fifteen specimens in all from various parts of the South Coast of New Guinea, and compared them with the Aru Island birds, without finding any material difierence. One of the specimens, an adult male, in the Macleayan Museum, has small white tips to the tail feathers. 1 have compared them also with the figures and descriptions in the Voy. au Pole Sud., Voy. <h VAstrolahe, and in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1858, and to me they appear to be identical. Mr. R. B. Sharpe, however, one of our best authorities, states (op. cit.) of the Port Moresby birds, that they certainly are not, G. cyanocephala, and his opinion should have weight in the matter. But I am still of opinion that they are all one and the same species which should bear Lesson's name of T. cyanocephala,
Loc. Hall Sound.
32. CiSTICOLA RUFICEPS, Gould.
Gould. Bds, Aus. fol. vol. III. pi. 45 ; id. Handbk, I. p. 353 ; Barnsay, P. L. S,, N. S, W., vol. II., p. 185, sp. 233.
OV NEW SOUTH WALBS. 109
These specimens are undoubtedly the same as the Australian individuals described under this name by Mr. GK)uld. Loe, Yule Island, Hall Sound.
Family PITTID^.
33. — Pitta NOVJE-GUiNiE, MulL 8f Schleg,
Sharpe op, dt XJIL^ pp,dlb and 494.
Several fine specimens of this beautiful species, which is found tolerably common in all the damp scrubs along the coast during certain seasons of the year.
Loe. Hall Sound, on the banks of the Ethel River.
Family LANIIDiE.
34. — Cracticds cassious, Bodd.
Sharpe, i. e. pp. 317, 499.
This appears to be the most common species of the genus found on the South Coast ; I have received two other species from Port Moresby.
Loe, Hall Sound, &c.
Family DICRURID^.
35. — Chibia carbonabia, 8, MulL
Sharpe, Oat B, IIL, p, 239 ; Joum Linn. Soe. Zool. XIII., p. 499 ; Dicrurus carbonarius, S, Mull, Sahad, §f A, D* Albert Awn, Mus, Oivie. Oenov, VIL,p. 821, (1875) ; Ramsay, P. L. S., N. S, W., vol L, p. 392.
Very common all along the South Coast.
Loe, Hall Sound, Katau, &o„
Family ARTAMID^.
36.— Artamus lbucopygialis, Gould,
Gotdd, Ha/ndhk, Bds. Auat p, 154 ; id. P. Z. S, 1842, p. 17 ; Bamsay, P. L. S., N, S, W., vol, II, p. 179.
The New Guinea specimens are slightly smaller than those from K, S. Wales.
Loe, Katan.
110 THE PBOCRBDIKeS OF THE LINNEAK 80CIBTT
Family CUCULID^. 37. — Obntropus spiloptebus, Gmy. Sharpe, t c, jpp, 81, 370, 491 ; 0. melctnwrus^ Bamtajy P. L. S., N. S. W., vol I., p. 394.
Common in all the grass beds.
Loc, Hall Sonnd, Katau, Yule Island.
38. — SCYTHROPS NOVJE-HOLLANDIJB, Lath.
Salvad. cmd D* Albert, Arm, Mus. Oivic, Oenov, FIT., p. 815; Bamsay, t, c. p. 394.
Common, similar to the Australian birds.
Loc, Katau.
39. — Chalcites plaqosus, Latk
Oould. Handhk, Bds, Aust,, vol. J, p. 623 ; Ramsay, op. cit. vol. IL, p. 192.
Precisely the same as the North Australian birds of Uiis species.
Tjoc. Hall Sound.
Family DIC^ID^.
40. — DiCiEUM RDBROCORONATUM, Sharpe.
Sharpe, Nature, Aug. 17, 1876, p. 339., Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic Oenov. IX., p. 31 ; Ramsay, op. cit. vol. I., p. 390 ; Sharpe, Joum. Linn. Soc. Zool. XIIL, p. 496.
This beautiful species was first discovered by Mr. Masters, during the Macleay Expedition, and afterwards obtained by Messrs. Broad bent and Petterd, Goldie, Morton, and others. I find that it is tolerably common all along the South Coast, particularly at Port Moresby, on the Lalokie Kiver, where the types were obtained by Broadbent.
Loc. Hall Sound.
Family MELIPHAGID^.
41. — Myzomela obscuka, Gould.
Gould, P. Z. S., vol. X.jp. 136 ; iSharpe, Joum. Linn. Soc. Zool. XII. p. p. 496 ; Salvad, Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. IX. p. 32 Ramsay, P. L. S., N. S. W., II. p. 190.
Generally dispersed over the South Coast.
Loc. Katau, Hall Sound.
OF NEW SOUTH WJLLSB, 111
42. — Mtzombla ebtthboobphala, Gould.
Gould, P. Z. S.y pt VIL p. 144 ; id, Handhk, Bds. Atut. I, p. 556 ; id, Bds, Aust, fol, vol, IV. pi 64.
I believe this is the first time this species has been recorded from New Qainea. I find no difference between the New Gainea examples and those from the Aastralian Coast.
Loc, Eatan, Hall Soond, &o.
43. — Ptilotis analoga, B&iehenb.
SaXvad, Awn. Mus, Civic. Oenov. IX. , p, 32 ; P. gracilis, Goulds P, Z. S., 1866,/?. 217; P. notata, id. Supp, Bds, Av^i. fol, vol, I. p. 41 ; Bamsay, P. L. S., N, S, W,, II, p, 207 ; P. similis. Homh, et Jacq Voy. au Pole Sttd,pl. X VIL fig. 23.
Evidently a very common species, distribnted over the whole of the Soathem part of New Guinea, and the North and North- Eastem shores of Australia.
Loc, Hall Sound, Katan, &c.
44. — Ptilotis vbesicolor, Goidd.
Gould, Bds. Aust. fol. vol. V. pi. 34 ; id. Handbk. Bds. Aust. I. p. 506 ; Bcmsay, P. Z. S., N, S, W., II., p. 189 ; Romisay, op, cit. IL p. 189.
At present this is the only instance or record of nndoubted specimens of this beantifnl species being found in New Guinea. They differ in no way from the Australian birds.
Loc Katau.
45. — Ptilotis filigera, Gould,
Gould, Bds. Aust, Supp. fol. vol. L, p, — ; id. Handhk. Bds.
Aus. I., p. h^ ; Ramsay, List of Atistralian Birds, P. L. S., N. 8.
W,, II, p, 189; Salvad, Ann, Mus, Gvoic. Gen. IX , p. 33.
Generally dispersed, but not plentifully, over the whole of the South Coast.
Loc. Hall Sound.
46.^TrOPIDORHTNCHUS NOVJl-GUINEiE, 8. Mull.
8. Mull, Vehr. Nat Gesch. p, 153; Salvad. Sf D*Alb. op. dt, VIL p, 826 ; Salvad, op. cit, IX., p. 34 ; Sharpe, op. cit, XIII, , p, 497 ; Philemon novaB-guineae, lla/msay, op. cit. I. p. 390.
Very plentiful everywhere.
Loc, Hall Sound, Katau, <fec.
112 THB PROCBBBIFOS OF THl LIKirSAK 8O0I1TT
Fanulj OBATBBOPODIDA
47. — ^POMATOSTOXUB ISIDOBn, Xefff.
Lesi. Voy. Ooq. AUaa. pi 29. fig. 2 ; Sahad. op. eU. VII. p. 825 ; Bamsay, op. dL II. p. 891.
This speoies was not found plentifiil, its habits and actions resemble those of the Australian speoies. Mr. Masters informs me they traverse the woods in small troops, and frequent the more open parts, and being always on the move are not easily obtained.
Itoo^ Hall Sound.
Fanuly ORIOLID^.
48. — OaiOLUS STBUTus, Quoy et GMku
Sharpe, op. cU. XIII. pp. 82, 818, 500 ; Bamsay, op. wL I. p^ 891.
An abundant species everywhere. Loc. Hall Sound.
Family MUSOICAPID^
49. — MiGSXGA FLATI0A8TEB, OoM.
GouU, p. Z. 8. pt. X. p. 132. id. Bd$. Aust.fd. vol. II. pi. 94 ; id, op. dt, Hamdbh. /., p. 261 ; Ramsay y List Aust. Bds. in op. eit. TLp. 182; Sahad. ^ D' Albert op. cit VII. p.8l7 ; Sahad. op. cit IL p. 23 ; Sharpe, op. cit XIII. p. 498.
I do not observe any material difference between the New G-ainea specimens and those from Northern Australia ; as Mr. Sharpe remarks, the yellow line over the eye is a little more defined, and some individuals are a trifle larger than others, but these variations are also found in Australian examples I collected at Rockingham Bay.
Loc. Hall Sound, " frequenting the Mangroves." — (G. M.)
51. — MyiAtlRA BUBECULA, Lath.
Ramsay, List of Aust, Bds. i/n op. cit. 77.182; Myiagra nitida, Gould, Bds. Aust, fol. vol, II. pi. 91.
A female, apparently referable to this species was obtained by Mr. Masters, it is intermediate in size between M. plumbea and M. nitida, but not of so bright a tint on the chest and throat as is
OF NEW SOUTH WALBS. 113
observable in the females of the latter, the rust-red of the nnder sarfaoe is continued to the flanks. Total length, %.*? ; bill from forehead, 0.75 ; from nostril, 0.4 ; Irom gape, 0.8.
It is certainly neither M» condnna, nor M, latirostris ; but Mr. Masters informs me he has received a specimen of M, niiida (Gould), firom Port Darwin.
One specimen only.
Lae, Hall Sound.
51. — Ehipidura gulasis. Mull
Salvad. and D^ Albert, t c. p, 820; Sahad. op, ciL I'X.p. 24; Sharpe, op. alt, XIIL, p. 498; R. isura, Qould; setosa, Q, et Qwimy Voy, de VAstrol, I, p, 181., pi. 4., fig. 4 (1830) ; Banvscuy Ldst of Aust, Bda. in op. cit p. 182.
I find very little diflference between Australian specimens of B. isura (Gould), those from the Duke of York Islands, and those at the present under consideration from New Guinea ; I believe them to be mere varieties of one and the same speoies.
Log, Hall Sound.
52. — Sauloprocta tricoloe, (F.)
Salvad. amd jy Albert, t. c. p. 819 ; Sahad. op. cit. IX. p. 24 ; Ramsay y op, cit. I.p, 392; Monarcha tricolor, Sharpe, op, cit, XIIL p. 498.
Closely allied to if not identical with, Sauloprocta motaciltoides (V. and H.), from which it differs only slightly in size, habits, actions, and voice, exactly the same as the Australian species. (Masters.)
Loc. Katau.
53. — PlEZOKHYNCHUS ALECTO.
Drymophila alecto, Ternm.,pl. col, 430 ; Piezorhynchus nitidus, Oould, Bds, Aust, fol. vol. II, pt, 88; Sharpe, op. cit. XIII , pp. 316, 498; Ramsay, op, dt, /., 391 ; id. List, Aust, Bds, m t, c,,p. 1 82 ; Muscicapa chalybeocephalus, Oarn., Voy, de la Ooq, Zool, I, p, 589, Atlas, t, U,fig, 2. ( ? ).
Plentiful among the Mangroves. (G. M.)
Loc. Katau.
m, Tn wnooml^i^^ Ij^ J^.^«||ir aocnmr
Hahad. op. eA. IX. p. 24^; mavpB^ti^^^^.j^
I qtitie f^^tii^ ^itlli Mr. Shiirp(» tibat it is betteir tk> fceep :dic^ NdW Ginned foHfii'^tfi* Mtd Glider ^f,ig|f(^ gi^ Temmink (t o.) than create a ne# ^pMeBj.^^/^j^^i tvji?|al differences. The l^^^ pa l9^l|ef4.j^4,^q^ rai^ mith age in ez|sept and ^^t^tif^ t]|e^i99t^ ^il liptmes
is ccmihon at Poi;t Moreflbff . Vj./ ^i ..1\AI .^vc n^ Mrv^i^h "», /^ . Xoc. Ynle Island. .^fiifiivi) i>:^:^ -^h;!^
Fey. de U Ooq. X(ii^.4(bmij^Mi^4S^^ Shmrpe^^
ciL XIIL pp. 816, 497 ^ £(Mitiliyifl|iTd^^ ^/U i.
Op»fpatevX>b<WMi«id i Jay ill^lfaMtara^lMW!a|ii0 piaiaagf <^ i0ie /emoZe except that the |i0f6ki# lUadEandjBb6#i^!il«ligUK:4adiciid»^ of white just in front of the lores, at the base of lb«^eiktl«UB ;a|hiB woidd seem to indicate that^ the T^o;^^ do not attain the
black and white piamag^ atiti} the .8«iiA, jear. On? 0omparing females of these speoie8v#ithth9%Qr9jrf4i|^^ enocZo, in the Atiaf Qi;|||i^;i?>y^ Je^a CoquiUe, pi; No^ |$, fgi J^ l^|edka»re that they are identical; bat the fluffy f^athejr^ on the hhid hedt are not well represented in the figare, which may have been taken from a yonng individoal.
Loc. Hall Sonnd.
Family CAMPEPHAGID^.
66. — Gbaucalus mblanops, {Lath). OouloL Bds. Aust fol. vol. IL pi, 65. Loc. Hall Sonnd.
67.-r:GRAnoAiiU8 AKOUSTiFRONSy Sharpe.
op. cit XIIL p. 81.
This is undoubtedly a good species, the jet black frontal band slightly raised above the feathers of the forehead, and in some specimens the much lighter colour of bhe front of the head im- mediately behind it, will at once distinguish this species from the Aastralian G. hypolev^cos.
Loc. Hall Sound, Katau.
6V KKW SOUTH WALB8. 115
58. — Edoliosoma boybri, Homl. et Jaq. Sahad. op, dt IX, p, 20.
Campephaga strenna, Gouldy (iiec, Schleg) Bds. N,G,f pt. IL pi 7.
One specimen, adalt male. Loc Hall Sonnd.
59. — Edoliosoma mblas, 8, Mull. Sahad,, ^D* Albert, op, cit, VII,, p. 821 ; Salvad. op, dL IX. p, 27; Sharpe, op, eU. XIIL, p, 317. Male and female. Loc Hall Sound.
60. — Campephaqa mulleri, Salvad. Ann, Mu8, Oivic. Gmuyv, YU,, p. 927, (1875). One specimen, a female, referable I believe to this species, which is closely allied to 0, jardimi, (Rupp). Loc. HaU Sound.
Order ANSERES.
FamUy ANATID^. 61. — Anas castanea^ Eyton, Bamsay, List of Auat, Bds,, op, dt. Anas punctata (Ouv.) ; Gmdd, Bds, Aust, fol vol VIL pi 11. p, 200. Loc, Hall Sound, Ethel River.
Order GRALL^. CHARADRIID^.
62. — fliMANTOPDS LEUCOCBPHALUS, OotUd,
P. L, S.y pi V,, p. 26; id. Bds, Aust, fol vol VL pi 24; Uamsay, List. Aust, Bds, op. dt. II > p. 198. Loc Hall Sound.
63. — ^^oiALiTis MONOOLUS, PoUas, Ramsay f List of Aust, Bds. op. dt, p, 197. Loc. Katau.
Family ARDEID^. 64. — Ardka sacra, Gm. QroA^, Handhk. Bds. Ill,, p. 28 ; Sharpe, op. dt, XIIL, p, 504. One specimen only. Loc, ELall Sound.
116 tfiS PBOGlEBDilfaS OF TfiB LINKBaK SOClSTt
65. — ^BuTOBOiDSS JAYANIOA, Monf,
Qreyy Hcmdhk, Bd8.y vol. IILy p. 31. Loe. Hall Sound.
66. — ^Ntcticorax caledonica, Sm.
Grey, Hcmdbk. Bds,, vol. III., p. 33. Loe. Kataa.
Order GALLING,
Family MEGAPODID^.
67.— MiGAPODIUS DUPEBBE7I, Lest.
Sahad. 8f jy Albert, L c. p. 838; Sahad. op. oU. IX. p. 48; Bamsayy op. cit, I. p. 394 ; Sharpen op. cU. XIII. p. 504.
Plentifal throughout the Southern Coasts and adjacent Islands. Loe. Hall Sound, Yule Island, <&c.
On two new species of G^rygone. By E. P. Bamsay, F.L.S., Ac.
Gerygonb inconspicua, «p. nov.
This species comes near Gerygmie chloronoUis of Mr. Gould, but differs in having a pure white throat, and the chest, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, citron yellow ; from 0. alhogularis it may be distinfjfuished by having the tail of a uniform tint without any bar, or white tips. A spot in front of the lores, and a ring round the eye white ; a dark blackish spot under the eye, at the gape ; flanks tinged with olive ; under wiug-co verts white, washed with citron color ; tail and wings brown above, the outer webs washed with olive ; the quills lighter brown below ; shafts of the tail feathers white at the base below, brown above ; all the upper surface of the body olive brown tinged with green ; bill black, legs and feet lead color. Total length from tip of bill 3*7 in., wing 2*1 in., tail 17, tarsus 07, bill from forehead 0*5. Sex. ($ ?
Hab. Scrubs on banks of Lalokie river, where Mr. Alex. Morton informs me he obtained it ainong the leafy tops of the trees.
Of Kxw sotTTH Walks. 117
OBSTGOin iNSULASins. ap. nov.
Total leng^ 4*3 in., wing 2*2 in., tail 20 in., tarsus 0*8 in., bill from forehead 0*6 in., from gape 0*6 in., from nostril 0*3 in., bind toe 0*3 in., middle toe 0*4
Ad. male. The whole of the upper surface olive-brown, becoming deeper oliye-brown on shoulders, back, and upper tailcoyerts; wings dark brown, the outer webs olive brown, the inner webs margined with white; under wing-coverts white; axillaries yellow, tail dark brown above, with a blackish subterminal bar near the tips ; the outer webs above margined with olive-brown like the upper tail-coverts ; the outer feather on either side crossed near the tip with a band of white, the next two on either side with a spot of white only on the inner web, decreasing in size on the remainder until it is altogether lost on the two centre feathers ; lores dark brown, a white semilunar mark above and below the eye, on the eyelid ; sides of the head and neck, the throat and chest ashy grey ; breast white or nearly so ; sides of the body, flanks, abdomen, and undertail-coverts yeUow ; tail feathers rather pointed, with a distinct brown tip ; bill black, legs brown.
'Hah, Lord Howe's Island.
This species differs from G. jlavolaleralis (Grey) from New Caledonia in having a wash of olive brown extending over the bead and back of the neck. In G. fla/volateroMs, these parts are an ashy brown ; the white spot on the t^ail feathers is nearer the tip on the inner feathers ; the basal portion of the feathers below 18 white, and the undertail-coverte are white ; the tips of the leathers more rounded, the throat and Inreast are white, no olive brawn an tiie wings or back, the olive tint of these parts is of a y^owish tinge ; the bird is altogether smaller.
Total length 3-8, wing 2*05, tail 1*75, tarsus 0*71, biU 0*5, fiftmi nostril 0*28.
The yellow on the under surface of the body commences on the lower part of the breast in this new species ; but in G. flavola- ieraHs the throaty chest, breast and centre of the ahdomen are white-
Gesyoone igata. Gam. Voy. Astrolabe, XI, ^g. 2.
This species is very like G. instdarisy from Lord Howes
118 THB PBOCSSDINeS OV THB tIKNBAK SOCIETY
Island bat may at onoe be distinguished from it in having a clear well defined white line in front of the eye from its npper margin to the forehead. For description see Yoy. Erebus and Terror, Birds of New Zealand, p. 5.
Hah. Tasman*s Bay, Cook's Straits. Native name '* Igaia,*' In the Australian Museum we have a bird from New Zealand which agrees well with the figures in Yoy. Astrolabe of G. igaia, but has the lores blackish slate color, and no white ring round the eye ; there is a tinge of olive on the sides ; from the dbest downwards, and under tail-coverts white ; the three outer tail feathers are (yrossed with white on the wnder side, but the outer Ujoo only on the ufp'per ; the black band on the tail is much wider extending over about half the feathers.
On the FsRMS of Queensland.
By F. M. Bailet, F.L.S., Hon. Corr. Memb. Linn. Soc.>
N. S. Wales.
I am induced to offer the following remarks to the Sociefy as a kind of addition to the seventh volume of Bentbam and
Mueller's ^^ Flora Aiistraliensis,''^ which has just reached my hands. This volume is to many of us perhaps the most interesting of the whole work. The third class, Cryptogamia, is carried on to the ferns, and in this department the arrangement followed has been Hooker and Baker's Synopsis Filicum. By this arrange- ment, the genera ElaphoglossMtriy Schott, Lomario^sis, F6e, Steno- c/ilana, J. Sm., Poscilopteris, Presl. Hymenol&pisy Kaulf, of my handbook are placed under the one genus, Acrostichum of Linn6, to which should have been added the beautiful Fcecilopteris virens, T. Moore, which I found in one of the deep gullies of the Trinity Bay Range. At the time I thought it was only a form of P. repandum, Pr., until my mistake was pointed out to me by Dr. Prentice, of Brisbane, who is certainly one of the best Pterido- logists of Australia. Acrostichum pteroides, R. Br., is now added to the list of Queensland ferns, as it has been found on the Gilbert River, by Armlt.
09 NSW 80UTH n-ALBS. Il9
Oymnogramma, Desv., and Dietyogramma, F^, are placed io the genus Orammiiis ; but, unless it is meant to be represented by Grammitis ampla, F. v Mdeller, what I take to be Selliguea poiktfoliaf J. Sm., is left out. This is one of the mos^ conspicuous objects in our far northern scrubs, as it completely clothes the stems of the trees with its large pinnatifid fronds, that rival, both in sise and beauty, Bhaphidophora pmnata, Schott, a rampant climbing plant of AroidesD.
DicUdopieria augusHssima, of Brakenndge, is placed under Sir William Hooker's name of Monogramme Junghuhnii; Woodwardia is described as Doodia ; the ' genus Schizoloma is placed with Lindsaay the species L, media, R. Brown, as L. flahelUdata, Dry; L. eoncinna, J.Sm.,as L.cultrata Sw.; ZJo&a^a,Poir,is added, having been collected byN. Taylor at the Endeavour River, and Hull River, by W. Hill. No alterations are made in the species of Adianhim, in my book, but the following are added : — A, affine, Willd, which I gathered at Maroochie some few years ago ; A, capiLlus-veneris, Jjinn., collected by O'Shanesy at Northampton ;* A, diaphanuniy BL, collected on the Daintree by Fitzalan, and Southern Queens- land by Hartmann. The two distinct species of GJieUantTies — 0. tieberif Kunze, and 0. nudvuscula, T. Moore, are placed as C. tenuifoUa, Sw., without being allowed to rank as varieties. To this is added 0. ecmdata, R. Br., having been again met with by Daintree on the Gilbert River. The genus Litobrochia, Presl., is placed with Pteris, Linn. ; L, vespertilionisy Presl., as P. incisa Th. ; L. tripartita and Milneana, Baker, as P. margvnata, Bory ; P. crencda^ Sw., as P. ensiformis, Burm. One is also added to our Fteris^ P. comanSy Forst, plants having been met with by Mr. Hartmann in Southern Queensland. J. Smith's genus Flatyloma is also placed under Pteris ; thus P. Brownii, J. Sm., becomes P. paradoxa^ Baker. In Nothohsna, Robert Brown's name N. veUea is used for N, lanuginosa, Desv. ; Cheilanthes distans, Braun, will now be found in the Flora as N. distans, R Br., N. pumilio, R. Br., must be added to Queensland ferns, having been met
* Thmt Ss probaUy wine Twiiitalre in the habitat given in the Flora for Adiantom a^pdUiie-Teiieris, Linn. For Northampton, O'Shanesy, perhaps Rockhampton is meant. until I atw it in the Flora I was not aware that the form was indigenous to Australia.
liO tint pfiooftftmirot ot Tttft tTKVlili Booiktt
with' bj Mr. N. Taylor on tiie Bndeavoor Birar. Bat I made a mistake in placing N. frag%U$^ Hook, among onr fem% as it seems not to have been foond within our border. The following genera are placed onder FdypoHium in the Flora: — Ghmiopteris^ Presl., O. &hie$hegkiU, Lind., Handbook, as P. E^UH, Baker, and G. K&nmed^y F. v. M., of Handbook, is found identical with 0. wrophyUoy PresL, FolypodMmi m^ulomm is called P. pmusMmny Thnnb ; oar Btokfopkrii^ Presl., is P. afto^aatois B. Br., (hmio- phlebmn^ BL, fslls into Pdl}ffM>duunf Linn., ITi^pAoMtci puberuUu^ BL, into P., aorof^icAoMief, Forst The rery small N^hoboliUf always considered as N. confluensy B. Br., is made identical with N* rupesMgy Spreng, and called P. Bwprn^y Forst, while the name P. con/2Mafw, R. Br., seems to belong to the elongated form of N. mpestria so common in Queensland. FleapMUf Hombr and Bon. i this small genos is placed under PoUfpodMtm. P. UbneeoHOy Metten, to P. simpUoiMimum, F. M., P. pusMaictf T. Moore, to P. sewndensy Forst. Polypodium mgreaeensy BL, &und on the Daintree by Fitzalan, must be added to the Queensland ferns, haying been overlooked doubtless many times by collectors from its resemblance to P. phpnatadesy L., a widespread spedes. Drynariay Bory, also is placed in Polypodiiumy altering D, ddfoemu foUay J. Sm., to P. rigiokdimiy Sw. The genera Pohjstichurrby Rolh, Sagenia, PresL, Nephrodiwm, Rich, Lastrea, Bory, Nephrolepisy Scbott, with Polypodiwm pallidum, Brack, are all placed under Swarfc*s genus Aspidi/u/m. With regard to the last, A, tenericaule, Thw., I must think some mistake has been made, for in the figure, in Hooker's Species Filicum, no indusium is shown, and I have watched our Queensland plants, and never saw, on young or old, the sign of an indusium. I do not find Lastrea acv/mmatay T. Moore, in the Flora. This species, or the Brisbane River variety of it, is, so far as I have observed, exindusiate, and thus a true Pohjpodmm. The species to be added to the Queensland ferns are A, tenerum, Spreng, a fine species abundant along the Brisbane River, and A irimcatum, Gaudich, a northern species, allied to A. molle, Sm. The alterations in nomenclature are Sagenia melcmoeaulon, Sm.,=:-4. confluens, Metten, Nepkrolepis repens, Brack, and N, altescandens, Handbook, =^1. ramosv/niy
OF NSW SOUTH WALB8. 121
Beaav., N. iuberasOy Pre8l.,=^. cordifoliwm, Sw., Polypodiwin rufescens^ Bl., Handbooks^, decomposittmi, Spreng. The genera Mumata, Cav., Microlepia, Presl., DennsUtdia Bemhardi, and Dicksonia duhia, Grandich, are included in Davallia, Sm., to which are added Davallia in'pinnatay F. y. M., collected bj W. Hill on the Bellenden Ker Range, and D. solida, Sm., found by M. Thozet on Hummocky Island.
Dicksonia Icmaia, Colenso, specimens of which I have received from Mr. Hartmann, collected from Southern Queensland ; and from Mr. Moulday, collected on the Bunya Mountains, not far from Dalby.
Dicksonia Youngia (0. Moore) is said to have been gathered by W. Hill on the Bellenden Ker Kange.
Of the species of Trtchoma/nes^ the species I took for T. fiUcula, Bory, is T, pixidiferum, Linn. This was abundant on the rocks in the deep gullies of the Trinity Bay Range.
Bory's T, fanictdaceum is called T, parviflorum, Poir, in the " Flora." T. Ja/uamtum, BL, found on the Daintree by Fitzalan, is an addition.
The very distinct species of Schizea Fosterif Sprengel, which I found at Maroochie, has been overlooked or mixed with S. dichotoma, Sw., as in the Synopsis, but besides this latter species being a much more robust plant, they choose always very different habitats.
I feel sure that the fern I found so plentiful on the ranges at the back of Cardwell, and of which I brought to Brisbane specimens, both dried and living, was Blechnum nitidwm, PresL, as given in the handbook, but in the Flora it is stated to be only a alight variety of B. ca/rtilagvneum. This was perhaps on account of my having neglected to say in handbook that the Queensland form, formed a caudal like rhizome of from 6 in. to 24 in. high.
The genera Thcrninopterisy Presl., Diplazium, Sw., and CalUp- teriSf Bory, are all under Asplenium in the Flora, to which are added A, maximum, Don., of the Daintree River and Rockingham Bay ; and A, sylvaticnmo, Presl., also of latter place.
IS2 THB FBOCXimVM OF Ttn KIHHBAir •O0I9TT
Latnofia proeera, SpreBgel, is R eapmuU^W^f bat tbe habtiat (Marooohie and Coopei^s Plaias) not given.
Lomaria ditoohr^ W., and JL fmlcamcOf BL, are both noticed in the Flora as from Bocldngfaam Bay. The fint named I foond at Maiooohie four years back, bat that habitat is not given, althoogh I at the time sent it to the Baron you Moeller. Very likely it has been overlooked. We most not besorprited at soch omisnons, or the neoessary oorreotions speeified. Indeed it is to the highest credit of the learned aathors thatin a work of such magnitade the errors are so few. Bat botanists should be careful in the interests of science to verily fi>r themsdves everything in the Flora, becanse it is bat the commencement of a work whidi most be followed ap, and many of their remarks will be valuable for the supplement which I understand is to follow.
Baron Miklubho-Maolay advocated the establishment of a Zoological Station near Sydney, and explained the benefits to scientific research, afforded by such institutions.
The suggestion was warmly supported by the Bev. J. B. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., Ac., and other members of the Society.
EXHIBITS.
Mr. J. Brazier exhibited tbe shells described in his paper, viz., HfiUx BehiaSf H, Zehina, B. Bala, H, Mazee, H. Nicomede, H. BeddomoBf and Voluta Bednalli ; also a new Helix from Port Moresby, and a Holothuria, dredged at the Heads of Port Jackson. Dr. Cox remarked that the Helix from Port Moresby was almost identical with a species foand at the Philippine Islands.
OF NBW SOUTH WALKS. 123
MONDAY, 26th AUGUST, 1878.
W. J. Stephens, M.A., President, in the Chair.
DONATIONS.
I. Compte Benda Societe Entomologique de Belgiqae, Serie
II., No. 52, from the Society.
II. Joomal of Gonchologj from the £ditor.
papers read.
On Two New Species op Land Shells,
By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., Hon. Cor. Mem. Linn. Soc N.S.W.
Plate 12, Figs. 2. 3. 5.
The following new species were placed in my hands for description by Dr. James C. Cox, F.L.S. The first is from Tasmania. A medium sized form, very closely allied to Helix atramentcuriay of the Dandenong Ranges, Victoria. In color, enamel, and the form of the embryo it is very similar, but it is smaller, more sloping, less discoid, and of fewer whorls. I have figured both species on the accompanying plate, so that the differences may be seen at a glance. It is very desirable that the animal should be studied, as the highly enamelled exterior surface, which is also smooth, renders it probable that the Victorian shell is also a Helicaricn, with a caudal gland. The membranaceous edge makes it very probable. It should be observed that without a knowledge of the animals Albers * places our Australian VitrincB as Helica/rion, This genus was established by Ferussac in 1821, for the Australian JH". Freydneti f Gr. B Sowerby subsequently united it to Vitri7ia, Latreille, Blainville, and Sander Rang regarded it only as a sub-genus. Menke, in 1830, and Beck, in 1837, J revived the genus, which is thus defined by Adams : — " Mantle with two free lobes in front on the
* Die Helieeen, Leipsic, 1800, 2 edit., by Von. Martens, p. 46. ffe.licarion is made a ■ubgenus of Nanina, uray.
t See Voy. de Freycinet, ZooL, p. 485.
t Index MolL, Prince ChristiMi Frederic, p. 2.
124 THB PROCEEDINGS OF THB LIITNBAN SOCIBTY
neck, and a large lobe on the right side coyering the hind part of the shell ; foot truncate posteriorly ; shell rotund ately oval, heliciform, thin, fragile, covered with a thin epidermis ; spire short, aperture large, peritreme simple, acut«, straight The species of this genus have an extensive fold of the mantle developed on the right side. Their foot is truncate, and their shells are very thin." Vol. 2, p. 226. The general resemblance of this shell in color, <fec., to those which are clearly of the genus Helieariony induces me thus to classify it : —
Helicarion fumosa, n. s., PI. 12, fig. 3., 3a.
H, t. umiilicata, turhinato-discoidea, tenuvuscuLay poUtissvma, lineis ind'ementi inigulosa, intense fumosO'Comea vel stibnigra, tmicO' lor (apice exclusoy) translucente ; spira parum exserta, apice pro- minuloy sutura subtiUisime corrugata; amfr. 3|, rapids aecrescentib. Embryonalesl^, albidi, ultimo valde decUvO'Tottrndato, basi rohmdata; apertura quasi orbiculata. Peristoma comeum, simplex, obtus^vm, incurvatum, marginibus ab umbilico usque ad \ ulti/mi anfractus disjunctis : Columella acuta, declivis. Umbilicus a/ngustissimus, profund/us.
Via/m. maj. 22, min 14, alt 18, millim,
Obs. Sp. eleganter polita, et intense subnigra saturata, forma vera, coloie et aspectu H. atramentari^, Pfr. Dandenong Binges, Victoria^ incolanti, valde proxima.
Shell umbilicate, turbinately discoid, rather thin, highly polished, uneven from the lines of growth, intensely smoky horn color or nearly black throughout except at the apex, translucent, spire somewhat exsert, with the apex very slightly prominent, suture very finely corrugated; whorls 3^ increasing rapidly; embryonal 1^, whitish, last whorl largely rounded and sloping, aperture almost orbicular. Peristome horny, obtuse, incurved, margins disjoined from the umbilicus for about vj of the last whorl. Columella acate, sloping, umbilicus very narrow and deep.
This^, species isf'elegantly polished, and of an intense dark smoky brown, but in its shape, color, and general habit it is very close'to H. atramentaria, Pfr. but that it is much smaller. There is a peculiar in-turuing of the horny margin, which makes it rounded and blunt.
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 126
The next species is a very small shell from Victoria, closely resembling H. mucosa Cox of N.S.Wales.
Helix htjcoides, n.s., PI. 12, fig. 5, 5a.
H. t. mvnuta^ late v/mhilicataf dejpreasa^ orhtculata^ vix diseoidea, $olidiu8&ula^ nitente vel quasi oleo inunctaj crehre corrugata^ vel irreguLariter striatay comeo-hdeay v/nicolor, tranalucena. Spira exaerta^ apice prominuloy ohtuso, Sutura haud impressa, Anfr, 4^, rotundatis, sensi/m accrescentibvSy ultimo superne planato et ohtuae carinato, Basi convexa, ut supra rugose striata sed suhtiliori, et (sub lente tantum visis) suhtilissime creherrimeque spiraliter liratis. UmhiUco eprspectivoy vix | diam. testa oequanti. Apertura sub- quadrata, intus pallidissime coeruleO'alhida, Peristoma simplici, margvnihus ohtusis, haud appraximatiSf columella parum expansa et reflexa. Testa maculis fuliginosis magnis et irregularihus plus minusve insignita. Forma et colore H. mucosj! proxima, minuta vera et inconspicua, Diam. maj. 3, min. 2^, alt. 1^ millim.
Shell minute, widely nmbilicate, depressed, orbicular but hardly discoid, rather solid, shining as if from oil, very closely corrugated or irregularly striate, yellowish horn, of one uniform color and translucent. Spire exsert, apex slightly prominent, obtuse. Suture not impressed. Whorls 4|, rounded, increasing gradually, the last flat above and obtusely keeled. Base convex and ragosely striate as above, but more finely, and under the lens seen to be closely, very finely spirally lirate. Umbilicus perspective, scarcely | the diameter of the shell. Aperture subquadrate, a very pale blueish white within. Peristome simple with obtuse margiuE^ which are not approximate. Columella slightly expanded and reflected. The shell is more or less marked with large irregular sooty patches.
H, mucosa^ which it resembles is a very rare shell, but much larger, and the rugose striae are proportionately much smaller. With this shell was associated H. m^lbournensis Cox, and H. juldaidea Cox. The latter is a Tasmanian species, but I could see no appreciable difference between the Melbourne specimens and those coming from Mount Wellington.
126 THE FROCSBDINGS OF THS LINNSAN 80CIBTT
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
Plate 12.
Fig. 2, 2a, Helix airamentariay for comparison with fig. 3, 3a, Helica/rion fumosa — both natural size.
Fig. 5, 5a, Helix mueoideiy much enlarged.
On a new genus of Poltzoa. PI. 13, fig., I, la, lb, Ic.
By the Bey. J. E. Tenison-Woodb, F.L.S., &o.
The very interesting and curious genus which I now describe was dredged by the Hon. Wm. Macleay, F.L.S., off Damley Island, at a depth of 10 or 20 fathoms, on coral mud. It belongs to the CheiXostomatoua sub-order, but differs so completely from any of the described families that its affinities and relations must remain problematical until others are discovered, as no doubt in time there will be. The nearest family is the Selena/riadcB, which has the polyzoary more or less orbicular, convex on one side, but there is no special modification of any organ in the manner seen in the species under consideration. Its singular beauty, both as regards design and ornament, renders it a remarkable addition to an order where beauty and variety are the rule. I shall distinguish the genus by the name Eukiimenaria, froni ehicrlfievo^, well built.
EuETiMENAKiA, new geuuB. Polyzoary free, upper surface convex, covered with cells ; lower surface divided into five portions, each containing large pores ; in the centre of the base a vermiculate quinque-partite body.
EUKTIMENARIA DUCALIS. PI. 13, fig. 1, la, lb, Ic.
Convex, with pentagonal outline ; the edge circumscribed by a raised margin of five arches, whence it descends to a broad pentagonal pedicel by five arched concave surfaces, which are horizontally divided in the centre by a straight raised double ridge, above and below the centre of which there is a large conspicuous pore ; the pore above is semi-circular, that below ia
or NEW SOUTH WALKS. 127
perfectly round ; both seem deep. The margin of each of the arched spaces corves ronnd into a loop at each side below the lower pore, and is carved again in a contrary direction at each side so as to form another small loop in which there is another small pore. Beneath the lower of the two large central pores there are one or two conspicuous grooves to the base. Upper convex snrface covered with concave cells, with a distinct raised margin ; month in the centre, semi-circular, with a raised margin. Shape of cells &om oval to circular, a few almost pentagonal ; the centre of the convex surface seems covered with cells, but thej are worn almost smooth on both the specimens. The base is vermiculate, but with a radiate tendency, and forming a quinque-partite pattern. Between the margin of the five sides there are upper and lower angular spaces, giving great elegance to the design.
Dimensions : Alt. 6, diam. of summit 8, of base 4i|, lat. of 5 lateral spaces 4^, alt. dl millim.
I am unable to suggest any explanation of the pores on the sides or the organs which form the margins, transverse bands, Sdo. It is quite evident that there must be some individuality in these zoothomes, apart from what we call the animal which dwells in the cells, or the symmetrical arrangements in this specimen could not be explained. Only two were found by the Ghevert Expedition in all their dredgings, and both these were a little worn as if they had been dead some time. There is something in the species which recalls the elegent forms of Polyzoa in the European chalk, but there is no fossil form that I have heard of which nearly resembles it. There are fossils from the Maestricht Chalk which seem to have some analogy with EuhHrmnaria (one species is named Olenotremites parcidoxua by Qoldfuss), and geologists are not agreed upon their position in classification or their character. M. d'Orbigny con- sidered them as Gomatulao without their arms, but there were reasons for rejecting this view. The mouth (?) was surrounded bj five fimnel-shaped openings and five petaloid grooves which were probacy places for the insertion of arms. All the surface
128 THE PB0CBSDIN08 OF THl LINNBAK 80GIBTT
of the calice was surrounded by perforated depressions which, according to Agassiz, may have been articolations for dorsal rays. There is another species from the chalk of Rugen with the 5 fonnel- shaped openings redaced to little pores.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13.
Fig. 1. Euktimmaria ducalis, side view, slightly enlarged. Fig. la. ditto ditto seen from above.
Fig. lb. Month of cell mnch enlarged. Fig. Ic. Base slightly enlarged.
On some Cobals from Damley Island.
By the Rbv. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., &c.
Plates 9 <fe 11.
Among the many corals brought from Damley Island by the Hon. W. Macleay, F.L.S., as the result of the Chevert Expedition, there are three which seem to vary sufficiently from any hitherto described to entitle them to specific description. At the same time I do not positively say that they are new species, as I am not sufficiently acquainted with the extent to which these reef-building forms vary in their modes of growth. The hemispherical Symphyllia here described does not appear to have any congener of its peculiar habit and size. The Mussce form reefs round Damley Island with many others, but especially Seriatopora subulata^ Ellis. I propose shortly to give a list of all the North Australian forms, and in the meantime these species may be noted.
Symphyllia hemispherica, n. s. Plate 9, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Corallum largely hemispherical ; calices seldom simple, some- times as many as eight in one valley ; irregularly concave, shallow (from 4 to 6 millimetres in depth), with apparently six systems and four cycles, or occasionally five, but they are unequal and irregular, and very difficult to make out. Septa equal, the higher orders often uniting a short distance from the
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 129
oolamella, all armed with long spines which are longer exteriorly. Golnmella altogether rudimentary, not distinguishable from the contorted ends of the septa. Walls narrow, intimately united, leaving only a distinct deep sinuous groove of equal width. As the corallum is perfectly hemispherial and lies on a flat base, to the edge of which the calices are continuous, there is scarcely any epitheca to be seen. Underneath, the calices are nearly always in broken sections. Where they are complete the epitheca is thick, in rugose folds, with many round granulations. The calices on the base appear like radiating tubes. Endotheca very abundant and in regular planes, corresponding frequently on opposite sides of the septa, so as to seem almost like continuous floors across the tissue. Diameter of the corallum 360, alt. 180, length of valleys 20 to 85, lat. of crests of walls 5, lat. of calices 10 to 15 millim.
Plate 9y fig. 1, corallum seen from above much reduced in size ; fig. 2, two valleys, nat. size ; fig. 3, side view of calice from base, showing epitheca and endotheca ; fig. 4, side view of corallum much reduced.
This coral diflers from any described in being hemispherical. It is nearest in the character of its valleys to 8, smuosa, Dana. The calices are large, wide, and deep, but perhaps not so large as in the species just named. Darnley Island. The specimen from which the drawings were made is in the Macleayan Museum. Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard who describe S. smuosa {Mecmdrina to them) say that it is almost flat. They quote Ellis for the fig. as p. 60, which should be p. 160, pi. 48. To Ellis it was a Mad- repore. The figure is not good, but an attempt is made to express the mural valley by a white line. His diagnosis is Madr&pora eongUymerata ; anf, pahiJds flexiiosis, hrevihusy dissipvmentis mceqtba- Uhus, exesisy amhulacris suhdvpUcatis, lamellis denticulatis. Hah. m Oceano Indice occidentalis {^ , G-rey). Varietas anf, anplioribus ei ioio coraUio grossiore,
MussA 80LIDA, N. s. Plate 11, figs 6, ?, 8. Yel var. OoTolhum bat little elevated, in very long series, which do not show sinoationB for the calices but very deep lobes ; sometimes
r THB LtllKBlK BOCIBTT
tui manj as six calices in a series ; walU very thick, (nth a few sc&ttered short spines on the ontside ; epUheea coarse, grsnolar, asceodiiig about two-thirdg to the margin nith a few spines, wifL BO signs of coata ; septal epines few, thick, bat very promi' nent od the margin, fewer, and etill conspicaons towards the centre ; calices very irregular ; fosBa regalarly concave, ahaJlon, spreading ; systems irregalar and difficnlt to follow ; septa fetr. rather wide, alternatiog large and small, mnch thiclier at the margin, where they bear two or three spines looger ajid stouter than any others ; columella open, lax, twisted, small ; endothecft not abandant. Dimensions, alt, of corallam 50, most of the fosciculffi are three times aa long and half that width. Length o! callcinal valleys 10 to 80, width 15 to 20, width of wall 5 to 8 millimetres.
The coral has a gi-een waxy appearance on the oatside of the wall with fine scattered spines and only faint traces of costa close to the septa. It differs from Massa anguhea, Ellis (as Madrepora) in bei g smaller with columella less developed and no coatfe. It appears to be common at Damley Island and Torres Straits Plate 11, fig. 5, single o&Iioe n&t. else ; fig. 6. side view of corallam ; 6g. 7, section of oalioe ; fig 8, corallam seen from above.
MussA LACiHiATA, s. B. or var. Plate 11, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, &.
Ooridlum spreading irom a narrow pedicel with sin^e csliaec sometimes free or spreading in series of three or Ibnr. WaBt with scattered spines in linear series. Epitheca oonspicnous, but Ethowing the costs which are more or less visible from the hue. OaUcet inversely conical, moderately deep, irregular; systemi^iii in five cycles. Septa thick according to the orders, the higher orders with few, short, nnmeroos, the others with n few long angular teeth, the largest ones generally at the edges. Oolnmella small open lax. Corallnm 100 to 150, mill loi^, 80 to 100 broad. Single calices about 20 by 15. Altitude of tnfl aboat llO mil.
In this species, some of the septa rise very high above the wall in thin laminie, 5 millimetres long. It is somsUuBg' like Sf. Gorymhota, of the Eted Sea, but has a columella and coata
OF KBW SOUTH WALKS. 181
Plate. 11, fig. 1, side yiew of corallam half size ; fig. 2, compoand calioe nai size ; fig. 3, corallam seen from aboTe half size ; fig. 4, secHon of calice nat. size ; fig. 5, a simple calice nai size.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate 9.
Fig. 1. SymphyUia hemispherica, corallnm much reduced.
Fig. 2. One calicinal valley, nai size.
Fig. 3. Side view of single calice showing epitheca. Taken
from the base. Fig. -L Side view of corallam mach redaced.
Plate 11.
Fig. 1. Mu88a lacimata, half nataral size.
Fig. 2. Calioinal valley nataral size.
Fig. 3. Corallam seen from above ; half nataral size.
Fig. 4. Section of single calice nataral size.
Fig. 5. Same calice seen from above.
Fig. 6. Musaa aolida, side view of corallam, half nataral size.
Fig. 7. Section of single calice.
Fig^ 8. Corallam seen from above ; half nataral size.
Note. — ^It is said that a reef building species of Mvssa and probably the last named M. wUda, extends very far outside the tropics as far indeed as Port Jackson. Specimens have been brought to me, but rather worn and like M. ecJuTicUa, but I have not been able to satisfy myself that they really grew where it was said, on rocks below tide marks at Bondi. We mnst remember, however, that on the west side of the continent reef building forms and reefs as well are found as low nearly Lat. 30^ S., only 3 degrees N. of Bondi, and that a warm and strong sea currant comes down to OB along the coast from the tropics.
On some New bxtratropical Coeals.
By the Rev. J. E. Tbnison- Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., <fcc.
Plates 12 and 18.
Some short time since, Capt. Hatton, Professor of Nataral Bcienoe in the University of New Zealand, and Carator of the
Itt THE raoonpuwa ov «hb ,utmmuf woctwrr
DBiwdiai-MiiieiiBly mhI me ione^ oomk irihibh lie lu4 ooDMied at Anckknd, WeUingloii, 4o. - I piopoie to dmcrib> Mro of ibem herei iogetber witiii a small <mB bcm the iiorttMaat coasts of Anatralia. Tha &nb was finrnd on aome old maial near the alip at WeUington, iheirefove may have been infaodnofd.. Bnt it should be mentioDed that the mML is lead and no^oopper, and probably not fiom a ship's bottom. It has been pranoanoed by some nalioralists of ezperieaoe in ocnralsy to be a worn qwonnen of OjfUoia Smiihiif bat this it oannot be ibr the following reasons : The calioes have no epitheoa, bat Tery distind; oosiia. There is no colamella, bat the sepia meet in the centre and throw np limg slender processes which are like a oolamella when seen from above. Many of the calioes are cemented hj a retj oompact granolar ccenenchyma, which rises almost to the edge; and finally the calioes i;n this spemmen, thoogh broken, are not worn as the most delicate of («he slender processes firom the septa are unbroken. The &lse ooenenchyma is pecnliar, bat stOl I think not of generic importance, for like the einthec% it seems to be secreted or not according to the exigences of the animy. This is one of the ftote which tend to show that the whole gzonp of the A9§r(Migiaeece needs revision. There is also a mariked peculiarity in this genus, which is that the calioes seem to have grown by throwing out another calioalar margin above and outside the old one, through which the septa are continuous, so that the old margin forms a crescentic line of endotheca within. This new wall rises on the higher side, and gradually slopes and unites with the lower side, so as not to be seen there. I am not aware that the species has been hitherto described, and I there- fore propose to dedicate it to my learned Mend Capt. Hutton, whom I am happy to acknowledge, as one of the most zealous and industrious naturalists of the Southern Hemisphere.
Cylicia Htjttoni. Plate 12, fig. 1.
Corallum very short, only slightly inclined, and regularly and broadly oval ; no epitheca, but a false exotheca, compact, and granular, often uniting the calices, and completely filling up the space between them ; costa distinct, broad, flat, granular, corres-
OF NEW SOUTH WILIS. 133
ponding to the septa ; calicAs deep ; septa thin, close, not ezsert, Tery faintly and finely granular ; systems six, cycles four, but the fourth wanting in two systems ; primaries smooth at their upper edge, deeply and yery delicately lobed in the lower part, where the lobes form a false columella ;* on the higher side of many of the calices there is a second margin as mentioned aboTe. Di- mensions, alt. 3| to 4, maj. diam. 5, min. diam. 4.
In the curious specimen which is figured, it will be observed that one of the calices seems partially formed within a larger one, and that in another there is one septa-costal processes almost extending, as in some of the Astraaa, across to the contiguous calices. The figure of plate 12, fig. 1, is slightly enlarged.
I haye already observed in my monograph of the Australian extra tropical corals that there is much confusion about the habitats of the species of OyUcia given in Edw. and H. Prof. Duncan refers 0, Smithii to S. Africa.
The species to which I next call attention belongs to the fifth group of the Astrean family, the AstrangiacecB or corals which multiply by buds on a basilar expansion. It is a very small species and has only one com[)lete cycle, with rarely in some systems the rudiments of a second. There is only the slightest trace of any serrations at the edge of the septa and the visceral cavity is completly flat and smooth at the bottom and not even a remote sign of a columella. The size of the calices and the fewness of the septa might induce one to suppose that they were young specimens. But the buds of any species known to me are not at all like this, and as the calices become narrower from the base to the summit, though it might increase the number of septa would not enlarge the calice. ' There are two very small species of OyUcia referred to by Messrs. Ed. and H., but they are doubtful as to their being really members of the genus. The absence of any signs of a columella and the entire septa are generic distinctions, yet I think it better for the present to place this interesting species amongst the OylidcB,
*■ This !• teen very clearly when a section it made across the calic
184 THB PBOCEKDIHet OF THE LINN BAN 80CIBTT
Gtliou vacua, k. 8. Plate 12, figs. 4, 4a, 4b.
OoraUam very small, circular, mach inclined, wiiih a broad base which sends oat thick roanded buttress-like expansions ; casta broad, obtusely angular, corresponding with the septa ; epUheca shining, covering the corallum with numerous small chevron-like dose rounded folds, giving rise to a "herring-bone" pattern; caMce circular ; waU thin, somewhat higher than the septa which are six in number, not exsert, projecting very little into the calice, only slightly more advanced at the base than at the calicular edge, and all studded at the base with long processes projecting at right angles from the face ; no columella. Dimen- sions, alt. 1^, lat. 2 mil.
On FlahMum ruhrwn, Wellington, New 2iealand. Plate 12, fig. 4, coral on FlaheU/um, nat. size, 4a, side view, much enlarged, 4b, coral seen from above.
The following coral is remarkable as being a third species of Flacotrochus differing considerably from the two previously known. It is smaller, more solid, and with a distinct pedicel. There are three known Australian Miocene species, namely, P' deUoideuSf P, elongattUf and P. elegcms. From all of these also it differs in its pedicellate form. It is not so small as P. elegaiis, but is more solid.
A synopsis of the fossil species would stand thus : — 1 . Broad and pointed, P. deltoideus ; 2. Narrow and pointed, P, elongatus; 3. Base nearly as long and broad as calice, P. elegans. The synopsis of the living species is as follows : — 1. Short with a basilar scar, P. loevis , 2. Long with a compressed spine at the base, P. candeanus ; 3. Flabellate and pedicellate, the present species.
Placotrochus pedicellatds, ». s. Plate 13, figs. 7, 7a.
Corallum small, fiabellate, rather solid, rising from a thick wide pedicel, from which it spreads abruptly (instead of sloping gradually) at rather more than a right angle ; costa little raised, obtasely angular, covered with very distinct close herring-bone markings ; calice narrowly elliptical, the two ends of the major axis sharply angular, and about half the whole height below the
OF »BW SOUTH WAl.18. 1^
minor axis, firom which the marginal outline is regnlarly carved ; fo8$a shallow, not so deep as the line along the major axis ; septa thick, granular, not exsert in four cycles of six complete systems ; fourth and fifth orders very small, the rest equal ; columella thick, rising in two lohes and attached to some of the septa by processes which proceed from them; pedicel broadly elliptical. Dimensions, alt 5, maj. axis 5, minor 2|, alt. of pedicel 2, diam. in direction of maj. axis 2, minor 1.
Princess Charlotte Bay (P) 10 fathoms. Hon. W. Macleay.
Plate 13, fig. 7, corallum much enlarged ; fig. 7a, calice.
On some Frishwateh Shells from New Zealand.
By the Rev. J. B. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., &c.
Plate 13, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
The following freshwater shells were submitted to me for examination by Captain Hutton, F.G.S., from Lake Guyon, and Taieri River, with three species of Bythinella from the same localities. From the list given by Edward Yon Martens, it appears that he regards Pahidestrma and Hydrohia as synonyms and = to Amnicolay Gould. In July of this year, I sent a paper to the Royal Society of Tasmania, in which I reviewed the whole synonomy of Hydrohia, Amnicola, Lithoglyphiis, Faludestrina, Paludma, Paludinella, lAttorina, and Bythinia, all of which have at one time or another been regarded as names for the same kinds of shells. After having sent away my paper I was allowed to withdraw it, having found that P. Fischer had in the Journal of Conchology for April, 1878, given a valuable note on the same subject. I was thus enabled to incorporate his con- clusions with my own, he having the advantage of seeing types of the genera he dealt with. His conclusions were nearly the same as I had arrived at, except that I was not aware any more than Yon Martens, that Hartmann's Hydrohia entirely referred to marine species. Now Martens, it appears, regards Hyd/rohia coraUa of Gould, as the type of Stimpson's Potamopyrgtu, an o|nnion which is hardly shared by P. Fischer, as far as I can
116 THB raoonmvM of vmm lomjjr aoonTr
gudier from tb^ pftpar referred ta Mons. ffisoher^s eomoliuriowi are that.the genera Mydrobia end PalmJMHtM are qrnonymonay indading marine andflariaiole eheUe, baft as Harfcmann only employed the term for marine aheUsy the name ihoold be confined to thenu & That Pahidindla and Afrimmea axe eymmynMMUi. 8. AmmMa is probably a genns peoolier to An^m*;^, 4 The little flayiatile speoieB of PaladtnA with spiral openmla^ shoold be arranged under the genos JByf&MieQo, whioh is the only genus speeisUy ereoted fiyr them. 6. The marine speoies should be called LUknineUa. 6. Hons. Visoher donbts however if the marine and flayiatile forms are generieally distinct. Any farther remarks on the salirjeot are contained in my pi^ier read before the Bojral Socieigr Tasmania. I merely state that I adopt the con^ elusions of Mons. P. Fischer.
Omiui Btthivilla, JfogfUMi Tandom, 1855. BffihuMa eoroKo, Gould {Mekmial^), Boston 80a Nat. HisL^ vol. 2» p. 4 *^This," says Y. Martens, ''is a ^eiy ▼arhUe sheH^ sometimes with spines and sometimes deetitate of thenu'^ Someof the figures of the species from the diflfarent auihoni who have given it different names, vary very much, yet I have no doubt that the shell is in every case tiiie same as that which is represented on the accompanying plate ; and I have but little doubt also that these forms are specifically identical with others under different names which are found in Australia and Tasmania At least I cannot point out any single feature upon which I could rely for their distinction. Under these circumstances, it will serve no useful purpose to multiply names any more than to say that those shown on plate 13, figs. 2, 3, 5, are what I distinguish as variety a. and b. The differences between this shell and B. Wisemania/naf Braz., are that the spines are always distinct on the New Zealand shell, but they often merge into a keel on the species named. I think also the latter is a less turricnlate and more turbinate form. The absence of these spines or keel from some of the specimens, is I imagine, wholly attributable to the fact that these features result from a periostraca which readily disappears.
* Either Reeve's flgfure of the shell is incorrect or the species must be different as the peristome is not continuous.
OP KBW SOUTH WALB8. 1S7
It will be remarked that those forms which haye no spines are dean, smooth, diaphanous shells. All the specimens seen by me have more whorls, are more solid, and generally larger shells than those of Tasmania and Victoria; the opercnlnm is few whorled with a lateral nucleus ; some portions of it are almost transparent, while there are darker spots of reddish brown color, and the whole seems covered with a secondary exterior membrane of sooty appearance rather like the periostraca. A smooth variety is represented at plate 18, fig. 8. Pahtdestrina Oumi/ngiana, M. P. Fischer, (Jour. Conch. 1860, p. 208,) is said by its author to be distinguished by its globular ventricose form ; absence of spines on 8^ first whorls, their greater number (17 — 20) on last whorl ; their length, obliquity (curving towards spire) ; the obso- lete keel on last whorl corresponding to spines ; the peristome slightly thickened and entire. Palvdestrma salleana, Fischer, is more conical, less globular, shorter spines, and on four last whorls, keels lirate but below the spines ; last whorl less proportionately swollen. The figure of these two shells in the journal referred to seem to me to be too highly colored and would not lead one to infer that the spines arose from a periostraca, which they certainly do.
The Physas sent to me differ considerably from the only two attributed to New Zealand by Von Martens, P. tdbulata, Gould, and P. variabilis, Gray ; but there are many more described by Beeve who does not notice the latter by Gray.
Physa tahulata is a much more inflated shell than the one first to be described ; stouter, more solid, especially in the columella. P. NovoB Zelandia, Gray, is nearer but still wider, more flattened, and with a thicker columella. P. aniipodea, Sow., is elongated and not flattened. P. gihhosa, Gould, {Wilkes Expl. Exp,) is very like it and corresponds closely in size and colouring. Gould*s description is " hreviter subcylvndraceay pallide stramvnea, polita, spira hrevi, conica, acuminata^ uU. anfr. superne gibhosa vel lotun- daie angulata, antice attenuata, apertura elongata^ lahio externo rectivsculo, plica columellari, hrevi torluosa. There are quite suf- ficient differences to make one decide on calling the following a new
speoies. The difieronoes tire the color, the double ang'te on the whorls above and below the fliitteDed portion ) bat I do not deny that they may be only varieties of one type of which P. tabvlata U tbe extreme.
Phts* otFTONKNSis, N. 8. Plate IS, fig. *.
P. t. subumbilieaia, ovala, tentie ttriata linets inorerttenti tantitm, param niienle, ojiaca, supeme eorraa, luteo-comea vel ohvacea, plus mwMMoe sordide alro nehvXoea ; anfr. 4, valda decUvibiis, Tapide deereiceniilma, ulUmo valde ruperanti, medio late plaimlo, £ carinis obsoklit inrignilo ; splra brevi, aevia ; operfttro loli^ ovata. Feriitoma aeuUnn rotundati^m, Lahio refletco, eolumdla crasgmseida. Long. 13, lat 7\ long, apert d, lat 5, long, spire 4.
Lake Oayon, New Zealand.
Shell sabambilicate, ovate, slightly striate with the lines of growth only, bo me what shining, opaqne, corroded above. yellowish horn or olive, more or less sordidly clouded with black ; four wborls rapidly decreasing and very much sloping ; last much larger than the rest, and broadly flattened in the middle, with two obsolete keels in the midst, short, acute, aperture broadly ovate. Peristome acute, rounded, lip reflected, columella rather thick.
This species seems especially distingnished by the short spire, the xlopiug form, the flattened last wborl which has a faintly rounded keel above and below it. The thickening of the oolnmella and the sabambilioation are also peouliar. It ia an approach to some of the North Australian forms, bat not ve^ near, and there is no congener like it in Soathem Australia or Tasmania.
Pbiba. LiBtiA, N. s. Plate 13, fig. 6.
F.t. parva, imperforaia, elongato-ovata, tub-ddaphana, httao-eotjua, periottraea fuUginoia plaa mtnuwe induCa ,- anfr. 4, Aeelwibitt, ipi- raUiBT punetalie regwlairiter liratis, gupeme eonepicwe carmatia, Itneti iitcretnenti eonfertit, tenuieiimu ; rpira ersertn, amiia; apmiura eUiplioa, perigtomaie acuto, ienuiasimo, labio coniorto, kaud refiexo, escaeie dejmtto, antiee valde produelo. Long. 9^, lat. 5, long, apert. 5, lat 8, long spire 3, millint. Taireri River. Capt. F. W. Hatton.
OF KEW SOUTH t^ALBS. 199
Shell small imperforate, elongately oyate, BHining, sub-diaph- anoas, yellowish horn, covered more or less with a sooty peri- ostraca ; whorls 4, sloping spirally and regnlarly panctately lirate (liraB somewhat distant), carinate above, lines of growth close and very fine ; spire exsert, acnte ; aperture elliptic ; peristome sharp, very thin ; lip not reflected but twisted, exactly defined and anteriorly produced.
This shell differs from the preceding in its narrow elongate form and the conspicuous keel. On some specimens a second faint keel above may be noticed. When the shell is covered with periostraca the keel becomes a line of somewhat indistinct granules. This coupled with the faint indistinct dotted line makes me think that the shell in its perfect state or in its young state is covered with a horny periostraca, which has regular lines of spines or hairs at intervals. It would then resemble some of the Victorian and Tasmanian species, except that none of the hirsute kinds are so small as this shell, nor have they any keel. With these exceptions, the present shell comes nearest to Fhysa Bnmonensis, Sow., of any Australian congener, and the nearest in New Zealand is F, mcesta, H. Adams, which is angled above but longer and more inflated.
The following is a list of all the N.Z. PhyscR known to me. P. tahulata, Gray, P. gibhosay Oould, P. variahilis, Gray, P. Nova Zdandia, Gray, P. mcesta, H. Adams, P. anUpodea, Sow., P. guyonensis and /'. Urata, Nobis.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
Plate 13.
Fig. 2. Bythmella corolla, Gould ; much enlarged. Fig. 3. Variety a, much enlarged. Fig. 6. Variety b, ditto. Fig. 4. Physa guyonensis. Fig. 6. Physa li/rata.
140 THB PBOCESDIN08 OF THE LIKNBAN BOCIVTY
On Several New Australian (chiefly) Fresh- Water^Fishes.
By Count F. de Castelnau.
I publish here the description of seven species of fishes that seem to me not to have been described before : —
One, a Oheilodactylus, is from the Melbourne market; two small sorts, forming I believe a new genus which I name Aristeus, are from fresh water, one being found in the Murrumbidgee and Ropes Greek and the other in the Bookhampton Biver ; two of Eleotris, one from the Fitzroy and the other from the Brisbane rivers; an Atherinichihys from a fresh water lagoon connected with the Richmond Biver, and the last a small fish of the family SHurida from the Bockhampton Biver (Fitzroy).
Six out of the seven are from fresh water. The Australian fishes from this source still are very little known, but I have reason to believe that their number is very considerable. In fact any person collectiag even the most common kinds, particularly the small ones, in any river, lake or stream, is almost certain of rendering good service to science.
Cheilodacttlus, eubrofasciatus.
Height of body contained a litttle more than three times in total length up to the base of the caudal ; head three times and a half in the same length ; dorsal with seventeen spines, of which the 5th, 6th and 7th are the longest ; the soft portion is formed of twenty-six rays ; this portion is considerably higher than the spinous ; caudal strongly emarginated ; anal with three spines, the first being the shortest, the second strong and arched, the third long and slender, rays nine ; ventrals rather large ; pectorals large, of fifteen rays, the six lower ones being simple, the three upper of these longer than all the other rays ; body and head covered with scales, rough on their external half, those of the body much larger than those of the head ; they number seventeen on the transverse line, and fifty on the longitudinal one ; the colour judged by the stuffed skins, and the report of the Taxidermist who skinned
OF KBW SOUTH WALB8. 141
ihem, seems to have been of a brownish olive, with six broad transverse bands of a rich crimson ; head of the last colour ; month and base of the lower fins of the same colour.
I owe the knowledge of this fine species to Mr. St. John, who prooored several specimens in the Melbourne market; thej measure from fourteen to eighteen inches in length.
Nora. — ^This sort seems to oome near (7. zonaius, which has been found on the Australian west ooast as well as the Chioese seas.
AKISTEUS, N. OEN.
This new genus enters the family OohvidcB. Body compressed,
oval, rather high, with mouth advanced and nearly pointed ; two
dorsals, the first short, the second long ; caudal truncate ; anal
very long ; ventrals insexted very near one another behind the
pectorals, and having a spine and five rays; scales large, not
ciliated ; teeth crowded on both jaws ; small pavement-like teeth
very numerous on all the bones of the pa^te ; a transverse Hne
of larger and pointed ones on the vomer ; opercles entire ; cleft
of the mouth smaQ not extending to iJtie line from the orbit ; head
soaly ; no distinct lateral line ; lower jaw rather larger than Uie
upper one.
Akbtbus Fitzrotbnsis.
The heig^ of the body is twice and a half in the total length,
without the caudal fin; there are twenty-ei^t soaks on the
kntgitndinal line ; first dorsal formed of one spine and six rays ;
second dorsal high, formed of a loftg strong spine and ten rays ;
the anal high, very long, with one sjpme and nineteen rays. Color,
silvery browp ; the fins spotted with pink. Length, two inches
and a half. From the Fitzroy Biver (Sockhampton.)
Abistsus fluvutilis.
Nearly of the same form as the {^receding, but rather more elongate, the last rays of the first dorsal prolonged into a filament ■M>re than half tiie height of the body ; caudal slightly bilobed ; aeeond dorsal with a strong spine and twelve rays ; the anal with one spine and eighteen rays ; the gimaral colour of a silvery dark toown ; the fins not spotted*
I havetwe speoimois of this fish, one, two and a half inches long. It oomes bom, Iha Mairumfaidgee, and was kindly given
us IBS FIOOBBKIXOB or rOM IVtVBUS SOCIBTT
to rae by the Hon. W. Macleay ; the other wan fonnd by Mr. Daboalay, in Rope's Creek, and is three and a half iacheB long. It has a very feebly marked blaek longitadinal Btripe on each side.
This genus would, perhaps, in Dr. Onnther'B System, be in- cluded with Eleotrit, aa it comes certainly near Bleeker's genoe, Aileropteryte, which is in that case, but it is very distinct from it by its long anal fin. This last genns is founded on a species named by Bleeker, Ountheri, from the rivers of Sumatra. It is figured by Dr. Gunther in the Jmim. of ike Muaewm. Oodeffmy fishes pi. XIII All these fishes are also nearly allied to the Bleoln's ci/prinoidiig of Ouvier and Yal. teom the riTor St. Maurice in the Isle of Bourbon.
ElBOTBIS SULCATICOtLlS.
Head large, broad, depressed witfa a deep longitudinal groove on its upper part ; form oval, oblong ; body compressed ; scales rather large, numbering thirty-four on the longitudinal line ; Bnt deraal formed of six rays, the second of eleven ; caudal broad and rounded ; anal with one spine and eleven rays ; both the SBOond dorsal and the anal with the last rays elongated. Id liquor the colour is of a bright yellow with the raya of the fins slightly dotted witli black.
The specimen is four inches long j from the Brisbane Rirer.
NoTK. — This sort comes near my Eleotria planieept. Elbotsis adsfebsa.
Body OTol, elongate ; head rather broad with a groove on the top of the back part ; eleven series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal fin and the anal; head entirely scaly up to the snont ; height of the body contained less than four times in the total length without the oandal fin ; diameter of the eye contained more than foni times in the length of the head ; the cleft of the mouth does cot attain the line from the anterior edge of the eye ; first dorsal with eight 8|iinea ; second high, with eleven rays ; candal rounded ; anal, of tne Bnme form aa the second dorsal, of twelve rays. Colour bright hrown with the belly yellow (in liquor) ; body covered with small rounded dark brown
OF VBW S0T7TH WALBS.
143
spots ; all the fins finely variegated with brown ; several olive Inrown lines on the sides of the head. This species resembles sulcoiiieoUiif but the head is much narrower. From the Fitzroy River (Rockhampton).
The specimen, four inches long, belongs to the Queensland
Mnsenm.
Athebinichthts duboulayi.
Height of the body contained only three times and one sixth in the total length without the caudal fin ; head four times in the same ; body oval, oblong, compressed ; the head rather pointed ; the eye contained four times in the head ; the spinous dorsal commences a little in front of the insertion of the ventral ; the first dorsal formed of one spine and five rays, the three first of which are rather produced ; the second dorsal is formed of one spine and thirteen rays, the last of which are rather produced ; the caudal is strongly forked ; the anal of one spine and thirteen rays, the last of which are rather produced ; there are thirty scales on the lateral line.
I owe my specimen of this fish, which is a little over three inches long, to Mr. Duboulay who found it in a lagoon of fresh water connected with the Richmond River. He says that the colours were during life most beautiful ; that a broad stripe of magnificent blue ran all along the sides, and that two transverse bands of rich scarlet extended on the upper part of the fish towards the middle of the body.
BUMEDA, N. GEN. Belongs to the Stlwrida Heteroptera of Gunther, and probably comes near Sihmchthys. Body elongate, compressed ; eye placed on the upper part of the head ; one dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; adipose, none ; anal very long and joining the caudal which is obliquely truncated ; ventrals inserted behind the perpendicular from the dorsal ; three pairs of short barbels, on the anterior part of the snout, a£ the angle of the mouth, and on the lower jaw ; lateral line continued all the length of the body ; teeth on both jaws numerous crowded and tubercular with a line of sharp conical ones in front ; nostrils remote from each other ; head and body covered with a soft skin.
m THE TBOO«IMI>«e OW TBt UVVtUII BOOIBTT
BOKEDA BtmiOATA.
The long anal joins the oandal and eslends apwards on ths encl of the tail ; the ootoar (in spirits) is brown, becoming tighter on the lower parte ; the Gns bare a yellowish linge.
The specimen is fonr and a half inches long. From the Brishane River, Rockhampton.
PEOPOSED ZOOLOGICAL STATION FOR SYDNEY. W
By N. DB MlKLUCHO-liLlCLiT.
The last meeting of the Linnean Society afforded mc an oppottanity of referring to the subject of a zoological at^ation. On the present occasion I wish to point out the chief conEiderations which show the necessity of snch an institntion, to mention a few facts with regard to inatitations of ihis kind already existing, and to bring before your notice those ciroumBtanoes which wonld seem to facilitate the eslabliahmcnt of snch a station in Sydney.
I shall make my commanication us brief as possible, becaase, in the first place, it seems scarcely necessary to adrocate at great length the utility of Eoological stetions in general before a scien- tific audience, and secondly, iny knowledge of the English lan- guage ia not extensive enough to ponnit me to enter upon a very full discussion.
Tfae chief reason why the estabUshment of soologioal Btatdons becomes every day a matter of inoreasing importance, and preases itself more and more npon the attention of eoientifio societies, are two in nomber.
The Jirst is the fact that tnvwunu prove intuffident for &w study <^ anatomy, histology, and still more embryology, if these atadies are to aatiaiy the demands of modem science. In this fket we find the repetition of the universal rale, that as a scuence develops itself the field of its investigation is correspondingly enlarged, new and difficult problems present themselves, and tjie progresa of the science depends apon the progressive discovery and apphoation of new or improved appliances. It is not only that the
OV VBW fOWH WAL18. 146
specimens presenred in museams are often wnndted to anatomioal mveetigations, and altc^^lier inoapable of being need in those pertaining to histology ; but the amount of material in mnseums is generally imuffioient tm quantity. Now it is undoubtedly upon the qtialify and quantity of material at command that the value and completeness of the investigation very obviously depend. tSetxmdhf : Alti^ough, hitherto, most scientific travellers follow the same routine, and devote their time and energies to collecting, and that often in the field of several sciences, I cannot but think that the time has arrived when this method should be abandoned, and that in place of mere coUectiDg or making collections, the great aim of travel should he observation and investigation exercised immediately, and upon ihe spot. For this reason I believe that the establishment of zoological stations in various parts of the world corresponding to the regions in which its fauna is distributed from being a fond hope or pious wish will, under the pressure of ahsolute necessity turn into an a4icompUshed fact.
The establishment of the Zoological Station in Naples, success- M as it has been, and attended with most important results, o&rs us a proof and confirmation of what I have stated.
But in addition to these two main reasons for looking upon soolog^oal stations in general as things of immediate necessity, another presents itself from a different quarter. I mean the circumstance, that nest after the tropics (which are the richest in animal life), the widest field offered to the investigator of aatore, and consequently the most suitable region for the establish- ment of zoological stations, is Australia, with a fauna so interosting, so important and so very far from sufficiently known, especially as regards anatomy and embryology. Such a country would be the place for a zoological station, or to speak more correctly, for sefoeral such stations.
But perhaps many of those whom I have the honor of address- iDig, while they will agree with me in most of the considerations above submitted, and attach due importance to the Australian fianna, and to the necessity of more thorough investigations of it than o(dleotions and museums can supply, would ask me what is to be understood by a zoological station ?
146 TKi noosisnras ov nn xanrmr ioonvr
To oomprifle ihe anBww in as fisir words m poiwHe^ ^Uiia laboraiovy eriatUthed far wnSmdmg imetUgmtioma l» omrfDaiy, emhryologyt kuMo^, and, ^ poifJbfa» pftsftMogfy at walL** The idea is not a new one. In tiie year 1868, Dr. Anton Dohni and myself were stopping in Meeshia ftir ihb porpossof ■ocflogicsl sindies, and we tben became oonTinced tibat the estaMiriiment of Boologioal stations was becoming a eitol gum/Kom^ mid a neeem^ for Boienea. That this was not merely my canincyon I wiU show by qnoting the words of my frkod Dr. Dbhm himself: — ^^in ** spite of a tolerably rich mtppij isX instmnients and books, I ^ mnst, in my regard for the tmth, conftss that niy perfermances '' fell very far short of my expectations. It fluwL no better with ^ my Bossian companion, MiHnho-Maciay. We were atriking ** examples of bot^ the cases described above^ of labor expended ''to no purpose^ and we were both brouglit ipontaneonsly to' ** reflect on the great advantages which we might have derired '' from a weQ-estabUshed laboratory.'**
For ^years past I have often fbond myself during my travds, in circamstanoes similar to those experienced in Messina. Dmrbg my wanderings I have often found myself lodged fixr wedoi and months together in the houses and palaces of noUe and even Royal hosts, and yet how gladly would I have exchanged the comforts and splendour of such dwellings for a small bat tolerably well furnished laboratory where wndMwrhed and undisturhing I could have carried on my work.
When I arrived in Sydney about six weeks ago, I found myself once more in a similar position.
I had in my voyage from Singapore to this place so far re- covered from an illness arising out of a prolonged residence in New Guinea, that I was once more able to work ; but there was no suitable place to work in. Ten or twelve days elapsed, and I was still idle. Probably a still longer period would have passed in the same conditions, had not the friendly proposal of Mr. W.
* A. Dohm. Der gegeiiwertij:e Stand der Zoolojfie, imd die QrUndung Zoolo^ischer Stationen. Preussische TahrbUcher, Vol. XXX., p. 8 of copy. To those who are interested in this question, I cordially recommend the i)eru8al of the article above quoted, as likewise of another by the same author— Die Einwaihung der Zoologischer Station zu Neapel. Vol.
2LJLJL V.
Of KBW SO0TH WALES. 147
Macleaj, that I should work in his moseam, and his kind offer of hospitality, both of which I thankfully accepted, afforded me the opportunity of continuing my pursuits and saving my time from farther waste.
I can even adduce statistical proof to show that mine is no egoce^tional case^ but that the samie want has operated elsewhere.
In the pamphlet upon the opening of the zoological station in
Naples in the year 1865, I find this announcement. While in
former years the number of zoologists visiting Naples probably
finctuated between fomr and eight, already in the first year, from
£aster, 1874, to Easter, 1875, no less than thirty-sia '< savans,"
scientific investigators, have pursued their investigations on
marine animals in the zoological station. Of this number 2 were
Aostrians, 4 Italians, 5 Englishmen, 5 Dutch, 5 Russians, and
15 Germans. That through the establishment of a tolerably
good laboratory the number has increased sixfold, is a striking
testimony that there is no dea/rth of mlUng workers and competent
men^ hut only of suitable places to work in.
I would add a few words oo the stations already existing, and on those projected.
Whether the embryo of the zoological station in Messina, at which Dr. Dohrn and myself laboured, has received further development I know not, but Dr. Dohrn founded what is properly speaking, the first zoological station at Naples. This establish- ment, which cost him about 100,000 thalers, for which the town of Naples gave him gratuitously, but under certain conditions, the best site on the seashore in the Villa Beale, and of which I now present the photographic view, is described by its founder in a letter to me as ^^ prosperous and flourishing. '^^ But this letter was written in the year 1875, and since that time I have been for more than two years out of reach of any communication by the post.
In America a similar institution was established in New York under the direction of Professor Alexander Agassiz, and a similar one was projected in Trieste in connection with the Universities of Vienna and Oratz.
148 THE PBOCBSDIKaa OF THB UHHBAJI 80CIBTT
Two Others hare also been establifihed, one in Holland and the oliher in the English Channel on the Island of JevBeiy.
In oonseqnenoe of a prolonged abode in Johor (in the sonth of ihe Malay Peninsula), I endeavoured in 1875 to establish aao(^ogioal station there. The site, in the very midst of tiie tropical world, and in the neighbourhood of Singapore appeared to me especiallj adapted for such a purpose. * This undertaking had nearly reached its completion: the site, a small island, had been liberally guaranteed to me by the British (^oremment, and the plan of the small building had been laid out, when a new Toyage to the islands of the Pacifie and also New Guinea, interrupted my personal superintendence of the execution of my plan. When, after two years' absenoe, I arrived at Singapore, 1 learned to my great sorrow and annoyance that, in spite of all that I had done^ my proposal had not arrived at its accomplishment. The illness which ensued upon my return to Singapore — which is also one of the causes which has impelled me to visit Australia — ^rendered any renewal of my attempt impossible. But I hope, if my wandering life allows it, to realise my deep-felt desiire for the establishment of a station in the tropics. The place which I have in view for that purpose is Kema, to the north of the Island of Celebes.
After this short historical survey of the gradual rise of zoo- logical stations, I return to my proposal and pass trom. the theoretical to the practical side.
To summarise briefly what is wanted. We require a work- shop— a laboratory for zoological students in the widest senss of the word. It may at first be a single well-lighted room of tolerable size, furnished with some of the most necessary implements. The full apparatus and furniture may be completed hereafter. Everyone who works at the station will gladly undertake, after the completion of his investigations, to increase the original stock by the gift of the appliances which he has needed for his own labour. The immediate need is not of appa/ratuSf hut of a place for undisturbed work — a suitable convenient room, or, better still, a small detached cottage built for the purpose.
Sec " Nature," Vol. XII., No. 304, p. 382.
or wMw soirrB wjiLSt. 149
I wonld fenfaire to point oat a rite wbich appears to me matt gwUahle for the object in yiew ; it is the localitj in the neighboar> hood of Mr. W. Macleaj's Moseimi. The great advantages of this site are the following : —
1. The Madeay MtuetMU offers an excellent general view of the Anstralian fanna, and that of the surrounding countries.
2. Mr. Madeay will, doubtless, not refuse the use of his rich Zoological lAbrary to any working naturalist.
3. The neighhowrhoad of the sea is of great importance for the study of the marine fauna, and for the establishment of an aquarium, which will probably be set up in due time in the, pro- posed station.
4l In Mr. Madeay the institution would find a most compe- tent director \ his great zoological acquirements especially as r^;ards the fauna of Australia, New Guinea, &q,^ will be of the utmost importance and utility for every naturalist who comes to Sydney, and desires to occupy himself with thorough investiga- tions in Australian zoology; this I can state from personal experience. His love of natural science, and the interest which he consequently takes in its advancement^ which the proposed institution is certam to develops to no smaU extent^ are guarantees that under his guidance and inspection the station will be main- tained in a floMrishdng condition.
The conditioDS which I have enumerated, namdy a suitable rite, close to the sea^ and in the neighborhood of a good museum and a rich Ubraryf together with the important adddUon of a thoroughly competent ddredor^ are such as bear me out in the assertion which I have made above, that* Sydney possesses umisual facilities for the establishment of tk first zoological station in Australia.
I trust that the distinguished sodety which I have the honor of addressing, will coindde with me in these views, and that looking upon this undertaking as one every way worthy of a sdentific body they will take into conrideration the best means of giving speedy effect to a plan of which the honor will belong to them- selves, but the benefits will be felt and recognised by the world atlaige.
no TBS PBOCXaDUTM OP tfiB UKlTSAK BOCtSTT
If the sDoMy rcgahrd the eetahUehmeiit of Book « sidological ■ttiiidii de0iraft>le) I i^ia^l ha^e mach pleasure in layitig b^te ito next meeting a sketch bf ths huUdihig rejtttrAl, together wilbh A brief table of rules as to the mode in which Ihe station shall he used.
NoTE.-*^A CMdMoHbte of M6k&blitii wto tf][)|KUtit6d t6' donnctieb^ BSin:^ HEMdayV ptopoMd, stid to t^ipcH tfatttbH «t tktt Aett #iottthly mecStang of the Society.
Li^n)6^!ni!#A ittfiriai^th^ Aim.li fenhinal iii a tEit:e!t&6N bi" IfitmM.
By Reginald Bugh Bsad, M.B.C.S«
Pla;tel4
Bjtety 16 iilliie' prdi^nt ye^, (1878) the enqnity wok addr^ed to the MieroSdopical 8«c^n Of the Bd^al Society of N^ fSdtilL Wiled, on b6h^f of th^ Pr^^iift ^£ the EoyiJ lliiti^ofic^ce fioci^ of IibBtd!(«ii, H. T. Slack, Esq—** Wh^hfeJr there existed iii the colony 9!rhf fetttterfiied or itibihs i^ith a bb^g pfroboseid nSmikr to thoE^ #hich attiabk the tft&nge tree it Soath Aitdtt^Iia f Which wad sent on to this Society to answer. Mr. Slack's etaqairy Was a littlfef puzzling, since it is the orange and not its tree which is attacked by these Lepidoptera, Which are fb^tiinately very rare in those districts adjacent to Sydney which are the chief com- mercial seat of the prodaction of the orange in Australia
The ftbrlilisation of flowers by insects has led botanists to bestow pariacnlar attention to the arrangements whereby insects ente attracted to flowers as well as those vations modifications of the organs of ihe flower by Which its cross-^rtilisation may be most readily eflected. In the stady of the antlia of these Lepidoptera which assist in this fertilisation, the entomologist will And a large field, hitherto scarcely touched upon, and which will prove the more interesting, as it will have, probably, an important part in the future classification of Lepidoptera. In the genus which forms the subject of this paper the adaptation of the organ is of a most remarkable character.
or insw SOUTH WAtiSs. KH
The fbDest notice of these Lepiiioptera is contaiiied in a most interesting commanication by M. T. KUnckel, of 80tli Avg., 1875, to ^ Gomptes Bendns,^' which is translated in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, accompanied by drawings, at p. 371 of vol. Xn., for 1876.
Mr. Slack has just forwarded me a paper read by him before the fioyal Microscopical Society on 6th October, 1875, on "Per- forating Proboscis," in which he called attention to a short notice in April, 1874, by Mr. M*Intyre, describing the perforating proboscis of a moth said to have come from West A'frica. Mr. Slack also refers to the paper by EUnokel, w'hom heeorreetsinan important detail, Tia., the asserted rigidity of the tnmk.
Had, however, the publication been continued of Scott's ** Australian Lepidoptera," notice would have been attracted as early as 1864, since in a lithograph (exhibited to the Society) prepared for Part lY by Miss Scott, the AntHa are figured with ''serrations immediately behind the i^harply pointed tip,** the description given in Mr. Scott's M.SS.
The genus Ojphideres Boisd,, to which the possession appears to be confined of Antlia whose terminal forms a teretron (tiperpov. Wk borer, gimlet) is represented in New South Wales by two species, 0,/tiMonica, and 0, Athmsom (Scott. M.SS.), and as these species are also found in Queensland at Rockhampton, they are probably identical with those which attracted the notice of the IPrench botanist, Thozet, v^bo first drew Kunckel's attention to liheir depredations- on the Orange.
Of the specimens from which the accompanying drawings have been made, I am indebted for those of 0. fullonica, to Wm. Macleay, Esq., whose valuable Museum at Elizabeth 'Bay, is of such service to students of Natural History ; and for those of 0. Aikinsoni, to the kind courtesy of Walker Scott, Esq. . In his paper, Ktlnckel stated that Ophideres were exceptional to the other Lepidoptera, since they possessed a rigid trunk ; in {his he was in error, since the Antlia coil in the usual way, ahhough the terminal portion which may be designated the teretron possesses considerable rigidity.
AHhongh aware of Xiinckers description and illustration, I was quite unprepared for the wonderful appearance the antlia
played vben placed under a power of 60 to 85 of the microBOope, and it reqnired considerable and patient attention to master the details preaented. The varied appearance and wonderfol display of color has made it an object of attraction to all wlio have seen it- FremiBiag that the two applied maxillsB constitute the antlia, the extremity or terminal portion which forms the teretron is aboat one-eighth of the whole length of the antlia. The description subjoined is of the terminal of one of the maxillte, being one- half of the teretron.
Upper and outer sw/ace (fig. 1, 3, 4). Tip acutely pointed, expanding upwards into three barhs, two of wliich, the first and third, are placed on the outer side, whilst the second is intermediate between them and nest the line of junction of the ma*illiE. From the barbed portion the terminal begins to expand, and on its upper surface is presented in a line above the second barb a curved projection terminating abruptly, shewing a sharp ov^ gouge-like edge ; the interior of the projection is sharply hollowed ont, and from it arises a large rounded tooth-like process- From this point commence two or more rows of thickly set setie, which continue the whole length of the antlia. Above and on the outer side of the terminal is placed, diagonally, a second process similar to that already described, whilst above, in a hne between the first and second, occurs the third. The fourth is placed above and in a line alternating between the second and third. The fifth is similarly placed in relation to the third and fourth, and the sixth and last in repect of the fourth and fifth. Each superior process is shghtly larger than (hat below it At the base of the sixth process, in a slightly cupped hollow, is a solitary long spine, whose office may be to prerent the teretron being plunged too deeply into fmite to permit of withdrawal.
I7nd«r surface (fig. 2). Tip acutely pointed, expanding upwardg, thea suddenly [contracting, gives a sharp transverse ridge one-half iray np the bu'bed portion, which again expands upwards and outwards, and forms a second sharp edged transverse ridge. The remainder of the terminal is divided nnequally into three diviaionB, each of which presents a very strong sharp loaoet-liln
07 VKW SOUTH WALK. 153
process. At the junction of the terminal with the remainder of the maTJUm are set diagonally upwards and outwards four oonicallj shaped ^ines, then, a space intervening, there is placed higher np the mazilke a set of three similar spines ; afier a loDger interval a set of two spines occurs, and finally a single spine is placed at a considerable distance from the last two, making ten in all placed like the teeth of a long harrow (fig. o).
Furnished with this extraordinary apparatus these species of Ophideres are able to pierce the skin of the orange even before it has turned yellow, two or three sometimes attacking the same fruit. They can also pierce the tough rind of the banana whilst still green.
It is to be hoped that this paper will lead other observers to watch the habits of these interesting Lepidoptera, and I shall be obliged for any communications respecting them, and also for fresh specimens for dissection.
Microscopical examination of numerous specimens of Catocala Anocala and SpcmoccLUij Scott, disclose a wonderful diversity of arrangement of papillie and spines, so that it may probably be found advisable to arrange the Antlia of the Lepidoptera in four divisions, viz. : —
Antlia — Smooth.
Ex. Dcmais lMpjpu$,
— Partially papillate.
Ex. Vanessa Atalanta (?)
— Partially papillate, with spines set at intervals along
the whole under surface of antlia. Ex. Anocala^ n, sp.^ Scott.
— Furnished with teretron and with spines along part
of under surface of antlia.
Ex. Ophideres fidlonica and Atkinsoni. At p. 223, YoL Vlll of Nature there is a description and drawing of the proboscis of a Sphinx ( $ ) by Herman Milller, wHch proves the correctness of Darwin's assertion as to the fertilisation of Anagrcecum cesquvpedale — " there must be moths with a proboscis capable of extension to a length of between 10 and 11 inches."
ExpiviMATiOH OP Plate 14. Pig, 1. — Upper surface of borer. Fig, 2. — Under enrfaoe of borer. Fig. 3 and 4.— Side rie^ of Bams. Fig. 6. — ArrangeDient of spines. Kga. 1, 3, 4, X 85. Fig., 2 x 60.
Ifote oil the traohoGB of oertoin AuBhralian Docks. By E. P. Ramsay, F.US.
■ Proceedings for the year 1877, I made eome remarks
Anstratiao Teat, and in the trachew of thia not a little surprised fouud in the trachece stained a considerable
on the Anas eoitanea of Eytoi
referred to Professor Newton's remarks
species, see P.Z. S. 1871, p. 649. I wi
at the statement thnt u bulla ossea wa
of both Beies, having some years ago e
number of the same species without finding any buUa ossea in the
female, but in the males it was well developed. I have recently
Biamined six females with the same results, finding no trace of
this organ in any of them, I believe therefore that Professor
Newton must have been misled by the carelessness of bis
taxidermist
In Myroea oMtralis the bulla omea, found in the males only, is of lai^e size ; in the Freckled Duck, Stictonetta navosa, it is not found, either in the male or female, bnt the tracheee of the male has a slight swelling about ^ of its length from the root of the tongue, and in this enlargement the rings are divided, by a narrow silt, of which however more hereafter, when I hope to be able to offer the Society some remarks on this and other spooies of Australian Ducks. For the present I wish merely to correct an error into which my friend. Professor Newton, has fallen, aod which I quoted in the above mentioned paper on AnstnUian Birds.
~\
Of lilh^ ujftntL wixtf . 156
ttolliisca of the '' Chevert " Expedition. By J. BftAziKB, CJLZ.S., Gorr. M.a.S. Tas., &a, ^bc.
TUBBO SUPRAOBAlfOSUS.
Trochus (GibltUa) sujpragranostu, Smith, Journal Linn. Society, Xondon, Zoology, VoL XII, p. 558, pL XXX, fig. 15.
Hob. Barnard and Fitzroy Islands, North East Australia; Sue and Duugeness Islands, Torres Straits ; Makera Harbour, &U1 Christoval; also, Florida Island, Solomon Islands, found under stones ; f^ercy Island Ko. U, North East Australia, brought up in the dredge from 18 fathoms.
Mr. Edgar A. Smith remarks that one of the chief peculiarities of this species is that the spiral lirsB on the last whorl near the middle run in pairs ; the lirations on the spire become grannlose as the apex is approached ; the brown or pinkish brown stripes which flow downwards from the suture are interrupted somewhat by the transverse sulci, and thus appear as oblong dots on the lir». On the back of the body whorl, not far from the lip, is a large brown or pinkish brown stain. Mr. Smith places it in the &inily of TrochidcB. I have examined the operculum and find it to be calcareous, therefore place it in the family Turbvnida. In 1865, t found it very plentiful at Florida Island ; a great number of specimens were obtaind at Damley Island, in Torres Straits, (dead) at the depth of 25 to 30 fathoms ; a few abo were obtained at Palm Island, North East Australia, at 8 fathoms sandy mud bottom, specimens lighter in colour.
DtlAWmGS BY AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINBS.
St J. 0. Cox, M.D., F.L.S., Ac.
Plates 15 and 16.
The cbawings on sheets of bark, which I have laid before the Sooie^ tiiis evening, were obtained from the natives on Essington Isbmd, «e ihe north coast of Australia. The aborigines of th« Australian continent appear to have been in the habit of painting
■ USWUX BOCIBTT
on a similar material ; unfortunately, owing to the perisbable nature of the bark aod to the pigment used, commonlj pipeclay, being easily defaced, few of these iilastratiocB have been saved. Mr. Brongh Smythe has, however, been successful in preserving some few of these relics, and has figured them in the valuable work which he has just published ou the habits and customs of the natives of Victoria. I have on several ocoasioas seen in caves, drawings of various objects made by the natives, with out- lines of lizards and kangaroo, dec., these latter invariably on a small scale, and all associated with the weU-known " red hand " — but I bare never met with, nntil now, such large drawings of animals on sheets of bark, as those I now place before the Society. I have indeed seen even larger sheets of the samo material, but these were ornamented by the natives witb ongalar figures painted with red, white, and yellow clay, and a colouring matter, which is obtained from the inside of lamps of iranatone, similar to that used in former times by the aborigines to cover their bodies witL I fancy the only use made of snch drawings as these mnst be to render their meetings more attractive when dancing before the fire in the wild gesticalatioDS of a corrobborree, or they may be drawn for amosemeut when confined to their caves by the inclemency of weathtr, certainly not made to ornament their gnnyft's as we, onr rooms, with piotnres.
Fig&. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, plate 15, ue kU on ons aheet at bark, about 2 fe«t 2 inches long, and 10 incbea wi^.
Fig. 1, pUte 15, the fignre ot a tartle. The bodj oCtiam figure is red, and the patteni Uimb wn white ; miMmiiiin^ 7 msheB long and 7 broad.
Yig. 2, plale 15, abo the figore of a tcvtoiBe, 9^ tnrlw kng, and € wide. This fignie is jdlow, and h^ TfarfMnfl wUia b^H nmning alantiD^ aEsuss it, and two mora jWWwd limn nmniiig from the head to the tail
Fig. 3 is yellow, outlined with a white margin, pc^nt^ intended for the figure of a man ; it nwasnru aboat 6 iadHs loog. The hands of this figure are hinusbed with six fingers; the pas- tenor limbe are Tootv Uke the poetenor eatis of a eoal Ums hamut l^a.
OF NBW SOUTH W1.L16. 157
Fig. 4, plate 15, the figare of a lizard. This figare is yellow edged with white, and measures about 9 inches long.
Fig. 5, plate 15, also the figure of a reptile of Uie lizard type, measuring 9^ inches long. The color is red and the spots are white.
Fig. 6, plate 15, a diminutiye figure of a man, 3 inches long, with extended arms and fingers ; this figure is yellow and white.
Fig. 7, plaite 15, the figure of a bird, like a heron ; measuring 16 inches long and 5f inch wide, on a piece of bark by itself, 20 by 12 inches. The outline of the bird is drawn with white pipe-clay, and the feathers are represented by mixed yellow and white lines.- The feet of the bird are represented with four toes each.
Figs. 8 and 9, plate 15, are frogs, on one sheet of bark. 18 inches long. Figure 8 measures 5 inches in length. The groundwork of this figure is white, outlined with red.
^g« 9> plate 15, is 13| inches long ; the groundwork white, the outlines and sculptured markings are red. The animal is depicted with five toes on each limb; the eyes are very prominent, and it is furnished with genital appendages.
Fig. 10, plate 15, is on a sheet of bark by itself, about 4 feet long. I can only suppose this figure to represent the skin of a man. The figure is 2 feet 9 inches long and 1 foot wide ; the figure is white, and the outlines and pattern marks and cross lines and spots are red ; there are six fingers on each hand, and six toes on each foot ; the legs are folded back from the knee ; tlie head is represented by a triangular shaped figure, possibly to illustrate the skin taken from the back of the head. This figure is also with genital appendages.
. Another figure of a lizard. — Not represented in the plate, on a separate sheet of bark, has the body 14 inches long and 4 broad at the middle, but one inch broader at the posterior than at the anterior extrenui^y. The head is spindle-shaped, slightly curved to the left, truncated at the aipex, and has an ornamental serrated crest of white and yellow running fipom above downwards for about the middle half. The head is joined to the body by ^ comparatively short slender neck, S inches long, and from either side of the base of the neck a
1S8 FSOM THE PB0CKSDIH08 OF THX UHHSAIT 80CIBTY
front limb or arm is attached, sloping backwards, bearing a large broad five fingered band ; the arm proper is only one inch long, and the wrist, band and fingers are foar inches long, and the arm is separated from the band bj three transrerse yellow lines. The posterior end of the body terminates in a tail 13 inches long, bent towards the left, blnntly tapered to the extremity, and serrated on either side with white and yellow for about two->thirds the length. Where ibe tail joins the body, a posterior limb is attached, sloping backwards, and measuring to the tips of the five toes, eight inches; the foot is separated, as in the front limb at the wrist, from the leg by three cross yellow lines. The figure is painted throoghoat with white pipe<day, and is margined at all parts with a yellow line also of coloured day. This figore is on the inside of a sheet of bark 5 feet long.
Fig. 11, plate 15, is the representation of a tortoiae, 18| inches long and 5^ inches wide, on a separate sheet ef bari^, 2 feet 6 inches long- The gronndwork of the figure is white ; the oatHne red, and is profusely ornamented with ooloored spots and cross bars.
Fig. 12, plate 16. The figure of a large reptile of the lizard tribe by itself, on a sheet of bark 3 leet 6 inches long ; the figure measures 3 feet 2 inches, and is three inches wide in the middle ; the body, tail, aud legs are white, edged with red ; the diamond-shaped pattern on the body is depicted with red lines ; down the centre of the body a red line runs from the neck to the base of the tail, which is dotted with yellow; the ground colour of the head is red, and the fringe is yellow ; the transverse lines at the junction of the head with the body, and the cross-pat- tern, are red. The front limbs, which are represented as articu- lated at the neck, are small, white, and edged with red ; they have a proportionally very large hand and tive long fingers, there are two transverse red lines ac the wrist. The posterior limbs are larger than the anterior, painted in the same style, one has five fingers, one four. There is a broad red band acros the base of the body, and another where the arms are articulated and one where the tail joins it. The tail is long, taper- ing, white, lined with red, beat to the right, and has a frtnse of
OF HEW SOUTH WALB8. IW
j^ellow <m the convex surface. The narrow band of red across the lower part of the body has along the lower edge of it a row of yellow spots.
Figs. 18, U and 15, plate 16, are all on one sheet of bark, 2 feet 3 inches long. Fig. 13 is probably that of the OrmthcrhynehHs^ or else a large sleepy lizard. It is 14 inches long and 3 wide. The figure is white, the margin of which is lined with red.
Fig. 14 is a turtle, 12 inches long and 8 wide ; the ground colour is white and the transverse markings and patch of spots down the centre of the back are yellow and red.
Fig. 15 is the figure of a frog, about 10 inches long; the colour is white and faintly lined with red on the body. There are five fingers represented on each of the arms ; on one of the legs there are a crowd of toes represented, wliile the other only has four.
Fig. 16, plate 16. The figure of a long necked tortoise, on a sheet of bark by itself ; the groundwork of the figure is white, and the body is ornamented throughout with curved and transverse red and yellow lines ; the neck is represented bent, very long, and ornamented with longitudinal red and yellow lines; the head is small, with eyes, represented by two red spots ; the limbs are ornamented with a series of irregular trans- verse and cross red and yellow lines. The length of the sheet of bark on which this figure is drawn is 2 fact 6 inches long and 12 inches broad ; the figure itself is 1 foot 6 inches long and 6| incheB wide.
Fig. 17, plate 16. The representation of a bird — I presume that of a cassowary. It is on a sheet of bark, 14 inches wide by two feet long ; the height of the figure is 1 foot 4 inches, and the width from the head to the tail 12 inches. The figure is white, margined by a thick red line ; the space between the legs is yellow ; the eye and mouth are drawn as by one long ntiier broad red line; another oval red patch represents the craw, and a smaller one the anus ; there are also two rounded spote of red at the knee joints, and a broad long patch from be knee to the foot.
fig. 18, plate 16. The moet elabonto ol ftll tbe drawings figured is that of a dugong, on a pieot of bark, 2j feet long; the figare is white, ornamented with yellow lines, and bine and yellow patches, and blue and yellow spote, which are gent^rally in regalar rows ; thu body is broadly spindle- shaped ; the head is wedge-ahaped the broad end of tho wedge being upwards ; there are two flappen; attached to the body jost below tha junction of the head with the body, and a large Y shaped tail ; the eyes are represenled by two aemi- limatc yellow patches, one on each side of the head; the dark wedge-sbnpod patch shown in the figare covering the upper end of the body, and stretching up over the neck in a poJut towards the bead is dark blae, so also are the three linee on the front part of the head ; the spots on the head are blue, while those on tbe flappers are yellow ; the three zig-zag linea down the back are yellow, and the spaces enclosed by them ; tbe spots onteide the lines, on the sides of the body are bine ; the spots round the edge of the body and tail are yellow, bat the larger spots on the hinder part of the body and on the tail are bine. The length of the figare is 16^ inches, and the body ia almost 5 tngbfis at its widest part.
Mr. Bramer, C.U.Z.S., exhilnted rare speomifliis of sfaells collected by Mr. F. L. Button, of Arkland, CUSbmia, namely, Maehotrapahita, from Or^on, MgaliempkOti, Sdiiaolh»nu Butt^i, Peeten monoHmerit, P. aqntnlcabu, firom iTorih Cali- fornia, P. htulattu (rery rare) from Paget Soand, Washington Territory, Sdtas Oarpenttri (very rare) from Coronadoe Island, 32* North latitude, fl. fai4a, Santa Bartaam Island, eonth oMst of California.
The President, Mr. W. J. Stephens, M.A., said he was desiroaa to give as much pablioity as possible to an attempt now being made by the Bev. T. C. Atkio, of Campbelltown, to introdooe the stndy of praolioal botany among the yoong people of hia
OF VBW SOUTH WALB8. 161
cHistriot. He has pnblished aad circnlated a small handbook of <iirectioi3S for the formation of a HotIub Siccus^ which, it is hoped, 'will prove of considerable service ; and if the attempt should prove as saccessfal as it is praiseworthy, it is probable that a great increase of information as to the geographical distribution and limits of the flora of New South Wales would result. It is in anj case a step in the direction of the establishment of local xnaseams of Natural History in the widest sense of the word, in -which the Physiography, to use Huxley's term, of each district might be so illustrated by specimens, maps, etc., that both residents and visitors might obtain all existing information as to its distinguishing characteristics.
MONDAY, SOth SEPTEMBER, 1878.
The President, W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., in the Chair.
DONATIONS.
Prom the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. : — Annual Report, 1876.
Prom Boston Society of Natural History : — Proceedings : Vol. XIX : Parts 1 and 2.
From G. Masters, Esq. : — Catalogue of the described Coleoptera, of Australia, by the Donor.
The Committee appointed to consider Baron Miklucho-Maclay's suggestion for the establishment of a Zoological Station near Sydney, presented the following Report, which was read and adopted.
The Committee of the Linnean Society of New South Wales appointed at the Monthly Meeting of the Society on August 2()th, 1878, to report upon Baron Maclay's proposal for the Mtablishn^ent of a Zoological Station in Sydney, are of opinion-—
rSB pBocEBDJxaa of the linkejIN socisrv
n
1, — That Baron Maclay'f proposal ia an excellent one, and that it is moat desirable that h shanld be acted npon with the least possible delaj.
2. — That the site for the Station suggested by Baron Maclay ia, from its vicinity to the sea, and the facilities afforded to the student by ready access to Mr, Maclesy's Masenm and Library, very well adapted for the purpose, and they recom- mend that an efibrb be made to secure it for the Society.
3. — That the amoant required for the erection of workshops, &c,, according to the plana submitted by Baron Maclay shonld be obtained by voluntary contributions from the members of the Society and others.
4. — That, as some time moat elapse before the site indicated, or any other suitable one, can be aecnred, Mr. Macleay's offer, here foUowiog, of a temporary Station in the immediate vicinity of hia Maseam be accepted.
I think it so desirable that Baron Maclay's proposal ebonld be carried ont qaickly, and that we should be able to announce at once to the scientific world that a Zoological Station is actually in existence in Sydney, that I offer to guarantee, until final arrangements ai-e concluded, to find ample room either in or near my Mnseam for any visitors to tliis country who wish to under- take the study and investigation of any branch of Natural Science. And I further guarantee that such students shall have free access to, and the use of, my Museum, Library and Microscopes. This engagement on my part is limited, of conrse, to the bona fide student, and does not apply to the mere collector, whether amateor or professional.
(Signed) Willuh Maolbat.
26tli September, 1878.
5. — That the sketch plan laid before the Committee by Baroo Maclay sufficiently meets the requirements of the Station, oad sboald be at least provisionally adopted by the Society.
07 nW SOUTH WALXt. 103
6. — The Gomxnitfcee farther recommend that the annexed table of Rules, proposed by Baron Maclay, should be adopted for the general conduct of the Station.
7. — That this Report be presented to the Society at the next Montiily Meeting.
Rules or fHS Stdnet Zoolooioal Station.
1 . — The Sydney Zoological Station is instituted in order to advance Biological Science, by affording Naturalists special opportunities for the investigation of the Zoology and Botany of Australia.
^. — It shall be open, at the discretion of the Directors, to all Naturalists of the male sex, without distinction of nationality, it being understood that gentlemen engaged in original research have a prior claim to those who are only in training.
3.— -That foreign Naturalists visiting Sydney for the purpose of scientific enquiry shall in like manner have the preference over residents.
-4. — ^The use of the Station shall be given free of any charge for rent, but a fee of Five Shillings per week shall be paid by each tenant in order to meet the expense of service. And all damage done to books or appliances shall be made good by the person during whose tenure the mischief was done.
^. — ^No tenant shall disturb any other by singing, whistling, or any other unnecessary noise.
€. — ^A book shall be kept in the Station in which persons using the Station may record such notes or suggestions as they may think fit
r Tira avmun socitrrr
PAFBBS READ.
On a New Ganoid Fiah from QaeenBUnd.
By Count F. de Castelnau. Plate 19 A. I have received from Mr. Staiger of the Brisbane Museam a drawing of ti very remarkable fish, with tbe following note ; — " It is only found in a single water hole in tbe Burnett River, living togetber with Geralodits ; and when in August, 1872, I was ia Gayndah, Igot it on the break fast table, brought in by blacks from a distance of about eight t-o ten miles. I had the Bah for breakfast, remarked its curious shape, and asked the then Road Inspector to draw it for me, which he did. Csrotodus, not well known then, formed the dinner. I was not connected with any scientific body, otherwise I would have, at any rate, preserved the bead. The person who drew it in not an ichthyologist but still is a dmnghbi-
On examining the rough and incomplete sketch, I saw immediately that the fish was a ganoid nearly allied to Alrac- lostetii bat forming, by its dorsal, caudal and anal fins, all united, tbe type of a now genuB, and probably of a new family.
It is remarkable that all the species of ganoid fishes known, having a long, more or less, crocodile back, are until now, only from America. It is evident ibat from such a drawing no correct description can he given ; all I can say is that it shows the exist* ence in Australia of a ganoid fish with a very elongate and very depressed spatuli-form snout ; this is much narrower at its base tbaa towards tbe two-thirds of its length ; it is rounded and bordered at ita extremity, having very much the form of the beak of the Plalrjpus, the two jaws are of about equal length ; the eye very small and placed near tbe upper part of the bead ; the body ia covered with large ganoid scales ; the pectorals appear small, and are placed immediately behind and below the head ; the vertical fins are very long and nnited, bat not withstand ing, the caudal seems rather distinct; nothing is said of the dentition. Mr. Staiger says also that the fish-ia of a dirty mahogany color ; and he adds that " the first of the four rayi ft very tirong ■" bat
Oy KBW SOUTH WALKS. 166
I cannofc find oufc to what this applies. The specimen was abont eighteen inches long. As I have already said, the fish that comes the nearest to it is the Atractosieus spatula of Lacepede ; mach better figared by Aag. Damins in his Histoire Naiurelle des PoiseonSf vol. II., p. 361, pi. 24, fig. 7.
In oar present knowledge of this singular fish, some incon- venience might arise from giving it a significant name ; and I think it is preferable to design it under the mysterious historical one of Ompax. The species will bear the name of spatulcades.
It is much to be desired that some specimens will soon be found and secured for one of the Australian Museums.
OmpaXf by its extraordinary suout, comes also near Polyodoriy of which one species is found in the Mississipi, and another in the great Chinese river, the Yantsekiaug ; but these have their body naked, and cannot properly be placed with the ganoids.
It is singular, but almost certain, that the teeth of Polyodon fall before the fish acquires its full size.
u
On a species of Amphisile from the Palau Islands. By William Macleat, F.L.S., &c.
Plate 19 B.
The very remarkable fish described in this paper, and figured on plate 19 B, was taken by Baron Maclay at a place named
Komis" near the village of '^Maleggiok" on the Island of
Babelstaub" one of the Palau Archipelago.
It is found abundantly on the sandy beaches of that island at low tide, but does not seem to be used by the natives for any purpose but that of ornament in their houses.
The specimen from which the description and drawing are taken, is dry, but I believe it is not changed to any great degree from what it was in a fresh condition.
The fish belongs to the curious family of Gentriscidity and in the form and structure of the head resembles muoh the Fis- iularidm or Pipe ITiahes.
The genuB Amphisile, to which this Bpecies bslongs, is especi- ally remarkable for a strong Ixiny oairasB covering the entire back and eitending beyond the tail ; turning the hinder part of the trunk and tho tail downwards in an almost vertical direction, thus making the dorsal fins appear to be on the lower anriaoe of the tail.
At BaroD Maclay'a request I give the species from the locality of its capture, the name of
AuPHiEiLG Eoms. General form elongate, very oomjiressed, tapering in front to the Bitiemifcy of the snout, and behind to the 1st dorsal spine, swelling out in the middle both above and below in a very gentle carve and slightly curving upwards at each extremity. The width is greatest along the middle of the sides where there is a ridge, represented in tho vertical section— fig, a. b. The anont from the eye is twice as long as the height of the body at its deepest part, and one-fourth of the total length from the month to the extremity of the lat dorsal spine, it is compressed, tapers to a very miunte mouth, and excepting towards the eye where it is 'of the sarae bony ponctato-etriate substanoe an the crown of the head, its integuments are transparent. The nostrils are immediately in front of the eyes, the anterior one rather large. The orbits are rather large and about their diameter apart with a distinct ridge round them, and a short ridge in front, extending from near the nostril downwards. The upper part of the head is hard and pnnctato-striate, and may be looked upon as a mere continuation of the body cuirass — this bony part commenoea in a very narrow strip near the month, and extends along (he sanunit of the snout, gradually widening nutil it joins Uie first dorsal plate. On the vertex between the eyes there is a vmy slight longitudinal depression. Below the eye a blunt spine OF process extends downwards into the transparent ventral membrane.
The opercolnm is scarcely longer than high, convex, punctate, rounded behind, and angular beneath, the distance of its posterior margin from the root of the pectoral fin being juuch greater than itfl distance from the anterior mai^n of the orbit.
Ot irSW SOtTTH WALKS. 167
The hnmsmm is large and of somewhat triangular shape, the
jiOBterior ang^ extending to the npper part of the origin of the
pectoral fin, while hene&th on the anterior portion there is a
m broad notch to reoeire the npper part of the coraooid bone.
This bone is nearly square, with an obliqne groove in the middle.
The dorsal coirass extends on the back finom the head, to
which dr tt ftnntf fixed, the sntnre being rigid and dovetailed, in
one apparent piece (*) to aboat one-fifUi the entire length of the
fish beyond the tafl ; it becomes gradually smaller towards the
extremity, and has artioalated to its apex, ronning in the same
direction a spine of about half an inch in length, to which I give
the name of the first dorsal spine.
The whole of Uiis part of the cuirass is longitudinally striate, and for the most part punctate. The lateral portion of the cuirass seems to consist of four plates, closely adherent to the dorsal part just mentioned, (the suture being scarcely visible) and extesiding downwards along the middle of the body as &r as the middle of the sides. The first plate is narrow from its contact with the head and operculum, until past the humerus and pectoral fin, where it expands downwards to the middle of the body ; the second plate is shorter than the first, rather longer than de^ and quite rectangular ; the third is about the same length as the second, but becomes less deep towards the fourth ; this last runs out entirely into the dorsal portion above the tail. The lateral sutures of these plates are deeply serrated, the serra- tions dovetailing in the most perfect way. These lateral plates, or at least three of them, have a ^em-shaped series of fine striae, expanding downwards from a nucleus near the dorsal suture. The body below these lateral plates is covered with a perfectiy transparent membrane, through which ten pairs of ribs are visible, and terminates beneath in a very trenchant edge which extends from the snout to the vent.
The pectoral fins are of moderate size, situated much nearer to iihe ventral fin than to the eyes, and consist of eleven rays of i^early uniform length. The ventral fin, for there is only one, is
« Dr. ChmllMr, in his deseripikm of A. tcutata, speakf of this part as consisting of ftra bones.
r TSS tlSKXAS SDCIBTY
abdominal, taking its rise in k deep notch of the sharp ventral edge, about opposite the middle of t!ie second plate of the cuirass, much nearer to the anal fin than to the eje, and consists of four mys, the two longest qnito four lines in leogth. Tbe other fins are close tog'elher, and much of a size, the anal cou- Bistiiig of (en rays, about tbe length of those of tbe ventral; the caudal in the same plane on a tail pointing doimvrards, and only a little free from the body, of ten rays. The soft dorsal close behind and in the same plane, of ten rays, gradually lengthening backwards, or towards the first rays, according to the method of reckoning in fishes of normal form.
The spinous dorsal conBista, in addition to the articulated con- tinuation of the dorsal cnirnsa already mentioned, of a short strong spine pointing downwards and backwards from the nnder side of the extremity of tbe dorsal cuirass, and connected by a very small morabrsne with the first spine, and of two others, considerably lai'ger and near the soft dorsal, of a slightly curbed and flattened shape and unequal size : the one nearest the soft dorsal being the sraallest, connected together by a membrane to the apeK, and also connected by a long but low membrane with the second spino.
The color seems to have been yellowish or yellowish brown for the most part, on the hard part^, all the rest seems to hare been transparent; the dark mark along the middle of the body is probably due to the oourse of the alimentary canal showing through the integaments.
The length of the fish is five inohes, the figure given in plate 19B being the exact dimensions, and I believe it is the fall adult size. The specimen I suppose to be a male, as in another species, Kner seems to have foond the prolongation of two rays in the ventral fin, an indication of the sex.
Three species of Ampkidle are recorded in Dr. Qnnther's admirable Catalogue of Fishes. A. sculata, punctulata, and Btri- gala ; of these, the last, a species described and named by that distinguished Ichthyologist himself is the only one which can be snspected of being identical with the present species. Bot the diSerences are many and important. The following are some of
or imw aotrni walm. 109
ihe main points of difference. The interorbital space has a slight longitudinal groove, the opercalam is not longer than deep, and has an apgnlar protuberance beneath, the distance from the posterior margin of the opercalum to the root of the pectoral is much greater than to the anterior margin of the orbit, there is no black longitudinal band, and the lateral plates of the cuirass differ both in size and number. According to my estimate also there is a considerable difference in the formula of the 6ns, that of -4. shigaia Gunth. being D. 3/io, A. 12, C. 10, P. 12, V. 4, while that of the present species is D. ^/lO, A. 10, 0. 10, P. 11, V.4.
On Macrodontism. Bt N. db Miklucho-Maclat, Hon. Memb. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
Plate 18.
The copy in " Nature " (Vol. XVI., No. 404) of the sketch of an Islander of Taui*, which I had sent in 1876 to Professor B. Virchow in Berlin, is such a perfect caricature that I am induced, in consideration of the great anthropological interest of the sub- ject, to lay before the Society a correct lithograph of my original Bketch, with some remarks on this peculiarity, which I shall call Macrodontism {juucpo&ovTUTfio^).
I commence with an extract from my first letter on this subject to Professor Virchow, which has been kindly translated into Cnglish by Mr. G. L. Sahl, Imperial German Consul in Sydney.
" 16 June, 1876. " Archipelago Ninigo (or Echiquier),
" 1** 23' south lat., 144 east long.
" Going south after my visit to Western Mikronesia, I came to the Admiralty Islands, which are as yet little known. I con- tinued there my anthropological studies, and devoted my atten- tion to an important anatomical peculiarity of the natives (who belong to the Melanesian Race) and obtained some unexpected
* %Qi or Admiralty Islands.
\-
resBlts. I observed a oonaiderable irregularity of the t which are mostly very protruding, and I soon found ont that it was owing to the eDOrmoua size of those of the front row. The sketch herewith shows certain parts of the moath in its natural size. Generally it was the incisors of the upper jaw which were enlarged, bnt sometimea those of the lower jaw showed the Bame peculiarity ; in eome individuals the canine teeth seemed also enlarged. The teeth were thick in proportion, and as seen from above (or from below) they formed a sort of grinding aurfaco, which sometimes even was taberoalate.
" These people had a great aversion to my measuring their teeth or making a drawing of them, soine of them I persuaded through presents, othera throngh surprise, where their astonish- ment and perhaps fear left them without defence in my hands ; but only for a short time; they missed no opportunity to escape, and showed auch an impatience that the measuring and drawing were made very difficult. Wherever I could I lost no opportiinily to meeianre as esactly as possible, but I regret that my esamina- tion could not be a complete one. I hare added the measure- ments to my eketchea, bnt must observe that I had not the opportanity of sketching the most characteristic individuals ; I had to content myself with the good iiatnred and timid ones; some very magnificent representatives of these large-teethed people (of whom I observed several dozen on the Admiidty Islands, and on the Island of Agomee or Hermit Island) refhaed veiy decidedly to have their teeth sketched or even measured.
" To some of these people, whose large teeth were quite loose and could easily have been extracted with little pEun, I offered one and even two axes for one big tooth ; bnt even the desire to obtain the axes was not strong enough against the firm BQpeT> stition that in that case the person wonld die.
" Later on I succeeded at the Island of Agomea in obtraiiog a piece of a big tooth from a man, who, having no big teeth of bis own, very likely was selling that of a relation.
" These large-teethed people do not form a distinct tribe, they are to be found distributed amongst the population. Some are, . indeed, magnificent specimens ; I have measured some inoisoF
or HIW SOUTH n'AlBS. 171
fi^Mi with a crown of 22 m.m. length, others also of indsoni X9 m.m. breadth, the thickness of some of these was not less than X 1 m.m.
'' On account of the continnons chewing of betel and penang,t Uie enamel of the teeth is covered with a black crast. In some uistances when the mouth was closed the teeth protruded between 'OiB lips.
" I have not only met men with such teeth, but women as well, but more seldom. The teeth of some of the boys promised in i;ime not to be behind in size those of their older countrymen.
'' So far, I have found these large-teethed Melanesians only on Uie Admiralty Islands (on the south and north-west) and on the Xeland of Agomes.
** When I saw these people with protruding teeth around me X was reminded of the Orang Oargassi of the Malayan Peninsula, % cuid thought involantarily of the hypotheses, theories, etc., etc., ^which would have been the result if a piece of skull with these enormous teeth had been found in any recent geological for- xioation."
Since this letter I have sent two fuller reports to Europe ci.hout " Macrodontism," one to the Imperial Russian Q-eographical Society in St. Petersburg ; and a second, with a number of CLketches of different sets of teeth of Islanders of Taui and -Agomes, to the President of the Anthropological Society of Berlin. Those who interest themselves especially in these ana- tomical specialities I refer to these reports. I will only add laete, that my attention being roused by the observation of the large teeth of the Admiralty Islanders, I lost no opportunity to oleerve the teeth of all the different races of people that I subse- quently during my travels came in contact with. I then con- ^noced myself that '' Macrodontism '* occurs to a certain extent ^^^nOi other races, though I observed nowhere such remarkably ^ teethed people, and such numerous instances of this peculi- ^ty, as on the Islands of Taui and Agomes.
^^t It i« not improbable that other vog^etable material, which we do not as yet know, !• **<^ QNd for chennng by the inhabitants of Taui.
t In aaojr places of the Malay Peninsula I have heard of the existence of curly-haired f*^Pj« with two protruding teeth, and these Orang Gargassi, as they were called, are sup- P^'wl to live in uie mountainB^ between Kedah and Sint^oro.
m THE FRocBBcnctH OF ras usmw iociett
Daring my second stay (1876-77) on the Maclay-Goa»i of St Guinea 1 found Reveval individuals who had some teeth of abno mal size, and which, like those oa Taui and Agomes, pre^enU no pathological condition. I met three or four of such peop amongst the inhabitants of the archipelago of the " Conta: men," also in some of the mountain viUagea of the Maclay-Coni \n Zamhoavjd OQ the S.W. point of tho Island Mmdnnao ( Jany., 1S7S), I mot a native (whose ancestors, as be informt me, were Bagis) whose teeth of conBiderable size were to remarkable.
In 1878 I saw in Singapore a, Chinese Coolie in tie stref whose large teeth were well ehown by his hearty laugh, ai which attracted my attention. Owing to my illness I was pr vented from sketching or measuring this specimen.
Amongst my older notes I found a memo, that in 1873, on ll Island rirfore, 1 saw a Malay with remarkably large teeth; i the same year (1373) I also saw a Chinese in Oanton with vei large teeth.
In conclusion, I will remark that the opinion which have formed (and which I hare commnnicat«d in my secon report to the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia in 187f is that Maerodoutism (or hypertrophy of the dentinura) shoal rank in the same category as the elongation of the nymphf and the accumulation of fat about tho buttock's and saornra i the Hottentot woman, and in a similar manner as this pecuHaril of constitntion, Macroduntism is not to be met amongst a individuals.
That this Hypertrophy of the Dentinum stands in close roll tion with the food is without doabt ; bat daring my compan lively ebort stay in the islands I could not discover the particoU diet which causes this anomaly, or might have cansed it, as it i certain that the peculiarity is hereditary.
EiPLANiTioN or Plate 18.
(1) Sketch of the laughing Soyair ^ about 25 years old, ■:
inhabitant of the village of Pubi, on the 8oath<e>«t o«ast of tb
Qw nw wotrB walm. 173
large island of the Taai Gbonp. In his fine corly hair (ekevdure a grain de poivre) is worn a roaghlj cat wooden comb. In a small artisticallj netted satchel aroand Lis neck is seen the Ovum Ovulum^ freqaentlj the only dress of the men (tanquam glandis seulellum).
(2) Half-opened month of the same, in profile and nataral size (measured very carefully). The cartilage of the nose is pierced.
(3) Month of the same, enface^ | nataral size.
(4) Middle incisor teeth of the same man, carefally measnred.
(5) One of the large incisors of another man from the same .Tillage.
On the OosHAWK from Port Moresby, Attur eruentus of Salvadori
and Sharpe (nee Gould).
By E. P. Ramsat, F.L.S., Ac.
ASTUB SHABPEI, sp, nOV.
Astur cmentus, Salvad, (nee Goald) Ann. Mus. civic. Genav. yU.p. 806; Urospizias craentas, id. op. ciL IX. p. 11., Astur eruentus, Sharpe (nee Gould), Joum. Linn. Soc Zool. XllL p, 488., (Descrip).
In the Journal of Linnean Society, — Zool. XIIT. p. 488 — Mr. B. R Sharpe refers to the Port ^loresby Goshawk, as Astur eruentus, of Mr. Gouli, thereby making ifc identical with the Western Australian species. Mr. Sharpe gives a very good des- cription of the bird, but does not appear to notice the difference m the tarsi and the extent of the hare portion^ which in the West Australian bird is quite as long as in A. npproximans, but in the Port Moresby bird, ve-rt/ much shorter — with respect to the rufous collar, I have N. S. W. specimens of A. approximans which have ft quite as well defined rufoas band round the neck, as in any of ^he West Australian or Port Moresby birds — bat these latter are Sorter and heavier-built birds, and have comparatively shorter i&rsi, and the bare portion shorter, equal to aboat one-third of its wti|l length, the toes are shorter and the feet smaller and weaker.
Im the taSj kdnlc tnrdm, ibe centra two taQ feathers loose ftll ban, or bare tiwm oolj sliglitlj' perceptible ia certain tights.
The back u of a clearer d«r% grey color, and the whole of tha mitT Bnrface, which is narpowlj barred, is of a rich tawny rafooa ; the Ceathen on the abdomen and under-tail coverta ue vby-white barred with rafoos.
An examination of Mr. Gonld'a plate of A. eruentug (Bds. Anit. foL, Tol, L, pt. IS), will at onoe show that it is certainly not tlie same as the Port Uoresbf Goshawk j in fact, I am verjmncb afraid it ie nothing more than AstfiT approrimaiM m InU plamage. I hare examined a large seriea from Western Australia, botb youny and adalU of both sexes And have birds exactly agreeing with Mr. Goold's figure of A. ernentus. The only perceptible difference in any of them is, that in some of the immature birds the tail is of a slightly more square form than in those fromN.S.W. Mr. Gonid states that A. craentm is very common in West. Anstralia— it ia the common Goshawk of those parts ; and il wonld be curious indeed if so common a bird should aoth&ve been obtained since Mr. Gould acquired his types. I should ba»e thought ere this that some of our Omithologista in England or America would bare examined the type specimen if it is still to •xistfluce, and so set the matter at rest.
For the Port Moresby bird then, which ia certainly not tls AtluT fmienhis of Mr. Gould. I propose the name of Aiivi' iharpei, in honor of my esteemed corrospondent, R. B. Sbarpe, Esq.. F.LS., FZ.B., &c.
For the boneSt of Australian ornithologists who may not ba'9 the Works above cited, I give here a short diagnosis of tti> Hpooios.
Advlt. — Side of the head and alt the upper surface except the oollar, rich dark bluish ashy-grey, feathers of the nape white s! th« base, ashy-grey towards the end, and becoming rich tawny-T*^ on the hind neck which color forms a broad collar joining the aides of the cbtist : throat ashy, with minute wavy transverse lines of whitish ; chest and breast and alt the onder surface rich tawnj rufiint barred with transverse wavy lines of aahy-grey ; the l»s^ wt' iho fiMthei-^ on the abdomen and under tail ooverta wtiitisli, ttie
0£ NBW SOUTH WALB8. 176
remaining part barred alternately with ash and mfons cross-bars ; thighs, light tawny rufous with narrow bars of ashy; tarsi clothed to one-third of their length; tail, light-ashy below, bluish-ashy grey above, with indistinct bars, obsolete in centre two feathers ; the margins of the inner webs towards the base washed with tawny ; bill, black ; cere, legs, and feet, greenish-yellow — (dry skin) ; iris, yellow. Total length 16-6 in. ; wing, 10 in. ; tail, 8*5 in.; tarsus, 2*6 in. Sex, female. The male is precisely similar in plumage, slightly smaller in measurements. I find in all our specimens that on the centre and outer-tail feathers, the bars have faded out, but on the third and fourth on either side, the bars are tolerably distinct.
Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepipoptera. By E. Meyeick, Esq., B.A.
I CRAMBITES.
It is somewhat surprising that no progress should yet have
been made towards the knowledge of Mi^crO'Lepidoptera in a
country which so abounds with the groups included under that
term as Australia does. In general, the small size and delicate
nature of the specimens preclude them from being commonly
sent home to England by travelling collectors ; but they offer a
wide field for the study of resident entomologists. According to
the very imperfect data at present possessed, I estimate the total
number of species occurring on the Australian continent to be
folly 10,000, as they much exceed the larger Lepidoptera here in
nxrmber and variety. It is to be hoped, therefore, that, when
once a start has been made, entomologists will begin to take some
interest in the subject ; and it may not be out of place to state
that I shall always be ready to determine to the best of my
i^ity any species that may be entrusted to my care, and that
It would be of great interest to receive collections even of the
commoner kinds from various parts of the country.
A certain number of descriptions of Australian Micros were Uududed by Walker in his British Museum Catalogues ; these ^mes I have of course adopted when recognisable, but the
TSz FSOcnsixH OF TSB LiKitBAir •ooiEtx
deBcnptions are commonlj very incoinplete, the deferroination o( genera utterly unreliable and freqaently erroneoQB, and the original specimens often so scanty and mntilated as to be quite unfit for description; whilst others, even the roost conspicnons species, are described under several different nacnea. Besides these, there are only a very few scattered descriptions by Zeller, Newman, &c.
Of the species hereafter described, some of the Cramhidas have been named both by Zeller and Walker, since Zeller regarded Walker's descriptions as generally anidentifiable ; the Oromii are, however, generally recognisable, and bis names should, therefore, be adopted. Walker has qIso described certain Australian insects as belonging to various genera in the Phycidie ; but I can i certify from inspection of the types that hardly any, or perhaps none, are true Phj/cUiat, bnt Pj/rahs, Delloides, and even small Noclvae.
With reference to the localities and dates here appended to the species, it shonld be observed that, althongh correct so far as they go, they must not be considered as necessarily at all com- pletely expressing the facts, on account of the very limited data I accessible at present. |
CHlLONlb^, &cho::no6iub Dup.
Ocelli distinct. Tongue shorts Antennn aetaceona, in ^ longer, ciliated, in ? very short. Labial palpi very long, straight^ attennatcd. Maxillary pa'pi triangular, appressed to labial palpi. Wings elongate, apex of hind wings reaching beyond anal angle of fore wirgs ; in ? fore wings narrower and more &cut« than in <J . Anal tuft of ? dense, woolly.
Sekoen. imparellug n. «p.
S ^V — ISj'- Headbrowiiish-ocbreous Labial palpi more than twice ns long as head, from brownish-ochreoua to dark-furcons. Antennee brownish -0011 reous or dai k-fnscous, strongly ciliated. Thorax bro\vnish<ochi'eous to blackish- brown. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes suffused with foacoas, whitish at base. Anterior legs dork fusooos ; middle and posterior legs
OP NEW SOUTH WJLLBS. IW
whitish or whitish-ochreons. Fore wings tolerably broad, mode- rately dilated, hind margin strongly rounded beneath ; varying from brownish-ochreons to dark fnscons, darkest along costa ; markings very variable or obsolete ; generally a small dark fasoons or blackish discal spot at two-thirds ; sometimes another obliquely above it near costa, and a third obliquely below it on fold ; in the most distinctly-marked specimens there are two transverse cloudy blackish-fuscous lines, the first from two-fifths of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, strongly angulated outwards above middle ; the second rising from costa before apex, curving round and running to the median discal spot, thence continued to the inner margin parallel to the first ; these lines are gene- rally obsolete or absent ; a row of blacMsh spots on hind margin ; cilia greyish-ochreous. Hind wings pure white, towards apex more or less suffused with smoky fuscous ; cilia white, smoky towards apex of wing.
? 14"— 17". Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs white ; palpi little longer than head ; anal tuft whitish-ochreous ; posterior tarsi externally fuscous-grey. Fore wings elongate, tolerably broad, hind margin nearly straight, obliquely rounded beneath ; satiny-white, sometimes more or less strongly suffosed throughout with whitish-ochreous ; cilia white. Hind wings and cilia pure satiny- white.
JEixtremely variable; the ^ somewhat resembling gigantellus fj , but darker, the ? very distinct.
Very common at Parramatta in February and March on the Hver, the $ resting motionless on rushes, the S more active ; both come freely to light. The larva feeds in the cylindrical Qtem-like leaves of Jimcus prismatoca/rpys, growing in the water.
Ohilo Zk, Ocelli present Tongue short. Antennae setacous, pubescent, in ? hardly shorter than in (J . Labial palpi very long, straight, porrected, attenuated. Maxillary palpi triangular, appressed. Wings elongate, apex of hind wings reaching beyond anal angle of fore wings. Hind wings with a basal pecten. Abdomen in (J somewhat tufted, in ? corapressed-conical, with apical scales obliquely truncate.
178 TBS PBOOBBDINM Or THK LIVVBIH ■OOISTT
Ckil. parra/maltellus w. gp.
^ 9" — 14". Head white. Palpi wbitiah-ochreous, mixed with greyish -fuHCo us. Anteniue ochreoua- whitish. Thorax ochreons- whitinli, soinetdmes thinly Bprinkled with tascoDB. Abdomen white, sometime a tiD^d ivith oohreons-^rey, anal tuft pale ochreoQ9-grey. Legs whitish, posterior tarsi aomefcimes witli dark grey rings. Fore winga moderately broad, costa nearly straight, ape:( tolerably acute, hind margin nearly etraigbt, slightly obliqtte ; whitiBh-ochreoua, more or less densely irrordted with ftiscotts-grey in variable intenaity : extreme costal edgo whiliali, only distinct in dark specimeas ; a dark foscone diacol dot slightly beyond middle of wing, very much nearer to costs lian to inner margin ; sometimes on the whitish costal margin are indications of the commencement of transverae lines at one- third and two-thirds, but theyare imperceptible on the disc; cilin whitish -ochrooua to ochreous-grey. Hind winga white, with a dark grey marginal line, aometiines suffused with greyish pOE- tertorly ; cilia whitish-grey, white at base.
5 10" — 12". Head whitish. Palpi whitiah-ocbreous, mixed with greyish and dark fuscous soales, Antennee whitish. Thorax whitish-ochreoiis, sometimes ochreous-brown on sides. Abdomen white, sometimes partially tinged with ochreoua ; ovipositor short, triangular. Anterior legs whitish ; middle and posterior legs pale greyish-ochreous. Fore wings much narrower than in ^ , apex more sharply acute, hind mai^u strajghter and more oblique ; whitish -ocbreous, the veins neatly outlined on each side with darker-ochreons ; a small black diacal dot beyond middle of wiug, nearer to costa than to inner margin ; a hind-marginal row of clear black dots ; cilia whitish, with two grey partang-linea. Hind wings clear white ; cilia white.
A.pparently allied to the South American species 0. n«uriceUiM Z. and oblileratelhis Z.
Common at Parramatta along the river in February and March, especially at light.
Ot NEW SOUTH «^'Al.B6. 1^9
CRAMBID^.
Pbionophoba n.g.
Forehead with overhanging projection of scales. Ocelli dis- tinety behind antennae. Tongae moderate. Antennss moderate, in (^ ciliated. Labial palpi moderately long, rather shorter than thorax, porrected, attenoated. Maxillary palpi absent. Fore- wings oblong, apex projecting, acute, hindmargin strongly con- cave beneath apex, dentate thronghoat. Hindwings with basal pecten, apex not reaching anal angle of forewings, hindmargin snbdentate, with a deeper indentation a little below apex ; clothed with long hair-scales towards base. Legs short. Abdo- men moderate. Forewings with 12 veins; 8 and 9 stalked, rising out of 7. Hindwings with 8 veins ; cell open posteriorly.
Readily distinguished amongst allied genera by the absence of maxillary palpi, the peculiarly produced apex of forewings, and the hair-scales towards base of hindwings.
Prion, ruptella Wkr, Oat. 173 (Grcmbzts),
IV — 14". Head light ochreous, posteriorly whitish, with a few blackish scales, sometimes forming a central blackish line. Palpi whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with blackish scales, beneath white at base. Antennae pale ochreous. Thorax pale ochreous, sprinkled with blackish scales, and with five longitudinal rather irregular black lines, with a short crest in front and another behind. Abdomen and legs pale ochreous. Forewings moderately broad, slightly dilated ; pale ochreous faintly tinged with pale pinkish-brown ; a slender blackish subcostal streak suffused with pinkish-brown, from base of costa to beyond middle, leaving a pale costal streak ; a straight rather broader fuscous streak, mixed with blackish, from base to costa immediately before apex, strongly but irregularly margined beneath with black ; from pos- terior half of its upper edge this sends three slender dark fuscous lines to costa, separated by whitish spaces ; from J and f of its lower margin it sends two slender dark fuscous streaks to hind- margin ; except at junction of these, it is margined beneath with an irregular, rather indistinct, silvery-white streak ; the median vein and its branches marked out with strong dark fuscous lines ;
firom the faanh hnaeh near ia baae rise* ftn imgnlftr black ■traak ruDDh^ > litile below the nMia iBedim tbib, meeting its
extremity oti hiodmargin, margined benaath hy a brawl sJlre^- trbite streak, bi[«mipt«il where it croMnt Uw aecoikd and third branches ; the basal part &f tba median rein and half the fifth brauch is margined betieath bj a narrower ajlrerj-wbite streak eoding in aome b)aek ficalee ; between the 9eao4id and fonrtb branches are several trregolar spots at Uai^ scales ; a blackish line from near ba.-^e to anal angle ; a Uat^kiah spot almost on ina«r margin near base, seadiog a cloadj Uackisb streak towards hiDdmargio ; a blackixh line along posterior half of inner margin ; a row of irregnlar blackisb spots before hindiDargin between tbe veins ; cilia whitish, partiallj^ tinged with pale pinWish-brown : with a dark fascons spot at apex, and intersected at tbe janotion of each vein by a blackish line. Hiadwings fosooas-grej, darker towards apes and bindiitargin ; cilia white.
This singTjlar insect (erroneooslj- referred by Walker to Oram- leiid) ia rather commoa near Sjdnej and at Campbelltown, and oocore also in the neighbourhood of Brisbane, in April, Sep- tember, and December ; always beaton &om Ca&nariDSi, on whiob. the larva doubtless feeds. ^^^
Ckaksus F.
Ocelli distinct. Tongne longer than tbcv^ AntaniMB seta- ceotu, in g generally slightly ciliated or atnnetimea pectinated, in ^Biinple. Labial palpi long, att«naated, oompreaeed. Maxil- lary palpi triangular, inoambent. Forewinga oblong, acnte; ^ bindwingB with basal pecten, not reaching beyond anal angle of^ forewingfl. ^
The species of this cosmopolitan grass-feeding gams Jtn^
tolerably nnmetons in Anstralia ; those here dearaibad, all that 1 ^
have yet seen, may be thus tabulated :
A. Apei uf forewingB Btrougly produced 1. milvMia.
B. „ „ not strongl; prodaoed
a. Forowings with two diecal longitadinal sUver;- white Btreake. I. Uppor ttresk st ariing from middla of wing
OF NBW SOUTH WAL£8. 181
n. Upper streak starting from very near base.
1. Lower streak quite straight 6. trmtUUtu,
2. „ „ deflected npwards at
apical extremity 7. bwUldlm.
b. With one discal longitudinal silvery-white
streak. L Streak simple.
1. With a broad silveiy-white streak
along inner margin ... 2. eotumnelitu.
2. Withoat inner-marginal streak.
• Discal streak prodnoed through dlia 4. torrenUUm. ** „ ending on hindmargin 3. lativittalis,
n. Furcate.
1. Streak shortly bifurcate, not reaching
beyond | 9. hopUMut.
2. „ 3 or 4 branched, nearly reach-
ing hindmargin 12. reiatalit.
e. With many irregular broad silvery-white mark- ings 8. plenifeniiut,
d. With more or less distinct white streaks
on all the veins.
I. Subcostal streak starting from i 13. optdetUeilus,
n. „ „ almost from base.
1. Head white, with an ochreons stripe on
crown, hindwings whitish- grey ... ... ... ... 15. efmeaprammat.
2. Head pale ochreons ; hindwings white 14. itwaUdeilus.
e. YfiAi an indistinct whitish streak or none.
L Head white 10. etmeifertUus,
n. „ ochreous-grey 11. tUmididhu,
Or, miloMus n. 9p.
5^'. Head white, with a broad ochreoos-brown longitadinal siripe on crown. Labial palpi twice as long as head, dark fns- oom, beneath white at base ; maxillary palpi whitish abova Antenno wbitisb. Thorax fhscons, indistinctly whitish in front and on lateral margins. Abdomen greyisb-foscons, anal-toft greyish-ochreons. Legs wbitish-ochreons-grey. Forewings short, iriangolarly dilated, apex strongly produced, hindmargin obliqnely ooncaye below apex, ronnded beneath ; rather dark fosooos, especially towards apex ; a rather broad white streak, very irragnlariy waved on margins, proceeding from base to middle of
182 THE PBOCKEDTNG8 OF THE LINNEAN flOCIETY
disc, there deflexed npwardR and running to coeta just beyond f ; a white streak, internally very irregularly margined, from J of fold to apex of wing, confluent above middle with a white band along hindmargin ; inner margin almost entirely sufFused with white, and between first and second white streaks gronnd*colour mixed with white scales ; a rather indistinct, outwardly curved, wavy blue-whitish subterminal line, bordered with ground-colour where it cuts the white subapical band; hindmarginal line strong, black, marked on lower half with about five black spots ; cilia white, with fuscous-grey parting-line, towards anal angle almost entirely grey-fuscous. Hindwings rather pale fnscous-grey ; cilia hardly paler.
1 ($ , near Sydney, in March ; very distinct from all known species.
Or, conmmelhiSf Whr, OaL 165.
8''— 9". Head white, labial palpi twice as long as head, white, on sides fuscous. Antennae whitish. Thorax white, lateral margins dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish. Legs ochreous- whitish internally, greyish-fuscous externally, tarsi with whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated ; apex produced, acute, appearing from the cilia slightly falcate, hindmargin beneath apical indentation hardly oblique, rounded beneath ; dark fuscous or blackish, blackestc^' ^t along costa ; a straight broad silvery-white streak from base to^z^^ apex, upper margin of basal half almost touching costa, apicaMI^-^Bd half gradually more attenuated ; a rather narrower silvery- whit^^ ^lie streak along inner margin from base to anal angle ; a slendev ^"^sr bluish-white subterminal line, cutting the longitudinal streaks^^^s, proceeding from beyond f of costa obliquely outwards, sharpl;^^ .M2y angulated on first streak, thence tolerably parallel to hind margiiM=^cri], angulated again on second streak, ending before anal angle; ok'-^^d costa before subterminal line are two more oblique slender whit^z^^ te streaks, and between it and apex another less distinct, not obliqu^^ -©i behind subterminal line the space between the two longitudin^ _^slA streaks is cinereous-grey, sprinkled with white scales, and cut three longitudinal black lines ; the disc immediately before su tormina] lino is also more or less sprinkled with cinereous-gr
OF KBW SOUTH WALES. 183
and whitish scales ; hindmarginal line blackish : cilia pale grey, whitish at eztremities of loDgitndinal streaks, and with a small whitish spot about middle, and a grey fascons indistinct parting line ; above apex and below anal angle fascons. Hindwings whitish, snbtransparent, snffased with pale fascons grey at apex and on upper margin ; cilia white.
Belongs to the section of which the European pascueUus L, is typical, but differs from all other species by the broad silvery- white inner-marginal streak. Occurs near Sydney, also about Brisbane and Rockhampton. It would appear to have an extra- ordinary range for an insect of this class, being stated by Walker to occur also in Ceylon and South Africa.
Or InUviUdUs, Whr. Oat 171 ; haltereUus Z. Or. 33.
1 1*' — 14*. Head ochreous-brown, with a very slender (sometimes obsolete) short white line above each eye. Labial palpi short, hardly longer than head, ochreous-brown or dark brown, whitish beneath ; maxillary palpi ochreous-brown. Antennie dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-brown or dark brown, anterior margin narrowly and a lateral marginal stripe silvery white. Abdomen whitish, slightly tinged with ochreons. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, posterior legs whitish. Forewiugs moderately broad, dilated, hindmargin nearly straight, lightly rounded beneath ; ▼arming from brownish-ochreous to deep brown; a narrow silvery- white costal streak from base to a little before apex, posteriorly slightly dilated ; a very broad straight silvery-white, strongly black-margined central streak from base to hindmargin, its upper apical angle produced dpwards into a tooth along hindmargin to apex, the lower part of its hindmarginal edge also black-margined : cOia ochreous-brown, darker greyish-fuscous at anal angle, with indistinct darker parting-line. Hindwings pale greyish-fuscous, whitish towards base, in ^ with a slender pencil of brown hairs in a depression at base ; cilia whitish, tinged towards base with odireous-grey.
Basfly known by the np-tamed apex of the single median streak, and remarkably short palpi A common species, occnrring roand Sydney, and up to the summits of the Blue Mountains ; nbo at Melbonme and Eang (George's Sound ; from October to Maiofa. Walker's name has one year's priority.
184 TBH procbedikob or i
Ct. torrvntellui n. if-
15" — 16 j". Head oclireons, with a small whitiah apofc on crown, aud a pale line above each eye ; collar whitish. Labial palpi tnore than twice aa long as head, oohroons, at apez fuecoos, beneatli white towards base ; maxillary palpi ochroouH. Antennie foBCOUB, basal joint ochreoas. Tborai ochreons-brown, with a broad ailvery-white stripe on each shoulder. Abdomen pale oohreoas. Anterior and middle legs fascoas, posterior legH ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderately broad, bardly dilated, hindmargin very obliqae, ronnded ; very pale ochreous, towarda apex and at base auffuaed with brown isb-oohreoas, and very slightly on disc ; a very narrow Bilvery-whlfe costal streak from middle of costa to apex, sometimes prodaced further towards base, much attenuated at extremities; very broad straight silvery-white median streak from base to hindmargiQ, continued also quite through cilia, strongly but irregularly margined on both sides with blackish scales, least distincdy on disc, very broadly and strongly towards apex, eapeoially on upper margin ; sometimes the upper margin of this streak tends slightly to be produced aptvards on hindmargin : cUia, except on the white streak, fu scons-grey, with a rather darker parting line, nindwififts white, in J slightly suffused with greyish towards apai ; cilia white.
Differs from preceding by the longer palpi, paler coloor, and median streak prodaced through cilia, as well aa the absence of any distinct apical tooth ; from allied Enropean species by its lai^ size, and the very great breadth of the median streak. Hitherto only from neighbourhood of Dnaringa, Queensland ; two specimens in Sydney Mosenm, sent by Mr. Qeo. Barnard. Or. aurantiaeus «. gp.
Vf — 10|". Head bright ochreoos, with a whitish line above each eye. Labial palpi twice as long as head, deep ochreous tinged with fiiacoas, beneath white towards base ; masillary palpi whitish above, Antennae silvery-grey, basal joint whitie)). Thorax bright deep ochreous, with two parallel longitadimU silvery-white streaks on back. Abdomen silky-white. Legs white beneath fuscous, Forewings rather short, broad, hiadma^;iii,
OF XEW SOUTH WALKS. 185
ioleraUj straight, roHnded beneath ; bright orange-ochreons ; a Bilverj-wbite, intemaDj fnsooas-inargiiied, rather narrow costal streak from near base to f , much attenuated towards both ex- tremities ; a broad silverj-white foscons-margined streak from middle of wing below oosta, posteriorly abruptly angnlated opwards and ending in apex, rather suddenly attenuated at both extremities; a broad straight silvery-white fnscons-margined streak from base through middle of wing, posteriorly attenuated, barely or not quite reaching hindmargin ; a narrow silvery-white partially frisoous-margined streak along inner margin from base to anal angle ; a clear dark friscous line along inner and hind- margins : cilia silvery- white, with two sharp dark fuscous parting Hindwings pale fuscous, more whitish towards base; pure white.
Differs markedly from the two succeeding species by the basally abbreviated upper streak, shorter wings, &c. Several specimens near Newcastle in January.
Or. trwiUaUu Z. Gr.SAi', mmUeOus Whr. Cat. 171 {nee Don.)
IV — 15Y' Head ochreous, with a dear white line above each eye, and sometimes whitish behind. Labial palpi two and a half tones as long as head, ochreous-brown or dark brown, beneath dear white ; maxillary palpi whitish above. Antennas dark fofloons. Thorax ochreous, darkest on shoulders, with two broad nlvery-white longitudinal stripes on back. Abdomen pale grey- ish-ochreous, basal segment silvery-white. Anterior legs greyish- fuscous, middle and posterior legs whitish. Forewings rather broad, hind margin very slightly sub-concave beneath apex, almost straight ; light brownish-ochreous, generally paler towards inner margin ; extreme costal edge white from a little before middle to a little before apex ; a silvery- white blackish-margined streak starting from very near base immediately below costa, at first narrow and parallel to costa, before one-third deflected from oosta and continuing parallel to median streak, becoming much broader, its extremity abruptly deflected upwards shortly before bind margin, becoming attenuated, and ending in apex ; a nearly straight broad silvery-white blackish-margined median streak from base to hind margin, somewhat attenoated towards its ex-
tremity ; a silvery-white streak along inner margin from base to anal angle, internally rather Indistinot, externally msr^ned by a greyish-fttBcoua streak along inner tnargio ; hind-marginal line dark fascoua ; cilia silvery -white, fuscous at tips, and with a broad cloudy dark fuBCOus parting-line. Hiodwings greyish fascoua, in ? more whitish, bind- marginal line fuscona ; cilia in Jgreyish or whitish, with darker grey partiag line, in 5 white.
Differs from aurantiaeui by the npper diacal etreak nearly reaching base, from hivittellaa by the straight extremity of the lower discal streak, from both by the duller ground colour. A common and very generally diatribnted species, occurring from Sydney to the samraits of the Blue Monntains, also aboat Mel- bourne, Adelaide, Elockhanipton, and in Tasmania, in December and January.
Zeller described this as new, quoting Eriohson as anthority that bwittdhie Don. is not this, bat the following species; Walker, considering this to be Donovan's insect, re-named the other reeiirvellua.
Or. bitnttdhis, Don.; Z. Or. 34; Teeureellvt, Wkr. Oat. 171.
15°. Head deep orange, pwsteriorly oohreous, with a ailveiy- white line above each eye. Labial palpi more than twice as long as head, slender, aoute, exteriorly orimson-orange, towards apex fuscons, interiorly pale ochreous, beneath white at base ; maxil- lary palpi ochreous, above deep orange. Antennn in ^ deeply dentate, ciliated with little tafts of hairs, dark foBCOos, basal Joint silvery- white. Thorax saSron- orange, with a rather broad longitudinal silveiy-white stripe on each side of back. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, anal tuft darker ochreous. Anterior and middle legs dark greyish-fuscons ; posterior legs whitish, tarsi snfiaaed with greyish-fuscous. Forewings broad, dilated, hind margin nearly straight, lightly roanded beneath ; deep saffron-onuige, towards apex and hind margin tinged with crimson ; a alendei' silvery-white costal streak from beyond middle to beyond three- qoarters, other parts of costa slenderly dark AiscooB ; a silvery- white strongly black-margined longitudinal streak proceeding ftvm costa a little above base, at first rather narrow, dilating gradually, at one-third deflected ^m costa and continued
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 187
parallel to median stareak, becoming broadest at two-thirds, ahmpily onryed upwards immediately before bind margin, be- coming more attenuated, and ending in apex ; a straight silvery- white strongly black-margined median streak from base, its apex aharply curved upwards shortly before hind margin, and ending in a short point directed towards apex of wing, not reaching hind margin ; a moderate foscons streak along inner margin, bordered internally by a narrow silvery-white black-margined streak from base to anal angle; hind-marginal line blackish: cilia silvery- white, foscons-grey towards tips, and entirely at anal angle. ELindwings greyish-fiisooas, slightly paler towards base ; cilia greyish-fhscons.
Ck>mmon at King George's Sonnd, bmt apparently exclusively western. Easily known by its brilliant colouring, and the re- curved extremities of both discal streaks.
Or, plenifereUus Whr, Cat 173.
9* — 11'. Head white, face, a longitudinal median line, and a spot behind each eye ochreous. Labial palpi twice as long as head, ochreous mixed with fuscous, beneath white towards base ; maxillary palpi ochreous, whitish above. Antennsa whitish, tinged with ochreou& Thorax ochreous, darkest anteriorly, whitish posteriorly ; anterior margin and five longitudinal lines (central, sub-dorsal, and lateral) slenderly white, often indistinct. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, basal segment white. Legs white. Forewings broad, strongly dilated, hind margin slightly wavy, weary slightly sub-concave beneath apex ; bright ochreous, darkest towards costa ; a rather narrow silvery-white sub-costal streak, v«iy close to costa, from base to beyond middle ; a broad silvery- wliite, very elongate-triangular, median streak from base, it« apex reaching to a little beyond middle, its upper edge parallel to coeta, lower edge parallel to inner margin, outer edge much more oblique than hind margin and black-margined ; from mid- dle of its lower edge proceeds a slender silvery-white tooth along Ibid, not reaching middle ; an indistinct white streak along inner near base ; a straight rather broad oblique silvery«white from three-fourths of costa to before middle of inner mar- gin (parallel to posterior edge of median streak), generally qnite
or partially iateimpted below middle and on fold, poateriortif emitting two black-margined wedge-shaped teeth, oaa between the two int^rrnptionB and one immediately above them ; an out- wardly curved pale metallic-grey siibterminal line a little before hiad margin, starting from a white spot on costa; between snb- terminal line and the transverse streak is a transverse curved row of sis or seven silvery- will te, sub-ovate, more or leas (sometimes very strongly) elongftte spots, the narrow interspaces strongly liiiE'd with blackish scales ; between snbterminal line and hind margin, touching both, are four silvery-white spots, first snb-tri- ftiigalar, sabapical ; second qaadrate, in middle ; third snd fourth quadrate, adjacent, above anal angle ; hind-marginal line dark fuscoas, with sub-tri angular blackish spots on extremities of veins ; cilia ail very- white, tips and a parting-line fuscona-grey. Hindwings wbitish-grey, in ¥ slightly darker, hind-marginal line diirk foBooas ; cilia white, with a faint grey partiug-line.
Common in tbe Sydney district, and around Melbourne, in February and March.
Or. hoj^Ulellus n. sp.
10" — ir. Head ochreoua- brown, with a whitish lineovereach eye. Labial palpi twice as long as head, ochreous -brown, mised with darker- ftism us, bencti'.li whitish. Antennte dark fascmia, inj strongly pectinated. Thorax deep ochreous-brown. Abdo- men whitish, towards base tinged with greyish-ftiscous. iiegB dark fuscous, posterior pair more whitish above. ForowingB moderately broad, hind margin very slightly sub-conoave, almoat straight ; deep brownish-ochreons, partially saffused with darker brown; a straight narrow silvery-white snb-costal streak, pro- ceeding from costft near base, and ending on costa again sliortly before apex, enclosing a narrow fascous costal streak ; a silvery- white, strongly blackish -margined, central streak from base, gradu- ally dilating to beyond middle, where it becomes abruptly bifur- cate, both branches short, reaching to three- fourths of diao; q[^f branch slender, abruptly swollen towards apes beneath ; lower branch short-pointed, with a tooth above ; about the apex of each branch is an irregularly oral cloud of miied black and bluish-white scales ; from between these two clonds proceeds a silvery- white.
OF VSW SOUTH WALKS. 189
whowe stion^y black-margined, broad streak obliquely upwards to apex* aharp-pointed above, sending firom its lower edge a more or less distinct silvery-whitie line towards anal angle ; apex of wing sofinsed with dark fusooos ; Uiree or foor triangular Uack dots on hind margin towards anal angle ; an indistinct line of dark fbsooos scales along inner margin; cilia silvery-metallic grey, white at base towards apical half of hind margin. Hind- wings whicish-giey, indistinctly darker grey-fosooas at apex and alcMig hind margin ; cilia whitish.
A TQiy distinct species ; abundant in a very restricted locality near Sydney, in March.
Cr. cwn^erdius Wkr. Oat. 175.
7Y — 9^'. Head clear white. Labial palpi twice as long as hemdf white, towards apex and on sides mited with greyish- oclireoas; maxillary palpi white, beneath mixed with foscons- grey. Antennn whitish. Thorax white, towards sides and behind tinged with pale greyish-ochreoas. Abdomen pale greyish- ochreoos, towards base whitish. Legs white. Forewings short, posteriorly dilated, in $ more elongate, hindmargin roonded ; pale greyish-ochreons, sometimes more or less sprinkled pos- tsHoriy with whitish and fdacoos scales ; the veins more or less perceptibly indicated by lines of f nsooos scales ; a snow-white median streak from base to hindmargin, often very indistinct or obsolete, eq)ecially towards base, most conspicnons at |, margins obwure; indications of ihiee transverse slraider (sometimes obnnrely doable) dark ochreoos-brown lines ; first very hint or absent^ beyond i, aolj perceptible near inner margin, where it is angiilated ; seocmd sometimes distinct, rising finom middle of costa, proceeding obliqaely outwards to | of breadth, then sharply aagvlated and proceeding obliqaely inwards to median streak, wfaefe it becomes obsolete, bat is sometimes again shar[^y ang^- htad oatwards; third generally distinct^ a little before hind- aaigin, strongly waved, oatwardly carved, at | of breadth finom ooala sending a very sharp angulation inwards ; between third liae and hindmargin the groand-<x>lour is replaced by black and wkita sealco arranged in alternate transverse lines, giving a Uwihrgrey appearance, the veins indicated by whitish lines;
190 THS PBOCEBD1N68 OF THE LUTlTSAK 80CIXTT
hmdmarginal line blackiBh, onspoited ; cilia sinning grej, pale towards tips, intersected bj a rather broad white longitndinal mark at median streak, another leas broad bdow it, and two others mach narrower and nKHe indistinct abore it, with fiunt traces of a parting-Kne. Hindwings fBseotis^iey. cilia white, with a fnsooos-grej paiting-bne neai
Yar. a. Entirely saffosed with greyish-oiJucoiia, leaTing trace of white eok>ar either on head or Ibrewin^ Terse Hnes on forewings ; onh' narktags the hiaiahgiej wedge^ shaped markings on hrndmar gin ; cilia of hirfaiaga alsosnffbaed with grejish-ochreoasL
Alwajs distiogxtishahie br ^e wedge^-ahaped kindmarginal narkintrs- The gar, a g sJngrihMr in aiPiwai bt f ..a^d a^ firat sfeht mi^pears dbtinct^ bat ^ prohahiT obIt a ddl-coloared sgm^ form : two spgciawag (wtAuoLtt the ordiiiary 6m) wcce taken bj Mr. G> H. RariMr. near ISrcaaMCta^ iai Aagaat. Thm ortinar]f form fi$ thse comjnomoss ot* t^ goniB m 3Ciew Sooolk Wafes^ occorrtng: in gneafi dbimdiDce evarrwheca frooa SmJmj to die Kue MoaEsaitai$w afi ^^^wcvdif; ani }ji nhsWj !i«ar MetboaxQiev and m chtf Kjiek&anipagtt ifitrtiikl. feena
r»
rimt<ht-'li^ •♦. «a>.
>, •
->> cl^:M»i ,v^l^r^»il:^-r>?v- lAiJitii ^?al0f Tnure Tfe«'» tnrice w -MBS? aiiwvllary ;>*upi v-m.^jili ti>cvT}, mrtt :tscohs biffseadh.
^->:v'-iit~vV^Tr"^His^ iiM.u-.'u?' ■♦tut-" ^cJc*^ c^^^^'j^^^tuce ifc«?ve.
OF NSW SOUTH WALBS. l9l
mre sometimes entirely obsolete, rarely distinct ; first line very fiont^ doable, only appearing as two ochreons-brown spots, mixed with blackish scales, on inner margin before middle, and two obliquely above them on lower margin of median streak beyond middle ; second line sometimes tolerably distinct, waved, sharply angolated above median streak and sometimes also with a second indistinct angalation towards inner margin, whitish, edged inter- nally with darker ochreons-brown ; hindmarginal line dark foacons, containing three or four distinct black dots towards middle ; cilia foscons-grey, rather metallic. Hindwings fxiscons- grey ; cilia whitish-grey or whitish, with a ftiscoas-grey parting- line near base.
Allied to cwneiferelius ; di£fers by the narrower wings, smaller sixe, darker colonring, hindmarginal dots, &c. Also very common, round Sydney and Parramatta, and in the district of the Lower linnter River ; also received from Bockhampton ; from January to March.
Or. rdatalis Wkr. Gat, 172.
12* — 13^''. Head pale ochreous, mixed with whitish, with a very narrow white line above each eye. Labial palpi more than twice as long as head, pale ochreous, much mixed with fuscous towards apex, beneath clear white at base ; maxillary palpi white above, fuscous at base. Antennse whitish. Thorax ochreous, posteriorly white, and with a broad quadrate ochreous-white spot behind oollar. Abdomen silky-white, anal-tuft whitish-ochreous. Antericv and middle legs grey-fuscous, thinly whitish-scaled above ; posterior legs whitish. Forewings elongate, moderately broad, hindroargin subconcave below apex, thence strongly rounded ; greyish-ochreous or greyish-brown tinged with ochreous, especially towards base, towards inner margin rather abruptly and broadly whitish-ochreous, and sometimes also more narrowly along oosta; a straight silvery-white, internally blackish-margined snboostal streak from base to oosta shortly before apex, with a tendenoy to emit two or three faint branches towards costa pos- iecioriy ; a straight moderately broad silvery- white black-margined csBkal streak from base, parallel to subcostal streak, beyond iBiddle deflected downwards and continuing parallel to inner
TBS PBOCEBDIKOS or THB LlSlOAir aoOIXTT
margin, ending abruptly jnst before hindmargia ; from the point of deflection proceeds a second brancb similar and nearly parallel to the first, bat more slender and Bometimes in great part obsolet* -. from half-way between origin of this branch and base rises ii third Pery slender branch, proceeding nearly to anal angle, bot generally obsolete at extremity ; the interspaces between these branches are somewhat aiiffosed anteriorly with blackish ; im- mediately above the point of deflection of the median streak, bnC not toaching it, rises a moderately broad, basally attennated, silvery-white blackish -margined streak proceeding directly towai'ds hindmargin, but ending abrnptly before reaching it ; above this is sometimes also a faint whitish abort linear mark ; a whit« snb- marginol streak from apex to anal angle, inwardly convex, cot touching hindmargin, receiving the apices of all the discal streaks, broadest above, sometimes obsolete or absent on its lower half, internally edged with fascons shading ; immediately before and parallel to this eabmargtnal streak is sometimes a wavy pale bluish line ; hindmarginal line dark fuacona, with three or four elongate black dots towards anal angle ; oilia white, tips and a strong parting-line (sometimes confluent) dark metallic-grey. Hindwinge whitish-grey, apex and hindmargin rather ftbmptlj darker grey, hindmarginal line fascoiis ; cilia white, with a faint grey parting-tine sear base.
Allied to the three succeeding species, differing especially by the median streak having only two branches beneath, instead of three or four. Not very common, but very widely distribnted, occurring at Sydney, and on the Clarence River ; near Helbonrae and Adelaide, and in Tasmania ; in March.
Or. <^pulenteUug Z. Or. 46. 11|''-12|". Head greyish-ochreons, with a rather broad whitish line above each eye. Labial palpi more than twice oa long as head, fascoos, beneath whitish at base ; maxillary p^pi whitiah, towards base fnscous. Antennsa dark foscous. Thorax ochreons, darker above, with a slender white longitadinal line on each side of back, forming two conspicuous approximated white spots be- hind the collar. Abdomen whitish -ochreons, more snfihsed with
OF HBW SOUTH WiXSS. 103
grey towards base. Anterior legs fiiscoas ; middle and posterior
legs pale ochreons. Forewings moderately broad, hindmai^in
obliqae, rounded, snbconcave beneatb apex ; ochreons ; a very
narrow silvery- white costal streak from base to beyond middle ; a
broader silvery-white subcostal streak from one-third to costa
immediately before apex, attenuated at extremities; a strong
silvery-white central streak on sub median vein from base to
lundmargin, roughly margined with blackish scales on apical half
above and on basal half beneath ; sending from its lower edge
four very slender silvery-whitish branches to hindmargin, the
iowest branch more or lees blackish -margined, and the tolerably
broad ochreons interspaces sometimes mixed with blackish or
gz^ey scales ; an elongate-triangular silvery-white subapical spot,
lasting on hindmargin below apex and on posterior quarter or
oaedian streak, partially or entirely cut longitudinally by two
^^^^.ckish-ochreous lines ; below median streak a straight silvery-
^^li^ite streak from near base to anal angle, and a silvery- white
star^ak from base to inner margin at one-third ; a fuscous line
^ong inner and hind margins, hindmarginal line marked with
s^'V'en or eight often obsolete blackish dots ; cilia white, becoming
^^^tallic-grey at tips, and entirely about anal angle. Hind wings
P^le greyish-fuscous, hindmarginal line dark fuscous ; cilia white.
This and the two following species are very nearly allied, and
^^ i& probable that several other closely related species remain to
*^^ found. OpulentelliM differs from both the others by the sub-
<^8tal streak not reaching nearer to base than one-third, the dark
fuscous anterior legs, and general distinctness of marking. Taken
^mmonly at Parramatta in April ; teller's specimen was taken
^ Tasmania.
Or. vnvaUdelhis n. sp. 11". Head pale ochreons, with a very slender whitish line above each eye. Labial palpi more than twice as long as head, acute, pale ochreons ; beneath whitish at base ; maxillary palpi ochreons. Antennas ochreous-fuscous, in (^ deeply dentate. Tho- rax ochreous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, anal tufb whitish. Anterior legs ochreous, middle and posterior legs whitish. Fore- wings rather elongate, apex acute, hindmargin slightly sub-con-
r
IB4 1
c»ve beneath apex, i-ounded beueatb ; piile ocbreoug, thinly Bprin- kled betneeu Ibe veins with conree dark fuscous scales ; a stawght r&ther brood white sabcostal streak from base of oosta to costs Bgaio a little before apex, Hhadiog into piile whitish-ochreons on costal margin, from two-thirds of its lower margin sending a faint whitish branch to hindmargin below apes ; between t)i« snbooatal streak and median vein the ground colour is suffo^ed with fuscous, darkest above, forming a broad streak from base to two-thirds of disc, where it becomes obsolete, appearing again a.'^ a dark fuscous spot at apex ; a dark fascous spot on upper mai^n of median vein at two-thirds ; median vein indistinctly whitish, very obsolete towards base, sending four indistinct whitish branches to hindmargin, which are interrupted just before reaching hindmarginal streak ; fourth branch very faint ; be- neath these are very faint indications of whitish lines on the other veins ; a clear white streak along hindmargin from apex to anal angle, broadest above ; hindmarginal line strong, clear, dark fuscous, towards its lower half with five black elongate spots on extremities of veins; cilia white, tips and a parting-line pale motaliic-grey. Kiudwings white, hindmarginal line indistinctly fuscous ; cilia white.
DiBt!nf,'Aiishod from opjilenteUits by the more snffosed markings, and sub costal streak reaching base ; from entieagrammag by the ochreous head and narrower forewings, from both by the white hindmarginal streak, and clear white hindwings. One (? in col- lection of Mr. Masters, from Tasmania.
Cr. enneagrammos n. ep. 9" — 12". Head white, with a longitudinal ochreous stripe on crown. Labial palpi more than twice as long as head, ochreous- fuscous above, white internally and beneath; maxillary palpi white, fuscous at base. Antennee slender, whitish above, dark fuscons beneath. Thorax brownieh-ochreous, whitish on back, with a clear white double spot on collar. Abdomen ochreous* whitish. Legs ochreous- whitish. Forewings broadly dilated in (f, narrower and more pointed in $ , hindmargin ronnded, snb- below apex ; varying from oobreous-grey to clear
or HEW B0X7TH WiXES. 196
ochreoofh lighter towards inner margin; extreme oostal edge narrowly white ; a straight rather narrow white sub-costal streak from base to apex, sometimes emitting posteriorly two or three slender white streaks to costa, or partially confluent with the white oostal line ; a rather strong white, above black-margined posteriorly, central streak on sab-median vein from base to hind- margin, sending from its lower edge four rather broad parallel branches to hindmargin, separated by very narrow ochreons lines (sometimes sprinkled with blackish), lowest branch often strongly blaokish-margined ; an elongate-triangular white subapical spot, resting on hindmargin below apex and on posterior third of me- dian streak, more or less distinctly cut by two rather obsolete ochreons (sometimes mixed with blackish) longitudinal lines; below median streak a white line from near base to anal angle, and. a white line from base to before middle of inner margin ; inner margin whitish towards base ; hindmarginal line fuscous, marked with seven or eight black dots ; cilia white, extreme tips and a parting line greyish-ochreous. Hindwings whitish-grey, marginal line dark fuscous ; cilia white.
I>ifirers from its allies by its broader wings, white head, and greater breadth of the white streaks on the branches of the Bubmedian vein. Common round Sydney and Parramatta, es- pecially in rather damp places; also near Melbourne and Mt. Macedon ; in December and March.
It is possible that 0, argyroneurus Z. (described from a single South Australian specimen) may denote a variety of this insect, as it possesses many of its characteristics ; but Zeller describes the head as yellowish, the first and second branches of the median vein as not reaching hindmargin, the second and third as becom- ing confluent beyond the middle, and makes no mention of any white sub-apical spot. Considering the close affinity of the spe- cies of this group, it would be premature to adopt the name for
tins insect.
Ebomene Sh.
Ocelli distinct. Tongue moderate, spiral. AntennsB setaceous, orennlate. Labial palpi hardly as long as, or markedly shorter than thorax, straight, porrected, acuminate. Maxillary palpi
I LIHrXKUI BOCIKTT
shortly triangolar. ForewingB Bobtriangolar, Jn <J with a transparent spot at base of median cell, hindmargiD with black apnts united by metallic-gold ; hindwinga with basal pecten.
Of the four Bpecies hereafter described, the first two hardlj faJl well into the genua, owing to their longer palpi, yet they possesa the general characters ; the others agree with Eromene in all respectfl. Tbey may be tabulated thus : —
A.— Potewingg with broad dlyerj-whita markingB 2. bifractMt.
B, — „ without distinct Bilvery-'white markings
1. — ForewingB nith a central oblique (asaia. 1. Umgipalpelta.
2. — ,, with two slender transierae linos.
a. — Labial palpi hardly longer than head 3- pratiaaturella.
i. — „ .. nearly twice aa tang as head ... i. dUattlla.
Er. loJtgipalpeUa n. gp. 10" — 11". Head whitish. Labial palpi twice as long as head. whitish, mixed with dark fuscoua bcoIbb, dark foscous on aides : maxillary palpi white, Antennte whitish-ochreoua. Thorax and abdomen ochreoaa. Legs ochreoua-grey, tarsi with ochreoos. whit« rings at apei of jointB. Forewings elongate, rather dilated, costa straight, hindmargin sabdeufcate, slightly ronnded ; ochre- ooB, BuSused with white, eapecially on diBC, which is almost en- tirely white aoii rather thirkly iiTegiilnrly sprinkled with fine black BcaleB, especially towards post«rior part of disc, sometimes coalescing in parts to form irregnlar blackish spots; towards base the white coloar forms a diatiuct median streak from base, which shortly becomes dilated and suffased into the ground colour ; a transrerse central fascia of the ochreons ground colour, sprinkled with whitish and blackish scales, gently angnlated above and below middle, bisected throughout by a violet- ailvery metallic line, indistinct on margins ; at two-thirds of disc, nearest to costs, is a crescentio violet-ail very metallic mark, strongly margined with black intern^dly and less strongly externally ; behind this are four irregular elongate spots of black scales ; a ail very-metallic oatwardly-curved sobtenninai line, indistinctly margined inter- nally with blackish ; coata before apex blackish ; a small white spot on hindmai^n in middle, a faint one below apex, and a clear double one above anal angle ; hindmargiu witli seven black
OF NEW SOUTH t\'AIJB. 197
spots on extremities of veins, lower ones largest and sharpest : oilia silvery-metallio-grey, with a whitish line at base and in middle, and intersected hj slender white marks at the veins. Hind wings pale fuscous-grey ; cilia white, with a fuscous-grey parting line near base.
Near Aielboume ; not scarce.
Ex bifracteUa Wkr, Gat 174 {Oramhus).
8" — 9 1". Head ochreous-brown. Labial palpi long, ochreous- brown or dark brown, brassy-metallic on sides. Antennae incJ^ stent, subdentate, above white with dark fuscous rings, beneath dark fuscous ; in $ slender, white with dark fuscous rings. Tho- rax ochreous-brown, at base silvery-ochreous-grey. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, somewhat silvery at base. Legs pale greyish-ochreous, anterior pair and posterior tarsi partially suf- fused with greyish-fuscous, Forewings subtriangular, rather broad, dilated ; deep clear ochreous, darkest along costs ; a sil- very-white black-margined costal streak from base, at first very narrow, much broader posteriorly, deflected from costa about middle, and ending at three-fifbhs a little below costa ; a broad straight silvery- white black-margined streak from base te three- fifths of disc, its apex abruptly blunt-pointed, perpendicularly beneath apex of costal streak ; an indistinct silvery- white partially black-margined streak of variable width along inner margin from base, its apex in a straight line with those of costal and median streaks : a subtriangular silvery- white black-margined subcostal spot between costal^ streak and hind- margin, its base obliquely concave, with the upper angle sometimes reaching costa, its apex almost reaching the subterminal line ; an oblong silvery- white black-margined streak between apex of median streak and hind margin, reaching hind margin, bisected longitudinally by a blackish line, and interrupted by the sub-terminal line ; the space between this streak and anal angle is whitish-ochreous or whitish Qn. $ silvery- white), irrorated with blackish scales ; the space between it and subcostal spot is whitish-ochreous, irrorated with blackish scales and bisected longitudinally by a blaci sh line ; a fri&aate bluish-silvery metallic line proceeding from inner margin
IW THB PBOCRroiKW OF TBE tiirmAv aocIBTT
immediately beyond tbo atreftk from base perpeadicularly up- wards to disc, suddenly bent round apes of median streak, and continued between median and costal streaks to base ; a sinuate (sometimes broken) transverse blnisb -silvery metallic mark on disc between the bend of this line and the subcostal spot ; a bluisb-ailvery metallic aabt«rminal line proceeding from a small whitish spot on coata at two-tbirda very obliquely outwards, curving roand a little below a.pes, and continued very near hind- margin to anal angle ; a small wbito apical spot ; three deep black dots on hind margin, on the junction of the white streak from disc: cilia silvery- grey, metallic, white at base towards apical half, often with a basal row of silvery-grey metallic spots. HindwingB pale grey ; cilia in <J whitish-grey, with darker parting shade, in $ clear white.
Not veiy common ; occnra roDcd Parcamatta, near Duaringa, and in South Australia, in February and March. This species might, perhaps, be better placed in Crambos-
Er. praemalurella n. ap, 41" — 5". Head ochreous-brown. Labial palpi hardly longer than head, dark fuscous, with a conspicuous oval yellow spot on side towards base. Antennee ochreous. Thorax oohreo as-brown. Abdomen pale oohreous-brown. Legs wbitish-ochreoos. Fore- wings short, strongly dilated, hiudmargin oblique, slightly retnse below apex ; in (f yellow-ochreous, almost entirely sufTuaed with white except along costa, partially on disc and beneath apex ; in ? ochreous-brown, darkest towards apex, densely iirorated along inner margin and on posterior part of disc with whitish and black scales ; two transverse slender lines ; first blackish, from ^ of costa to ^ of inner margin, acutely angolated ontwards above middle ; second whitish, margined on each side wiUi blackish, proceeding from f of costa at first very obliquely out- wards, curved round very strongly above middle, and continued nearly parallel to hindmargin to anal angle ; between second line and apes is a short white outwardly oblique streak from costa ; on lower | of hindmargin a row of about eight quadrate black spots, almost toaching each other, largest towards anal angle ;
OF NEW SOUTH WALS8. 199
dHa white, with a deep metallic blackish -grey line almost along base, and cut by three very broad metallic violet-grey bands, one immediately sabapical, one just above and one just below middle. Hindwings in $ whitish, in $ dark fhscons-grey ; cilia white, with fuscous-grey parting-line near base. Two specimens (cJ, ? ) Bear Sydney, in December.
Br, dUateUa n, sp.
6" — 7". Head dark ochreous-fuscous mixed with whitish. Labial palpi nearly twice as long as head, long-haired beneath, blackish-fuscous, with a suffused oval deep yellow spot on side towards base. Antenna slender, dark fuscous. Thorax blackish- fuscous, densely irrorated with whitish. Abdomen blackish- fnscous, posterior margins of segments and anal-tuft clear white. Anterior and middle legs ochreous-fnscous, posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings short, broad, subtriangular, very strongly dilated posteriorly, hindmargin oblique, tolerably straight; blackish-fuscous, very densely irrorated with white scales, towards inner margin often coalescing in (^ into irregular white patches; first line slender, sometimes partially double, irregular, blackish, suffusedly bordered with whitish, from two- fifths of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, angulated outwards below costa ; second line slender, blackish, partially double, rising from a white spot on costa at three-fourths, proceeding very obliquely outwards, strongly curved round close to hind margin, and continued very near and parallel to hind mai'gin to anal angle; a short rather oblique white streak from costa before apex ; on lower two-thirds of hind margin a row of 8 quadrate black spots, very near together, separated by ochreous-yellow elongate marks ; cilia white, with a broad bright golden-metallic Hne along base, and a broad dark metallic grey line along tips. BBnd wings in ^ whitish, with irregular indistinct grey-fuscous ^ll>ai^flft along hind margin, in $ blackish-grey ; oilia white, tips and a parting-line near base strongly dark-grey.
Very closely allied to praematureUay differing principally by the larger size, longer palpi, and the ochreous-yellow marks between the hind marginal spots. Near Parramatta, locally common, in September.
VuaurUKn Z.
Jt»faniMi SEkmm, m ^ ■"■■** kbovc baaal joint, with & tnf) of •eain in tbe siBntian. Lalml palp* uuiu|M«ejwd. ascending oi ponveted ; tensiBBl jaiat RMdentel; hmg. Maxillary palpi tbort, fitibrm, ■|nin— nl, alika ta both aezea- Foren-imga long u»d ratlier narrow, oosta iligbtljr corred ; htDdwin^ moderatclji hrMMl, ali^Uy indented. Forewiii^ witfa 11 veins; 4 and 5 •eiMr«te. HtodwingB witfa 8 veins; 3 rising close before po^p- rior angle or cell : 3. 4, 5 on a stalk 5t>m posterior angle of cell
A ralher large genua, of aInKwt OBireraal distribntion.
A. fiiod win^ ;e!lov 3. opimtUit.
B. .. rtutish-giCT .. 1. UtmpttrtUa.
S'eph. tteiiopUreSa, h. tip. 7|° — 8|". Head, palpi, and tbomx blackisb, very minutely ant denitely irror&ted with whitiBli ; labial palpi straigbt, porrected, ii (J rfttlior longer than head, in ? nearly twice as long a^ head Antennie fiwcouH, in J very finely ciliated, with a large elongat tuft of black scales in Einnation. Abdomen grey, segmental mat: gins luid anal tafl whitiab-ocbreoiiB, second and third segment from biiae entirely bright ochreous. Legs blackish, very densel irn>rfilod with whitish, tarsi with elender whitish rings at apex o joiutx, poBterior tibiae with a slender obliqae black band toward apes. Forewings elongate, very narrow, hardly dilated, cosii hardly arched, hindmargin very oblique, rounded ; blackisb, verj dunHoIy strawn with wbitish scales, so as sometimes alntust to can coal the ground colour, more blackish in J ; first line ratber in distinct, double, black, both sections very slender, very irrega larly waved, emitting several acute teeth posteriorly ; on inne) margin, at junction of first line, is a short transverse ochreous reddish Hpol, strongly margined internally with black ; aboa middle of inner margin is a second less distinct reddish spot united to a double black discal spot beyond middle by an obliqa< slender blackish cloud ; second line blackish, donble, very obliqae from a little before apex to a little before anal angle, shortly bn acutely augulated iuwards above middle, and again before inne
07 KXW SOUTH WXUtB, 201
iAirgin : cilia dark grey, with many bluish-whitisb points. Hind-
snb-hyaline, whitish-grey, narrowly darker at apex, and
narrowly along hindmargin : cilia whitish-grey, with dark
parting-line near base.
Tolerably common near Sydney, at Bowenfels, and Newcastle,
October to January ; comes freely to light.
Neph. opimellay n. sp,
S". Head, palpi, and thorax blackish-fuscous, finely and thinly
^x-xx>rated with whitish ; palpi obliquely ascending, reaching con-
8i^<lerably above head. Antennsd dark fuscous, in ^ very finely and
8li.oxrtly ciliated, with an angular tuft of black scales in sin nation.
-^l>domen dark fuscous, with clear ochreous-yellow rings on seg-
^^iciexital margins. Legs blackish, irrorated with whitish, tarsi
'^vdfcli very slender whitish rings at apex of joints, posterior legs
oclireous-whitish above Forewings rather short, dilated, costa
sHglitly arched, hindmargin somewhat oblique, rounded ; blackish,
^©xisely strewn with whitish scales, the absence of which produces
cle^r black markings ; first line indistinct, double, slender, oblique,
^^ one-third of wing, bordered posteriorly by a broad oblique
^^•ajisverse band, clearly defined towards base, posteriorly more
Suffused ; second line stronger, "distinct, double, from a little be-
iOi'e apex to a little before anal angle, shortly angulated outwards
^low costa, and again inwards above inner margin, between the
^'^^o angulations convex posteriorly ; half way between first and
second lines an oval black dot above middle of disc : cilia blackish-
S^^y, extreme tips and a slender parting-line bluish- white. Hind-
^^xigs deep yellow, costa and hindmargin rather broadly bordered
^vi.th smoky-fuscous, towards anal angle becoming suffused into
€rix^nnd colour; cilia smoky-grey, with a blackish parting-line
*^^«ir base.
Several specimens near Parramatta, from June to August.
Pemfelia Eh.
Jbitennsd filiform, in ^ sinuate above basal joint, with a tuft ^^ scales in the sinuation. Forehead with a cone of scales. *-*^hial palpi ascending or recurved, second joint rather long, *^^*ininal joint very short. Maxillary palpi of (J ending in a long
tnfl, concealed between labial palpi, of ? abort, filiform. Fore- wings nioderfttely long, posteriorly dilated ; hiod winga moder- ately broad, sbgbtly iudeutod below apex. Forewings with II Feins ; i and 5 separate. Hindwings with 7 or 8 veins ; 2 close before posterior angle of cell ; 3, 4, or 3, 4, 5, on a etalk.
Also a considerable genas, occnrriog throughoat the world. Besides the two species described, there are certainly several others; but as all are very similar dull-coloured inaectR, and variable withal, I forbear describing the rest at present. A, Forewiug; with a broiLii oblique Uackiah apicul
Btreak .. .. .. .. -.1. ilrigifmlla.
B -withont apiaal Btrwk 3. rufitineUlla.
Pemp. ttiigifgreUa n. tp. 10"-13." Head greyish-oohreonB, with a few whitiah and black scales. Labial palpi obliquely ascending, reaching somewhat above head, greyish -ochreous, miKed with blackish at apex. Antennffl greyish-ochreous, in (J thickened, dentate, minutely ciliated, with a large triangalar tuft of black scales in ainnation. Thorai greyiah-ochreoua, with two or three black scales. Abdomen whitish'ocbreous, Bometimes infascated, anal tuft of fj oohreouB, ovipositor of ? rather long. Legs grey ish-ochreons. Forewings elongate, strongly dilated, hind mar^n moderately oblique, rounded ; greyiah-ochreons, generally faintly irregularly streaked with whitish below costa, often somewhat suffused with greyish fuscous, and thinly sprinkled with blackish scales, eepera- ally between veins ; indications of commencement of a grey- fuscons double very oblique first line on costa at one-third ; a little above inner margin at one-third an oblong-elongate short black mark, sometimes very conspicuous ; beyond this, above middle of inner margin, a small dark fuscons cloud, sometimes obsolete, often confluent with a cloudy dark fuscous streak along posterior part of inner margin ; a double black spot before two- thirds of disc above middle ; second line indistinct, doable, grey- foscons, angulated inwards a little below costa, and again vety faintly above inner margin ; a conspicuous broad blackish oblique apical streak, reaching from apex nearly to discal spot ; a hind- marginal row of black dote ; cilia wbitish-ochreons-grey, with
OF IfSW SOUTH WALB8. 208
two grey partiog-lmes. Hiod wings wbitish-fuscoas-grey, towards apex and hindmargin snffused with darker foscons; dlia oehreoas-grey-whitish, with dark-grey parting-line near base.
Common on dry grassy banks, and at light ; round Sydney and Newcastle in January.
Pemp. rufttmcteUa n. ap.
IS^ Head brownish-ochreons. Labial palpi oblique, some- what ascending, not reaching above head, ochreous- whitish mixed with dark fuscous. AntennsB ochreous-fuscous, in ^ simple, in (J — (?)• Thorax brownish-ochreons. Abdomen brownish- ochreons above, paler on sides and posteriorly, slightly mixed with fuscous-grey ; ovipositor of ^ short, retracted. Fore wings elongate, rather broad, dilated, hind margin moderately oblique, rounded ; dark greyish-ochreous, suffused on disc and at apex with brownish-ochreons, sprinkled with blackish and dark carmine scales ; first line only indicated by a few blackish scales beneath costa, very obliquely arranged ; a short longitu- dinal blackish streak a little above inner margin at one-third, beyond which there is a faint cloudy fuscous streak along or near inner margin to anal angle ; a double black spot on disc a little before two-thirds above middle; second line very indistinct, fuscous, double, on costa surrounded by a small blackish cloud, angolated inwards a little below costa ; a hind-marginal row of tranaversely elongate black dots ; cilia ochreous-whitish, towards tips pale dull carmine, with two or three slender dark-grey part- ing-lines, and irregular rows of ochreous-whitish points. Hind wings fnsoons-whitish, slightly sufEused with darker towards apex; hind-marginal line clear, sharp, dark fuscous; cilia whitish, with a dark grey parting-line near base.
Easily distinguished from strigiferella by its larger size, more mfbns tint, and absence of apical streak. 2 ^ s at light near Plurramatta in March.
EnsLLA Z.
Antenuffi filiform, in ^ sinuate above basal joint, with a tuft of scales in the sinuation. Labial palpi very long, as long as
, tSS^m. IJMflhiy pallB of J endhig id a long i heimvui UmI pdpi ; «r $ ifcort, GJiform. Fore t pM»IHM»inH. cnatft MnigU, cnnvd jost before toad wings moderately I with II reins ; 4 aod ^ aepAnte. Btod iringi wilfc S mas ; S fwng before posterior ko^ orf cell : 3 U)d 4 naaUlltwi finm poMcoor an^le of ceU.
B««iiles the three AnstrirKa upedn hetv deacribed, only one
oU>cr speclea oF this ^raiis ia tnowB ; whieb. ■•owever, possesses .
a wid« ruigv, exi«udiiig orer great pwt of Bnrope and America^
All the ipeciee hare a cansideiaUe general resemblance.
k — CMtal edge >liaDT wfctle .„ .. 1. timetrtiia.
B. — „ ,, abora vliiie atnak fnacoo* ^
a.— Pore wings dad liate-enj ; -— -"" ^J
bordai of fint line tt i. — „ pale greyish o
border torming three MpBr>l« eironlu
«pOta 3. thrytcporiUa.
Ei. nneerella n. i^. 14" Hoad yellow-octreous, forehead brassy -metallic. Ijabis palpi more than twice as long as head, braaaf-oohreoDa, mize^ uii aidefl and at apex with dark fndooiu soales; toft of suudUair; {lalpi of S luiarly as long as seoond joint of latnal ps^x yellowiab'OohreooB. Antennffl of ^ thickened, minntaly oiliate^ brownish'OahreoDS, above barred with white, with a large toft of liniivaaaloa, blackish above, whitish towards base, in sinnatioii. Tboraz white, becoming ochreoaa-grey on aides and in &ont Abdomen silvery- white, posterior margin of segments whjtisli* oohreous. Legs silvery white, tarsi infnaoated beneath. Fore wiiigH elongate, tolerably broad, slightly dilated, hind nuu^;in tililitiue, slightly ronnded ; pale greyish-oohreoos, beooming (l>iik«r olnirer oohreoua towards costal streak, thinly apriulcled on \rinn with grey is h- fuscous ; a tolerably broad pure white coata] pii.reitk from bue to apex, margined at base and apex beneath by nhurl (lurk fuanous cloudy streaks ; an indistinet clondy greyish-
OV KBW SOUTH WALES. 205
fipMOOS streak along inner margin from near base to anal angle ; Teiy fidnt indications of a transverse obliqne yellowish band before one-third, marg^ed internally with a few silvery-metallic aoales ; hind*marginal line cloudy dark fiiscoas ; cilia white, with two ck>ndy ftiscoos grey parting-lines. Hind wings whitish, towards apex and on hind margin narrowly sufihsed with foscons-grey ; hind-marginal line dark fuscous ; cilia white, with an indistinct grey parting-line near base.
A distinct and conspicuous insect, larger and broader- winged than its congeners, easily known by the wholly white costa and obsolete fascia. One ^ , taken by Mr. Burkitt at light at Glades- ▼ille, Sydney, in September.
Et Behrii Z. Is. 1848, 883.
8" — 10". Head in (J bright ochreous-orange, face brassy- metallic ; in $ shining dark ochreous-grey. Labial palpi much more than twice as long as head, dark brassy-fuscous ; maxillary palpi in ^ long, bright ochreous-orange; in $ very short, fuscons. AntennsB dark fuscous with ochreous-whitish rings, in (^ thickened, with a large tuft of black scales and white silky hairs in sinuation. Thorax dark ochreous-grey, in $ with a bright orange sufiused spot on anterior margin. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, base of segments dark-grey. Legs ochreous above, dark-Aisoons beneath. Fore wings elongate, narrow, alighily dilated, costa nearly straight, hind margin oblique, ■ligfaily rounded ; dark slaty-grey, densely irrorated with whitaah, and sometimes in ^ with scattered carmine scales ; a sbraight moderately broad clear white costal streak from base to a little before apex, enclosing a very narrow strip of ground ooloor along costal edge, and margined beneath by a moderately broad ferruginous streak running from base to apex of wing and dumging to black towards base and apex; a transverse very oUique ferrug^ous band from one-fourth of costal streak to one- third of inner margin, internally edged by a pale golden metallic line of raised scales, and within that by a broader blackish line ; an indistinct small blackish spot on lower margin of subcostal before two-thirds; a hind-marginal- row of rather
^
206 THB PE0CBEDIIIO8 OP THE tlirSEAN BOCIETT
irregttlar blackish spots, often indistinct ; cilia grey-whitish, with three distinct dftrker-grey parting-lines. Hind wiugs in ^ pole foBcona-grey, in $ rather darker, apex dark fnsoooB-grey ; hind- niftrgiiuil line snffuaed with dark fuscona; cilia whitish, with dark-grey parting-line near base.
Very closely allied to the European xinckendla Tr., from which it differs by the narrower wings, costal white streak not reaching apex, and mat-coloured, not yellow, transverse band ; from chnj- toporeUa by the rather smaller she, slaty-gtey ground colonr, and nnbrokon transverse go Id en -metallic line. Very common and generally distributed, occorring from Sydney to the summits ol the Blae Moantains, round Newcaetle, at Melbourne and Ade- Uide, from September to January.
Bt. ehnjsO]iorella n. Kp.
10" — lOJ". Head in(Jbright yellow-oohreoua, with a whitia spot above the eyes. Labial palpi nearly thrice as long as heac;
dark brasBy-fuacons ; maxillary palpi (?). Antennte fue
oons with whitish rings, beneath whitish, in ^ with a large tnft c= white silky hairs, clothed on one aide with fuscous scales, in sintu ation. Thorax brownish-ochreous, in front blackish, with a clas ochreous-yellow spot on anterior margin. Abdomen whitiaK ocbrcouH, base of segments siiffnaed . with grey-fuscous. Leg ochreons-whitish above, dark fosoons beneath. Forewings eloE gate, very narrow, scarcely dilated, oosta straight nntil just befoTi apex, hindmargin oblique, slightly rounded ; pale greyiah-ochreoos- brown, irrorated with dark fascoas eoales ; a straight white oostil streak, starting from a small tnft of ochreons-brown hairs almoit at base, to costa a little before apex, enclosing a very narrow darlc fnsoons streak on costal edge, and margined beneath by a line of dark fascoas scales, becoming a wedge-shaped mark at apex, and beneath this again by a pate ochreons-yellow streak &om near base quite to apex ; a rather carved oblique transverse pale ochreooa-yellow band from one-fonrth of costal streak to one-third of inner margin, margined internally by three separate circalai raised golden-metallic spots, before each of which is a blackisli spot ; au irregular suffused white spot towards inner margin ba-
OF KEW SOtTTH WALBS. 207
tore fcransverse band ; a pale ochreons-yellow slareak along fold from transverse band to anal angle, shortly dilated above beyond middle, beneath anteriorly margined with a silvery- white streak ; branches of submedian vein posteriorly defined with dark fas- cons, separated by indistinct whitish streaks ; hindmarginal line dark fuscous; cilia grey- whitish, with three irregular darker parting-lines. Hindwings whitish-grey, hindmarginal line dark fuscous ; cilia whitish, with dark grey parting-line near base.
Very similar to Hehrii^ distinguished by the more ochreous ground colour, the golden-metallic edging of transverse band forming three separate spots, and the ochreous-yellow and whitish streaks towards inner margin. Several ^ a from Melbourne and Adelaide.
EUCABPHU Hh.
Antennsd filiform, simple, in ($ somewhat pubescent. Labial palpi rather or very long, compressed, porrected, terminal joint Iwoad, not pointed. Maxillary palpi minute or absent. Ocelli distinct. Fore wings more or less dilated, elongate ; hind wings broad, somewhat indented below apex. Fore wings with 11 veins ; 4 and 5 separate. Hind wings with 8 veins ; 2 rising before posterior angle of cell, 3 and 4 stalked.
A rather small genus, hitherto only recorded from Europe and
S. Asia.
JBrtic vulgatella n. sp.
9|" — 11^". Head pale greyish- ochreous, mixed with whitish. Palpi twice as long as head, pale greyish-ochreous, densely irror- ated with dark-fuscous on sides and at apex. Antennao pale greyish-ochreous, in ^ thickened. Thorax and abdomen pale ^preyish-ochreous, anal tuft of ^ pale ochreous, ovipositor of $ rather long, conical, bristly. Legs pale ochreous, tarsi of ante- rior and middle legs slightly infuscated. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa nearly straight, hind margin oblique, slightly rounded ; whitish-ochreous or pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes Boffosed with pale brownish-ochreous, entirely more or less densely irrorated with blackish, especially on veins, and broadly dusted with whitish along costa ; a faint tendency to show a darker subcostal streak, only appearing distinctly as a short
bladcish very oblJqne streak from apes ; at one-third a black dot abnve middle, and a secood, inncb smaller and often obsolete, almost perpendicularly beneath it or slightlj nearer base, on fold ; imrnediatelj" before two-thirds a third larger sab-elongate black dot in middle of disc ; an indistinct, often obsolete, transverse ron of five or six black dots from extremity of apical stre&k to anal angle ; a row of large irregular (often indistinct) black dote on hind-margin ; cdia grey, with whitish points, a whitish basal liflB and two dark-grey parting-line a. Hind wings pale grey, hind marginal lino dark-grey ; cilia pale-grey or whitish, with dark- grey parting-line near base.
Rather variable in intensity of colooring. Very commoc: from Sydney to Bowenfela, and at Melboome ; fcom Septembs; to Jannary, in dry grassy places.
Eiie. entiferelltt, u. tp. 12". Head brawnish-ochreous, face dark fiiscOQS. Palpi twL • as long as head, densely scaled, externally dark-foscoos, iutemaK ochreons-whitieb. AntennEe fuacooa. Thorax ocfareoos. on abo^H ders brownish. Abdomen greyisb-ocdireoDs. Legs dark-fascoK^ Fov» wings elong&te, narrow, costa nearly straight, tightly arclsc before apes, hind margin oblique, hardly rounded; light pinkis brown<ochreoDs ; a racier broad ochreona-white oaetal atreak iron base to a little before apex, remainder of coata blackish, the blackiaf scales also extending basally half>waj along both margins ori costal atreak ; a straight slender ochreona-white median streak: from base to hind margin a little below apes, near base coufineot with costal streak, beneath margined with hIjiAiah soalea, mnoh most strongly between middle and two-thirds ; between coatal and median streaks an indistinct blackish tnuiBverse mark at two- tbirds, and behind it a longitadinal streak <d hlac^iahBoalea, end- ing ic a clondy spot just below apes \ three branches of median vein faintly, and snb-dorsal vein more strongly defined with blackish scales ; a clondy hind-marginal Uackish linej cilia grey, mixed with blackish -fuscous. Hind wings dark fnscoas-grey, darker towards hind margin \ cilia grey mixed with fnsoonB, with a paler basal line
or- NBW SOUTH WALKS. - • ■ ^ 209
OonspicaoQsly difTerent from vfdgaUUla by the two longitadinal
oohreons-white streaks, and^abseoce of discal dots. 1 ^ from
Helboum&
Lasiogera n. g.
Forehead with a short hardly projecting cone of scales. Ocelli ptresent Tongae short, scaled at base. Antennas simple, in ^ thickened, densely clothed on basal half with thick scales. Labial palpi moderate, obliquely ascending, terminal joint short. Maxil- lary palpi abort, filiform. Forewings rather short, dilated ; hind- wings moderate, slightly indented beneath apex. Legs rather abort Abdomen stoat.
Characterised by the peculiar thickly-scaled antennas oi ^. I have not yet been able to examine the venation.
Lob, canUinea n, sp,
1" — 8". Head, palpi, and thorax black ; labial palpi white be- neath towards base. Antennas in (^ black on basal half and at apex, whitish between, in $ entirely blackish. Abdomen black, with ochreous-yellow rings on posterior margin of segments ; anal tufb ochreous-yellow. Legs blackish, tarsi with slender whitish rings at apex of joints, posterior tibias ochreous- whitish except at apex. Forewings short, moderately broad, dilated, hindmargin somewhat oblique, slightly rounded ; blackish, very thinly sprinkled with whitish on disc ; first line white, nearly straight, oblique, at about one-third ; second line white, from a small triangular white spot on costa at three-quarters to a little before anal angle, middle third broadly curved or obtusely angu- kkted outwards ; cilia blackish. Hind wings bright deep yellow, hindmargin broadly and costa narrowly blackish-fuscous ; cilia smo^-blackish, with indistinct darker black parting-line near base.
This species has considerable superficial resemblance to Nepk- opieryx opimeUa ; apart from the structural distinctions, it may be generally known by its clear blackish colour, and rather sharp white lines. Several specimens from Gbulbum and Parramatta.
Geroprepes Z. Forehead obtuse. Ocelli present. Antennas setaceous, in S with a small tubercle above basal joint, strongly pectinated on
SIO
oDe side, apex BunpLe. Maiillaiy palpi short, filiform. Ijabial palpi iDoder&t«, ascending, cyliodrical- Tongne long, ac&led at base. Foretrings dilai«d ; lundwings moderately brood.
Onl; one other species of tfais geDDS is known, from India j it does not closely reaemble the Aastralian one. C«r. almella n. *p.
11" — 12". Head, palpii and thorax alaty-whitiab, densely ir- - rorated with Hlaty-faBcons. AnteDiue dark foscoaa Abdomen .c slaty- whitish, densely mixed with foBcoos, in ^^ more blackishE j with segmcDtal margins pale ochreoos ; in both sexes on poste— « rior margin of basal segment are two ochreons valve-like projec-'C lions, ending in(^in a long, in S in a short tuft of scales, one oimr- each side of back, beneath which is in^a targe, in ? a small 6i~^ cavation or oriSce in side of abdomen. Anterior legs pale slaty^ grey, irrorated with dark inscons, in (f internally black, with pal^l rings at apex of joints of tarsi ; middle and posterior tegs slatj^p whiliinh, irrorated with slaty -fuscons, with a strong oblique btao- J3 Imnd at one-third before apex of tibiee, and joints of tarsi blai^sA lit bane. Forewiogs rather strongly dilated, hindmargin scarcely oblique, ronnded ; slaty- whitish, very densely irrorated wit^ Mlftty-fusoous ; a strong black nearly straight ofoliqae transverse lino neiir base from costa to inner margin ; first line doable, strong, black, from hardly beyond one-third of costa to before middle of inner margin, slightly angtdated ontwards a littlo be- low costa, lower half of its inner margin marked by a strong ridge of raised eoalea ; second line double, black, faintly waved, (torn JoBt before apex to jnst before anal angle, making a rather strong curved projection inwards below costa, and a rather indis- tinct sharply-aoote angulation inwards above inner margin ; half- way between first and second lines above middle of disc a trans- verse elongate-linear raised black mark, behind and beneath wliioh is an indistinct blackish clond, sometimes produced be- neath to lower extremity of first line ; hindmarginal line strong, black, broken by very small slaty-whitish spots about veins : cilia Rrey, intersected by a strong line of slaty-whitish scales Ixiforc middle, and with tips itnd two Hues of points before tips
OF NEW SOUTH WALS8. ill
8latjr«whitish, immediately before each of which they are saffased ^th blackish. Hindwings pale clear ochreons-yellowy on apper -margin towards apex suffused with dark fuscous ; hindmarginal line dark fosooas ; cilia pale ochreous-yellow, with a dark fasoons parting-line near base, and towards apex becoming snffosed with smoky fnscons.
A very conspicuoos insect. The singular orifices and valve- like arrangements at base of abdomen I oonjectnre to be auditory organs, from the analogy of other insects. Several specimens lired from larv89 feeding rather gregariously in silken nests on .MDoearptu cu/pressiformiSf near Parramatta in April; images emerged from June to September.
Myelois Z.
Forehead smooth. Antennso filiform, simple, in ^ finely ^nliated. Ocelli distinct. Labial palpi pointed, erectly ascending, ^terminal joint short. Maxillary palpi short or obsolete. Forc- ings of variable breadth, costa straight or slightly curved ; hind ^^nngs rather broad. Forewings with 11 veins ; 4 and 5 stalked 'mjft separate* Hindwings with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 rising stalked "Mcom posterior angle of cell.
A large and rather heterogeneous group, occurring throughout 'Ae world.
A. Forewings with a broad eorved white subcostal band... 1. aubareuella,
B. „ „ no white subcostal band 2, eosmiella,
Myel, suharcuella n, sp. 6^" — 7". Head dark grey mixed with blackish. Palpi short, arched, blackish mixed with whitish-grey scales. Antennsa whitish, with dark fuscous rings. Thorax dark purple grey. Abdomen fuscous-grey, segmental margins and sides pale ochreons ; anal tuft ochreous. Anterior legs purple-fuscous, irrorated with whitish, tarsi and apex of tibiao blackish, tarsal joints with whitish apical rings ; middle and posterior legs above porple-fhscous, irrorated with whitish, beneath ochreous-white, tarsi black with slender whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore- wings short, somewhat dilated, costa nearly straight, hind margin rather oblique, rounded ; dark purple-fuscous, somewhat irrorated
TBB PBocmmos aw tbb imvatx •ocivtt
with pnrple- whitish scales, especially towards hind margin; a broad, somewhat cotred, white eabcostal streak, sprinkled with purple scales, rising from coata a little above base, and ending on Costa again a little before t^ei. eaclosiag a sLort narrow black coBtal space ; apical estremitj- of anbcoatal streak margined posterioi-l^ by a short broad oblique blackish band from apex of wing ; first line bardly visible, porple fnscoas, aboat j, angulated in middle; second line very indistinct, straight, double, dork ; purple-fuscous enclosing a paler central space, from exiremity of"3 subcostal streak to anal angle ; a row of cloudy blackish apots oil^c: hied margin, generally very indistinct ; cilia fnscous-grey, wit!»:r; purple- whitish points. Hiudwicgs subhyaline, pale grey, darks^ra ftt apex ; hind marginal line dork fnacous-grey ; cilia whitish^^K grey, darker at apex, with a dark-grey parting-line near base. ^^_
Two i 's from Blackheath on the Blae Mountains, in Marok^^| Ml/el. GOiTrt'tella n. sp. ^B
Q". Head and palpi blackish irroraled with whitish, pal^^H whitish at base and internally. Antennte dark fuscous "■■"' ^^ ' indistinct whitish rings. Thorax blackish- fuscoDs. Abdom^^^ dull ochreoQB, suffused with fuscona at base of segments. Le^^a blackish, densely irrorated with whitish, tibite with a black baciw — before middle, tarsal joints with whitish apical rings. Forewingr— elongate, rather narrow, slightly dilated, hind margin ronnded, blackish, very densely irrorated with whitish, except on eaci^ side of .first line, where the black colour predominates for soDie breadth ; first line represented by a rather broad whit« slightly curved transverse band, sprinkled with blackish scales, and with an indistinct central blackish streak in lower halfj second line indistinct, double, black, rising from costa before apex, immedi- ately making a strong angulation inwards, thence retarnin^ and continued to inner margin before anal angle ; between first and second lines an indistinct double black spot above middle of djsu : cilia grey, with many bluish- whitish points. Hindwings tfainly scaled, whitish-grey, very narrowly darkergrey at apexand along liind margin : cilia whitish, with a dark grey partiiig>line near
One (J from Melbourne.
OF NEW SOUTH WALB8. 213
Anbbastu Hh,
Forehead with blnnt cone of scales. Tongue short or absent. No ocelli. Antennas filiform, in (J more or less distinctly sinuate above basal joint, pubescent or ciliated, in $ simple. Labial palpi long horizontally porrected or obliquely ascending, second joint dilated above, terminal joint long filiform. Maxillary palpi- short or obsolete. Porewings elongate, narrow, hindmargin very ol^lique ; hindwings uniformly rounded, faintly indented. Forewings with 10 veins ; 4 and 5 coincident. Hindwings with 7 veins ; 3 and 4 long-stalked.
A not large, but universally distributed genus, the species of which frequent dry sandy places. Besides the one described, which is very conspicuous, I have seen two other Australian species, much more nearly resembling European forms, but not in fit condition for description.
Aner, mirahUeUa n, sp,
7" — 71". Head dark fuscous, ochreous at back, with a slender whitish line above each eye. Palpi twice as long as head, densely scaled, horizontally porrected, dark reddish-fuscous, beneath white at base. Antennas fuscous, thinly whitish-scaled. Thorax ochreous-grey-brown, on sides brownish-crimson. Abdomen whitish-ochreons. Anterior and middle legs externally whitish, internally dark fusoous-grey ; posterior legs white. Fore-wings rather elongate, not dilated, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique, rounded beneath ; pale carmine, with a rather large oval white ^pot on middle of inner margin, blackmargined except on lower edge ; cilia whitish, with a pale carmine basal line, and blackish at apex and towards anal angle. Hindwings pale fuscous-grey, snfiused with pale ochreous towards base and at apex, with a rather large irregularly elongate sharp black patch on middle of inner margin, forming a continuation of the dorsal spot on fore- wiogs, when the wings are expanded ; cilia pale ochreous.
The continuation of the markings of forewings over hindwings is a very unusual and curious circumstance in this group, and in oonjonction with the exceptional character of these markings, causes a singularly exotic facies. Two ^ s, near Sydney, ip January.
THH TluOVntlKOB DV THE CIKITUH BOCTBTT
H0U04<0E0U& CvH. *
Forehead with a blaut ridge of scales. Tougve strong. OoeQi distinct. AntenniB 6lifonn, iii(?with a short notch above basal joint. Labial palpi moderate, obliqaely ascending, slender, some- what compressed ; terminal joint rather more (ban half as long OB second, ftliform, rather pointed. Maxillary palpi filiform, appresaed. Forewiugs long, moderately dilated, costs faintly carved, more strongly before apex, hindmargin very obliqoe, almost straight Hindwinga narrow, pointed, ftatly rounded, hardly indented. Forewinga with 10 veins ; 8 absent, 4 and 5 stalked. Hindwings vrith 7 veins; 3 and 4 nustalked from postetior angle of cell.
A small genus, occarring throngh Europe and Asia ; the larrM feed in the flower.heads of Composita. The two speoiea described at-e readily distinguished from each other by their sise and different markingn.
Horn, vagetla Z., Is., 1848, 863. 75" — 8", Head whitish, densely mixed with alaty-fusoonB, especially on forehead. Falpi arched, dark slaty-fuscons irrorated with whitish. Antennas dark faacoua. Thorax dark slaty -fuscons, irrorated with whitish. Abdomen ochreon a- whitish, partially saSnscd with grey. IJegs thinly ochreo as- whitish-scaled above, dark fuscous beneath. Forewmgs extremely narrow, hardly at all dilated, hindmargin very oblique, slightly rounded ; dark fascons, towards oosta blackish, densely irrorated throoghont with slaty-whitish sceles, coalescing to form a more or less distinct white irregatar subcostal streak from near base to aboat two-thirds of disc, sometimes faintly atreaked with brownish ; a blackish circular spot near base in middle ; first line tolentbly strong, cloudy, blackish, from one-third of co&ta to a little beyond one-tbipd of inner mai^in, strongly angulated outwards above middle, indistinctly margined basally with whitish ; second line indistinct, blackish, not far irom and nearly parallel to hind- margin, broken and shortly acutely angulated inwards below costa ; at two-thirds of disc are two blackish obliquely placed dote above middle, lower nearer to base ; cilia grey-whitish, with
or IflW SOUTH WALB8. 215
^wo indistinot irregular slaiy-grey parting-lines. ELind wings Dfhitisli-grey, apex darker, hindmarginal line soffosed, dark fosoons ; cilia whitish, witii £ednt darker-grey parting*line near liase.
The narrowest-winged species of the genns. Tolerably common in the Sydney district ; also at Melboame and Adelaide, from September to January.
Horn, disUehdla n. sp.
41' — 6". Head, antennas, and thorax pale greyiah-ochreoos ; palpi slightiy arched, externally dark fascoos, internally and lieneath whitish. Abdomen ochreons-whitish. Anterior legs <Ukrk fnscons ; middle and posterior legs ochreons-whitish. ~Fore wings rather short, tolerably broad, moderately dilated, liind max^in very oblique, rounded ; pale whitish-ochreous, strewn ^th coarse blackish scales ; a broad brownish-ochreous streak ^aalong fold from base to anal angle, and a shorter, sometimes Ibroader, one above it on disc ; a rather large cloudy blackish dot ^mm disc at two-fifths, and a second obliquely below it, much nearer base, on lower edge of fold ; a straight row of about five •^r six similar dots crossing wing in a line from four-fifths of •^xMta to anal angle, second from costa generally largest, elongate, oiext three close together, confused, sixth almost on anal angle ; <^nUa ochreons-whitish. Hind wings pale grey, hind-marginal ^ine broad, dark fuscous ; cilia ochreons-whitish.
Differs from the mmheUa group by the merging of the second line with the discal spots ; allied rather to smuella F., but super- ficially very different in appearance. Common and generally dis- tributed in New South Wales, from Parramatta to Bowenfels, and on the Lower Hunter R., from January to March.
Efhcstia, Gn.
Eph. ekbtella Hh.
This and the three following species are naturalised importa- tions from Burope, and are too well known to need description.
Sydney, Parramatta ; common in houses. The larva feeds on tnacuitSy chocolate, &c.
i
216 rsi PKOcarauciH o* rsH uskkax sociktt ■
Sj-diiey, PammattA, nMnmoa. The UtT» feeds in oor ■pparentlj ecpeciallj' on maite, in eoiapmay with Sitotnga •lio, doing considerable dasuge. ^^
G&LLERID^. ^
Gu-UMA F. OalLmdhH^la L. Speciroona of this insect are sent &om Qaeenaland, whe considered deatructi»e ; the larva feeds m bee-hives on th ACHSOEA Hh. AcKt. grueUa F. Sydney, Pairamatta, Melbourne; oomnion in Febma Marah. The larva feeds in bee-bivea on the wax, caosin great deatmctioD if not chee:ked ; bat I hare also seen abnndant in a frait-shop in Sydney, which may indicati versatility of habit
ON THE GEOLOGZ OF YASS PIiAlNS.
[SBCOXD pAPEIt.J ^
Bt Charles Jenkiks, Esq., L.S., Yasn. </ PlaU 17. '
In endeavonring to describe some of the fossils enam my former paper, I necessarily laboar ander the disadv having at Tass no opportunities of making snoh comps at present the references, I oonld wish. Withoat assui apeoial knowledge, as only a life exclnaively devoteJ ontology can give, I hope, however, by detaUed drs desoHptions, to place before yoQ the specific nature of ent fossils in such a manner that, if my determinatior wrong, it may be at once apparent to those better jadge than myself.
I propose, in the tirst place, to deal with those fot either consider the more remarkable, or are well-ki garded in other countries as characteristic of parf
OF WEW SOUTH WALES. 217
or snoh as speoially characterise, by their nnmber and variety, ihe strata in which they are found here.
I am naturally much assisted by Prof. Koninck's work, in which several of the Silurian species found in the Yass and Hume beds are described.
Chbirurus insiqnis. Fig. 8, PI. 6.
This specimen so exactly coincides with the description of the
pygydvum of Prof Koninck* in having four pairs of ribs, the last
pair of which form a rudimentary spire following the direction
of the axis, that there can be no doubt about its identity. All
the species I have yet obtained agree in the above particulars ;
but the relative lengths of the lateral portions do not seem
to be constant The specimens of this part of the Oh&irurus
imignis are associated, chiefly in the lower portion of the Hume
beds, with other portions of Oheirurus (Figs. 6, 6, 7 ; PI. 6); but
I have not been able to obtain a specimen in which the different
parts are united.
Bronteus.
As there is some difference in the terms used by different writers in naming respectively the three principal segments of TiUohiteSf I may observe that I shall in my descriptions call the anterior portion the head segment, the middle portion the thorax, and the posterior portion the pygidium.
As the exact form of the head, and disposition of the eyes of this genus, do not appear to be well-known, I am fortunate in having several specimens from which these particulars can be obtained. The specimen of nearly a whole Trildbite, which has enabled me to give the restored Fig 5, has some of the ribs of the thorax overlapping and displaced, and part of the cheeks at the facial suture separated and removed. The position and size of the eyes are distinctly indicated. One eye is perfect, and, with a portion of the cheek, rests upon another part of the TrU lohile, A perfect impression of the external portion of the oheek, belonging to a TriUihite of the same size and proportion, enabled me to complete the form of this part. The form of the
*Beserch68, snr les Fossiles, Paleozoiques de la NouTelle Galle de Sod, pige 48,
ilS THZ PBOCBEDIHSB OT THB LIVVHAX SOCIBTT
head segment is nearly semi-circnlar, rather more tfaan twice as broad &3 long, and almost flat. Anterior outline rather regularly curved. Tho estemal posterior angles poinled and acute. The concave-convex outline of the poaterioF margin of each cheek is interropted by an angular tooth-!ike projection.
The Glabella is slightly raised posteriorly, depressed anteriorly. Broadest in front and narrowest at the second furrow at abont a quarter the length of the glabella from the base- — oatline concave laterally to about 2 millemetri?3 from the anterior margin, when it . becomes slightly convex. Separated fi-om the lateral portions, or cbeeka, by a sinus 1 miilemetre broad J millenietre deep to about 2 milleraetres from the anterior margin, after this the separation becomes gradually fainter and hardly perceptible at the very front.
There are four farrows on its surface counting from the baae, the first entire, the second nearly so, the third and fourth arched to about J of the width of the Glabella, and more deeply marked at their inner termination.
Surface of Glabella covered with concentrie folds, the edges of which are about \ a miilemetre apart.
The cheeks subtri angular, the inner and posterior margins of nearly equal length. The anterior longer. The eyes are sessile and somewhat reniform. Rather more prominent at the anterior third,aDd slightly raised above theother parts of the cheek. Facets not so large as those of Phacops. The spaces between the eyes and exterior margins of the cheek, occupied by three curved depressions radiating from the front, and by intervening alight elevations. The sinus and ridge nearest the eye being more curved and sharply defined than the others.
Three curved slight ridges concave exteriorly and radiating from the anterior corner extend from the inner margin of the oheek to the eye. The surface is covered with small folds, some being paralled to the anterior edge, and forming a border about 2 millemetres in width, others form a narrow border to part of the posterior margins, while those in the intervening space radiating, follow somewhat the outline of the eye. One
or NBW SOUTH WALBS. 219
portioii of the fiunal antore extends in an nndnlating curve from the upper interior comer of the eye to the outer anterior comer of the Glahella ; the other portion from the posterior comer of the eye, extends downwards to the posterior outline of the cheek.
The Thorax contains eleven segments, the central portion or axis slightly convex and raised a little above the ribs, which are flat or nearly so. The segments of the axis are nearly straight, de- pressed anteriorly, the depression having a convex outline pos- teriorly. There is a linear groove near the anterior and posterior edges of the segments ; the posterior groove of the one segment oovers tibie anterior groove of that adjoining. Each segment is crossed by 10 to 12 folds ranged somewhat concentrically round a point in the centre of its posterior half. Separated from the lateral portions or ribs by a sinus 1 millemetre wide, sinus con- cave exteriorly in the centre, convex at the edges. Outline of axis convex exteriorly, width greatest in the middle.
The ribs are flat, and straight for the greatest part of their length, then curved backward, and terminate in a flat daw- shaped acute angle. In the straight portion there is a linear groove near the anterior to posterior edges, leaving a somewhat ragged margin. This depression is continued into the curved terminations.
As in the segments of the axis, the posterior linear groove of one rib oovers the anterior groove of the adjoining rib.
The curved portion is shorter and sharper in the segments that are near the pygydium, and its commencement is marked on eaeh margin of the ribs by a slight punctation.
The pygydium is nearly flat, slightly raised in the centre ; semicircular for about two-thirds its length at the anterior third, sides nearly straight and parallel ; anterior margins slightly pro- jeetdng in the centre with a linear depression near the margin. Axis subtriangular, composed of three segments ; component parts ratlier obscurely marked, except at the edges. Each part de- pressed anteriorly, and crossed by folds like the .segments of the axis of thorax. Axis separated from the ribs, fifteen in number, by a sintis 1 millemetre wide. The central rib is the largest, that next the line of articulation of the thorax wider at the
«iUuiii*y thn (he nwainder- Tbraa iflw hare the ^peM of plaiu folded from tbe eunda towwda tbe oentiv. Tba i Bt*tfria of esdi fo4d nesr th* axis preseau a well defined i ■d^ wlueh faEmmes aiight Mid almoot issenstUe U the nw
The Hartece u ooTcred with three dutiiiot series of i tb«ee diride the •nr&ce bus tiirae enas, ■■ each of nbied aeriM uppean mare dktiart thui the otben. The tint cmniting from tbe external edge, extends lo abont 3 millem from the margiii ; the lecood soae bn e width of sbont 4 i iseitrm ; the third occnpiea the remunder of the sorraoe.
lo tbe la»t area the ribs aie citMtaed by twelre or thirteen I at right angles to the direction of the ribe <m\j to the centre Tbesp have the appearanoe of being folded from tbe aul oatline; The next consists of four regnlarlj oarred conce foldn, ^jpearing to be folded from the exterior lovrards the oc in the externa] area the folds are less regalar and form pai ottTTBe of larger radii than the preceding. These appear as if folded inward. These dtfierent series are not bov ooaSned to the areas specified, bat extend to the other j thoogfa tbey are not then so distinct.
This species is oertainly verj distinct from the obaracte DovoniiiD apeoiee, Bronteiu ftabelliftr, thoogh, from ite fat pygydium. it well deserves th? name. If appears to be relftfed if not identicnl with JiriiJr-;!.- PnU^'lii, the pygydiu which is described by Professor Kooinck. • Except in actual size, the descrigtion of Profeesav Koninck, as far goes, applies well enongh to the smaller specimens I obtained. According to the same author, U. Barraade font Bohemia Bnmtevi Farleehi in the lower part of the ID Silurian,
The specimen of Broaieua I have figured (figs. 4, 5, 6, ani nre most abandant about the middle of the Hame beds, some however, I have obtained lower, and two specimens in the bedx.
In the specimens of different sized individnals, there is
nidemblo variation in the proportions of the corresponding |
• Page 57.
or NSW SOUTH WALKS.
221
In tbo pygydinm especially, the smaller sized being longer in proportion to the breadth, and semi-oval.
In the larger (fig. 8), the outline forms a segment of a cirde described from the posterior angle of the farrow, separating the axis from the pygydium. The anterior corners are slightly voonded in the smaller bat not in larger. 1 do not know, how- erer, that these variations are of specific valae.
D1MBN8ION8 or Fio. 5: —
|
Whole length |
• • • |
60 millemetrea |
|||
|
Breadth of head segment ... |
* • • |
36 |
|||
|
liengtb „ |
• • • |
15 |
|||
|
Length of thorax |
• • • |
18 |
|||
|
Greatest breadth of axis |
• • |
12 |
|||
|
Width of Pygydiom |
»• • |
' |
34 |
||
|
Length „ „ |
* • • |
27 |
|||
|
Greatest width of GUbella .. |
18 |
||||
|
Width at base |
>• • |
• * • * |
9 |
n |
|
|
l^dth between external edge of |
eyes |
• • • |
18 |
»> |
BXTERENCB TO PlATX 17.
Iflg, 1. — Somaionolust from the lower division of the Home beds (natural
size). 2. — Portion of head segment of Drilobite (twice the natural size) assod-
ated with Bronteus. 3. — Br^ttfeut, partly restored (natural size) 1
4. — „ part of Glabella „ I
8. — „ pygydium, largest found in these beds I 6. — „ portion of Thorax (twiee the natural size) / 7. — Cheirwut (natural size) lower part of Hume beds. 5. — AeiduMpu Brightii (natural size) lower part of Hume beds 9. — Fkmmpt (nattural size), Tass beds.
Hume beds
Description of a new species of Yiyipaba. By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., Corr. Mem. Boy. Soc., Tas., d«., he.
ViVIPARA ALISONI.
Shell ovately conical, smooth, rather solid, white beneath a greenish-yellow epidermis, whorls A\ ; slightly convex, the last large, ronndly convex ; nmbilicns small, open, aperture pyri- formly ovate, peristome thin at the right margin ; base and
eolaaaflft mu^ UMxMd md exteediog ktom tbe body whari into ft this e*Ihu plsl* juiiMq; tbe spper pArt of the periBlome-
ImgA 10|. fanadtfa 8| Iibm.
V«L, Diamanliiw Uiver, QaeeBakiid.
I bKn Baned (be ipeeies ftA«r lU dtsooverer. Mr. William AliMtB, Jan., of Wiogxdee, wbo praaented two spedmeos (adoh KDd yoang) to the Uademy Mnasaa^ Etinbetii B&y-
Od some TeSTUKT Foseilb fram Muddy Creek, Western 7iotoria By the Rev. J. E. Tcnsos-Woows, F.G.S., F.L.S., Hon. , Corr- Mem. Lin. Sob., N.S.W. -J
Plates 20 and 21. ^
The following fossils were obtained from the tertiary beds on the banks of the Mnddy Creek, a tributary of the Wannon Kirer, about five miles from Hamilton in Western Victorin Tbe most of them were gathered for me by Mr. Samoel Pratt Winttir, whose beaalifnl station of Mnrndal, on the Wannon, is not far from the locality in question. Some have been in my ponseMJon for more than sixteen years, and I ironld have pnb- linlied a nolloe of them lon^ ago. bnt that I nnderatood that all the miooene foBsils wonld have been foUy desoribed ten yean since by tbe Victorian Qoologioal Sorrey. This expectation has been fhulrated by the redaction of the geolt^cal staff of the colony, and now tbe oifly person eng^ed on Tiotorian paleonto- logy is Prof. M'Goy, who, in the " Decades," is sioet ably and utisfaotorily dealing witJi some of the more remaibble speoiefl. As a very long time mnat elapse before all the larger fttssils are dealt with, I have thooght it better to pnbliah my own limited investigatkniB on tbe very small ones. I do this, beoaoaa I am convinced that the material at my disposal gives me peculiar sdvantages, especially as I have for tbe last four years been m- g;aged in <lescribing the small existing species of the soath coast, end 1 fear risking the loss of the material altogether if I delay it4< publication any longer. If what I offer is incomplete, I kmul g«o1ogist« will excuse this incompleteness, in view of tlie
OP HIW SOUTH WALB8. 223
great neoessiiy of doing Bomefching where so much has to be
done, and where there are so iew inqairers. The fossils now described are all new and peculiarly interesting.
They are not generally like the present Australian fauna, and
tkej are not identical with any fossils of other countries. The iresemblance of some of them to the common forms of the rtalian and Vienna miocene is very striking. This resemblance lia3 already been referred to by Prof. M'Coy, and he has per- petuated it by giving specific names which will serve to recall tlio Earopean types. So far as I have examined, the fossils would iucline one to imagine the sea to have been a warmer one tlia.!! at present ; but it would not be, as yet, a very certain in- ^ei^^nce to draw from the evidence, which is so incomplete. For ^h.G rest, I have noted in the diagnosis of each species such re- soKEiblances or peculiarities as are the most apparent, and I will onlj iidd that the structure, sculpture, and elegance of form of tile fossil fauna of the Australian miocene far exceed anything ^^^ onr coasts at the present day. I do not enter into the ques- *iou of the age of the beds. The evidence, so far, is entirely in ^Vf)ar of a miocene horizon. But the miocene of Australia is ^^presented by wide deposits of such thickness that the per ^^x^tage of existing species in the uppermost and lowest beds ^Ust be widely different. The true value of the term miocene, ^ applied to South Australian formations, can only be appreci- ated when the relative position of the beds in different localities ^ established. Prof. Tate is of opinion that the Muddy Creek ^^e^ are the equivalents of the uppermost of the River Murray ^Hes. I regard them as below the Mount Gambier limestones, ^«dch is the opinion of the geologists of the Victorian survey. ^ far, however, no accurate survey has been made to determine ^^e question, which the following paleonfcological remarks may ^elp to solve. All dimensions in French millimetres.
Triton prattii. PI. 21, fig. 15.
V,t, parva, ttmUde-fusiformif turrita, solida^ nitente : anfr. 7 yprnbryonal, 2, mchms), rotundatis, Ivris spiralibus inaquaUbus ^^*<Heit«, cosHs ohsoleUs rugulosikf et und/ique crehre $iriatUf itrm
r TBI LINKIAN SOCiSTT
ltm^t%tdiyiaUbua amoinnU, mlniilU ; varieibw alevaiiii ; dpic* obluto, nacleo lavi, rapide ere»eente, eongpievn ; apertura elliptica, intm dentata, perielomaie produclo, aouto, Idbio eanepietto, caiiali prtrloitgo, angiuto, reetirvo. AIL 9, lat, 5, nU. npira. 5 millim.
This is a small Etlmoat tuiretled speoiea, very nmcb of the chnracter of all our Australia.!! Tritong, and most like one nhich is peculiar to Australia, T. Qu-oiji, vhicti however though one of the very amall members of the ganaa, is much larger than thia fossil. It has all the characters of the genus, the nneqaal spiral line all finely wrinkled, the obsolete ribs and the conspicuous varis round the month. It has two important marks of dis- tinction, namely the smooth obtuse Naiica like nncteua and the loog narrow Tecvrved canal. The mouth is also somewha' remarkable, as it is Murex like, dentate and almost entire, and there does not appear to be any posterior plait on the columella. For its size its markings are very perfect and neat. It is some- what like T. paivulum, Michelotti, but is smaller than any living or fossil form known to me.
I have dedicated the species to Mr. Samnel Pratt Winter, whose Bt»tian is not far from the Muddy Creek beda, and whose kindness and hospitalily have enabled me to gain all the know- ledge I have of them.
Prof. Tate regards this shell as a young Bandla belonging to the section in which the varices are not continoODS. The speoiea is allied to one from the Molluccaa.
Pisuiii TEHincosTATA. Plate 20, fig. 6. P. t. patva, Migvete ovata, ienui, nitente, amfr. 5, (nuefeo .'' AeedU^ eonvexit, parwn declivihiu, crebre liratis ei tenviler sed valide CTuhernme cosiatit, ita ut iota testa minvtmime el eleganter retieulala appareat ; coHit tenvibiu (in idt. ajifr. 35), a lirU juott cooperlis et idea erebre granulatit ; liris Intit, planatis. approseimatU, intentitiit aqtiantibut, interdwn lirulit paroieritma interptmlU ; varicibut numeroeii ultimo erelugo 2 vel 3 in omn. anfr., latii conspicue liratii ; aperluTa ovala, labro variee ittera*- ioto, labia Uvvi, etcaete definito, canali brevi vias reewvo. Long. 10, Ut. 5.
OF HEW SOUTH WALES. 2^16
I »
. This fossil is smaller than Triton reHculatufn, BlaixL, of the YjenDa basin, w&ich is also a Pisania, ihongh wb' Have a living P. reticulaiuniy Adams, in oar seas. The ATdddjr Creek' fossil is mach smaller or more ovate ; is shining and decollated in all the ' specimens I have seen. The ornamentation is verj elegant, arising from verj close fine ribs (there being thirty-five in the last whorl), over which numerons close flat lines pass so as to completely cover them with gp*anales. There is only one varix on the last whorl, which is at the lip ; there are two oh the next and four on the next. On the fifth whorl of the spire, the ribs are scarcely granular, and the varices on one iside of the spire folloTfV one another nearly continuously. The aperture is rather long and the canal short and scarcely recurved. The columella lip is smooth, inconspicuous, and well defined.
Fosus ruNiouLATUs. Plate 20, fig. 1.
Tegta parvay dongaio-fusiformi, solida, parum niierUe, tpira quam apertura longiori, anfr, (nucleo ineluso) 0, parwn eonveoBiB 6t deelivibus, carinis spvraUbus 5 vel 6, latis, rotwndaUs, solidis cincHaf lineis quoque longit. inconspicuiSf supra carinas non transeunUhHS, tviura lata, haud impressa; nucleo lavi, polito, 2 anfr., apertura ovaia, Idbro varice incrassato, intus lirato, lahio reflexo, tenui, canali hrevi, recurvo. Long 8|, lat. 3J ; long, spire 5^.
The fossil is small, elongately fusiform, the spire much longer than the aperture, solid, slightly shining. The whorls, including the nucleus, are sit in number, slightly convex and sloping, girdled with from five to six solid, broad, rather raised rounded keels, between which there are longitudinal raised lines which are something like rather prominent lines of growth which do not pass over the keels. The suture is very broadly grooved but not deep. The nucleus is somewhat swollen and smooth, white and highly polished. The aperture is ovate, attenuated at the ends. The labrum is thickened by a varix slightly removed from the edge. It has lir® inside. The lip is thin, reflexed, and the canal is rather short bat very distinctly recurved.
This anomabus shell includes some of the characters of Fusus, Nassa and OUumbeUa.
390 TBz piocRiniiaft or ram usnui •oomr
PteoKOTOM* sA»r»u. PI. 20, fig. 3.
P.t. dengato-ftuifami, parva, Uani, polila; rtn/r, 6, deelivibm, in medio anyulalU, no<tr*it el uiufuIoM rlriatig ; nodia elevatit rvhqvaJratit, tilttnu) amfr. tpixaliUr ttriata et UingiCttd. JUtjiom eormgato ; aperfupa, angitfta, eioagata ; Inbro arnto lentu, »mu lalo pTofundn, canali Itmgo, parnm reevtvo, atdvra profunda. Long. 12, lat 4, long. Bpirm 7.
Tin's veiy elegant species is very like P. dimWata of the Paris basin and Vienna miocene, but it is smaller and the spiral lirro at the base are distant It is a polished shell with whorls ang;ular in the middle sopporting a single somewhat distant eeries of coarse blnnt somewhat sqaare tnberclea. These are exactly on the line of the sinus, and at each side the lines of growth corve away from it. The sinna itself is deep broad and somewhat quadrate. The aperture is long and round rather square - posteriorly and the canal is long and only slightly curved.
I have named the shell after the christian name of Mr, S. P. Winter, from whom 1 have received bo much assistance in getting ~ fosails from these beds.
DlPBN&LU OKACiLLiui, mihi (Sec. Proc. Boy. Soc. Tas. 1876, p. 1015).
Pt. 20, fig. 10 is a representation of a ronch worn specimen of^ this fossil, which is very common at Muddy Creek. The specimenB — found there are much more solid and thick than those of Tabl»-^ Cape, Taamania, and the spiral groove lese distinct. Plecrotoui uurndaluna. pi. 20, fig. 5.
P. t. futiforme-turrila, tenvi, nitente; anjr. 9, planatia, pyramida — (it, carinU Iribus, audferia ornatit, props apieem in medio gramt—^ ton* ; Hrit parvis inter caTtnai el euleoi insiijnitis ; apertura eltm—' gata, ai'guita, canali prmhngo, redo; basi caneava, lirata; e^ envcellata, ei'jiu profunda, postico, supra carinam gito, lahro tenuis columella eiieavela, labia exacts definilo. Long. 17, lab 0 ; lon^ */.ir(B 11, long operturce canali inelmo 7.
This neat little species is distinguished by its long canal ani^ pyrnmiilnl spire. The whorb are flattened, but have thre^
OF mrW SOITTH WALB8. 2127
raised rather broad keels, which are grooved upon the snminit. It is apon the median keel the sinas is, and it becomes granular near the saromit, with a rather faint bat regalar Hue of grannies. Between the keels there are fine thread-like lirsB, sometimes they are seen in the middle of the groove on the snmmit of the keeL The cnnal is slender and long, and even slightly recarved. The base is concave and cancellated. The apex is rather blant, with a solid smooth nucleus of two whorls. The species has no very near ally, either recent or fossil. It slightly resembles P. vermu eularis Gratelonp from the Piedmont and Vienna miocene. It is also a little like the living P. annulata Reeve, whose habitat is unknown. R^re in the Muddy Creek beds.
Mangelta bidens. Plate 20, fig. 2.
Jf. t. parva, ovato-fusiformi, iurrita, spiray apert. superanti, tolidinscula, haud nilenie; anfr, 6, parum decHvibus, supeme angulaliSj crehre, fleiuose^ inconspicue cosiatis et distanter spirah'ter liratiSf supra angiUum crebernme striatis et costis ihi curvaiis, nucho {\\ anfr.) Itsvi, apertura anguste ovata ; labro varies valde incrassatOy intiis et ad marglnem linea granulorum dentato ; sinu profunda, lalo, canali brevi, lato, vix recurvo, labio definito, mean' spicuo,
A small ovately fusiform shell, whose spire exceeds the aperture slightly, rather solid, not shining. Six whorls, slightly sloping, angular above, with many flexuous inconspicuous ribs and distinctly Urate. Above the angle it is closely grooved, and the ribs are curved. The mouth is very peculiar, on the outer lip so produced as to give the fossil the appearance of a Strombtis ; it has a thickened flexuous varix, and there are two rows of teeth, one on the edge and one within. The sinus is deep and thickened, and very conspicuous. The canal is broad, short, and only slightly recurved. Altogether the form is very different from any of our numerous species of this genqs, though the general character of its ornameiitatiou is the same. Its relations to any European fossil seem distant.
Drillia Tkevort. pi. 20, fig. 4.
D. parva, elongato-Jtisiformi, solida, nitente, spira quam apertura longiorii anfr, S, parum convexisy longiiudinaliter costatis, spvraUter
r TBI LnnrxAir bocistt
erebre, sed regulariter et tequidistanter strialig, sitpenie < marginatis ; co»lis hrevibus, lalit, rolmidalig, in medio elevatis, ultimo a-nfr. evanidig ; aperi-ura angiista, elonyala, perisloTRate valde inercutato ; ginu profando, obliqwi, margins tumido, labro iolido, oanali brevi, labia encaittto, eiaete definiio. StriiE inere- mertti valdefiexao»«. Alt. 11, lat. 4, long. fpiVie 7.
This interesting little epeoies which does not appear to be very common ut Muddy Creek, bears considerable resemblance to onr existing D. Berawiii, whicb is commoa on the S. E. coaat of Tasmania It is a fQaiform shell witb the spire much longer than the apertcre, the whorls are studded with many sbort blunt tumid ribs, and regularly spirally grooved; they are very dis- tinctly margined above with a rather broad flat space which is thickly covered with curved atrite. The ribs disappear oa tbs last whorl, bat there are very distinct undnlose tinp.s of growth instead. The aperture is long and narrow with a thickened raised margin almost all round it. The sinus is deep and oblique with a swollen edge. The outer lip is thickened and the inner one is enamelled and exactly defined. The canal is short, straight, and truncate. The nucleus is emoolh and shining, of two whorls.
I have dedicated this fossil to Mr. Trevor Winter, who obtained the greater part of this ootleotion ior me when temporary illness prevented me from visiting the beds ia person. I am not aware of any fossU species nearly resembling it
CoKnS BALPHII. PI. 21, fig, 14.
C. parva, angusle ovala, spira elata, soUdiviaula, niUnte; anfr. nudeo (2) induno, guperne eoneinne elriatig, ad anguhtm angvete marginoUa et earonatis, gravulis quadratis ; ultimo lineit incre- fnenli insignito, batim vergtu gpiraliter declivi elriato, aperlura an- g-asta, nueleo lavi, tumtdo. Alt. 10, lat.'S.
Shell small, rather narrowly ovate, with a somewhat prodnced spire rising in stages, which are very distinctly granalar, the granules being square and large. The upper part of the whorls ia grooved with a few lines, and this grooving extends over the angle of the last whorl, causing a kind of granular margin.
OF= HEW flOtTTH WALE&. .• ^29
^ There is no other ornamentation on the bodj- whorl, except about ten spiral striso near the base, but the lines of growth are very apparent The species is like the Vienna miocene C. exten- ius Partsch in its young stage, but in that shell the spire is more acute and longer. In our fossil, the upper part of the whorl near the suture is faintly channelled. The granules are also different, and the anterior strisa are more numerous and finer. Oonus dujardinii is like it in form, and C. cmtedUvvian^M has the corona more marked with a deep sinus near the suture. Both
* the latter belong to the Vienna miocene. There is noticing at all like it in the Paris basin ; and we have nothing very similar existing in Australia but Oonu8 carmeli, mihi, which has the two last whorls only ooronate, but is distinctly grooved all over, and is -broader in proportion to length. I have dedicated this inte-
^ resting specimen to Prof. Ralph Tate.
Natica Wintlei, mihi, var. Hamiltonensis. Plate 21, fig. 8.
Testa parva, late ovata, solida^ poUta, anguste umbtlicata ; amfr, 3 ; rotundatis, rapide accrescentibus, striis iticrementi suhregulariter ienuUer corrugatis; apertura semilunaris Idbro acuto, columella postiee plus mvmisve callosa ; mnhilico uno sulco lato, corrugato, vnsignitoy apice vix prominulo. Diam. et alt. 8.
A common fossil at Muddy Creek, mainly distinguished by its small size. It is polished with very faint signs of the lines of growth. The callosity is not conspicuous and confined to the upper part of the columella. The umbilicus is narrow, with a broad corrugated groove. The aperture is semilunar. The out. line of the shell is diagonal. It cannot be said to have any peculiar or marked features, but it does not resemble any in the Vienna or Paris basins and must mainly be distinguished by its size, the moderate callus and the very slightly exerted spire. In deference to the opinion of Prof. Tate, I have referred this species to my Nati^ca Wintlei described by me in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, for 1875, p. 23. It is generally smaller and more globose than the type referred to.
Ancillaria sbmiljivib. pi. 20, fig. 7. A _pan«t, dongata, fusiformi^ soliday nUente, spiora apert, mquanU ; anfr. 5| angustis, encaustis^ ita ut sutura et structura sini oceultis ;
Mt uUim. halteo tnediano, lata, duohw anguftis ballets nalidin antics mar'jinilit ; apertura, eluti'jata, lata ; labro lenni, apica aoulo. Long, l(j, iut. b^.
Rutltiir common. A eniall narrow eomewliat acato epeclee differing in this regard in a marked manner from our living A. avttrali» which in sboi'C and stout and A. m-ucronala which is blQot Bud muLTonutp. The spire is covered wiih enamel eo as almoHt to obliterate [he sutui-e. In the last whui-1 the median belt IB rtithor broad. It i« margined anteriorl; wicb one narrow thick cord ai.dune broader and less disUnclly defined. PosteHorly there is one broad belt whose limits are not easily seen as the suture is so indistinct. The oater lip is thin and the aperture broad. Behind, the columella is twisted and the inner lip ie very tndfstinci. Fossil AnciUaria are not uncommon in the Vienna and PuriH basins, but this small species is more narrow and acate than any of them.
Prof. Tate remni'lcR that the upecies is commonly about f of an inch long, and that some of the specimens show the body whorl to be oolourcd a violet brown.
NlSSi TATEI. Plato 21, fig. 13.
N. parva, ovata, ipira qiiain. apert longiori, snbtwn'ta, tolida ; anfr. 7. (4 embri/on. ksvib.) eunvexit, eontpicue coslatis et UrU sub latit, regvlaribitt, ditlaTttAiu, elalhratu; tnlerBlitiw lineis inerementi ctmtpioue eomtgatis; cmIu {alt. anfr. 12) acutig, subelevatis, apertura ovata, inttii lirata ; labro variee inerauaio, labia eonspiouo, refiexo, ezpanco, plica pottica munito ; canali brevi lata pro/undo ; reemvo. Alt. 7, lat. 3j.
lathis small species there are seven wborls; tbe four .apical ones being smooth, the rest oancellate, with nnmeroas sharp raised ribs and transverse fiat lira). The interstices are rather corragated witb the lines of growth. The mouth is large, with a broad swollen varix on the labrum. The inner lip is expanded, with a conspicuous posterior plait. The siphonal notch is deep, broad, and abruptly recurved, and the throat is lirate. The shell is in form like our existing Nusga compacta in size and shape, but that shell is granular ; this in csncellate. It ia muoh nearer to
OF HSW BOITTH WALlft. S81
Mailer's Nasaa tncrasscUa in form but smaller and coarser about the month, and with a colamellar tooth. N. incrassata belongs to the Vienna miocene. It is also verj near Deshajes N. tnmcata of the Paris basin.
Cangellaria varigifsra. pi. 21y fig. 12.
0. t. parvOy ovata, spira eiatay suhacutay va/ricifera, soliday eon^ cinne aculpta; anfr. 5 (embryon, 1| IcBvib,)^ conoexis, hngitucUnaU tier eostatis, et liris regvlaribus, diatantibus cancellatia, undigue prmterea longit, t&iiue regulariter crebre striaiis ; costis validia (vlL anfr, .12), declivous, unduLosis, elevatisy conspicuisy acutis; liris <Bgualibu8 disiomUbuSf plcunaiis, supra cosias transeuntibvSy sed non nodosisy sutura profunde impressa; apertura ovaia, inius liratay antiee canaXiculatay lahro tenuiy columella regulariter triplicata; varieibus latis elevatis, roiundaiis. Alt. 9, lat. 4^, long spirss 5.
This shell does not appear to be uncommon at Muddy Creek. In its style of ornamentation it is much like many Australian forms, but we have no living species with varices. In this res- pect it is very near 0. Bellardi, Michellotti, of the Italian mio- cene and Vienna basin (JDescrip. des Fossiles Miocene de Vltalie septentf p. 225) ; but in that species the plaits on the columella are irregular. Our shell is smaller, thinner, less acute, and the varix at the mouth is less pronounced. The longitudinal ribs are numerous, acute, and somewhat undulating. Where they are crossed by the lirse they are not nodose, and the lirse them- selves are distinct, equal, flat, not nearly so conspicuous as the ribs, and regular, only that sometimes there is a smaller one in the interstices between the larger ones. Below the columella the mouth is channelled and the throat is Urate.
CfiRTTHIUM CRIBARIOIDES. PI. 20, fig. 14.
0. t eleganter turrUissimay nitentey graciliy anfr, 14, sensiniy acerescentibusy roiundatisy elegantissime clathratisy liris spiralihus 4, Uris longit, paviorib, supra spiral, iranseunt. et ibi nodosis; nucleo? (decoli.) sutura late impresssay basi planatay spiraliter striaiay wno funiculo insignittty ad peripheriam anguLatay apertura semilunariy labro Unuiy eanali contortOy reeurvOm Alt. 19, lat 4^,
THB PBOCXTOIKM DT THB LIirVKUt 80CIBTT
TbiB fossil is a rerj interestnng and new form, diSerisg com- pletely from every species of the Pan'a or Vienna basins. It is very beantifully latticed and gracefully slender, in a way to which lam sorry to say the figare does bat scant justice. It is very like C. cribari'am, S. Wood (See Monograph of Crag Mollusea in the Paleontogi^phical Society's pablications, 1818, p- Tl). In the diagnosis Mr. Wood Hays that the shell ia oruamented with four to five elevated transverse ridges and decussated with lines of growth. The base is smooth. In onr fossil the base is also smooth, except for one elevated ridge near tbe angular edge, bat the spiral ridges on the whorls are crossed by distinct fine raised riblets, giving rise to a very elegantly latticed pattern. The canal is also very mncb twisted and recurved. Altogether it ia a very perfect representation of 0. eribarium in our Aostralian tertiary beds.
Gbritbiuu aphkles. Plate 20, fig. 15.
0. i. elongalo-birrila, tubulata, lenui, aordida, parum nitente ,- anfr. 15 — 18, parwm eonveait, medio obsolete carinatii, et eotiatit, varieibus inconepicais paitcis imeignitU, undique regvlariter apireUitfir ttriatiB. SirUi infra earinam dUtam.tib'Us, interatUiw planatit ,- tupra earinam vera, crehria, interniiiiis fwniculatig. Anfrac. epirce angulaiit et eoeiaiit ; rmeleo, 3 anfr. l<Bvi. Sutura lata, planata, m/irginata. Apertara orbieulala; labrotenui; columella, gracili, contorta ; canali longo, tenui, recurvo. Basi eonaaia, striata, peri- pheria laimelloaa. Long- 20^30, lat. 6 — 8.
This peculiar form of Gerithium is very common at Maddy Creek and at Table Cape ; but in the latter locality it reaches a much larger size. It may be said to be the commonest form of Cerithiam and almost the commonest fossil. Ita distinguishing features are that it has only obsolete ribs which are scarceiy per- ceptible by more than a somewhat rugose aarface, except on the npper half of the spire ; it has occasional varices, which are not very conspicuous, and the whole surface is spirally grooved. There is a kind of obscure keel on the lower whorls which becomes more marked on the upper ones ; below thta the strife are distant and rather broad, above they are close, fine, and the
inl^eratices are like little threads, while below the keel thej are flckt. The month is round, the labmm thin, base striate, concave, poriphery lamellose, prodaced, canal long, slender, recnrted, sixtare broad, flat, margined, nucleus of three whorls, smooth. We have no Oerithium at all like this in our Australian Seas, I know of no fossil form near it.
Teiporis wilkinsoni. pi. 20, fig. 9.
T. ehngaia, pyramidata, tunrita, tenui, parva, polita ; a/nfr. 12, dBCiiimbus, convexis, 4 Uneis granulorum cinctis ; sutura canali' oiulaka, ; emhryon. 8 Icemhus, rotundaiis, apertura quadratay hast plctnata, unisulcata, radiatim striata, canali hrevi, recurvo. Alt. 7|, lat.2.
Shell elongate, pyramidal, turretted, thin, small, polished, with 1-2 sloping convex whorls, girdled with four lines of granules, suture slightly canaliculate. Embryonal whorls 3, smooth and i^tinded, aperture quadrate, base flattened, with ond groove and ^■^iately striate. Canal short, recurved.
7his species is a good deal like Australian and Tasmanian '^i^s, except that it is much more turretted and is more ff'^'anTilar, and yet the granules not projecting. I have dedicated ^^ to Mr. C. S. Wilkinson, F.G.S., Government geologist for ^- S. Wales, who surveyed much of the miocene district near ^ape Otway, and published valuable reports on the subject.
Triforis sulcata, pi. 20, fig, 12.
21 t elongaiO'pyramidataj turritissima, tenui, nitente, anfr. 24,
P^anatis, regulariter costatis, ad suturam uno funiculo spiraliter
^''^nitis et duohus sulcis inoequalibvs, apiralihus cinctis, costis laiis,
P^nm eUvatis ; apertura quadrata, lahro tenui; hasi planata, un-
^^se striata; nucleo (2 aw/.) Icevi^ inconspicuo. Long. 33 1,
lat. 5.
This very beautiful species of Triforis is very distinct from toy living or fossil. It is very elegantly pyramidal, with nnmerous whorls, which are rather flat and ornamented with fliunerous inconspicuous depressed broad ribs. At the suture there is a rounded spiral line, and, in addition, there are two spiral
2S4 THj FB0CXKDIII6S or rH« ushkah bociett ■
sulci, oue rather broad, shallow, and flat m the centre, narrower oue above. The number of whorls, and the orr tation, make it very beaatifnl and graceful. Ic Itaa eom pesemblances in size and number of whorls to GeTithium int Deshayea, of the Paria basin, but the diflerenoea are gre; has no liriug ooDgener at all like it.
TCRBITELLA TBAB3EN»i. PI. 20, fig. 8, Testa parva, pyrajiiidata, tarrita, tentti, fragili, iiilenle medio angulatit, 5 carinw eiaelia (2 magnis, Sjiarvis allerna et oasivlii numentu deelimbat, gmpra earinae nim transf. elatkralu ; peripheria angulata, margirtata, et bUirata, bin ala, tpiraliter lirala, tenaixlime transversim ttriala, margin lata, grantdala ; apertura quadrala, atttiee contpioas prod angulaia. Long. B\. lat. 3.
Shell small pyramidal, turretted, thin, fragile, shining, angular in the middle girdled with five keels (two large an small alternating), the interstices finely latticed with nni small somewhat stopiug nbs which do not pass over the The periphery is angnlar, and margined with a doable line o Iceels. The base is flattened, has spiral lirte crossed wit fine Btrite, baviog a granular keel at its edge. The apor- quadrate, being very mnch produced and angular at its edge.
I am not acquainted with any foasil Turvitella latticed peculiar manner seen in this species. TuritellatiLsmanica, is, however, like it, but the suture ia not so strongly mar impressed, and the cancellation is not nearly so pronounced latter is a species very common both in Tasmania and Australia.
TCEEITELLA PLiTTSPIR*. PI. 20, fig. 13.
Tetta aetite pyramidala, turrita, tenv/i, palita ; anjr. 1 planaiii, 3 carinis spiralibut ijicowpieuis, mquidiatantibus, Bvleo lata, haud profunda, anlice, cinctia; lineU incremeiit Jlexaoeis,vix visibilibas, sutiira angnsta, parum impreesa; w aiifr. rotxmdatis ; apertura subquadrala, columella mari Long. 11, lat. 3.
oar nw SOUTH wixn. 235
This is a Tery comnion fossil at Maddj Creek, and is always fonnd of small size. It differs from the two small TurnteUa of Table Cape, Tasmania, in the almost smooth whorls, garnished with three very inconspicaons keels and a broad, shallow groove at the lower part of each whorl. T, Warburtonii, mihi, has five keels, T, Sturiii, mihi, has the keels granular. The latter are both abundant at Table Cape, and about the same size. In the larger specimens of this fossil (which is also distinguished by not being decollated) one notices other small faint lirsB in the last whorl, especially below the groove. I believe, also, that the oater lip had a deep sinus.
Thalotia exigua. pi. 20, fig. 11.
T, t parva, tiimide conica, spira elaia^ solida; anfr, nucleo incluso 7, jihnatis, lineis 5 granulorum cinctis ; sutura vix impressa ; ^pertura quairata, columella recta, fatoce antice lirata, incrassata ; hiispiraliter granuloma; nucleo 1 anf. Uevi, niiente. Long. 6|, lat. 3i
This fossil is very like the common Thalotia conica, Gray, of iibe sooth coast, except that it is very much smaller and has the aperture thicker in proportion. There are rows of granules in each whorl, and these are small, leaving spaces in which there is sometimes a fine raised line. There is another fossil Thalotia in ^ Tasmanian tertiary beds.
Minolta strigata. Plate 21, fig. 7.
If. turbinatO'Conoidea, parva, tenui, nitente, strigis rufis aUqua/ndo ^ignita, late, perspective umhilicata; dnfr. 5, ntedio conspicue ^rinatis, supeme angulatis, coronaiis, undique distanter striatis ; inter coronam et suturam late planaiis ; lineis Incrementi decUvibus, ^tilligsimis ; granulis coronce latis, acutis. Ultimo anfr. ad peri' pheriam angulato et carinato; basi loevi, planata; umbilico granulis ^spicuis marginato, inttts corrugato. Apertura vix integra, (ifbiculata. Alt. 6|, diam 6^.
This very pretty little species which often preserves its former Coloring in faint reddish streaks is rather common in the Muddy Creek beds. It in snme respects resembles our M, vectiliginosa, Menke and Af.aw^wZa to, Adams. The main difference is the coronate
angle at the upper part, of the whorls where they become flst to the sntare. The nmbilicuR is margioed with a coospicnona beading of ronnded graDules. It is safficiently related to iti AustrHlian congeaers to entitle it to the name of being Ans- traliAD or allied to oar tiring fauna, bat I cannot fiad aQything liks it amongst the foseila of Borope or America.
LiOTiA LAMELLOSA? mihi. Plat* 21, fig. 5.
L. I. orbiculala, soUda. ubique cotispimte dallirala, eogtii lonp' iitdiitialibitg gupra eotlas tpiralih. trafse'antibui!, et ihi eucuUoA'i mtefiUiili orehre, eleganler, longiiudinaliter liralU. Anfr. 4, leniin aecresoerUes ; apertara varicibuK duobut valde incraesala et hila biata; umblico parvo ; apioe planalo,lisvi. Alt. 5, diam. 6^.
This species is not uncommon Bi Muddy Creek. It is tw] alose to JAotia Auntralis; and I qaeation very much if it bi distinct from the species described by me as L. lamelloia,' from the Table Cape beds. The latter, however, was only lal the size of this. Ila general character is decidedly near to rasn; Australian forms. One peculiarity in it is the two varices ronm the aperture. They are close, rather thiu, and soulpfcared lilt the whorls.
I append Prof, Tate's note on this foBsil He says, "Thi may be yonr species of Table Cape, but it is not identical nit the living one of the name. The differences observable betwee the now living examples and the foaails are the subquadrat« ontt whorl, more depreRsed form and more numerona trans vers oostcB of the living. More than twenty fosail examples agree! the rounded outer whorl and more open tessellated omamen As the species was instituted for the fosail form the rcceut allie should be reoamed." This suggestion 1 think I would pp risionally, at least, adopt and name the recent species Liot mbquadrala. The species was inadvertently omitted from n " Census of Tasmanian shells."
Solarium acutdm. PI. 21, fig. 11.
S. t. parva, depressa, discoidea, t&iiai, nitente ; anfrae, 4, omn*
planalit, Ivrattg, ad mivrgines duobug Krit majoribTU gramui*.
■ Proceedings Bo;. Roo. Tas. 1376, p; 96.
op HXW •OUTS' WALS8. 887
impntiti ad peripheriam clcuHs ; ha$i in medio conspieue eonvexa, iemtUer luoia ; timhUico oosMie et liris granulosis in lineis 4tvd 6 mr^ata, Aperiura transversim ovata. Alfc 1^, diain. 6. This fofuril is not very common. It is easily distinguished by
; ill Tety small size and depressed form and very acute periphery, where the edge of the shell is produced into a sharp projecting keel The upper surface is distinctly Urate, and the edges of each whorl margined with rather broad granular lines, two or three in nomber, the central one where there are three, being much •mailer. The under side is abruptly convex in the middle, and ftiotly lirate. The umbilicus is broadly margined with three to five spiral lines of granules or riblets, varying in size and forming ft ?ery elegant pattern. In the figure of this shell on Plate 21, tiie side view and base with the umbilicus are represented. The nicies is not like any existing or fossil, its nearest representative is
- J. mdXegranumf Lamarck. Prof. Tate infprms me that this iHecies reaches nine-tenths of an inch in diameter, and that then tte ornament is slightly difiPerent.
SoLAEiUM Wannonbnsis. PI. 21, fig. 10.
8X parvay discoidea, supemeplanaia, infra parum convexa, nitente;
-M/l*. 3|, undique striatis et granulosis, sed utrimque moniliferis,
Bdwra eanaliculata; hast oblique transversim striata, umhilico
Mmi Uneis ^anvlis majorihus drcumornato, Apertura orlnculata,
' ftristomeUe tmdulato, antioe et postice alato, Diam. 3|, alt. 1.
k small flat discoid shell with a canaliculate suture and the
[ whoris bordered at each side with a line of granules besides
Uag striate and granular throughout. The upper surface is
1st and the lower slightly convex with smaller granulations and
tendes the spiral strisd a very close series of oblique radiating
ilm. The lip is undulating from the raised lirsd of the whorls
ising hollow nnderneath. The aperture is perfectly round, but
tlie peristome is spread at the columella above and below into a
Und of aliform expansion. The umbilicus is margined with three
iMws of large granules and is channelled inside each whorl.
•Xba species is very like 8, canaUctdatum of Lamarck only much
nnaller.
THX PBOOIBStHM OV TBV LIKKSAS lOCrSTT
Professor Tate informs me that lie has several speciTrens from the Marray River, where it doubles the size of the figured specimen.
Adeorbis aster, pi. 21, fig. G,
A, I. minuta, ilitcoiJea, euperna vlaaata, g'lhlue ennveja, laU, prr-peclive umhilio-ita. nilente ; anfr. S.uudulote iirialit, ad peri- plteiiam aaate atigahla et lamellia latis denUlormibiia aimnlis, tahlua medio obtuse cariaatia, Ixvibtu; nucleo dc-pr.Mo, umbiiico liaud ornato.
This is A minute discoid shell, which ia flattened or even de- pressed above and very convex below. It has a very wide and : Bolariam-like umbilicus, which has no granules or ornsmeulaliun, and the base is convex with an obtu.se keel. The edge ff the whorls is very acute, having broad sen-ated spinous lamellse. It | does not appear that there is any fossil or existing species like it. Adeokbis acutickbinat*. pi. 21. fig- 9.
A. t. pOTva, dueuid-a, ten-ai, nitmtle, depre'sa ; (itifr. i, atule mullicarinalis, magnia si yaivU aliernaHlibits, eed in ultimo ianlwrn; spira 2 pTieaipuis ii'signilu, gulura lata aincava et ifnui sM'ila ; aperlura orbictilata; umbUico litlo, peripeciivo, pro/undo, corrut/ato. Diam. 4, alt 1£. '
There is a fossil in the Norwich crag ivhich is something like this shell in its general form^A. tricarinataa, S, Wood (Pale- onlographical Society's Publicalion for 18l8. Monograph of Crag iloUusca, by Seai-les Wood, p. 138), Turbo sulcilerus. Lamarck, from the Paris basin, also resembles it. It is a small discoid shell, very smooth and shining, with between seven and eight sharp keels (four large, and three or four small) on the last whorl, and two on the spire. Between the keels the shell is deeply hollowed. The suture is ia a broad groove, which is striated. The aperture is not entire, bat almost united; ihe umbilicus is broad, perspective, and corrugate. I am not ac- quainted with any shtU at all like it in the Australian seas. Trociiita tdrbinata. pi. 21, fig. 1.
Tejta Ivrbinfila, teaui, haud nitenir, opaca, anjr. IJ, rolundatii rapide creecenlibtit, lineii incremenli parum Mnvgalis et ienu-Uer striatit ; apice exaerto ; aperluTti mborbiciilata, labro tenui, colu-
or VXW SOFTH WALIS. tS9
meRa XameUosa^ expansa^ eonspieue concava, radiatim ndcatay pottice reflexa, wnhUieo parvo formanti. Diam. 9|, alt. 8, long, apert. 6i, lat. 5|.
A turbinate thin shell, opaqae and not shining, with 1| rapidly increasing whorls which are slightly corrugated here and there and finely striate with the lines of growth, apex exsert, aperture sub- orbicnlate, labrum thin and extended, columella lamellose, ex- panded, conspicuously concave, radiately sulcata, reflexed poste- riorly so as to give rise to a narrow umbilicus above.
This Trochita seems very distinct from every fossil form because of its few rounded turbinate whorls. It is quite diflPerent from our Australian species, which is depressed. It occurs at Table Cape as well as the Muddy Creek.
TORNATINA INVOLDTA. PL 21, fig. 4,
The specimen figured, which was the only one I have seen, has been crushed by accident since the drawing was made, so that I am unable to furnish any details, except that which the figure affords.
Leda inconspicda, Reeve. Plate 21, fig. 3.
This shell is described by Beeve as from Australia, but I am not acquainted with it from anything but his description and figure. It is not known to collectors in New South Wales, Tas- niania, or New Zealand. The fossil form corresponds so exactly with Reeve's species that I cannot separate them. Prof. Tate thinks the species cannot be distinguished from L, crehrecostata, described by me in Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1876, p. 112.
Leda Huttonii. Plate 21, fig. 2.
L. t parva, depressa, tenui, fragili, polila, transversim elongato pynformij concentrice rugose irregulariter striata et late sulcata, htere posiico valde product^, et parum oblique truncato, angulato^ (ttigulo ohtusOy area postangulari sulcata ; latere antico hrevi, rotuw daio, deniihus numerosis acute angulatis.
The peculiar feature of this fossil is the length to which the posterior side is produced and its very slightly oblique obtuse »nd. The concentric strise are irregular and appear to be
J
■HtJ 1
derived from tlie lines of growth only. The shape of I depressed and flnt,, iiDd the teeth are nuraerous and ver; angular. It differs from all our living species.
The above thirty species is rather less than half thoe by me. I propose returning to Ihe description of the cosrsa of a month or so. The most of the figarea a drawn on stone, and tbo diagnosis will receive my earlii It will be observed that I do not touch on the Mi which at present occupy the attention of Prof. Tate written a most interesting memoir upon them.
Explanation uf Plates 20 ahd 21. Platfl 20. Fig. l.— Fusus funieuUtut.
„ 2.—Mavgeli-i bidans.
„ 3. — Fleurottima SoniKeli.
,, 4. — Drillia Treiioni.
„ 6. — Pleierotuma Muntdaliana.
„ 6. — Fisania tenuicstaia.
„ 7. — Anmilarict gemilcevie.
„ H.—TurriteUa transenna.
„ 9.—TnprU WUkina(mii.
„ 10. — Vaphnella graciUima.
„ ll. — Thalotia extgva-
„ 12.— TH/'iris svlcala.
„ 13. — Twritella plaiijepira.
„ 14. — Ceriihium cribarioidei.
„ 15. — Oerithium wphelen.
Plate 21. Fig. 1. — Troehita turbinala.
„ 2. — Leda inconepicva.
„ 3. — Jjyda EtiUonii.
„ 4. — Tcinatina involuta.
„ 5. — Iiiotia lamellota.
„ 6. — Adeorbia alter.
„ 7. — Monilea atrigata.
„ 8.— A'aiic'', WinUeivar. Eamiitoneneie.
„ 9. — Adeorbis acalicarinata.
„ 10. — Solarium wannonennis.
„ 11 — - Aolaiiiim aeul-um,
„ 12, — Oanceilaria varieifera.
„ 13.— A'oMa Tatei.
„ 14. — O'onui lialphU.
„ 15.~TriUm, Prattii.
OF KBW SOUTH WALB8. 241
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW
GUINEA. Parts I and II.
^7 E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., Curator of the Australian Museum,
Sydney.
C^ontaining a Hst of the Mammals (part I) and Birds (part II) obtained during Mr. Goldie's second Expedition to New Guinea, collected by Mr. Qt)ldie, the leader of the Expedition, and Mr. -^^©x. Morton, a collector from the Australian Museum, with descriptions of some new birds recently forwarded to the Museum ^y ^r. Kendal Broadbent, from the same localities.
Ixx May, 1877, the Trustees of the Australian Museum des-
pQ-tohed one of their collectors, Mr. Alexander Morton, to New
^^ixxea ; an opportunity having offered for him to accompany
'^^- Andrew Goldie, who was starting to explore the South
^^stiem portion of that great island, on behalf of R. B. Williams,
®9-9 of Holloway Place, London.
The following notes, then, are on the collections made by
■^*-ox^on, and most of the remarks on the localities and habits of
'^^ tirds are from his note book.
-Mir. Gx)ldie has also very liberally placed at my disposal the
'^ large collections of mammals, birds, and reptiles made by
^^*^self and his collectors, Messrs. Shaw and Blunden, which is
^^^hout doubt the largest collection of Natural B^story and
^^huological specimens yet made in those parts.
^A^r. Ingham and Mr. Kendal Broadbent have also been col-
^^t:ing on the South East Coast, and as a portion of their col-
^^otions has been forwarded to me, I am enabled to enumerate a
^'W- additional species ; a full account of this collection will be
^Ven in another paper.
Mr. Goldie's collection is by far the most important yet made on ^he South East Coast ; and although not containing many new species, yet from the large number of specimens which it contains,
242 THR FKocKSDisoi or thb linneait bocieit
I am enabled to throw aome light on the distribution of the species in that district; and in thia respect, I have aUo found Morton's notes of great interest as lo localities, and other details respecting the habits of the birds in his collection.
Mr. K. Broadbent, having succeeded in getting a considerable distance inland, enables me to add some important new species to the list ; the total nnmber of birds examined amount to abont 2,500.
Very few 68hes, and only two or three reptiles were obtained : amongst the latter, only one, which I believe to be new, a fresh water tortoise belonging to tbe genus Ohelodina.
The fishes, reptiles, and remarks on the Ethnological col- lection, which is very eitensive, I shall have for another paper. The first part of the present oommunioation contains a list with remarks on the mammals, the second is devoted to the birds.
PART. 1. MAMMALS.
1. — Sns FiPOENsis, Gray.
Tbe wild Pig is quite distinct from thoae now usually kept in domestication by the natives, bnt the young are sometimes oaoght, and when tamed, allowed to roo abont the villages. They are longitudinally striped with brownish yellow. 2.— Cakis familiabis, vor. papdensis.
Tbe dogs nsed by the natives are of various colors, nsaally yellowish with tihort ears, and small brushy tail. They have the pecnliarity of being unable to bark, properly so-called ; bnt this deficiency is fully compensated by the propensity of uttering a most dismal howling at most inappropriate times. The specimen sent down by Mr. Goldie in spirits nnfortnnately arrived in a very bad state, bat Mr. Morton and Mr. Sroadbent inform me that the nenal height is abont 12 to 16 inchoe.
3. — Ptbbopds cOMSPiCit lathe, Gould.
This species is apparently common towards South Cape and at Contance Island, ireqnenting the fig trees, on the fmit of which they usually feed. — (Ooldie, Mmtmt, Broadbent).
OF raw SOUTH WALBS. 243
4. — Rhinolophus gp.
One specimen only, not in good state, and which I have been *s ^efc nnable to determine. (Mr. Goldie's collection),
5. SCOTOPHILUS NIGROQRISEUS, OoulcL
^yne specimen obtained by Broadbent, which does not appear ^ i3ae to difiFer from the Australian examples.
6. — Taphozous, sp.
Spocimens from Broadbent*s collection. Under surface ashy ^tiit;^, back brown, wings and face black, otherwise the same as th^ Cape York examples, from which it may prove to be specifically dififeirent
7. — Harpya cephalotbs, Pallas,
^^xie specimen, obtained by Broadbent, at Heath Island. Is ^" S'^tly different from the Cape York specimens, and also from tno***^ (JB^. major, Dob.) from the Duke of York group.
8. — Belideus ARIEL, Gould,
Le Port Moresby specimens differ only slightly in the tint o* ^^^^"CiTring in the fur, being slightly more yellowish than the N. S. ^ ^.les examples. This species is closely allied to, if not identical ^"^^fc. JBeUdetM hreviceps, Waterhouse. (Goldie, Broadbent).
9. — CUSCUS ORIENTALIS.
-^His species was not obtained in the immediate neighbourhood ^ I*ort Moresby, but some miles inland. Several specimens ^^ire collected by Mr. Goldie during his trip to the South East,
*^©i»e they seem to be the common species. I find no material JT^^i^nce between these specimens and those from the Duke of
^^^k Islands, collected by the Rev. George Brown, of which the
^^Qnm possesses a large series. Morton and Broadbent
^^iued it on the Laloki River.
10. — CUSCDS CHRYSORRHOUS VflW. OOLDIEL
^tr. Gt)ldie has sent a very fine pair of this, perhaps the ^^^^gest species known — a description of the female of which I ^'ve given -in the P.L.S. of N.S.W., vol. I., p. 395.
Ths dmIc rMembU* thW sex of C maevlaia from Cape York, Bod U Iftrgtfl; marked irith irregular nhite blotches on a duU. brown ground. Tho feet, face, aod ramp »re rustj red or of a yellowish FDSt txAaat, in some darker than in others. A waxy MNrrwlrioD near itie testes is collected by the natives, and being' rolled up with tho leaves of a species of Salvia is kept as a Bcent btt^, nhd worn aboal the person. Bro&dbeat obtained a fine NoripH of this species abont 30 miles inland From Port Moresby.
II.— Macbopdschasbipes, fiiimBay, P.L.^-.N.iS.ir.,*™/. J,y. 162
Tbio is the common species abont Port Moresby.
(OoldM, Morion, BroadbeHi) ^h
12. — Dkndrogalcb, »p. ^^
A Kpecics of Dtfndrogalut waa met with apon two occasions, hut only ono specimen haa been obtained, which ia, I believe, in Mr. Quldio'a ooUcotian.
hoc, East Cape, BUtnden and Goldie. Ooldie Biver, Broad- hmt.
13.— Pkrahelbb HoueBOKsis, Btmtag, P.L.S., N.S.W.,
Vol. 2 p. 14. On* tiirifp epociinen in Morton's collection measures ; — Tolnl lrn>;tli to nwl of tail. 15 in, ; from snont to ear, 82 in. ; Mt Ay*, r3Jt; fore foot Mid toes, 1*6; hind foot and toes, 16; toil, 6 in. One yonng one in spirits obtained bj Broadbent i* rtf it)>pM«nt1y th« same species.
fj/Mv,, Port liloi«shy, Laloki River, Ooldie Birer, &e. *
U. -R(ilin»\ {Ta^hffghsstu) uwssi. Ramuay, FJLS., N.S.W., Vol. 2 p. 32
Mf. tVftlilNk MM frircnnatc enongl) to obtain ftom tbe luttaTes
(litvi^ s1XV>;tiw»tis, bill nnfortnnaiely preserved only the atnfied nVins, srt )hst 1 lisvc rio opportunity of adding any fnrtber in- 1 my previons paper. The natives lonj: artiicle of food.
■ mv 1- '■,' i".i'.iii< l.nr. thr iti!>i-n«Kr\ bv Mr. K. Braadbfon al ■ -TBCj luj«-
OF NBW SOUTH WALES.
245
Total length to root of tail..
,, „ of head
Snout to eye
ff vO eax... ••• .•. ••• Length of tail (free portion)
Fore foot, «• M
Length of mid toe nail
Breaidth of do. do
Hind foot from spar
Length of longest (2nd) toe nail
Length of spur
Length of longest qoill in tail ..
|
No. 1. |
No. 2. |
No. 3 |
|
... 16in |
12 in |
12-6 |
|
4-3 |
4 in |
4-0 |
|
2-4 |
215 |
2-3 |
|
4-3 |
4 in |
4-3 |
|
0-9 |
06 |
0-8 |
|
1-2 |
1-2 |
1-2 |
|
0-9 to 0-95 |
115 |
11 |
|
0-35 to 0 5 |
0-3 |
0-3 |
|
1-5 |
1-3 |
11 |
|
1-2 |
116 |
1-2 |
|
• • • |
0-36 |
—^^ |
2-0
1-8
1-6
PART II.-AVES.
The works referred to in this paper are Count Salvadori's nmerous ornithological contributions to the Anuali del Museo ivico di St. Nat di Genova, also his Prod/romus Omithologice ^apuasicB et Moluccarum^ I. to V. ; Mr. R. B. Sharpens Gontrihu- "ions to the Ornithology of New Guinea, Papers I, II, and III, in he Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, vol. XIII ; and I ave also referred to some former papers of my own on the same ^^ubject, published in previous numbers of this Society's Pro- ^^laeedings.
I find, of the 200 species here enumerated, 78 of them are also ^mdigenous to Australia, and, if we add the Australian species ^from the lists of birds obtained by Signer D'Albertis, and by the ^^Alacleay Expedition, we find the number common to the Aus- ^Cr^ralian and South East coast of New Guinea, to be 143 species.
ACCIPITRE8.
FALCONID^. 1. — Haliabtds leucogaster, Gm.
Shwrpe, Gat, Ace. J, p, 307 ; Gould, Bds. Aust. fol. vol, J, ph 3.
This fine sea-eagle was met with occasionally on the coast. On
^i^ne occasion Mr. Goldie was fortunate enough to obtain its eggs
from an immense nest, composed of about a cartload of sticks
^nd placed on a rocky islet near the coast ; a fine adult bird in
:full plumage was obtained by Broadbent.
B4B THE PBOCBBBINOB OF THB LINMl
2. — Haliabtck oibrekbra, VieiU.
Sharps, Oat. Aec. I, p. 315.
H. loQOOsternnB, Gould, Bds. Aiist., fol. vol. J, pi. TV.
This fiah-iiawk was met with only on tw
the ooUecticin contains five Bpecimeaa, in no way different
from thoBe of the New South Wales coast
3. — HaLIASTCR BPHEKOK03, YieilL
Shnrpe, Oat. Aee. I, p. 316; Gould, Handbk. Bds. Aunt. vol. I, p. 20.
Common at Port Moresby, and all along the coast, 4. — Baza reinwardtii, MvU. and Sckh;i. Sharps, Joum. Linn. Soc. Zool. XIII, p. 400 ; id. Oat. E. I, p 359, B. Btenozoa; Ramsay, P. L. Soc. N.S.W., vol. I, p. Z87.
One very fine adult male from Broadbent's collection, shot inland on the Lalolti River; it a.greea with Mr. Sharpe'B descrip- tion (Oat. of Bde. I, p. 350) of B. reimwardtii, bat ie moat cer- tainly different from the New Ireland species, which Dr. Sclater places under the same name. P.Z.S., 1877, p. 100.
The Port Moresby bird has five distinct black bars on the baaal portion of the tail, and the apical third of the tail black on the central two feafhprs, diminishing' iu extent on the re- mainder, until on the outermost feathers it forms a swi-terminal band, the black basal bands are margined on both sides with white on the inner weba of the feathers of the upper surface, which are while at the extreme base. All the bars extend right acroSB the feathers oo the upper surface, but none do so on the under surface, except in the centre two feathers ; the breast, flanks, upper part of the ikight, and centre of abdom&ti are banded ; the primarJea and most of the secondariea are banded right across on all, except at the base of the aecondaries; in our New Ireland birds the primaries are not crossed altogether, and the bands are confined more to the tips of the feathers, the bands on the base of the tail are different in form, and the apical half of the tail is black.
5.— MiLvus AFFiHis, Qould, P.Z.S. 1837., p. 140.
I have only seen two speoimens of this hawk from the New
OF 9XW SOUTH WALB8. 247
Oainea Coast, they are of a darker race than those usuallv met with in Australia.
6. — Hbnicopbrnis lonqicauda, Oamot, Voy. Goq. I, p. 588, pi 10
(1826) ; Sharpe, Gat Birds J, p. 341.
Milvus striatns, Biggies, M,S,S, III. AusL Omith,
One specimen only from Mr. Broadbent's collection. Loc,^ Laloki River.
7. — Machcbrhamphus alcinus. Western.
Sharpe, Cai. Ace. J, p. 342.
A fine pair, male and female, of black hawks belonging to this species were procured on the Laloki River, on October 16, 1877. No information on their habits or nidification was obtained.
There is no sign of a crest of any kind on either specimens, otherwise they resemble M. alcinus, {Western) in having the abdomen and flanks brown — with the base of the feathers white. There is however a distinct white collar on the back of the neck, the feathers on the central portion of the collar tipped with black. The feathers of the head, neck, shoulders, and inter- scapular regions are chiefly black ; throat white, with a blackish patch on either side, and a stripe of black down the centre; lower portion of the chest white in the centre, the upper portion mottled with black and white ; legs and feet bluish grey, bill black, iris yellow, ^ total length 17*3 inches, wing 13*2, tail 7*3, tarsi 2*1 ; middle toe 1*7, its nail 0*7, slightly serrated at the base of the inner margin ; hind toe 0*8, its nail 1 inch. $ total length 17 inches, wing 12*8, tarsus 2*3, bill from forehead 0*8, fit>m gape 1*5, cnlmen 0*9. The female in this instance, contrary to what I expected, is slightly smaller than the male.
8w — AcciPiTER ciRRHOCEPHALUs, Vieill, N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. X. , p. 329 (1817) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. I. p. 141.
Only one specimen of this hawk was obtained, some distance inland on the Laloki. The rufous tint on the side of the neck is not continued on the back of the neck ; there are other minor differences which can scarcely be specific. The back is of a
dearer blue grey, and the rufous of the under sarfaoe deeper in tint than in the Australian specimens ; the bill ia larger, the under tail-auverts white and the wings and tail shorter.
9._AsTCit SBAUPEi, Eamtay, RL.S. W.S.lf., HI, p. 173
Aatur craenfcna ; Ska^-pe, Jour. Linn. Hoc. Zool. XUI, p. 4?8.
Several specimoas obtained, forming a good aeries of adults and young, in which the oharact eristic marldngs of the immatare birds of the genus are well exhibited.
This apedes takes the place of Anlur approximans of Aus- tralia, and in actions and habiti is much the same. It seems to be universally dispersed over the whole of the south-eastern portions of New Guinea.
10. — AsTDU LECcosoMos, SlMTpe. Cat. B. J, p. 119 (1874),
One specimen only, obtained in Torres Straits — an adult male, in snnw white plumage, iris reddish yellow. PANDIONES.
11.— PaSDION r,EDC0CEPHAL08, OoitM, P.Z.f^. 1837, p. 138 ;
Sharpe, Cat. of B. J, p. 4.51.
One specimen only obtained This species is however common
in the Straits and on the South Coast of New Guinea. ^1
STRIGES.
Fam. STRIGin.^
12.— Steix DELicATDiJi, Oould., P.Z.S., 1836, p. 140.
This species appears to be not rare about Port Moresby.
Specimens were contained in every collection made at this place.
The young are mostly covered with white or creamy down, bat
before they are six months old attain a spotted plumage similar
to the adults.
13. — NiNOX DiMORPHA, Salvad. Ann. Mat. Civ. Qenov. VI, p. 808. In Mr. Goldie's first collection there was a species of Ninox, a fledgling, which 1 previously described in the Pr. L. Soc. of N.S.W., vol. I., p. 338, and respecting which I regret no further information has been obtained; however, I believe this to be the yooBg of Niniix dimorpha, of which we have received a
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 249
specimen from Port Moresby. I may here mention that Ninox
odiosa of Sclater, and my Ninox novoe-britannicB are two very
distinct species ; both birds have been examined and compared
^y me before N, odioia was sent to Dr. Sclater. See P.L.S. of N.
S. W., I., p. 369. How the editors of the Ibis could come to the
conclusion that both these species, {N, odiosa and N. novce-
^f^tunnice) were the same, I cannot imagine. I do not suppose
they took the trouble to compare the descriptions.
14. — Ninox albomaculata, sp. nov.
Tills species agrees for the most part with Mr. Sharpens des-
cHption of N, ocellata, Homb. et Jacq. (Cat Bds. IL, p. 170),
pai^ieularly in the large white spots on the scapulars and wing
coveirts. All the upper surface is of an earthy brown tint, head
nniForm without streaks, upper tail-coverts and outer webs of the
tail feathers tinged with fawn color, some of the former with con-
ce^le^i spots of white on the outer webs, tail dark earthy brown
'^^h six to eight faint ashy bars, the outer feathers on either side
'^^^^tly notched on the outer webs with white on the fulvous
°^^^gin; in other respects like N. ocellata as described by Mr. R.
• Sliarpe (ic. p. 170) ; bill dark horn color ; feet brown 1
Total length 16*6 in., wing 10*2 in., tail 6*1 in., tarsus 1*5, bill
-*-^, culmen 1*36. The only skin is in such a bad state that it is
^"•^xtio impossible to describe it accurately.
-^^^om the Laloki River, without sex, but probably a female.
15. — Ninox unddlata, sp. nov.
^liis species is not unlike N, rufa of Gould, but is altogether
^^^Her. It approaches N, humeralis, (Homb. et Jacq.) Sharpens
^^'^ of Birds, II, p. 180) ; but on the whole diflPers so much that
^ink it should form the type of a new species, which I propose
^^ficribe under the name of N. wndulata,
-^ciult Male, All the upper surface dull, dark chocolate-brown
^'^sversely Urred with narrow lines of light fulvoas brown,
'^^^tning almost white on the rump, scapularies, and outer webs
^ Some of the greater wing-coverts which are tinged with
^^fcxis ; feathers at the base of cere, and the lores, white with
L ukck shafts ; feathers on forehead whitish at the base, but barred
like those of the head, ear ooTerts blackifih brown ; vibrisMB long black, peaching to the outer margin of the culmen ; the coverts ol the Bhoulders and margins of the winga, very dark brown, th( bars scarcely visible, the median and greater coverts of a mnolr h'gJiter brown, nod the bara almost white on some of the ootei webs, primary coverts blackish brown, no bars visible ; qnillt blacfcish brown with 6 or 7 bars of a lighter tint, the bars palei towarda the tips of the secondaries; under coverts falvoos, darkest on the edges and shonlders, all closely barred with dark fulvona brown, tail blackish brown with 8 or 9 brown bands lightest at the base, nnder surface tinged with ashy, Bnd the bars less defined ; all the nnder surface barred with light rafoas brown oi fulvous, the interspaces and base of the feathers creamy white: the folvoos bars, bounded on either side with a narrow Wackisl brown line, usually four bars on each feather. The bars have more fawn or yellowish fulvous tint, having lost the narrow brow- conterminous borders on the abdomen and flanks, where ttr bases of the feathers are white ; legs fulvous sparingly barre with brown; under tail coverts white, fulvous towards the enr and there crossed with three or four broken hastate bands fulvoQS brown; feet yellow, bristles orange; bill bluish h* t colour at the base, white at the tip; eyelid bluish, iris yellow.
Total length 16 to 18 inches, wing 11-5 in., tarsus 1-5, m-m too (s.u.) 1-7, ita claw 12 ; hind foe 1 in., its daw 1 in., tail 8'&
In the wings the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th qnills are neaf < equal and longest, the 7th nearly eqoal to the 3rd. From AAi Broadbent'a collection.
PICARI^.
{Pnttad). CACATUID^.
16. — CiCATDA TRITON, Temm.
I believe I am correct in assigning the small white cockatoo (otherwise like 0. galeriia) to this species.
They were found in large flocks throughout the district. Th( crest in this species is proportionately larger than in 0. ffalerUa,
OP NBW SOUTH WALB8. ^l
NASITERNINiB. 17.— Nasitkrna pusilla, Eamsay, P.L.8., N.8,W. vol. n,p.l06,
1 have considered the birds from Port Moresby distinct from the New Ireland species on accoant of their smaller size, lighter clieeks and deeper blae on the crown of the head. Mr. Goldie obtained the original specimen on the Laloki Biver in 1876, and Mr. Morton was fortunate enough to fall in with it near the same place in October, 1877.' They traverse the stems and thicker branches of the trees in search of food in small flocks of three to five in number, chattering as they creep along, more like mice than birds, thin, stiff, pointed tail-feathers pressed close against the tree while at rest form a good support. In some of their actions they resemble the Sittellce, and their long toes seem specially adapted for this mode of progression ; iris brown, legs *nd feet lead color, bill dark horn color. Broadbent met with a ti^up of about twelve or fourteen in number, creeping over a nest ^^ TemiUea, built on a large branch of a tree in the scrub.
PSITTACID^. 18. — Aprosmictus chloropterus, sp, nov.
-^dult male. The head and sides of the neck, throat, and all
^he under surface deep rich crimson, the under tail coverts
"blackish blue at the base, the tips crimson, tail black above and
"^^ow, the outer webs above blue, those of the central feathers
^^ged with green; nape, and hind neck, and a few adjacent
^^athers on the sides of the chest, lower part of the back, rump,
^^ Upper tail-coverts deep rich blue ; wings blackish brown, the
Outer webs of the feathers washed with dark green, the margins
^* the shoulders, wing coverts, and interscapular region and
scapulars, black with a greenish tinge ; from the angle or point of
^^6 shoulders to the ends of the scapulars extends a broad band
^* bright verditer green tinged with yellow, the outer margins
^^ the shoulders tinged with blue, under wing coverts blackish
Wue ; base of the bill coral red, the tip and all the under
^aiadible black ; feet black ; ** iris orange-yellow "
** Note like that of the King-Lory," -4. scapiilatus, Bechst, (KB.)
Total length 15 in., wings 77 in., tail 9 in., tarsus O'S, bill
from nostril 0-9, culmen I'l,
1
SNBxS SOCIRTT
Fwiia!* (or young male P). The rump and upper tail-coverl blue, BB iu the male; the primaries and secondaries blackish brow the outer webs of these feathers, the wing coverts, head, ai remainder of the upper surfaoe green ; the throat, and sldei of tl neck green ; chest green, with some of the feathera tipped wi crimson, breast and remainder of the under surface rich orimso as iu the male, the bases of the under tail coverta black ; ti blackish brown above, the outer webs of the three lateral feathe bluisji, those of the central ones at the base greenish, und surface black; nnder wing-coverta green; bill black, an iudicatii of red at the base of the upper mandible ; legs and feet blao! iris orange yellow. In size the same as the male.
Broadbent obtained this fine species in the mountain diatrL near the Goldie River, about forty miles inland from Pc Moresby.
In describiug this species as new, I mention, with regret, tf [ have not seen a description of Aprogviietus bw~uensis, (SaXvi Arm. Mm. Civ. Qmev. VIIL, p. 371), with all the other kno ape<nes, however, I have compared it and find it quite distinct;, 19. — ClCL0PaiTTACU3 stiAVi?siiius, Sclater., P.L.3. 1876, p. 520. 54 J and ? (no( qwUe aduW).
Many specimens of this beautiful little parrot were obtnine in various stages of plnmage. They do not appear to be rai and were found feeding chiefly on the frait of the native fif in Bornba on the Laloki River. Tho adult males hare a patch < white on the aide of the neck just below the ear coverta, and tb breast is of a deep orange yellow. In the adult female tL' spot is of a deep orange (like the breast in the luale,) and (b colouring of the breast is lighter, the white mark at the gape : reduced to a narrow line, which is sometimes continued on to tb chin and forms a margin rouud the blue of the cheeks. Spot o inner margin of the scapularies almost white.
20.~GEOPrBOTna ARnENSis, 0. B. Or., P.Z.S. 1858, p. 183.
This species appears to be not uncommon, nearly evei collection that I have seen from the Port Moresby district co taiued specimens. It wonid be interesting to get a really goi
OP NEW SOUTH WALES. 253
series of the yonng and adalts of this hird. The young of the New Ireland bird, (G. cyanic&pa^ Puch.) which differs very little from this species, may be distinguished by the inner webs of the tertiaries being white towards the tip, while in (7. a/ru&iisis they are dark brown throughout, the under wing coverts are of a brighter and clearer blue, and the under side of the tail feathers bright green. After the first year the head becomes a deeper rich brown in the young female. In O, cyanic&psy Pncher, the joimg female has a wash of green over the cheeks which is not visible in O, aruensis, $ . The base of the skull is wider by 0*1, and the back of the head much more round in the 0, aru&rms than in (?. cy<mice^8,
21. — BcLECTUS POLYCHLOEUS, Sc(yp,y Del. Flor, 8f Fawn, Insuhr,,
p. 87, n. 27 (1786).
A good deal has been written on the sexes of this and other species of this genus, and their coloration, but I think the matter has, (with respect to the present species at least) by this time been settled beyond doubt. If not, I may mention that Morton, who examined a number of specimens which had just been removed from the nests by the natives, assures me that the young males assume the green dress, and the young females the red dress from the nest during the first year, and that both young red and young green birds were taken out of the same hollow bough in which they were hatched.
This species is very common about Port Moresby. Like the
oockatoo (G, iriton), they are kept by the natives to supply
feathers for decorative purposes, the unfortunate birds being kept
almost naked, the demand being usually greater than the
supply.
TRICHOGLOSSID^.
22. — Eos PUSCATA, Blyth, Joum, As. Soc, Beng, XXVJI,
p. 279 (1858).
A good series of this variable species was obtained, including foUy adult males and females, and young birds of the year. Iris yellow, skin at base of bill below, bright orange ; bill in adult yellow ; legs brownish-black.
SH TBI rtocmawB* or tsi innrxAS iociett
Tbey were shot in company with other Trichoglo*»i, feeding oa the boney of the Meliilevca aod Euoalifptju blossoms.
23. — LoRiCB HiPffiHOCHROUS, ff.fi. Gt. Litt. Psitt. Bril. Mvi. p. 49 (foot note) 1859.
Loriiu hjrpoaaochroos, car. GvXielmi, Hamtay, P.L.S.,N.S.W. Va. in, p. 106.
A remarkably fine specimen of this species was shot by Me Goldie at Cloudy Bay. This bird, which I believe to be a full: adult male, has the interscapular region black, with the fainter shade of bine ; on the neck, the black is separated from that e the head by a narrow line of rich crimson; the abdomen an andertail coverto are almost black. I w&a at first inclined i consider this a distinct species, bat on esHmining the collection New Gninea Birds from the voyage of the " Cbevert" in tl Macleayan Museum, I found there anotiier epeoimen having t>1 iutorsoapular region black, but not to so great an extent. I thix therefore that I am correct in aasigning Mr, Goldie's bird Loritti hypceTiookToiis of Dr. G. El. Gray^of which it ia probably vory old male. The 6gnre in the voyage of the " Cura^oa" do not show any black colouring on the abdomen. ■.'■■t. — CHALCOPSirTA (.■HLOROPTERDS, ■^aJvod. Ann. ifjis. Civ. Gene IX, p. 15 (1876).
Of this species, the young vary somewhat fcota the adnlts being cf a duller hue, and having the whole of the head of a dual green ; the under wing coverts are green, with the greater aeW' red margined with black, a large patch of yellow near the \mu of primaries on nnder side; bill, and legs dusky brown. In son of the adulte I notice a crimeon patch on the occiput, and a hare the whole of the front of the bead and a patch of featl>0> on the nides of the chest of the same color. On examination c (ho plaf« and description of Dr. G. B^ Gray's C. mbrifnmt, I S0 no reason why G. ehloropterue should not prove to be the yonnj of that species. 1 have arrived at this conclusion atler a carelt> examination of a very lai^ series. They frequent the MelaleQW" and Eucalyptns trees when in flower, feeding on the honey-Uk* fluid found in the blossoms.
OF NEW SOUTH WALKS. 255
25. — Tbighoglossus massenj:, Bp., Bev. and Mag, de Zool,^ 1854,
p. 157. This species seems universally dispersed over the whole of the Soath East end of New Gainea, New Ireland, New Britain, the Dake of York Islands, Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, and New C^aledonia, from all of which places I have received specimens, none of which appear to differ, inter se. In the Port Moresby district they were found feeding in the various Eucalyptus and other flowering trees and shrubs.
26 — Teichoglossus subplacbns, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1876, p. 519.
A. female of this species was obtained by Mr. H. Shaw about ten i&iles inland, near the top of Mount Astrolabe. Mr. Broadbent's ^U-Oction contains an adult male.
Family CUOULID^.
27. — ? Lamprococctx minutilus, Gould.
r^loB is one of the smaller species allied to L. mvnuiilus and ^' '^^sata, both of which it much resembles, the outer webs of ''"^ secondaries above are slightly margined with rufous, all the '^^J^ainder of the upper surface of a rufous bronzy green, all the "^l feathers rich rufous, washed with blackish towards the tip, ^ tut the centre two, with a spot of white on the inner web ; •^^ outer on eithefr side barred with black, white, and rufous, the ^^ck bands being the broadest and the white the narrowest, the ^^^fc feather on either side has three bars of black only.
^he chin, throat, and all the under surface of the body and ^^ under tail coverts are whitish, strongly barred with bronzy ^^^^'^en, the under wing coverts barred like the breast, except the ^^t;er series at the base of the primaries ; the primaries towards ^^ base light rufous, the secondaries white at the base, pale ^^as towards the centre of the inner webs. Bill black ; feet ^^lny grey. Total length, 5*5 ; wing, 3'8 ; tail, 2*5 ; tarsus, 0*5 ; *^^lfrom forehead, 0*65 ; from gape, 0.75.
rrhe tail is rather square and even, the outer tail feathers being ^SlTial in length to the centre ones. The New Guinea specimens ^^ not materially differ from those from the Rockingham Bay
L
I LIRKBUt SOOtBTY
district aod Cape York, all agreeing better with L. immutiim, Qouid, than with auy other species.
Another individual which I believe is referable to the yoong of this species is, above, the same in coloration, showing only a little wider rufous margin on the primaries and secondaries, the rufous on the under surface of the inner webs of the wing qaills is of a little deeper tint. Throat and chest ashy grey, the rest of the under anrfaca of the body, under t-ail coverts, and the under wing ooverto (escept a browuisL spot at the base of the primaries) white i the under tail coverts and fhinks have a few scattered broad bars of bronzy green, and some of the under wing coverts and azillares show indications of narrow bars of the same tint ; the tail ig strongly banded as in the adult, but the rufous bars on the outer feathers are very indistinct.
28. — Lampbocuoctx ldcidus, 6m.
Only two specimens of this widely distributed species were
obtained, they are slightly smaller than those from New Zealand.
29.— Lamp ROCOCO rx mkterii, Salvad.
Ann. M'^ts. Viv. Genov. VT, p. 82, (1874iJ.
I believe the bird I have under consideration to be referable to this species ; the head has a patch of rich rufous on the fore- head, the ear coverts, sides of the head, and all the upper surface of a clear rich bright metallic green, the primaries and second- aries dark-brown at the tips, their central portions to the base on both webs, rich rnfons ; under wing coverts, chin, throat, and all the under surface, strongly barred with bronzy green and white ; under tail-coverts white, barred with bronzy green. Length, 6 in. ; wing, 3-5 ; tail, 2-5 ; tarsus, 0'6 ; bill, 07. 30. — ? Cacomantis ASSiMiLis, Qray.
Specimens which I refer to this species resemble Caeomantit casianeiventria of Mr. Qould, but have the throat and head bluish ashy grey, and are smaller. The chest, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts of rich castaneons red or rnfons, a pale cream or buff-colored oblique band across the under surface of the wings, remainder of the uuJer aurlace of the wings dark
OF NBW SOUTH WALBS. :267
brown, anderwing-coverts mfons, like tlie breast ; all the upper
surface of the body dark glossy brown with metallic reflections,
the nppertail-coverts of a slightly blaish tint ; under surface of
^he tail ashy brown ; all the feathers tipped with white, more
esctensively on the outer ones, and least on the central two ; on the
^nner webs of the feathers are tooth-shaped markings of whifce, or
of & buffy tinge. Bill black, legs and feet reddish, claws black.
Total length ftom tip of bill 7*5 in. ; bill from forehead, 0*75 in.,
gape 0.8 in. ; tarsus 0*7 in. ; wing 4*15 ; tail 3*9.
The young is of a dull blackish brown above, each feather
'^^Horgined and barred with rich rufous, the wing quills margined
^*id strongly toothed with the same, the tail somewhat similarly
'^^^^^ked, the tooth shaped markings on the margin extend
^^3a.ost across ; on the outer two feathers and the uppertail- coverts
^^^ barred across with the same rufous tint. The under surface
clark ashy brown, lighter on the flanks, barred with whitish
brown and rufous, the under tail-coverts whitish ashy at the
>e, light rufous towards the tip, strongly barred with blackish
L, bill blackish, legs and feet reddish. Total length 6*5 in. ; wing 4*1 in. ; tail 3*9 in. ; tarsus 0*7 in. ; *^*ll, from forehead, 0*75 in., from gape, 0*8 in. Sah.y Laloki River, &c.
. 31. — Cacomantis dtjmetorum, Gould. One specimen obtained, which does not appear diflerent from ^^^ Queensland examples of this species.
32. — EUDTKAMIS GTANOOEPHALA, Lath.
This species appears to be plentiful ; it is a migratory species, ^'^ Versing the countries it inhabits in search of food, remaining ^ l>reed in such districts as it may find itself in the proper time ^f year ; it usually selects the deep cup-shaped nest of some of ^o.e larger species of Honey-eaters, in which it deposits its egg -^ broken egg laid by a bird shot by Mr. G. Masters at Gayndah I ^Stih Nov., 1870, is in length 1*4 in. by 0*9 in. in breadth ; the I ^lor is white, with dull pale purple brown and light reddish 1 ^tt>wn spots sprinkled over the larger end, the shell is slightly M S^^anular.
33.— SOITHROPS NOVJC-HOLLlNDia, Lath.
Salvad. and D'Alb. op. eit. VII.. p. 813; Sharjte t. c. •p. 492.
Generally distributed over the whole of the South East Coast 34. — Centrofds spiloptbrus, Gray.
TbiB species is always more or less plentifnl about Port Moresby. Mr. Goldie obtained several specimeus in variooB stages of plumage during his firat expedition. Tbe fully adolt males beoome almost entirely black.
85. — CENTBOPOS UEHBBKn, Le$s.
1 noticed a fine adult specimen of this species in Mr. Goldie's Collection collected by Mr. Blanden, and another very interesting specimen obtained by Morton exhibits the change of plumage from the young to tbe adult.
They were found to be rare in the Port Moresby district; the few obtained being shot on the Lalokt River, about 15 miles
Family ALCBDINIDjE.
36.— Alcyone affisis, (hay, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 348.
I shonld have referred the larger bine-backed Aloyones, froiu the Ijaloki River to Alnyone pvjrhra, were it not for their long and stout bills ; the blue patch on the side of the chest is con- fined to that region, and does not extend on to the flanks ; it has, moreover, no lilac tinge whatever.
Total length, 64 in. ; wing, 3-1 in. ; tail, 1-3 in. ; tarsus, 0-4 in. ; bill from forehead, 2 in, to 22 in. ; from gape, 2-2 in. to 2-3 in. ; depth, 0-4 to 0-44 in.
All the specimens were obtained in the scrubs on the river side. I moat admit I do not see the difference between the present sp. and A. leagoni (Cass).
37.— Alcyone pcsilli, T&mm., PI. Ool. 595,/ 3. (1836).
I believe this species to be the amaliest of all known King- fishers, and although they may be far from rare in any district frequented by them, they are always very difficult to obtain ; their fight is swift and arrow-like, dashing past like a flash, just over the surface of the water, in the most dense and secluded
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 269
parts of the creeks which wind through the scrubs ; they utter a shrill, clear, piping cry, settle abruptly on a bough, and fre- quently turning round, almost immediately present their dark blae back instead of their white breast, so that if once lost sight of, they are difficult to detect. They were plentiful on the Laloki River during Morton's stay there, and are found also in Queensland as far south as the Herbert River.
38.— Oeyx solitabia, Temm. PI Ool 695. /. 2. (1836).
I have seen but two examples of this elegant species from the l^oki River, where it is evidently rare. Both were obtained in the most dense part of the scrubs near the river, at a distance of about 16 miles from Port Moresby.
39. — Tanisipteba oalatba. Gray.
Tauysiptera microrhynchus, Sharpe, Jov/m, Linn. Soc. ZooL^ 1877, p, 313. ; T. galatea var, minor, :talA}adori, i.e.
This fine kingfisher is evidently very plentiful in the scrubs
Ringing the Laloki ; both Morton's and Mr. Goldie's collections
^utained many fine examples. The centre two tail feathers in
^uie of the specimens, attaining the length of 13 inches. I can
fiud no difference between the Port Moresby specimens and
some collected by Dr. Beccari, at " Warbresi" in the North
^est; except in the greater length of the tail feathers and
^ortness of the bill. Like Tawysiptera syVoidy this species
appears to be solitary in its habits except when breeding ; they
^quent the thickest parts of the scrubs, and seldom go near the
^^ater. Morton notes that on one occasion he saw one fly down
^ the waters edge as if to drink, but scarcely remaining half a
^lUute, dashed off again into the scrub. They breed in Novem-
^p aud December, laying 6 round white eggs in a hole dug in a
^^^i^ or in the nest of the white ants. Termites.
40. — Tantsiptera salvadoruna, sp, nov.
This species has been looked upon as T. sylvia (Oould)^ but upon dose examination will be found to be quite distinct. Dr. Salvadori has pointed out the chief differences, from specimens obtained by D'Albertis.
I haye examined several apeoiiaens obtained by Broadben' and find all fcbeae distinctiona constant. This species whic otberwisB resembles T. tyloia, may at once be distinguished froi it by the much lighter colouring of the under surface, and tb very different tint of bine of the wioga, head, and tail, which bs a greenish tinge ; it is moreover, altogether a smaller bird. Tl centre tail feathers, when fally grown are very much long* attaining the length of 10-3 inches, the webe are also broad and do not taper so mach as in T. gylvia.
Total length from bill to oil gland, 4"2 ; two centre tt feathers from oil gland, from 8 in. to 10'3 in. ; wing, 3'5 to S- in. ; tarsus, 0-55 ; bill from forehead, 1.25, width at noebi 0-35, height, 0'37.
Morton reports having once met with this species some 5( niilps inland from Port Moresby, its note differs from that of T sijliiia. The specimens are from Broadbent'a collection.
41.— Stma torotobo, LesK. Voy. Coq. Mlas pi. 31 bU, f. 1 (1826; ■ The saw-hilled kingfisher of New Guinea has been usaall; identified with the yellow-billed kingfisher from Cape York, (»^ JlaviroHru), and indeed I am by no means certain that this vi»' of the case is not the correct one. Mr. R. B. Sharpe in hia vei" excellent monograph, on the Alcedinidie, has endeavoured lo sho' that they are distinct, but I do not consider that the slight diffe' enoes, which certainly do exiet between the New Qninea av Australian birds, are BnfBoieat to separate them into diitintf species. I have lately examined a large series of both ^ Australian and New Guinea birds, the latter from the Sonfc East Coast I find in the males of the New Guinea speciinea' the under surface of the tail feathers, blaokisli brown, and tb half collar round the back of the neck is divided in the middl- by a patch of whitt in some ; in the females, the aroton of tk head only is black, as pointed out by Mr. Sharpe, and all have mistore of white in the middle of the collar.
In habits and actions, Syma torotoro resemble the land aa not the water loving sections of the Alcedinidte. Thay ara foun in the moat dense parts of the scrub, and live on insects ao
OF irXW SOFTH WALES. 261
ir larreB; noDe were obtauied within 12 miles of the coast I LCfcve heard of one instance in which the Australian bird has been :>xand in a belt of Mangroyes at Gape York.
42. — Halotoisi macIiEATI, Ja^rd and Selb.y lU. Om. pi. 101.
(J (1825-1839).
If any specimens of this species were obtained, showing that it
iB one of the most common species in the neighbourhood of
Lialoki Biver. They do not frequent the scrubs, but are generall y
foxind in the opens and forest country. In habits they are much
tihe same as Halcyon saneUis, breed in holes in hollow boughs, or
in tniinels dug in the nests of the Termites, at the end of which
tihey lay 5 pearl-white, glossy, round eggs. This species has an
eztendve range, and is found as far south in New South Wales
ai iihe Clarence Eiyer, and as far to the north-west as Port
Darwin, where it is common (Spalding),
48.*-Halcyon albicilla, CW., Dtmont, Diet, Sc, Nat, XXIX,
p. 273 (1823).
Sereral specimens of this fine species from Goutance Island.
^.—Halcyon sanctus, Yig, cmd Horsf, Trans, Lim/n. Soc, XV.
p. 206, (1826).
Common eyerywhere, both on the coast and inland.
^.—Dacblo gaudichatjdi, Quoy et Gaim. Y<yy, TJran, Zool, p. 112,
pi. 25, (1824).
%Tially common with the foregoing.
-^6 collections contained seyeral specimens of both sexes. In 'Mirats they resemble the species of Australia, particularly in the ^ward jerking of their tail after calling. Their note is a hoarse *|Waking monosyllable.
46. — Dacelo lbachii, var.
I^acelo intermedins, Sahad. Arm. Mus. Cvu, Gen, IX, p. 21,
«p. 99 (1876).
iBoarcely think that the slight differences yisible between the «9w Gainea birds and Dacelo leachii of Gape York, merit their Wng separated into distinct species. The blue-backed Dacelo is
P THJ LISSK4M
1
I the immediate neighbonrhood of Port Moresby, *
well as inland, and iahabite the opea forests couutiy ; breeds i:
hollow boaghs, laying 5 eggs, white, 1'65 in. length by 1'33 i breadth.
47. — MELIDOEi MiCROBHTNCHA, Lesi. ,
Melidora goldiei, Bamsay. P.L.S. of N.S. W. I. p. 389, J {Dec. 27th 1876). 1
Melidora. DollariB, Skarpe. Joum. Liivn. Soc. Zool. March 1877, p. 313 (S).
Since describing the male of this fine speaiee, I have had i opportniiity of examining several other specimenB all from ti same locality. &. female procured by Mr. William Blnnden, c» of Mr. Goldie'e collectors, eihibits slightly different tnarkings the type of the species described in the Proceedings of tl Liinnean Society of New Soath Wales. I do not consider th female qnite adult, but it may be thus described. All the uppt and under sarface similar to the male, having the crown of th head black, each feather tipped with blnish or greenish-oohre ; tb spots oo the back, and wings of a greenish -ochre of a brights and more greenish tinge than in the male ; there are a fsv ochraceous buff on the ear coverts and sides of the neck sq* throat ; the blue tipped feathers of the back of the head and uap' are longer than in the type or than in any of the males. Th.« bill is also broader in some specimens than in others.
Female. Total length, 10-3 ; wing, i-7 ; tail, 3'6 ; tarsna, 0-7 bill from forehead, 1-9, from gape, 2'3, length of hook, 0-23 width opposite nostril, 0-9, width aoroas gape, I'l inches
This Melidora is only fonnd in the dense scrubs, inhabiling enoh situations as are chosen by Tanyiiptera galatea. It pn^ cnres most of its food on the ground, digging with its bill among the fallen leaves and debris. No information was obtained on ita habits or nidification.
I feel convinced that both Mr. B. B. Sharpe and myself hav« fallen into error in describing this bird as new; it will an donbtedly prove to be the adult male of Melidora macrorh/i/neli<M
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 863
as tlie females agree yery well with Lesson's figure in the Voyage de la Coqoille.*
MBEOPIDiB. 4*8. — Mbrops osnatus, Lath,, Ind. Om. Suppl. p. 35. (1801). XJniversally dispersed over fche whole Eastern portion of A.ru3tralia and South East end of New Ooinea. Many specimens obtained.
Family BUCBEOTID^.
49. — Rhytidoceros plicatus, Penn,
Bucseros rofioollis, VieU. Nom. Diet. D'Hist IV, p. 600. (1816) ; Eamsay, P.L,8. of N,S,W., vol, I, p, 393. This fine horn-bill which is far from being rare in the vicinity of Port Moresby, has caused no slight excitement to inex- perienced collectors and recent travellers.
The loud rustling of its wings on taking flight, and the
^n^mense masses of undigested portions of food, <&c., thrown up
^ this bird, has given rise to wide conjectures as to its size and
the great expanse of its wings ; some affirming that they
^•eached to at least 20 feet. Signor D'Albertis has reduced Mr.
Stone's gigantic bird to its proper proportions, but I think he
^8 £uled to solve the mystery respecting the large heaps of ex-
opeziaent, supposed to belong to some large animal. These heaps
^"^ nothing more than the undigested food turned out of the
P^^^xiches of the kangaroos when slain by the natives according
^ tilieir custom after killing an animal. The eggs of this species
^*i^ve previously described. (P,L.8, N,S,W.y vol, J, p. 393).
Family COEACIID^.
^O,— -EoBYSTOMUS CRAS8IE0STRIS, Sclat&r ; P,L,8, 1869, p, 121.
"X^olerably plentiful and universally dispersed over the district ^iX>xmd Port Moresby ; in habits and actions, much the same as ^- jpadfious. Numbers arrived during the months of December
Bince the above wag written, I have been favoured with a copy of Count Salvadori't c^«r on Piqnian Birds, in which I find the same opinion expressed. (See Ann. del Mus. WT.dlGenOT.Xn, 1878),
264
THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNSAK 80CISTT
and January, accompanied by their young, which are uniform in coloration and much duller in plumage; they hare the bill black, and no light spot on the wing.
Family PODARGID^.
51. — PoDARGUS PAPU1KSI8, Quoy et Goim,, Voy, AsiroL I, p. 207,
pi 13. (1830).
I am not at all certain that I am not indnding two species under this name, some agree with the figures of F. papmemMu^ in Gould's Birds of Australia; others are neaiiy devoid of the white blotches on the wing, are of a dnil ooloar and minutely Termiculated with ashy gray ; othets again are heaTiIy Uotched and marked with white afaore and below, and hare a white super- ciliaiy stripe well d^ned. I find individaah so TariaUe that for the pre9»it I pn^er learii^ tiwsa all ander tiie abore name, than making a new ^lecaes. I £aand qt^aJriaMe Tarialion also, in ib« spNuntns I obcazned wki^ ax CkrdweD in 18#S-4, scarcely two bedna^ aHke^ Tbe joocv bs;^ do nsa sbow die ^pota or
T *.Tr Vr TV" Tr*i>tTs? 50:'!^ Zijiii lik s^xns 2« rarr^e5^^ deter- - .rv^% I: hfci ' -• v^.V itfiu?d r.v^ xc ▼"i.Tcf ^ins ol ibe wine
> ^.-V.-^T.J^ vv.v^.T— . >..-;">.::' r.', ' 7" ^Ir.^ JLtil, Mu, .^nr.
- ^."i
.-» '- »-• -.
•v^ '«. * *
•--A..?^::. < *j..t?.:dai» iciSkiiiifo an.
V ^
■£«
. "\
- --c . *;w: « ■ _£
-Tit ^ZiiL Mr.
X - *•* ««^
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 265
CYPSBLTD^.
55. — Maoroptbetx mtstacea, Less.^ Voy. Coq, ZooL Atlas^pl, 22
(1826).
This fine tree swallow was not foand plentifnl, althoagh it is very generally dispersed over the whole of* New Guinea, New Ireland, and the adjacent islands, and as far east as the Solomon Islands, and New Georgia.
Two specimens were obtained by Mr. J. H. Shaw near Port Moresby, and another by Broadbent daring a trip to South Gape.
56. — COLLOCALU SPODIOPYGIA, Pedis.
A species of Gollocalia was met with by Morton on one occasion ; it is probably the same as one of the species met with and obtained by Broadbent daring Mr. Stone's Expedition. The specimen shot by Morton had built its nest on the nnder side of a large dead tree, which had fallen across a creek running into the Laloki River. Specimens obtained by Broadbent are identical with Oollocalia spodiopygia, I regret to say Morton's specimen, having fallen into the water, was lost.
PASSERES.
Grder PARADISEIDAE.
57. — Manijcodu atra, Less, Voy. Ooq, Zool. I. pi. 2. p. 638. This species was found very plentiful in the immediate neighbourhood of Port Moresby, and many were obtained in the scrubs on the Laloki River, distance only 12 miles inland. Their note has not that peculiar trumpet-like cry so remarkable in Manucodia Jeeraudreneri and M, Oouldii. They were found usually in small troops.
58. — Manucodia eerandreneri, Less and 0am, Voy. Ooq. pi.
Like the proceeding, this bird was found by no means rare, but always at a distance from the coast; all the specimens obtained were shot in the scrubs on the banks of the Laloki Biver, at least 12 miles inland. Their cry is remarkable and peculiar, and by those who have heard it, said to resemble the
266
THE PBOCBBDINat OF THB LIVirBAir SOCISTT
squeak of a toy trumpet This species was osoallj met with in pairs, frequenting the fruit-bearing trees in the denie aerafaa. The trachea is external^ and similar to that organ in die Australian If. Oovldiiy Qnj.
59.— Ptilorhis maohifica, VteiU^ N, Did, <r HitL Not XXYIIL
p. 167. pi. Q. 99. fig. 3 (1819).
One female obtained during a tiip to ilie SatdhJSta^^nkatij at Cloudy Bay, and two adnlt males and two fomag maleB sent by Broadbent, obtained about 20 mOea inlaiid fim Pait Moradiy.
60.— PAmiDCSKA BAO^AXA, BclmL, PX^ 1B73. ^l ^39.
Thia^cegtainlyopeoftbemaat1w.eiillfiilaf iia tiifae, ia Hw cmly $pecies of the gennB £ramd near Pon Moeeabf ; hm neieai kviaHtr is aboax 12 xnilBfi inknd on die baaia of tie LnUd R2T«gr. Tkr nsnallT freiqnenx i^ lo^icr laaiaiwa of liie laiger HKiesw Imi sonKtcEma aiko Those of fnniJW dowdL in lantik of >iefrn««. ih«r g^.iaf f;oL aaBoenaaii|r ir vnam af frvB S to 10 in rnziSff'. ih^ vraau: bars kii£ ^nate Ttukt^iv Mfiorr fnmifi r«r idusir maE nrr nf
^»r^>^ «riu: a ^ramzlXl^xs^ tmnniiiiK iniBinL ^r i;w» or
as.-'. . . ■
% » -». -s
r • -.- ■ V. ; >.
•t
^ :;«S>
*«:--*ji^ Jr .'istfs^ fin£ 3coad :iv r^^ ir-&: isf jT^cnr iniL
•n'
:.;.'■ "v«.
OF NEW SOUTH WALK8. 207
appear, and attain their ftiU length before the long flowing phimes on the side and yellow bar on the shoolder, are fall grown.
I find apparently full-grown males, bat without phsmes, still having the centre two wire-like tail feathers of great length ; this seems to argae in favoar of the side plames being shed every year, bat I am inclined to the other view of the case as stated abova The RaggianoB from the soath-east end of the island, are slightly larger in their dimensions, than those obtained about Port Moresby on the Laloki River. The plumes also are longer, thicker, and richer — this may be on account of the age of the individuals.
The natives of Hall Sound, and in fact all along the coast, do a considerable trade in Paradise plumes, taking the birds with nets at night while roosting. Morton failed to obtain any information respecting their nidification, although from the numbers of young birds and females which are to be found all the year round near Port Moresby, they must breed somewhere in the neighbourhood.
At Orangerie Bay and Amazon Bay, large numbers of plames were obtained from the natives ; over 70 were obtained in two days.
61. — CiciNNUEUS BBGius, lAnn, Syst, Nat, I, p. 166, n. 2 (1766).
Several fine adult males were obtained by Morton, Blunden, and Broadbent, frequenting the most dense portions of the scrabs on the Laloki River. Like others of its tribe, the king bird indulges in showing off something similar to the preceding ; its cry is not so loud, but otherwise resembles that of P. raggiana. At intervals, immediately after calling, the green- tipped side plumes are raised at right angles with the body, or brought forward and vibrated while expanded, the wings slightly raised. The adult males appear to be solitary ; on no occasion were two or more found together ; like the other species they feed on berries, and seem to be of somewhat of a pugnacious disposition. On the whole, they are di£Gicalt to obtain until yoa become acquainted with their note.
In the living bird the bill is bright light yellow, and the legs and feet deep blue ; the latter fade very quickly, and the color is quite gone two days after death. (A. M,)
SG8 TBS raODBIDIHW OF TBI LtHNIAH SOCIBTT
Sub-famUy SCENOPIN^.
62. — GHLAIfTDODEBi CEEVIStVEHTEIS, GovU, P.Z.8. 1850, p. 201.
This appears fo be one of the most common birds about Port Uoresby, but is confined to tbe coast, not being met with iolaDd. The bowers were also found, and a. fine specimen presented to the Mnseum by Mr. Goldie, obtained during hia first expedition, shows them to be made of fine twigs placed in an upright or slightly slanting position, and gently arched over in the middle ; the inside and sides of the bower, and sometimes tbe tops of the twigs, are ornamented with berries.
The fawn-breasted bower bird is usually found in small troops of six to ten in number, and feeds on fruits and berries.
63.— AiLOEfiDua ETONEi, Sharps, Nature, Aug. 17tk, 1876, p, 339.
Of this fine species only a few speoimena were obtained ; they
were foand in the dense scrubs, feeding on fruit and berries,
aboat 15 miles inland. ^
MUSCICAPID.^. fl
64.— Peltops BLAiNYiLLEi, Gam., Viyy. Ooq. pi. 13,Jig. 2. ^B Several males and females were obtained in the acmbs on the Laloki River ; their actions resemble those of Monarcha more than any other flycatcher. I regret to say Norton's notea oontain little information on their habits, and nothing respecting the nidifioa- tjon of this species seems to be known.
65.— PlEZOREYMCHDB ALECTO, TotMII., Fl. Ool. 430. jig. 1. (<J.)
M. ohalyheocephaliia, Qam.; P. oitidnB, Gould.
The specimens obtained, males and females, do not in any way
differ from those &om New IrelEund and Dnke of York Islands,
or from the Queensland examples of Piezorhynehut nitid/ut, of
Gonld, Bds. of Australia, fol. Vol. II. pi 88.
66.— Monarch* cakiuata, Vig. and Horaf. Several individuals from the Laloki River. They do not differ from the TH. S. Wales specimens; the seiea are alike in plumage, but the males having slightly more black on the chin.
OF NSW SOXTTH WALB8. Jfi9
67. — MoKABGHA GUTTiJLATUS, Gam,y Voy. Ooq.'pl. I6yfig, 2.
Several adults and joung from the scrubs on the Laloki. The young have the head uniform in color with the back, the ear coverts and throat dull blackish brown, the wings brown, and a wash of rusty yellow on the chest and sides.
68. — MoKABCHA ABT7ENSIS, Stdvod,, Ann, Mus. Givic. Genov. vol, VI, p. 309 ; Sharpe, Joum. Limu Soc, Zooh XII, p, 497.
M. melanotus, Sdater, F.Z.8, 1877, p. 100.
I have examined a large series (over twenty specimens), adults male and female, and young, of these birds from Duke of York Islands, Port Moresby, and the Am Islands, and regret to find so little difference between them. The bills of the Port Moresby birds are decidedly smaller ; the black of the back extends to the romp, but not on to the upper tail coverts, and the yellow is of a lighter tint than in those from New Ireland and the Duke of York Islands ; and in this respect, as pointed out by Mr. B. B. Sharpe (Lc), are identical with those from the Aru Islands. The fol- lowing measurements, taken from specimens lately acquired for Australian Museum collection, will illustrate the relative sizes of individuals frt>m the different localities : —
MONABCHA ABUSNBI8, Saloo. MOMABGHA CHBYSOMXLAS, &am.
Port Moresby. New Ireland <fe Dnke of York Ids.
Totidlength^, 51 in. 5*2; 9* 5 m i, 55 in. 9 5-6; jay. 5-5
Wing „ 2-8 „ 2-75; „ 2-64 „ 28 „ „ 2-6; „ 27
Tail ,,2-6 „ 2-4; „ 2-3 „ 2-6 „ „ 2-45; „ 26
Tanua „ 0-7 „ 0-66; „ 0-6 „ 0-7 „ ,. 07; „ 0 7
Bill from frhd. 0-65,, 065; „ 0*6 „ 0 7 „ „ 0-7; „ 6*5
* Not quite adult ; back, wings, and tail olive brown. An adult male from the Am Islands measures 5*2 ; wing, 2*7 ; tail, 2*45 ; iarsuB, 07.
69. — ^MoNABGHA MELANOPTERA, G. B, Gray. P.Z.8. 1858, p. 178.
One specimen, agreeing well enough with Dr. Gray's desorip- tion, except in the size.
$ Total length, 5*2 in ; wings, 2*9 in ; tail, 3 in ; tarsus, 0*75 in ; bill from forehead, 0'65 in ; from gape, 0*7.
Loc.f Goldie River, from Mr. Broadbent's collection.
70. — ^Absbs bnado* Less, cmd Gam,, Voy. Goq. pi. 15, fig. 2 ( $ ) telescopthalmus, Less, and Gtum., Voy. Ooq. pi. IS, fig. 1 (<7)
This Hpecies was foand tolerably plentiful on the Laloki River IiB range extends over the greater portion of Now Guinea, New- Ireland, and the Duke of York Islands.
71. — Rhipiddra sbtosa, Quay cmd Gaim.
Vwj. de I'Aslrol. I. p. 181, (. i, f. 4 (1B30) ; R. golaris, ifuZi.
1 see DO difference between the Port Moreebj Hpecimens and
those from New Ireland and Duke of York Islands, which differ
but very little from R. Uura, of Gould, from Queensland.
72.— RhIPIDUK* OAaTANKOTBORAX, sp. iwv.
Adult male. Head, and all the npper surface of the body, d&rk bluish slate color, tail blackish brown, below almost black, above lighter, the outer three feathers largely and the fourth on either side slightly tipped with white ; wings blackaah brown aboue, lighter below, the margins of the inner webs on the inner aide tinged with light brown, the margins of the shoulders, the outer row of the smaller wing coverts, and the coverts of the secon- daries like the back, and tipped with a white spot, tinged subter- minally with pale rufons ; a white line extends from above thu lorea over the eye in a broken line to above the ear-covarte ; chin, and a line on either side of the throat to below the ear-coverta, white; a narrow band between the chiu and chest black; cheat, breast, onder wing-coverts, and remainder of the nnder Burfaoe rich cinnamon mfons, paler on the abdomen ; nnder tail oorerts white, tinged at the base with light cinnamon. Bill dark horn color, legs reddish brown, bristles black, extending to beyond the bia
Total length, 5'3in. ; wing, 3 in ; tail, S'2 ; tarsus, 0-6 ; bill from forehead, 0-5.
This pretty species, which comes near to R. hyperythra (Gt&t), and R. mjhenirig of UuUer, was obtained by Mr. Kendal Broad- bent on the Ooldie River, aboat 40 miles inland. 73. — Rhipiddka ambusta, »p. nov.
Head brown, becoming reddish brown on the hind neck, interscapular region and wing coverts ; becoming deeper, and darker in tint on tlie back, rump, ;ind uppm- tail coverts, where it
O* KSW SOUTH WALXg. ^1
18 almost rafoos ; wings rich brown, the outer webs of the quills above with a rufous shade ; tail above and below, and the under tail-coverts, black ; the basal portion of the feathers on the fore- head and a line over the eyes, lower portion of the ear-coverts, and the throat white ; chest blackish, becoming brown on the breast, each feather with a white shaft, and a triangular spot of white at its tip, the remainder of the under surface brown ; under wing coverts mottled brown and white. Bill and bristles black, lower mandible white, its tip brown, legs black.
Total length, 6'4in.; wing 2*3; tail, 3*6; tarsus 1*2; bill from forehead, 0*7 in, from gape 0*8 in.
The wings of this species are very broad and comparatively short, the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th quills nearly equal and longest, the 8th equal to the 3rd. AU the body feathers are more or less decomposed.
74 — Sauloprocta tbicolob, VieUl ; Scdvad et D*Alh. Aim. Mus,
Cvo. Oen. VIL, p. 23.
Mnscioapa melaleuca, Quoy et Cfaim, Voy. de VAstroh I. p, 180.
t %f. 3.
On comparing the Port Moresby specimens with some from New Ireland I can find no difference between them, they are un- doubtedly identical with ATii^cica/^ameJaieticaofQuoy and Gaimard.
In some of the adult males I find white dots on the throat and chin feathers, they differ but little, if anything, except in size, from the New South Wales 8> motaciUoides.
75. — MiCROCCA FLAViGASTEB, Gould, Bds. Aust.^ fol. voL II,, pi, 94
Common in the neighbourhood of Port Moresby and on the Laloki Biver. From Morton's notes I gather that this species has considerable power of song, being heard at daylight in the morning pouring forth its melodious warbling notes. When I met with this same species on the Herbert Biver, in Queensland, dHring the months of March and April, its singing had ceased, this was just after the moulting season. Its nest and eggs are scarcely to be distinguished from Af. fascvaans of New South Wales.
i
I
The Port Moresby birds h&ve tbe crown of the h«4 and (t more olive browD diige on the upper surface, tb) in the Queensland epecimen of this species.
76.— ? MlCRIEOA FLiVOYIRBaCENS, Q. II. Gray, Salvad 0
Ann. Mus. Oivic, Gmov. VII., p. 21.
Adult male. All the upper surface and the sides of dull olive green, winga and tail dark brown, the outer n feathers margined with the same tiot as the back, the ii of the under surface inclining to white, under wii yellow, a very narrow line of yellow feathers on the eyi of the head and ear-coverts tinged with olive yellow, all surface olive yellow, becoming clearer yellow on the thn abdomen, and under tail-Goverts.
Bill black above, lower mandible yellow, legs and fee
Total length 4-8 in., wing 3*1 in., tail 2'5 in., tarsi 0. bill from forehead 0-6S, from gape 0'7.5, from nostril to breadth at nostril 0'2 ; at gape 0'35.
This species is very close to Mierceea fiavoviracont hereafter prove distinct ; the lores are not white, alt! basal portion of the feathers incline to that color t' yellow ring round the eye, and the total length is sma
Broadbent states that ha shot this bird in the scnil it had the habits and actions of an Eoptallrut. Loc. Mountain sombs, Goldie Biver.
77. — EOPaiLTBti PLACENS, *p. TOW.
AduU male. All the head, nape, ear coverts, at slatey brown ; the back of the neek, hack, npper and all the upper snrfaca greenish olive ; wings dark brown, the cater margin of the wing quills s feathers washed with the same greenish olive tint below ; a dark olive spot at the base of the primarie spot of white ; the inner margioa of the quills whi base; the margins of the wings below and the un( bright yellow ; the lower part of the throat and
OF WElf SOUTH WALES. 273
the chesty and extending on the sides of the neck to the ear ooyerts, the lower portion of the breast, and the abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts bright rich yellow ; a band across the breast greenish-olive like the back, the olive extending slightly towards the flanks over the axillaries ; bill black; '4ris brown; legs and feet bright orange." (K.B,)
Total length, 5 in to 5*2 ; wing, 3*55 ; tail, 2*25 ; tarsus, 0*85; hind toe, 0'5 ; bill from forehead, 077 ; from gape.. 0*85 ; from nostril to the tip, 0*45 ; bristle black, extending to nearly the tip of the bill ; bill robust
The female is the same in plumage, but slightly smaller, 4' 8 ; wing, 3*35 ; tail, 2-16 ; tarsus, 075 ; hind toe, 0*4 in. ; bill from forehead, 072 in. ; from gape, 0*8 ; from nostril to tip, 0*4. in.
Loe,, Mountain scrubs, near Ooldie's River.
This is a fine robust species, with a strong bill, and wings reaching to the end of the tail. It exhibits much of the form and general appearance of the genus Leti^yophantes of Dr. Sclater.
Family MUSCICAPID^. (?)
78. — Gertgone inconspicua, Bamsay, P,L.8,, N.S.W.y vol. Ill,
p. 116.
This species comes near G. chloronotus of Mr. Gould, but diflers** in having a pure white throat ; and the chest, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts citron yellow ; from G. alhogularis, it may be distinguished by having the tail of a uniform tint, without any bar or white tip ; a spot in frt>nt of the lores, and a ring round ihe eye, white ; an oblique blackish spot, from in front to under the eye, across the gape ; flanks tinged with olive ; under wing ooverts white, washed with citron colour ; tail and wings brown above, the outer webs washed olive ; the quills lighter brown below, shafts of the tail feathers white at the base below, brown above ; all the upper surface of the body oUve brown, tinged with green ; bill black ; legs and feet lead colour.
Total length from tip of bill, 37 ; wing, 2*1 ; tail, 1*7 ; tarsus, 07 ; bill from forehead, 0*5. Sex ^ ?
Hah., scrubs on banks of Laloki River, where Morton informs me he obtained it among the leafy tops of the trees.
271 TEB PBocKsniiras of trb uvmAv bocibtt
?9. — Gebigone ciHEEisCENa, Sharpe, Joum. lAvn. Soc- Zool. Xni, pp. 494, 495.
Two Bpecimens, cloaely allied to G. tUbogularie, Goold. A yoang bird, which I believe to belong fo tbia species, has a tinge of olive brown on the upper surface, rump and upper tail coverts light brown, throat light yellow. Morton and Blunden obtained thia apeciea on the LaloK River during the months of July and Aagost.
MAIiURlD^.
80. — Malceds iLDOBCiPDLAToa, Meyer, Sihber. der. k. Ak. der
Wasensch. sm. JPten. LXlX,p. 496 (1874).
This weU-marked species is universally dispersed over the whole of the sonth-east coast. It is plentiful on the grassy slopes aboot Port Moresby during the months of April, May, and Jane, and ore nsaally met with in small troops of five or six in number. In habits and actions they closely resemble the Australian species of the genus. On examining a large series I find those marked as females differ from the males in having the wing quills brown instead of black ; but I think thia is rather a sign of immaturity than a sesnal difference, as the yonng are chiefly of a dull brown colour.
81. — ? ToDOPais CYANOCEFHALA, Qitoy. et Oaim. Voy. Astrol t 5,/. 4. Todopsis bonapartei, G. U. Gray.P.Z.S. lS58,p. 177 (female). T. cyanocephala (Q. et (?.) ; Bamsay P-L.S.N.S.W. III. p. 108. This beautiful species is found all along the south-east coast. It is not common in the Port Moresby district ; the few obt&ined were all shot on the Laloki River, and were found frequenting the thickest parts of the scrubs, always in pairs, hopping over the ground, and searching among the fallen leaves and low vines for insects, carrying the tail erect after the manner of the Mahtri, from which they differ in habits chiefly in confining themselves to the scrubby parts of the country, being seldom if ever seen in the opens. After a careful examination of the plates and descriptions of 3'. cyanooephaltu of Quoy and Oaimard, and T. bonaparlei of Q. B. Gray I feel convinced that the latter is merely the female of the
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 275
former. The tint and intensity of colouring varies a little in the males, bat both the male and female from Arn Islands agree eocactly with the Port Moresby specimens.
82. — CiSTICOLA RUFICEPS, GoulA
Gofdd, Bds.y AfAst, fol, vol. Ill, pi, 45.
Specimens of this Gisticola were obtained at Port Moresby, where they were tolerably plentifol on the grassy slopes during the months from March to June. I can find no material difier- ence between them and those from New South Wales. The young and females have blackish strisa on the head, and the tails longer than in the adult males.
83.— CiSTICOLA LINBOCAPILLA, Oould,
Goiildy P,Z,8., ptXV^ p. 1 ; Bds, Atistjfol,, twZ. III., pi. 43.
A specimen, which I refer to this species, was obtained, I believe, during a trip to South Gape, probably at Bramble Haven.
Fanuly HIRUNDINIDuS:.
84 — Htdeochblidon nigricans. Less.
Hirundo nigricans. Less. Gompl. Buff., t. VIII, p. 497.
This swallow was obtained about 15 miles inland ; fchey were not found plentifal ; one specimen only in Mr. Goldie's collection obtained by Mr. Wmu Blunden.
85. — HiBUNDO javanica, Sparrm. Sahad. t. c. p. 23 ; Bamsay,
op, dt I, p. 388.
One specimen obtained. It seems distributed over the whole of the south-eastern portion of New Guinea and Torres Straits.
DIORTJRID^.
86. — DlCRUEUS CARBONARIUS, Bp.
Ghibia carbonaria. Mull ; Sha/rpe Jov/m. Lvrm. Soc, Zool. XIII,
p. 499.
Common everywhere in the Port Moresby district, and all along the south coast.
•c^«
v^o
c^^^
,nso«
6f
t^«
^\xicb
83
-^\i9i^®
Ot^©
68?
ectei
ot\vet8
.Qiiixa,
87.-
•^^^^^'sST^^^'''"
B«y-
^ tot tN'C'^^^ "Te N^^^o^* "
1876.
B.tJft^'^
I^nti-
firs^
"Bto»'*
,nti«»^ to Ti^®^ .^a duties ^ • -'"^»-
p.
ea^^°^ r:„ «oeCV«^^«' ^j^ bis
tiot^i
e
the
hV^^
£owtv^
the
v^a:
ietcoi
,^^B.iS,
Mor<
sp-
W^'
OiiJ-
Si
.nVBh
OF WBW SOUTH WALES. 277
Should this species prove to be distinct from Af. unicolor, I propose for it the name of M. hieohr.
Total length, 4*2 in. ; wing, 2*55 in. ; tail, 2 in. ; tarsus, 0*7 in. ; bill from forehead, 0*55 in ; from gape, 0*6 in. ; from nostril to tip, 0*3 in.
One specimen only obtained by Kendal Broadbent, who in- forms me he found it feeding on the berries of a species of FievSf on the Gt>ldie Biver.
PITTID^.
90. — Pitta NOViE-GuiNBiE, Mull and Schl.
During certain seasons this Pitta appears to be tolerably plentiful, and specimens have been obtained by nearly every col- lector visiting New Guinea. They are distributed over the whole of the south-east coast and on the adjacent islands. All the spe- cimens obtained near Port Moresby were from small patches of scrub and jungle in the ravines and water-courses on the hill sides. During the great drought of 1877-8 no Pittis were to be found in the district, but during March and April, 1878, they returned in considerable numbers.
91. — Pitta mackloth, T&mm.
One specimen, an adult male in fine plumage, iris dark-brown, bill black, in Mr. Broadbent's collection.
EUPETID^.
92.— Eopbtks nigeicmssus, Salvadori; Awn. Mus, Oiv, St Nat.
Qmov.IX, p. 36 (1876).
Mr. GK>ldie and Broadbent obtained this species on the Gt>ldie Biver, about forty miles inland from Port Moresby. In the female there is an indistinct line of whitish over the black lores and over the black behind the eye and ear coverts ; the whole of the primaries, except the outer edges of the inner feathers, and the under surface of the tail feathers, with the under tail coverts, are black ; in other respects like the figures of E. casrulea in Gould's Bds. of New Guinea — iris red ; bill, legs, and feet
2TS THE PBOCKKDINOS O^ THE LINNBA» aoclBTT
Bru&dbent inronns me this speciee frequents the thick piirte of the scrnbe, and its actioris are not unlike those of the Psi^hodei CTepitane ; ita voice is lon<] aud clear. ^_
Three specimens from Mr. Broadbent's collection. ^M
hoc., mountain scrubs, Goldie River.
CORVID^.
93.— Convta OBbo, S. Mull. .- Bamsay, P.L.8., N.8.W., ml I, p. 392; Shiwpe, op. cif.,p. 501. On comparing the black crows obtained on the Laloki an_ about Port Moresby, with those obtained by the Rev. Geor^ Brown at New Ireland and Duke of York lalanda, I find ca material difference betwoco them, and, notwithstanding the valu^ opinion of so high an authority as my friend, Mr. R. B. Shai — (P.Z.S., 1877, p. 105, note 1), I believe both will prove to identical with Oorvws orru.
94. — Gymnocobax behbx, Less; Sharpe, Cat B. III., p. SO,
Jowm. Irwm. Soc, Zool., XIU, p. 501 ; EoTnsay, P.L
N.S.W.,vol I, p. 392.
Spcoiraens of this species were obtained in the open fo«=^ land about Ihe lialoki. These birds were not so pluutifnl at^ the time of Mr. Goldie's first expedition to Pori^ Morea^ periiaps the extreme drought, which was the means of cau^V'^ many species to visit the coast, was instrumental in driving -^ species away. They were also fonnd a considerable distance land.
" Bill horn blue, iris white, skin round the eye bright or&iKXi yellow, legs blackiah-brown." (E.B.)
ORIOLID^.
1'5. — Oriolus STB1ATD9, Quoy and Gaim.; Samsay, op. cit. I, 391 ; Sharpe, op. cit. XIII, pp. 82, 319, 500, el Cat. B. L— p. 210. Tolerably plentiful all along the South Coast; in habits ai^
actions it closely resembles the Australian members of the genn^
OF NEW SOUTH WALB8. 279
ft
96. — Sphboothbbbs Salyadorii, ttharpe; Oat. B, III, p, 224, pi XII; id, Jawm. Idrm. 8oc. ZooL XI27, jp. 500 ; S. flam- ventrisy Ramsay, op. dt, vol. J, p. 391.
This species is verj nameroas, and, in fact, may be looked apon as one of the most common birds in the district. They are nsnally found in the fig trees, the fruit of which they seem parti- cularly fond. The young males resemble the female in plumage.
8. flavweniris must be omitted from the list of Port Moresby birds, having been recorded by me in error from that locality.
STUKNID^.
97. — EuLABES DCTMONTn, Less ; 8ha/rpe, Joum. L. 8oc. Zool., vol. Zill, p. 318; id. p. 601 ; Bamsay, P.L.S., N.8.W., vol. I, p. 392.
Abundant everywhere along the coast and also inland.
98. — EULABES OBIENTALIS.
Mine robertsoni, D^Albertis; Ibis. 1877, p. 368.
Not plentiful. Morton and Goldie obtained it on the Laloki liiver, and Broadbent some thirty miles inland. The young have t he head, throat, back, aud wings black ; above the chest, yellow mottled with black ; and the breast and abdomen greenish black, with the tips of the feathers yellow ; legs and bill yellow.
Total length, 8*5 to 9 in. ; wing, 5*3 in.; tail, 2 '8; tarsus, 1*35 ; bill from forehead, 1 in. ; from the nostril, 0*65 ; from gape, 1*2 in. (jv/v.). *
99. — Calobmis CANTOBOiDESy Le88. 8ha/rpe, t c, p. 318 ; id. p. 501.
C. cantor, Ramsay, op. dt. I, p. 38.
Plentiftd in all the districts surrounding Port Mdhresby, and also obtained inland as far as the Groldie River.
100. — Calobnis metallica, Temm.
Calomis viridescens, Gray. Sharpe, t c, pp. 318, 501.
I can see no difference between the long-tailed glossy starlings from Doke of York Island, Cape York, Trinity Bay, and Port Moresby; they are probably all one and the same species as des- O^bed by Temmink under the name of 0. metdlMca.
L
TSE PBOCBBSINS8 OF TKB LIKHBAH HOCTBTT
CRATEROPODID^.
101. — POMATOSTOMDS ISIDOHI, LeBS.
These birds were met with in small flocks of from five to ten in number ; thoy were particoJarly active and restless in their movements, flying from tree to tree, hopping about the branches, and chasing each other from limb to limb. When feeding, they usually resort to the ground under the trees, their food being insects and their larvie. 1 have received no information on their nidiScation ; bat in this they will doubtlesa be found to resemble the Anstralian members of the genns, all of which build a some- what bulky flask-shaped nest of slicks, and lays five to eight eggs of a sienna-grey or brown, with darker hair-lines and marblings over the whole surface.
The eggs of all the Australian species have the peculiarity of being easily washed white ; the coloring matter, which appears to be confined to the surface of the shell, is readily removed wiih
little water by gently rubbing. This peculiarity I have also observed in the eggs of the Bronze Cuckoos {Lnmprococcyx) . ■
102. — RbCTES FEaEOOlSBA, Bp.
These birds traverse the scrnba among the larger branches of the trees, in flocks of ten to fifteen in number, searching for insects, which are their principal food. They were by no means rare, and frequently accompanied by a pair or more of the black fork-tailed fly-catcher, Sicrurus carhonariuB. 103. — COILDBICIHCLA BBDJJNEA, Qoidd, P.Z.S., pt VIII, p. \&4 ;
id. Bandbook Bds. Aust. I, p. 223 ; Shar^e t. c. y. 499. This is apparently a very common bird in the neighbourhood of Port Moresby and further inland. The New Guinea birds of this species are of a lighter and more aahy tint than those I have received from North Australia.
104. — COLLHRICINCLA MEGABHIHCHA.
Mnsicapa megarhyncha, Quay and Oaim., voy. de rAttrolabe,
pi. 3, Jig. 1. Oia. p. 172.
This species was obtained in the dense scrubs on the Lalokt
OP NEW SOUTH WALB8. 281
Biver. In its habits and actions it resembles the N. S. Wales Oollwrieincla rufigaater, Qoald, to which species it is most closely allied, if not identical. 0, parvissima, Goald, of which I have examined numerous specimens, appears to me to be qaite a distinct species.
106. — Cracticus oassicus, Bodd; Sharpe, tx, p. 499 ; id. p, 317.
This species is nnmerons about Port Moresby and on the Laloki River, and frequents the open country, usually being found in flocks of five to ten in number during the winter months.
106 — Craoticus mentalis, Sahad. and D'Alb, Arm. del, Mua, Oiv. di St Nat Genov, VTI, p. 824 (1875) ; Sharpe, tc, p. 317 and 499; Ramsay^ op, dt J, p, 392.
This is a smaller species than the preceding, and not so plentiful. Mr. G-oldie obtained it on the Laloki River during his first expedition, and towards the south-east in February last. The yoang have the head marked with sagittate spots of brown, and nearly the whole of the upper surface of the same tint.
107. — Cracticus quoti. Less. ; Voy, Coq. pL 14 ; Bamsay, op. dt
p. 392 ; Sharpe, tc. p. 499. ^
This species was found to be rare in the Port Moresby district, two only being obtained on the Laloki River ; they do not difier in any way from the Queensland specimens.
PACHYCEPALIN^.
108. — Pachtgephala melanura, Govld.
Tolerably common on Goutance Island; none were obtained near Port Moresby.
109. — Pachtcbphala collaris, Ramsay ^ P.L.8. of N.8.W., vol.
in, p. 74
This fine species, which comes nearest to Dr. Gkay's Pachy- eephala Morwra^ was obtained on Teste Island. The female, however, is quite different from the sex of that species ; the male has no trace of black in the tail, which is quite uniform in colour, even to the very tips; the bill is comparatively larger and
381 THB PBOCBKDIWQ* OF 1
Blronger than in any other species I have met, with. Total length, 6 in. ; wing, 3-5 ; tail, 2-6 ; bill, O'S ; from gape. 1 in. ? Total length, 6 in. ; wing, 37 ; tail, 27 ; bill, 09 ; from gape, 1 in. J
110. — Pachtcepbala, sp.
One specimen, a male, closely allied to T. eollaris and me^- nura, but having an ashy-grey tail, and the forehead and ear- COVerta jet black, the crown blackiab, becoming slaty-black on the occipnt ; the yellow collar ia intercepted on the head and neck ; bill strong ; black throat-band narrow.
Loc- Teste Israad.
III.^Pachtoephala foliginaxa, Ramsay, P.L.8. of N.S.W., vol. lU, p. 74,
This was the only species of Paehyoepktda obtained near Port Moresby ; it comes from tbe Laloki River, where it vras not common. The female, obtained by Broadbent, has all the npper anrfaoe greyish ashy-brown, with faintly darker Btriee down the centre of the feathers on the bead, inter-s cap alar region, and upper tail-coverts ; wings and tail dark brown, lighter below ; the primaries very narrowly, and the secondariefi and coverts margined with ashy ; throat white, with short brown shaft-IineB ; the cheat shaded with light ashy-brown, forming an indistinct cross-band, and, like the throat, the feathers are ceutered with brown shaft-lines ; breast creamy white; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverta white ; under wing-ooverla and azitlariee creamy-white ; inner margin of the primaries and secondaries below whitish. Total length, 5'2 ; wiugs, 3'15 ; tail, 2-4 ; tarsaB. 0 7 ; bill, 0-6.
112, — Pachtcephala bbunnba. Bopsaltria brunnea, Rwmgay, P.L.S. of N.S. W,, vol. T, p. 391.
All the specimens of this species obtained were shot in thf scrubs on the banks of the Laloki River. I have received no in- formation on its habits, which I much regret, as I have grave doubts as to Us genus ; the large bill woald place it with the PacJtycephnlince, although the wiugs do not altogether agree with those of the numbers of that genus.
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 288
CAMPBPHAGID^.
IXS.— Geaucalus strbnua, Schleg,, Ned. Tijdschr.y Dierk. IV,
p. U (1871).
2Jb. Gx>ldie's oolleotion contains some fine examples of this species, they were obtained some 15 miles inland from Port Mioresby. 1 believe this is the largest billed Graucalus known.
114' — G-BAUCALX7S MELANOPS, Lath ; Gould, Bds. Aust, fol.jVoL,
pi, I have seen several specimens of this species from Port M^oresby, none of which appear to me to diflfer from those of ^be same species foand in Northern Queensland.
^15.- — Gbaucalus angustifrons, Sharpe, Joum. Linn. Soc. Zool.
vol. XIII, No. 66, p. 81 (1876). Although somewhat similar to G. hypoleucos, this species is 4^fce distinct, and may at once be distinguished by the paleness ^* the color on the head and the deep black frontal band, the feathers of the lores and at the base of the upper mandible on 'be forehead are slightly raised above adjacent feathers.
116. — Edoliisoma melas, 8. Mull.
^^^ins melas. Leas, and Gam.; Less. Mam,. d^Orn. I, p. 128 (1828) ^**ipephaga marescotii ; Homh. et Ja^q., Voy. au Pole, Sud,
pi. X, fig. 2. •*^his species is comparatively rare, two obtained were shot on ^ lialoki River.
117. — Gbaucalus (Edoliisoma) plumbea. Mull.
-^i:H)adbent's collection contains an adult male of a species of
^'Ucahbs which I think must be referred to this species. It is
^Soly allied to G. janrdmii, a little smaller, and has a short
*^U.8t bill. The lores are black, the whole of the upper and
^^<er surface plumbeous, the wings black margined outwardly,
^^t plumbeous narrowly on the primaries, which have a line of
^"^tie on the margin of the inner web ; all the tail feathers ex-
t^t^ the two centre ones black ; the central ones, except at the tip,
^^^ the bases of the three next on either side, washed with
984 THi PBOCBEDIHOS or thk lirxxu'
plDiubeooa ; all tbe under surface plambens, the axiUanes an Diider wing oorerts, and the ends of a few feathers on the centc of the abdomen barred trausf ersely with narrow white itnes, th Ditder surface of the quills ashy blae. Total length, 8 8) win^ 5-0; tail, 4-2; tarsas, 085; bill from forehead, 0*85; froi nostril to tip, (f'65 ; from gape, 1 in.
Loe. Mountain scrubs, Goldie Biver. I r«gT«l I bare a deeoriptbii of E. plwnlta, Moll, to refer to.
118. — Eoouiscnu, »p.
This apedes oomea terj dose to K. KAwtieepa (Homb. et Jacq. I can find no description of it in way works at m; dispoe^ bi as the bird is rommon in the Port SCoreabjr dtstrict and all alon the Soalb-East Cowt, it ia -ppcAmiij ao old described species. give a short descripttoo of the bird here, bj which it may easit be reoogoised: —
JJmU Male. All the upper aaxt^x dark cin&aiaao, wings dar browa, the aat«r wafaa mvgtBed with emnuBOB, the bead of d«rker aad more laoiraMli ttat. lores hhrt-wifc, odea of the hea4 throat, oluit,aiid all the nndse' ani&ee rich bf^fat crimson, pal* on tiw Bsder wins oovertK and tammt^ the base on the inna webe of the qiilL?.
Total length. S< : win?. 47 ; tail. 4 ta ; tama, 0^ ; bill fro- forriM«l,0-9.
There are se*vi»l speeineBs in the eoOeetiDB, both males ac fmahs, the latter difler bvt hcUe fron the fanacK. I waa L chned to consider this bird the fc— le of £. ■alas, bnt onl; ts of thb bner speoes were obcaiaed whOe the faiHM.i woe l^ r ■eaaff t«i«
119.— Cj^khpu^ aoTm. 4^ ^ Smm^ **«^ m P%, Sw/., 9 IT. -if. i I hare s««l ^wciawc:* .'f :ais specws ia ?g»wa] coUectici inade aIon2 :h<; :^oas3 t'&f: Coui^ ja<i u Pen Monsbr. S> SouBsl Ka^tJ*. <ic. X^tf TiauV ou^ tx>; bWk &)b: die ^sr^- ex'.ifcd-ajr a^'iifr til? ^-,-a; : ill taw SMBiufs I saTW exaBUDO Qav« uvK ui biiaL'*. JO '.S't -3n.iu.
or NSW SOUTH WALES. 285
120. — CiHPEPHAGA SLOETn, SoUeg.
One speoimen, an adult male, of this beautiful species sent bj B]x>adbent, has the black of the throat extending well over the ohest, and the yellow of the sides of the nape extends to the of the head. Gk>ldie River.
^21. — Lalagb bupiventris, Homh. et Jacq., Voy. cm Pole, 8ud,,
pi Xly fig. 1.
X^ all the specimens of this Ldlage I have seen from Port -^^c>xresby, the flanks, abdomen, and under tail -coverts have been ®ti:*c>iigly tinged with rusty rufous ; the transverse bars on the surface are narrow and close together ; the bills vary in size, Some 0*05 longer than in others.
MELIPHAGID^.
. — Mtzomela obscura, Oould, Bds. Amt, fol. Vol, IF, pi. 67.
. — CONOPOPHILA ALBOGULABIS, Gould. Bds. Aust, fol. Vol. Jpl. 61.
fioth species are found abundant in the Port Moresby district, ^^ the banks of the Laloki ; the young of the latter species re- ^^ixible the adult, have the under surface white, with a dull "'X>^wnish band across the chest
. — Stigmatops alboaubicularis, Ramsay. P.L.8. of N.8.W.,
vol. IIL, p. 76.
^r. Kendal Broadbent obtained this very distinct species ^^iiring a trip to the south-east end of the peninsula. It was 'Oixnd frequenting the mangroves and trees near the sea shore on ^ Small island off " Hater " Island. It is easily distinguished *'X>jai the two Australian species by the extent of the minute ^^v-ery feathers behind the eye and near the gape.
. — Ptilotis gbbmana, Bamsa/y, P.L.8. of N.8.W., vol. IIL,
pt, 1, jp. 2.
I have only seen three specimens of this species from Port ^^oresby, but I believe it is also found on the islands in Torres ^tiraits. They were obtained on the Laloki River at a con- siderable distance inland.
2M IBM FBOCBSDIMOi OF THI LIirKXAS BOOIETT
126. — Ptilotib AKiLoaA, RkH.
Ptilotis similiB, Jaeq. et Pitcher, Voy. ait Pole. Sud. Ois. p. 89- Ptilotis Dotata, Owdd ; Ptilotia gracilis, Gould. This species Beeme to be very onmerons on the Bootb coast of New Guinea, and also on the ialandB of Torres Straits. Speci- mens from Australia, obtained as far south as Rockingham Bay and tbe Herbert River, do not differ materially in coloration from the New Guinea apecimena. Among themselves they differ con- siderably in size and in the extent of the back feathers, which in Bome form a large tuft of fluffy feathers extending over half of the upper tail-coverts; in one of the Port Moresby examples, these feathers bavo stiff shafts, reach to tbe tips of the secondarieB, and are !■+ inches in length. In tbta speci- men, the narrow lino of yellow from tbe angle of tbe month is continued below the eye and joins the ear-coverts Immedi- ately behind the eye, and on the lores, and in a narrow line below the gape, the coloring is of a darker brown, the bill is Btraigbter and not so large in proportion to the size of the bird, as is usual with Ptilotit similis, or P. iwlata, of Oonld, which I believe in identical with tbe present species.
Total length of a Port Moresby apecimea, 6'5 ; wing, 3'2 ; tail, 3 ; tarsus, 0'9 ; bill from forehead, 07 ; from gape, 0'7, 12?. — EMtlotis versicolor, Gould. Bds. Auei. Handbook, I., p. 506; Bameaij, P.L.S., N.S.W., III., p. 111. One specimen only from tbe Laloki River.
128. — XaHTHOTIS FILIOERA, Govld.
Tbe bird I have, with some doubt, assigned to this apecies,
differs from X. flige^a, of Gould, in having no whitish lines on
the nape, and the yellow line through the ear-coverts is of a much
deeper tint.
129. — Gliciphu.a sdbfasciata, Bameay, P.Z.S., 1868, p. 385;
Gould, Bds. New Gain., fol. vol. I, pi.
Mort«D obtained specimens of this species from the Laloki
River scrubs ; they differ slightly fronj the type specimens
figured by Mr. Gould, and may hereafter prove identical with 0.
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 287
ffiodesia of Dr. G. B. Gray ; it has, however, no markings on the flanks, and the indistinct curved markings are confined to the sides of the chest and breast.
130. — TrOPIDORHTNCHUS NOViB-GUINBiB, S. Mull
This is one of the most common birds about Port Moresby, traversing the district in flocks of from ten to twenty in number ; feeding in the fruit trees and frequenting also those in flower, paHacularly the Erythrina, or " coral " trees. Like the New South W'ales T, comieulaius, they proved themselves a noisy and pugna- cious species.
131.— Melithreptus albogulaeis, Oould. Hcmdbook Bds. Auat J. j9., 571 ; Ramsay y List Aust Bds,, sp, 394
This widely-distributed species appears to be plentiful among the scrubs on the Laloki River ; it frequents various flowering ^en and shrubs. There is not the slightest difference in plumage <^tween the Port Moresby specimens and those I obtained in Queensland. This species was very common to the south-east *^wards Teste Island.
CINNYRID^.
1^2. — CiNNTRis FRENATUS, 8. MulL, Verrhandl. p. 173 (1843) ;
Shelley f Hon. Oinnyr, pi. III, pi.
^'^Udging from the number of specimens obtained, this species ^^st be very plentiful on the south coast and at Port Moresby ; "^ost of those obtained were collected on the banks of the Laloki . ^©r. The nest is an oblong purse-like structure, with an open-
S On the side, the entrance being concealed by a hood. It is
^^pended from the top to the end of some drooping leafy bough
** '^ne, and composed of skeletons of leaves, mosses, spider's
^^, &c., all matted and closely interwoven. The eggs are
^^*^e in number, whitish or pinkish white, with reddish spots
^^^ dots, some sparingly, others thickly blotched. The young
^^^^tnble the females. I have also received specimens of this
2^^^ieB from Duke of York Islands, collected by the Rev. George
'^'Wn. It is found in Australia as far south as Port Denison, ^^^ is common at Trinity Bay and on the Johnstone River.
SBS THt PBOCIEOIKSB OP THB UHHKAII KOivrr
13;i. — CiNNTRis ABPi8i«, Lm»., Fbjf. Oog. 2^ooi. J., p. 676, Wo. 100. pL ZO.Jlg. 1 (1826) ; Shelley, Mon. Cinwr., pi. T.,fig. 2.
Specimens of thia beautiful Son-bird were obtained by Morton on the Laloki River, in habits, and actions it closely re- Bemblog the Australian Sun-bird, 0. frenata, S. Mull ; builds the same kind of neat, and lays two to font eggs, white, with Btnall blackish dots on the larger end.
This species was by no means common. On comparing it with those obtained by the Rev, George Brown at the Dnke of York Islanda,* I find it smaller in all its measorementa, and the males from Port Moresby have a more viclel-piirple tint on the throat ; the wings are browner, but this may be from immaturity ; the tail is shorter, and the bill longer and narrower. From Captain G. E. Shelley's excellent monograph. I take the Port Moresby bird to be G. aspofim, of Lesson ; and those from the Duke of Tork Islands I should take to be 0. asptuioidee, were it not for the lilao purple tinge on the throat ; but the Duke of York birds have mora of a steel-bine tinge than those from Port Moresby, The following are the measurements of a male from •ft«b tocttUty : —
ItakBOfTnk Ton
Total lui^ (nMnDCctnl to tip ot t&il ... 3'T ... 3-7
Cobnen 0-8S ... 09*
BiUfTomfonhMd -86 ... 0-9
Width at nortril (H6«,M2 - 0-13
„ „Bap« )M*,0-a6? ... O-ig
yriBg a-45 ... 2«
Tail l-T ... 1-5
Taima (WS ... 0-6
ZOSTEBOPn>.£.
1S4. — ZosTVBOPS uuramosiws, «p. noa.
A<imU UaJ*. AU tbe npper saH*oe gt«etush yellow, wing^
.tnd tat) dark bmwn. ontwardly margined with groenish yellow:
under wiiif-<Mvi>rts whiv, rinjred with yellow on the shoulders =
innor webs of ihc quills, crivpi *i the tips, white ; all the nude^
■ Siiv* •iMint ihr »h,-if 1 f.fj l>r SiCi-ninn .Irri drOa Aral' Jec St Tor, XIII^S
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 289
surface yellow, brightest on the throat ; abdomen and under tail- ooverts slightlj tinged with greenish yellow on the sides and flanks ; lores yellow, narrow ring ronnd the eye white, bill yellow, tinged with brownish at the tip ; feet olive grey.
. Total length, 4 in. ; wing, 2*5 ; tail, 1'45; tarsus, 07 in. ; bill from forehead, 0*7 in., from gape, 0*75; from nasal groove to tip, 0*4.
Loo. Heath Island — (firoadhent),
PLOOBID^.
135. — ^MuNiA CANiCBPS, Sahod.
Donacola nigriceps (Jwo.), Bamsay, P,L»8.y N.S.W.^ vol I., p 393. In the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N.S.W., above quoted, I described this species as the young of the following — M, ndgriceps. Both are found in the Port Moresby district, frequenting the grassy slopes and ravines; but M, canters is less plentiful and was obtained further inland.
136. — ^DoNAOOLA NIGRICEPS, EamsoAf, P.Z,8. of N.SnW, L 392;
Sharpe op. cit, XIH,, p, 601.
This species is allied to Donacola casta/neothoraXf of Gould, from N.S.W., but it is easily distinguished by the much darker head, and the upper tail-coverts. They were found plentiful all over the district ; but appearing only at times in large floeks, and like many of the Australian species, frequenting the undulating grass lands and borders of the scrubs.
Order OOLXJMBiE.
TRBRONIN^.
137. — ^PniiOPUS GBSTROi, Salvad, and D^Alb.; Arm. Mua. Oiv.
Genov. VII. p. 834 (1875).
One specimen only from Mr. Broadbent's collection. Loc, GK>ldie River.
138.— Ptilopus iozonus, 0. B. Gr., P.Z.8., 1858, i>. 185.
This species was not found plentiful near Port Moresby. " Iris wbite, bill red at base, yellow at tip, legs red,"
V THK LIiniBAN SOCIBTT
139.— Ptilopdb feblatcs, Tmm., PI. Ool. 5S9 (1835). Tiro specimoDB from Mortou'e and Goldie'a collection, and one from Broadbent's, of this fine species were all that were obtained — two adalt males in fell plamage and one yonng, in which the lake spots on the wings were of a much less int-ease tint. In the colouring of the tail and ander corerta they agree more with Plilopui xonttrm of Salvadori (_Prod. Ornith. Papuas, et Molwx., Ami. Mus. Gimic. St. Nat. Genov. IX. (notu.) p. 197),
140.— Ptilopob ooeonulatos, G. B. Gr. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 185. This sptecies appears to be veiy plentifiil. Numbers were ob- tained, both daring Mr. Gcoldie'a first expedition and by Morton and Blandeu during htn second, on the Laloki River, feeding on berries and fruit of the native figtrees.
141. — Ptiiopus PtiLCHiLLOs, T&mm., PI. OoL 564 (1835). Only one specimen of this beantifnl little dove was obtained ; it waa shot about twenty miles inland, near the Laloki Biver. Iris orange, bill yellow, feet purple.
142.— Ptilopds ADEiirriFBONS, 0. B. Qr. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 185. Saload. Ann. Mvs. Omc Oenov. IX., p. 197. This appears to be also a scarce species, only one was obtained by Mr. Goldie.
143. — Ptilopus rivolii, Prevost; Knvp. Pig. II.pl. 57. I believe I am correct in assigning a large collection of white- chested Ptilopi before me to this species ; they agree very well with P, rivolii, from the Duke of York group The rose-parple of the breast is connected with the white chest band, but in some it is absent altogether, or there is visible merely a trace of this color. The white feathers of the cheat are crossed with a curved bar of lemon-yellow near the tip, which gives a decided tint of yellow to the whole band ; this yellow tint is also observable in the Uuke of York specimens, when fresh, but by degrees it fades out. Mr. Goldio's and Broadbent's collection contained a large series, males, females, and young, from Teste Island. The young are of a uniform green, having only the lower part of t^
A
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 291
abdomen, under tail-coverts, and crissmn, yellow ; this wonld seem to separate them from P. prastnorrJums, of Dr. Gray ; but I think this last species is founded only on an immature male of P. rivoUi. P. strophimn of Mr. Gould appears to be much the same in plumage, but larger. The rose-purple on the chest is only attained by adult birds, many in the series being without it. I am inclined to look on P. rivolii, P. si/rophium^ and P. prasi- norrhous as mere varieties of one and the same species.
!Ha5. Deboyne Island, Teste Island, Cloudy Bay, Blunden River, &c.
I can find but little, if any, difference between this species and P. helhts, of Sdater— except it be in the extent of red on the front. The yellow of the breast fades out iu dried skins ; the red on the fore part of the head extends to opposite the iris.
Total length, 9 in.; wing, 6*1 in.; tail, 3*1; tarsus, 0.83 j bill, from forehead, 0*9 ; bill, from gape, 1*1,
144. — Ptilopus superbus, Temm, Bamsay, P,Z,8: lS76,p, 114; G(ytild, Handbook Bds. Aust II, p. 108.
Several specimens were obtained by Mr. G oldie during his first and second expedition, and by Mr. K. Broadbent ; they are quite the same as the Queensland specimens.
145.— Megaloprepia poliura, Sahad. Arm, Mus. Oimc., Nat
Eist, Genova XII, (1878), i?. 426. Megaloprepia puella, Bam^8ay, {nee Less,), P. Lin. Soe, N.8. W. I,
p, 394 ; id III, p. 103.
One of the most common species, taking the place of M. {usimtlds and M. magnifiea, and differing frt)m M. puella, of Lesson, in having the tail below grey.
146. — Oarpophaga mulleri, Temm., PI. Col, 666 (1835).
This fine species appears to be plentiful, the collection containg many specimens. The sexes are alike in plumage, and travel about in pairs, feeding on various berries and wild fruits.
147. — Cabpophaga zobj:. Less., Voy, Coq. Zool, Atlas, pi 39 (1826).
This appears to be a rare species, as only one or two were ob- tained during the expedition ; " iris white, bill black, feet
paiple-red " (K. B.i ; lalteri/ BnMdbent obtained ■Bens hr inland on tbe iMxiDtaiB rangea. l*B.—CuaoFmi6A nxu, Q«oy. awl Gaim. Fag. dt rVim. g^ f. MS, pL 28(1^4.). This &M pigOOB proved to be one of tike aunt plentifal; ^j- w«ra fbood ■cnrii*iii(; in flocks of eight lo t«n were often band ft^^i^g in the nafire fig ti«es i Jf. tpSorrlKM snd P. eprtHHiialw.
149. — CAiroFHieA vis-inmi, Com., Proc Aeai. IlmLid, JBSt, P.S20.
A krga mmber of this specin mem obtained on tlw miilli i^ end of tibe island, oa Detwrne Island, snd at BnunUe Haran.
I find DO diffiarencw between tbenennd thoae {ram tbe Dnb <rf York Islands.
150.— Cafioraaas (ffloUMn) PAcmaL, Om.; Sabndori. JS. •idia SmIs Aeoad, &. di 2bnno X/27; 21, Omum (1879).
, agl'mlug weD willi Dr. SalTadorTs deeoip-
lee. Teste Island, Sontb East Cai>e, &e, (GeUto, Bnaibad, BUmin) 151.— CuroFHAfiA KcnoAsiKR, Q, H Ooim^ Vof. AakvL f. 24^
fi. 27, (1S90). C.Ta&Ye)atii3,Sakad.,Anm.M<u.Gwv:.Ji St. SiBtOt^a^f^i
One spedmeii only obtained bj Broadbou, 4v ndles inland.
The figure in tbe Voyage de rAsbolafae is not good, and witboat the description would be onretx^nBaUe ; tbe ramp and npper tail-oorerts sbonld be of tbe same tint aa tbe ba^ two- thirds of tbe tafl of a rich bronsy pnrple. " Iris, skin rownd tbe eye, and feet red ; legs black.** (K.B.).
152.— MiKiSTiciTOB* 8PILOBBH01, G. B. Or., P.ZJB., 1858, f. 186.
One of the meet common species; found alsoraD oicr Ifce
ifilandi in Torres Straita in immense flocks, whoe, at iD^rt, tbaf
freqaently rooet in the mangroTes in ench Diimbers ss to whit^
OF NEW SOITTH WiXES. 293
tihe tops of the trees. Tbey are fonnd as far south as Port Denison. I believe the species found on New Ireland and Duke of York Islands to be Jlf . luciuosa (or M, hicolor) ; however, it is certainly not the same as that from Australia, which must retain Ghray's name of spUorrhoa. Eggs, two in number — white, oblong. Length 1*8 in.^ breadth 1*25 in. (From E. Broadbent.)
COLUMBID^.
153. — lAKTHiENAS ALBOOULABIS, Bp,
lanthsBnas rawlinsoni, Sharpe ; Nature/ Aug. 17^%, 1876. This beautiful species, first obtained by Messrs. Broadbent and Petterd during Mr. Stone's expedition, seems still to be rare ; it was only met with on one or two occasions. Morton obtained one, and I think a bird in Mr. Goldie's collection may also be referred to this species.
154. — Rbinwaedtxbna rbinwardth, Temm. PI. Ool.y 248 (1825); SaJ/vad. Ann. Mus. Oivic Oenov. vol. 2X., p. 203 (1876-7).
Two specimens, adult male and female, from Broadbent's col- lection, obtained in the mountain scrubs, about forty miles inland firom Port Moresby. '' Iris and sikin round the eye and the base of the bill red, tip of bill black, legs and feet red." (K.B.).
155. — Maoboftgia amboineksis, Lmn. Syst. Nat. J., p. 286, n 38 (1766) ; Sahad. Arm. Mus. Oimc. 8t. Nat Oenov. ZJI, 431.
Found frequenting the more dense parts of the scrubs, on the banks of the Laloki River. I have seen specimens from the Ara (?) Islands, Hall Sound, and the Duke of York Islands.
Family GOURID^.
156. — Geopblu humeralis, Temm. Tram,8. Lmn. 8oc. XIII., p.
128 (1821).
One specimen only obtained.
157. — Gbopblja plaoida, Ghmld. HoMdbh, Bds. Aust. II., p. 145,
Very common everywhere in the more open parts of the oonntry ; usually found in pairs or small troops of four to six in nnmber. I find no difference between the present specimens and iliose from Boddngham Bay.
THB FBOCBKDISQS
158. — Chalcopbaps chrtsochlora, Wagl., 8yst. Av. Columba q:
79 (1827).
Common, in the scrabs ; fonad feeding on the gronnd. The
plumage is of a slightly darker tint than the New South Wales
individuals.
159. — ChaWOPHAPs diEPHANi, Pueher and Jaoq. Voy. an Pole. Sud. Zool. nX, p. 119 (1853). Not common. On comparing the Port Moresby specimens with those obtained by Rev. George Brown on Duke of York Island, I found the former of a much deeper tint both on the back and breast. The young are of a dull blaokiah brown above, the tips of the winga, iving-co verts, and scaputaries margined vrith rufous ; a tinge of rufous on the front and sides of the head ; the under surface is of a slaty grey on the centre of tho chest and abdomen, on the remainder blackish slate color ; the tips of the feathers rufous on the chest.
160. — Chalcophaps jobiensis, Sokleg.
ChaJcophaps margaritte, 8ahad. and D'Alb. Atm. Miis. Oiv. Qen.
VII, p. 836 (1875).
Thia beautiful apeciea appears to be rare both at Port Moresby and elsewhere on the South Coast. Its range also ext«nd9 on to New Ireland and Duke of York Island.
161. — GouRA ALBERTisi, Sohad. Aili. R. Ac. 8c. Tor. IX., p. 680. (. ril (1876).
During Morton's stay at the Laloki River this magnificent bird was found frequenting the scrubs on the banks of the river in immense nambers, sometimes flocks of from ten to thirty in number were met with. They frequent the ground nnder the native figtrees, and other berry-bearing trees and shrubs, feeding on the fruits knocked down while other species of pigeons and doves are feeding above them ; when disturbed they betake themaelves to the lower branches of some neighbonring tree, from whence they are easily shot. During the heat of the day they prefer the more dense parts of the scrabs, where, perched
OF NBW SOtJTH WALS8. 296
upon some low branches, they may be seen preening and cleaning their feathers. On one occasion a small troop was met with on a dry sandy part of a scrub, dosting themselves like barn-door fowls in the sand. The crest, which sometimes obtains an ex- panse of 8 to 9 inches, seems to be immovable, always being carried in the same position. Daring September to Dcember, before the severe drought had broken up, the Gourets were so plentiful, that nearly two hundred of these fine pigeons were shot. Like other species of Qowra^ the gizzards of all examined contained one very large pebble, frequently of quartz, the largest obtained being about 1^ inches iu diameter. The natives of Port Moresby prize these pebbles very highly, wearing them suspended round their neck, rolled up in a leaf, as a charm, believing that this insures success in hunting.
Hah, Cloudy Bay, Blunden River, the Laloki and Goldie Rivers, &c*
CALCENADID^.
162. — Cal(BNAs nicobaeica. Linn. Syst. Nat. I, p, 383, n. 27 (1766) SaJ/Dod. Ann, Mus, Owic Oenov. vol, IX, p, 208.
Large numbers of this fine pigeon were obtained on Deboyne Island and the adjacent islands. There is no difierence between these individuals and those obtained by the Rev. George Brown on New Ireland and Duke of York Islands.
GALLING.
MBGAPODID^
163. — Mboapodius du-peeebyi, Less. Scdvadori cund D* Albert, t c. p. 838 ; Bamsay, op. dt. X, p. 394 ; id op. dt III. p.
This is the common species, usually found in the scrubs on the banks of the Laloki River. The mounds resemble those of the Queensland M. tumulus, being heaps of leaves and debris scratched leather to the height of about four feet and about ten feet dia- meter at the base. £)ggs of a rich ocraoeous or pinkish brown, 8*8 m length by 2*06 in breadth.
XW TBI PBOOUBmHAa or thi homsur aocinr
164. — TALBOiltua Fuscraosmia ; SalvadoH, Ann. Mns. Ciw>.
Gewm. IX., p. 334.
Megapodina onvieri, £c»«. BMnsay, F.L.S., N.8.W., I., p. SH,
id. vol J7,p. 112.
This Nem Goioea species is about the aame size aa the Aastra- lian TaUgalla. The eggs are of the same shape and form, and of the aame color as those of all the species of Megapodvis that have come ander my notice. The eggs of the Talegalla proper, are of a pare white, and different in texture from those of the genus Megapodiun.
This species waa by no means plentiful, only a few specimens being secured.
PERDIOID-ffl. 165. — Stnoiccb CBRvnni3, Oould. Bdi. Attsl. Handbook, II., p. 195. Thig species is not uncommon in the graaay islands in tlie Straits, and was also procorod near Port Moresby by Mr. Goldie, Morton, and Broadbent, The eggs are five to seven in number, creamy white, with minute dota of brown. Length 1'2 in., breadth 0-f»S in.
Order GRALL^. IBID^.
166.— NiTMEurus ctahopub, V. ; Gray, HandlUt Birds, III., p. 42. One specimen only obtained to the sonth-east of Port Moresby, at Kerapoona, Hood's Lagoon.
167. — Ndmeniijs droptgialis, Gould. Bda. Aust, fol. VoL VI, pl4S. One specimen from Kerapoona.
CHARADRIID.ffi.
168, — LOBrvANELLUS MILES, Bodd.
Seyeral specimens, some from the Laloki Biver, others from the lagoon, near Boiara.
•na PIKOCSXBIKGS Of THB LIKITSAK 800IBTT 297
169. — Squatorola hslyetioa, L, ; Qray, HcmdUgt of Birds, TLI,
p. 13. One specimen only, from Port Moresby.
170. — ^^GiALins GBOFFEOTi, Wagler, Syst Av, Ohar., 8p. 19.
Two specimens obtained at Kerapoona, or Hood^s Lagoon, near the sea beach.
171. — ^^GiALins HUTiouLA, Linn, Syst Nat i, p. 253.
Several specimens of both sexes,, adults and yonng, in various stages of plumage, shot on the Laloki River. I can find no material difference between these and the European examples of JE, hioHcfida, except in the greater extent of white on the fore- head and on the outer two tail feathers.
SCOLOPACIDiB.
172. — Trinqa 0RA88IR08TRIS, Temm.
Schceniclus magnns, GhuLd. Bds. Avist,f6L Vol. YI.,pl. 33. This species was found abundant on all the low islands in Torres Straits.
One specimen, from Boiara.
173.— Acnns htpoletjcus, L. Gray, HcmdUst Bds,, III, p. 46 ; Gould, Bds. Aust, fol. voL VI, pi, 35.
One specimen, from Teste Island, and one from Boiara.
174. — Gambetta pulveeulbntus, Mull
Tetanus griseopygius, Chuld, BdB, Aust,, fol, vol, VI, pi, 38. One skin only obtained from East Cape.
RALLID^.
175. — Rallina tricolor, G. E, Gray, P.Z,8. 1858. p, 188; Ramsay, P,Z,8,, 1875, jp. 603 ; GhuLd, 8upp, Bds. Aust, foL Vol, I, pi, 78.
One specimen was obtained by Mr. Gk)ldie on the Laloki Biver.
176. — PoRPHYRio MELANOPTERUS, Temm.
^ Red-bills " were found common, both on the banks of the Laloki and onthe shores of a lagoon near the river.
177. — Gallindi* TEtfHBHoaA, OoyJd. I'.Z.S., pt. XIV., p- 20. (1878).
I find the collection oontains a single eiample, which, I believe, is referable to this species ; it was shot on the edge of a small lagoon near the Laloki Birer.
178. — Gallinula EDFiCKiBSA, Qould. Suppl. Bds. Aust. Vol. I. pi 79.
One specimen only obtained.
PARRID^.
179, — Pabsa novs-gdinj:, Ramsay. In lit. tmd Meg. Hotai,
Feb., 1878.
A &ne aeriea of this species, nfaich, 1 believe, haa hitherto been confonnded with Parra gallinacea., Temm.
I transcribe, from my note-book of above date, the following description of this species which was first obtained by Mr. J. H. Shaw, who accompanied Mr. Ooldie, at a lagoon, Qfteen miles inland from Boiara, and about twenty-five miles west of Port Moresby.
Adult Male. Total length, 7 in.; wing, 6 in.; tail, 1-7; tarsus, 2'1; tibia, 3 in. ; hind toe, 1 In. ; its nail, 2-7; expanse of foot and nails, 7 in. ; mid toe, 2-15 ; its nail, 0-9 ; outer toe, 2-35; itsnaU, 0.8; inaer toe, 19; ita nail, 1 in; bill, from the eye, 1'25; from gape, 1 in.; length of comb from nostril to hinder margin, 1'15 ; its width, 0 '65 ; its height, 0-3 (miiry siMi). Color, bright reddish-orange (probably deep reddish fiesh color in living birds). Bill, black at the tip, yellowish-red at the base ; legs and feet, olive green. A small spot at the base of the bill, the crown of the head, nape, and back of the neck, interacapniar region, back, upper tail-coverts, tail, breast, and sides, fianks, nnder wing-coverts, and both the upper and under anrface of the wings, as well as the primaries and the secondaries, deep black ; median wing-coverts and scapularies very dark rich olive-brown, with a slight metallic tinge of greenish and purple gloss. Abdomen and under tail-coverts whit-e ; chin, throat, sides of the head and neck, and the upper part of the chest, white ; along the
OF NEW SOUTH WALS8. 299
sides of the head, and extending over the ear-ooverts and in a narrow line down the side of the neck, separating the black of the apper from the white of the nnder side, is a stripe of a light glossy orange tint, whch extends in a band of the same color across the chest, margining above t^e jet black of the breast. The female is aboat one-fifth larger in size.
Mr. Shaw informs me that this species was rather plentiful at these lagoons, bat, nevertheless, very shy ; and as the water was deep, and abounding in crocodiles, only those which were shot dead near the margin were obtained. They were found walking on the leaves of a species of Nymphea, and in habits closely resemble the Pcurra gallinacea of New South Wales.
The young have the crown of the head rufous as in the New South Wales species.
HERODIONES.
Family ARDEID^.
180. — BuTOBiODES JAVANiCA, Horsf,; Sharpe, Jov/m, Lmn. 8oc. ZooL XIII, p, 320 ; Bamsay, List. Aust Bds. sp, 628 ; Oouldf Handbook Bds, Aust, 11, sp. 561.
A specimen of this bittern was obtained on the Laloki Biver. It does not differ in any way from the Cape York and Queens- land birds of the same species. It was the only one seen during the expedition, but probably the mangrove flats, where this species loves to dwell, were not closely examined. In New South Wales this species is by no means rare ; they are found breeding in the mangroves on the Hunter and Clarence rivers ; and are common in similar situations at the mouth of the Herbert Biver. The nest is a scanty structure of a few dry sticks, placed crosswise on a horizontal bough ; the eggs two to four, occa- sionally five in number, of a beautiful greenish-blue, about the sise or a little smaller than the eggs of the common domestic
fowl*
181. — BoTOROiDBS FLAYicoLLis, Oovld. Bds. austfol. Vol VI, pL 65. One specimen only. Lalold River.
I
900 TBS PBOCBKCItriM OF THJt inritBUf bocixtt
182. — TloBiSOMA HELioaiLA, Less. Voy. Ooq. fl. 44; Sharps, Jmem. Linn. Soe. Zool XIII., p. 321. Mr. Goldie Bncceeded in obtaining three fine specimens of this beautiful bittern during his excuraiona about Port Moresby. In every instance, I am informed, they were found aitting on the thicker branches of large trees overhanging or near to the water.
183. — Ntcticorax caledonicds, Lath. Gould, Eds. Avat Sand- hook, II., sp. 557 ; Ucvmsay, Idsf of Auet. Sds., sp. 624 The Nankeen night-heron is not very plentiful in the Port Moresby district, bnt those specimens obtained are ondonbtedly the same as the New South Wales birds, nor can I find any im- portant differences in those from the Duke of York Islands.
184. — Heeodias qaezetta, Linn. Oould, Bda. AuBt. Handbook II,. Bp. 552. Specimens, which I refer to this species, were observed on the L&Ioki Biver ; but only a few were obtained daring the trip.
185. — Demiboeetta bacea, Gmel. The common white reef heron, plentiful on all the reefs at low water throughout the Straits and South East Coast The Aus- tralian Museum possesses a very fine series of this species in varioas stages of plumage.
186. — Mtctebia austbalis, Gould. Several specimens of this fine bird were observed, bnt were too wary to admit of a near approach.
Order AN8ERB8.
Family AN ATID.^.
187. — Tadorna radjah, Temm.
This fine species of wood duck seems plentiful all along the
Sonth Coast £!ggs obtained from the natives are of a creamy
white. Length, 2 in ; breadth, ]'6 in.
OF KBW SOUTH WALB8. 301
188. — Dbkdeoctgna guttata, Farstm; Sahad. and D^Alh. tc, p. 839 ; Saload. te, p. 49 ; Sha/rpe, tc p. 605, Bamsay^ P.L.S, N.iS.ir.,IZ, p. 395.
This is a common species on all the rivers and lagoons near Poii Moresby. They breed in holes in the trees. The yonng attain the spots on the flanks at an early age, probably after the first montL
189. — Dbndeoctgna vagans, Eyton; Sahad,, op, dt, IX, p, 49 ;
Shoflrpe, op, cit, p. 505.
This species was not found to oe so olentifnl as the pre- oeeding ; habits the same. Loe. Laloki Biver.
190. — ^Anas castanba, Eyton; Eamsay, P,L.8,, N,8,W,, III,, p. 116; Oould, Bds. AusL, fol, , vol, VII, pi. 11.
Tolerably plentiM on sheets of water of any extent, and fonnd at times in the salt water marshes and mangrove flats at low tides.
191. — Anas supbbciliosa, Gm, Gra/y, Hamdlist of B., Til, p, 82;
Sharpe, f.c., p, 605.
Specimens, not in any way diflering from our Australian birds of this species, were obtained on the Laloki River ; also found occasionally on the mangrove flats and at Shaw's Lagoon.
Order GAVIJE.
LARID^.
STERNINiB.
192. — Sterna anglioa, Mont,; Saunders, P,Z,S,, 187, p,
Gelochelidon macrotarsa, Chuld, Bds, Aust, Supp, fol. vol, I, pi.
81 ; Handbook, id, II, sp, 608. One specimen obtained by Mr. Ooldie during his trip to Oou- iance Island.
193 — Sterna bebgeri, Leckt. ; Oould, Bds, Aust, Handbook II, p. 394, «p. 601 ; Bamsay, List Aust, Bds,, sp, 680.
Common throughout the Torres Straits,
308
TBB PBOCBIDHrOB 0
THB USWSilf BOOIXIT
194. — SrEBHA ANa;aTH£TA, Scop. Sterna panayensis, Gould, SandbooJe Bdg. AusL vol, II, p. 411, Odb flpecimen only from Port Moresby.
IM. — Stebkj HEXJlNAnCHKN, Temm.; Saunders, P. Z.S. {1876), p. 661. Not ancommon in Torres Straits and at South Cape.
Order PTGOPODES.
FamOy PODIOIPID^.
196. — PUCICEPS NOVa-eOLLANDia.
ris, Gould; Bds. Avtt. Handbook II, p. 513. Two apecimens only obtained, shot by Morton and Blunden oi
Iho Laloki River. Thee I Lis apeeiea from Ne^
) the only individnala I have a
Order STEG \NOPODES. PELEOANID^-
197, — PELECAHltS CONSPICILLATCS, Tevim.
Seen on several occasions, but none obtained.
198---Pi.OTna NOva;-HOLLANDi,E, Ooitld, Bds. Augt. Himdbook U, gp. 667 ; Bamsay, List Aast. Bds., sp. 732. Several specimens, obtained by Mr. Goldie and Mr. H. Sliaw while encamped at Shaw's Lagoon, fifteen miles inland from " Boiara," a village on the coast, abont twelve miles to the north-west of Port Moresby. I have also scon a specimen from the Laloki River, obtained during Mr, Goldie's first expedition.
199. — PhALACROCOEAX MELANOLBDCnS, Vieill.
Only one specimen obtained, shot about fifteen miles inland from Port Moresby.
A
OF NEW SOUTH M'ALBS. 903
200. — ^Tachtpetes aquila, Lmn,; Gould, EandhooJc Bds. Aust II, p, 499 ; Bwmsay, List Aust. Bds,., sp, 743.
One specimen obtained on the sea coast at Kerapoona, sixty miles east of Port Moresby.
Common thronghont the Straits.
201. — SuLA CTANOPS, Sundevall.
Snla personata, Oould; Handhh. Bds. Aust II, p. 506.
This fine species is far from rare in Torres Straits, and was also met with on many of the small islands towards East Gape.
Species omitted from foregoing List,
202. — BUPETES GOLDIEI, Sp. fWV.
AduU, — Front and crown of the head, fix)m the calmen, the nape and hind neck, and all the npper surface of the body, upper tail- coverts, and two centre tail feathers, and the wings olive brown ; shoulders and upper wing-coverts black, those nearest the scapu- lars brown on the outer webs, primary quills washed with black on the basal portion of their outer webs ; a stripe of black from the nostrils, taking in the lores, eye, and upper part of the ear- 09verts extends to the side of the occiput, but does not extend round the back of the head ; below this a stripe of pure white from the base of the lower mandible to the end of the ear- ooverts ; chin, throat, and chest black, bounded on either side firom the chest downwards, by a stripe of rich chestnut, which widens out on the sides of the breast, and extends in a broad band to the flanks, central part of the breast, and the abdomen white, bounded on either side by a series of lanceolate black marks, which extend from the black of the chest, on either side,^ on to the outer webs of the under tail-coverts, but forming roundish spots in those feathers near the vent ; under tail- ooverts white, with a broad stripe of black on their outer webs ; tail black, except the two centre feathers and the apical portion of the inner webs of the next two on either side, the two outer
feathers (at least) on either aide largely tipped with white; under wing'covertB white, mottled with block, under anrface of the quilia hrown ; bill black ; legs and feet and nails (_ut videtw) light brown.
Total length, about 9 in. ; wing, 4 in. ; tail, 4 in, ; tarsofl, 1-3 in. Bill, from forehead, 1 in. ; from gapo, 1'18 ; from nostril to tip, 0-6.
Loe. — This very distinct and beantifnl species was obtained by Mr, Goldie about sixty miles inland from Port Moresby.
The apeoimen has, unfortunately, been shot Ihroagh the neck and much damaged ; the black from the sides of the head may probably join, behind the white ear-coverts, to the black of the breast, the feathers are wanting in this specimen.
203.— Pleciosrtmcha stictocbph*lus.
Pycnonotus (?) etictocephalae, Sahmd. ; Ann. Mus. Oio. St. Nat.
Gemm. 19, Oct., 18?6-?.
Total length, 9 in ; wing, 4-6 in ; tail, 4-2; tarsaa, 0'95; bill from forehead, 0'9 in, from gape, 1-05, from nostril, 0-6.
Bill bom brown, legs and feet blackish slate color. The whole of the upper part of the bead, occiput and nape, blackish brown, each feather narrow, pointed, and laneolate, with the ex- treme tip white ; sides of the face and ear-coverts dark brown. with a slight glossy tint ; all the upper and under surface of the body, winga, and tail dull brown ; the under wing-coverts and inner webs of the qnills of the winge and tail, on th under anrface, washed with brownish buff; nnder tail-CDreH dall white, with narrow brown shaft stripes ; the shafts of t) tail Feathers above reddish browif. There ie also an indication a whit« stripe from the angle of the month to below the eye, I the throat and neck are in such a bad state that it is impossibh describe these parts correctly.
TjOC, Gloldie River.
204.—- MlOEi:CA ALBOFHONTATA, «p. nov.
A line from the culmen, to the crown of the head, and the put, blackish-brown ; wings and tail blackish-brown, a Uttle li
OF 5BW SOUTH WALB8. 305
brown on the under surface ; shoulders and upper wing*-coverts Uackish; hind neck, interscapular region, scapulars and back very light ashj-white. A white patch at the hase of the bill on either side extends to above the eye, but not beyond it ; on the lores, just in front of the eye, a small spofc of hlackish-brown ; the chin, ear-coverts, throafc, sides of the neck and the whole of the under surface, also under and upper tail-coverts, pure white ; under wing-coverts dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet, black.
Total length, 5 in. ; wing, 8*9 ; tail, 2*5 ; tarsus, 0*65 ; bill, from forehead, 0*6 in. ; from gape, 07 ; from nostril, 0'36 ; width at gape, 0*5.
This well m'l^ked species was discovered by Mr. Ooldie in the scrubs of the Goldie River, at a considerable distance inland.
EXHIBITS
The Hon. W. Macleay, M.L.C, exhibited the fish Amjphisile Komis described by him, and the shell Vimpara Alisoniy described by Mr. Brassier.
N. N. de Mikluho-Maclay exhibited drawings of Melanesian natives, showing the strange effects produced hy Macrodontism.
Mr. T. A. Tenison- Woods displayed a singular instance of a photograph being converted into a negative, and all the lights reversed by an instantaneous application of electrical conditions, the explanation of which is not yet known.
Mr. Brazier exhibited a splendid series of Cylmdrella from the West Indies and South America, also of i^trophia, sent to him by Mr. J. H, Thomson, of Massachussetts, viz., 0. interrupta, ehordcUa, irilcmiellataf producta, vignalensis, Turcasiana, perlata, EUioUi^ Brooksianay HoUandi, scahosa, Blainiana, Ha/nleyana, ducorSf TeneriensiSf semimtda, gracilis, decoUatum, and Strophia Martensi, glamuva, Oycloatoma rudis, and sub-fossil.
IHK PEOCBBDIBas OP THK LrXNElN SOCIRTT
MONDAY, OOTOBEB 28th, 1878, The PreBident, W. J. Stephehs, Esq., M.A., in the
Chail^l
MEUBEKS ELECTED.
W. R. Campbell, Esq., of Trigamon Station, Warialda.
G. H. Rajnor, Esq., of Kings Scliool, Parramatta. The Seoretaiy reported that F. W. Hntton, Esq., Profeasi of Zoology at the Otago Dniversity, had been elected an HZ^ Member. ^^m
_ Froi
H$Voi
a " La Sociote HoUandaise des Sciences a Haarleam."
1. Arehivea, Tom. XIIL, para 1—3.
2. 3 Catalognea of the Netherland Section of the Phil*
delphia Exhibition.
3. Sketch of Public Works in the Netherlanda. n Lb Soc. Entomolgiqae de Belgiqne —
Compto Henda, Serie IL, No. d4i.
FAPEBS READ.
PLAGIOBTOMATA OF THE PACIFIC.
N. DB Mielouho-Macut and Williah Maclbat.
Part L (With S Plates.)
INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTI
William Maclbat, F.L.S, The Sharks and Rays of the Pacific Ocean have, as from time to time, attracted their fall share of the att Naturalists, in so far as the observation and ezaminatioi
J
OF mSW SOUTH WALES. 307
t preserved ipecimens admitted. Bat all who have the Anatomy of Fishes, as indeed of most of the verte- most have ascertained that a trne knowledge of an can only be attained by its examination in a perfectly kte. It is in this view that Baron M.-Maclayhas occnpied ''during his stay here for the benefit of his health, in the ition of his stndy of the Brains of the Sharks and Bays,* 3 of investigation, which, above all others, requires the )f fresh specimens.
) chiefly directing his attention to the Brain, the Baron he same time, made sach notes and illustrations of the
appearance and anatomy of the different species as desirable or necessary to fill up gaps in their history, hare I take in this paper is at the Baron's request, to and describe the species to which his anatomical details and if in doing this, I appear, in some instances, to be ibing species already well known, it is because I have bat even for the most simple specific characters, dried US cannot be relied upon; and I am anxious to take ge of this opportunity to give careful and correct des- 3 from living subjects.
e subject proposed in the heading of this paper is an e one, and the Baron's work will proceed in whatever 1 specimens may be procured for dissection, these papers
appear in any particular order, and consequently, any 1 as to classification, <fec., must be reserved to the last, paper will be limited to the Family of HETEBODONTiDiE, TEACIONTIDJE, of Ounther, Oat, Fish^ Brit. Mus.^ vol. VUI,
nany years it was believed that the only living repre- e of this once numerous family of sharks was the fish known as " The Port Jackson Shark." And though lecies have since been found in other parts of the Pacific, still be looked upon as almost exclusively an Australian The period of their existence in other parts of the world since past.
H. von Miklvho-Maclay Baitiiige zur Vergleichenclur Neurolode der Wirbel- \. 1 and 2. Leipzig, 1870.
THE PBOCXBDIXfla OF THX LIITinUR BDCinT
With the eioeption of a few fiahea of a Ganoid character, which appear in some of the upper SUariaa strata, the Oestraciontg, as they are named by Geologists, are the oldest of kaown Fishes. Tooth and spinea resembling those of the Port Jackson Shark are abnndant in the Des'onian Rocka of Europe, and they are to be traced all through the Carboniferous and Permian Periods. They are found also thi-oughont the whole of the Mesozoic or Secondary series of Rocks, but are most abundant during the Jurassic period. The teeth of another kind of Shark (^ffotidanus) occurs during the same period for the first time. It ia noticeable, as has been observed by Palaeontologists, that the Jurassic Fauna and Flora of Western. Europe were very similar to those of Australia at the present day. Among plants, Cycads and AravcaritB ; among fish, the Ceslracionla ; among mollusca, Tri- gonia, ; and among mammals, Marsupials.
It may be necessary here to gi?e some explanation of our reasons for rejecting the term Gcslracion of Cuvier, which has been extensively used by the most eminent Ichthyologists for many years, and for adopting BUinville'a name of HeUrodontua, aa used by Dumeril, in his Hist, Nat. des Poiss., tome 1, p. 423.
The word Cestracion (from Ke<7Tpa, a pickaxe, and a;^!?, a point), was first used by Kleis, in 1742 (Missus tertios, p. 12), as a name for the hammer-headed shark (to which it seems pro- perly to apply), and is now used by Dumeril (Qist. Sat. des poiss. tome, 1, p. 380) to designate the sharks termed by Curier Zygaetia. Cavier has also (Regm. Anim. 1817, t. 11, p. 129) given the generic name Oettracion, without assigning any reaeoti, to the Port Jackson shark, althongh Blainville (Nonv. BolL des Sciences, p. 121) had a year previously (1816) given to that species the generic name Heterodontiis. It eeems, then, that not only on the ground of priority, but from the meaning of the respective words, Dumeril is right in adoptbg Blainville's nomenclature.
As the family oonsists of one genus only, the characters of the group are given in the description of the genns.
ov nsw soitth walxs. 309
Hetebodontus, BL
Head short, high, with an elevated ridge over each eye. Two dorsal fins, each with a strong spine ; the anterior fin opposite the space between the pectoral and ventral fins, the posterior in advance of the anal. Nostrils and baccal cavity conflaent. Month narrow, inferior, almost terminal. Spiracle small, below and behind the eye. Teeth alike in both jaws, nnmerons, pave- ment like, and convex, those in front small, and more or less tii«caspid, those behind large, and mnch longer than broad.
Hetebodontus Phillipi.
Port Jackson Shark, Phillipps, Voy., p. 283.
TahUga/w of the Sydney Aborigines.
Squdle PhilJd^, Lacep. 1, p. 218.
Squalus PhiUdppi, Bl. Schn., p. 134.
Oestracion PhiUi^, Gnv. Begm. Anim ; Less. Voy. Goq. Zool. 2, p. 79, Poiss. pi. 2 ; MalL and Henle, p. 76. pi. 31 ; Sohleg. Fann. Japon, Poiss., p. 304 ; Striiver, Nov. Act. Acad. Carol. Ijeopold, Nat. Cur. 23, 1864.
Oestracion Philippi, Qnnth. Gat. Brit. Mns. 8, p. 415.
Heterodontus PhUUpi, Blain. Nouv. Boll. Sc. 1816, p. 121 ; Ghay, Catal. Chondropt, p. 65 ; Dam. Elasm, p. 424.
Oestracion Zebra, Gray, Zool. Misc, p. 5 ; Richards, Ichth. Chin., p. 195.
Heterodontus Zebra, Gray, Chondropt. p. 64 ; Bleek. Verb. Bat. Qen. 26, Nien Nalez. Japan, p. 127, and Act. Soc. Sc. Neerl. 1, Amboyna, p* 71.
General form elongate, subcylindrical, tapering gradually from the head. Height of head at the orbit, one-seventh of the total length of the fish ; length of head, from the snout to the first gill opening, one-sixth of the same, and equal to the length of the tail ; profile, from the top of the head to the extremity, nearly straight, the slope being less than an angle of 45^ from the vertical.
The snout is rounded anteriorly, with the mouth and nostrils on the under surface, but nearly terminal. The upper lip occu- pies the whole width of the head, and is much divided. At each
side there ia, first, a lai^ flat lobe, free and notched at the extremity, which overlaps the onter part of the fold of the lower lip; then there is abroad, nearly circular fold, which all hut sarrounda the large auh-elongate nostril, then a broad lobe terminating in a skinny flap, and in the middle, a thin semi- cironlar lip, exposing completely the maaa of teeth on the ontfiide of the symphysia of the mandiblea. The lower lip haa a large elongate fold or flap on each aide, while the centre, as in the npper lip, eJpoaes the front teeth. The jaws are identical in form and dentition. At the Byinphysia they seem narrow, but open oat sufficiently to leave a email more or less oval space between the rami, behind that the rami approach almost to touching, and then gradnally expand and spread outwarda to the hack of the mouth. The teeth ore Bomewhat pavement like, but more or lesa round and oonves, and not flat and angular, as in Myltobatu. The front teeth are rather small, and tranveraely ovate, in 10 rows, and in quite 15 series ; thoae on the inner series roore or less tri-cuspid, acoording to age ; those in use, or which come into contact with the teeth of the opposite jaw, so far worn as only to show ft transverse blant point, and the obsolete ones, on the onteide of the jaw, without trace of armature at all. The teeth on the hinder part of the " rami " are in abont eight rows, and the same number of series, largo, of an oblong shape, smooth, convex surface, spirally disposed, and with the 4tb and 5th series very large, and twice « as long as broad; in yonng specimens the teeth are acutely ~^ pointed.
The snprsrorbital ridges are elevated, are situated on eacbcd side of the top of the head, and are about the same distanc^^^ apart as the anterior angle of the orbit is from the top of tb^j fir^t gill opening ; they can be traced in front for some distano^e towards the snont, in a direction approaching one another, anv^ they terminate behind gradually above the first gill opening.
The eyes are situated on the side of, but close to, the top oc» the head, and immediately below the snpra-orbital ridges; tb^MZ: pupil is horizontal and elliptical, witb the upper surface lesa coii=:^ vex than the lower, and the orbit is large and twice as long a^^
OF NSW SOUTH WALES. 311
The spiracle is small, nearly circular, and abont half the largest diameter of the orbit beneath the posterior margin of the ejft. The gill openings, five in number, are placed at gradually decreasing distances apart; the first is more than twice the length of the fifth. The first dorsal fin takes its rise immedi- ately behind the vertical from the root of the ventrals ; the spine is very strong, blunt, compressed, three-fourths covered with skin, and about one-half the height of the fin to which it is attached ; the fin itself is of a somewhat triangular shape, the anterior edge rather rounded, the summit also rounded, the hinder edge obliquely truncated, and the posterior angle rather pointed and produced. The second dorsal is situated a short distance in advance of the vertical from the anal, and is the exact counterpart of the first dorsal, excepting that it is one- tliird smaller. The caudal fin is rather short and deep, the anfcero-inferior lobe is convex on its anterior edge, about the size of the first dorsal, separated firom the posterior lobe by a pro- foand excavation which is rounded at its base, and with the pos- terior edge of the anterior almost parallel to the anterior edge of tlie posterior lobe ; this last is small, triangular, and separated aJmost to the very extremity of the fin &om the superior lobe by the prolongation of the vertebral portion. In the adult female, the space between the inferior lobes is more open. The extremity of the tail is obliquely truncate.
The anal fin is smaller than the second dorsal, but of much tihe same form ; its apex is distant more than its own length Crom the commencement of the tail. The pectoral fins are very large, eqoal in length to one-fifth and in width to one-seventh of tihe total length of the fish. The ventral fins are nearly square, ond are equidistant between the vertical from the first and cmd second dorsal
The skin is roughly shagreened, and has a slightly seri- ceous lustre. The colour in the fresh specimen is reddish- Inrown above, and yellow with a pinkish tinge beneath. A dark band crosses the inter-orbital space, and extends down the cheeks as far as the plane of the middle of the gill
312 THE PBOCEKDISG* Of THE LHfHKlM WCIBTT
litblo behind the transverse band mentioned above, and extends along the middle of the back to near the first dorsal, when it divides, and forms a band on each side, extending to and on the T«ntral fins. Oa that part of this black band which lies exactly betweea the posterior part of the base of tho first doraal and pectoral tins there is a concaTe carve, and from that point a blaek band extends to the pectoral fin. There is also another block band anterior to this, which extends from the first band in front of tho first dorsal fin, and joins the second band on the pectoral; this band is a little curved (the concavity forwards), and forma with the other bands a small enclosed ligbt-coloared triingiilar apace. Another broad dark band extends along the back from the ba^e of the firs^dorsal, and on escb side of the aeoond dorsal, to the tail. There ia s lateral line along the body and tail, marking rather distinctly the line of demarcation be- tween the dark colour of the back and the light colour of the belly. Both the dorsal fins and the anal are rather light-colonred. «MidaI is darker, and the pectorals and ventrala are blackish and pinktsb below and on the edges. '^»ecimens preserved in spirits, or dried, these markings en disappear, and they are never so vividly marked in adnit specimens &s in the voan^, as will be seen (^ reference to the very joong specimen figured in platee 22 and 23.
The avera^ siae of the irdolt of both aezes ia a little over thwe feet, and they seldom, if ever, attain s length of fonr feet As the relative siae of the diSeaoit parts has been rendered with lh« gTMtast exact&KS in the acxnmpanjing plaiee, along with an ACOUlM snde, I do not think it neoeesaij to give a series of
TV' jiexw searcwh- differ in siae or aaaikiBg. The e^ case is Im^ 4.sis iw^K kins'). MttioaL of a loogh dark brown ooriaceona
i<>w«wv wiih sis Tifv,^;::riMs of a similar material spinlly wound :\'*-,!xd !!, r.vrrj-iEjT a Vcvadiv-dtiice*! fonicai screw. A good figure .^" ;i K ^.tva -.r IV^r.x^iUs Hiss. Xa;. ies Poiss- voL 2, pi, 8, 'is - -X S.;5 5>Ji: i;-,!>.v ■■«? r-.M '.in-::^ i^Kiaa; ihai ii was the
OF KBW SOtTTR ^ALX8. ftl3
This Shark is frequently canght in Port Jackson, and seems to have been fonnd from time to time on yarioas parts of the Australian and New Zealand coasts. It is also stated to have been found in the East Indian Archipelago and Japan ; but there seems to be some reason tp suspect the identity of the Japanese species, if not of the other. Certainly, the figures given as those of the Port Jackson Shark, in the Yoy. of the Coquille, pi. 11, and in Muller and Henle, pi. 31, are so extremely unlike the fish they are intended to represent, as to suggest a doubt of their being the same species ; and the form of the penta-cuspid tooth, figured by the last-named authors, has never, we believe, been seen in any of the Port Jackson adult specimens. The numerous transverse bands on the back, too, in those figures, suggestive of the specific name " zebra," are utterly unknown in the true H, PhUlipi.
But little can be added to the history of this curious Shark. The stomach is generally well filled with fragments of shells, but not so finely comminuted as might be expected from the charac- ter of the teeth, and the bowels are often well charged with cestode worms. It is remarkably tenacious of life, but if we are to believe the accounts of the fishermen, very slow of reproduc- tion— ^never having more than two eggs at a time, and only one brood in the year.
Hbtbeodontus galeatus.
Gunth. Oat Brit, Mus,, Vol. 8, p. 416.
This species has a less elongate appearance that H. PhUlipif bat I cannot find an appreciable difference in the proportionate measurements. I shall confine my descriptions to those points only in which it differs from, that species already so elaborately described.
The head is more rounded in profile. The upper lip has the lateral flap less developed, not overlapping so much the lateral fold of the lower lip. The jaws shorter and deeper, the hinder part of the " rami " of the lower jaw being very deep. The teeth are similar as to number and distribution, but very different in form, the smaller teeth towards the symphysis of the
314 Tsi nocwxpae* or tht Ltsncux socibtt
jam are all acntelj trilofaed (tbe middle casp largest), even tboee tk«t hftre fnlfilled their duty Dfitsid« the jaw remaiii tolerably *cat«, trhOe the side teelfa are very elongate, nitfa an elevated Hdge «Ioag tbe entire length, grooved or Sated on the oaterside. The mpra-orbitftl ridges are short, loach elevated, bend outwards over the eye, approach tovards tbe front, and terminate abruptly bi^hind. The first gill opening is three times the length of the fifth. The spiracle is a little more distant from the eye, and slightly more sclvaDced than in H. PhiUipi. The first dorsal fin commences rather behind the vertical from the root of the pectorala. The second dorsal commeucea behind the ventral, and reaches almost te the vertical from the commencement of the caudal. Tbe spines arc two-thirds the length of the fins, and the fins themselves are relatively of tbe same size as in ff. FliiHfj>i, hat are pointed and fiilniite on the summit. The an tero -inferior lobe of the candal fln is large, vertioally truncate behind, and separated from tbs posterior lobe (which is smaller and triangular) by an acute angle ; the extremity is truncate. Tbe anal fin reaches Dearly te the oommencemont of tbe candal. The other fins are large and shaped as in //. PhiUipi.
The colour in the dried specimen before me is a dull pale brown on the npper parts, and a brownish white beneath. The top of t lui henil Slid aupra-orbit-al ridges from the level of the eyes back- wards are black ; the black patch extends backwards to near tbe tirst dorsal fin, and downwards a litde, tbongb more &int]y, on tbe cheek ; there are also some faint broad black oroBS-baiB along the whole length of tbe back. A light-oolonred lateral line Docms to divide the darker npper from the lighter nndcff portaou, AS in S- PhMipi.
It is probable that the oolonr in tiie fresh apeciinenfl wotild be A serioeoas reddish-brown with tlie black marks mnch mine clearly defined.
Til judjn' bv ihe number of specimens known of this fish it niiiihl W pronounc^il extremely rare. The first recorded is by Or, Ounlh^r (Gftt. Brit. Mns. vol 8, p. 416), and all he saya of lU in Mi^dition to a short specific description, is Ihat it is a female, "..\'i loi-lnw lonp, prcscnlofl by Dr. G, Bennett, from Aostralitk
OF NEW SOUTH WALB8. 316
The only other specimen known is that ironi which the present description is taken. It is staffed, and in the Australian Mnsenm, caaght, I helieve, in Rose Bay, Port Jackson, and pre- sented by E. S. HiU, Esq., of WooUahra. I have, also, in my Mnseam, the jaws and teeth of a specimen which was canght in Broken Bay two years ago, and nnfortnnately not preserved. Bat I think it not at all improbable that the species may not after all be of sach very rare occarrence. The general resem- blance to H. PhiUipi is considerable, and fishermen are generally to from being acate observers of fish which are not of a market- able character.
Hetkeodontus Prancisci.
OestracUm Frcrndsd, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat Sc. Philad., 1854-7, p. 196 ; and V.S. Pac R.R. Exp. Pish, p. 365 ; Ganth. Cat Brit. Mas., voL 8, p. 416.
Qyrapleurodus Francisd Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat Sc. Philad, 1862, p. 490.
Heterodontus Francisi, Dam. Ichthyol. tome 1, p. 426.
I have one specimen of this very distinct species, an adnlt male, 2 feet 6 inches long, from the Bay of Monterey, California. It is represented in plate 26, and is, I believe, now figared for the first tima It is a spirit specimen, and the markings, if any, cannot, of coarse, be represented; bat in other respects, the figores may be trasted, as the specimen is in a good state of preservation and not contorted in any way. I regret that the dentition cannot be shown in the same way as in the other two species, as to do that wonld be to spoil the specimen.
The chief points in which it differs from H. PhUltpi are as follow : — ^The head is proportionally broader and less high ; the profile less steep and more convex ; the sapra-orbital ridges less prominent, almost con tinned to the snont and terminating abraptly behind the eyes ; the teeth in front strongly tricaspid — the middle cusp large and pointed, those on the sides longitu- dinally ridged, bat not as in H. gaJsatus ; in fact, the lateral teeth in this species seem to be intermediate between those of JH. PhiUdpi and galeoiius. The spiracle larger and farther from and more behind the eye ; the first gill opening scarcely twice
Slit TEG PBOCBEDINOB OF THE LINNEAJI f
tlie length of the fifth, and much farther from the second than the distancB between the second and third ; the dorsal spines very strong, and more than half the length of the fins ; the fina them- Belsea more broadly rounded at the apes, and slightly e margin ate behind; the first dorsal fin commences a little in adi^nce of the vertical from the posterior root of the pectoral ; the anal fin readies almost to the candal, in this particular alone, agreeing with E. ^aleatus; the antero-inferior caadal lobe large, and obliqnely trancate at right angles to the anterior edge of the poaterior lobe, which is small and narrowly incised at its lunction with the other ; the pectoral fins very large and rounded at the ape*. The eolonr seema to have been brownish black above, and brownish white beneath ; the scattered black spots on the body and fina mentioned in the descriptions of the fish are not traceable in my specimen.
Hetebodonths Qootl
Oestraeion Quoyi. Freminv. Mag. Zool. 1840, pi. 3; Gnnth. Cat 8, p. 416.
Cestracion pantheriaiie. Valeno. in Voy. Venus, Zool, p. 350, pi. 10, fig. 2.
Heterodonlw Quotfi Dnm. Ichthyol. tome 1, p. 427 ; teeth pi. 3, figa. 16—17.
The figare (pi. 26) is copied from the Mag. Zool. Only one speoimen of this species is known ; it is about 2 feet long, and was taken at the G«llapagos Islands dnriDg the Toya^ of the " Venns." The descriptions given by Dnmeril and Qanther, the only authorities attainable bj me, are short, and leave oat much that it would be desirable to know, each as the form of the candal fin, &c. ; but aafficient w given to shew that the species it most resembles is H. PhQUpi, and that it is quite distinct from that. Aooording to those des- criptions tbe head is proportionally smaller than in H. Phillipi the snout less obtuse ; the first dorsal fin commences well behind the extremity of the base of the pectorals, and has its posterior extremity prolonged over to the vertical from the ventrals ; the second dorsal more distant from the posterior border of the ven-
OF KBW SOUTH WALBfl. 317
trals ; the anal fin does not reach close to the candal ; the spines of the dorsal fins are shorter, and the anterior teeth, figured by Domeril, are acutely tri-cuspid, the centre cusp large and resem- bling those of H, galeatus. The colour is described as being of a reddish-brown on the superior and lateral regions, and on the fins, wifch round black spots irregularly disposed over the whole surface.
We thus find, that out of the vast numbers of Eeterodont sharks which peopled all parts of the globe for myriads of ages, {torn, the first appearance of vertebrate animals on the earth to the present day, but four species remain in existence, or, if my suspicions relative to the Japanese fish be correct, at the most only five, and those are for the most part so rare, and found in such remote and limited localities, as to lead to the belief that, as a race, they are in process of extinction. The history of these extraordinary animals is, however, not more remarkable and instructive than that of many others which geology tells US have existed and passed their allotted period on the earth, and then passed away, seemingly without a causa But what is extraordinary is, that the Evolutionists of the present day should be able to manufacture, out of this constant succession of Life, arguments in favour of their theory. When the Heterodonti first made their appearance, their development seems to have been as advanced as at the present day ; they were preceded by no forms of fishes, except a few Ganoids, from which they could scarcely be evolved, and the first subsequent record of the existence of Sharks was the teeth of Notidanus, a genus having no apparent affinity to Heterodonttu. The traces of these Sharks have been found con- tinuously for a vast succession of geological periods, without any appearance of deviation from the original, or approach to any sub- sequent creation, and the succession of these fossil evidences have been so unbroken and unvarying, that the usual excuse of the Evolutionist when met with a difficulty, '^ That an unexampled gap exists in the continuity of the geological periods," will scarcely avail him in the present instance.
TBS paocBmnraa or tbi uswuv societt
ANATOMICA.L REMARKS.
L
By "S. DE UlKLOHEO-HlCLAT.
" 7%o»e wAoiis eptcifie gift of inelination leads them to " to the purmcil of ttiker hra.w:hss of hiobtgy, at morpho- " loffg, ph]/*iotofft/, embro^olog}/, etc., must hone definite " namtt frr the objects theg ohierve, depict, or degcrihe, " aind ate daptmdent upon the reaearcheg of the s^iiematic " .uwluffisC for tupplying them, and thonid not neglect to " foi* hit covnuel, othertctee -much of their work will lost
■.Aug. 15,1878. Rip. ot flril, Abboc,, ta?3.
Addcesa In Zoologjr. . |
These words of Professor Flower express with perfect correct- I10S3 the principal consideratioa which indaced me, in addition to my work in comparative neiirolo^, to collect, rIbo, anfficient muteriftl for it eyst<>miitic treatise, which shonld serve as a supple- ment to, or oommeotary on the former.
The present work I regard, then, as nothing more than an iUiutrated eaUUogue of the groap of fishes which interest me ^m the standpoint of comparative nenroli^y ; and, since a favonrable itpportnnity preaeuts itself, the appendix or commentary appears iMsfbre the body of the work Cthe oontinnatioa of my " Contriba- l.ions to Comparative Neurology").*
During my travels from 1870 to 1878, 1 have never neglected lo collect materials for my studies on the Inain, and, wherever it waij possible, to carry on investigationa on that snbject. Itut, sinoo the Iwoks necessary for the more exact detei^ni- nation of thi- ohiw(« under investigation were not everywhere Hi iny command. I have always taken ample notes, and above
OF KBW SOUTH WALES. 319
^9 as far as possible, made exact sketches, in order after-
f^ards to identify the species in places where libraries or
•^asenms exist. So, by degrees, a considerable quantity of notes
QQcl drawings have accamulated, and of these, after making a
critical selection, I intend to publish the more important.
Xn order to satisfy all the demands of Systematic Zoology, I
v"eq nested my esteemed friend, the Hon. William Macleay, to take
113. Hand the systematic descriptions, as well as the entire editing
^^ "fclae first section of the work, limiting myself, for my part,
ix^ ^cldition to the descriptions of the plates, to some anatomical
i^^iiiarks. Since our respective points of view do not agree in
^*-^ cases, it is possible that considerable contradictions may
^Pl>ear in the text. But the most faithful, and as far as possible,
^^ Active representation of the observed facts seems to both of us
^ ®^>ie qud non of scientific investigation, so I believe that the
^^^onring of particular parts of the text (provided on that
^^Oount with our respective signatures) due to subjective outlook,
*~^^^^s not run counter to the demands of a scientific co-partnership.
.s exact figures, in addition to their greater clearness, render
Lccessary long descriptions, I have always put great weight
^I^on them ; yet I must state, in accordance with truth, that I
^^^ by no means declare myself satisfied with the accompanying
-'^^l^ographic plates, and have, on that account, determined in
^^I^Hre to have all my sketches (those of the Catalogue of the
^^<^gio8tomata included) reproduced by means of photo-litho-
1?here remains for me, in this case, therefore, no other resource *^«tn to attempt to correct "verbally," in the explanation of the P^^t^es, the most important inaccuracies of the drawings as com- P^J^d with nature.
besides, the Hon. William Macleay, to whom I am very much
^^ebfced for the greater part of the material investigated, I must
***o express my obligations to Mr. B. P. Ramsay, Curator of the
Australian Museum, who has obtained for me material of various
'^ds for my neurological studies, and has also always allowed
^^9 in the most friendly manner, to make use of (to draw, photo-
g^ph, and measure) the collection under his care, which was
380 THB pmocBBDiNoa ot thk linbkaJ" aociKTT
importnnt Tor purposee of comparJsoa. Lastly, I have to t Mr, W. A. Haawell, who bos takon the troable to trauslatt English my Gcrnian mBDnscript.
In writing down these remarks, the incompletetieBB of rSHearcb, in many parts, has often struck me ; questions wb waa not in a position to answer presented thomaelvea on all i Faia would I have filled up these hiati, time, however, t nut permit. I allow myself, then, to publish these imp« rescnrchea, since much that ia new (tbe brain o( H. Pkiltipi* dentition of H, gaUaiug) has been ^ined by this investiga and siuoe, in the second place, I cannot t«ll, ou account o noraiidic mode of life, when and where I shall have the o\ tunity of prosecuting tins work further.
As regards the malerial, which has served for the cairyin of this purt of the work, for the species H. Pkillipi, I bavi no lack of material ; during the now seven months of my st Sydney, I have obtained for investigation, thanks to the assis of iho Hon. William Macleay and Mr E. P. Ramsay, sev eight fVesh speoimemi. No embryos, unfortunately ; tbe yo' animal of this species that I have seen was 225 mm. (8'f in l^uj;lli. Ibe Iir!.-cs,t 1010 mm. (t'33 in.)
For the species H. gal^atut, I bad only on« specimen (be to the Australian Mnsenm) "to look at," as well as s JAwa of this shark in tbe Macleay-Mnseum.
Of the species H. FroMcisi, I have also had only one i " to kiok at " — that preserved in spirit in the Uacleay-M
0\ THE DESrmOS OF THE HETESODC
\. — OkSTiTi.iN OF THE ronKO Hetekodostds Phill
The (■twnliar dental armaiure of the EderodomH.
hem MS it (Joes a characteristic and seemingly isolal
OF NEW SOUTH WALES^ 321
in the series of McumohrancJmy induced me to regard the investi- gation of the dentition of the embryonic stages of that genus as a matter of high interest and importance. XJnfortanatelj, I oonld procure no Heterodontus embryos, but this proved not to be an insuperable obstacle, as the examination in young specimens of as much as 225 mm. (8*9 in.)* in length of the form of the teeth, which differ very markedly from those of the adult, affords us a glimpse into the genealogical connection of this shark with the other Plagiostomata. A glance at the teeth of a young H. PhUUpi (PL 24, fig. 14), magnified about five diameters, is sufficient to establish the great similarity between the dental armature of the young Heterodontus and that of the Notidani**. This preparation (fig 14) shows us further that at this age (225 mm. in length) not more than seventeen series (i.e., vertical rows) are developed in the upper jaw, and thirteen in the lower. In both jaws only three horizontal rows of both series are to be seen, the others come into view after the mucous membrane of the palate has been dissected off. The teeth situated in the very front of the lower jaw have three almost similar pointed cusps, while those situated further back have five points. (Vide fig. 15, PI. 24).***
The teeth of the middle row are more or less symmetrical, and in the posterior (reserve) teeth of this row the central cusp is the largest, while the two outer take the form of inconspicuous tubercles. The teeth of the lateral rows are also longer, in pro- portion to their height, than those of the middle rows. On a closer inspection we see that the two anterior cusps of the lateral teeth are more perpendicular than the others, a feature which is met with in some fossil NoUdarma teeth. (Vide Agassiz Poissons
^ Hr. Madeay believes that this specimen had only emerged from the ^;g one or two
&MJM.
— This eiromnstanoegains greater significance, when we consider that the investigar tkm of the braUi of the Heterodontut leads ns to a similar conclusion in regard to the ooniieotlont between those two genera. The brain of H. PhiUipi stands very near the ftneral ftmdamental form of the vertebrate central nervous system, and as such, resembles tha brain of the Notidani, of the genera AeanthiM and Scymmus. (BeitrSge zur vor l^ekdianden Neurology. I., p. 48.)
*— The difllBrenoe between the teeth of the youns Heterodontut and that of the adult
taM already been noticed by Mtlller and Henle as follows:— " SSUine, in der Mitte,
kMn imd spits, aus <brei bis lUnt von der Basis gegen die Spitzen ausseinandertretenden laekcn gebildet, von denen die mittlere am grOssten ist, die bei alten Thieren abgesch- IMtasInd; (MtUlerund Henle. Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. 1841
76.
foBflilea, to]. Ill, tab. 27, figa. 9 and 11). In the posterior rows of both jaws the cusps of the teefcli are not yet developed.
In the jawB of a 418 mm. (IG-l. in.) long young if. PhiUipi, I found in the apper and lower jaw 20 vertical row of teeth. In the upper jaw, the two posterior rows had the character of the large pavement-like teeth, while in the lower, the three posterior rows shewed this character. In the upper jaw, it was the teeth of the last row that were the largest, on the lower, the second last
The longitudinal ridge waa mnch more prominent in the posterior teeth of this young animal than in older speci- meuB. In the middle row of the upper jaw I have counted six teeth, and five in each of the posterior rows ; in the lower jaw. six teeth in the middle row, and six teeth in each of the posterior rows.
The anterior teeth of the not fully adult Heterodontm (761 mm. long) are distinctly tri-cuspidate (vide fig. 10), while those of the adult became almost pavement-like, with an incoDBpicaons cuap (Sg. 19, A. and B.).
2. — DeBTITIOH op the iDULT HBrERODONXnS Phillipi. Bl.
A. drawing of the charactestic dentition of Seterodoiitua is given with the first description of the so-calk-d "Port Jackson Shiirk."* In different scientific works** there are to be fonnd good figures of the teeth of H. Phillipi, and I would certainly not have been satisfied with so few drawings had I not the intention of writing further on this subject. A few points, not yet decided^ prevent me from publishing my resalts at the present time.
I will confine myself hero to only a few romarks. The nambei- of the teeth, as well as the general form, is, on a cursory glance, almost the same in both jaws, but a closer inspection shows » difference in both those respects between the upper and lower jaws, and also between differont individuals. In one case, I have counted altogether 34 vertical rows in the upper jaw, and 31 in
1, MDOCLXJtXIl,
O^ NEW dOXTTH WALES. 323
Uie lower ; in both jaws it was the fifth row (reckoning from be- hind forwards) that proved to be the row of the largest 'teeth*. In another case there were 33 rows in the apper jaw, and 32 in the lower ; the row containing the largest teeth was the fourth in the npper jaw, and the sixth in the lower.
In an upper jaw of a H, PhilUpi much youuger (smaller) than the two just mentioned, I count 36 rows, the fifth being the row containing the largest teeth. The number of the teeth in the vertical rows are subject to variation; the middle row** of the npper and lower jaws has, in this case, 12 teeth, while the row of the largest teeth contains 5 in the upper jaw, and 6 in the lower. In the upper jaw of the young H, PhilUpi already mentioned, the middle row numbers 14 ; the row of the largest teeth consists of 7. The size of the teeth in proportion to one another seems also to be by no means constant, while in some specimens the length of the largest teeth exceeds that of the teeth next in size by almost one-third ; the largest teeth of another individual scarcely differed perceptibly in size from the others.
I could not ascertain whether all these variations in the num- ber and size of the teeth are dependent on sex and age. The material employed for the above descriptive remarks on the dentition of the adult H, PhUUpi consisted of dried jaws, to which no note of the size and age of the animal had been ap- pended. I have been unable to find time to fill up this hiatus in the subject.
3. — Dentition op Heteeodontds galeatus. Giinth.
If we compare the teeth, in a longitudinal row, in the adult S. PMUipi from the anterior to the posterior members of the aeries, we ^6 that the cusps in the lateral teeth (in the anterior third of the jaw) become blunter and blunter the larger the teeth become, so that it takes the form of an elongated tubercle,
• Dmneril nrs that it is the fourth. (Hist. Nat. des Poissons. Tom. I., p. 137.) Tldi point may Taiy with the age or with the sex of the specimen.
** Since, as la well known, the teeth of the Selachians are independent of the endo- ikelekon. (Vide Qeeenbaur Grundztige der Vergleichenden Anatomic, 2 AnfL Leipdg., 1870, pi 788), a meeiu row of teeth corresponding to the middle line of the body, though ooowoDaUy present, is not always to be found. Dumeril made the same observation. (Lap. 138.)
324 THE PHOCKEDIKOS OF THE LISNBiS aOClETT
which, in the large posterior teeth, is represented by & elightl; elevated longitudinal line.* This longitudinal line is more oi lees diatiactly viaible in H. Phillipi, according to the individaal
Now, if we suppose this median longitadinal line on the pos- terior teeth developed into the form of a cutting edge or crest we obtain aome idea of the ohief pecaliarity of the dentition o! B. galeatui.
The fignres '60 and 31 are accarately drawn, with the aid ol coinpasBea, from a shrivelled, and not quite perfeot pair of jawi preserved (labelled only with the name of the locality — Broker Bay) in the Macleay-Mnaeum.
Afl the jaws are in the meantime preserved in the Mnaeam ai " nnique," I have been unable to nee them to obtain a transrerst section of the large teeth.
The only perfect specimen of H. gaJeatw in Sydney at preseni is one ID the Anstralian Museum, and as it is a stnSed specimen one conld merely see (he snterior teeth, and only with som- trouble get a glimpse of the crest of the posterior teeth. Mr. E P. Ramsay had the kindness (for which I hero espreas my gre titude) at my request to order the jaws to be taken out from t!= stuffed specimen. The stuffed mnseam-speoimen has been in r: wise injur(-d by this, and the mnsenni has thereby acquired valuable anatomioal preparation. Both jaws are in excelled preservation ; and I am thns placed in a position to give a m^ complete description of the teeth** than I conld otherwise ha.'' given.
I do BO chiefly because the form of the teeth of H. gdUaius, fiur u I am aware, has not yet been described.***
• '■ CdU lonffitTidinal," nl Agioli. PidnoBa toallM Lome IIL, p^a sa.
' ' 1 re^r^ ttut J have only recelTed thifl uooiid Jmw ol B, gaUMta iftv all Uw pi* lot ttall piper were prepired, m that I could not uclulige flgUM 30 ind II, which ty' abew ■ put of the Jskb, tor i caai]i1et« dnwiiw of the vett^preMrred prapentioD la ■ Auslmllim MuBeum. Butalthougb flgs. 31 indSS only ihew » stogie horlionul r»W tsoth (the li"!! ffum "hlcli Ihe dri«iiiga were Uken not beln* pmlect), yet they sr**" correct notion of the torm ot the sequence of Uis rows, ind of the nimibar ot the t«B {in B horiiontal row). The curve of the row (Bge. 30 ind 111 ii, however, only approa mutely cornet, ; the preperallon, whioh Berved aa the original of my aketcb, waa io ^^ Bynunetrically ehrivelled up that it permitted me lo copy only the lorm of tbe (eetb "' the arrangement of the rows, and not the ahape of the jawa^
*" In the description ol H. gaUatiit by Dr. GIUiUKr (Catalugue ol. Flihca, viil. f
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 326
As io ^. PhilUpif so in H. galeatus, the general form of the anterior part of the tooth-bearing surface is somewhat broader in the lower jaw than the same section of the apper, and somewhat quadrangular in shape. Figs. 30 and 31 give a pretty good representation of the form of the teeth. The anterior teeth are tri-cuspidate, the middle cusp being the most prominent, as a result of which, the front teeth appear high and narrow. In the antero-lateral teeth, the middle cusp is proportionaUy less elevated than the others ; further back, most notably in the reserve teeth {dents d^attente) of the medio-iateral rows, a principal cusp is no longer to be reoognised, the front pointed cusps being represented by a sharp sinuous ridge, provided with an obscurely dentate upper contour. This ridge is particularly well-developed in the upper jaw, while in the lower it remains always sinuous and thin. The transverse section of one of the large (elongated) teeth of the upper jaw (which, as already mentioned, I was, from lack of material, unable to make) would have a pyramidal form with one side slightly convex, and the other concave, ie., the outer surface of the elongated (lateral) teeth is concave ; the inner convex. The complete jaws in the Australian Museum afford me an opportunity of describing also the numerical characters of the teeth of H. galeaku.
In the upper jaw, I have counted altogether 30 vertical rows of teeth ; the number of teeth in the ant«ro-median rows proved to be 11 (of which, however, the 10th and 11th were worn down) ; the number of the lateral elongated teeth in the penulti- mate vertical row was 9. In the lower jaw I found altogether 26 vertical rows ; in the middle rows I counted 15 teeth* ; there were 10** in the vertical row, containing the largest teeth (the tbird row, counting from behind.)
* Tbe three posterior reserye-teeth of the middle row were displaced, so that possibly ttiii immbar (16) may not be quite correct.
** In this jxm, I have also remarked the two following peculiarities. The postero- rsl rows are una^rmmetaricaJ ;<.«., two teetii on the one side correspond to one on the If we ezanune the teeth of tiiese lateral rows, one after another, from vrithout
Inwards, the three first elongated teeth prove to be normal, with a straight longitudinal ridge ; o» the fourth and fifth reserve teeth, we see a slight curving inwards of the ridge : oo the sixth, the ridge is interrupted, and the base of the tooth is also somewhat incurved •4 the corresponding place. The places of the following reserve-teeth are each occupied by tmo smaller teeth, while we notice this division in the posterior rows, we find, on Uie oUksr hand, in one of the antero-lateral rows, a eoaUicenee of two tricuspidated teeUi. I wfl] not omit in the oontonplated " Monographic Sketch of the Dentition of HeterodorUut," fslBrred to above, to give illustrations and a more thorough description of these pecu- liaritiss.
32fl THB PBOCKBIllIiOS OP THB LINK!
I h«?e alreRdy menlioned that the chief peculiarity of the den- tition of n. galaatvf b the longitudinal ridge on the posterior leeth ; wliinh character, if found in fossil Plagiostomons teeth, would very probably have induced Agassiz to describe them ae bolongiug to a new genua. If disregarding the anterior (tri- ctiapidiit«) and the middle (malti-cuHpidate) toeth, and regarding only the posterior (elongated and ridged), we compare the latter with the fossil Plagiostome teeth (or to speak more correctly, with the Pig of tho Atlas of the Poissoo fosniles of L, Agassiz) we find (on plate 12 of tho 3rd vol. of the Atlas) several figures which have very mneh the appearance of tbe lateral teeth of H. galeatus. These are the difiereut teeth of /"gammodiw linearis, Agass. I must, however, add that this resemblance struck me more from looking at tho illustrations (figs. 9 — 13) than from reading thu text (Tome III., p. 107 and 108.) I beUeve, however, that oat' would be only entitled to oome to a deoisive oonclosion aft«r— ~ oxaminiug the fossils themselves and not merely the drawings o^3 thorn.
4. — DsHTiTios OF Hbteeobontdb FaiHCisi. Oirard. After I had oarofajly examined the form of the teeth of /TZ. Philh'pi and H. iialcahis, it was very interesling to me also tc» investigate those of H. Francisi. Unfortunately, there was at my service only one specimen, which, as a "Museum .specimen," I could examine only from without. The anterior Iceth were perfectly visible, and conid be sketched withoat in- terfering with the specimen. It was otherwise with the impor- (tint posterior teeth, to see which, in detail, a lateral incision of a few inches, from the margin of the gape into the cheeks would have proved very useful. I was obliged, however, to content myself with looking in through the apertnre of the mouth, so that the sketching of the posterior t«eth was rendered a matter iif irrvitt difficnltr. I succeeded, however, in making the accom- jMtiiyiiii: skoich (tig. 37). The form of the teeth in /T. FraJtcisi ivsi'wblos. .Ml iho whole, ihat of a young H. PhiUipi ; the front UH-tli were tri -cuspidate. In the posterior rows of large teeth tlieiv wcvp no loeih so large as are found in many adult
OP NEW SOUTH WALES. 327
specimens of H, PhUUpi, as is shown in figs. 16 and 17 (pi. 24). The posterior teeth of H, Fra/ndsi were all of almost the same size, and shewed a distinct mesial line on their npper surface. The mesial line of some teeth was nodose.
In the npper jaw I found 25 vertical rows of teeth ; in the lower jaw, 23. As regards the number of teeth in the vertical rows, I could not attain to any certainty, as the mouth could not be opened far enough to enable me to count them with precision.*
ON THE EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS OF THE MALE
H. PHIIiLIPL
As I have before me a large number of sketches of these parts, as seen in various species of sharks, in which, in spite of a simi- larity in many points, there are yet considerable variations, it appears to me expedient to postpone giving a comparative resume of these drawings until in proper order, a selection of the sketches in question has been given.
Li the mean time I may observe that the drawings Figs. 20 — 24, pi. 24 — are the more deserving of attention, that they were made &om fresh preparations, the parts being care- fully preserved in situ during the preparation of the transverse and longitudinal sections.**
REMARKS ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
Since a faithful figure, in addition to the considerable saving of time (as well to the author as to the reader), which it is the means of effecting, has the advantage over a lengthy description of being demonstrable to the eye, and gives the reader a better idea of the object. I have, as already observed (page 319), re- garded the illustrations as of primary importance. In order to obtain, as far as possible, correct outlines, which is the most important point, I have had recourse to photography, and to a
* FlgUTM of the anterior-teeth of H. Qiwyi are to be found both in the Magmin d0 Soologie, 1899, and also in Dumeril. (Atlas, pi. 3, figs. 16 and 17.)
** A deecripUon— on the whole correct— of the external sexual parts of the male Fltffiostomata (prqanes eopulateun or appendices eztemes or memoes aecessoires), is to befound in A. DumerU. (Histoure Nat. dee Poissons. Tome I., 1865, pag 283 et seq.^ A fhort dinertation on the significanoe of these organs as " organea deatinfy d une verv- UMe intromimont'* is to be found in the same work. (Pag 240, et seq.)
388 THB PBOCEBDISOS OF THE LIKNBAN SOCIETT
oonrenieut, if Homewhat primitive method. This conBJsted in the preparation of outliiiea of the object laid on paper ; the natural-size sketches, thus obtained, were then rednced by the orthodox method. To the figures prepared from photographs, the respective scales* are annexed, in order to render possible a raagh oatimatfl of the amount of redaction or enlargement, since the method of preparing photographs to scale is yet unknown to
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Lettering Followed Thkodghoot all the Fiooeks (With the Exception of Platb 24). a — Superior oral fold. 6 — -Inferior oral fold. 11 — Esternal orifice of the naaal groove.
m'— C Border of the internal fold of the nasal groove.
V-' — Orifice of the nasal groove in the oral cavity, «p — Spiracle.
PLATES 22 *SD 23. (HETBBODOHnjs Phillipi, B(.) Figs. 1, 2 (pi. 22) 5, 6, 7 (pi. 23).— Young B. PhiUipi, 225 mm. in length drawn from a fresh specimen.
Fig. 1. — Posterior view of the same. The young animal shewed the peculiar marking, somewhat different from that of the adult, very distinctly, as the brownish-black stripes stood ont very markedly on the very transparent skin of the young at this ■tage.
* — Transverse black bar which passes over the head from eye to eye, and loses itaelf on the cheeks. •• — Gharacteristio mark between the dorsal and ventral fins.
Besides the very remarkable marking, the rounded form of the head and the proportionally large tail are peculiar to this stage.
certiln part of the object (cbe part on Uie
OF NBW SOUTH WlXBt. 329
Fig. 2 (pL 22). — ^Ventral surface of the same (from a photo- gpraph). At this age, the male copalatory organs are shorter than the lower border of the ventral fin.
Anal fin.
Fig. 5 (pi. 28). — Lateral view of the same. The figure only shews the external contour, in addition to the marking. The undu- lating contour-line is meant to represent the extent of the rougher parts of the skin, covered with large and prominent bony plates ($euteUai). The anal fin, whose position and length are accurately rendered, has its form rather too diagrammatically represented in the figure, which does not shew that the fin has become some- what shrivelled by the drying, which took place while the drawing was being executed.
Fig. 6 (pi. 23). — A very miserable rendering of a photograph of the head fromhef ore. The outlines, however, are correct.
Fig. 7. (pL 23). — Head of the same animal viewed from before, and to some extent from below. From a photograph, about three times the natural size. Scale applicable only for the anterior part of the mouth (the anterior teeth for instance).
Figs. 3, 4, 8 (pL 23).— Full-grown* H. PhilUpi, of about 795 mm. (31*4 in.) in length. The sketches are from a specimen in the Madeay-Museum, which had been preserved in spirit for a moderate period (2-3 monthsf), to which circumstance is also to be attributed the stifihess of fig. 8. The marking characteristic of the species, however, I have represented as seen in perfectly fresh specimens, since it becomes indistinct only a few hours after death.
Fig. 8 (pL 22). — ^View of the dorsal surface. The dorsal fins are somewhat bent to one side. The eyes are not to be seen, when tibe head is viewed from above, on account of the overhanging eyebrows (vide. fig. 9).
* Tha lugflst fpedmen I have seen in Sydney was a feniale of about 1,232 mm. (48*6 in.) in loicrth. Ab the specimen was a dried and staffed one (by which means tiie riMpe of the head is considerably altered), i^ len|;th in the fresh state was probably crsatsr. Fixun the external point of the one fin to that of the other it measured 602 mm. (lAJdi number also is to be regarded as only approximate).
t I received the first fresh specimen of H, PhiUipi on the twentieth day after my ■Rhral in Sydney ; but could make drawings much earlier from specimens preserved in in qiirit in the ICadeay Museum. As the proportions of the different parts of the body ■• wen as the form of the fins are not much altered by the action of alcohol for a Bodarate tbna on the specimen, I found it unneoessar>' to waste time in making any frssh drawings
Fig. 1 (pi. 22). — Ventral aspect. (The black line, drawn with i.he pen, on the lower part of the body, between the abdomen and the aoDB, and tl)e anal fin is an unma/Mral repreaentation of the slightly depreased mesial line.)
Fig. 8 (pL 23).— Lateral view of the same.
Fig. 9 (pi, 23.)~Head of a young S. FhUKpi, abont 761 mm. (22'1 in.) in length, drawn from a fresh specimea (with the aid of the camera lucida and compasses).
Fig. ll) (pi. 23), — Anterior part of the head of the same young fi-esh specimen viewed from the ventral aspect,
[After looking at fig. 10, compare it with fig. 29 (pi. 25) in order to obtain a correct idea of the nasal grooves with both their orifices.]
Figs. 11, 12, 13 (pi. 23) represent three profile-views of the month of the same (761 mm. or 22-1 in. long) B. PhUlipi.
Fig. 11 (pi. 2-3),— Month closed.
Pig. 12 (pi. 23).— Mouth half open.
Fig. 13 (pi. 23).— Mouth open to its utmost extent.
PLATE 24. Fbterodontcs Phillipi, Bl.
Pigs. 14 and 15. — Teeth of the upper and lower jaws of the young E. PhUlipi, figured on plates 22 and 23 (figs. 1, 2, 8.)
The sketch, of about five times the natural size, was made from a photograph (by which the increase in aiae was effected.) Through the carelessness of the artist who copied the photo- graph, the contours of the teeth are not at all satisfactorily ren- dered. The general form of the teeth and the number of the pointed cusps, however, is correct. The posterior reserve-teeth of both jaws are covered by the oral mucous membrane.
Figs, IG and 17.— Teeth of the upper and lower jawa of an adnlt H. PhilUpi. (The preparation which formed the original of these figures is in the Macleay Museum.)
Fig. 18. ^Anterior teeth of a specimen 761 mm. (22*1 in.) in length, with three distinct cusps. A — those of the upper jaw ; B — those of the lower.
OF NEW SOUTH WAL18. 331
Fig. 19. — Anterior pavement-like teeth of an older specimen. ^ — two teeth of the middle row of the upper jaw ; B — four teeth of the three middle rows of the lower jaw.
Pig. 20 — 24. — Male sexual appendages of an adult H. PhiUipi.
Fig. 20. — Appendage in section from above, from the ventral aspect. The undulating lines indicate the rougher dermal covering, armed with scutes, c and c' — groove ; d — spine on the outer border of the groove ; f — ^fissure leading into a pouch situated on the under side of the appendage.
The dotted lines marked I, II, and III shew the points where the vertical transverse sections (fig. 21) are carried through.
Fig. 21, I. — Vertical transverse section through the base of the appendage and through the ventral fin ; g — cartilage of the appendage and of the fin ; m — muscles of the same ; i — the muscular pouch Q^poche mtisculeuse^^ of Dumeril) opening into the groove and situated on the under surface of the ventral fin.
n. — ^Vertical transverse section through about the middle of the appendage. ; g — cartilage ; m — muscles of the appendage ; o — ^groove (" sillon " of Dumeril).
nL — ^Vertical transverse section through the end of the ap- pendage, below the spine ; c — the groove divided by a thin fold (k) of the mucous membrane ; f — pouch.
Fig. 22, IV. — Longitudinal section through the appendage, to shew all the connections of the groove, with the two pouches, i and f.
(These four were all made and drawn from quite fresh speci- mens.)
Fig. 23. — Male sexual appendages of a larger specimen. The specimen from which the sketch was made lies on the right side the ventral surface directed forwards, with the appendages crossed over one another. (This position of the appendages 1 have noticed in many dying and dead specimens of HBterodonttis.) The right appendage is stretched out along the middle line of the body, the left one hanging below ; it is drawn back by means of three hooks, so that the groove (c and c') is to be seen. The spine (d) is by this means ** thumblike " extended and abducted.
k is a slight longitudinal fold. (N.B. — Fig. 28 as well as fig.
THB PBOCRBDIHOa OF THB LIHllBAtt BOCIXIT
24 is & very wretched rendering of my eketcb, and givee the impreBsiou of having been drawn, not from part of the body of an animal, but from a nooden model ; the oatlinee, howerer, are correct.)
Fig. 24, — Extremity of the appendage viewed from the inner aide, fixed with (he aid of hooks, with the last joint flexed, in order to afford a view of the groove. Owing to the flexed position of the appendage and of the aac or pouch f, which is wide open.
PLATE 26.
HETEBOD0NTC9 0»LI*Tn3, Guntker.
PigB. 25 and 26.— Drawings of the Beierodonius galeaitu from above and from the side from a stnffed specimen in the Australian Mnsenm. In order not to a]ter further the appearance of the animal already considerably distorted by the proceeB of stuffing, I have caused photographs of the animal in question to be copied. Although the whole of the general surface of the akin, with the exception of the ventral portion, is very dark, six transverse bands are visible. The band on the upper surface of the head is the moat distinct. Thottgh the colouring of this dried speaimen may he somewhat different from that of the same animal in the fresh state, yet it is decidedly different from that of ff. FhUlipi*,
Fig. 2?. — Front view of the bead (necessarily very diagram- matic, owing to the condition of the specimen), to shew the two very prominent supra-orbital ridges characteristic of the species.
Fig. 28. — Ventral view of the anterior end of the head (also very diagrammatic) to shew the front teeth (very wretchedly rendered by the artist, but with the number correct.)
Fig. 29. — Ventral view of the anterior end of the head of a H. PhilUpi (from a perfectly fresh specimen). The lower jaw, the labial folds, and the upper jaw are removed, to shew the nasal grooves with their two openings. On the right hand side the part!i are in situ ; on the left, a horizontal section has been made ou a plane passing through botb the external and the buccal narial apertures, displaying the whole course and relations of the groove.
OW HSW SOUTH WALB8. 333
Figs. 30 and 81. — ^Part of the upper and lower jaw of the specimen in the Macleay-MnBenm. The shape of the teeth, and their order cf sequence, is carefully rendered. Cr — longitudinal ridge.
PLATE 26.
HxTERODOHTUS Francisi, GiTord ; and H. Quoti, Be Fremm.
Fig. 82. — Profile of the spirit-specimen in the Macleay Museum. Circa 708 mm. (27.9 in.) in length. In this speci- men there was no characteristic colouring (stripes, hands, or other markings) of any kind to be observed, on which account only the external outlines are given. On the uniformly dark surface the lateral line was, however, to be seen. (Through the carelessnes of the artist the outline, which should separate the lower surface of the body from the ventral line, has been omitted.
Fig. 83. — ^View of the same animal from above.
Fig. 34. — View of the head en face to show the form of the supra-orbital ridges.
Fig. 85. — Half-open mouth in profile, to show the labial folds and the external nasal apertures.
Fig. 36. — Anterior part of the head, regarded from the ven- tral side, to display the arrangement of the nasal groove, the labial folds, and the anterior teeth.
Fig. 87. — Part of the teeth of the same animal in situ, drawn as accurately as possible with the aid of compasses. In the lower jaw the arrangement of the accessory cusps of the lateral tri-cuspidate teeth is noteworthy. The tooth marked * shows the left, that marked ** the right accessory point of the teeth re- markably well developed. (This is a point of importance in determining to which side a tooth may belong).
Fig. 38. — ^Facsimile of the drawing of ffeterodontus Quoyi de Freminville in the Magazine of Zoology, 1840. N.B. — The figure has been reversed to facilitate comparison with the others. The explanation of the figures given by M. le Ghev. de Fremin- rille is as follows : —
"Fig. 1. — Cestracion (Heterodontas) de Qaoji reduit e a tiers do sa grandeur nnturelle.
" 1 (a).- — Sa bonche vne de face,
" 1 (b), — Ses dents externes groBsiea.
" 1 (c). — Sea detits internes groHsies."*
On uii apparently uew epecies of PENaoiN, from Campbell
Island.
By F, W. Hut ION, Professor of Zoology in the Otago University.
EUDTPTKS J-ILHOLI, Bp. noV.
Mala. The wiioie of the upper Burface, sides of the head and throat, blue black ; under sui-f'ace, white. On the lower part of the neck, the dark oolor of the back projects in a rounded salient, so that it is more advanced here than at the upper part of the neck or at the wing. Feathers of the crown, long and narrow j those at the sidea, considerably produced. A narrow band of yellow oomraeaceB a short distance behind tho termination of the cnlmen, passes over the eye, and ends in a long crest ; a patch of black on the base of the hinder margin of the under surface of the winfr, and a median band of the same color at the apex ; lower edge of apex of wing, wliite internally; bill, chestnut brown ; feet, flesh color, with the webs dnaky; tridea, dark brown.
L<;nf,'th, -id inches ; bill to gape, 2 ; cnlmen, 175 ; height, -75 ; grearest. breadth, -35 ; wing, measured straight, 575 ; along the anterior edge, 65; tail, 4-5 nearly; tarsi, 1 ; mid-toe, 1'7 ; claw, ■85 ; hind-toe, 4 ; claw, 15 ; length of longest crest feathers, 2 inches.
This bird was presented to the Otego Musenm by one of the officers of the French War Steamer, " Vire," who obtained it at Campbell Island, in 1874. I have named it in remembrance of Dr. H. Filhol, the accomplished and energetic natnraliet of the French Transit of Venus Expedition, who visited that island in 1874, in Iho "Vire."
6f nbW bovth walks. SMr
In color and in length of crest, this species is intermediate between E, chrysocome and E, chrysolopha ; bnt is easily distin> goished from both by the superciliary yellow streaks commencing behind the termination of the calmen instead of between the termination of the cnlmen and the nostrils, and by the dark color of the back advancing on the sides of the lower neck. From E, chrysocome it is also distinguished by the narrowness of the bill, and the different shape of the black mark on the under surface of the apex of the wing, in which E. JUholi resembles E. chryaoUypha, From the latter species it is also distinguished by its color.
The following is an analysis of the known species of Eudyptes, all of which, except E. dmdemata and E, catarrhactes are in the Otago Museum. I have distinguished those species not found in New Zealand by placing them in brackets.
The specimen of E, chrysolopha is from St. Paul's Island, in the Indian Ocean, and was received from the Paris Museum.
Under surface, black JB, atrata.
Under surface, white Not crested : —
Bill, long E, antipoda.
Bill, short and thick ... E,vitiata.
Crested : —
Front, yellow.
Throat and sides of head, black (E, diademata).
Throat and sides of head, white E, teklegeli.
Front, black.
Yellow bands arising behind the termination of ) x> ^11. j- thecuknen )^E.JUholu
Yellow bands arising in front of the tormina- ) tion of the cnlmen \
Sides of head and throat, dark blue.
Tail and crest, short {E. eatarrhaetei),*
Tail and crest, long E. chrysolopha.
Sides of head and throat, black E. chrysocome.
* B. eatarrhaetes is a doubtful species ; very likely based on a made up bird. (See flnsofa in Ibia, Ser. UL, y. V., p. 113.)
S36 THE F80CEED1HQS OF THE LINKEAn BOCIETT
Notes on a email collection of Birds from tbe New Hebrides, witli a desoription of a aew species of Merula,
By B. P. Raksit, F.Z.S., Ac, Curator of the Australian Maseam.
The Maseutn has lately receired tiro small oollsotions of Birds, in apirits, from the Islands of the New Hebrides gronp, for which we are indebted to Dr. Maokinlay, of H.M.S. " Nymphe," and to the Rev. H. A. Roberteon, now stationed on £]rromanga^ Mf. Robertson's specimens were obtained on the monn tains during a recent inland escnrsion on tbat island. So little reliable information is on record respecting the ornithology of these islands, that any additional authentic not«a on their avifauna will always be acceptable.
1.— CiRCDS woLFFi, OvfTiey, F.Z.8., 1865, p. 823.
Two fine specimens of a Cirom, which I must, for the present, refer to this species, although they do not altogether agree with Mr. Gamey'e description in the " Praceedings " above quoted. I am inclined to believe them to be only varieties of Circus goaldii, Bp.
Loc, Erromasga.
2. — MbRCLA ALBIFEONS. ep. rwv.
Adult male. The whole of the head, neok, and chest, white ; mantle, and all the npper and under surface, dark brown, almost blackish-brown ; under tail-coverte tipped and mesially shaded with whitish ; quille of the wings and tail blackish brown ; tibial feathers yellowish brown ; bill and legs yellow.
Total length, 77 in, fin the flesh, spirit specimen) ; wing, 4 in.; tail, 2'3 ; tarsus, 1'3 ; bill from forehead, 0'S5 ; from gape, 1 in ; from nostril, 06 in.
There are a few white-tipped feathers on the abdomen. The type specimen has been preserved in spirits, and has the head and neck discoluiud, but liome purely white fuathers on tbe chest
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 387
show that these parts were originally white in the adult, while a feather here and there on the head, seems to indicate that in the young bird these parts were of a dull smoky brown.
Hab. Mountainous parts of the island of Eromanga, New Hebrides. Received from the Bev. H. A. Robertson.
The following species have been examined and compared with this new species : —
M. vanicorensis, Q. et Oaim, Samoan Islands.
M. vitiensis, E, L, Layard. Fiji.
M. ruficeps, Bamsay. Fiji.
M. tempesti, B. L. La/ya/rd. Fiji.
M. xanthopus, Forst New Caledonia.
M. pritzbuesi, B, Layard. New Caledonia.
M. poliooephalus, Latham, Norfolk Island.
M. vinitinota, Gould, Lord Howes Island.
It differs from all in having a purely white chest, the head and neck, which are slightly discoloured with the spirits, were, with- out doubt, white also in the living bird. M, tiUetensis, Gm. I have not seen.
8. — Halcyon julls, Heine ; Sharpe Monog, Alced., pi, 86.
Several specimens agreeing well with Mr. R. B. Sharpens description (op. dt), but are somewhat larger in their admeasure- ments ; for a description of the species from TuiuUa in the flesh, see P.L.S. N.S.W., Vol. 11., p. 141, Hah, Havanah Harbour, Vela Harbour, &c.. Dr. Mackinlay, Rev. H. A. Robertson.
4— Mtzomela cabdinalis.
This is probably the species alluded to by Mr. E. L. Layard (Mist 1878, p. 270), but is certainly not M, iomgumolenta^ which species is confined to Australia. Hah. Tamna ; Dr. MachMay.
6.— Gltciphila plavo-tincta, 0. B. Gray. Found throughout the groups ; Tanna, Havanah Harbour, &c.
6. — ^ZosTSBOPS FLAViFBOhS, Gm, ; G. B. Gray; Voy. Owracoay
pi 7, fig. 1..
Hab. Tanna ; Vela Harbour, Dr. MachmUuy ; Eromanga, &o. These specimens agree very well with Dr. Gray's description
338 THH PSOCKKDrKOB OV THI tlFITJUI SOCIBTT
(op. ci<.), bnt the figure there bHowb a dark ring round the white eye-ring, which is not ibond in the skins before me, 7. — ZoSTEBOPa GR18EOH0TA, 0. S. Oray.
There is no differeoce in the plamage of the aexea.
Hab. Eromanga ; Bev. H. A. Robertson.
8. — GEicciLns ciLEpoNicns, Gm.
Two Bpecimens.
Hab. Grotnanga ; Dr. Mackinlay, Etev. H. &. Robertson.
9, — Lalaoe, *p.
F Lalage pacifica, Omelin.
Adult male. Head, back of the neck, wings, baok and ta^S black, with a faint greenish metallic gloss ; rump and upper tailH ooverta, blaish ashy grey ; chin, throat, the lower part of tb^s ear-coverts, under wing-coverts (except the onder margin of tl^^ ahoulders), ths basal half of all the inner webs of all the wii^ qnills, and the whole of the ander anrface of the body and tk=> under tail-coverta, pure white ; tail black, with the outer thr^« feathers on either side largely tipped with white, the fourth qui?/ slightly tipped, and the fifth with a mere indication of white. The margins of the wings on the nnder surface are black, a few feathers at the base of the primaries are margined with white, no white on the first primaiy quilL On the upper surface of the wing, the seoondaries are very narrowly margined with white, the fcapularios and their coverts, largely on both weba; the central wing-coverts white, with black shaft lines, and black tips and margins, forming a broad patch of white aorosB the wing, a little below the base of the secondaries ; all the primary-oovertB black, the greater senes of the secondary-coverts white on both webs at the base, and also slightly tipped with white ; the lores are black, and no white eztonda above the eye ; legs, feet, and bill, black.
Total length of the flesh, ?1 in j wing, 3-3 ; tail, 3-1 ; tarsus, lin. ; bill, from forehead, 07, from gape, 0'8, &om nostril, 0'4.
Hab. Mountains of Eromanga; sent by the Rev. H. A. Robertaon. This is, {>crhaps, the L. ^acifica, Om., of which, unfortunately, I have DO description to compare it with.
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 339
10. — Mtugsa melambsa, G. B. Qray^ Oat Bds. Trop. Islds,
Pad/, jp. 18. Hah. Havanah Harbour, Eromanga, &o. ; Dr. Mackinlay. Males, females, and yonng in spirits, whicli 1 have carefully dissected; the females have rich chestnnt throat, breast, and sides, as described by Dr. Oray, op. dt. Mr. E. L. Layard is probably in error in stating that the female (Ibis. 1878, vol, 11., No. 7, p. 271.) has the throat black. I have invariably fonnd, that wherever the males and females in the genns Myiagra resemble one another, both have the throat chestnnt or white.
11 — Ertthbuea ctanovibbns, Feale, Hah. Eromanga ; Rev. H. A. Robertson.
12. — Trichoolossus massens, Bp. Hah. Eromanga, Havanah Harbonr, Tanna, &c. ; Dr. Mackin- lay, Rev. H. A. Robertson.
13 — Trichoolossus paliiarum, Porat Hah. Havanah Harboar ; Dr. Mackinlay.
14. — Chalgophaps ghrtsoohlora, va/r. Sandwiohensis, Gotdd. Hah. Vela Harbonr ; Dr. Mackinlay.
15. — ^Macroptgu maceinlati, Eamsa/y, P.L.8., N.8.W., vol. 11,
p. 286. Hah. Tanna; Dr. Mackinlay.
16. — Calcehas fbrruginea, Forst. Hah. Havanah Harbonr ; Dr. Mackinlay.
17. — Ptilopus apioalis, Bp. Hob. Havanah Harbonr, Yela Harbonr, Ac. ; Dr. Mackinlay. This is probably the species referred to by Mr. E. L. Layard as P. Greyi (Ibis, 4,ih Ser., vol IL, No. 7, p. 275.)
18. — ^Ptilopus (Ghrtsaena) corriei, Bamsay, P.L.8.t NS.W.,
vol. J., p. 138. Hah. Mallicola, Dr. Corrie ; Yela Harbonr, Dr. Mackinlay.
19. — Carpophaga pacipica, Gm. Hob. Eromanga ; Rev. H. A. Robertson.
940 THE pBocKBMsaa op ihk LiifirKiR bocibtt
DeacripHon of a new species of RHipmuRi, firom Lord Howe'a Island. By E. P. EuiSAT, F.L.S., Ac. BrapiDCBi CSRVTNA. tp. nov. All the apper sarface, doll earthy brown ; the frontal feathen tinged with asby brown at the base, the loree, sides of the head, and ear-covertSj of a siightly darker tint of brown than that of the bead, a line of haS over the eye ; tbraat, whitish ; chest, and all the under sarface, and the onder wing-coverts, light fawn color, a little paler on the nnder tail-coverts ; wings, blackish brown, the secondaries narrowly margined on the outer web with bnff, the scapnlaries rather broadly margined with white and bofT; the coverta of the secondariea and scapolaries distinctly tipped with bnff; tail, blackish brown, lighter on the inner webs, the shafta of all, except the centre two feathers, white on both sides ; the outer feathfira, on either side, margined on both webs, and largely tipped with boi^ white, all the rest, except the centre two, margined on the inner webs with the game tint ; btU, black ; feet and legs, blaickish brown ; bristles, black, ei- twndi"g to beyond the bill Total length, 6 in. ; wing, 3 in. ; taO,S-^; tMm,0-8; bill, &om fbrebead, 0-&, from gape, 0-55. from nostril, 0-22.
(Deicriptitm taken from ttto mounted ipeament; no asr recorded.) Hab. Lord Howe'a Island, collected by Mr. George Masters.
A conveisation ensued in refercDce to the affinities traceable between the faona of New Zealand, Lc»d Howa'a Island, and New Caledonia.
Sir. ilacleay exhibited a beaaciM cotal foand at Green's Point, Watsons Bay. by Mr. J. Brazier.
Mr, Elamsay ex.hibi:yii t'ocr species of Rifle Birds, gave a fketi.'hot'th':' history of eatjh $peci<;s. :uid pointed oat the differences between them.
bif NEW SOUTti WALES. 341
•
PtUorhis paradisea (the N.S.W. Rifle bird) was plentiM in the Clarence, Richmond, and Tweed Districts ; and was found as far north as G-ympie, in Queensland.
Ptilorhis Victoria he met with at Rockingham Bay, and had received specimens from Trinity Bay (Broadbent), and Barnard Island, collected by Alexander Morton.
For the Cape York Rifle Bird, Dr. Gray had proposed the name of CraspedopJiora Alb&rti, and Craspedophora Magnijiea was the well-kDOwn New G-oinea bird. Mr. Ramsay illustrated his remarks by beautifully-preserved skins of males, females, and yonng of all the four species.
MONDAY, 25th NOVEMBER, 1878.
W. J. Stephens, IEIsq., M.A., President, in the Chair.
NEW MEMBER.
The Rev. J. B. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c., formerly ft Corr. Member of the Society, was duly elected.
DONATIONS.
Compte Rendu de la Society Entomologique de Belgique. Serie II., No. 65 ; from the Society.
Quarterly Journal of Conchology ; from the Editor, J. W. Taylor, Esq., Leeds.
PAPEBS BEAD.
On six new species of Annelids, belonging to the
Family Amphinomid^.
By William A. Haswell, M.A., B. Sc, Edin.
1. — .Amphinome nitida, «p. nov.
This species is a little over two inches in length, consisting of aboat forty segments of quadrilateral transverse section, be-
coming narrower anteriorlj ; the decrease in breadtli beginning in front of the fifth setiferooa eegment Poeteriorly, the body tapers away slightly after the sixteenth segment; bat the posterior ei- tremity, thongfa narrower than the middle of the body, is rather blunt than pointed. The camncle is small, depressed, smooth, and somewhat cordiform in shape. From its anterior eitremity arises the median tentacle, which is short and stoat, and (in the spirit-specimen} of a red colonr. The antenns and palpi, which arise from the first somatic segment, are of a similar shape and colonr; the palpi being somewhat shorter than the antenns or tentacle. The prestominra is mesiaUy grooved below, bat not distinctly bilobed. The brancbie, which commence on the third setiferoas segment, sre large and ramose, consisting of abont foor main branches, arising by a common root from the dorsal tabercle behind and internal to the dorsal fascicnlns of setfe. These branches divide and sabdivide — -the ramtficatioos ending finally with namber of slightly dilated jNODBke. The main branches are green in the Gpiiit apecamen, and lite pinnnles oi the same bright red hae w the antenme:. Hie eini, wlitcli are also of a red colour, are somewhat shocf , the ventval aeariea being smaller than the dorsal Tbers an no post-«nal appendages — a wart-!ike process representing them.
The dorsal setts are nearly colourless, long, and fairly no- meroDs. They consist of two distinct kinds :- — one kind stonter and shorter ; somewhat pointed, and possessing two rows of ser- rations ; the other mnch finer and longer, fi«e from serrations^ and having near their extremity a joint or bend, &om which they taper, with a s%ht carve, to a fine distal point. The ventral setn are very much shorter than the dwiial, and osaally only abont fonr in namber in each foot. They are stoat, curved at the distal end, and finely pointed, reeembling, in general form, the corresponding setae in J. riMtr^Ua and A. /Miesii (Baird, Mo- nograph of iho AmpLinomaceBe, Joora. Lin. Soc., vol. X., pi. r\'.), bat having the point m^ich more acme. These setje are dark- coloured, while the dijrsal arv transparent.
This specieci of AHti.'ki,i,-mi is the third described as occoring ou tht Aoatraliau tM»si, tht oi^^r two being A. rjttr<^a, Baird, and A. JuJciini B»iid.
OF FEW SOUTH WALES. 343
Bah. Cape Grenvllle. (Ghevert Ezped.)
2. — Amphinome prjilonga, 8p, nov.
This large species is aboat six inches long and half an inch in breadih, and the body contains forty-six segments, of quadrilateral transverse section. The camncle is very small, and not well- preserved in the specimens. The tentacle, antennas, and palpi are stent, dark-oolonred. and snb-eqnaL The branchisB, which begin on the third setiferoos segment, are blackish, with lighter grey stems, and very bnshy and large.
The dorsal setaa are of two kinds : — those of the one variety are long, and stout, and straight till near the extremity, when ihey begin to taper, and end in a fine point, the terminal taper- ing portion being gently curved ; those of the other variety are shorter, straight, and pointed, and are beset by two rows of minute teeth for some little distance below the apex. The ventral setsB, about a dozen in number in each foot, are long, Btout, and smooth, with a hooked extremity, closely resembling in form the corresponding structure in the preceding species. Hah. Eatow, New Guinea. (Ghevert Exped.)
3. — ^NoTOPYGOS PLAvus, 8p. nov.
This annelid is one inch in length, by two-and-a-half lines in breadth, and consists of thirty segments. It is oval and flattened, sHghtly pointed at both ends ; the posterior extremity being the more acute. The caruncle is elongated and sinuous, extending over five segments. The tentacle is longer than the antennsB ^d palpi. The branchisd, which begin on the fifth setiferous ^menty are small and ramose. The anal appendages are short, ^^bnshaped. The dorsal cirri are stout and short ; the ventral ^Wt the same length, but more slender in form.
1^6 dorsal setaa are of two kinds : — some are short, stout, and
•
BiiQply pointed ; others are longer, and bifurcated at the extre- ^ty; the shorter branch being only about one-fourth of the length of the other, and having a bluntish apex ; while the longer branch is slightly bent outwards from the angle of the fork, and is continued thence to its apex, without further curva-
3fl4 THB PB0CBEDINO9 OF 1
tore, and without aerratioiia. The veotrat setee have all the sams form as the second kind of the dorsal. Both the dorsal and ventral fasciculi are of a golden yellow coloar. Hab. Darnley Island. (Chevert Exped.)
4. — NoTOPYGoa PiRVua, ap. nov.
The length of this species is a little more than half-an-inch, aod its breadth about a qaarter of an inch. Its form is oval and depressed; and the number of segmentB is about twenty-eight. It is characterised especially by the form of the oamncle, which has the appearance of a thick smooth posterior tentacle, its free extremity reaching aa far back as the fifth segment. From the anterior fixed end of the caruocle anses the median tentacle, which is smaller than the antennte, as are also the palpi. The eyes are large and subequal. Two black spoU, close together, on tha under surface of the narrow prcatonium, have the appearance of an accessory pair of eyes. The branchiie, which begin on the third segment, consist on each aegraoiit of a few simple filiform processes, usually seven or eight in number, aris- ing in a transverse row from the dorsal tubercle The dorsal cirri are almost uniform in appearance with these colonrleaa branchial filaments. The anal appendages are short and tulwrole- like.
The dorsal setiferous tubercle is broad transversly, and the setee very numerous ; the ventral setce are fewer, and placed close together. All the aetee, ventral, and dorsal, possess the same form. They are straight, smooth aciculte, bifurcated at the tip ; the shorter branch being less than half the length of the other, straight, and rather blunt ; the longer branch haa a sudden, bend outwards, opposite the apex of the shorter branch, and from that point tapera to the extremity, with a slight curve inwards.
The two species above described are referred provisionally to the genua Nolopygos. This genus contains hitherto only two species — Notopygos cvmitus, Grube, and N. omatus, Grube ; and one of the generic characters given by Kin berg is a slight ser- ration on the inner side of the longer branch of the dorsal setse. This serratioD is entirely absent in the case of the two species I
OF ITEW SOT^fi n'ALlSS. 345
have described. Possibly tbe definition of tbe genus migbt be stretched to admit these new species ; but on the other hand, the second, which I have named Noiopygos 'parvus, may not impro- bably turn out to be the type of a new genus. Hab, Tacking Point. (Ghevert Exped.)
5. — Chloeia Magleayi, sp. nov.
The length of this form is two and-a-half inches, and its breadth three-quarters of an inch, including the setaB of the feet. It is of oral depressed form, pointed at both ends, but more acute posteriorly. The caruncle is attached below to the first two setiferous segments ; but its posterior free extremity pro- jects as far back as the hinder border of the thu*d segment. It consists of a larger central and two smaller lateral longitudinal folds, each coTcred with transverse corrugations. Along the summit of the central fold runs an irregular dark line, continued forwards to the central antenna. The central antenna or tentacle, which arises from the anterior end of the caruncle, is much larger than the antennae proper and palpi ; the antennsB are marked with an irregular longitudinal black stripe ; the palpi are shorter and stouter, and pale in colour. The cephalic segment is large and strongly bilobed inferiorly. On the ventral surface of the second setiferous segment, just in front of each angle of the mouth, is a large black spot on each side, and one or two smaller ones. The first two pairs of feet have each a black spot on their anterior surface ; in tbe third pair, this becomes a black line crossing the foot from without inwards ; im- mediately behind which, in the fourth and succeeding segments, appears a second and shorter line crossing the ventral tubercle in the same direction. The branchisB, which begin on the fourt}i somatic segment, arise from the dorsal surface of the segments, internal to the dorsal bundle of setaB ; they are very large and finely pinnatifid; the stout main stem being black, and the branches pale.
There is no such marked pattern on tbe dorsal surface of the body as in Ohloda pulchella and G. flava ; there is, however, one indistinct, broad, oblique, dark band internal to the branchiaa ;
r THB LINMBAH ^OCIKTT
and in the centre, two obscare dajrk spotB, one behind the other.
The dorsal oirri are long aad slender, with an irregnlar longi- tudinal black stripe; the ventral are Bomewhat ghorter and colourless. The anal appendages are large, stout, cylindrical, and coloorlesB.
The dorsal settB are straight, and very long and stoat. They are moderately blunt, and serrated near the apex ; the serrationB being between foarteon and twenty-one in number, and harpoon shaped. Tbe ventral aotte are not so nnmerons as the dorsal ; are very long, about equalling the dorsal in this respect, and are much more slender than the latter. They are bifurcated at the tip ; the smaller branch being esoeedingly short.
Hub. Gape Sidniouth. (Ohevert; Ezped.)
6. — EUPaBOSINB Ua3TBK8II, Sp. ilOV.
Tue oval depressed body is an inch in length, half-an-inch in breadth, and consists of aboat forty segments. The dorsal in- tegument of each segment is marked out into namerous poly- gonal areffi by striae. On the ventral snrface, just in front of the mouth, are two swollen lobes, oonsisting of the dilated oral ends of the two halves of the first somatic segment. On the ventral surface of the preatomium, in front of and between these lobes, is a black spot. The caruncle consists of a central midrib and two crenated lateral bars, between which and the midrib, on each side, is situated a smooth fleshy lobe. Rising from the anterior end of the midrib is a short stumpy process, representing the tentacle, and at its base are the single pair of eyes. The branohife are ramose, and arise by as many as nine or ten distinct roots from almost the entire breadth of the foot. The main trunks divide and subdivide to form deniiroidal masses, the terminal twigs of which are slightly expanded and phylloid. Behind the long slit like anal aperture, situated on the dorsal surface, is a single, Wge, roanded anal appendage.
The setaa are, as is characteristic of the genus, all biforcate. Those of the dorsal tubercles are numerous and free from serra- tions ; the shorter branch is a mere raoth, about one-fourth of the length of the longer, which has a gentle cnrvatare inwards
OF FEW SOUTH WALB8. 347
These inoreaae in length ventrally; the outer setsB, ».«., those nearer the dorsal surface — being very short. The Tentral setas, which are fairly namerons, are of two kinds ; those of the one kind, of varioos lengths, are smooth and bifurcated ; the shorter branch being well deTeloped, of about one-third the length of the longer, which has a strong bend outwards, and terminates in a blunt apex. The others are fewer, and of a very unusual shape. They have a slender stalk of varying length, but always much shorter than the longest of the other variety, and divided by a longitudinal dark line. This stalk bifurcates, the branches being much stouter than the stem, and of somewhat complex form. The shorter branch is somewhat club-shaped, and curved slightly outwards to a blunt apex ; the longer branch is narrower than the other at its base, but expands into an extremity with some- what the form of a bird's head — the " beak " being turned out- wards ; the narrower stalk of this branch — representing the neck of the bird — follows the curvature of the smaller branch ; and both the apposed borders are lined with a series of small ser- rations.
Sab. Damley Island. (Ghevert Exped.)
ESSAY ON THE ICHTHYOLOGY OF PORT JACKSON.
By Count F. de Castblnau.
My intention is to give in this paper a list of all the species of bony fishes (teleoatei) that h&vz up to this day been observed in the great Harbour of Port Jackson, ar.d i.i its immediate vicinity.
I know that this catalogue will be found very incomplete ; it must only be considered as giving, as far as possible, the list of the sorts that have been quoted by authors as having been found at Sydney, and of all those I have, during a stay of nearly two years, been able to collect by daily visits to the fishmongers. Of those I have seen in a fresh state, I give a particular notice and a description of their colours, &c ; this having generally been omitted by travellers ; and most being only known from discoloured specimens in European Museums.
The atudj of Ichthyology is attended with much more dif- ficnlty than that of any other branch of zoology ; not only are the species very aameroDs and often very difficult to distingTiish one from the other, bat they also present difficntiea from their size and mode of preservation ; a small box may contain a large number of inaeots; and it is the same with shells, and to a certain decree, with bird skiua ; fishes, on the contrary, are generally preaeired in liquor; the vases that contain them are large, bolky, easily broken, and very difficult to transport. The mlea of moat of the Australian Unseams do not allow specimens to be removed trom their buildings ; and nhatever may be ihe kindness of tiie curators, they cannot break these rolea. On the other baad. numerous books are reqoired for the study of fishes ; and those are not generally found in the scientific establish ments of tbis countT}'. These reasons explaiii why certain spedes from Sydney oontained in the Ai:istr»liaD Unsenm are not iiu^aded ur described in this pap^.
The Brisbane and Adelaide Maseams hat^ adopted a diff»«iit system, and hare sent me all thnr fishes, and thus their Ich- thyobgieal coUeciioos, Ao., ai« complefiely named, while thoae of the other mnseuBs are the Twy icircfae.
5Ir. W. Mucleay owns a splendid collection of Anstialian zoology, and has most liberally lent me specimens and valuable books. I am also indebted to him for several rectifications in the names of the species.
Mr. Ramsay, of the AnstraUan Mosenm, h»s also done all in bif power to assist roe by lending me any of his own books I had net in my own library.
The species here mentioned as inhabiting Port Jackson, nnmber in-o hondred and nineteen, of which one hundred and thirty have, till now, only been found in Aostrali&n waters, and mgfaty- six extend their habitat to other seas.
Ot'ibout one himilreii and tifty sorts chae have, to my know- Ui.'..;t'- been observeii in Hi>bsou's Bay and its vicinity, only ^■•.■■.■•_v-seveu art- inolmled auit'tcsi; cbotse romul ac Sydney. This - 1 oariou? tiift as ch^fie two localicifs an? so near one another. '. ■■>>.■ tiiuimt thtj localities ot r-ht: s«rts tuund in other regions.
07 KBW SOUTH WALB8. 349
we find that by &r the greatest part are from the Indian and Polynesian seas, and that seme of these enter the Red Sea, that eight or nine extend to Japan, and nine or ten to New Zealand, seventeen to the Atlantic Ocean, and seven or eight to the Enropean seas, most of them to the Mediterranean. It mast, however, be recollected that at least three of these are doubtful, and will require numerous specimens to be closely compared. ^ The fish market of Sydney presents two different aspects ; in winter, it contains only a very few sorts, of dark colour, and almost all the same as those found in the Melbourne sea, and exclusively Australian. In the warm months of the year appear the demzens of the Indian and Pacific oceans, adorned with all the splendid hues that nature seems so apt to lavish on the tropical sorts.
Berycidj:.
Trachichthys Australis, ShoAio,
Beryz affinis, Qwidli, Ncmegai.
? ? ? Monocentris Japonicus, Houthuyn,
Pebcidje.
Lates oolonomm, Chmth, Perch. Enoplosus armatus. White. Old Wife. Serranns Damelii, Ounth. Bock cod.
dispar, Steind. id.
Merra, Bloch, id.
guttatus, 0. V. id,
guttulatus, M(zclec6y. id.
undulato-striatus, Peters, id. Neoanthias Gnntheri, Oast. Plectropoma serratum, 0. F. annulatnm, Chmih.
semicinctum, 0. V. cyanostigma, Gv/nth.
nigro-rubrum, O. V. Priaoanthns macracanthus, 0. V.
Benmebari, Schleg. Diaoopns Bengalensis, Bloch,
F THE UKNBAH SOCIKTT
Apogon faaciatus, White.
Novea-Hollandia), Fa I. ArripU trnttaceua, C. V, Glaaoosoma Borgeri, Uieh,
PntSTIPOlUTtDS.
Therapon Caviflri, Bleek. servDB, BlocK Helot«3 sexlineatns, Quoy. ^ Gaim. Aganor modestos, Oait. rp. n«c
UULUDX.
tJpeneicbtliyB parosos, C. V. Pmt tJtede. Upenoides Tbuningii, a F. fi«l VtiHa. npenens signatns, Gimik.
Ualuuditlijs tri-caqtidatk, Q. f Gau*. £ simplBZ, Bieiiini
^•MiMfAii^iit iexiss^ints:t&. Sink
OF FEW SOUTH WALB8. 361
Gheilodaoiylns gibbosns, Bich,
annularis, Oast 8p. nov. Zeodrins vestitas, Gcut. 8p, nov. Latris ciliaris, Forat
Triolids. Scorpasna cardinalis, Rich, Bed Bock cod, cmenta, Soland, Id,
bynoensis, Bich Id,
Sebastes percoides, Hich, Id.
Phatycephalas fnscns, 0,V. Flat-head,
laBvigatiis, G,V, Id. bassensis, O.V. Id. cirronasos, Gunth. Id. Centropogon robastns, Ounth, Anstralis, White, Pentaroge marmorata, C. V. Fortescue. Trigla Kama, Oa/mot. Qumet. plearacanthica, Bich. Id, polyommata, Bich. Flying gwmet. Lepidotrigla Papilio, O.V. Dactylopterus orientalis, 0. V, Synancidiam horridam, lAm/a. Pterois zebra, O.V.
volitans lAwn.
Tbaghinidj;. Fercis nebnlosa, 0. V,
macolaia, Q. 8f Qami, Whitmg. Sillago C Bassensis, Ovm. V. id,
\ Terr8&-Regin89, Oast, oUm,
Leptoscopas macropygas, Bich,
Aphritis Urvillei, 0, F.*
SCLSNIDJI.
« . C Aqoila ? Lacep. Jew fish. X Antarctica, Oast, olim,
POLTNEMIDJ;.
FOLTNEMUS Indicns, Shaw,
* The BpeoimenB ttom Oliina lielong probably to % dUVBrent ■ort.
t6i> THB psocKEuiKos or THi LtsswAS aociwn
Apogon faaciatos, While,
Now-HollBudue, Val. Arripis trottacens, C F. QUnoosoma Bnrgeri, Rich.
PmsTiPOiUTir^ Therapon Cavieri, Bkeh. servTiB, Bloelt. Helotes seiliceatos. Quay. Sc Gaina. Agenor modestae, Cait. tp. nov.
UpeneichthyB porosos. G. V. Pink cheek. Upeiioides Ylamiii^, 0. V. Bed MuUeL Upenens sigo&tns, Omttk.
Spakid£. Malanichthys tri-cospid&ta, Q. ^- Gaim. Black Fuk.
simplex, Sichard.
zonata, Gunih- Lethriniis gliphodoQ, Ganih.
ehrysostomns, Biek. Pagms miicolor, Q. ^ Gaitti. Seimaf^ef. Chrysopluyfi AostraJis, Gvnih. Bream.
Sarba, ForH. Black frreom. Apharens rosens, Cast. Sp. rtov. Aplodaclylns obecaros, Gast. Sp. nov.
lophodon, Gunih.
SQITUnFINHXS.
Atypichthys strigatiis, Ount\. ChietodoD sexfasciatos, Bieh. NeocbstodoD vittatos, Oatt. ScatophagDS mnltifasciatas, Biek,
Aigua, Linn. Scorpis seqnipinnis, Eich. Suv'^.
ClEKHITIDI.
Chironemaa marinoratas Gantk. Cheilodactylus fuscas, C-if. Sp. iuk.
OF NIW SOUTH WALK. 368
QOBUDM.
Eleotris Anstralis, Qunth. mop^nmda, Bich,
Batrjlcejdm.
Batirachus dnbins, White,
Pedigulati.
Antennarias pinniceps, 0. V.
Gommersonii, (7. V.
Blehnidje.
Cristiceps antineotes, Ounih.
anrantiacns, OaaL 8p. nov,
Macleayi, Oast 8p. nov.
jy . ( fronto, lUoh,
fatoouB [ maculafcus, Gm^*.
Petroscirtes variabilis, Ccmtor.
analifl, 0. F. Sticliariiim dorsale, Qv/nth, Blexmias nnicomis, Oaai, 8p, nov.
Teuthid*. Tenthys Javus, Idnn.
nebolosa, Q. 8f Oaini,
Nakdidji.
. Kuppelia prolongata, Oa«L Blue-fish. Trachinops iaeniatns, Ovmih
Athebinidje.
Atherina pingnis, Laeep, Hwrdy Head. Atherinichthys Jacksomana, Q. 8f Oaim.
MUOILIDJE.
Mngil dobnla, Ghmth Ha/rd-gut nmllet.
Peronii, 0. V. Fan-tail uMillet.
grandis, Oast N. sp. Myxns elongatnSy Ghmth.
Fistulabidj:. Vistolaria, serrata, Ouv.
Heliastes hipsilcpts, Gimli. Ponwcentnis nnifaaei*tns, GmA.
;]
Trochocopaa noicolor, Onnth. Labrichthys gymnogeias, GwUh. Parrol-fiih. Parila, Bkh. irf.
localentoB, Biek, id.
Dtgro-maTgiiiatas, IT. Z>. id. latictarinB, RkA. id.
CoesjpliDS unimacolatna, GutUA, Pig/uh. Tulpioaa, Sich. Gonldii, Uieh. Blue ffroper. Coris lineolata, 0. V. Farrot-fiih. Odaz eemifasciatns, 0- V. id. balteatus, 0. V. id.
obBCoroB, Oatt id.
I-.T .L ( cyaoometas, PitA.
ObBtheropa J trimneiiB ?• Kocieoj. Heteroaoarna Castelnani, Macieay. Gbrkidx. Crerrea ovatnfi, &un<^
subfaaciatiiH, C.V.
Qadida. Lotella callarias, (TuntA.
rubiginoaa, Quuth.
Pledsonectids. Hhomboaolea fleBoides, Gvnth. SoU. Pseudorhombiis Russelii, Oray. Flounder. Kynaptnra qnagga, Kaup,
I. lame huTS the ei- ■potiad Ticb blue,
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 356
Pardaohims payoninns, Lacep. Ammotretns rostrafcos, Ounth, Solea miurocephala. Ghmth,
SiLURIDiB.
Cnidoglanis Megastoma, Bich. Cat-fish, leptams P Ghmth, Bog-fish,
SCOPELID^.
Saarida nebnlosa, 0, V,
Anstralis, Cast, iT, sp,
UDdosqnamis, Rich, Sauras Myops, Bloch, Anlopas porparissatns, Mch, Sarjecmt Baker,
SCOMBBESOCID^.
Hemirhamphns regalaris, Ou/nth, Oa/rfish,
melanochir, CV. id,
C argentens, Bermet, \ breviceps, Cast, olim,
Belone feroz, Chmth, Long Tom,
CLUPEIDiE.
Elops sanrns, lA/nn,
Ghanos salmonens, Bloeh.
Glupea Moluccensis ? Bloch, Sprat.
Sagaz, Jenyns, id,
hypselosoma. id,
Etrumeus Jacksoniensis, Ma^leay.
MuBiBNIDJB.
Ophichthys Serpens, Lmn, MoraBnesox Bagio, Kaup, Sea Eel. Myrophis Anstralis, Cast. N. sp. id, MorsBna silnrea, Richard. id,
afra, Bloch. id.
Conger P labiata. Cast, N, sp. id. Angailla Anstralis, Bich, Eel
Stnonathidj?. Stigmatophora Argus, Bich.
nigra, Kaup.
IM THB PBOCBBDISOB OF TKS LUIHBAK SOCIBTT
SyngnalhiiB tigria, Gait. S. ep. marg&ritifer, Fetert. Phjllopteiyz foliatas, Shaw. Sea-horse. Hippocampus Xovfe-HoUandise, Sleind. id tiisCis. Gasieln.
S CLE BODE RUES.
Balistes Jaoksoniannfl, Q. Sr Qaiin. Lealker-jacket. Monaoantbos Ajrandi, Q. ^ Owim.
oonvexirostria, Gwtdh.
granalatns, While.
megalnrus, BiUh.
tomentosas, Ztnn.
Peronii, Bollard.
penicilligeruB, Ouvier.
bippocrepis, Q. ^ Gaim.
plati&ona, SoUard.
macnJosus, Kteh.
nidis, Bich
sptlomeiaDiinis, Q. ^ Oaim.
presintiB, Cast. i obsonms, Cast (1). i hriuiDPas, CaeL olt'nt. ( Damelii, Gvnth.
OSTEICIONTIW.
OstrkcJon diaphanns, Bloeh. Coffin-fitK
ooacatonatos, BlocK id. ArAoama le&licnUris, BicK. id.
GTlfSOItOKTES.
IVliwltvn immaonlatns., Block. Toad-Jitk. hisj^i.ln*;, B7
J
Bl
id.
h4.\
nuK n( ft-uminu (Pmcsgd. ZooL Soc. of mstaVt. fr^vr. ihe ^Aie nune to AD Qth«r tiff ra. ihf Fifihf! rtf AnsD^li^ Feb^ 1ST6,
name j^' Tvmeh^ tftppiJa Mif, of Niktanl
Ot KXW SOUTH WALB8. 357
Tetrodon hjpselogenion, Ghmth. id.
firmamentum, ScMeg. id.
IsByigatus, Unn, id,
Diodon novemmacolatas, Owv, 8ea-hog or globe,
Hystrix, Linn, id.
Dicotylichthys panctalatas, Kaup.
The following sorts appear to be oonfiiied to Aastraliaii waters: —
Trachichihys Australis. Lates colonoram. Enoplosns armatus. Serranas Damelii
gattulatns. Plectropoma serratnm. annnlatnm. nigrorabram. Apogon fasciatns.
NovfiB-HollaiidiiB. Arripis tmttacens. Glaucosoma Bnrgeri. Helotes sezlineatas. Agenor modestns. Upenens signatns. Melanichtbya tricuspidata.
simplex.
zonata. Pagrns unicolor. Lethrinus chrysostomos. Cbrysophrys Australis. Aplodactylns obscunis.
lophodon. ChaBtodon sexfasciatns. Neocboetodon vittatns. Scatopbagus maltifasciatas. Scorpis adqnipiimis. Cbironemas marmoratus. Cbeilodactylas fuscas.
I6B TKK PBOCKXDIKSB or TWM UHXIAX •OCIKTT
Cheilodactjlas gibbosns. anon [aria. ZeodrinB rest! tag. Scorpsna cardinalia.
bynoeosis. Platycephalos Itevigatna. bassensia. oiiTonafiuB. CentropogOD robostus. A us trails. Tni^la plcuracaatbica. Trigla polyommats. Percia nebulosa. SUlago mac u lata. basBeDsb. LeptoBCopns macro pygua. Aphritis Urvillei.* Polynemus macrocbir. Sphynena Novfe-HoUandue. NeoBphyreeua maltiradiata. Soomber a&tarctioos. AtiziB Ramsey). Seriola hippos, gr&ndia. Traoharos declivis ? ? Pempheris compresBus. Carauz georgianns. Gleotria Austral is. mogumda. Batraohos dubiue. Cristioepa antinecteB.
Macleayi.
HurautiacuB. GlcnniuB unicornis. Patsecus fronto.
OP VtW tOlTTR WALKS. 369
Petroscirtes analis. Stiohariain dorsale. Bappelia prolongata. Trachinops tamiainis. Atherinichthys JacksoniaDa. Mngil Peronii. grandifl. Mjxns elongatns. Heliastes hipsilepis. Pomacentros nnifasoiatus. Parma microlepis.
sqamipinnis. Trochooopns nnicolor. Labrichthys gymnogenis.
Parila.
Incnlenta.
nigromarginata.
laticlaYios. Cossyphus unimacalatus.
vulpinus. Coris lineolata. Odax balteatns. obsoams. Olistherops cyanomelas. Heteroscaros Castelnani. Qerres ovatos.
subfasciatas. Lotella callarias.
rabiginosa. Bhombosolea flesoides. Fseadorhombus Bossellii. Ammotretus rostratns. Solea microoephala. Cnidoglanis megastoma.
lepturus. Saurida Australia.
undosqaamis.
160 THE PKOCBBDIIIQS DF THX UMVKtX SOCim
Anlopos parpurissatna Hemirfa&mphaB pegnlaria. argent«uB. Belone ferox. Clapea hypaeloeoma. Etrnmeos JBCkeonieaBia. Mjropbis AnBtralis. Mnrsena silnrea. Conger ? labiate. An^illa Aostralis. Stigmatophora nigra. S^gnathoa tigris.
margaritifer. Phyllopteryx foliatoa, Hippooampns NoTee-HallanduB. Balistes Jacksoniacus. MonacanthuB Ayraadi.
oonvexirostris.
gnwalatna.
megalnnu.
hippocrepis.
platifrooB.
maonlosns.
ndia.
gjnlomelaiinnis.
obocDTiis. Aracana lentdcolanB. Tetrodon amabQis. The species that are also found in other seas thaa the Anstr^fui
??? Monocentris japoaicas. Japan. Beiyx af&nis. N. Zeal. Serranns dispar. Indian Sea.
Merra. Id.
guttatus. Ind- Sea, Folynetia.
OV HBW SOUTH WJUUM. 361
Serranns andiilato-striatiis. Ind.
Neoanthias Ghintheri. Moluccas,
Plectropoma semicinctnm. OhiU,
qyanostigma. Moluccas,
Priacanthns maoraoanthns. Id. Ja^an.
benmebari. Jaj^an.
Diacopns beogalensis. Ind. Polynesia.
Therapon cuyieri. Mdticcas
servos. India.
Upeneiohthys porosns. N. ZeaiUund,
ITpeneoides Vlamiiigu. N. Zeal. Moluccas.
Lethrinns glyphodon. Louisiad,
CHrysophrys sarba. Red §c Ind. Sea.
Aphareus rosens. Moluccas.
Aiypichthys strigatiis. N. Hebrides.
Scatopfaagns argos. India.
Latns ciliaris. N. Zealand.
ScorpoBna craenta. Id.
Sebastes percoides. Id.
Platyoephalos fdscos. Pacific.
Pentaroge marmorata. Timor.
Trigla knmn. N. Zeal.
Lepidotrigla papilio. Indian.
Dactyloptera orientalis. Indian Sea.
Synancidiom horridnm. Ind.
Pterois zebra. Ind.
Pterois volitans. Ind.
Scioena aqnila. AtUmtic, Medit.y Oape 0. Hope.
Polynemns Indicns. Ind. Sea.
Zens faber ? Medit. AtUmt.
Elacate nigra. Antilles^ Ind.j Japam,.
Naucratis duotor. Europe, N. Amer., Madeira, C.G.H.
Echeneis Nauorates. N. ^ S. Amer., Madeira, Ind. , Ohina.
Bemora. Ewrope, Madeira, 0, G. H., Ind., Ohina.
Cybinm Commersonii. Ind.
Thynims Pelarays. AtUm., Ind.
Brama Baii. AUanht, Medit,, C.O.H, ?
Seriola Lalandii. S. Amer.. Japan, C.Q.H 7 nigro-fasciata. Tied ^ luOan Seat.
Traohinotus orataa. AUatU. Ind. Bailloni. lad.
Blepharie ciliaria. Bed Sf Ind. 8ea».
TemnodoD Salt-ator. N. ^ S. Amer., Ind,
Goranz maoroaoma. Molveeas.
Psenes lencoraa. Ind.
Psetttia ar^ntons. Bed ^ Ind. Seas, Polyneiia.
Antennariua pinmceps. Ind.
CoiDinerBoniL Ind., ^oluc
Hiatiophoras gladias. Europe, AUatU.
Petroscirtos variabtlis. Ind.
Tenthys Jams. Ind.
aebiiIos». Polt/nesia.
Atherina pingnie. Ind., Polyneeia.
Hngii dobnla. Polynes.
Fistalaria serrata. Ind. China.
Odax samifasciBtaB. Ind t
STiiaptara qnsgga. Chvaa.
Pardaohims Pavoninos. /nti.
Saorida nebulosa. Ind., FoXyn,
Saoma myops. AntiUeg, Ind., Polyn.
Hemirbamphoa melanocbir. Gh. If. Zeal.
Elope Sanroa. AntiSeg, S. Amer., Ind. Sf Bttd Seat.
ChaDoa aalmoneoa. Bed, Ind., China Sf Padjio Seat.
Clupea molaccensia. Ind., Molne.
aagaz. Japan, Amer. Pae^, N.Z.
Ophiohthya serpena. Medit., Attant,, Japan.
MoroOTieaox Bagio. Ind., Japan.
MartBna a&a. AUatvt., AntiUes, Ind.
Stigmatopbora argns. N. Guinea.
Monacanthua tomentosaa. Ind., ChiiM. penicilligerna. Ind.
Ostraciou diaphanus. Japan, C. G. Bope. concatinattts. China, C. G. Hope.
Tetrodon Inoaria. Ailant. Pacific, iloluceat.
OF KXW SOUTH WALKS. 363
Tetrodon immacnlatiis. Red, Ind, 8f Polynesicm Seas.
hispidns. Bed, Indian Sects,
hypselogenion. Ind, Polynes,
firmamentnm. Japan,
loBYigatus. Atlami (Brazils), Diodon novemmacalatns. Atlant, Pacific, Ind, hystrix. Id, Id, Id,
Dicoiylichthys punctnlatns South Indian Sea,
Of about one hnndred and fifty sorts known as inhabit- ing Hobson's Bay and its immediate vicinity, the following thirty-six only are, to my knowledge, foond in Port Jackson. This number will, of coarse, be modified, but I consider it as very remarkable between two localities only six hundred miles apart: —
Lates Golonomm.*
Enoplosos armatos.
Arripis tmttacens.
Upeneichthys porosos.
Upenens Ylamingii
Melanichthys tricospidata.
simplex, zonata.
Pagros nnicolor.
Chiysophrys Anstralis.
Chironemns marmoratos.
Cheilodactylns gibbosos.
Sebastes percoides.
Flatycephalns fnscns.
bassensis. laevigatas.
Trigla polyommata.
Sillago macalata.
SphyrsBna Novaa-HollandisB.
NeosphyrsBna moltiradiata.
ScisBna Aqaila ?
* Kot found at Melbourne, but brougbt there tn great numben flrom tbe Gippsland Lakes.
Scomber antarctiooB. Zeas faber F Seriols grandis. Garans georgianos. Temuodon Saltator. Mngil grand is. OlUtberops cyanomelas. Anlopua pnrparisaatoB. Hemirhampbas melanoohir. Aagailla AustraliB. Hippooampus triatia. Phjllopteryi foliatna. Uonacanthns Poronii. prasiaue. Tetrodon bispidns.
TuaHICHTETS ACSTRALIS'
Trachlchihyi Aiistralis, Shaw ; Nat. Miscal., pi. 376. Scales, rongb ; tboBS of the lateral line not larger; the ser- rated ventral keel compoaed of ten Bcales; the height of the body contained once and foar-fiftbe in total length, witbont the caudal fin ; upper profile, convex ; the fish almost round nntil the end of the doraal and anal fins ; a very strong and serrated spine on the scapular bone ; head contained twice and three-fourths in the total length to the base of the caudal ; eye, very large, contained a little over twice in the length of the head ; scales, strongly ciliated ; a strong flat spine at the angle of the opercle ; month, rather extensible ; teeth, villifonn, none on the palate ; tower jaw longer than the nppei one ; the snout ia one- third the length of the diamel«r of the orbit ; two bony ridges ran from the orbit to the edge of the pneopercle ; this ia finely denticn]af«d on its lower part ; the lateral line is elevated on !(s posterior half; the upper dorsal is formed of four spines auil twelve rays ; the first of these raya is simple ; the caudal is very strongly forked ; the anal has two spines and ten raya — the first of these equally simple ; the ventres have one spine and eiz rays, the first of which is simple and serrated except at its extremity.
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 365
Entirely of a reddish brown ; caudal black, with a broad white border all round ; dorsal and anal dark, with the base and the anterior part white; pectorals and ventrals reddish, with the spine of the last white.
One single specimen seen on the 19th of September, 1877. It is five and a half inches long.
Bebtx Affinis. Beryv Ajffmis, Ghinther; Catal., vol. L, p. 13.
Cast ; Proceed. Linn. Soc. of N.S.W.,vol.II., p. 225. This fish, known as the Na/negai, is more particularly foond in the warm season, but it sometimes appears in May, July, and August. It is at times very numerous; and by its splendid pink colour attracts notice amongst the generally dark oolonred fish exposed in the Australian markets.
MONOGENTBIS JaPOKICUS.
Monoceniris Jojponicus, Houttuyn ; Act. Harbm., XX., p. 329.
A fine specimen of this sort, preserved in liquor, and given by M. Eitzhardinge, is in the Sydney Museum, and is said to have been found at Port Jackson. No other specimen has ever been seen ; and if this is really Australian, it must have been driven from Japan by one of Nature's great convulsions, and even then it coald not be considered as inhabiting the Australian coast.
1 only mention it here because Mr. GFerard Kreffb includes it in his list of Australian fishes. (Industrial Progress of New South Wales, 1871.)
Lates Colonobuh. ^iet Oohnorumy GKmther ; Ann. Nat. History,! 868, vol XI., p. 114.
Cast. ; Proceed. Zool. Soc. Victor, vol. I., p. 48.
Called in Sydney Perch ; is found in great quantities in the swamps near Newcastle; is commonly brought to the Sydney market in Jane and July. It is also found in the Gippsland
lakes.
Sbbkanus Damelii. ^errcmns DcmieUi ; Gkinther's Ann. and Magas. Nat. Hist., vol.
XVII., p. 891 ; 4th Series, 1876. Black Bock Ood, Bntirely of a purplish black ; generally a black spot on the
I THB LINtTBAir aociETT
base of the tail at the end of the soft dorsal ; extremity of the caudal black, with a white fringe. In some Bpecimens, when fresh, there are faint traces of blue spota ; body, elong'ate ; its height about three times in the total length, without the caadal ; head oontained twice and a half in the same ; canine teeth, very strong ; preopercte, very finely serrated behind ; the central spine of the opercle strong ; body sonlea very small ; doraal formed of eleven apinea — the two first lower than the third, the others becoming rather shorter as they extend backwards ; the soft part rather higher than the spines, of fourteen rays ; caudal rounded ; anal with three spioes, of which the first is shorter, and the others almost equal.
This sort attains two feet in length, and is esteemed for the table.
SeRRANTIS tNDDLATO-STRlATtrS.
Sorranus undulato-gtriatm. Paters, Monateber, Ak. Wiss, Berlin 1866, p. 518.
Body compressed, high, with the head rather pointed ; the greatest height of the body contained twice and a half in the total length without the caudal fiu ; head contained less than twice and a half in the same ; body covei^d with moderate scales ; those on the clioekn and opercteB much smaller ; the prMopercle finely denticulated on its posterior edge, with two or three ranch larger spines at the angles ; dorsal fin with eleven spines and fifteen rays ; the third apine is the longest ; caudal rounded ; anal with three spines and seven rays ; the second spine the strongest. Entirely of a very light oreamy brown ; all over the body nnmerous, rather narrow, more or less obliqne stripes of a reddish browa ; soft dorsal and anal, and also th» caudal fin bordered with very bright yellow ; the other part oF' the fins rather dark ; pectorals yellow.
The specimen is eleven inches long. Neoahthiab.
Seven branch) ostegals ; teeth villiform, without canines in either jaw, hut with an outer line of larger ones in front ; taetfc on the palatine bones and on the tongue ; one dorsal fin with ten spines ; anal fin with three ; opercule with two fiat spines ; pr»o-
OP NXW SOUTH WALKS. 367
perdo finely and eqnally serrated, bat no spines on the lower limbs ; scales large; no deDticalations on the prsBorbital; some of the pectoral rays elongate.
Neoanthias Gunthebi. Body oval, compressed ; its height contained about twice and three-quarters in the total length, without the caudal fin, or nearly three times including this ; head, three times and one- third in the same length ; eye large, contained about four times and-a-half in the length of the head ; this is entirely covered with scales much smaller than those of the body ; the lower jaw rather longer than the upper ; when the mouth is closed, the maxillary reaches the centre of the orbit ; the scales of the anterior part of the back similar ; lateral line continuous, but not extending on the caudal fin; about seventy-five scales on the lateral line; dorsal with ten very strong spines, of which the first is the shortest and the fifth the longest ; the soft part is equal in height to the other, and formed of twenty-one rays ; the caudal is large, strongly emarginated with two rather elongated and pointed lobes, which are equal to about one-half the length of the fin ; anal with three strong spines, of which the first is rather short and the two others nearly equal and more than twice aa long; and only twice and two-thirds in the total length without ^e caudal; the soft part has eight rays; ventrals, large; pectorals Very large, scaly at the base, of nineteen rays, of which the 8th, ^th, 10th, 11th, and 12th are nearly simple, being only divided o^er their extremity ; these are much longer than the others, and "^^e eleventh is remarkably so, and extends considerably further '^lian its membranes ; this pectoral fin reaches to the vertical from t«Iie origin of the anal ; its length is equal to the height of the \)ody ; the teeth are very numerous, particularly disposed in two l^xmohes in fi?ont ; there is an external line of rather larger ones, V>nt no true canines ; on the lower jaw, there are on each side, in &ont, three or four larger ones, conical and directed forwards ; the palatine teeth form three large patches ; the opercle has a very strong upper spine, and a much weaker lower one ; this is flat and is denticulated on its edge. The colour is of the most magnificent pink, with numerous
irregular and very little de&ned yellotv stripes, ranning obliquely on the back; an obliqne atripe of that colour on the opercle, below the eye, and others on the froat of the head ; oo the back part of the back there are dark tranaverBe lines, very irregular and not dehoed ; the dorsal ie of a beaatifol yellow, with the rays pink ; a large black blotch covers the two anterior thirds of the aoft part, which is edged with pink ; the caudal is yellow ; the anal is pink, with each membrane having two or three rounded spjte of a fine yellow ; ventrala and pectorals yellow, with the rays pink ; the luembranes of the fina are covered with small scales nearly the entire length. It most be very near to Anthias hnffimamtt of Gunther, bat some of the proportions are different. The present fish seems to be more elongate ; the lobes of the candal and the pectornls shorter ; the scales less numerona.
This beautiful 6sh was caught on the 19th of July, 1878, and is a little over eighteen inches long.
Plectkopoma skrkatuu. Pleetropoma gerratum ; Cuv. VaL, vol. I., p. S99.
Qaoy aadGaim; Astrolabe Fish. pi. 2, p. 1.
Body very high, short ; its height twice aod-a-half in tLe total length, without the caudal fin, or twice and foor-Gfths with f he latter ; the head is more thin one-third of the total length ; the eye is contained five and-a-half times in the head ; there is a series of veiy la^e onter teeth, bnt no real canines ; praeoperda with strong teeth behind, becoming still etrooger at the angle, with two very strong spines on the lower edge ; these are about equal ; the opercle has three spines ; the first dorsal has thirteen strong spines — the 3rd, 4th, 5tb, and l5th are the longest ; the soft part has fifteen rays, and is as high as the longest part of the spiny portioD ; caudal fin, ronnded ; the ft"*1 has three spines, the central one the longest, and eight rays.
The fish is entirely of an olive yellowish green, covered with small roQuJevi blae spots each covering four scales ; the fina similarly spotted, with the exception of the ventrals and pectorals, which are dark grwn ; Itjutrth. thirteen inches.
I have very little i.ioabt that this is the sort described by
OF FEW SOUTH WiXBS. 369
Cnvier from King George's Sound. It oomes very near to cyanostigma, bat the body seems to be much shorter and higher, and the opercnlar teeth different. By its colouration, it resembles also Plectropoma maculatum^ Bloch ; very handsomely figured by Dr. Gunther in the Jour. Mus. Godeffroy, but differs equally by its high body, the form of the caudal, <&c.
Plectropoma annulatttm. Plectropoma cmmdatum ; Gunther's Catal., vol. L, p. 158.
Body short ; prsBopercle serrated behind ; having a flat ser- rated spine at the angle and two small ones below ; opercle serrated below, with two strong spines near its angle ; caudal fin rounded ; dorsal, with its two portions so deeply divided as to ahnost have the appearance of two fins ; it is formed of ten spines, of which the fourth and fifth are the longest, and of eighteen rays ; the anal has three spines and seven rays.
The general colour is of a handsome light brown, with six broad transverse black bands, of which two are placed on the tail ; there is a longitudinal black stripe in front of the head, and three others on the upper part of the head, running obliquely — two from the back to the eye, and one on the opercle ; those of the back extend on the dorsal fin.
The dorsal and caudal are of the colour of the body, and the other fins are of a beautiful crimson. The specimen is a little under nine inches long.
This sort is nearly allied but very distinct, from Plectropoma nigrO'Tubrum of the Western Coast, which it seems to represent on the Eastern one. Dr. Gunther has very well described this fish, bat did not know its habitat.
Pbiacanthus macbacanthus. Priaca/rUh/us macracanthis ; Guv. Yal., vol. III., p. 108.
Ble^keri, Cast; Proceed. Zool. Soa Victoria, vol.
II., p. 100.
The height of the body is contained three times and-a-half in
the total length, without the caudal fin ; head three times and
one-third in the same ; diameter of the eye more than one-third
the length of the head ; the angle of the prsBopercle having a
370 THE PBOCBEDINGa 07 THE EINNEAN aOCTBTT
Teiy long flat Berrated epine ; operole rather feebly emarginatfld ;
caudal fia etrongly emarginata ; the spines of the fma slender, with a striated surface ; ventrals large, nearly as long as the head (upper jaw); the third spine of the anal the longest; moatH eitensible.
Of a light silvery grey, washed with pint ; head of the last colour ; belly, silvery ; fins of a reddish pink ; the back part of the dorsal, the anal, and ventrals having two ronnded dark spots on each membrane ; the ventrals red ; the end of the caudal rather dark.
Obtained several times in May at Fort Jackson. Le^igtb of Bpecimens eight to twelve inches.
AfOOOS FABCIiTDS,
Mulhu fasNatus, White ; Voy. N.S. Wales, p. 268, f. 1.
Thia pretty little fiah appears sometimes in the Sydnej market, principally in March. It has seven spines in its first dorsal, but the first ia so short a3 to be eafiily overlooked ; the third spine ia the longest ; the height of the body is contained three times in the total length of the fish ; the eye ia less than three times in the length of the head.
The colour ia of a liandsonio light lilac, with three longitudinni black brown streaks — one at the base of the dorsal, and the others on the sides of the body ; below this, there is another very faint ooe ; the lower parts of the body are reddish, and the fins are scarlet, with a blai;k stripe at the base of the second dorsal and at the anal ; on the caudal, the central black band extends on all ite length ; and its edges and extremities are also black.
This is certainly the Mullus faseiatus of White ; but it ia doubtful if the difierent synonymes quoted by Dr. Qunther do apply to the same sort ; novem fasciatuB, and other Indian species seem to me to be difierent; otherwise. Dr. Ounther's figures (MuB. Godefiroy, pi. 20, fig. A. and B.) would be very incorrect. The Anstraliaa fish has the body higher, the eye a great deal larger, the snout more advanced, the openiag of the mouth more obliquo, and the colours very difierent.
OF NEW SOUTH WALKS. 371
AOENOR.
Teeth viUiform on both jaws with a series of sharp conical pointed teeth on the vomer and palatines ; no molars ; cheeks and opercles scaly; vertical fins in great part covered with scales ; dorsal fin not notched ; of ten spines ; scales rather small, body high, compressed.
This new genns belongs to the Fristipomatidce,
AOENOR HODESTUS.
The height of the body is contained once and three-fonrths in the total length, without the caudal fin ; the head is three times and-a-half in the same ; and the diameter of the eye twice and one-fourth in the length of the head ; the snout is not more than one-half the diameter of the eye ; the lower jaw is a little longer than the upper one ; the maxillary extends to the per- pendicular fix)m the anterior quarter of the eye ; the prsaorbital is finely serrated ; the head is entirely covered with scales except on the snout ; the prsaopercle is finely serrated ; there is a feeble spine on the opercle ; lateral line continued on the base of the caudal fin ; the first dorsal spine is very small, the others gra- dually increasing in length, the soft portion in a scaly sheath, formed of twenty-six rays ; the caudal long, bifid, not complete in my specimen ; the anal with three spines and twenty-six rays ; the ventrals placed very near one another; the body very compressed.
The fish is of a dark silvery colour, with the upper parts nearly hlack ; the fins dark ; the pectorals rather yellow.
The specimen is nearly four inches long.
IJPBNEICHTHYS POBOSUS.
ITpeneiehthys porostis ; Cuv. Val., vol. III., p. 456.
Also found at Melbourne ; known at Sydney under the name of Pinkcheek.
Entirely of a fine flesh orange colour ; streaks on the sides of the head, orange ; a longitudinal dark stripe on the sides follow- ing the line of the back ; end of the barbels and pectorals of a fine sulphur colour.
Not common ; February and May.
sra
THB PBOCSBDIKSB 0
THH UHITUK BOOIBTT
UpBNOIDEB VxdlHINaiL
UpenoiJ.es Vlaviingiii Cuv. Val,, vol. III., pi. 71.
Already observed at Melbonme, Thia Bort seema to be subject to mAiob. variety in coloar.
The Bpecimena eeen at Sydney were of a dark brown or aoarlet on the back ; each, body scale had a small round spot of a fine light blue ; some lines of this last colour extend in an oblique way from the eye to the mouth ; sides of the head and of the body of a beautiful crimson colour ; dorsal and oandal finB, brown, Bpotted with blue ; pectorals translucent; ventrais and anal of a dark crimson rod.
Tolerably abundant, partlcnlarly in May. Lbthkimus gltphodok. LelhfWMs glyphodon ? Gunther ; Cat. Vol. I, p. 462.
The body is convex, high, contained three times in the total length of the fiah ; the head a little over three times and a-half in tho same ; the snout elongate and pointed ; the diameter of the eye is contained twice in the length of the snout. The upper maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior nostril ; molar teeth OB tho posterior part of the jaws ; the oauine ones of moderate size; the fifth doraal spine ia the longest, the others gra- dually decrease ; some of tho dorsal spines are alternately rather thicker than the others. The pectorals long, extending to the base of the anal. Candal fin very strongly emarginate.
Of a dull olive colour, with very indistinct lighter spots on a part of the scales ; cheeks and opercles yellow ; dorsal fin with indistinct dark spots ; others forming two transverse lines on the caudal.
The specimen is about thirteen ii same as glyphodon, described from t Louisiade Archipelago by Macgilliv
Pageds unicolor. Fagrus unicolor, Qnoy. & Gaim ; tJranie, p. 299.
The Schnapper is very common at Sydney, bat the specimens are generally small. At Melbourne, the very large old males have alone the curious frontal protuberance that give such an eitraordi-
inches long. I believe it is the specimens brought from the ivray.
OP NBW SOUTH WALB8. 373
nary appearance to some of the specimens ; bnt at Sydney, I have often seen very young males having to a less degree the
same formation.
Chbtsophrys Australis.
Ghrysophrys Atistralis ; Gonther's GataL, vol. I., p. 494.
The common Bream always to be seen in the Sydney market.
Ghbtsophbts Sasba. OJvrysophrys Sarha; Forsk, p. 31.
Guv. VaL, vol. VI., p. 102.
Black Breamy at Sydney ; body very high ; contained rather over twice in total length, without the caudal fin ; head a little over three times in the same ; pectorals very long ; dorsal with eleven spines — the fourth the longest, and eleven rays ; caudal very forked ; anal with three spines and eight rays ; the first of these spines short, the second very strong and very long, the third shorter.
Of a beautiful gilt colour, with the operculum dark, almost purple ; the fins hyaline, with the rays yellow ; the dorsal edged with black ; the caudal having its external half black ; the anterior part of the head dark.
From twelve to eighteen iuches long. The teeth are strong,
conical, rather arched ; the molars in four series above and in
three below.
Aphabeus boseus.
Body oblong; its height equal to the length of the head, and
contained three times and a half in the total length, without the
caudal fin; fin rays feeble; dorsal with ten spines and eleven rays;
the fourth and fifth being the longest, and the others become rather
shorter as they extend backwards ; caudal much forked ; anal,
with three feeble spines, the first the shortest, and the third the
longest, and eight rays, the last ray of the dorsal and of the anal
at least twice as long as the preceding ; body scales large ; the
prseopercle covered with oblique striea, and finely serrated on its
edge ; the opercles scaly ; pectorals and ventrals long ; the first
nearly of the length of the head. Golour of a beautiful soft pink ;
the lower parts of a silvery white ; general form of Dentex ; there
are sixty-four scales on the lateral line.
371 THE PBOCBKI'IKOS OF 1
I httvo only seen one apocimeu of this beaatifnl fiab. It waa caught on the 20th of March, 1878. It measures nearly two feet iii length. The auterior part of the head seema to have been injuri;d at a previous part of ita life, probably by the bite of some other Gsh, us the Buout seems to be abnormally short.
If it bad not been for the very good figure given by Cuvier and Valencionnos of a species of this genua (furcatua, pi, IC?), I should not hove been able to find it out in the system, as the characters of the genns given by Dr. Gnnther are very defective. He aaya, " PrsBoperculum entire, scales rather small." Cuvier, on the other hand, figures and describes the strong atrioe of the pneopercle, which in some sorts become a striated edge ; but having only seen one specimen, I cannot say if thia character is permanent. This sort seems to me to be the one that Dr. Blecker thbks (Amboyna, p. 52) to belong to rutilans of Cuvier, but it is very different, by the namber of its spines and raja.
It would thus be an inhabitant of the Molluccas, and would visit the east coast of Australia during the warm mouths of the year.
In the journal, Mns. Godefi. Pishes No. 111, p. 1 6j Dr. Gunther places Aphareug ccendeteeus nnder tbe name of fwrcatm, Lacep- in,p.421,andi77, fig. 1.
In thftt work he places thia genus between Aprion and I'ria- cimthui. In the catalogue he had placed it in the Prlstipomalidie, and Gavier places it in an appendix to the SparoidcB.
APLODAOTYLUa OBSCCRCB.
On each jaw two lines of tricuspid teeth ; some of these teeth are single pointed, but serrated on their sides ; the cheeks and opercles are covered with small scales ; the head is high ; rounded in front ; depressed behind the eyes ; the back rather gibbous in front ; pectorals with seven fiimple rays, of which tbe seventh, or the uppermost, is the longest; it projects only very little beyond its membrane. The dorsal has seventeen spines, the fifth and sixth of which are the longest ; the soft ]iart of the fin is formed of nineteen rays, nearly three times as long as the last spine; the caudal is forked ;
OF VIW SOUTH WALES. 375
the anal has three spines and six rays ; the body scales are rather
large ; along the base of the spinous dorsal there is a sheath
covered with very minute scales ; the colour is nearly black ; the
dorsal, caudal, and anal fins are variegated with grey ; the largest
specimen is thirt^n inches in length ; the other about nine ;
only seen twice in the Sydney market in September. The form
of the teeth obliges me to put this fish in the genus AplocUictyluSf
but it evidently comes very near OMronemus, and I certainly
think that^ on account of the simple lower rays of the pectorsJs,
oaght to be placed in the same family ; the number of the
simple rays (seven) does not allow me to unite this fish with
tbe species wrcHdens or lophodon.
Atypichthts stbioatus.
Atyjpus strigahu, Gnnth. Gatal., vol. II, p. 64
This fish looks very much like some species of Chatodon, but the body is of a longer oval ; it is silvery white, with five very broad longitudinal brown stripes on the sides, and on the sides of the head ; fins of a bright yellow ; it does not attain more than ^ve or six inches in length ; very common at Port Jackson, and usually used as bait by the fishermen.
Nbocretodon vittatus.
^^ochatodonviUaUiUf Cast., Proceed. Zool. Soc. of Victoria, voL II.,
page 130.
Specimens entirely similar to the one from Swan River are caught at Port Jackson ; it resembles very much Cuvier's figure of Ohoetodon strigahu, and I should have united it with it if it had not been for the opercule, which is strongly emarginated on '^ upper part, forming thus two points.
The specimens are usually five inches long ; when fresh, they are of a silvery-white, with five or six broad brown longitudinal sliripeB on the sides ; the lower ones being oblique ; the base of &e caudal is of the same colour ; the stripes extend on the head, and two of them follow the forehead ; there is also one in front of the eye.
Found in the warm season.
SCitOTHiCCB lfUI.TIF*SCI*TC3.
I have obtained, at Sydney, a rery pretty variety of this species. It is & very large ipecimen, meaanriiig sisteen lachea in length ; of a beautiful light grey colour, with the tvrelre transverse bands, of a fine black, and all of equal length and breadth ; the candal is rather rounded.
Tn some specimens, a psrt of tbe transverBe bands disappear. I have one in which five alone are visible. I believe this to be 0/ueludon tetracanlhitt of Laeepede. In that case, the sort wonld have to bear tbe last specific name. In my paper on the fishes of the Norman River, I mention that specimens from that part Hoom different from the ordinary vtuW/iueialne, and I proposed to call tliem (Utemans (_AUerma7is by misprint).
SCOBPIa ^QCIPIKSIS.
Scorpio aquipinnU, Richard; Ereb. and Terror, Fishes, p. 121.
Height, twice and-a-half in the total length of tbe fish ; head, four times in the same ; body very compressed, covered with rulhor amall scales ; dorsal with ton low spines and twenty-seven niya ; anal with throe spines, and also twenty-seven rays ; the KpinfiN inort^nse in length backwards ; the rays of the dorsal and nnal decrciuiK in height as they extend backwards, and none of ( Item arc elevated.
1'ho colour is of a dark brown, rather lighter towards the U^IIy ; the upper and lower edges of the caadal are black.
Length over one foot
CHEILODiCTTLCS FUSCDS.
t^ix simple rays in tbe pectorals ; the npper one aot mnoh limp>r than the branched ones ; the following very long, its iViH- |>art l>cing very nearly one-half of its length, the others lic'wmc Rradually shorter; dorsal scarcely notched; the spiny
l«iff formed of seventoen spines, of which the first is rather ^^l,^^l anil llio tiwrlli llie longest; tins fin is inserted nearly on 1 111- jXTpf nilioiilar frvim llio iKisterior edge of the orbit ; the back IV i-iliUin>; I hero is .111 eminence on the anterior edge of the .mIiiI . ilii' o.iu.ial IS slrinigly cmarginate ; the anal has three
rnilorm hrowu ; one foot long.
OF NSW SOUTH WALES. 377
Gheilodacttlus annularis.
Six simple pectoral rajs ; the nppermosfc of wbicb extends to the base of the third anal spine ; body compressed, high ; the anterior profile of the head presents an angle in front of the centre of the eye ; back gibbons ; dorsal fin nearly eqnal in all its length, and not sensibly notehed ; the spinous part formed of seyenteen spines, of which the foorth is the longest ; the soft portion rather higher than the last spines, of thirty-two rays ; caudal strongly forked ; anal with three spines — the first short and the third rather longer than the second ; the soft part is formed of nine rays.
Entirely of a lilac brown, with a white streak behind the eye, and two white rings round the tail ; the fins are dark with the exception of the pectorals, which are of a light colour ; the long ray being white.
This unique specimen is about nine inches long, and was taken in February.
Zeodbius.
The six lower pectoral rays are simple ; dorsal with thirteen long spines, and one or more short ones in front ; several lines of small acute teeth on both jaws, others pavement like, covering the palate ; the opercles entire ; scales rather large ; general form, high in front, tapering towards the extremity caudal strongly forked ; lateral line, entire ; like Eques of the SdoemdoB, This new genus of OirrhitidcB comes near Ghvronemus.
Zeodbius vestitus.
Mouth small and rather advanced ; upper profile convex over the eye, and very high and gibbous behind it ; the highest part of the fish being over the angle of the opercule ; in this part, the height of the body is only contained twice and-a-half in the length, without the caudal fin ; the head is three times and-a- half in the same length ; the diameter of the eye is three times and-a-half in the length of the head ; sides of the head scaly . the dorsal fin is formed of one short spine, one very long one, the five following gradually decreasing, the rest equal ; the soft part formed of thirty-four rays ; the caudal long, very strongly
iVL*.
378 THR PBOCBBDIKOB OF THB LIllWBiN SOCIBTT
forked ; tho anal very short, with three spines, of which the middle one ia the longest, and seven rajs, the two first of which are longer than the others ; ventrais inserted below the ninth spine of the dorsal ; pectorals large, placed at the two inferior thirds of the height ; tho fifth ray longer than the others, tho fourth nearly equal ; all the eimple rays mach longer than the membranes that onite them.
Of a rather dirty silvery white ; a broad dark brown stripe beginning below the fourth dorsal spine, and running along tho back, and covericg the lower Jobo of the caudal fin ; a similar transverse oblique band runs from the anterior part of the dorsal to the belly -, another is ia front of this and runs behind tho pectoral ; a still more oblique band crosses the eye and extends on the cheeks ; and a last runs round the month ; the fins are of a brilliant yellow ; the anterior part of the ventrala and the membranes, between the third to the eighth dorsal spines, brown.
Tho specimen is eight inches long, and was caught at the end of June.
Tho Okeilodadylus vestHus (Garrett, Proceed, Calif. Acad. 1863) so handsomely figured by Dr. Gnnther (Mus. GodeSroy, pi. 41) must alao bo placed in tins genus. It ia very similar in form and in the disposition of colours to the Australian sort, but five rays of its pectorals are much shorter, and it has four small spines in front of the long dorsal one. It comes from the Saod- wich Islands.
ScOHPSfTA CABTISALla.
Scorpcena carcUnaUs, Rich. ; Ann. A. Mag. Nat. H., 1842, p. 212.
Principally distinguished from cruenta by the entire or nearly entire absence of the black blotch of tho first dorsal.
Also called Rock Cod at Sydney.
Generally of a beautiful scarlet colour ; sometimes brown on the back.
SCOKPdNA CBOESTA.
Scorpcena cruenta, Solander; Eichards Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, p. 217. militaria ; Voy. Erob. and Terror, Fishes, p. 21, pi. 14, fig. 1-2.
OF KEW SOUTH WALKS. 379
Of a beaatifal scarlet colour — sometiines marbled with grey ; belly whitish ; sides having rounded dark blotches ; the fins are of a reddish pink, variegated with white ; fche first dorsal has a large black blotch covering nearly the upper half of its posterior part ; there are a few black spots on the soft dorsal ; they are transversely marbled with white and red ; the ventrals are pink ; the pectorals beautifully marbled with pink, white, and brown.
It is called Red Bock Cod at Sydney ; is not scarce, and ia very much esteemed for the table.
Sebastes pbrgoides.
Sebastes percoides, Rich. ; Ereb. and Terror, Fishes, p. 23, pi. 15' This beautiful fish is of a fine orango scarlet, with the lower parts of the first of these colours, with three or four very broad brown transverse bands on the body.
According to Dr. Ounther (Ann. and Mag. of Nat. EList., 1876, p. 392) my Sebastes Alporti would be the same as this species. This may be the case, but the proportions appear to be very dif- ferent.
PliArTGEPHALnS FUSCUS.
Platyc&phahis fusGus ; Cuv. Val. vol. IV., p. 34 Spines of the head feeble ; the two at the angle of the praao- percle strong, and nearly equal ; body nearly black ; below wlute ; dorsal hyaline, with the spines and rays spotted with i^wn; caudal with its upper part spotted and the lower ^nre ; a large black rounded spot on the end of the caudal, at i^bont one-third of its height ; anal white ; ventrals and pectorals yellow, finely spotted with green.
This is the common Flat Read of the Sydney Market ; par- ticularly common in winter.
Platyoephalus Bassensis. Platycephalus Bassensis ; Cuv. Val. voL IV,, p. 247.
TasrruLniamAM, Rich.; Ereb. and Terror, p. 23, pi. 18. Called at Sydney the Bed Flat Head, It does not appear very commonly ; at Melbourne it is perhaps the most common fish in ihe market.
d80 THB PBOCEBDIMGS OP 1
Tmotj. Kdmd.
Tri.gla Kwnii ; Leaaon and Gramot Voyage Coqoille Poiaa., p!. 19.
Of a lilao grey, without ppots ; lower parts of a eilvery-white ; fina pink ; pectorals entirely of a blackish green, with a large black blotch spotted with white ; each of these spots is snr- roanded by a eirele of a fine bright bine.
Only one Bpecimen seen on the srth of October, 1877. It ia said to be common on the New Zenland Coast.
SiLLAOO UACITLATA.
Sillago maaulaia.; Qnoy. and Gaim., Exped. Frcycinet Zool., pi 5^, p. 2.
Back of a greenish oli^fe, with very feeble dark transverse spots or bands ; a narrow longitudinal white streak on each side ; belly silvery ; head of a greenish golden colonr ; the first dorsal with small obscure specks, and the second with regular longi- tadinal lines of spots similar to the others ; a black spot at the base of the pectorals ; fins of a greenish yellow ; the end of the caudal obscure ; ventrals yellow.
Very common in tlie Sydney market, and known as the WhUini}. Only fbnnd accidentally and veiy rarely in the Mel- boome Sea,
SiLLiOo Bassensis. Sillago Jiassemis; Gunther's CataL, vol, IH,, p. 412.
Terree-Begina, Cast.; Proceed. Linn. Soa N.S.W,, vol. IL p. 232.
Called at Sydney Trumfeier Wkitini/. Of a beantifnl light silvery blue on the back ; silvery white on the belly, with a rather broad white stripe on each side of the body ; head white, with a silvery tinge ; opercles very finely dotted with black ; the two dorsals of a light yellow, with very small black spots ; the caudal olive yellow, with its extremity obscure ; pectorals transparent . ventrals of an orantre yellow ; a black spot at the base of the [lectorals. When taken, is said to produce a singular noise.
Very common abo at Brisbane, where it is the common whiting.
Seems, accordiug: to Ciivier, to have also been found at Westtru Port by D'Urville's Expedition.
^
OF NXW SOUTH WALB8. 881
The species of StUago are very nearly allied one to the other. I think the Australian can be characterised in the following way: —
Body covered with obscure dots punctata.
Body not punctated : —
a. Dark spots on the back maeukUa,
b. No spots ; a longitudinal band ) Bassensis, Cuv. Val. ; ciliata,
on the sides ) Gunth. ; Terroe-Regincef Cast.
e. No spots ; no longitudinal bands on the sides. . . ciliata. Cut. Cast. fnmctala is the common sort of Melbourne ; dliatay on the Eastern and Western Coasts of Australia and in the New Cale- donia Sea ; Bassensis, on the Eastern Shores of Australia, as also maculata.
SCICENA AQUILA?
Scicena aqmla ? Lacep, vol. V., p. 685.
cmtarcUca, Cast.; Proceed. Zool. SocVict, Vol. I., p. 100.
I am not certain that this is the same as aquila, but it is said to be so ; at Melbourne it is called the " King-fish," and it is so scarce that during many years I only saw two specimens, both of enormous size, weighing about eighty pounds ; at Bris- bane it is called " Dew-fish, and at Sydney " Jew-fish." It is very common in both these places, but the specimens are generally small, and I never saw a fall adult. If this is really aquila it is to be found in the Mediterranean, and is also very abxmdant at the Cape of Gk)od Hope.
SPHYRiENA NOViE HOLLANDIiE.
Sphyroma novce HoUcmdicB, Gunth, Oaty Vol. IL^p. 339. This Pike appears rather frequently in the Sydney market ; bnt all that I have seen were small, compared with those of
Melbourne.
Elacate mORA.
Scomber nigra, Block,, pi, 337.
Oenironotus Gard&nii Lacep., Vol, III,, p, 357.
Elacate Pondiceriana Ov/v. Vah, Vol, VIIL, p, 329. „ nigraj Ornith, Oat, Vol, 11. , p, 375.
Eight spines before the dorsal ; this is long, high in front, getting lower towards the tail, and occupies more than the posterior half of the body ; anal having the same form, and beginning rather behind the dorsal ; head depressed, caudal forked, forming two equal pointed lobes.
Ooneral color, of a dark brownish grey, the lower parts of a dirty white, a badly defined white stripe oa each side of the
I believe this fish to be very scarce at Sydney, as it was unknown to the fishmongera.
The lerg'tli of tho above described specimen is two feet ten inches ; it was canght on the 20th Pebmary, 1878.
By the form of its caudal it BOGms to differ from the Indian species, bat this may be owing to its old age.
Echeneis naucratee, Lmn. Syel. Nat., Pol. I, p. 441.
This curious fiah is fomnd in nearly ail tho warm seas of tbe world ; I saw it at Sydney in the month of April.
The color is nearly black, tinged with slatey-grey, tbe lower pai^B being of a dirty white.
Adxia BiusATi.
Height of the body four and a half times in total length with- out the. caudal fin ; head, three and two-thirds in the same ; the pectorals reach nearly to tho end of the base of the dovaal, dx flnlets behind the second doraal, and the same number behind the iinal ; first dorsal with nine spines, second with tho same number of rays, anal with sixteen rays, the last elongated, and more than half aa long as the third, which ia the longest
Scales, similar to those which form tbe corselet, but much smaller, extend along tbe lateral line to the vertical from the fifth dorsal finlet, forming a broad stripe ; lateral line undulated.
The general colour ia dark lead, the back is black with numerous oblique bands of the same colour, extending to below the lateral line as in Pelamys Sarda ; no trace of wavy black streaks; the fins are whitiah, with the anterior part of the first dorsal, and tho middle of the caudal obscure, the inner side of the pectorals black,
On the 6th April, 1B78, numerous specimens of this species appeared in the Sydney market, the fishmongers call them horse mackerel; it is said to be a good fish for the table. I have dedi- ciited this species to the learued Curator of the Sydney Museum.
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 383'
Tbachurus DECJLIVIS
Oa/ranx declivis. Jenn/ns, Zool. " Beagle" Fishes, p, 68, ph 14. Trachurus TrachuruSy Qunther Gat, Vol. IL, p, 420.
Dr. Gnntber considers this fish the same as the European species ; my reason for keeping it distinct is that it is always much smaller in Australia, and remarkable for the bright yellow colonr of its caudal fin ; the body plates number seventy-nine or eighty.
It is a very common species in Port Jackson, particularly near
the Heads.
Trachynotus ovatus.
Gasterosteus cvaiAis. Linn, Syst, Nat Vol. L, p, 490.
Trachynotus ovatus, Gunth, Gat, Voh II,,p, 481.
Height of body contained twice and one-third in total length, without the caudal ; the maxillary reaches to the anterior third of the eye ; the lateral line is almost straight ; the anterior parts of the dorsal and anal very much elongated, the first formed of one spine and twenty-three rays, the second of one spine and twenty-two rays, the short spines in front of the dorsal are six in number without the horizontal one, or seven in all, the caudal is very forked ; the ventrals are small.
The back is of a silvery-grey with the sides and belly of a fine white, on the back are six faint transverse bands of a greyish purple, fins of a dark slatey colour, with the pectorals, ventrals, and inner side of the caudal white.
Only seen twice in May and once in August, the specimens were about a foot long.
N.B.— On the two larger specimens there were four or five obscuro rounded blotches over the lateral line.
Blephabis giliabis.
Zevs dUa/ris, Bhch,, Vol, VI,, p, 29, pi, 191.
Blepha/ris mdicus, Guv, and Vol,, Vol, IX,, p, 164.
Found also in the Bed, and all over the Indian Seas.
Of a silvery white ; back of a fine light blue ; base of dorsal and ventrals black ; the long filaments of the dorsal and anal white at the base, and black on the rest of their length.
384 THE pnocEBmiJos of tbe liriii!an socibty
Daring Hfo there is no trace of the transverse banda, which appear after death in most cases.
PEMPHERia C0UF&ES3US.
Bparui eampretaus, W7dte Joum. Voy. N. 3. Wales, app.,p. 267.
Pempheris compressm, Gunth. Cat., Vol. TI., p. 508.
The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total length, without the caudal fin, the upper lobe of the caudal is much longer than the lower ; of a rosy brown, with the lateral line of a bright golden yellow, the anterior edge of the dorsal, and the greater part of the anal and ventrals black.
Not very acarce at Sydney, and also found, according to Dr. Qnnthcr, at Swan River.
ElEOTEIS AlISTRiLIS.
Eleotris Australu Gwnlh., F.Z.S. 1864, p, 183,
Mr. Duhonlay has given me Bevera! specimenH of an Eleotrit, which belongs without doubt to the species I refer it to.
The colour is of an orange-yellow, with sis longitudinal hlack stripes on the sides ; the two most central are generally united by tranBveree lines, making the yellow part to appear like rounded spots ; the second dorsal and caudal, pinkish, spotted with brown ; a deep groove on the upper part of the back.
The longest specimen is about four inches.
From Ropes' Creek, also from the immediate vicinity of Sydney.
Blehniub nsicoBHia.
Height of body five times in the total length withont the caudal, or six times with it ; body elongate, head obliquely truncated in front, without tentacles ; an arched fleshy horn directed upwards on the forehead ; the dorsal beginning over the end of the oporcle ; the last raya extending slightly over the flandal fin which is rounded.
Of an olive colour with the belly and pectorals yellow, cheeks and upper part of the head black, a series of transverse black spots on the anterior half of tho body ; on tbe posterior part they form five irregular longitudinal lines.
This little flub, which is about twn inches long, enters the
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 386
ojsters about Sydney and destroys them. I am indebted for this information to Mr. Jonbert, who found several in oysters, the animals of which had been more or less eaten.
Ceisticeps Macleati.
Body rather elongate, its greatest height being contained three times and one third in the total length without the caadal fin ; head four times in the same ; forehead obliqae and straight, the lower jaw rather longer than the upper ; snout a little longer than the eye, a fringed tentacle on the nostrils and another over the orbit ; the first dorsal two-thirds of the height of the body, it is placed over the posterior third of the eye ; second dorsal formed of thirty-four rays or spines ; the caudal long and pointed ; the anal with twenty-five rays ; the pectorals are of moderate length ; the second dorsal is placed farther backwards on the tail than the anal, but both are attached to it by a membrane.
The fish is entirely of a reddish-brown, with the fins orange.
The only specimen I have seen is 7 inches long, and in the collection of Mr. Wm. Macleay, who communicated it to me under the name of Ausi/ralis^ but that species is described by Guvier and Valenciennes as having transverse bands, and as inhabiting Tasmania, and I believe it is the one I described under the name o£ HotvitHi; Proceed. Zool. Soc. Victoria, Vol. 11., p. 48.
N.B. — Dr. Ounther mentions a fish from Port Jackson that he considers as belonging to the European OrisUceps argentatus, but at the same time finding constant differences between the two, he says that 'Hbose who consider this variety as a separate species may call it OrisUceps cmUneciis;" or in other words this means that the Australian Oristiceps is argentatus but at the same time it is not ; so that though it is argentaius it will have to be called antmectts ; showing once more into what confusion zoologists fall when they want to establish local varieties instead of adnutting all such constomi va/rieUes as distinct species, particularly when they are found in different regions. It is evident that the number of Australian species of this genus is very large, and their study is rendered still more difficult by the fact that the old authors considered them all as one ; I cannot on description
place awrantiaimg and Macleayi with any yet described, but the speoimenB ought to be compared with iiatvtiu and roseiw of Gonther.
CKI3T1CEPB ADBAKTIACUS.
Body elongato, its height contained four times and a half in the total length without the caudal fin ; head not quite fonr timefl in the Bame ; forehead concave ; snoat longer than the eye ; the lower jaw longer than the upper ; a fringed tcatacle on the nostril and one over the orbit ; the first dorsal nearly as high as the body, and placed in front of the eye ; the first spine being the longest, the third being one-tbird shorter ; the second dorsal much lower, consists of twenty-nine epinea, and seven rays ; the tail is long and narrow ; the oaudal is long, pointed, and formed of nine long rays ; the anal, like the dorsal does not reach the base of the caudal, it is formed of two short spinea, and twenty-four rays ; the pectorals are large and formed of ten strong fleshy simple rays ; the ventrals, of three similar ones.
The fish is of a beaatifnl orange colour, with the fins of a fine yellow; the specimen is eight and a half inches long, and was found at Kiama by Mr. Dubnalay, it is also found at Sydney.
N.B. — This species comes very near my OriaUeept gplendeju, but diflera, by the first dorsal being placed in front of the eye; by the space between the two dorsals being only equal to the length of the first ol these fins; and by the second dorsal being placed more forward, its third spine being in a line vertical to the end of the operculam.
I find this fish in the Sydney moaeum under the name of Australia, Ouv. 8f Yal., but the figure given by those naturalists (pi. 336) can in no possible manner apply to auranjiacus. Teuthis Javus.
Zwin. Synt. Nat. Vol I., p. 507.
Of a blackish grey ; lower parts of a pearly blneish white, the 8mall round spots on the back of a light blue ; fins of an olive colour, though slightly marbled with brown.
MUQIL GR ANSIS.
General form high, the profile slrongly convex; an adipose
OF KBW SOUTH WALES. 387
eyelid covering one-third of the orbit ; anal fin with eight sofb rays ; forty-two scales on the lateral line ; pectorals a little above the middle of the body ; the height of the body is contained three times and one-third in the total length without the caudal or four times vrith it ; the head is about five times in the last measurement ; the space at the chin between the mandibles and interopercles is broad and oval ; the head is very broad ; the pectorals extend to the sixth scale of the lateral line ; there are some scales on the vertical fins, and a remarkable series in front of the third spine of the first dorsal ; caudal emarginate ; the first dorsal spine is considerably longer than the others.
All the specimens I have seen of this species were of large size, up to two feet in length ; they are found in the open sea, and appear in great numbers at the beginning of the vdnter ; it is in high esteem for the table.
N.B. — This species seems to come near M. cephalvs of the Mediterranean, and has also the appearance of dohula, but the head is much broader, as is also the space on the chin between the mandibles.
I believe this is the " sand mullet " of Melbourne, that I had t-aken for MugU waigiensis of Quoy and Gaimard, but which cannot be this sort on account of its adipose eyelid.
MuaiL DOBULA.
MugU dohuUif Oimth, Oat Vol. Ill,, jp. 421.
Adipose eyelid well developed ; forty scales on the lateral line ; anal vrith eight soft rays ; head broad ; the angle made by the anterior margins of the mandibulary bones very acute ; caudal deeply forked.
Colour silvery white ; the back of a dark brown ; head slightly gilt; fins grey and transparent; caudal bordered with black; anal white.
Generally from ten to fifteen inches long ; frequenting bays and marshes ; it also ascends jrivers to a great distance, and is to be found in ahnost all those of New South Wales and Queensland.
MuGiL Pebonii.
MugU Peromi, Cuv. ^ Val,^ XL, p, 188.
THI FBOCXnonrOB dp tub LlirRBAli aOCIBTY
1 have already mentioned this species in my paper on the fishes of Victoria (Proceed. Zool. Soo. of Vict. vol. II., p. 151) ; it seems to be very rare in the sonthora parts of Australia, but is common in the neighbourhood of Sydney.
It may be characterized thus ; — No devploped adipose eyelid ; anal fin with ten soft rays ; do pointed axillary scale ; tail ooiopreBsed and very high; candal very etrong'Iy emarginated ; body compreaaed ; its greatest height being behind the half of the body i head pointed.
Colour very silvery; back dark, with a beautifnl blQO tinge; fins rather dark ; a bright golden spot on the opercle in front of the insertion of the pectorals, and another behind the eye.
Usual size about a foot long ; it frequents the bays, eatuariea. and lagoons of the coast,
FlSTnLABIi SBBBiTi.
Fisiularia Tahaeoaria, While, N. 8. Wales, p. 296, pi. 2. eerrata, Owo. Regn. am.im., Vol. H., p. 267.
Found all over the Indian sea ; pretty plentiful at Sydney, particularly in May and June.
It is of an olive green, lower part white ; the eye is green. Helustes hipsilepis.
HeliastasliipsilepiSfGiinlh. Ann.^ Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. 20, j;. 66.
Height of body contained twice and one-third in total length, without the caudal fin ; head three times and one-third in the same; preopercle striated, and almost (?) finely serrated on ita lower edge ; eye very large ; the diameter of the eye of the length of the snout ; scales of the body large, twice as high as long, numbering twenty-eight or twenty-nine ; dorsal formed of thirteen spines, and fourteen rays ; caudal deeply forked ; anal with two spines the first short, the other nearly four times as long ; pectorals long.
The colour of a dark olive green ; lighter and inclined to yellow on the sides of the head and on the belly ; base of the pectorals black.
Size, six and a half inches long.
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 389
Labbighthts QTMNOGENIS. LahricMhya gyrrmogenisj Ghmth, Oat., vol IV., p, 117.
Snoat rather pointed ; bead naked, covered with pores ; a single series of scales extending from behind the eye to the cheek, where the scales become small and disappear ; a posterior canine tooth, and two canines in front in both jaws ; lateral line marked by very complicated arboscnles.
Entirely of a dark green, becoming rather yellow on the lower parts of the head ; dorsal and anal crimson bordered with black on their upper edges ; a series of very faint, round, light blue spots on each membrane near the base ; caudal green, with its base orange ; ventrals green with a black longitudinal stripe near the spine ; pectorals yellow ; the tail of a light yellowish green.
N.B. — The specimens are about eleven inches long ; when fresh there were numerous round light pink spots on the body, but they have disappeared on the specimens preserved in spirits.
Labsiohthts pabila. LahricTdhys parUa, Oimth. Gat Vol, IF, p, 117. Tautoga pcmLa, Bdcha/rds, Proc, ZooL 8oc,, 1850, p, 70.
Of a fine light brown, with a longitudinal series of oblong spots ; these are white on the anterior part of the fish, and pink on the posterior ; dorsal whitish in front, orange on its posterior part^ with a very faint longitudinal stripe in the middle ; caudal troncate, orange ; anal of a fine orange, with the extremity of tlie rays white, bordered vrith a black line ; pectorals yellow ; upper part of the head and cheeks grey.
There is no posterior canine ; the head is covered vrith fine granulations and pores ; the operculum has large scales, but the prsBopercnlum and cheeks are naked, with the exception of a line of scales extending behind the eye.
The specimen is eight inches long.
COSSTPHUS UNIMACDLATUS.
Oo88yp7iu8 uwmiaculai/as, Ghmth, Oat, Vot IV, p, 109. Head large, very pointed in front ; prsdopercle finely serrated ; dorsal with twelve spines and eleven rays ; anal with three spines and twelve rays ; a tooth at the commissure of the jaws.
r
390 TSB PROCRHDIKSB OF TH£ LIKNEAN SOCIETY
Of a beantiful carmine, with the lower parts of a vrhitifih yellow; an oval black blotch borderpd with white on the doraal, «xtendin^ over the sixth, seventh, aad sometimes the eighth spine; in some Bpecimena this blotch is divided into two or three spots, bat the central one is always mach larger than the others. In some specimens there ia on a part of the scales a roacd whitish spot.
Rather plentiful at Sydney, and often called " Pig I'iah " on aoconnt of its elongated snout.
COBIS LINEOLATA,
OorU lineolata, Ountk. Gat., vol. IF, p. 206. Julia lineolata, Ouv. and Vol., vol. XIII, p. 436,
„ cyanogramrtia, Bicharda, Arm. and Hag. Nat. Hist., vol. ril, 1851, p. 289.
Of a beautiful carmine pink on the upper parts, the sides and belly of a silvery white ; a broad longitudinal black stripe, irregular on its edges, ettending along the sides ; throat obscure ; arched oblique lines of a fine light blue on the sides of the head, and one iu the middle; an oval black spot on the dorsal extending over the siith, seventh, and sometimea the eighth spine ; this spot, whioh ia sometimes divided into two or three, is bordered with white. Tiio base of the dorsal and peetoriils orange, the remaining portion pink ; two or three longitudinal white lines eitend entirely along the dorsal fin ; a small variety has no black band on the sides.
This beautiful species was discovered by Peron, since which Quoy and Gaimard found it at Western Port. The British Museum has received it from Swan River.
I have only seen it at Sydney, where it is rather common during the warm season.
OdAX SEMIFASCIATUS.
Odax semifasciatus. Guv. and Vol., vol. XIV, p. 297, pi. 407. Very much like Ric?Mrdsojii, but with the pneopercle entire, It is called " rock whiting " at Sydney, and is fourteen inches long; obtained in May.
The colour varies much, being sometimea entirely of a fine
OV HSW SOUTH WALK. 391
Bky blue, with a golden spot on each scale ; sometimes of a bnUiant green, with the belly white, bat always with transverse black spots on the saperior half of the back.
Odax obscubus.
(Moa obsouruSf Ckut Proceed. Zool. 8oc, Vict, vol J, p, 154.
One small specimen, similar to those from Victoria, in the begfinning of Jnne.
Gbbbbs oyatus.
Oerres ovatus, Qunth, Cat, Vol JT., p. 257.
Body high and oval ; its height contained once and one-fifth in the total length, vrithoat the caudal fin, the second spine of the dorsal being the longest ; the third of the anal longer, but more slender than the second, head rather pointed, pectorals long.
Entirely of a silvery grey, having a yellow tinge on the lower parts ; fins yellow, the dorsal finely bordered with black.
Specimen eight inches long.
LOTELLA GALLABUS.
LoteUa edllanas, Qunth. Mag. Nat Hist, 1863, p. 116.
Height of body contained four times and one- third in the total length, without the caudal fin, head not quite four times in the same ; upper profile convex ; the highest part of the fish a little behind the first dorsal, and from thence tapering posteriorly ; the teeth on the upper jaw form a band, vrith an external line of larger ones set considerably apart; on the lower jaw there is only the external series.
PSETJDOBHOMBUS BUSSELLII.
Pseudorhomhua BusseUU, Gwnth, Oat, Vol IV., p. 424. Platesaa RusseUii, Oray, lU. Ind. Zool
Galled the " Flounder " at Sydney, where it often appears in the market ; the colour is of a dark brown, with the fins lighter, inclining to yellow, and covered with small black spots.
Mouth very extensible ; caudal pointed ; the rays of the dorsal are scaley on the two posterior thirds of the fin.
392 THB PBOOBBDJNOS Of THB I.IH1I1
Dentition moro developed on the ooloured thiui on the blind
D. 69. A. 53. V. 5. P. 8. N.B.— Thie fieli is aridently different from the Melbourne " Flonnder."
StSAPTUBA {JDAGOi.
Sywifturn guagga, Gunih. Oat., Vol. 17., p. 485.
^gopia quagga, Kaiif. in Wisgm. Arch., 1858, p. 98.
Body oblong ; the left pectoral 6n ia only rudimentary ; tbe jaws are of equal length ; the lower eye is rather behind the tipper one.
Of a fine dark brown, with t«n light transverse bands, which are slightly bordered with black.
Thia species ia rather common in the China and Indian Seas, and Boema to be found nearly all round Australia, bat to be very scarce in these parts.
I have seen it at Sydney and Brisbane ; and Mr. Bostock sent me one from Swan River.
CNIDOaLANIB UBGAaTOUA.
Cnidoglams megaitoma, Chaith. Oat, Vol V., p. 27.
Plotaeue -megastoma, S/ichards, Toy. Ereh. and Terr. JVsAeg,p. 31., pi. 21.
Most of the Australian Silurid(B belong to the group Flotosin^, characterized by the presence of a short anterior dorsal, and the aecond dorsal very long and continuous with the caudal and anal, the ventrals are many-rayed.
The genus Cnidoglanis ia distinguished by its small eyes, and the gill membranes united below the throat, and attached to the isthmus along the entire median line ; the genus was first established by Dr. Gunther.
This species is known at Sydney as the " Cat-fish "; the head is very broad ; the barbels extend a very little behind the eye.
The colour is of a dark olive brown on the back, with the lower parts of .1 dirty white; mouth, anterior part of the head, and spots on the body, of a, beautiful orange yellow. The usual size is about thirty inches. This fish is very strong, very difficult to
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 393
kill, and fights to the last ; its motions are very rapid, and it inflicts dangeroos wounds with its strong dorsal and pectoral spines.
When wounded it loses a large quantity of blood of a dark red colour.
Not common in Port Jackson ; taken with the hook ; it is not usually used for food.
Cnidoqlanis leptueus. ?
Onidoglanis leptunis ? Ounth, Gat Vol, F., p. 28. " Dog-fish *' at Sydney. Height of the body, six times and a half in the total length without the caudal fin ; head rather depressed, its breadth being only one-fifth less than its length, it is five times in the total length without the caudal ; the nasal and maxillary barbels do not extend sensibly further than the eyes ; eye small ; the first dorsal high, the second only one-third of its height ; vomer- ine teeth, molar-like, in a double triangular band, those of the maxillary short, conical, in two patches of two, those of the lower jaw molar-like, with an external line of conical ones ; lower lip pendant, broad, covered with tubercles, and fringed ; a few granulations on the sides of the head, before and below the eye. Of a dark slatey colour, with the lower parts of a dirty-white ; about fifteen inches long.
Saubida Austbalis.
Height of body contained eight and a half times in the total length, vrithout the caudal ; head four times and two-thirds in tiie same. Upper jaw longer than the lower ; eye contained six times in the length of the head, and rather longer than the snout ; the pectoral extends to the end of the ninth scale of the lateral line, this forms a slight keel on the posterior half of the fish ; the dorsal has eleven rays, it is a little higher than long ; the anal has eleven rays ; the number of scales on the lateral line is fifty- eight ; the caudal is emarginate.
The general colour is of an olive green ; the sides of the head rather gilt ; a longitudinal narrow and faint white streak extends on the £resh specimens below the lateral line, and another lower
394 IHB FBOOEBDIHOS OF THE LINNEAH HUCUiTT
down J lips pink ; lower parts white ; dorsal adipose ; pectorals and candal olive, aoaU and ventrala white.
Total length of the specimen fourteen inches, taken in the month or May.
N.B. — The Domber of tbe fin raya seems to unite this Bpecies with undo»qiiamii, of Richardson, bnt the pectorals are mnch shorter, and arc far from extending to near the vertical of the origin of the dorssl.
HKUIIlHAUFilUB RBQDLABia.
ffemirhamphttt reyuiam, Gunth. Cat, Vol VT., p. 261.
The common " gar-fish " of the Sydney market; general colour of the baok, dark bine ; a broad silvery band on each side ■ caudal black ; the upper jaw is rather broad.
S.B. — The fishmongers diatingnish two sorts ; one ia larger, and has more small black lines on the back ; they say Uiat this is the only one that can be preserved.
Hbmisbamphos ublasochib,
Hemirhamphus mehnwahir, Ow. Sr Val., Vol, XrX,p. 4.1, iniermedius, Cantor S/' QMnthar.
Of a light green ; a very narrow silvery band on each side ; caudal black ; upper jaw much more narrow than in the preced- ing Bpecies.
Equally common at Melbourne, Swan River, Brisbane, and Sydney ; found also in the Indian Sea.
HmilSHAUFRCS AROENTlSnB.
Henirhamphus argentetia, Bennett, Whaling Voy., Vol. II., p. 2Q3, figured.
Hemirhamphus hreviceps. Cast., Proceed. Linn. 8oo. N.8.W., Vol n, p. 240. Remarkable for its comparatively abort lower jaw. Common at Brisbane, but only seen once at Sydney. Belone ferox. SeloHe ferox, Ounth. Oat, vol. VI, p. 242. The back of tbe tail is broad and depressed ; the posterior
^
OF KBW SOUTH WALBS. 396
rays of the dorsal are short and about eqnal to the others. Very plentiful in the market.
Glupea holuocensis.
Chj/pea moluccensis ? Bleeker, Nat. Tyd, Ned. Ind,, vol. IV', p. 609.
The body is very compressed ; height contained twice and one- third in the total length, without the caudal ; head three times and a half in the same ; the lower jaw is longer than the upper one, and when the mouth is shut the opening is upwards ; snout very short ; maxillary very large and extending further than the anterior margin of the eye; this is large and only contained twice and a half in the length of the head.
Dorsal with seventeen rays ; caudal very forked ; anal low, with eighteen rays, the yentrals are inserted a little behind the pectoral ; mouth very extensible ; tongue smooth ; the serrature of the belly extends higher than the pectorals ; of a beautiful aznrine blue on the back ; the rest very silvery ; head gilt ; fins of a light yellow; the dorsal with its extremity, and a faint transverse band, black ; seen in the sun, there seems to be a longitudinal white stripe on the body, between the blue and silvery.
Sometimes seen in the Sydney market, and one specimen from iike Brisbane Biver, sent to be by the Queensland Museum.
MUBCENESOX BAGIO.
Murceneaox hagio, Kcuup. Gat. Apod., p, 116, pi. XIV, fig. 73. Ophistirus rostratus^ Qiwy and Oaim.y Voy, Uran., Zool,p. 242,
pi. 61. Conger oxyrhynchis, Eydouas and Soul., Voy, " Bordto.** p. 203,
pi. 9, fig. 2. Oongrus tricuspidatus Bichard, Voy, " Sulphur, ^^ p. 105, pi. 51.
Body very elongate, scaleless ; snout very much produced ; Tomer with very strong, long, and compressed teeth, with more or less conspicuous lobes at the base. Of a light lilac colour with the belly white; the dorsal yellow, bordered with black. Sometimes called " sea eel," by the fishermen ; found all over the Lndiaji and China Seas.
396 THE PBOOBBDIKOa OF THB LINNBIN 8
MtROPHIS ? AUSTRALia.
PoBterior noetril lorge, situated below an arched ridge jnat above and od tho side of the lip, with a fleshy fringe below ; the other very Email in front.
Head with a stroog longitudinal central ridge, and on each side the arched one already mentioned ; cleft of the moath opening' to the line over the half of the orbit ; teeth very nnmerous, small, truncated in one eericB, except in front, where there ia another equal Hhort aeries ; the orbit contained once and a half in the length of the snont ; pectorals well developed, as ia also the dorsal and anal, which are luiited ; tail much longer than the body, and very pointed ; doreal beginning much nearer to the pectorals than to the vent.
The general colour ia of a greyish brown, sometimea almost red, the body sometimes marbled with a rather darker coloar ; fins slaty. Inhabits the sea. The dimensions are :—
Tiitol length ... ,., 34 inches
Body 14
TaU 20
From anont to the pectorals ... ... 4
Fectorals to base of dorwd JE^
From pectoral to vent 9i ,,
MuiLXNA BIDEEEA.
Mitrana siderea, Rich. Ereb. and Terror, p. 85, pi. 48. Head becomes very high behind the eye. Of a fine lilao coloar, with rather numerous round brown spots.
Specimen eight inches long. Sydney and Moreton Bay.
COKOER ? LABUTi.
Scalelees ; cleft of the mouth extending a little further than the centre of the eye, which is rather shorter than the snout ; teeth numerous, fine, pointed, forming an outer line with an inner one on the side of the upper jaw, two rows on the lower ; pectorals rather large ; dorsal beginning slightly behind the pectorals ; tho two jaws about equal, the lips hanging down on each side. 'X'bc body contained once and two-thirds in the length
^
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 397
of the tail, which is pointed ; the anal and dorsal nnited ; the posterior nostril is in front of the npper edge of the eye, the anterior smaller, and placed in front over the lip. On each side of the Snout a small tentacle ; the snont is projecting. Of a dark olive green on the back, with the belly and the fins of a bright yellow, with the exception of the ends of the dorsal and anal, which are black.
About twenty inches long.
SyNQNATHUS TIGRIS.
The length of the snout is shorter than the distance from the front margin of the orbit to the end of the opercle ; no ridge on the side of the head ; tail very long, more than once and a half the length of the head and body ; base of the dorsal slightly raised above the back ; no spines on the shields ; upper edge of the caudal and lateral line continuous ; vent placed below the middle of the dorsal fin ; caudal fin well developed, two-thirds as long as the snout.
Seventeen body scutes ; thirty-six caudal ; dorsal high, with twenty-five rays, extending over five rings.
General colour a dark olive-green, variegated with brown on the sides ; white below ; on the sides of the head a few very narrow, oblique stripes of a dark reddish brown ; twelve broad dark reddish bands on the body ; each body scate with a white half oval spot on its lower edge.
Length twelve inches.
MONACANTHUS ATRAUDI.
BaJdstes ayravdi, Quoy 8f Oaim, Urcm. Zoolyp, 216, jpL 4i7,fig. 2.
Body very elongate ; snout very long ; dorsal spine with only two series of barbs, which are pointed backwards and downwards ; ventral spine fixed, very small ; skin velvety, rather rough.
Golour, grey, with generally three longitudinal brown bands ; fins yellow ; in very old specimens, fifteen to eighteen inches long, the colour is uniform without bands.
The small specimens of this species are very common at Port Jackson, particularly near the heads.
398 THE PBOCIEDIHQa OF THE
MONACASTHnS ORANCLATUS.
Monacanthus granulatus, White, Voy. to N. S. W.,p. 295, pi. 39. GwitJier Cat. vol. VIII., p. 243. granulatus ? Biehard. Ereh. ^ Tenor, fishst, p. 63, pi. 40.
Ventral spine present, enclosed in the peMo bone ; dorsal spine with only two series of barbs pointed backwards and downwards ; body covered with minute papillte like moBbrooms ; the ventral fin very fully developed.
Of a brownish grey, marbled with dark brown, with the papillea white ; fins olive yellow sprinkled with brown ; generally two large dark spots at the base of the anal on the belly.
N.B. — Certainly different from my tnargaritijer, bot baving the same form ; Richardson's species ia I believe the latter, ae the plate represents the dorsal spines barbed on both sidea.
MON ACANTHUS HEaALDRDS.
Monacanihue megalums, Richard. Ic. Fisc. p. 100, pi. 8.
chinansis, Richard. Mreh. Sf Terror, fishes, p. 64, pi. 40.
Body elevated ; snout pointed ; dorsal with only two aeriea of barbs, which are pointed backwards and downwards ; anal fin with thirty or thirty-one raya ; veutral spine moveable, without spinelets ; some old males with the upper caudal ray produced.
Brown ; ventral expansion of a livid grey with its extremity black ; dorsal of a dusky brown with its external half yellow ; extremity of the caudal and anal black.
Obtained in April.
MOHAOANTBUS PERONII.
Monacanthus Peronii, Holla/rd, Arm. Sc Nai. 1854 ; vol. IL, p. 356, pi. 13, fig. 4,.
Anal fin with thirty-three spines ; the dorsal with fonr edges, equidistant, and armed with barbs ; body covered with papillte having rather the form of small mushrooms ; four curved spines on the tail.
Brown with the lower parts grey ; along the back and the basa of the anal are seen irregolar narrow lines of a most beautifol
^
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 399
aznre blae ; the space where the caudal spine and the base of the candal fin are, of a brownish red ; the other fins yellow, some- times rather orange.
Several specimens procured in April and May.
MONACANTHUS H1PP0CREPI8.
Monacanthua hippocrepis, Qfcoy and Oaim., Voy, Uranie, Zool,, p, 212.
Aleutervus variahilis, Bichard, Ereh., and Terror, fishes, p, 67, pi, b^,fi>g. 1.
Anal fin with less than forty rays ; (35) dorsal spine with four series of barbs, the front series very close together; skin velvety; generally four and sometimes six strong spines directed forward.
Brown, with some reticulated lines of a darker colour, on the back ; on the head oblique black stripes, which become of a fine blue when near the eyes ; on the upper part of the head the colour becomes yellow, with the stripes purple ; on each side of the body there is a large yellow patch marbled with brown ; on the tail there is a flesh-coloured patch, on which are the spines ; caudal fin grey, vrith a transverse crescent of a fine brown; dorsal, a brilliant yellow with its base brown ; the other fins of a fine yellow.
Kather plentiful in the warm months ; usual size about thirteen inches long.
. In May I obtained a female specimen, vrith rather dull colour- ing and without caudal spines ; the upper profile of the snout is straight.
MOKACANTHUS BUDIS.
MofMcanthus rudis, Bicha/rd, Ereh, and Terror, fishes, p, 66, pi, 40, fig. 7.
Dim. Anal fin with less than forty rays ; dorsal spine with four series of barbs ; the front series being much closer together than the back.
Form oblong; anterior profile of the head rather concave; body covered with short spinelets, having each three or four points, which become smaller, and more crowded on the head and tail ; ventral spine very small, not moveable ; the dorsal
400 THE PBOCEBDINOB OP THE LINNKAN SOCIETT
spine SB long as the space from the enout to the anterior edge of the orbit; the barba of its poaterior edge moderate, directed downwards ; those of the anterior very Bmall, only visible on the superior half of the spine, and the two aeries only separated by a loQgitndinal sulcats ; this dorsal spine is inserted over the interior third of the orbit; the second dorsal has thirty-eight rays ; tho caudal is rounded ; anal with thirty-6ve rays.
Of a greyish yellow becoming brown on the back ; belly of a dirty white; fina of a bright yellow; the posterior half of the eaadal of a dark colour,
The apecimon ie over ten inches long, it bears no trace of spines on the tail ; obtained in October.
Dr, Gunther places iiidu with those species having only two series of barba on the dorsal spine ; bnt I believe there ia no donbt that this is Richardson's species ; these anterior barbs are small, and are perhaps missing in some specimens ; the specimen I described under this name. Proceed. Zool. Soc. of Vict., Vol, 11, p. 54, does not belong to this species, and ia probably Freycineti of Hollard.
MONACAHTHDS PRAaiNUB.
MonaoantlMi praemus. Cast., Proceed. Zool. Soe. Fict., Vol. I,, p. 20-5,
Small specimen, similar to those fr m Victoria, but with the lower part of the body of a silvery white ; procured in Jane. Abacana dbkticolakis.
Araaana hniicularis, Ounth. Cat. Vol. VIII., p. 268.
O'lraaion lentieulark, Richard., P.Z.S., 1841, p. 21.
Of a lilac pink, with yellow reflections ; on the sides and back .some spota of an ochreous-yellow, having the centre darker ; lower parts of the body and mouth of a rose colour, becoming darker towards their extremities.
TeTRODON LDNARI3.
Tetrodon Ivnarig, Block. Sclineid., p. 605.
var. spadiceus, Richard. Sulphur. Fish, p. 123, pi. 58. Enters Dr. Gunther's division ; " back lower, not compressed ;
^
OF KBW SOUTH WAI.B8. 401
nasal openings two on each side, opposite each other, and placed on a single, more or less prominent papilla ; a distinct fold along the lower part of the body and tail ;" forming the genus Qastrophysiis, of Mailer ; upper parts covered with small spines beginning rather in front of the eyes, and extending to the base of the dor- sal; others cover the belly, but no transverse lines of these spines join one another on these parts ; the head is quadrangular, and is more than the distance between its posterior extremity and the base of the dorsal ; caudal forked ; tail slightly compressed and naked ; anterior part of the head elevated ; cheeks entirely smooth, with a line forming an angle in front, and another below the eye ; the upper parts are brown ; the sides of the head silvery ; the fins yellow ; no defined silvery bands on the sides.
The specimen is eight and a half inches long, and is from Moreton Bay ; it belongs to the Brisbane Museum.
The length of the head is more considerable than is said in Dr. Gunther's description ; this fish certainly belongs to Richard- son's spadiceus from the Chinese and Indian Seas, and may be different to the typical lunaris.
Tetrodon amabilis
Nasal organ very conspicuous, simple, without any fringe or tentacles ; no fold along the lower part of the tail ; body covered with short villiform spines ; dilated belly, covered with rather spaced tubercles ; eight dorsal rays, the body is entirely of a dark reddish brown ; the belly of a fine orange colour ; this is covered with numerous broad, black, concentric stripes ; the fins are of a bright yellow ; the caudal is orange with numerous black spots, forming several irregular transverse bands ; the anterior profile of the head is concave ; it becomes very convex over the eyes, and runs nearly straight along the back.
The only specimen (taken on the 20th July, 1877) I have seen of this pretty fish is four and a half inches long.
DiODON NOVEMMACULATUS ?
Diodon novemmaculatus ? Guv. memoires du museum, vol, VJL
maculatus ? Ounth, Cat, vol, VIIL, p. 307.
Aiopamycterus Bocagei, Steind, 8itzh, Ah, 1866, p, 477, pi, 6, fig.Z.
402 THE PBOOBEDIKOS OP THE LIKKBAK SOCIBTT
Grey colour; body covered with small round black spots, forming; several trauaverse black tranaversal bands, one below the eye, one io front of the pectorula, and the third bebiod these ; fina of a fine bright yellow ; the front of the head is covered with five longitodiual dark lines.
Note. — The nasal tentacles are bifid. Like Stein dacbner, I cannot see any nasal openings. It is certain that this is the species mentioned by that author.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW
GUINEA.
PART III.
SeBoription of a m™ maTiv^ial allied to the genua Pbbambles, Gmff".
By E. P. Bamsat, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Cor. Merab. Eoyal Soc,
Tasmania; &c.
Pekameles broadbentii, sp. nov.
PI 27.
In. -^-; can. -]^1-; premol. J^; mol. ^-.
Mr. Kendall Broadbent was fortouate enough to obtaio a single specimen of this fine species, at a considerable distance inland from Port Moresby, in some of the dense mountain scmba on the banks of the Goldie River. It is, without doubt, the largest species of the genua yet made known, and, although departing somewhat from Ferameles proper (chiefly in the form of the skull and tail), I prefer, for the present, to keep it in thia genas, than to create a new one for its reception. The tail, in which only a few of the vertebree at the tip have been left, appears to have been, to some extent, prehensile, and, in its peculiar scaly under surface, differs from that of any other species of the genus {Perameles).
The hair is comparatively smooth, not so harsh to the tonch as in P. nasuta; some of the longer black hairs are slightly flattened, Stifi', but not spiny, the longest about an inch in length ; the under fur is soft and wavy.
Tiie general color is of a blackish brown ; the throat, sides, and all the under surface and fore legs, fawn color, a little brighter on
1
07 NBW SOITTH WALB8. 403
the sides and chest. The head above is of an ashy tint pencilled with blackish hairs ; the hairs on the back are dark brown tipped with fawn, and mixed with them are longer hairs of a jet black color slightly stiflfer than the rest ; the feet are clothed with very short, light brown, or fawn-coloured hair ; the hands almost naked; no hair on the fingers ; the toes and hind feet are covered with similar short light fawn-coloured hair ; there are also a few long straggling hairs on the chest, throat, and under side of the arms of the same colour ; the bristles on the snout are long and black. The ears blackish without, light fawn-colour within, almost naked, sparingly clothed with minute fawn- coloured hairs ; they are rather small for the size of the animal ; the inner margin is rounded at the base, the outer rather straight to the tips, which are slightly rounded ; in the hollow of the ear are two transverse naked parallel folds with a narrow deep fissure between them (fig 2 and 8). Palate with eight trans- verse ridges ; on the outer margin near the base a well defined lateral fold. Feet roughened below with flattish scales. Tail about one-third the length of the body, scaly above, covered with transverse flattish scaly tubercles below, to the very tip, blackish above for about two-thirds of its length, from thence fawn-color to the tip, sparingly clothed with short hair. The snout naked and marked with parallel longitudinal lines at the tip; the median fissure distinct.
Nails on three fingers only ; first and fifth finger almost rudi- mentary, and without nails ; on the second and third the nails are well developed, long, pointed, of a light horn color, with the base black. * Nails of the hind feet on four toes, horn color^ darker at the base, rather short, thick, and strong ; those on the conjoined toes curved, and diverging.
Teeth. Incisors ^^, Canines -}^, premolars-^, molars
The third incisor of the lower jaw very much hooked laterally* (Fig. 6, i.)
The last of the premolars, and the third of the molars, are the largest in both jaws. The canines are comparatively small and much worn down.
Measurements from skin preserved in spirits. Adult male : —
404 THi FBOcasciNaB of thb linmbajt societt
Total lengt.h from anna to tip of enont, 20 inches ; with the tail, 27-9; circumference of tail at base, I '6; at half an inch from the tip, 07 ; ieogtb of hand, 2-1 ; of the foot, 39 ■, radics, 29 ; tibia from malleolos, 4-4 ; from tip of snoat to base of the ear, * 4'5 i from tip of Buont to eye, 2"5.
Skull. Length, i'S inches ; across zygomatic arcbea posteriorly 1*7; anteriorly, 1'4; breadth at the base of posterior limb of zogomatic arch, 1-2 in.; breadth opposite centre of arch, 0-55 in,; greatest, width between orbit, 0'8 in. Occipital crest very promi- nent, deeply concave and expanding behind laterallly ; greatest width posteriorly, 12 in.; occipital foramen, height 04 in.; greatest width, 0 5 in. ; anditnry bullas small (apparently broken away). Nasal bonea : lengtb, 202 inohes, width anteriorly, 0'25, width behind, O'S. Length of zygomatic arch outaide, l"?; inside, 1'25 ; width of zygomatic arch inside, 0.5. Height of skull from upper margin of foramen magnum, to vertei, 0'83 ; greatest width behind, 1-2 ; length of anterior palatal suture, 04; posterior ditto, 0'5 Ji 02; distance from incisor too^h to posterior margin of tbe palate, 2'55 ; distance from 1st incisors; to posterior margin of canine, 0'8 ; to tiie anterior margin of caniae, 06 ; width of canine, 0'2 ; distance from anterior margin of incisor to posterior margin of last molar, 2'3.'i ; from anterior margin of 1st premolar to the posterior margin of 3rd, 0'72 ; distance from 1 st incisor to posterior margin of 5th, 0'5 ; distance between 6th incisor and canine, 009 ; between canine and 1st premolar, 0'15 ; between 1st and 2nd premolar, O'l ; between 2nd and 3rd premolars, 0 05 ; width of 3rd premolar, 02; whole range of the premolars, 0-75; range of the fonr molars, 0'7 ; width of the canine at base, 0'2 ; height of the canine, 0'2.
The very exact and carefully drawn figures, bo kindly sketched for me by my friend Baron Miklonho Maclay, will give a better idea of the parts than a verbal description. ExPLANAJioK OP Plate. All the figures (with the exception of Jig. 1) are of tlie natural >ae.
Fig. 1. — Perameles hroadbentii, Rama. Ad. (J from a phot^ograph of the stuffed specimen in the Australian Musenm, Sydney ; about one-ninth of the natural size.
^
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 406
Fig. 2. — Head of the same, in profile, from a skin preserved in spirita. The long bristles of the face were somewhat broken at the point, and, on that account, somewhat shorter than in the living state. (After the process of stuffing and drying the length of these hairs is still further reduced). Fig. 3. End of the snout from above. Fig. 4. End of the head (nose and mouth) from below. Figs. 5, 6, 7. Before the specimen was stuffed the skull was taken oat, and replaced by a plaster cast, in order that it might be available for farther investigation and comparison. % It has thos become possible to give a correct drawing of the jaws, with the teeth in situ, and of the hard palate, with the characteristic transverse ridges.
Fig. 5. Both jaws in profile. i. Incisors f c. Canines y p. Premolars \ m. Molars ^ Fig. 6. Lower jaw, from above.
Fig. 7. Upper jaw, from below, shewing the characteristic palatal ridges.
Fig. 8. Inner surface of the pinna, somewhat extended by the aid of needles, in order to render visible the two transverse folds.
Fig* 9. Extremity of the tail, from the spirit specimen ; the upper surface hairy, the lower with thick transverse epidermal scales. Figs. 10, 11, 12. Anterior extremity. Fig. 10. From above. „ 11. „ the side. „ 12. „ below. Figs. 13, 14, 15. Posterior extremity, from above, from the side, and from below.
The small numbers indicate the fingers and toes.
t Baron Maclay has kindly undertaken to sive, in a future paper, some anatomical dstautt with remarks on the comparative anatomy of the skull, Ac.
406 THE PROCESDISOS OF THB UHKBAS eOCIBTX
EXHIBITS,
By E. P. Ramsay, Esq., F.L.S., Ac. : — Perameles BroadbeniU, from Port Moresby, New Gninea. Monnted specimen. And White Anta {Termes), probably a new species, obtained from a Blue Gum tree, near Sydney.
By Mr. Brazier: — A. new apeoies of Oonug and a new epeciea of Milra. A specimen of Obsidian (?), fall of spherical cavities, nhioh, when placed on the fire, had ezptoded with mnch violence.
MONDAY, DECEMBER 30, 1878. W. J. Stkphbss, Esq., M,A., the President, in the Chair.
VISITOR.
W. A. Haswell, Esq., M.A., B, Sc. of Edinburgh, waa intro- duced to the meeting by the Chairman.
DOKATI0N3.
Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisatioa Society oC Victoria, Vol. V., for 1878. From the Society.
PAPERS BEAD.
Notes on PtJFFiNDS (Nectris) carneipes, Gould, Handbk. Bds. Aust.
Vol, II., p. 465.
By E. P. Ramsat, F.L.S.
This species of PufBn represents on the N.S.W. coast the Nectris breiiicaud-us, of South Australia, and is as numerous in certain places as that species is there.
Among other places they frequent the Solitary Islands, in great numbers during the breeding season which lasts from September till December. Through the kindness of James Bamett, Esq., the Colonial Architect, I have received from Messrs. MacLeod, Jennings & Murray, a fine series of these birds and their eggs.
The birds arrived early in September, and at once betook themselves to excavating their nesting-holes, which are short
OF KXW SOUTH WALXS.
407
bnrrows in the ground, about 6 inches in diameter and 12 to 20 inches in length, in no instance was more than one egg obtained in a barrow; the males and females assist in incuba- tion ; out of five specimens of birds taken from the burrows 4 proved to be females. There is no difference in the plumage of the sexes. The eggs are apparently laid at night ; the birds arrive in countless numbers in the evening and most of them, the males probably, or those not engaged in hatching, return to the sea at daylight in the morning. As many as 20 dozen eggs have been taken on a single morning, the workmen at the lighthouse finding them a very delicious article of food. Their average weight is 2 oz.; the lightest and smallest sent me weighed 1*5 oz. They are usually of an oval form, 2*4 inches in length by 1*6 inch breadth, of a pure white color and of a smooth fine grain. One specimen sent to me by Mr. MacLeod, is more pointed at the thin end, and has very light brown irregular blotches on the thicker end ; the shell is slightly different in texture and may belong to a species of Tern, nevertheless it was obtained in one of the Puffin's burrows.
Measurements of Eoos.
|
No. |
Length. |
Breadth. |
|
|
1 |
• • ^4 • • • |
. 1-6 ... |
... laid Dec. 6th, 18' |
|
2 |
.. 2-4 . . |
. 1-6 ... |
»> >» »] |
|
3 |
.. 2-35 ... |
1-5 ... |
... taken Dec. 5th , |
|
4 |
.. 2-25 |
. 1-54 ... |
... laid Dec. 10th , |
|
6. .. . |
.. 2-47 |
. 1-67 ... |
>> »> > |
|
la |
.. 2-46 ... . |
.. 1-63 .. |
... laid Nov. 25th , |
|
2a |
.. ^'Oq ... . |
.. 1-7 ... |
tt t» > |
Specimens of the birds sent to me alive have the irides blackish brown, legs and feet pale flesh color, bill dark brown above lighter below.
Total length
Wine
^LnuA ••• •• •«• ••• ••• •••
A> QW O UO «•• ••• ta* ••• ••• ••■
Mid-toe and nail
Bill from forehead feathers
Culmen
Bill from nostril
Bill from gape
From nasal tube to forehead . . .
|
... i |
17 inc |
hes $ |
16-5 |
|
11-3 |
11-4 |
||
|
6-2 |
5-4 |
||
|
1-85 |
1-85 |
||
|
2-3 |
2-3 |
||
|
1-4 |
1-4 |
||
|
1-6 |
1-6 |
||
|
11 |
105 |
||
|
2 |
115 |
||
|
0-45 |
0-46 |
408 TBt
Bab. The wbole of the East Coast as far north as Torres Straits.
The specimens and eggs described are from the South Solitary a rocky island near Port Stephens.
On two new speoies of Crabs, of tbe genns Steitobhthchijs. By William A. Haswell, M.A., B, Sc,
The genns Stenorhynchna of Latreille was for a long time regarded as being restricted in its range to European seas. More recently, however, two species have been described from the aouthern hemisphere — one, S. faleifer, by Stimpson from the Cape of Good Hope, and the other S. carvirottris, by Dr. A. Milne- Edwarda* from Baaa'a Straits.
1. — STEKOBEYNCEDS BRETlROSTRtS, tp. nov.
GBstrJo region of the carapace with five tubercles, of which four ai'e situated anteriorly in a tiausverae line and very smal], while the fifth is much larger and situated in the middle line close to the posterior border of the region. Cardiac region with three taberclea, the two anterior being close together in the same transverse line, and very large ; the third small, situated close behind them. Two obscure tubercles on the lateral hepatic regions, and three on the branchial. Lateral margins with two prominent triangular teeth. Hostrnra short, of two bluntish teeth which do not reach further forward than the distal extremity of the second joint of the external antennse, the furrow between them not extending so far back aa the line joining the posterior borders of the orbits. No infra-orbital spine ; upper boundary of the orbit very prominent, but without a supra-orbital spine. Eyes with a slight tuberosity on the anterior surface of their peduncle, and a small conical projection on the anterior and superior aspect of their distal extremity. Anfcennte and maxillipedea very similar to those of S. phalangiwn. Epistome with a slight tubercle on each side near the auditory organ. Anterior limbs equalling in length about two-and-a-half times tbe breadth of the carapace ; arm in
Id l'; p"r.
OF NXW SOUTH WALES. 409
the female smootb internally and externally, with a row of fine teeth on its superior surface; hand compressed and carinated externally ; arm, wrist and hand in the male all much dilated ; the first with three or four small teeth on its superior margin ; the last not carinated externally ; fingers in both sexes compressed, curved inwards, furrowed externally, finely den- ticulated on their inner borders, which meet throughout their entire extent. Second pair of legs equalling in length eight times the breadth of the carapace.
All the male specimens I have obtained are smaller than the female, and have the carapace less convex and almost smooth.
Locality f Port Jackson, at depths of about five to eight fathoms.
2. — Stenonrhtnchus fissifrons, sp. nov.
Carapace having a blunt spine and two tubercles on the gastric region, placed in the form of a triangle, with the base forwards, and the apex formed by the spine ; one prominent blunt spine on the cardiac region, and three tubercles on each branchial region ; a blunt, sub-bifid spine on the lateral border of the carapace, and two small acute teeth situated below and behind it. Rostrum as in preceding species, but the furrow separating the two halves extending as far back as the line joining the posterior borders of the orbits ; superior border of the orbit armed with a prominent acute spine. Eyes, antennas, and maxillipedes as in preceding species. Anterior limbs (in the female) much compressed ; arm with three small acute teeth on its outer surface ; wrist with two tubercles on its outer surface and two small teeth on its inferior border ; hand with a row of short acute spines on its superior and inferior borders ; its inner surface smooth ; the middle of its outer surface obscurely tuberculated.
The above description is from a single specimen — a female — in Mr. Macleay's collection, from Auckland , New Zealand.
Notes on the Anatomy of Birds. 1. — The Brachial Plexus of Birds. By William A. Haswell, M.A., B. Sc The anatomy of the Brachial Plexus of Nerves in the Class Ayes has been described by yarions authors (e. g., Cuvier,
ttO
m PKocnsivw I
r THX axnui vxixn
Le((m» ^Anaiowie Comp-jree, torn. 2, p. 266 ; the author of the article "Birds" in Eees' Cydopcedio ; Owen in the article ••Jvee" io Todd'g Cyelopced'a.Aad in his Analomij and Fhygioh'gij of the Vettebrata, Vol. II, p. 125), but in all cases eomewhat briefly and unsatisfactorily, and with not a few omissions of important pointB,
The Brachial Pleias coBBiste in Aves of the whole of, or of branchea from, the anterior primary divisions of from three (Todirhamphns sanctna, Myzantha garrula), to Sfb (Phalacroco- rax Novee- Hoi lands, Grallioa picata) spinal nerves, four being the commonest namber. The most general arrangement of the plexus and its branches is as fallows ; —
The first nerve before joining with any of the others detaches a considerable branch, which subdivides for the supply of the rhomboid and trapezius muscles. The second nerve also gives off a branch before joining the pleios ; this ia a slender twig which runs directly backwards over the posterior nerves of the plems to supply the serrati muEcles ; it is thus analogous to the " nerve of Boll " of human anatomy. The second norve of the plexns divides into two; the anterior of the two divisions is joined by the first nerve to form the poiierwr hraahtal navi (circumjlex and mwciih-spirfj!); the posterior division joins with the remaining two or three nerves to form the anierior brachial 7ierve (ulnar, median, and m-usculo-ciianeous). There are thus formed two main nervous trunks, which, while in the neighbour- hood of the asilla, give off a number of muscular branches. The posterior brachial weitre gives branches to the subclavius, ''' coraco- brachial is hrevis, (^' and subscapular! a, (^' to the teres major, '*' and latissimus dorsi. The anterior brachial nerve gives origin to two large branches for the pectoralia major, one for the coraco- brachial is longus, '^' and to a small branch, which sometimes originates from oce of the branches to the peo-
(I) S«6ciaci7Wo(Bolle
(£J Deltoideut minor o
(3) Leoator humeri of
(4) Ir^fraapinatus of S (5 Pettoralit miniiBK
OF KXW SOUTH WALKS. 411
toralisy destined for the deltoidens minor. The internal cuta- neons nerve also arises in part from this cord, bat its mode of origin presents considerable varieties in different birds. It arises almost always by two roots, which may be both derived from the ant-erior brachial nerve, or one from the anterior brachial nerve, and the other directly from the spinal nerve following the last of those entering into the formation of the plexus. When the former is the arrangement observed, the anterior brachial nerve is usually joined near its origin by a branch of very small size from the spinal netve immediately following those which go to make up the great balk of its fibres, and the spinal nerve from which this slender branch is derived is evidently the equivalent of that from which arises the posterior root of the internal cutaneous, when the last described arrangement holds good ; since in this case the anterior brachial nerve is not joined by any such small accessory root. The spinal nerve which thus so generally assists either directly or indirectly in the formation of the internal cutaneous, seems to be the analogue of the third dorsal nerve of mammals ; and this view is strengthened by the fact that in cases in which it gives off no branch to contribute to the formation of the inter- nal cutaneous, it gives off an intercosto-humeral branch for the nerve-supply of the skin of the upper arm. The two roots of the internal cutaneous nerve join one another about the middle of tibie apper arm, and the single nerve thus formed courses to the ventral surface of the fore-arm, where it divides into two main branches, which are traceable, giving off numerous branchlets, in the subcutaneous tissue as far as the wrist.
The above may be regarded as the simplest arrangement of the plexus. In many cases, however,— e.g., Columba aenas, Leaoosarcia picata, Phalacrocorax NovaB-HollandisB — the con- nexions of the nerves are more complex.
As regards the distribution of the main trunks, the posterior brachial nerve passes from the axilla to the posterior surface of the arm, where it gives off near the head of the humerus a large cirewnflex branch, which divides for the supply of the deltoideus major, the tensor major and the humero-scapular joint. The main part of the nerve, after giving off branches to the triceps, and,
L.,
rBX FBOCIZDIXM or TSX USSiUS lOOIKrT
farther down the arm, a strong cutaneoaa branch {eztemal eutaneout of muicuJo-spiral') for the snpply of the anterior alar fold, reaches the forearm and gives a mnscular branch to the extensor carpi radialia longior and eitetiBor metacarpi radiaiis." It then divides into three branches ; of these that situated nearest the rudial side coarseB to the hand in contact with the extensor longns pollicia and extensor indicia, gives oET a branch to the interassei muEcles, one to the extensor brevis pollicis and one to the adductor manua, and enda in cntaneons nerves for the supply of the dorsal Burfoce of the three digits. The middle division gives a twig to the anconens, and ends in two branches, one of vchieh anpplioa the extansor commumis digitorum, and the other goes to supply the akin on the ulnar side of the manua ; the last, or most ulnar, of the three divisions divides into two branches — one supplying tbe extensor carpi ulnaria, and the other the skin on the ulnar border of the forearm.
The anterior brachial Tierve, after giving a branch to the biceps, and a cutaneous twig to the skin covering the upper part of the arm, runs down the inner Burface of the arm to the hollow in front of the elbow-joint, near which it gives off a cutaneous nerve (external cvtaneous of rnvseiilo-eitianeovs) to the skiu of the radial side of the forearm, an^ a muscular branch to the brachial anticus muscle ; it then divides into two trunks. The first of these, passing to the radial border of the foreacm, gives off two small cutaneous twigs, and a branch which supplies the flexor muKcle carpi ulnaris, and divides into two branches, ore of which runs along the ulnar border of the flexor carpi ulnaris to the band, where it supplies the adductor maous and becomes cuta- neous on the third digit; while the other passes under the flexor carpi ulnaris to the deep surface of the flexor sublimis degitornm, the tendon of which it accompanies to the hand, where it ends in two small superficial branches.
The second of the two main trunks of the anterior brachial (median) divides into three branches ; one of these supplies the pronator muscles ; another passes under the pronators and supplies the flexor profundus digitorum ; while the third and
• ExUntor tintacarpi loiigvi, ul Tisdamann ; abdaelor pollicit Umgut, of RUdinger.
OF NXW SOITTH WALX8. 418
largest runs to the hand, where it divides into two branches, of which one supplies the flexor brevis poUicis and adductor pollicis, and becomes cutaneous on the pollex ; while the other supplier the flexor brevis indicia (fourth interossens) muscle, and becomes cntaneoos on the second digit.
EXHIBITS.
Mr. Masters exhibited a Phyllosoma (new species) from Port Jackson ; and a number of the young of Trachurus trachurus, which had been found sheltered under a medusa.
Dr. Cox exhibited a complex piece of Wood Carving from the Solomon Islands, which appeared to represent a grotesque combi- nation of various forms.
NOTICES.
The President announced that the Annual Meeting would be held on Wednesday, January 22nd, in accordance with arrange- ments made by the Council of the Society.
Mr. Macleay stated that it had been suggested that the Monthly Meetings of the Society should be, in future, held on the last Wednesday night in each month, instead of the Monday night, as at present. The matter would be arranged at the next Council Meeting.
9 PBOCBBDINIM OF THE LINNEAK S
^
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
JANUARY, 1879.
W. J. Stephens, Esa, M.A., President, in the Chair.
The Pbbsident delivered the following address : — Gentlemen, — The day has dow retnrned when it Viecomea by custom the duty of the President to lay before the Members of this Society an abstract of our own operations during the past year, of those of kindred associations here or elsewhere in Australia, and of such late discoveries or publications as may appear of special interest to Naturalists in this portion of the Globe. But, as a preliminary, I desire to make use of this opportunity to draw your attention, and that of Ihe public, to (he remarkable prosperity of the Society, not indeed, I regret to say, in a financial, but in a scientific point of view. Since the first monthly meeting, held on Monday, January 25, 1876, there have been read more than 150 original papers, or portions of papers, on yarions snbjocfa, all of which have been printed, with the exception of a few still in hand to complete the third volume of Transactions. And yet, while this activity in writing and publication is not only maintained but increasing, we have to deplore a rapid and serious diminution in the number of our snb- cribers. The reduction of the funds available for printing will require the particular attention of the still faithful members, in order that our deserters may be recovered, or their places filled by new recruits ; aa the Society cannot otherwise maintain that practice of early and regular publication which has characterised it liitherto. We have not as yet applied for any assistance from tbo Government, although it will be, I think, admitted that we hiive reasonable ground fur such ao application, in order that our funds availaljle for priuting may be supplemented by a small annual grant, in proportion either to the amount of subscriptions, or, which might be preferable, to our actual expenditure upon this objeot.
OF NBW SOUTH WALB8. 416
It is needless to observe that such a zoological station as has been proposed here by our distinguished associate, Baron de Miklucho Maklaj, would involve a series of expenses which it would be absurd to suppose within the means of our Society. For this purpose, therefore, when our plans are matured, the as- sistance of the State must be requested. And it appears to me that the present conjuncture of affairs suggests the establish- ment of such a station for research, in conjunction with an aquarium for popular instruction and amusement, as a portion of the constructions now commenced for the New South Wales In- ternational Exhibition. I am sure that no portion of the display would attract more attention than the opportunities thus aflPorded to ourselves and to strangers for observing the forms and habits of the little-known creatures which throng our sea margins — fish, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, corals, and innumerable other animal and vegetable organisms. Few in this country have ever had the good fortune to "gaze upon the secrets of the deep " in such establishments as are found in Brighton, West- minster, and many other British towns ; at Naples, or the Texel, on the continent of Europe ; and, if not elsewhere, in Newport, U.S.A., under the hospitable superintendence of Professor A. Agassiz. And there are few places in the world in which the requisite buildings could be placed with such advantage for the supply of all conceivable forms of marine life, in order to their exhibition to a large city population, as in Sydney. The po- sition of the establishment, if combined with aquaria open to the public, must evidently be somewhere on the borders of Farm Cove, in or near the sea fringe of the Botanic Gardens. From the old quarry in the grounds of Government House on the west to near Garden Point on the east, there is no ground which would not serve for the purpose, or in which a well-designed structure would not be ornamental. But for various reasons, the eastern comer, beyond the present enclosures, oflPers the finest position. If, to use a vulgar phrase, it had been made on purpose, it could not be better adapted for the purpose.
Though such an institution is beyond the means and, in part, even outside the scope of this Society, it is so entirely in
416 TBB FsocsGDiiraB OF Tai linhsim bociett
aci--ordnnce with oor object, tbat I Tentnre to express a hope tbafc Membera may lend the assistauee of at least their personal influence to ita speedy commencem-ent and eompletioc.
The Papers read before l.ho Linnean Society of New South Wales during 1878, have been as foUowB, according to the order of their eucoeBsion ;—
1. Description of a new epeoies of Ptilolit from Torres Straits.
By E. P. Ramaay, F.L.S.
2. On an Australian variety of Nerilina puUigeTa, Linn. By
the Rot. J. E. Ten i son- Woo da, F.G.S., F.L.S., &o.
3. On a new genus of MUhporidts, By the Rot. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S,, &o. i. On ft new Bpeciesof PsammoMri*, By the Rev. J. E. TeniBon- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S,, Ac.
5. Description of a Bpeciea of Myioleete» from Fiji. By E. P.
Ramsay, F.L S.
6. Notes on a species of Thcrapon. found in a dam at Warialda.
By William Macleay, F.L.S., with Remarks by the Rev. J, E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
7. On s new apecies of Detmophyllum, and a yoang stage of
OydoaerU Sinensis. By the Bav- J. B. Teniaon- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., Ac.
8. On the Geology of Yasa Plains. Ey Charles Jenkins, Esq.,
L.S., Yasa,
9. Description of aome new Fishea from Port Jackson and
King George'a Sound. By William Maoleay, F.L.S.
10. Notes on List of Australian Birda. By E. P. Ramaay, F.L.S.
11. Notes on the Fisbea of the Norman River. By Count F. de
Castelnau.
12. On a new species of Soploeephalm from Sutton Forest, By
William Macleay, F.L S.
13. On the Power of Locomotion in the Tunicata. By William
Macleay, F.L.S.
14. On some Australian LittorinidtE- By the Rev. J, B. Tenison-
Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
15. Deaciiptions of fire fipeciea of Birda from Torrea Straits and
New Guinea, Ac. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S.
OF NBW SOUTH WALES. 417
16. Descriptions of seven new species of Terrestrial and Marine
Shells from Australia. By Jobn Brazier, C.M.Z.S.,&c.
17. On Bulimics Dufresnii, By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods,
F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
18. On three new genera and one new species of Madreporaria
Corals. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
19. Zoology of the " Chevert ;" Ornithology, Part II. By E. P.
Ramsay, F.L.S., &c.
20. On two new species of Gerygone, By B. P. Ramsay, F.L.S.,
&c.
21. On the Ferns of Queensland. By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., Ac.
22. On two new species of Land Shells. By the Rev. J. E.
Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
23. On a new genus of Polyzoa, By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
24. On some Corals from Darnley Island. By the Rev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c. 26. On some new Extratropical Corals. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
26. On some Freshwater Shells from New Zealand. By the
Rev. J. E. Tenison. Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.
27. On some new Australian (chiefly freshwater) Fishes. By
Count F. de Castelnau.
28. Proposed Zoological Station for Sydney. By Baron N. de
Miklucho-Maclay.
29. Lepidoptera having the Antlia terminal in a teretron or borer.
By R, B. Read, M.R.C.S.
30. On the Tracheae of some Australian Ducks. By E. P.
Ramsay, F.L.S., &o.
31. Mollusca of the " Chevert " Expedition. By John Brazier,
C.M.Z.S., &c. 82. Drawings by Australian Aborigines. By J. 0. Cox, M.D.,
F.L.S., &c. 38. Report on Zoological Station, &c. 84. On a new Ganoid Fish from Queensland. By Count F. de
Gastelnau.
418 THB FBOCEEDIXaB OF THE UKBBAB SOCIETY
J5. On a species of AmphisUa from the Palau Islands. By
William Macleay, F.L.S., Ac. S6. On Macrodontiam. By Baron Maclay. 37. On the Goshawk of Port Moresby. By E. P. Ramsay,
F.L.S , &c. S8. Descriptions of Anstralian Mi-erolepidopleTa. By Edward
Meyrict, B,i.
39. On the Geology of Tass Plains. By Charles Jenkins, L,S.,
40. Description of a new species of Yivipara. By John Brazier,
CM Z,S , &o.
41. On some Tertiary Fossils from Mnddy Creek, West "Victoria.
By the Rev. J. E. Ten! eon- Woods, P.G.S., F.L.S., Ac.
42. Contributions to the Zoology of New Guinea. By E. P.
Ramsay, F.L.S.,&c.
43. On the Plagoistomata of the Pacific Ocean. By N. N. de
Micluoho-Maclay, and W. Macleay, F.rj.S.
44. On an apparently new species of Pengmn. By Captain
Hnttoa.
45. On a collection of Birds from Erromauga. By E. P.
BAmsay, F.L.S. , fto.
46. On a new mipidura from Lord Howes Island. By E. P.
Ramsay, F.L.S., Ac.
47. On six new Annelids belonging to the family Ampkinomidm.
By W. A. Haswell, M.A., Edinbnrgh.
48. On the Ichthyology of Port Jackson, 219 species. By Count
de Caste Inau.
49. E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., Ac, on a new species of Perameles
(P. Broadbenlii) from Port Moresby, with Osteological remarks and drawings by N. "S. de Miclucho-Maclay.
50. On Pv.ffi.mis (Neclris) camipes, Goald. By E. P. Ramsay,
F.L.S., Ac.
51. On two species of Stenorhynehus,8 .hrevirQshi8,«adi S. fissifrong,
and on the Brachial Plexus of Birds. By W. A- Haswell, M.A., Edinburgh. The Society has also had the honour to elect the following distinguished Naturalists as Honorary Members, in consideration
. OP NEW SOUTH WALES. 419
of the valuable services rendered by them in exploring, investi- gating, and arranging the Natural History of Australasia : — Professor Owen, C.B., &c. George Bentham, F.R.S., P.L.S., &c. Captain Hutton. N. N. de Miklucho-Maclay. The Royal Society of New South Wales, which has suflfered so severe a loss in the death of its venerable Vice-President, has received the following contributions during the past year, in the order in which they are here reported. As it is the senior Scientific Society, not only of Sydney, but also of Australia, I have thought it right to enumerate all its papers without distinc- tion of subject : —
" Timber Producing Forests of Tasmania," by Rev. J. E.
Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S, " A Proposed Correction to the Assumed Longitude of the
Sydney Observatory,'' by J. Tebbutt, F.R.A.S. " Metallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt," by W. A. Dixon, F.C.S.,
F.J.C., &c. " Meteorology of the Coast of New South Wales, and the desirability of issuing storm warnings from the Obser- vatory," by Captain Marshall Smith, of the ship " J. L. Hall." " Storms on the Coast of New South Wales," by H. C.
Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., F.M.S. " On Molluscan Fauna of Tasmania," and " On some new Australian Miocene Corals," by Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S. "The Deep Well Waters of Sydney," by W. A. Dixon,
F.C.S., F.J.C., &c. " Some Results of an Astronomical Experiment on the Blue
Mountains," by H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., F.M.S. * The Rise and Progress of Photography," by L. W. Hart,
Esq. ** Notes on Huan Island Guano," by W. A. Dixon, F.C.S.,
F.J.C., &c. "Some Facts about the Great Tidal Wave, May, 1877," by J. P. Josephson, Esq.
420 TBB FBOCKBPIXOS OF T
Tbe ROTii. Society of Victoria has been chiefly occupied by snlijectfi in Physics, Mathematics, Cbemislry, ABtronoray, 4c. which bear but distaiitly upon Natural History. Dr. James Jamieson, however, has comnmnicated papers —
1. Upon Photographs npon the Retina.
2. On a new point of reBemblance in tho Respiration of Plants and Animals ; and
3. On the Perception of Colour.
Papers were also read by J. Cosmo Newbery, B.So. —
1, Ou the OccnrrencQ of Chrominm in the Iron Ore of Tas- mania, and
2. On the formation of Hyalite by tbe action of Ammonia on Tnfosorifll Earth from Talbot.
The MiCBOSCOPiCAL Societt of Victoria, besides comraunica- tiona of a aomewhat technical character, has had papers read on Polyzoa, by Mr. 0. M. Mapleston, Mr. Goldstein, and Mr. Bar- nard ; on Diatoms, by Mr. Goldstein, and Mr. Barnard, and Rev. J. J. Halley ; on several species of Sawflies, by Mr. K. Wooster; and on varioas other Insects and Arachnida, by Dr. Ralph, the President, and others.
The Zoor.OOICAL AND ACCHMATISATIOH SoCIETT OF ViCTORU W
issued the fifth Volnme of their proceedings, including, among other matter and reports —
1. Upon the Californian Salmon and its introduction into Victoria, by Sir S. Wilson.
2. Upon the Ostriches belonging to the Society, by S. H. Officer, Esq.
3. Upon the Chinese Yam, by Sir S. Wilson.
These paper."* are naturally rather of an economic than scien- tific interest, thongh they also contain many cnrious observations in natural history.
The same volume also contains, as an Appendix, a third sup- plement to tho "Select Plants, readily eligible for Victorian in- dustrial culture," by the unwearied Von MUller.
Thk Adelaide Philosophical Society has bad the following papers read; —
or NXW SOUTH WALB8. 421
Plant fragments found in the tombs and other monumental buildings of the ancient Egyptians. By Dr. Schomburgk.
The Decrease of many families of Insects, and the Increase of some in South Australia. By Otto TejSer.
The origin of Mineral Veins, with special reference to the Ba- rossa District. By Gaviss Secular.
Infant Mortality in South Australia. By H. H. Hayter, Go- vernment Statist, Victoria.
The Habits and Description of a new South Australian Beetle (Melohntha destructor). By Otto Teflfer.
Australian Trigonias and their distribution. By W. T. Bednall.
Recent Australian Marginellidm, By Professor Tate.
Fossil, do. do. By the same.
Whirlwinds. By Otto Teffer.
List of Minerals found in South Australia. By S. Higgs.
The Fossil Corals of Aldinga. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods.
Supplementary paper on the Correlation of the Tertiary strata of South Australia, with a list of fossils found therein. By Pro- fessor Tate.
Subterranean Water Supply in the Interior. By T. Raw- linson.
Our Climate and Infant Mortality. By Dr. S. J. Magarey.
In Queensland, a Monograph of the Indigenous Grasses is under preparation, under OflBcial direction ; and the first Volume has already been published. Numerous discoveries also of additional members of the Flora continue to be made ; among which occurs a notable illustration of the still incomplete condition of our in- formation, in the fact that two new species of Eucalyptus have been quite recently found within twelve miles of Brisbane. It is understood that Dr. Bancroft is engaged in an enquiry into the medical properties of many indigenous plants, including espe- cially Duboisia myoporoides, R. Brown, and B, Hepworthiiy the Pitury of the Aboriginal natives.
There are of course many notices, papers, and other publica- tions which bear upon the Natural Histories of Australia, issuing from the Presses of Europe and America. Among the Pro-
422 TBi FBOcBBKUtoa OF i
CEKDIBOS OP THB ZOOLOQICil, SOCIBTT OF LOSDON, the articles
wliicli more or less refer to the Australian regiou, are .— Oil the Birds of Ternate, Ambojna, Banda, the Re Isli
and the Aru Islands, by T, Salyadori, C.MZ.S. Oq the Bii-da of Uape York aud the neighbouring islands,
by W. A. Forbes, F.Z.S. On the LarintB or GoUa, by Howard Saunders, F.L.S., F.Z.S, Note on the dentition of Oiitcut, by E, B. Alston, P.L.'
F.Z.S., &c. Descriptions of three new species of Opistkobranchiate Mol-
lutca from New Zealand, by S. T. Cheeseman, F.L.S.
Curator, Auckland Museum. Notes on the Pemeida in the collection of tha Eritish
Musenm, with descriptions of new apeoies, by E, J.
Miera,F.LS., F.Z.S. Additional notes on the Cheiroptera of Duke of York Island,
and the adjacent pai-ts of New Ireland, aud New
Britain, by G. E. Dobson. M.A., M.B., T.L.i^., &c. On a small collection of Birds from the Samoan Islands of
the Island ot llotumah, by W. A. Forbes, F.Z.S. Description d'nne nouvelle esp^ce des Gosoar (Qasuarimu
Bdwar/hi), par M. E. Oustalct. On a new species of Finch from the Feegee Islands, by
Otto Finsch, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S. On the Fruit Pigeons of the genus Pliiopws, by D. G.
Elliot, F.R.S.K. List of the Butterflies collected on Eastern New Guinea and
some neighbouring Islands, by Dr. Comrie, of H.M.S.
Basilisk, by F. D. Gudman and Osbert Salvin. On a third collection of Birds made by the £tev. G. Brown
in the Duke of York Islands, by P. L. Sclater, M.A.,
Ph,D., F.El.S.,&c. Descriptions of some apparently new species of Butterflies
from New Irelntid and New Britain, sent by the iiev.
G. Brown, by F. D. Godman and 0. Salvin. Papers were also read before The Linkeas Socikty of London ; — On Hijpsipi'i/miMdun iiioschalits, Itaniijay, by Prof. Owi;ii, G.B.
OF KEW SOUTH WALB8. 423
On some new species of Nndibranchiate moUnsoa from the
Eastern Seas, by Dr. Cuthbert, Colling wood. On the development of Filaria sanguis hominis ; and on the
Mosquito considered as a nurse, by Dr. Patrick
Manson. On the Life History of Filaria Bancroftii, by Dr. Cobbold. On the Geographical Distribution of the Gulls and Terns,
by Mr. Howard Saunders.
Before the Entomological Societt of London : —
Descriptions of new species of Hymenopterous Insects from
New Zealand, by Frederick Smith. Descriptions of eight new species, and a new genus of
GossonidoB from New Zealand, by D. Sharp. On the different forms occurring in the Coleopterous family LycidcB, with descriptions of new genera and species, by Charles 0. Waterhouse. Descriptions of new genera and species of Oleridce, by the
Rev. H. S. Gorham. On new Coleoptera from Australia and Tasmania in the col- lection of the British Museum, by Mr. C. 0. Water- house. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, for the year 1878, so far as received, contain little exclusively Australian matter, though the articles are almost without ex- ception of the highest interest. But Mr. E. L. Layard, British Consul at New Caledonia, publishes in p. 374 of Vol. L, 5th Series, Descriptions of new species of Birds, from the Island o f Lifu, New Caledonia. Professor F. W. Hutton, of Otago, New Zealand, has written in the same volume, p. 407, a Paper on the number of the Cervical Vertebr89 in Dinornis. We also observe an Emendatory Description of Tarisiphonia Olarkii, Bk., a Hexac- tinellid Fossil Sponge, from N.W. Australia, by H. J. Carter F.B.S., &a ; Descriptions of Longicorn Coleoptera, by F. P. Pescoe, F.L.S., &c. ; and Descriptions of new QallerucintB, by Joseph T. Baly, F.L.S.
Among the papers published by foreign Societies may be men- tioned:— ^In the Annali del Museo Civioo di St. I9at. di Genova,
4S4 TBB PBOCSZDIKQS OF THE
On the Ineecta aod Eirda of New Guinea, by Drs. Gnestro and Salvador! respectively ; and on the Earpalida of Australia, by Baron de Chaadoir.
In tbe Anhalbb pe la Sooikte EsTOMotOGtqoE db Belqiqug, we find, A SynopaiB of the genus Paroptis, by Dr. F. Cba[)nis ; and A. paper on New Australian Elaleridte, by M. Candeze.
The AssALES de l* Soc. Est. DB Fkance contain A third paper on the Ciicujida, by il. Antoine Grouvelle ; A doscriptiou of a new Papilio (P. Laglaizei), from New Guinea, by M. A. Depuis- set 5 On a Cocous living in France on an Australian Palm {Sea- forthia elegajii), by M. Jnles Kiinckel d' Hercclais ; and A Sy- nopais of the Auatralian apeciea of the Genera OurU and Neocuris, of the Family Bupretlidie, by M. Leon Fairmaire.
The British Association met last year in Dublin, nnder the Preaidency of Dr. Spottiswoode, F.R.S., &c. His inaogaral address contains, besides the business matters of the Association, an original explanation and defence of new methods and doctrines in Mathematics, which is of course foreign to onr pnrpoBe, I cannot, however, but qnote one passage in which he observes, " Science teaches us, while ever yearning with Goethe for ' light, more light," to concentral* our attention upon that of which our powers are ciipable, and contentedly to leave for fnture ex- perience the solution of problems to which we can at present say neither yea nor nay." This is in effect equivalent to Yirchow's cautionary advice, to which I shall hereafter advert.
In the Department of Zoology and Botany an address was de- livered by Professor Flower, F.R.S. , Ac, President of the section, contrasting the Linnean and modern systems of Zoological classi- tication, and containing also some suggestions as to nomenclature. The Vice-President also delivered a sort of obituary lecture on the Physiological discoveries of the late Claude Bernard, who died in February last.
In my last address I was enabled, by the courtesy of Dr. Woolls, to give some account of the seventh and conclu- diug volume of the Flora Australiensis, which had not then been published, but which is now in our hands. This great work, which has been some sixteen years in progress, waa commenced
OF NEW SOUTH WALB8. 425
by Mr. Gt. Bentham, F.R.S., assisted by Dr. Mueller, now Baron von Miieller, C.M.G., F.R.S., and gives a full account of all Australian plants known to the authors at the time of publica- tion. No such general and systematic work on Australian Botany has been produced since the appearance of R. Brown's Prodromus, 1810. And in order that nothing of even the latest discoveries should be lost in consequence of the gradual mode of publication which was necessarily adopted, Mr. Bentham in his first issue, 1863, expressed an intention of forming a supplemen- tary volume to contain an account of new species added to our knowledge during the progress of the work, together with a de- tailed examination of the relations as well as of the whole fiora to that of other countries, as of its component parts to each other. But, unfortunately, owing to increasing age and infirmities Mr. Bentham finds himself unable to undertake the amount of literary and scientific labour involved in such a task, and he therefore leaves it to Baron von Miieller to complete their joint enterprise. In the preface to the last volume Mr. Bentham pays a just tri- bute to the earnest and unflagging exertions which Von Miieller has throughout displayed in his contributions. He also refers briefly to some ascertained facts as to the distribution of Austra- lian plants, which are not indeed new, but have been corroborated in the course of his inquiries. I venture to summarise them thus : — The Flora of Australia is, as a whole, endemic or indi- genous, that is to say, it presents quite a peculiar and unmis- takable Australian type. But it is subdivided into two. Eastern and Western, Provinces, which difier almost in every detail, though their general characters are the same. Secondly : the Australian Flora has radiated to some extent into the neighbour- ing Malayan and Melanesian districts by various members (for example) of the Eucalypts, Epacrids, and Leafless Acacias. Thirdly : Northern Australia, from Arnheim's land east- wards, has submitted, to a certain degree, to the influence of immigration from South-eastern Asia and India. Fourthly : the Alpine flora of South-eastern Australia and Tasmania may be traced through New Zealand to the southern extremity of the American continent, and so up the chain of the Andes, which
426 TBS psocBBOiBae or the LinirsAK bocibtt
seems to hate served as a bridge by which a few epeoies of plants from the North Temperate or enb-ArcMo Zone huve been intro- doced into this region. Lastly : The relations of the troly Aaatralian Flora, as & whole, are rather with Sonthern Africa than with any other country, aa indicated by agreement in orders, tribes, and genera.
Since the publication of the early volumes of the " Flora Ans- traliensis " upwards of 500 new species have been discovered in various parts of the country, and the descriptions of these, which appear from time to time in the " Fragraenta FbytographiES Aus- (ralie," will form a considerable portion of the Bupplementary volume. The " Fragmeota" alrendy compose ten volumes, the eleventh being now in hand. Its indtfatigable author baa further followed up his "Botanic Teachings" of last year by a mnch more elaborate work npon the " Flora of Victoria," which, when complete, will present a Bystematic account of all the species indigenous in that colony, and, therefore, of most of those found in Nen South Wales, With some few omissions, and the addi- tion of plants from the northern parts of this colony, the same wort would serve for us also. The arrangement is that of Ray.
The Baron has also published a translation of Frofessor Witt- atein's groat work, eiitilled " The Organic Constifuents of Plants and Vegetable Substances, and their Chemical Analysis," to which be faas added a valuable preface and notes. This is a work which should prepare the way for the Medical Botany of Aus- tralia, a subject which has hitherto been but little investigated. It also should lead to the analysis of those plants, such for instance as SwavMona, Gastrohbium, Lotw, Sfc, which have an evil reputation among stockowners for their poisonous effects on sheep, cattle or horses. He has also in preparation, as indeed I mentioned last year, a monograph upon the very puzzling genus Eucalyptus, in which he hopes (being of a sanguine temperament) to give satisfactory definitions of the species, with lithographic illustrations, several of which are already printed. Much interest attaches at the present time to the genus, in consequence of the extended cultivation in Europe and North Africa of the Tas- e Gum, E. globulits. It can hardly be doubted that
or KEW SOUTH WALI8. 427
there will tnm out to be maoy other species of equal economic and medicinal value, as soon as the genus shall have been generally studied and cultivated. Meanwhile, frequent reference is made in the English and Continental Press to the subject, and many inquiries for information and for seed are addressed to those persons in this country who are supposed to be in a position to give the assistance required.
A "First Book on Australian Botany" has also been published by Mr. W. R Guilfoylo, F.Ii.S., C.M.RB.S., London, Director of the Melbourne Botanie Gardens. It is intended, as the author states in his preface, to familiarise the beginner with the principal parts of plants, and their process of growth, in so simple a manner that any teacher, though previously unac- quainted with the principles of botany, may find no diflBculty in comprehending the lessons and explaining them upon the black- board. The book is simple, intelligible, and practical, sufficiently illustrated, and cap tble of being used to great advantage within the indicated limits. No teacher, however, is worth his salt who will rest satisfied with such a modicum of botanical knowledge as may enable him to put these lessons upon the blackboard. It is also doubtful whether much beyond the Nomenclature of Forms can be taught in this way except by a competent demonstrator of Botanical structure ; but the lessons will, under ordinary skill and energy, serve at least for useful practice in drawing and discrimination of plane outlines of vegetable growth, which is in itself no bad beginning.
A handbook of the plants of Tasmania has also been published daring the last year by the Rev. W. W. Spicer, MA. The list of species is very useful, as placing before the reader a synoptical view of the indigenous plants ; while the glossary, with its litho- graphic illustrations, will be acceptable to young students of botany. The author states that "with a view of facilitating study, the descriptions are arranged on the branched or binary system, first established by the French naturalist, Lamarc (sic). Under this system, a series of salient characteristics is laid before the reader in pairs, the members of each pair being as nearly as pos- sible opposed in their terms, and each giving rise to a new pair
428 THE PBOCEEDIKOS or T
in lika maTiner oontratliotory. The choice of these contradictions being left to the reader, he selects the member which applies most nearly to his specimen, and then posses on to the neat pair. It ia evident that, sooner or later, the several series of characters mnsfc be exhausted, and the name of the plant arrived at. Al- though there ia, no doubt, some convenience in this arrangement, it ia open to grave objections, as nnt based upon natural dif- ferences, which are generally multiple, or composed of several concomitant variations, but upon single points, which may he accidenlftl, or of little importance. Moreover, aa my friend Dr. Woolla writes, " In a small genua or order, the dichotomoua split- ting up of characteristics is little help, as one may just as well look over short diagnoses ; but to find out the species in a large genns, or a particular genus in a large order by the dichotomoua method, ia often beset with the danger of being led astray by the misnnderstanding of any solitary characteristic. The book is, nevertheless, a valuable contribution to the botany of Tasmania, and reflects credit on the zeal and ability of the author."
I must not, while speaking thus of Elementary Scientific Teach- ing, omit to notice the " Physiography " of Professor Huxley, ■nhioh is a course of Lectures, forming an admirable example, not indeed of a Manual, but'of a Method, and ia therefore to be re- garded from the same point of view as other printed lectures. It is, however, published in Macmillan's series of Manuala for Stu- dents, and is, in all probability, already a Text-book in which candidates are to prepare themselves for examination. These charming sketches deserve a better fate than this abase, and will be read with the greatest interest by all those who are free to use their reason and imagination as the prime powers of mind; and who are not under constraint or temptation to subju- gate them to memory, their excellent servant but intolerable master. Abont one fourth of the book is occupied by geological inquiries depending mainly upon the Biological Sciences. The rest ia concerned, chiefly, with Astronomical and Physical con- siderations.
Among local works, the publication, which, upon various grounds (irst attracts our attention, is the posthumous treatise by
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 429
the late Rev. W. B. Clarke, in which he recapitulates his views and controversies upon the Geology of the Sedimentary Deposits of New South Wales. This little book is illustrated with four sections aud a map of a portion of the Illawarra and Hartley coal-fields, embracing, therefore, a large portion of the Hawkes- bury and Waianamatta beds, and enriched by no less than twenty- appendices of great interest, and some (xiv. — xvi., xviii., xx.) of the highest importance. It is a fourth edition, very much en- larged, of a small memoir published in the catalogue of the Pro- ducts of New South Wales, prepared for the Paris Exhibition of 1867 ; and, owing to its gradual formation, and what may be termed its " concretionary structure," is not an easy writing to decipher. Mr. Clarke, beginning with the lowest sedimentaries, mentions the Pre-Silurian only to question their development in Australia, so far as is at present known, being apparently inclined to believe that the phenomena which have been supposed to indicate them are merely the result of alteration by heat, pres- sure, molecular movement, and other cosmical forces, to whose operations he has given the general name of " transmutation."* And no PalaBontological evidence has as yet been adduced for the existence of any strata older than the Upper Silurian. Mr. C. does not, of course, assert that these rocks do not exist, but that it is impossible to determine them, without such a survey as alone can ascertain the succession of XJnfossiliferous strata, except in the lucky cases in which they happen to be caught in juxtapo- sition. Our PalsBontology, therefore, for the present, commences in the Upper Silurian epoch, when warm, shallow, and probably much divided seas surrounding, or embayed by, districts of igneous activity, occupied a large portion of the globe space of Eastern Australia. These waters swarmed with such organisms as we are accustomed to call Silurian, identical, in many cases with well-known Northern species, and forcing upon the observer the impression (which may, it must be admitted, prove illusory) that they are upon the same Chronological as well as Biological level. It is not as yet possible to subdivide the Australian beds
* It is as well to notice that Mr. C. was in tbe habit of confinlnR the use of the word Metamorphism to the chnnges which have brought the special metamorphic rocks ol the Old geology to their present condition, and substitttting in the case of all more recent bedn the convenient term of Transmutation.
490 THB PBOCEEDHfOS OF THK LINNBiS SOCIETT
witli the accnracy which has been reached in the arrangement of the Silurian and Devonian systems in Europe and America. Wo can only assert that there appears to be an onbroken succession, though probably in a much shallower and poorer development, of the very same forma which htive been elsewhere determined. The appendices xiv. — xvi,, contaiuing De Koninck's analysis of the Silunan, Devonian, and Carboniferous fossils from New South Walea, sufficiently warraot this statement, though the geographical data are not exact enongh to localise the formations precisely.*
Mr. Clarke has devoted some fifteen or sixteen pages to the history of discovery in the Devonian beds of Aastralia during the last dozen years, from the time (1861) when d'Archioo wrote that he could not but suspect; that there must be a Devonian forma- tion here, though it could not as yet bo asserted on PalEeontological evidence, to the present year, in which we have seventy-two Devonian species enumerated by De Koninck from New South Wales, and sufficient evidence of a large development of the series throughout Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.
I may here also mention that the first discovery of an unrais- tflkably Devonian fish in New South Wales is thus parentheti* ciilly recorded :— " In March, 1S78, Mr. C. S. Wilkinson sent me for comparison, a specimen of fossiliferous limestone from the Murrumbidgee, not far from Taes, which contains a plate of a Coccosieus, of a triangular shape, studded with tubercles of the same form as those on a plate of M'Coy'a C. trigonaspis, bat somewhat different, on the whole, from his figure." S. F., p. 18.
Some fifty pages are occupied, naturally enough, by the old controversy as to the age of the New South Wales coalfields, and thoughfullof most interesting observations and hints, are very difficult, or indeed unintelligible, to the reader who is not familiar with the history of this question. We cannot but regret that the venerable aulhor had not here systemalised his unequalled knowledge of this portion of our geology without reference to any prist or present polemics. But tlie general conclusions at which
OF KBW SOUTH WALES. 431
0116 arrives as to his latest views, whicH are nowhere distinctly formalated, and which require to be supplemented by Appendices xviii and xx (in which latter he prints with few remarks Feist- mantePs arrangement of the whole series from a Manuscript Commnni cation), are somewhat as follows. The lowest beds of the system, e.g., at Port Stephens, whether to be called Devonian or Carboniferous, contain Lepidodendron, 2 sp., and Cyclostigma, 2 sp., Sigillaria, Schizopteris, and Olossopteris primoeva (Feist.). These are succeeded by Marine beds fcill of Carboniferous fossils ; and these again by the Lower Coal, characterised by (?) Lepido' dendron australe, Macrotoeniopteris sp., and Olossopteris, 4s sp., in- clading 0. Browniana and 0. primoeva. Upon this Lower Coal is deposited a series — the last, so far as we yet know for certain — of Marine beds, containing again Carboniferous forms in abun* dance, as seen at Stony Creek, Greta, Mount Wingen, &a They are succeeded by the Newcastle Coal Beds, represented also in the Illawarra and Western fields, containing a PalsBozoic fish, JJrosthenes, and a flora which most geologists have regarded as Mesozoic* Two genersi—Phyllotheca (P. australis and P. racemosd) and Vertehraria — represent the Rquisetum family. The Ferns are represented by Sphenopteris lobifolia and 8. alata, Tceniopteris sp,, Oiopteris ovata, Olossopteris Browniana, 0. reticulum, G, oblongata, and Gavgamoptetis angustifolia. In Cycads we have three species of Noeggerathia, N. spatulata, N, media, N. elongata, and one of Zeugophyllites, The conifers appear by Brachy' phyUwm australe.
Here Feistmantel, whose arrangement does not, however, quite correspond with that now quoted, intercalates the Bacchus Marsh sandstones of Victoria, related by their fossil Gangamopterids, to the Talchir group, which underlies the Damuda coal-bearing series of India, in which Olossopteris takes a leading position. Bat so far as New South Wales is concerned, the next beds as- certained are the Hawkesbury and Waianamatta rocks, which cannot be separated from each other, and which yield three
* It is possible that there occurs at this period a repetition of marine beds. At least Vx. Clarke says, p. 64:— "Between the Hawkesbury rocks and the ccal there is often a series of bedsbelonKinf? to the coal measures in which Palaeozoic fossils are stated to have becni found " Mr. Clarke was evidently doubtful as to the fact, which would, if ascertained, \aef% triumphantly rindioated his arguments.
TBB PSOCBBDINQS C
genera of PalsBozoic Fish — Pnlceomtcas, Myrialepis, and OMthro-
HH LINKBAK 90CIBTY
a relatively recent fades.
rkyllolheea Bool-eri ; of the
= Thim'feldia odontnpleroides,
Waiaiin^natta ; but no Glos-
:ed by Eckiaoslrohve sp.
If.pig ; the Flora, as before, presenti TbuB we have of the Equigetacea, Ferns, 8pJien"pteris alala, Pecopter O'loiitipieria, Ghickenia, Taniopten Mpterii. The Conifers are represents
beda are regarded by Fei&tmantel (but not by Clarke) as probably Upper Triaasic, while he considers the Clarence River Coal-beda to be of a still later (Jurassic) period, corresponding with certain strata in Ta'^roaDia, Victoria, and Qoeensland, and indicated by the presence of J'hyltoiheca avstralie, along with these Feme, Sphenoptert'g elongnta, Thirmfeldia odontopleroidee, Oyclaptetia cu- neata, Taniopterie Dainireei and Sagenopieria Taamanica. With tihese are associated three species of Zamites, and other less cer- tain or important forma. Whatever gnps there may be, and there may be very many, in the anccession, the System is never- theless braced together by the Lepidodendrtt found beiow and above the coal (p, 23), by the persistence of Piyllolkeca aughalit upwards from the Lower Coal to the Clarence beds, by Sphenop- teris alata aud Thiniifrldia odoiitvpieroides foand both in the New- castle and Clarence Beds, by Odontopleris microphylla aud Fecojderis tmiuifolla common to the Newcastle and Waiatiamatta beds, by Gangamopteris angustifoUa in the Newcastle and Bacchus llarah beds (app xx ), and by the general resemblance and con- formity of the formations. Upon this head, that is, the Continuity of the System, Mr. Clarke had no doubts.
It is cei tainly very strange, if true, that an unbroken, more or less coal bearing, series of formations ahoald extend in these regions from the Devonian to probably the Jurassic period. Tet this in the conclusion to which the evidence now under coneidera- tion seems to force us.*
The remainder of the " Sedimentary Formations " ia devoted to observations upon the Oretaceo-!i3, 'Verliarij, Quaternary and Recent formations of Aastralia. As, however, no marine strata later than thiise underlying the Npivcaslle Coal have, as yet, been
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 433
shown to exist in New Sonth Wales, and as I have proposed to confine my observations to those portions of the v^ork which have a local interest for ourselves, I omit further reference to this portion of the subject. Mr. Clarke moreover refers to a distinguished member of this Society, the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, as in his opinion, the highest authority upon this portion of Australian Geology. I must also add that I have only endeavoured to give a sketch, not so much of the Geology of the New South Wales Coal, as of the latest views entertained by our deceased pioneer. It has not been easy to ascertain them in all points exactly ; though a few minutes' conversation, now unhappily impossible, might have removed some apparent diffi- culties, as, for example, what he really had come to regard as the right place of the Clarence Beds.* And though it may be true that opinions, as such, on Scientific subjects, are not worthy of record, yet the experienced and veteran observer often attains to so intuitive a perception of his subject, that even his unargued dicta are to be received with respect and consideration.
A well-constructed map of the Western Gold-fields, by Mr. C. S. Wilkinson, F.G.S., has been issued during the past year under the direction of the Department of Mines. It shows the geology of Hartley, Bowenfels, Wallerawang, and Rydal, and the relations of the Upper and Lower Carboniferous, Devonian, and, in part, Upper Silurian formations, together with Granite, <&c., in that part of the County of Cook which surrounds the western railway from Hartley Yale to the county of Roxburgh. Mr. Clarke has borne testimony to the general accuracy of the details, and the care- fulness with which they have been expressed. Another geological map, of the Oberon Mining District, has been published by the same author, in the last Annual Report of the Department of Mines, which also contains a reduced copy of the first. It is to be hoped that these are but the forerunners of a series of authorita-
* The diffioulties whioh have hitherto obscured this subject, arising firnm the absence of well marked marine formations above the Newcastle beds, are now in process of •olution by the exploration and investigation of the rich fossiliferons strata of New Zetland, whioh are probably contemporaneous with our Upper Coal. It is in that country that the key is to be found ; and Dr. Hector is sanguine that he has it in his possession. But I do not venture from such firasmentary knowledge as I have obtained of his discoveries, to ttotioipate the detailed account which he has laid before the Institute, but which has not yet naobed Sydney. It will certainly be received with the greatest interest.
i
434 THE PBOCBBDiNQB OV 1
tive Local Maps, which may, in advance of a ayat«matic surrey, enpply inquirers with such information aa to the geology of each district, as we have hitherto principally obtained from the obser- vatioDB and industry of individuals.
Sir C- Wyville Thomson's first instalment of the voyage of the Gballanger, thongli it does not bring ber into our waters, is, as might be espected from so ingenious a hand, fall of fascinating account* of marine forms of life, and decorat-ed with marvellous illustrations, The author also read before the British Association at Dublin, an account of the progress made in the official report of the expedition. It is expected that it will extend "to from fourteen to sixteen qnarto volumes, of 600 or 600 pages, the whole illustrated by about 1200 lithographed plates, and many charts, woodcnts, and photographs."
Iq the rapidly growing literature of Embryology and its allied investigation a, which endeavour to trace the whole circle of life in the individual or pair, from its earliest condition to the reproduction of identical forms in a second generation, the stu- dent will uot«, with satisfaction, Mr. Balfour's monograph on the development of the Elasmobranch fishes. The more ao, that his researches have been greatly assisted by the asBistance of the great zoological station at Naples, under the direction of Dr. Dohm, of which the members of this society have heard some- thing from Baron de Miklucho Maclay, a co-operator in its fonU' dation. Perhaps the most generally interesting result of Mr. Balfour's inquiries is hia acceptance of the view that the pectoral and ventral fins, and therefore the limbs of vertebrates in general, are the result of a gathering together and specialization of continuous Lateral frills, corresponding to those Dorsal and Ventral processes which have, for the most part, more closely retained their original character.
The literature bearing upon the Life History of Bacteria, which has already attained no inconsiderable magnitude, is sum- marised by Professor Ray Lankester (" Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science," October, 1878, p. 455), in a notice from which students of this important subject will obtain directions to the last published results. The history of Bacillus anthracis, the
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 435
active cause of splenic fever, together with the more general question of Contagium Yivum, will be found discussed and illus- trated in the same periodical. The extraordinary relations between man and the musquito, as unconscious confederates in the production of Elephantiasis, by means of the FUaria sanguis hominisy are explained in a paper by Dr. Manson, published in tihe "Annals and Magazine of Natural History," to which reference has already been made. It seems not unlikely that many other Endemic or local diseases will ultimately have their origin explained in a similar way ; so that there is ground for a hope that we may be enabled to extinguish them by removing one of the two conditions under whose combination their living causes can alone exist. Another Filaria (F. rhytopleuritis) was found encysted in the common Cockroach as long ago as 1824, by Deslongchamps, and M. Osman Galeb has lately found the perfect or reproductive form of the same Nematoid in the intes- tines of the common Rat (" Comptes Rendus," July, 1878, p. 75). The ova, as discharged in the fsBces, are swallowed by the Cock- roach, which, in its turn, is eaten by the Bat. So also the Black Beetle (Tenehrio molitor), and the common Mouse combine to support their mutual parasite, Sjpirojptera ohttua. In the same way the Shrew, and one of the Ghilognathidm, a species of Gh- 9710m, maintain between them a certain Tapeworm (l^cenia pistillum) whose history has been traced by M. A. Billop (" Comptes Ren- dus," Nov. 19, 1877. p. 971).
Considering the amount of pain, sickness, and disaster caused by such truly Amphibioiis animals, as Fluke, Hydatid, and Tape- worm, one is surprised to find that the facts already ascertained by Science should not be more generally known among educated people. Their attention cannot be too frequently or too empha- tically invited to the subject, which really concerns the health and prosperiiy of the nation.
It may not be out of place here to mention that the first part of the " Osteographie des Monotremes vivants et fossiles," by P. Qervais, has now been published. The extreme isolation of the fiunily, entirely Australian, and consisting of only two genera, Omitharhynchus and EcTMna, and the extra-mammalian rela-
tions which are indicated by the whole of their organization, render tbe work one of great prospective interest to all compara- tive Anatomists, and especially to those who have the advantage of atndying these animals " at home."
The address of ProTessor Virchow, on the Liberty of Science, read before the meeting of the German Association at Munich in September, 1S77, bnt not received here io time for notice in the President's address la^t year, has naturally attracted much atten- tion among thinking men. The dtstingoished aathor is evidently nnder the saspicion that there may be some risk of an opinion coming to prevaillhat the spread of science is incorsiafent witli the interests of society, and under some apprehension that in such a case the existing organizations of government may interfere (o limit to a serioaa, if not fatal, extent the freedom of ecientiflc research. Discerning this danger upon the horizon, and startled, ae I gather from his own words, at the addresses delivered hy Professors Hceckel and Nageli, he proceeds to draw a sharp de- marcation between the Ascertained, which is Science, and the Hypothetical, which may or may not become Ascertained, For Science he claims perfect freedom, not only to stady, bnt to [ teach, and, as it were, proselytize, by all the methods of a sden- tiGo propaganda, in the school, the university, the public press. But for the second kind of propositions, under which fall all dis- puted questions, whether as to particulars or general theories, he frankly surrenders all claim to such a right, illustrating and explaining with much humour the detriment to both science and society arising from an unwise ostentation of speculative views. It is not to be supposed that Virchow is at all an advocate for " mental reservation " in scientific utterance, or for a division of science into Esoteric for the People, and Esoteric for the Professors, But as he denies to society the right to interfere with science, so he refuses to the teacher the right to press mere theories npon the world; or, rather, he forbids him even to otter any Hypothesis, except before an audience which can understand what a Hypo- thesis is ; of what use it may he ; how almost certain it is to mis- lead ; and that this particular statement is such a Hypothesis. Were Virchow'a advice followed, there would be much less noise
OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 437
made, but more work done, in science. But so happy a result is hardly to be expected. Scientific men, as well as others, have all, or almost all, an unscientific comer or two still left in the mind, in which personal vanity or petulant temper is dominant. Hence the equanimity, cheerfulness, or even exultation, with which the Simial origin of Man is flaunted before the eyes of those who regard such a doctrine with incredulity, disgust, or horror. It is not really a matter of Science which excites the combatants. It belongs to a totally distinct sphere of thought. The radical question which underlies all such strife is really this: Is the universe all and particular the work of design or not ? And this question Science, as such, cannot answer now, and never will answer. Some of us cannot understand how it is possible for any one to shut his eyes against what seems to us obvious, ubiquitous, infinite, overwhelming evidence of Design. Evidence, I admit, which can not even show itself in the cJosed lists of purely Scientific Demonstration, but which nevertheless asserts itself as oondusive in the region of -Esthetic, Moral, and Philosophical Necessity. On the other hand, we have to accept the fact that there are many of high rank in the Scientific World who profess, a4 least, to believe the very oppoRite, who are never tired of pro- claiming their emancipation from " gratuitous hypotheses " and other superstitions, and who protest that there is no such thing as that evidence to which we appeal, and ridicule our mediaeval incapacity to grasp the Great Secret of an Unconscious, Chemical, Mechanical Evolution, the true key to the Enigma of the Universe. The kind of teaching, however, against which Yirchow mainly pro- tests is the general propagation in schools, or by the press, of such doctrines as these : — " A cell consists of small particles, and these we call plastidules ; plastidules, however, are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and are endowed with a special Boul ; this soul is the product or the sum of the forces which the chemical atoms possess." This is neither Science nor Gospel ; it is Mumbojumbo. And if really great naturalists, who are con- tinually face to face with the inquisition into, and cross-examina- tion of, all facts that present themselves, can satisfy their minds with such babbles, what may be expected from those who start
438 TEE FBocBKSiires ov thx likxeax society
from these oraclea as the basis of their knowledge, and arraoge their ideas of fact in accordance therewith ?
With snch philoBophera tlie Doctrine of Descent is converted into a sort of religion. It is destined, as Hierarch Hgeckel aays, " to bring man to arrange his life with his fellow -creatures — that is, the family and the State — not according to the laws of dis- tant centnries, bnt according to the rational principles dednoed &om knowledge of nature. Politics, morals, and the principles of justice, which are still drawn from all possible sources, will have to be formed in accordance with natural laws only. An ex- istence worthy of man, which has been talked of for thousands of years, will at length become a reality." To this end Religion as now understood mast be eliminated. " The time has arrived to replace the antique dualistic and theological conception of life and spirit by the monistic or mechanical conception of the , nniyerae. We have arrived at the boundaries of the old and new faith." And, more distinctly still, " Modem morphology is irre- ooncilable, not only, I say, with the dogma of creation, but with that of a Providence, or (euew ?) of a vaguo idealistic Pantheism." Here are Fruits of Philosophy indeed ! Bnt what argument can be addressed to a philosopher who, with all his experience and vast attainments, is nevertheless capable of prophesying thos of the Theory of Descent, and who is eager to revolutionize the School in order to reconstitute the State under such a tormnla.
And it is worth our while to consider for a moment, what these "laws of nature," i.e., the Doctrine of Descent, signify in the Hteokelian system. We may call a hypothetical statement a law, if we please, but it mnst be definite. Every precise state- ment in science which gives the formula for all consequents npon given antecedents, antecedents on consequents, or concomitants upon concomitants, is a law. The law binds nothing, lays no obligation on matter, has (perhaps) no objective existence. But it must be co-estensive with our knowledge, and include all the known phenomena of its matter. And it should enable us not only to explain these, hut also to foretel them, and that with accu- racy and detail proportionate to its own sufficiency of truth. Such a proposition as this, " The sum of tlie squares of the sum
OF NEW SOUTH WALKS. 439
and difference of two nnmbers is eqnal to twice the snm of their squares," is not commonly called a law. Yet so far as the logical value of the statement is concerned, it differs in nothing but rela* tive certainty from this, ** Equal volumes of all substances, when in the state of gas, and under like conditions, contain the same number of molecules." And this in the same way differs only in degree of probability from the following : — " One cubic inch of
• gas under one atmosphere and at the freezing point contains one quadrillion* molecules." Or from this, "The mean velocity of hydrogen molecules " under the same conditions " is 6097 feet per second." These propositions may not be exactly true, but they are definite, and therefore in the position of at least hypo- thetical laws. But when Hasckel speaks of the laws of Inheri- tance, of Established or Habitual Transmission, of Contemporaneous or Homochronous Transmission, of Homotopic Transmission, of Individual Adaptation, of Monstrous or Sudden Adaptation, of Sexual Adaptation, of Indirect or Potential, or of Direct or Actual Adaptation, one sees that he is giving the name of law to a mere phrase. Here is the Law of Universal Adaptation : " All organic individuals become unequal to one another in the course of their life by adaptation to different conditions of life, although the individuals of one and the same species remain mostly very much alike." And this is, I believe, the most definite statement of law which is to be found in HsBckel's " History of Creation." I should be sorry to be supposed to be in any way pretending to criticise the theory of Darwin, which is, to say the least, a most bril- liant, attractive, and fruitful hypothesis, and is in all probability true, under various limitations which remain as yet undetermined, and in combination with that belief in Design which it is supposed by many to contradict. But I protest against the presump- tion that it is a full statement of all the causes producing the amazing and overpowering variety, beauty, and utility of organic structures, from the exquisitely delicate tracery of the diatom,
' which has only been detected by the most powerful instruments which the science and ingenuity of the present day can invent, to the prodigious complexity of the human system. " What a piece
• 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
ilO THE PBOCEBDlHeS OF THE LINNEiN
of work 18 man ! How noble in reason ! How infinite in faculty ! In form and moving how express and admirable ! In appreben- aion, how like a god ! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals !" Tefc to the distempered mind of Hamlet all this is but the " quiutesaence of dost," just as to the fanatical Darwinist it is but a Chemical and Mechanical development of an Ape ; as the Ape is of the Marsupial, b.s the Miiraupial is of the N'ewt, the Newt of the Shark, the Shark of the Worm, and the Worm of a mioroscoptc pellet of Autogenous Protoplasm. Nothing more, but only this !
It is likely enough that for all their wild apeechas, the evoln- tioniflts, like the positivists before them, do not really intend fa work any organic change in society, or to injure its moral foun- dations. Their self-satisfaction ia too contemptuous of humanity. Bat we may be assured that to pasaionate »nd miserable people, writhtTig under the merciless curb of political restraint, and out of whom, when forcibly intermised with the crimina classes, grow Interuatioualists, Socialists, and Nihilists, these doctrines are no abstractioas, but most tremendoas realities. They cannot, iu their pitiable circumstances, but grasp at any straw that aeems to give a chauoe of a happier existence. And they will act, while the professors are talking. Governments which see this will, as a matter of course, interfere with the pro- mulgation of those doctrines; and, as not even the most enlightened among them is capable of drawing Virchow's line, the just freedom of science will suffer for the vainglorious liber- ties of the Scientists. If this so-called science threatens society, society will play the mischief with science itself.
In recording the death of our venerable and distinguished fellow-colonist, the Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.K.S,, F.B.G.S., Ac, I have a melancholy satisfaction in bearing my personal testimony to the wonderful kindness, I may almost say, eagerness, with wliich he was always ready to assist the investigations of others, in spite of frequent disappointmeats and unmerited slights. It is unnecessary, in this place, and before this audience, to dwell npon his lifelong devotion to science, and the services, which, by his explorations and writings, he has rendered to this community,
OF KEW SOUTH WALES. 441
and to science in general. For forty years he was incessantly engaged with the Geology of Australia, without, on that account, neglecting the various duties which his profession involved. And when at last, in his 81st year, that night came in which no man can work, it found him adding, with a still busy and energetic hand, the last touches to his last and scarcely completed labours.
It is understood that his valuable Library, and quite invaluable collections, maps, and papers, are to be secured for the use of the public of New South Wales. It will be difficult to display them in any existing building, except, perhaps, the Australian Museum, in which a space might possibly be cleared on the second floor, for their separate exhibition. The Maps and memoranda should be published, with all possible dispatch ; and no time lost in editing. Their unavoidable imperfections are not blemishes, and the monument, for such it is, ought to be com- pleted before the memory of the man is effaced.
Although Mr. R. Daintree, C.M.G., F.G.S., was not, except in one particular instance, directly connected with the Geology of New Sonth Wales, yet his services, both in Victoria and Queens- land, have proved of the very highest service to all the Australias. In Victoria he was associated with Mr. Selwyn, then director of the unfortunately interrupted Geological survey of that Colony, in the investigation of the so-called Carbonaceous beds at Cape Patterson and elsewhere. And in Queensland, where he was appointed (1869) Government Geologist for the Northern dis- trict, he not only, in the two or three years of his official employ- ment, traversed vast tracts of hitherto unexplored country, but was able to lay down, with a surprising amount of detail, a general map of its Geology. Here he also obtained much valuable data for the determination of that vexed question, the age of the New South Wales coal, to which I have ah'eady referred. Since 1871, he had not been resident in Australia ; and his health, which had been much injured by exposure and hardship Anally broke down altogether in the month of July last, when he died at the early age of 47.
The death of Dr. Bleecker, the accomplished Ichthyologist, whose magnificent work on the Fishes of the Indian Seas affords
i
i
Mi THE PBOCBEDINas OF THE LIHHEAII BOCIETT
most valuable asBistance in the stady of tbe Fishes of our waters, as well as that of Pfeiffer, who had contributed largely to the determination of the airbreathing Mollusca of Aoatralia and the Doighbouring regions, must not pass without remark,
Mr, Carron, too, the last of the three who sorviTad poor Ken- nedy's disastrous expedition, and well known for his extensive and accnrato acquaintance with the Flora of Aastralia, as also for his readioesB to impart to others his valuable stores of information, has now been permanently removed by death from bia duties in the Botanic Gardens.
In conclusion, I desire to espreaa my obligations to the Society in general for the kindly feeling which has been alwaja manifested towards myself thronghout the two years during which I have, how- ever unworthily, occupied the Presidential chair. I have also to thank the Hon. W. Macleay, M.L.C, for his examination of the proceedings of Knglish and European Societies, and Dr. Woolls for an abstract of Botanical progress, wifhoat which I could have given but a brief notice of the subject, I should also once again venture to call your attention to the desirabilily of re-establishing onr system of open air studies, whether under the name of Field Clnb, or other designation. There is no question as to its popu- larity, and no donbt or hesitation in any ones mind as to its excellent effect in stimulating the pnrsnit of Satural History.
On the motion of the Hon. W, Macleay, M.L.C, seconded by tbe Kev. Dr. Forrest, the thanks of tbe meeting were accorded to tbe author for tbe Address now read, and it was agreed that it should be duly printed in the Proceedings of the Society.
The meeting then proceeded to the ordinary business of the day.
Tbe Treasurer presented his Financial Statement, duly audited, showing that the Receipta had amounted to £215 8s. 3d., and the Disbursements to £200 lOs. Od,
OF KBW 80ITTH WALB8. 443
The followiog gentlemen were elected as the Officers of the Society for the year 1879 : —
President— -'Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., etc.
Vtce-President — ^W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A.
Hon, Treasurer — H. H. B. Bradley, Esq.
HoTL Secretary — ^Thb Hon. W. Macleat, M.L.O.
COUNCIL.
H. O. Alletne, Esq., M.D.
J. C. Cox, Esq., M.D.
E. P. BdMSAT, Esq., F.L.S.
James Norton, Esq. P. Mackay, Esq.
C. S. Wilkinson, Esq., FGS.
X^g.7 + -i
F-ig.S +10.
Fig 8 + -1
Fig.6 + 5
? '^ftk 't^Mi -av-i
A
Liu. Soc, Vol. 3
PL 3
7
Ll«. Soc, VOL. 3
PL 4
Ll«. SOC, m 3
PL 5
im. Soc, 1(01, 3
LI". Soc, Vol. 3
PL 7
^ i #
.11. OUU., fUU o
III. soc. Vol 3
PL 10
|
W W^ 4 |
"^>i^j| |
|
|
K '^^J^T' |
||
|
■ |
l^^it |
|
|
if"! |
||
|
Si |
||
|
as^ |
,^^^ |
|
|
^i.f.-y^.''- ■'-' |
1 |
III. SOC., VOL 3
PL 11
■■(:
J
i>iii
mm
Lia. Sac., VOL 3
PL. 13
L
A
LlN.SOC, V0l3 PL 15
'/ ^
fc^jSlk
mm
socVol!
LIL SOC VOL
UN. sue, VOL.3 PL "
Ul. SOC., V 3
/ \
Lm.Soo,i/OL3
a 2
1
i
Ul. SOC VOL 3
PL 18
PL 2;
^
\
• « • ^*^ 1
I
/'-\
Lin. Soc. VOL.3 PL. 24. 21. Nat.S- 1 (21J
■yrxi^^r
11(21). W
'i^ ^